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Bitter gourd germplasm diversity
and seed research
Bitter Gourd Conference 2014
ICRISAT Campus Hyderabad India
20-21 March 2014
Andreas W Ebert Yung-kuang Huang amp Yu-yu Chou
AVRDC ndash The World Vegetable Center
Genetic Resources and Seed Unit
Shanhua Tainan 74199 Taiwan
Is Momordica charantia of Asian origin
Abstract
The bitter gourd genus Momordica comprises 47 species in Africa and 12 in Asia and Australia All have
unisexual flowers and of the African species 24 are dioecious 23 monoecious while all Asian
species are dioecious Maximum likelihood analyses of 6257 aligned nucleotides of plastid
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA obtained for 122 accessions of Momordica and seven outgroups show
that Momordica is monophyletic and consists of 11 well-supported clades Monoecy evolved from
dioecy seven times independently always in Africa and mostly in savanna species with low population
densities Leaky dioecy with occasional fruit-producing males occurs in two African species and
might be the first step in an evolutionary transition towards monoecy Dated biogeographic analyses
suggest that Momordica originated in tropical Africa and that the Asian species are the result of one
long-distance dispersal event about 19 million years ago The pantropical vegetable Momordica
charantia is of African not Asian origin as had previously been suggested
A three-genome phylogeny of Momordica (Cucurbitaceae) suggests seven
returns from dioecy to monoecy and recent long-distance dispersal to Asia Hanno Schaefer and Susanne S Renner
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010 Volume 54 (2) 553ndash560
M adoensis
M angustisepala
M balsamina
M boivinii
M cabrae
M calantha
M charantia
M charantia var abbreviata
M charantia subsp charantia
M charantia subsp macroloba
M cissoides
M cochinchinensis
M cylindrica
M cymbalaria
M dioica
M elaterium
M foetida
M grosvenorii
M hystrix
M luffa
M muricata
M operculata
M ovata
M pedata
M peteri
M racemosa
M renigera
M rostrata
M sahyadrica
M schimperiana
M subangulata
M subangulata subsp renigera
M subangulata subsp subangulata
M trifoliolata
M tuberosa
M zeylanica
M adoensis
M angustisepala
M balsamina
M boivinii
M cabrae
M calantha
M charantia
M charantia var abbreviata
M charantia subsp charantia
M charantia subsp macroloba
M cissoides
M cochinchinensis
M cylindrica
M cymbalaria
M dioica
M elaterium
M foetida
M grosvenorii
M hystrix
M luffa
M muricata
M operculata
M ovata
M pedata
M peteri
M racemosa
M renigera
M rostrata
M sahyadrica
M schimperiana
M subangulata
M subangulata subsp renigera
M subangulata subsp subangulata
M trifoliolata
M tuberosa
M zeylanica
Source httpwwwars-gringovcgi-binnpgshtmlsplistpl7719
Native
China Taiwan India
Bangladesh
Cambodia Laos
Myanmar Thailand
Vietnam Indonesia
Malaysia Papua New
Guinea Philippines amp
Australia
Native
India Pakistan Sri
Lanka
Native
China Bangladesh
Laos Myanmar
Thailand Vietnam
Indonesia amp Malaysia
Origin and geographic
distribution of 36
Momordica species
Momordica species in AVRDCrsquos collection
CATEGORY SPECIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
Wild species Momordica balsamina 3
Momordica cochinchinensis 7
Momordica dioica 2
Momordica subangulata subsp renigera 2
Sub-total 14
Cultivated forms Momordica charantia 403
Momordica charantia var muricata 31
Sub-total 434
Unidentified Momordica spp 14
Sub-total 14
Total 462
Countries of origin of AVRDCrsquos bitter gourd germplasm
COUNTRIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
India 152 329
Philippines 60 130
Thailand 59 128
Bangladesh 42 91
Cambodia 32 69
Taiwan 29 63
Malaysia 24 52
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 24 52
Indonesia 16 35
Viet Nam 12 26
Others Nepal Pakistan Sri
Lanka Iraq Uzbekistan Brazil
and Belize
11 24
Total 462 1000
India 152 33
Philippines 60 13
Thailand 59 13
Bangladesh 42 9
Cambodia 32 7
Taiwan 29 6
Malaysia 24 5
Lao 24 5
Indonesia 16 4
Viet Nam 12 3
Others 11 2 Unknown 1 0
Bitter gourd diversity collected in Taiwan
Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser
Figure 1 Wild bitter gourd collected in Jibei island of
Penghu Taiwan on December 8 2009 Figure 2 Wild bitter gourd collection in Taiwan
VI049110
VI048900
VI049491
VI050132
VI049110 VI048900
VI050151 VI050194
VI049284 VI050146
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Is Momordica charantia of Asian origin
Abstract
The bitter gourd genus Momordica comprises 47 species in Africa and 12 in Asia and Australia All have
unisexual flowers and of the African species 24 are dioecious 23 monoecious while all Asian
species are dioecious Maximum likelihood analyses of 6257 aligned nucleotides of plastid
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA obtained for 122 accessions of Momordica and seven outgroups show
that Momordica is monophyletic and consists of 11 well-supported clades Monoecy evolved from
dioecy seven times independently always in Africa and mostly in savanna species with low population
densities Leaky dioecy with occasional fruit-producing males occurs in two African species and
might be the first step in an evolutionary transition towards monoecy Dated biogeographic analyses
suggest that Momordica originated in tropical Africa and that the Asian species are the result of one
long-distance dispersal event about 19 million years ago The pantropical vegetable Momordica
charantia is of African not Asian origin as had previously been suggested
A three-genome phylogeny of Momordica (Cucurbitaceae) suggests seven
returns from dioecy to monoecy and recent long-distance dispersal to Asia Hanno Schaefer and Susanne S Renner
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010 Volume 54 (2) 553ndash560
M adoensis
M angustisepala
M balsamina
M boivinii
M cabrae
M calantha
M charantia
M charantia var abbreviata
M charantia subsp charantia
M charantia subsp macroloba
M cissoides
M cochinchinensis
M cylindrica
M cymbalaria
M dioica
M elaterium
M foetida
M grosvenorii
M hystrix
M luffa
M muricata
M operculata
M ovata
M pedata
M peteri
M racemosa
M renigera
M rostrata
M sahyadrica
M schimperiana
M subangulata
M subangulata subsp renigera
M subangulata subsp subangulata
M trifoliolata
M tuberosa
M zeylanica
M adoensis
M angustisepala
M balsamina
M boivinii
M cabrae
M calantha
M charantia
M charantia var abbreviata
M charantia subsp charantia
M charantia subsp macroloba
M cissoides
M cochinchinensis
M cylindrica
M cymbalaria
M dioica
M elaterium
M foetida
M grosvenorii
M hystrix
M luffa
M muricata
M operculata
M ovata
M pedata
M peteri
M racemosa
M renigera
M rostrata
M sahyadrica
M schimperiana
M subangulata
M subangulata subsp renigera
M subangulata subsp subangulata
M trifoliolata
M tuberosa
M zeylanica
Source httpwwwars-gringovcgi-binnpgshtmlsplistpl7719
Native
China Taiwan India
Bangladesh
Cambodia Laos
Myanmar Thailand
Vietnam Indonesia
Malaysia Papua New
Guinea Philippines amp
Australia
Native
India Pakistan Sri
Lanka
Native
China Bangladesh
Laos Myanmar
Thailand Vietnam
Indonesia amp Malaysia
Origin and geographic
distribution of 36
Momordica species
Momordica species in AVRDCrsquos collection
CATEGORY SPECIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
Wild species Momordica balsamina 3
Momordica cochinchinensis 7
Momordica dioica 2
Momordica subangulata subsp renigera 2
Sub-total 14
Cultivated forms Momordica charantia 403
Momordica charantia var muricata 31
Sub-total 434
Unidentified Momordica spp 14
Sub-total 14
Total 462
Countries of origin of AVRDCrsquos bitter gourd germplasm
COUNTRIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
India 152 329
Philippines 60 130
Thailand 59 128
Bangladesh 42 91
Cambodia 32 69
Taiwan 29 63
Malaysia 24 52
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 24 52
Indonesia 16 35
Viet Nam 12 26
Others Nepal Pakistan Sri
Lanka Iraq Uzbekistan Brazil
and Belize
11 24
Total 462 1000
India 152 33
Philippines 60 13
Thailand 59 13
Bangladesh 42 9
Cambodia 32 7
Taiwan 29 6
Malaysia 24 5
Lao 24 5
Indonesia 16 4
Viet Nam 12 3
Others 11 2 Unknown 1 0
Bitter gourd diversity collected in Taiwan
Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser
Figure 1 Wild bitter gourd collected in Jibei island of
Penghu Taiwan on December 8 2009 Figure 2 Wild bitter gourd collection in Taiwan
VI049110
VI048900
VI049491
VI050132
VI049110 VI048900
VI050151 VI050194
VI049284 VI050146
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
M adoensis
M angustisepala
M balsamina
M boivinii
M cabrae
M calantha
M charantia
M charantia var abbreviata
M charantia subsp charantia
M charantia subsp macroloba
M cissoides
M cochinchinensis
M cylindrica
M cymbalaria
M dioica
M elaterium
M foetida
M grosvenorii
M hystrix
M luffa
M muricata
M operculata
M ovata
M pedata
M peteri
M racemosa
M renigera
M rostrata
M sahyadrica
M schimperiana
M subangulata
M subangulata subsp renigera
M subangulata subsp subangulata
M trifoliolata
M tuberosa
M zeylanica
M adoensis
M angustisepala
M balsamina
M boivinii
M cabrae
M calantha
M charantia
M charantia var abbreviata
M charantia subsp charantia
M charantia subsp macroloba
M cissoides
M cochinchinensis
M cylindrica
M cymbalaria
M dioica
M elaterium
M foetida
M grosvenorii
M hystrix
M luffa
M muricata
M operculata
M ovata
M pedata
M peteri
M racemosa
M renigera
M rostrata
M sahyadrica
M schimperiana
M subangulata
M subangulata subsp renigera
M subangulata subsp subangulata
M trifoliolata
M tuberosa
M zeylanica
Source httpwwwars-gringovcgi-binnpgshtmlsplistpl7719
Native
China Taiwan India
Bangladesh
Cambodia Laos
Myanmar Thailand
Vietnam Indonesia
Malaysia Papua New
Guinea Philippines amp
Australia
Native
India Pakistan Sri
Lanka
Native
China Bangladesh
Laos Myanmar
Thailand Vietnam
Indonesia amp Malaysia
Origin and geographic
distribution of 36
Momordica species
Momordica species in AVRDCrsquos collection
CATEGORY SPECIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
Wild species Momordica balsamina 3
Momordica cochinchinensis 7
Momordica dioica 2
Momordica subangulata subsp renigera 2
Sub-total 14
Cultivated forms Momordica charantia 403
Momordica charantia var muricata 31
Sub-total 434
Unidentified Momordica spp 14
Sub-total 14
Total 462
Countries of origin of AVRDCrsquos bitter gourd germplasm
COUNTRIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
India 152 329
Philippines 60 130
Thailand 59 128
Bangladesh 42 91
Cambodia 32 69
Taiwan 29 63
Malaysia 24 52
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 24 52
Indonesia 16 35
Viet Nam 12 26
Others Nepal Pakistan Sri
Lanka Iraq Uzbekistan Brazil
and Belize
11 24
Total 462 1000
India 152 33
Philippines 60 13
Thailand 59 13
Bangladesh 42 9
Cambodia 32 7
Taiwan 29 6
Malaysia 24 5
Lao 24 5
Indonesia 16 4
Viet Nam 12 3
Others 11 2 Unknown 1 0
Bitter gourd diversity collected in Taiwan
Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser
Figure 1 Wild bitter gourd collected in Jibei island of
Penghu Taiwan on December 8 2009 Figure 2 Wild bitter gourd collection in Taiwan
VI049110
VI048900
VI049491
VI050132
VI049110 VI048900
VI050151 VI050194
VI049284 VI050146
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Momordica species in AVRDCrsquos collection
CATEGORY SPECIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
Wild species Momordica balsamina 3
Momordica cochinchinensis 7
Momordica dioica 2
Momordica subangulata subsp renigera 2
Sub-total 14
Cultivated forms Momordica charantia 403
Momordica charantia var muricata 31
Sub-total 434
Unidentified Momordica spp 14
Sub-total 14
Total 462
Countries of origin of AVRDCrsquos bitter gourd germplasm
COUNTRIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
India 152 329
Philippines 60 130
Thailand 59 128
Bangladesh 42 91
Cambodia 32 69
Taiwan 29 63
Malaysia 24 52
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 24 52
Indonesia 16 35
Viet Nam 12 26
Others Nepal Pakistan Sri
Lanka Iraq Uzbekistan Brazil
and Belize
11 24
Total 462 1000
India 152 33
Philippines 60 13
Thailand 59 13
Bangladesh 42 9
Cambodia 32 7
Taiwan 29 6
Malaysia 24 5
Lao 24 5
Indonesia 16 4
Viet Nam 12 3
Others 11 2 Unknown 1 0
Bitter gourd diversity collected in Taiwan
Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser
Figure 1 Wild bitter gourd collected in Jibei island of
Penghu Taiwan on December 8 2009 Figure 2 Wild bitter gourd collection in Taiwan
VI049110
VI048900
VI049491
VI050132
VI049110 VI048900
VI050151 VI050194
VI049284 VI050146
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Countries of origin of AVRDCrsquos bitter gourd germplasm
COUNTRIES NO OF
ACCESSIONS
India 152 329
Philippines 60 130
Thailand 59 128
Bangladesh 42 91
Cambodia 32 69
Taiwan 29 63
Malaysia 24 52
Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 24 52
Indonesia 16 35
Viet Nam 12 26
Others Nepal Pakistan Sri
Lanka Iraq Uzbekistan Brazil
and Belize
11 24
Total 462 1000
India 152 33
Philippines 60 13
Thailand 59 13
Bangladesh 42 9
Cambodia 32 7
Taiwan 29 6
Malaysia 24 5
Lao 24 5
Indonesia 16 4
Viet Nam 12 3
Others 11 2 Unknown 1 0
Bitter gourd diversity collected in Taiwan
Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser
Figure 1 Wild bitter gourd collected in Jibei island of
Penghu Taiwan on December 8 2009 Figure 2 Wild bitter gourd collection in Taiwan
VI049110
VI048900
VI049491
VI050132
VI049110 VI048900
VI050151 VI050194
VI049284 VI050146
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Bitter gourd diversity collected in Taiwan
Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser
Figure 1 Wild bitter gourd collected in Jibei island of
Penghu Taiwan on December 8 2009 Figure 2 Wild bitter gourd collection in Taiwan
VI049110
VI048900
VI049491
VI050132
VI049110 VI048900
VI050151 VI050194
VI049284 VI050146
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Suppression of inflammation through wild
bitter melon extracts
Food Chem 2012 Dec 1135(3)976-84 doi 101016jfoodchem201205045 Epub 2012 May 22
Wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) extract and its bioactive
components suppress Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation
Hsu C1 Tsai TH Li YY Wu WH Huang CJ Tsai PJ
Author information
Abstract
In this study we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of wild bitter melons (WBM Momordica
charantia Linn var abbreviata Ser) on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and to identify
the bioactive components Our results showed that ethyl acetate (EA) extract of WBM fruit in vitro
potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in P
acnes-stimulated THP-1 cells Furthermore concomitant intradermal injection of WBM EA extract in
mice effectively attenuated P acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation To further
investigate the bioactive components we found that both saponifiable (S) and nonsaponifiable (NS)
fractions of WBM EA extract significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP-9 levels
Phytol and lutein identified in the NS fraction also inhibited cytokine production Moreover S and NS
fractions of EA extract phytol and lutein activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
α and β in the transactivation assay Our results suggested that PPARα or PPARγ signalling may
contribute at least in part to the anti-inflammatory activity of WBM
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Diversity of cultivated bitter gourd in AVRDCrsquos collection
VI054874
Lao PDR
VI049879
Thailand
VI051082
Philippines
VI051014
Philippines
VI051080
Philippines
VI041089
Thailand VI057025
Cambodia
VI055014
Cambodia
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Bitter gourd seed research
Is Momordica seed orthodox or recalcitrant
Can be dried to very low moisture content
(4 ndash 6 or lower)
Can be stored at low temperature (5 -10 oC)
Does not tolerate sub-zero storage temperature
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Impact of seed drying method seed moisture content and storage temperature on germination rate of bitter gourd determined
Overcoming conservation and germination problems of selected traditional vegetables (BMZ-funded small grant project)
University of
Hohenheim Stuttgart
Germany
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Two accessions selected for the experiment
VI049009
Momordica charantia
Origin Thailand
Name MA PA KEE NOK
Fruit weight 20-25 gm
100 seed weight 53 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
VI049940
Momordica charantia
Origin India
Name VISHESH
Fruit weight 200-250 gm
100 seeds weight247 gm
(at 6 moisture content)
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Seed of the two accessions
VI049009 (Thailand) VI049940 (India)
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Seed multiplication in field net-cages
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
VI049009 (Thailand) in the field
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
VI049940 (India) in the field
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Seed processing
Seeds extracted right after harvest of fruits
Seeds cleaned by thorough washing
Surface water removed from seed with centrifuge
Seed dried under shade for several hours
3 drying methods applied (silica gel zeolite drying beads dehumidified seed drying - 18oC 10 RH)
Seed dried to 3 target seed moisture levels (4 6 8) and packed into aluminum foil bags)
Part of the seed shipped to Germany where each treatment combination was stored at 5 10 15 and -20 oC for 6 months (University of Hohenheim)
Seed dried in dehumidified seed drying room to 6 SMC was stored at GRSU for 6 months
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Seed drying and packing
Drying room of GRSU Packing room of GRSU
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Determination of seed moisture content
(SMC)
HygroLab C1
Measuring the
equilibrium moisture
content (EMC) of
seed with the
surrounding air
Non-destructive test
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to
determine seed germination
First trial 100 seeds submersed in water for 24h
thereafter germinated in germination box on filter
paper with 36 ml of water at alternating
temperatures of 25-30 oC and 16 hours dark 8 hours
light First counting at 3 days
Second trial no pre-treatment same germination
method
Result germination rate not satisfactory
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
1st trial Seed submersed in water for 24 h and treated with
standard TTC test solution (1) Result only 43 and 67
viability for VI049940 and VI049009 respectively
2nd trial To improve TTC method seed without pre-
treatment exposed to 1 TTC with seeds cut into half
vertical and lateral cuts and removal of seed coat Coloring
insufficient
3rd trial seed coat removed and embryos cut into half then
exposed to 1 TTC under vacuum (3 times for 10 min)
followed by 24h incubation
Development of optimized method to
determine seed viability
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Development of optimized method to determine
seed viability
4th trial Same treatment as 3rd trial followed by freezing
for 24 h at -20 oC and incubation at 30 oC for 24 h
Assessment after 3 days
5th trial Seed coat removed top 50 of cotelydons removed
and remaining cotelydons cut superficially up to the
proximity of the radicle This was followed by vacuum
treatment and incubation for 4 days This treatment gave
sufficient coloring of the samples with viability rates above
95 for both accessions
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Both accessions present seed germination of about 95
Preliminary trials ndash University of Hohenheim
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Seed storage experiment at GRSU
1 Seed dried to 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos medium-term storage room (5oC)
2 Another batch of seed at 6 SMC stored in AVRDCrsquos short-term storage room (15oC)
3 Storage period 6 months (May 1 to October 31 2013)
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Priming treatments before conducting germination tests
(1) control (no treatment)
(2) 24h soaking in water
(3) partial removal of seed coat followed by 24h soaking in water
(4) soaking in household vinegar for 2h
(5) soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
(6) 24 h soaking in water followed by quick surface drying of seed and drying in dehumidified drying for 72 hours
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Between paper method (4 replicates 25 seeds each)
Growth chamber with 20oC30oC (16h8h)
Germination counting at 7+14 days
Germ
inati
on t
est
in
incubato
r
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Treatment 5 Soaking in KNO3 solution (03) for 1h
Normal seedlings ()
Abnormal seedlings ()
Dead seed ()
Hard seed ()
7600 133 2067 133
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Sowing seed in 50-cell plug trays Watering plug trays
Use of peat moss as growing medium
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
4 replicates with 25
seeds each per
treatment
Germination rates
determined at 20 days
after sowing
Germination rate under greenhouse
conditions
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Germination rate of fresh and dried seed
(before storage)
Accession Treatment Dried seed Fresh
seed
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 16
90
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 18
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 10
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 52
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 40
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 70
730
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 90
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 86
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 82
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 78
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 74
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 25 42
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 10 49
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 34 40
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 3
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 24 73
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 13 33
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 84 86
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 96 93
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 96 90
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 3 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 94 72
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 95 94
Germination rate after 6 months in storage under
short- and medium-term conditions
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Germination results in greenhouse after 6 months of
storage (plug trays) Accession Treatment Short-term
(15oC)
Medium-
term (5oC)
VI049009
Thailand
T1 (control) 21 5
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 12 8
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 35 26
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 15 4
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 31 8
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 41 14
VI049940
India
T1 (control) 98 100
T2 (24h soaking in H2O) 95 96
T3 (scarification + 24 h soaking) 98 100
T4 (soaking in vinegar for 2h) 65 78
T5 (soaking in KNO3 solution for 1h) 97 100
T6 (24h soaking + 72h drying) 96 98
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Conclusions
Genotypes clearly differed in their rates of germination independent
of storage and priming treatment
The storage behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seed is
neither completely orthodox nor recalcitrant
Seed storage at 5 oC did not reduce seed viability when tested in
incubator however the accession from Thailand showed reduced
germination rate under greenhouse conditions
In general 6 months storage at 5 oC improved germination rate
indicating that seed dormancy can be partially overcome by low
temperature storage
Several priming treatments enhanced seed germination
Thank you for your attention
Thank you for your attention
