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UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS·
JUDUL: STIFFNESS AND VIBRATIONAL CHARAcrERISTICS OF SMA!DERJ31
COMPOSITES WITH SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY LONG FIBERS
SESI PENGAJIAN : 200712008
Saya, MOHD NORIHAN BIN mRAHIM@TAMRIN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek SlIIjana ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Laporan Projek SlIIjana adalah hakmilik Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan peogajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibeoarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara inslitusi
peogajian tinggi. 4. ** Sila tandakan (...J)
o
(TAND
Alamat Tetap :
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Meogandungi maklumat yang berdaJjah keselamatao atau kepeotingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Meogandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah diteotukan oleh organisasilbadao di m oyelidikao dijalaokan
NO.6 TMN KENANGAN INDAH PM. DR. ING DARWIN SEBAYANG
Nama Penyelia 86400 PT. RAJA, BATU PAHAT, JOHOR
Tarikh:
CATATAN: • ..
•
30 APRIL 2008 Tarikh:
30 APRIL 2008
Potoog yang tidak berkenaan Jika Laporao Projek Saljana ini SULIT atau TERHAD. sila Iampirkan sural daripada pihak berkuasalorganisasi berkenaan dengan menyalakan sebli sebab dan tempoh iaporao ini perlu di kelaskao sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ij8Z3h Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjaoa secara penyelidikan, atau disertai bagi peogajian searl kerjalrursu.s dan penyelidikao. atau Laporao Projek Saljaoa Muda (PSM).
"I declared that I had read this project report and according to my opinion, this
project report is qualified in term of scope and quality for purpose of awarding the
Master of Mechanical Engineering"
Signature
Supervisor
Date
Assoc. Professor Dr. 1ng Darwin Sebayang
30 APRIL 2008
STIFFNESS AND VIBRATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMAffiER331
COMPOSITES WITH SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY LONG FIBERS
MOHD NORIHAN BIN IBRAHIM@TAMRIN
A project report submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
APRIL,2008
11
"I declare that this project report entitled "Stiffness and Vibrational Characteristics of
SMAlDER331 Composites with Shape Memory Alloy Long Fibers" is the result of
my own research except as cited in references."
Signature
Name of candidate
Date
....... 6 ....................... . MOHD NORIHAN BIN IBRAH1M@TAMRIN
30 APRIL 2008
III
To my loving wife, Zulaika A. G. Khan,MNaseem Khan and M. Zarif Khan(sons),
Ainaa Syahirah(daughtel}, my mother and my father, my family and Illy supporting
ji-iends ...
"THANK YOU for your support"
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, The Most Graciolls and The Most Merciful
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to my
supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Ing Darwin Sebayang for his thoughtful insights,
helpful suggestions and continued support in the form of knowledge, enthusiasm and
guidance during the course of this project.
My appreciation goes to Mr. Saifulnizan Jamian, co-supervisor ofthis
project from the Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering, UTHM for his advice and constructive support.
Grateful to the Head of Department and laboratory staff of Polymer Engineering
Department in UTM Skudai for their permission and technical support during
implementing related test progress. My gratitude also goes to our tec1mician
members Mr. Adam Masrom (Machining Laboratory), Mr. Fazlannuddin Hanur
Harith (Polymer Laboratory), Hj. Saifulazad Ahmad (Strength Laboratory) and
Mohd Zainorin Kasron (Vibration Laboratory) for their support and cooperation.
Not forgetting, thank you to my family, on whose constant encouragement
and love I have relied on throughout my studies. Lastly, thanks to all my friends
which directly and indirectly contribute to their ideas, motivation, involvement and
suppOIi during completing this study.
v
ABSTRACT
SMA-composites are an adaptive composite in which SMA elements are
incorporated into fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Many researches have been
done on investigating the properties of shape memory effect and superelastic
influence in SMA composites. However, little information available on the effect of
different fiber volume fraction with continuous flexinol long wire to mechanical
strength and vibrational characteristics. This study is mainly focused on the
integration of shape memory alloy (SMA) elements with epoxy composites based on
different fiber volume fraction. The aim is to analyze and investigate static and
dynamic mechanical properties of SMAJDER331 by measuring the first vibration
mode of clamped cantilever beams, elastic strength and hysteresis behavior of SMA
composites through monotonic tensile, cyclic and vibration analysis. This
observation indicates that the Young's modulus increases (1667.083MPa) at 2.4%
fiber volume fraction of flexinol wire of SMAJDER331 compared to matrix Young's
modulus (904.495MPa). The increase of temperature up to 75°C and 90°C lead to the
recovery of stress and strain and therefore closed hysteresis achieved. TIle
temperature dependency of vibration property is affected largely due to the addition
of SMA Flexinol long fibers. The vibrational characteristics of SMA composites can
be improved by the addition of certain amount of flexinol wire. The addition of 2.4%
fiber volume fraction offlexinol long fibers resulted in the highest natural frequency
with the value of 171 Hz at the temperature of 70° C.
VI
ABSTRAK
Komposit aloi memori bentuk merupakan gabungan dimana elemen-elemen
aloi memori bentuk disatukan ke dalam bahan komposit. Terdapat banyak kajian
dijalankan berkenaan sifat dan kesan aloi memori bentuk dan sifat superelasticity.
Bagaimanapun, terdapat sedikit maklumat berhubung kesan kekuatan mekanikal dan
getaran. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada pendekatan terhadap integrasi aloi
memori bentuk dengan komposit epmy berasaskan kepada perbezaan pecahan
isipadu serat. Objektifkajian ini adalah untuk menganalisa dan menyiasat ciri-ciri
mekanikal secara statik dan dinamik bagi integrasi (SMAJDER331) dengan
mengukur mod getaran asas bagi rasuk, kekuatan elastik dan sifat histerisis bagi
komposit aloi memori bentuk menerusi tegangan monotonik, kitaran dan analisis
getaran. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa Young's modllius meningkat sebanyak
1667.083MPa pada 2.4% isipadu serat komposisi dawai flexinol bagi integrasi
(SMAJDER331) berbanding 904.495MPa bagi matrik. Peningkatan suhu sehingga
75°C dan 90°C pula menyebabkan kewujudan pengembalian terikan dan tegasan
pada stroktur dan histerisis lengkap juga dicapai. Sifat-sifat getaran dipengaruhi
secara nyata oleh peningkatan serat panjang aloi memori bentuk dan suhu. Ciri-ciri
getaran bagi komposit aloi memori bentuk boleh diperbaiki dengan penambahan
jumlah dawai flexinol pada kadar yang tertentu. Penambahan sebanyak 2.4%
pecahan isipadu serat bagi dawai flexinol menghasilkan frekuensi semulajadi yang
tertinggi sebanyak 171Hz pad a suhu 70° C.
CHAPTER
CHAPTER I
CONTENTS
SUBJECT
TITLE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDIXES
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
1.1.1 General Principles of SMA
1.1.2 Hysteresis
1.1.3 Thermoelastic Martensitic
Transformation
1.1.4 Shape Memory Effect
VII
PAGE
II
111
IV
V
vi
vii
xv
xi
xvi
xxi
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
1.1.5 Pseudoelasticity of SMA
1.2 Shape Memory Alloy Composites
1.3 Problem Background
1.4 Problem Statement
1.5 Objectives
1.6 Scopes
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.l Overview
2.2 Mechanical Behavior of SMA-Composites
2.2.1 Phase Transformation and
Reorientation
2.2.2 Mechanical Behavior Investigation
2.3 Thermomechanical Behavior of
SMA-Composites
2.3.l Phenomenology ofNitinol
2.3.2 Transformation Induced
Deformation
2.3.3 Theml0mechanical Behavior
Investigation
2.4 Vibration Analysis of SMA -Composites
2.5 Constitutive Model of Shape Memory
Alloys (SMAs)
2.6 Literature Summary
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Introduction
Project Outline
Mould Design and Fabrication
Specimen Preparation
VlIl
7
7
8
10
10
II
12
13
l3
15
21
21
23
25
26
28
32
35
36
38
43
CHAPTER IV
3.4.1 Materials
3.4.1.1 SMA Flexinol
Actuator Wire
3.4.1.2 DER 331 Epoxy Resin
3.4.2 Material Overview
3.4.3 Specimen Fabrication - Monotonic
Tensile and Cyclic Testing
3.4.4 Specimen Fabrication - Vibration
Test
3.5 Experimental Test
3.5.1 Measurement of Phase
Transformation in SMA Fiber
3.5.2 Monotonic Tensile Test
3.5.3 Cyclic Testing
3.5.4 Vibration Testing
3.5.4.1 Vibration Properties
Measurement
3.5.4.2 Vibration Approach
RESUL TS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Introduction
Phase Transfomlation of SMA
Flexinol Wire
Monotonic Tensile Test Result
Cyclic Test Result
4.4.1 Load Cases 1 - Cyclic at
Different Displacement, x
4.4.1.1 Stress Versus Strain
4.4.2 Load Cases 2 - Shape Memory
Effect
4.4.3 Load Cases 3 - Pseudoelasticity
Effect
43
43
44
44
45
48
49
49
51
53
55
55
57
59
60
61
65
65
70
72
79
IX
CHAPTER V
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
A
B
C
D
4.5 Vibration Testing Result
4.5.1 Natural Frequency of
Reference Sample
4.5.2 Natural Frequency of
Matrix Sample
4.5.3. Reinforced Composites
(SMAlDER331 )
4.5.3.1 Natural Frequency
Characteristics
4.5.3.2 Damping Characteristics
4.6 Results Summary
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
5.2
5.3
Conclusions
Project Contributions
Future Wark Recommendations
One Dimensional Constitutive Equation
Of SMA
Material Models of Fiber and Matrix
Illustration of Mould
Illustration of Tested Specimen
84
84
86
88
88
92
95
96
99
99
102
107
109
113
116
x
Xl
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 (a) Martensitic transformation and hysteresis. 3
(b) Stress-strain behavior of different phases of
NiTi at constant temperature
1.2 Schematic of pseudo elasticity and shape memory 6
effect behavior (D.S Burton, et.al, 2006)
1.3 Schematic of shape memory effect 7
(Wayman and Duerig, 1990)
2.1 Pseudoelasticity of SMA 14
2.2 Stress-strain curves ofNiTi deformed in pseudoelasticity 16
(Yinong and Hong, 1998)
2.3 Strengthening mechanisms of SMA-based MMCs 17
(D.Yang,2000)
2.4 Volume element loaded in 1 or X direction 19
2.5 Decomposition of Austenite to Martensite and 22
Martensite to Austenite (Miyazaki et.al 1981)
2.6 Thermal history ofNiTi 24
2.7 Three-dimensional stress-strain temperature diagram 31
showing deformation and shape memory behavior
of NiTi shape memory alloy.
3.1 Methodology overview of project 37
3.2 Illustration of the schematic drawing of mould 38
XII
3.3 Schematic diagram of plate layout of mould 40
(a,c,e - side view) and (b,d,f - front view).
3.4 Mould fabrication 42
3.5 Specimen preparation flow 46
3.6 Monotonic tensile and cyclic test specimen 46
3.7 Illustration of SMAlDER331 composites according to 47
different fiber volume fraction
3.8 Illustration of specimens for the vibrational testing 48
3.9 Diagram of a power compensated differential 50
scanning calorimeter
3.10 Illustration on the sequences of monotonic tensile test 52
3.11 Equipment for monotonic and cyclic tensile testing 52
3.12 Illustration on the implementation sequences of cyclic 54
test for the case of shape memory effect
3.13 Illustration on the implementation sequences of 55
cyclic test for the case of pseudo elasticity effect
3.14 Illustration of the specimen fixation for vibration testing 56
3.15 Equipment set-up and testing 57
3.16 Illustration of specimen fixation and heat supply 57
4.1 Phase transformation of SMA flexinol wire ( 00.51 mm) 60
4.2 Stress versus strain for SMA composites with 62
flexinol wire and matrix ofDER 331
4.3 Variation on the strength of SMA composites and 63
comparison on the theoretical and experimental result.
4.4 Theoretical results of tensile modulus of elasticity 64
versus fiber volume fraction
4.5 Result of loading and unloading test for matrix based on 67
single cyclic. (a) Young's modulus as function of
displacement. (b) maximum stress-strain according
to displacement rate
4.6 Result ofloading and unloading tensile test for Rei 68
based on single cyclic. (a) Young's modulus as
function of displacement. (b) maximum stress-strain
according to displacement rate
XIII
4.7 Result ofloading and unloading test for RC2 69
based on single cyclic. (a) Young's modulus
as function of displacement. (b) maximum stress-strain
according to displacement rate
4.8 Result of loading and unloading test for RC3 based on 69
single cyclic. (a) Young's modulus as function of
displacement. (b) maximum stress-strain according
to displacement rate
4.9 Stress versus strain of matrix DER331 and 71
flexinol SMA composites RC2 (1.6% fiber volume
fraction) with displacement rate, X = 3mm
4.10 Variation of stress versus strain for the matrix 74
DER 331 specimen with respect to the different temperature
4.11 Variation of stress versus strain for the SMA 74
composites, RCI specimens with respect to the
different temperature
4.12 Illustration of the structure/specimen deformation for 75
RCI subject to the variation oftemperature
exposure during unloading
4.13 Variation of stress versus strain for the SMA composites, 76
RC2 specimens with respect to the different temperature
4.14 Variation of stress versus strain for the SMA composites, 77
RC3 specimens with respect to the different temperature
4.15 Stress versus strain of matrix DER 331 Epoxy Resin 80
4.16 Stress versus strain of SMAIDER 331 with the fiber 81
volume fraction of 0.80% (RCl)
4.17 Illustration of the structure/specimens profile after 82
tested at temperature of 90°C
4.18 Stress versus strain of SMAIDER 331 with the fiber 83
volume fraction of 1.60% (RC2)
4.19 Stress versus strain of SMAIDER 331 with the fiber 83
volume fraction of2.40% (RC3)
4.20 Real and imaginary as a function of frequency 85
4.21 Log magnitude as function of frequency 85
XlY
4.22 Bode diagram plots the FRFs phase and log 87
magnitude as function of frequency
4.23 The imaginary and real as function of frequency 88
4.24 Variation of natural frequency with temperature 89
for different SMA flexinol fiber content
4.25 Variation of SMA composites for different fiber 90
content heated at temperature 70°C.
4.26 Damping response for the acceleration response 92
as function of time
4.27 Variation of damping behavior with temperature 93
for different SMA flexinol fiber content
xv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Literature summary 33
3.1 Material properties of SMA Flexinol Wire and DER 331 45
3.2 Common beam boundary condition, frequency equation, 58
kl values for beam with uniform cross section
4.1 Result on the tensile testing conducted by means of 61
Universal Testing Machine at room temperature ( ",,30°C)
4.2 Theoretical results on the longitudinal modulus of 64
elasticity based on the fiber and matrix volume fraction
4.3 Cyclic test of specimen SMAJDER 331 66
(a) matrix DER 331 (b) Reinforce composite, RC2 (1.6%);
(c) Reinforce composite, RC3 (2.4%)
Cd) Reinforce composite, RCI (0.8%)
4.4 First and second natural frequency of aluminium (AI) 86
and matrix(MX) specimen.
4.5 Result of vibrational testing for different fiber 89
volume fraction of flexinol wire.
4.6 Result of damping of SMA composites for 93
different fiber volume fraction offlexinol wire
4.7 Summary of results 95
A
As
A~
Aj
AD f
A-phase
Al
ell
Dm
E
G
I
LIST OF SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS
Cross-sectional area
Austenite start temperature
Austenite start temperature (stress -free value)
Austenite finish temperature
Austenite finish temperature (stress -free value)
Austenite phase
Aluminium
Material constant in tem1S of transition temperature
As, A;; Ms, Mr Copper
SMA material constant related to stress-induced
phase transformation
Young's modulus
Young's modulus for the SMA 100% martensite
Young's modulus for the SMA 100% austenite
Modulus of elasticitylY oung's modulus
Young's modulus in lIor x direction
Young's modulus for an isotropic fiber.
Young's modulus for an isotropic matrix
Fourth order elastic tensor of SMA
Fourth order elastic tensor of matrix
Shear modulus ofthe material
Second order identity tensor
XVI
J
Mj
MO f
M-phase
NiTi
T
v T'j
VIII
x x
c
d
d'
f h
k
k
kl
Area moment of inertia
Second invariant of the deviatoric tensor
Third invariant ofthe deviatoric tensor
Martensite start temperature
Martensite start temperature(stress -free value)
Martensite finish temperature
Martensite finish temperature(stress -free value)
Martensite phase
Nickel-Titanium
Temperature
Reference temperature
Temperature above which yield strength of A-phase lower
than stress required to induce A -M transformation
Volume
Volume of fibers / Total volume of composite material
Volume of matrix / Total volume of composite material
Thermodynamic force
Inclusion volume
Damping
Critical damping
Deviatoric strain
Transformation strain
Natural frequency
Material parameter indicate the slope of the linear
stress transfomlation
Stiffness
Bulk modulus of the material
Versor in the direction of fiber
Versor in the direction of fiber
XVll
Standard kJ value based on common beam boundary condition
p
s
vs
wI
x
(J"
U cq
; e 0(;)
a (e)
(fixed -free)
Length
Volumetric stress
Deviatoric stress
Versus
Weight
Displacement
Stress
Equivalent stress
Stress tensor of matrix
Stress tensor of SMA
Uniaxial critical stress in tension
Uniaxial critical stress in compression
Strain
Recovery strain limit/Maximum recoverable strain
Total strain of matrix
Total strain of SMA
Martensite fraction
Thermoelastic tensor
Transformation tensor
Elastic strain of matrix
Inelastic strain of matrix
Expansion coefficient
Elastic strain of SMA
Inelastic strain of SMA
Coordinate system
Expansion coefficient of SMA
Possible pre-strain
Material parameter of the maximum transformation strain
Volumetric strain
Scalar product
xviii
a
fJ
OJ"
c;
p
>
<
°C
°C /min
GPa
Hz
K
kg/m3
mg
111111
MPa
mPa.s
N
%
ASTM
CNC
DER
D-MX-90
D-RCl-90
D-RC2-90
D-RC3-90
Back stress
Material parameter linked to the dependence of the
critical stress on the temperature
Plastic multiplier
Natural frequency for free oscillation
Damping ratio/ damping factor
Density
Greater than
Lower than
Degree Celsius
Degree Celsius per minute
Giga Pascal
Hertz
Kelvin
Kilogram per cubic meter
Milligram
Millimeter
Mega Pascal
Milli pascal second
Newton
Percentage
American Society for Testing and Materials
Computer numerical control
Liquid epoxy resin by DOW
Pseudo elasticity test for MX at temperature of 90°C
Pseudoelasticity test for RC 1 at temperature of 90°C
Pseudoelasticity test for RC2 at temperature of 90°C
Pseudoelasticity test for RC3 at temperature of 90°C
XIX
DSC
M
MX
RCI
RC2
RC3
MX-30C,45C,
60C, etc
RCI-30C,45C,
60C, etc
RC2-30C,45C,
60C, etc
RC3-30C,45C,
60C, etc
ROM
RYE
SMA
SME
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Matrix material
Matrix
Reinforced composites with fiber volume fraction of
0.8% ( 3 wires)
Reinforced composites with fiber volume fraction of
1.6% (6 wires)
Reinforced composites with fiber volume fraction of
2.4% (9 wires)
Matrix specimen tested at temperature of30°C,45°C,
60°C, etc.
RCI specimen tested at temperature of30°C,45°C,
60°C, etc.
RC2 specimen tested at temperature of 30°C,45°C,
60°C, etc.
RC3 specimen tested at temperature of 30°C,45°C,
60°C, etc.
Rules of mixtures
Representative volume element
Shape memory alloy
Shape memory effect
xx
