Bronzano Doba SjevBosne

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BronzanodobasjeverneBosneusvjetlunovihistraivanja

BronzeagenorthernBosniainthelightofnewresearch

byBorivojovi

Source:HeraldoftheNationalMuseumofBosniaandHerzegovinainSarajevo:Archeology(GlasnikZemaljskogmuzejaBosneiHercegovineuSarajevu:Arheologija),issue:52/2010,pages:277286,onwww.ceeol.com.

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Dr. sci. Borivoj ovi , SarajevoZemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine

Bronzano doba sjeverne Bosne

u svjetlu novih istraivanja

Originalni nauni radUDK 903.4/.5(497.6-17 Bosna)6373/6375

Autor sumira rezultate projekta Bronzano doba sjeverne Bosne kojim su dijelom popunjene praznine u poznavanju problematike pitanja ranog i srednjeg Bronzanog doba na tom teritoriju. Kao najvaniji rezultat istraivanja istie se definiranje kulturne grupe Barice Greani koju karak-teriziraju otvorena naselja ravniarskog tipa, bez tragova fortifikacija. Istaknut je, kao dominantan, ritus spaljivanja pokojnika, sa pokapanjem izgorenih kostiju i priloga u plit-ku jamu koja se poklapala keramikom posudom. U geo-grafskom smislu grupa se prostirala veim dijelom sjeverne Bosne, od Potkozarja i Lijeve polja na zapadu, Semberije na istoku odnosno Slavonije na sjeveru, dok njena juna granica nije definirana.

Kljune rijei: sjeverna Bosna, rano bronzano doba, srednje bronzano doba.

Sjeverna Bosna pripada junoj periferiji karpat-skog bazena, a svojim geografskim poloajem predodreena je da bude posrednik izmeu Podu-navlja i prikarpatskih zemalja na jednoj i zapad-nog Balkana i istone jadranske obale na drugoj strani. Uz egejsku oblast, karpatski bazen je bio najvaniji centar privrednog i kulturnog razvoja tokom itavog bronzanog doba u Evropi, utiui snano, svojom razvijenom metalurgijom, umjet-nou i uope duhovnom kulturom na druge, blie i dalje oblasti u Evropi. Iz karpatskog bazena i u karpatski bazen tekle su stalno slabije ili jae mi-gracione struje, a u posljednjim stoljeima drugog milenija i poetkom prvog milenija stare ere iz te oblasti je poteklo nekoliko uzastopnih ekspanziv-

Dr. Borivoj ovi , SarajevoNational Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bronze age northern Bosnia in the light

of new research

Original scientific paperUDC 903.4/.5(497.6-17 Bosna)6373/6375

The paper sums up the findings of the Bronze Age northern Bosnia project, which have helped to fill the gaps in our knowledge of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in this re-gion. The most significant result of the investigations is the identification of the Barice-Greani cultural group, char-acterized by open lowland-type settlements with no sign of fortifications. The dominant burial rite was cremation, followed by the burial of the incinerated bones and grave goods in a shallow pit covered with a pottery vessel. Geo-graphically, the group covered most of northern Bosnia, from Potkozarje and Lijeve polje to the west, Semberija to the east, and Slavonia to the north; the southern boundary was not identified.

Key words: northern Bosnia, Early Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age

Northern Bosnia belongs to the southern periph-ery of the Carpathian basin, and is predisposed by its geographical position to be an intermediary be-tween the Danube and Cis-Carpathian lands on the one hand and the western Balkans and the eastern Adriatic coast on the other. Along with the Aegean region, the Carpathian basin was the main centre of economic and cultural development throughout the Bronze Age in Europe, its advanced metallur-gy, art and intellectual culture exercising a power-ful influence on other regions of Europe both near and far. There were constant small or large scale migrations from and into the Carpathian basin, and there were several successive expansionist migra-tions from the region in the last few centuries of the

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B. OVI, BRONZANO DOBA SJEVERNE BOSNE U SVJETLU NOVIH ISTRAIVANJA, GZM n.s. A., 52

nih migracija stanovnitva. Sve se te pojave odra-avaju, u veoj ili manjoj mjeri, i na istovremena nalazita zapadnog Balkana: u centralnoj i junoj Bosni, u istonoj Bosni, Hercegovini i Dalmaci-ji sve do otoka. Dio tog prostora ini i sjeverna Bosna, a upravo je stanje istraenosti ranog, sred-njeg, a djelimino i kasnog bronzanog doba ovog prostora veoma oskudno.

Kako je ve naglaeno, stanje istraenosti bronzanog doba u sjevernoj Bosni pokazivalo je znatno zaostajanje, i na nivou faktografije i na nivou interpretacije, u odnosu na isti period u junijim krajevima, u centralnoj i junoj Bo-sni, pa i u Hercegovini, gdje su lokaliteti poput Glasinca, Poda kod Bugojna, Varvare, Neaj-na, Sovia, Hateljske peine i drugi, omoguili mnogo sigurniji uvid u razvojne procese tokom 2. milenija pr.n.e.

U sjevernoj Bosni je neto bolje bilo rasvijet-ljeno samo kasno bronzano doba i prelazni period u starije eljezno doba (priblino od Ha A do Ha B3 po srednjoevropskoj hronolokoj skali). Iz tog perioda bilo je poznato vie ostava koje pripadaju, uglavnom, istim osnovnim horizontima kao i u su-sjednim podrujima srednjeg Podunavlja: najstari-ji horizont odgovara kraju bronzanog doba D i Ha A1 fazi, drugi kraju Ha A i prelazu na Ha B, a trei poetku starijeg eljeznog doba (Ha B3, odnosno tzv. trakokimerijski horizont). Bilo je istraeno i vie naselja, od kojih su najvanija: gradina Ze-covi kod Prijedora (stratumi III i, djelimino, II), Starije naselje u Donjoj Dolini, gradina ungar u Osretku kod Cazina i sojeniko naselje u Ripu kod Bihaa (poetne faze), gradina Kekia glavica kod Bosanske Krupe (poetna faza), gradina Ve-liki ungar u Semaniima kod Cazina i jo neke gradine sjeverozapadne Bosne, te najmlai slojevi gradinskih naselja dobojske regije: Vis kod Der-vente i Pivnica kod Odaka. Od klasinih nekro-pola sa spaljivanjem i sahranom pepela u urnama bile su poznate samo dvije: Mahovljani kod Lakta-a i Petkovo brdo u Radosavskoj kod Banje Luke. Na osnovu rezultata istraivanja tih lokaliteta bila je definisana kultura polja sa urnama sjeverne Bo-sne, sa njene dvije glavne grupe: Zecovi Donja Dolina i Vis Pivnica. Kao jo otvoren problem stajale su nekropole tipa Barice koje su, na osnovu najveeg dijela bronzanih priloga u grobovima ta-koer datirane u kasno bronzano doba i dovodene

second millennium BCE and the beginning of the first. All these impacted to a greater or lesser extent on the sites of the western Balkans, in central and southern Bosnia, eastern Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia, and even on the islands. Northern Bos-nia, where very little research has been conducted into the Early, Middle and even, in part, the Late Bronze Age, is part of that region.

Bronze Age research in northern Bosnia lags far behind, in both factography and interpreta-tion, that of the same period in more southerly regions, in central and southern Bosnia and in Herzegovina, where sites such as Glasinac, Pod near Bugojno, Varvara, Neajno, Sovia, the Hatelji cave and so on have provided a much greater insight into developments during the 2nd millennium BCE.

In northern Bosnia, only the Late Bronze Age and the transitional period to the Early Iron Age (roughly speaking from Ha A to Ha B3 on the central European chronological scale) are slightly better known. Several hoards are known from that period, mainly belonging to the same horizons as in neighbouring regions of the mid-dle Danube: the oldest corresponding to the Late Bronze Age D and Ha A1 phase, the next to the late Ha A and the transition to Ha B, and the third to the beginning of the Early Iron Age (Ha B3, or the Thraco-Cimmerian horizon). Several settle-ments have been excavated, the most important of which are the Zecovi hill fort near Prijedor (strata III and in part II), Starije naselje in Don-ja Dolina, the ungar hill fort in Osredak near Cazin and the pile-dwelling settlement in Ripa near Biha (initial phase), the Kekia glavica hill fort near Bosanska Krupa (initial phase), the Veliki ungar hill fort in Semanii near Cazin and a number of other hill forts in north-western Bosnia, and the most recent strata of the hill fort settlements in the Doboj region: Vis near Der-venta and Pivnica near Odak. Only two clas-sic necropolises with cremations and the burial of the ashes in urns are known: Mahovljani near Laktai and Petkovo brdo in Radosavska near Banja Luka. The urnfield culture of northern Bos-nia was defined on the basis of the results of the excavation of these sites, with two main groups: Zecovi-Donja Dolina and Vis-Pivnica. Necropo-lises of the Barice type remain an open question:

Distributed by CEEOL

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u vezu s kulturom polja sa urnama. Dosta dobro je bio definisan i odnos kultura i kulturnih poja-va kasnog bronzanog doba sjeverne Bosne prema susjednim podrujima (centralna i juna Bosna, Srem, Slavonija, Lika i dr).

Dva starija perioda, rano i srednje bronzano doba, bili su gotovo bijela mrlja na arheolokoj karti, sa svega nekoliko taaka koje nisu pruale oslonac za bilo kakvu jasniju sliku o ukupnom razvoju tokom prve polovine i sredine 2. mile-nija pr.n.e. u sjevernoj Bosni. Bila su istraivana samo dva naselja ranog bronzanog doba: Gornja Tuzla I i Zecovi IV. Dok je G. Tuzla I sa svojim slojem koji pokazuje srodnost s moriko-mokrin-skim kulturnim kompleksom ranog bronzanog doba stajala kao izolovana pojava (a stoji jo i danas, jer na prostoru izmeu tuzlanskog baze-na i Vojvodine nisu otkrivena nalazita koja bi ih povezivala), Zecovi IV su opet (za sada) izolo-van primjer preivljavanja eneolitske vuedolske populacije u ranom bronzanom dobu. Osim ovih naselja, bilo je poznato jo nekoliko sluajnih na-laza keramike, bronzanih bodea, te bronzanih i kamenih sjekira koje se tipoloki mogu odrediti u rano bronzano doba. Nita bolje nije stajala stvar ni sa srednjim bronzanim dobom. Nekoliko izo-lovanih nalaza bronzanog oruja (sjekire s ojaa-nim rubovima mladih varijanti, kratki ma tipa A iz Donje Doline koji stoji na prelazu iz ranog u srednje bronzano doba) samo su indicirali na postojanje nekog ivota. Prazninu je, za doboj-ski region, unekoliko popunjavala teza B. Belia da bar dio grobova tipa Barice iz toga regiona, kao i naselje otkriveno i sondirano u Doboju, tzv. Doboj centar, pripadaju srednjem bronzanom dobu. Za Pounje su sline indicije takoer davali neki lokaliteti, npr. naselje Crno polje u Ljusini kod Bosanske Krupe.

Kao inicijalni, program Bronzano doba sje-verne Bosne bio je koncipiran tako da u pet go-dina pokua da izvri prodor upravo u ova dva najmanje rasvijetljena perioda i postavi osnovu za dalja istraivanja. Kakvi su, dakle, rezultati nakon pet godina istraivanja i u kojoj mjeri je osnovni cilj dostignut?

Nesumnjivo najvaniji rezultat bilo je stva-ranje pretpostavki za definisanje jedne nove kulturne grupe i to upravo iz jednog od onih naj-slabije istraenih perioda: kulturne grupe Barice

they have also been dated to the Late Bronze Age and associated with the urnfield culture on the basis of most of the bronze grave goods found there. The relationship between the cultures and cultural features of late Bronze Age northern Bosnia and its neighbouring regions (central and southern Bosnia, Srem, Slavonia, Lika and so on) is also fairly well defined.

The two earlier periods, the Early and the Mid-dle Bronze Age, were virtually blank spots on the archaeological map, with just a few points pro-viding no sound basis for a clear picture of devel-opments in northern Bosnia in the first half and mid 2nd millennium BCE. Only two Early Bronze Age settlements had been excavated: Gornja Tu-zla I and Zecovi IV. Whereas Gornja Tuzla I, with its stratum showing similarities with the Early Bronze Age Maros-Mokrina cultural complex, was an isolated phenomenon (as it remains to this day, since no sites have been discovered be-tween the Tuzla basin and Vojvodina that might connect them), Zecovi IV remains, for now, an isolated example of the survival of an Eneolithic Vuedol in the Early Bronze Age. In addition to these settlements, a few instances of chance finds of pottery, bronze daggers, and bronze and stone axes belonging typologically to the Early Bronze Age were also known. The state of affairs was no better as regards the Middle Bronze Age. A few isolated finds of bronze weapons (axes with re-inforced edges of the later variants, short swords of the A type from Donja Dolina dating from the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age) merely hinted at life of some kind. The gap is to some extent filled as regards the Doboj region by B. Belis thesis that at least some of the Barice-type graves in the Doboj region and a settlement discovered and investigated by trial excavations in Doboj, known as Doboj Centre, belong to the Middle Bronze Age. Similar clues in the Una valley also produced a number of sites, such as the Crno polje settlement in Ljusina near Bosanska Krupa.

The five-year Bronze Age in northern Bosnia project was designed to find out more about these two little known periods and pave the way for fur-ther investigations. What, then, are the results of the five years of investigations, and to what extent was the basic goal achieved?

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Greani. Istraivana su tri naselja: Barice u Lamincima-Jaruanima, Sjekovo u Laminci-ma-Dubravama (oba kod Bosanske Gradike) i Topolovaca bregovi u Donjoj Dubici (kod Od-aka). Uz jo tri naselja identifikovana reko-gnosciranjem na podruju Bosanske Gradike, te od ranije poznato naselje Doboj centar, to je bila dobra osnova za rad na utvrivanju tipa naselja i karakteristika pokretnog arheolokog materijala grupe.

S pouzdanjem se moe rei da su za grupu Barice Greani karakteristina naselja ravni-arskog tipa, otvorena i bez ikakvih fortifikacija. Smjetena su po pravilu na neto viim dijelovi-ma terena (tzv. gredama) tako da budu zatiena od poplave.

U veini sluajeva u blizini ovih lokacija bilo je mogue identifikovati ostatke starih rijenih ko-rita, to pokazuje da su i pristupani vodotokovi bili jedan od elemenata koji su osnivai naselja uzimali u obzir birajui lokaciju. Ostaci naselja rasprostiru se obino na dva ili vie hektara. To je, vjerovatno, uslovljeno i samim tipom naselja koje nije bilo zbijeno, ve se, vjerovatno, sastojalo od grupa stambenih objekata ratrkanih po neto ve-em prostoru neke grede. Naravno, treba imati na umu da se radi o lokalitetima s tankim kultur-nim slojem (praktino govorei to su jednoslojna naselja grupe Barice-Greani), te da stoga nije is-kljueno postojanje horizontalne stratigrafije; to je bilo mogue provjeriti samo iskopavanjima veeg obima nego to su bila ova koja su u okviru ini-cijalnog programa bila izvedena. Skromni ostaci arhitekture indiciraju na privremenost nastambi, pa bi se moglo pretpostaviti da su u pitanju mo-da i sezonska (zimska) boravita neke populacije koja se prvenstveno bavila stoarstvom. Bez veih iskopavanja, kao i fine analize ivotinjskog oste-olokog materijala, to, naravno, ostaje na nivou hipoteze.

to se tie detaljnijih podataka o samim nase-ljima, ostacima stambenih i drugih objekata, kao i nekropolama i nainu sahranjivanja, tipologiji keramike i metala i sl. oni su dati u radovima M. urevia, N. Ludajia i B. Belia u ovom ela-boratu, pa nema potrebe da se ovdje rezimiraju. Od nekropola su u okviru projekta istraene dvi-je: Barice u Lamincima-Jaruanima i Dejanovia humke u Lamincima-Dubravama. Uz one od rani-

Undoubtedly the most important outcome was that it paved the way for the definition of a new cultural group from one of the least well-researched periods: the Barice-Greani cultural group. Three settlements were investigated: Barice in Laminci-Jaruani, Sjekovo in Lamin-ci-Dubrave (both near Bosanska Gradika), and Topolovaca bregovi in Donja Dubica near Odak. Along with another three settlements identified by field survey in the Bosanska Gradika area, and the Doboj Centre settlement that was already known, this constituted a good basis for identify-ing the type of settlement and the characteristics of the groups movable archaeological material. There is no doubt that open, completely unforti-fied lowland-type settlements were typical of the Barice-Greani group. They usually occupied slightly higher ground (known as ridges) to avoid being flooded.

In most cases it proved possible to identify the remains of old river beds, indicating the access to water was one of the factors taken into account when deciding where to establish a settlement. The remains of the settlements usually cover two or more hectares, probably dictated by the type of settlement itself, which was not compact, but probably consisted of groups of dwellings scat-tered over the rather larger area of a ridge. The fact that these are sites with a thin cultural layer (practically speaking, these are single-stratum set-tlements of the Barice-Greani group) should not be overlooked, and that it is therefore not impos-sible that there is a horizontal stratigraphy, which could be verified only by larger-scale excavations than those conducted as part of the initial pro-gramme. The meagre remains of buildings sug-gest temporary occupancy, perhaps as the seasonal (winter) quarters of a population mainly engaged in herding. Without larger-scale excavations and a detailed analysis of the animal bones, this can only be a hypothesis.

More detailed information on the settlements themselves, the remains of dwellings and other structures, and the necropolises and burial meth-ods, the typology of the pottery and metal, etc., is provided in the papers by M. urevi, N. Ludaji and B. Beli in this report, and do not need repeat-ing here. Two necropolises were investigated as part of the project: Barice in Laminci-Jaruani and

Izradio / by: Slobodan Kudra

NASELJA / SETTLEMENTS

NEKROPOLE / NECROPOLISES

GRADINE / HILL FORTS

LEGENDA / LEGENDS

Program BRONZANO DOBA SJEVERNE BOSNE Lokaliteti istraeni 1986-1991.

1. PERADARSKA FARMA / POuLTRy FARM, uMATAC, VELIKA KLADuA

2. CRNO POLJE, LJuSINA, B. KRuPA3. BARICE, LAMINCI-JARuANI, B. GRADIKA4. SJEKOVO, LAMINCI-DuBRAVE, B. GRADIKA5. MIHALJEVIA BREGOVI, DONJA DuBICA, ODAK6. TOPOLOVACA BREGOVI, DONJA DuBICA, ODAK7. LuKE, DONJE HRASNO, TuzLA8. KONACI, KuDuzOVII, CAzIN9. CRKVINA-MEE, DOLJANI, BIHA

10. MEKOTE, DONJI RAKANI, B. NOVI11.-12. BARICE HuMKE 1-2, LAMINCI-JARuANI, B. GRADIKA13.-15. DEJANOVIA HuMKE HuMKE 1-3, LAMINCI-

-DuBRAVE, B. GRADIKA

16. BREII, VRANJAK, MODRIA17. GREDA, PODNOVLJE, ODAK18. DONJI BARDAILOVAC, JABLANICA, TuzLA19. GAVRANOVO BRDO, KRIKOVCI, LAKTAI20. GRADINA, GALJIPOVCI, PRNJAVOR21. LAKIA GRADINA, BALJVINE, MRKONJI GRAD22. MRKONJIKA GRADINA, BALJVINE, MRKONJI GRAD23. GRADINA, DABRAC, MRKONJI GRAD24. GRADINA, MEMII, BANJA LuKA25. uIA GRADINA, SKENDER VAKuF26. GRADINA, HRuSTINA, SKENDER VAKuF27. GRADINA, GORNJI BARDAILOVAC, TuzLA28. GRADINA, JABLANICA, TuzLA

Bronze Age Northern Bosnia Programme sites investigated 1986-1991

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je poznate nekropole (Barice u Gornjoj Orahovi-ci kod Graanice, Silajet i Crkvina kod Bijeljine, Grabovica, Podnovlje, Kuldi i druge u dobojskoj regiji), stvorena je i osnova za poznavanje tipa nekropole i naina sahranjivanja, a proiren je i tipoloki fundus kako u pogledu finije keramike, tako i u pogledu bronzanih objekata, prvenstveno nakita. Bilo je mogue konstatovati, kao apsolut-no dominantan, ritus spaljivanja pokojnika, pri emu se sahrana obavlja tako da se u plitku jamu (ukopanu u tumulus ili u zemlju nekropolskog prostora) poloe izgorene kosti i drugi ostaci s lomae, ukljuujui i spaljeni bronzani nakit, pa se grobna jama poklopi keramikom posudom, najee zdjelom.

Uz grob mogu biti dodati i keramiki, a ri-jetko metalni (bronzani, izuzetno zlatni) prilozi. Vana je bila i konstatacija da se u starijoj fazi pokopavanje vri u zemljanim tumulima (u ko-jim moe biti i do 70 grobova), a u mlaoj fazi se naputa tumulus i prelazi na tzv. nekropole ravnih grobova.

Karakteristike keramikih nalaza, kao i bronzani objekti naeni u grobovima obje faze, a djelimino i u naseljima, omoguili su da se postavi okvirna hronologija trajanja grupe: od kraja ranog bronzanog, odnosno prelaza na srednje bronzano doba (Br A2/B1) pa do kraja srednjeg, odnosno poetka kasnog bronzanog doba (Br D).

to se tie teritorijalne rasprostranjenosti, kulturna grupa Barice Greani zauzimala je pretean dio sjeverne Bosne, izmeu Potkozarja i Lijeva polja na zapadu do Semberije na istoku. Njena juna granica nije jo pouzdano fiksirana, ali se moe pretpostaviti da je zalazila i u pobra koja s juga omeuju panonski, nizinski dio Bo-sne. Na sjeveru se prostirala u istonoj i srednjoj, odnosno zapadnoj Slavoniji, kao to pokazuju nekropole tipa Greani, a i naselja tipa Bebrina, koja se danas, zahvaljujui istraivanju u okvi-ru ovoj projekta, mogu pouzdano pripisati ovoj grupi.

U hronolokom pogledu paralelnu pojavu ini grupa nalazita u Pounju: naselja Crno polje kod Bosanske Krupe, Peradarska farma kod Velike Kladue, moda i Konaci kod Cazina, te tumu-li u Doljanima kod Bihaa. Oni pripadaju istom vremenskom rasponu, od kraja ranog do kraja

Dejanovia humke in Laminci-Dubrave. Along with others that were already known (Barice in Gornja Orahovica near Graanica, Silajet and Crkvina near Bijeljina, Grabovica, Podnovlje, Kuldi and others in the Doboj region), this paved the way for identifying the type of the necropo-lis and the burial methods, and also extended the typological holdings of both finer-quality pottery and bronze objects, particularly jewellery. The rite of cremating the deceased, followed by burial, in which the incinerated bones and other remains, including burnt bronze jewellery, were laid in a shallow pit dug into a tumulus or in the necropolis, and the pit was covered with a pottery vessel, usu-ally a bowl. The grave might contain pottery, or more rarely metal (bronze, or very rarely gold) as grave goods. The important observation was made that in the earlier phase these burials were made in earth mounds, which could contain as many as seventy graves, while in the later phase the tumu-lus was abandoned in favour of necropolises with flat graves.

The characteristics of the pottery finds, along with the bronze objects found in the graves of both phases, and to some extent in the settlement, made it possible to determine the time frame for the duration of the group, from the end of the Early Bronze Age or the transition to the Middle Bronze Age (Br A2/B1) to the end of the Middle or begin-ning of the Late Bronze Age (Br D).

Territorially, the Barice-Greani cultural group occupied much of northern Bosnia, between the Potkozarje and Lijeve plains to the west and Semberija to the east. Its southern boundary has not yet been reliably determined, but probably extended to the hill country surrounding the Pan-nonian plains area of Bosnia to the south. To the north it extended into eastern and central or west-ern Slavonia, as indicated by necropolises of the Greani type and settlements of the Bebrina type which can now be unambiguously attributed to this group thanks to this project.

Chronologically, a group of finds in the Una valley, the Crno polje near Bosanska Krupa, the poultry farm near Velika Kladua, perhaps Konaci near Cazin, and the tumuli in Doljani near Biha, belong to the same time span, from the end of the Early to the end of the Middle Bronze Age, and are culturally quite similar to

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srednjeg bronzanog doba, a u kulturnom smislu pokazuju dosta srodnosti s grupom Barice Gre-ani, mada se ne bi mogli s njom identifikovati. S druge strane, odreeni afinitet pokazuju i prema istovremenim nalazitima Like, podvelebitskog podruja, pa i Istre, to predstavlja takoer bitan doprinos sagledavanju ukupnog toka razvojnih procesa u bronzanom dobu, ne samo u lokalnim, ve i u irim okvirima.

I grupa Barice Greani i nalazita srednjeg bronzanog doba u Pounju povezuju se, osim toga, s nizom drugih nalazita u jugozapadnom dijelu srednjeg Podunavlja, prvenstveno sa vi-rovitikom grupom, srednjeg i poetnog kasnog bronzanog doba (Br C i poetak Br D) u sjevero-zapadnoj Hrvatskoj, kao i sa naseljem Oloris u Dolnjem Lakou kod Lendave, te jo nekim nala-zitima u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Slovenije. Na taj nain se poinje ocrtavati jedan kompleks koji obuhvata iroki prostor od Semberije i jugoisto-ne Slavonije do Istre i od sjevernobosanskog po-bra do Drave i Mure.1 Taj kompleks u hronolo-kom smislu stoji izmeu klasinih kultura (kul-turnih grupa) ranog bronzanog doba, kao to su vinkovaka kultura, ili grupe sa inkrustiranom, odnosno s licenskom keramikom i klasine kul-ture polja sa urnama (faze Baierdorf Velatice). Razumije se, on je za sada samo okvirno fiksiran, ali upravo zbog njegove hronoloke pozicije za-sluuje da mu se ubudue, i to kao cjelini, posveti odgovarajua panja.

U vezi s definisanjem kulturne grupe Barice Greani i njene hronoloke pozicije postavlja-ju se jo dva vana pitanja. Prvo je odnos prema supstratu, tj. prema kulturama kasnog eneolita (naroito prema kasnoj vuedolskoj, a zatim i vin-kovakoj kulturi, pa prema grupi sa Litzen-kera-mikom). Drugo je odnos prema kulturama (kultur-nim grupama) kasnog bronzanog doba, prvenstve-no prema kulturi polja sa urnama.

Odgovor na prvo pitanje moramo ostaviti otvorenim. Za sada je, kako je to pokazano u pri-lozima posveenim pojedinim nalazitima, bilo mogue uoiti poneke tradicionalne oblike, ukra-se ili ornamentalne tehnike, ali do pouzdanijeg odgovora moi e se doi tek kad budu ispitana

1 Ova teza B. ovia se pokazala tanom. Dular et al. 2002, Tiefengraber 2007, Buri Matijai 1998,Mihovili et. el. 2009, Marijan 2009.

the Barice-Greani group, though they could not be identified with it. On the other hand, they reveal a degree of affinity with contemporary sites in Lika, the Podvelebit region and even Is-tria, which constitutes another important contri-bution to our knowledge of developments in the Bronze Age as a whole, not only in the local but also in the wider context.

Both the Barice-Greani group and the Middle Bronze Age sites in the Una valley are also asso-ciated with many other sites in the south-western part of the middle Danube, particularly the Viro-vitica group of the Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (Br. C and the beginning of Br D) in north-western Croatia, as well as with the Oloris settlement in Dolnji Lako near Lendava and a number of sites in north-western Slovenia. This begins to sketch out a complex covering a wide region from Semberija and south-eastern Slavonia to Istria and from the northern Bosnian hill country to the Drava and Mura.1 Chronologi-cally, the complex lies between the classic cultures (cultural groups) of the Early Bronze Age, such as the Vinkovci culture, and the group with incrusted or cord-impressed pottery and the classic urnfield culture (Baierdorf-Velatice phase). This is, of course, only a provisional dating, but the chrono-logical position of the complex means that it de-serves appropriate attention in future as an entity.

There are two further important questions con-cerning the definition of the Barice-Greani cul-tural group and its chronological question. The first is how it relates to the cultures of the late Eneolithic (particularly the late Vuedol culture, but also the Vinkovci culture and the group with cord-impressed pottery. The other is its relation-ship to the cultures or cultural groups of the Late Bronze Age, primarily the urnfield culture.

The answer to the first must remain open. For now, as the papers on the various sites demonstrate, some traditional forms, decorations or ornamental techniques have been observed, but a reliable an-swer will be possible only once sites belonging to the earlier phases of the Bronze Age (Br A1 A2 of the central European periodization) have been investigated. As regards its relationship with the

1 This hypothesis, proposed by ovi, turned out to be accu-rate. Dular et al. 2002, Tiefengraber 2007, Buri-Matijai 1998, K. Mihovili et. al. 2009, Marijan 2009.

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nalazita koja pripadaju ranijim fazama bronza-nog doba (Br A1 A2 po srednjoevropskoj perio-dizaciji). to se tie odnosa prema kulturi polja sa urnama, istraivanja naselja i nekropola dosta su jasno pokazala da postoji nesumnjiv kontakt izme-u kraja grupe Barice Greani i faze Baierdorf Velatice kulture polja sa urnama u ovim krajevi-ma. Najmlai grobovi u tumulima nekropola Bari-ce u Lamincima-Jaruanima i Dejanovia humke u Lamincima-Dubravama pokazuju snaan uticaj kulture polja sa urnama i u oblicima keramike, a naroito u metalu, to je jo izrazitije na nekro-polama kasne faze (Barice u Gornjoj Orahovici, Silajet i Crkvina kod Bijeljine). Istu sliku odaju i neka naselja. ta vie, po svemu izgleda da se na nekim naseljima (Sjekovo, Topolovaca bregovi) moe pratiti proces preslojavanja stare populacije novom. Mada je u tom pogledu jo prerano za si-gurnije zakljuke, mislim da se moe pretpostaviti da su nosioci migracionog vala kulture polja sa urnama u fazi Baierdorf Velatice preslojili staru populaciju nosilaca grupe Barice Greani koju su, vjerovatno, asimilirali.2

Istraivanja gradinskih naselja neto dublje u unutranjosti sjeverne Bosne, u graninom pojasu prema srednjoj Bosni, preduzeta na podruju sred-njeg toka Vrbasa, kao vanog komunikacionog pravca, dala su takoer znaajne nove rezultate. Mada se radilo o sondanim iskopavanjima malog obima, materijal koji je tako prikupljen pruio je dosta elemenata za neto ira uoptavanja. Tako je jo jednom potvrena ve od ranije poznata teza da najstarija faza naseljavanja gradinskih poloaja pada u eneolitsko doba, te da je kasno bronzano doba nesumnjivo vrijeme osnivanja mnogih novih gradinskih naselja.

2 U srednjoevropskoj literaturi podruje sjeverne Bosne ve od Br C D stepena promatra se kao najjuniji dio podruja rasprostiranja kulture polja sa arama; Teran 1995, 324. Neupitna je njezina geneza iz lokalnog sred-njobronzanog supstrata, kao to je i dokazano u ovom radu. Isti kulturni razvoj keramografski i nainom po-kopavanja slinog srednjeg bronzanog doba moe se pratiti na irokom podruju june Panonije i istonoalp-skog prostora; Teran 1999, 100 101 do Transdanubije (podruje Bakony gorja) Jankovi 1992 a-b, naravno sa lokalnim razlikama. Pitanje migracija nositelja kulture polja sa arama zasad ostaje otvoreno, budui da se po-java keramike ukraene kaneliranjem, koja se pripisuje baierdorfsko-velatikim uticajima, moe pratiti u isto vri-jeme na irem prostoru june Panonije i istonoalpskom prostoru u Br D i Ha A1 vrijeme;Teran 1999, 101.

urnfield culture, the excavations of the settlements and necropolises have demonstrated quite clearly that there are undoubted contacts between the area of the Barice-Greani group and the Baierdorf-Velatice phase of the urnfield culture in this part of the world. The most recent graves in the tumuli of the Barice necropolis in Laminci-Jaruani and Dejanovia humke in Laminci-Dubrave reveal the powerful influence of the urnfield culture in the shapes of the pottery and particularly of the metal artefacts, which is still more striking in the necropolises of the later phase (Barice in Gornja Orahovica, Silajet and Crkvina near Bijeljina). Some of the settlements give the same impression. Furthermore, it would seem that the process of overlaying the old population by a new one can be traced in certain settlements (Sjekovo, Topolo-vaca bregovi). Though it is still too early for defi-nite conclusions, I am of the view that the expo-nents of the wave of migrations of the urnfield culture in the Baierdorf-Velatice phase overlaid the older population of the Barice-Greani group, whom they probably assimilated.2

The investigation of hill fort settlements rather deeper into the interior of northern Bosnia, on the dividing line between northern and central Bos-nia in the central reaches of the River Vrbas, an important communication route, also provided significant new results. Though these were small-scale trial excavations only, the material collected provided sufficient elements for rather broader generalizations. Once again, the earlier hypothesis that the earliest phase of settlement in hill forts dates back to the Eneolithic, and that the Late Bronze Age undoubtedly saw the establishment of many new hill forts, was corroborated.

2 In the central European literature, the area of northern Bosnia from Br C D is regarded as the southernmost ex-tent of the urnfield culture; Teran 1995, 324. Its genesis from a local Middle Bronze Age substrate is unquestion-able, as demonstrated in this report. The same cultural de-velopment, similar to the Middle Bronze Age in pottery and burial customs, may be traced over a wide area from southern Pannonia and the eastern Alps; Teran 1999, 100 101 to the Trans-Danubian region (the Bakony Mts. area) Jankovi 1992 a-b, with local differences, of course. The question of the migration of exponents of the urnfield cul-ture remains open, since the presence of pottery decorated with channelled lines, ascribed to Baierdorf-Velatice influ-ences, may be traced in the same period over the wider region of southern Pannonia and the eastern Alps in Br D and Ha1; Teran 1999, 101.

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S obzirom na nove rezultate sada bi se mo-glo neto preciznije rei da pretean dio tih, no-voosnovanih gradina pripada mladoj fazi kasnog bronzanog doba (Ha B) to, vjerovatno, stoji u vezi s tzv. drugim migracionim valom i s odgova-rajuim horizontom ostava Ha A2/B1,3 dok su za stariju fazu (Br D, Ha A) karakteristina otvorena naselja u ravnici, bilo da se radi o preslojenim naseljima grupe Barice Greani, bilo o novoo-snovanim, kao to je Starije naselje u Donjoj Do-lini (i jo neka, identifikovana rekognosciranjem u okviru ovog projekta).

Takoer je uoeno da se na nekim gradinama ivot obnavlja jo jednom u kasnom latenu, to moe biti rezultat potrebe jaanja fortifikacionih sistema u uslovima sve jaeg rimskog vojnikog pritiska u 1. stoljeu pr.n.e., naroito u njegovoj drugoj polovini (Oktavijanov pohod).

Nesumnjivo nov rezultat je pojava materijala bronzanog doba (vjerovatno srednjeg) na nekim od gradinskih naselja (najpouzdaniji primjer je gradina Hrustina kod Skender-Vakufa), s tipo-lokim karakteristikama koje ukazuju, s jedne strane, na veze sa centralnom i junom Bosnom i sjevernom Hercegovinom (Pod kod Bugoj-na, Prusac, Debelo brdo, Varvara), a s druge s grupom Barice Greani. Naravno, radi se o prvim indicijama, dobijenim sondanim iskopa-vanjem, pa bi bilo rizino izvlaiti dalekose-nije zakljuke, ali kao pojava ti podaci skreu na sebe panju, otvarajui probleme koje e tek trebati rjeavati.

Vaan je i podatak da se u pobru i niem pla-ninskom podruju oko srednjeg toka Vrbasa u mlaoj fazi kasnog bronzanog doba dosta jasno uoava kako tu ne postoji ista kultura polja sa urnama kao u ravniarskom dijelu sjeverne Bo-sne, ve se mijeaju elementi grupa te kulture (one Zecovi Donja Dolina, kao i one Vis Pivnica) sa unutarbalkanskim elementima, prvenstveno sa srednjobosanskom kulturnom grupom.

U zakljuku bi se moglo rei da je osnovni cilj inicijalnog programa dostignut, da je ostvaren znaajan prodor i otvoren irok prostor za produ-bljivanje istraivanja o srednjem bronzanom dobu

3 Pojava ostava moe se pratiti na irem srednjoevropskom prostoru, a razlozi deponiranja nisu do kraja rasvijetljeni; Teran 1995, 335. Stoga njihova pojava nije usko poveza-na sa migracijama.

These new findings enable us to say with rather greater accuracy that most of these newly-estab-lished hill forts belong to the later phase of the Late Bronze Age (Ha B), probably associated with the second wave of migration and with the cor-responding horizon of Ha A2/B1 hoards,3 whereas the settlements of the earlier phase (Br D, Ha A) are typically open lowland settlements, whether overlaid settlements of the Barice-Greani group or newly-established ones such as Starije naselje in Donja Dolina (and others identified by field sur-vey as part of this project).

It was also observed that some hill forts were reoccupied in the late La Tne, perhaps as a result of the need to reinforce the system of fortifications in the face of increasing Roman military pressure in the 1st century BCE, particularly the latter half (Octavians campaign).

Another new finding was the presence of Bronze Age (probably Middle) material in some of the hill fort settlements (the most reliable example of which is Hrustina hill fort near Skender-Vakuf), with typo-logical characteristics indicate contacts, on the one hand with central and southern Bosnia and northern Herzegovina (Pod near Bugojno, Prusac, Debelo brdo, Varvara), and on the other with the Barice-Greani group. These are, of course, initial findings only, obtained from trial excavations, and it would be risky to drawn far-reaching conclusions from them, but they are worthy of attention, raising ques-tions that remain to be resolved.

Another important finding is that it is fairly clear there is no pure urnfield culture in the hill country and lower mountain regions around the middle Vrbas in the later phase of the Late Bronze Age, as there is in the lowland region of northern Bosnia, but rather that elements of the groups of this culture (Zecovi-Donja Dolina and Vis-Pivni-ca) mingle with inner Balkan elements, mainly of the central Bosnian cultural group.

In conclusion, it may be said that the basic aim of the initial programme was achieved, with significant advances made, opening up plenty of space for further investigations into the Middle Bronze Age in northern Bosnia, and that impor-

3 Hoards are found over a wide region in central Europe, but the reasons for depositing them are yet to be fully ex-plained; Teran 1995, 335. They are not closely associated with migrations.

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sjeverne Bosne, da su za kasno bronzano doba i za prelazni period u eljezno doba prikupljeni novi vani podaci i postavljene teze za dalja traganja, te da je postavljen problem odnosa prema kasnoe-neolitskom i ranobronzanodopskom supstratu kao kljuni za budua istraivanja o bronzanom dobu ovog, kao i susjednih podruja.

tant new data were assembled and hypotheses proposed for further research into the Late Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age. In addition, the programme raised the question of the relation-ship with the late Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age substrate, as crucial to future research into the Bronze Age here and in neighbouring regions.

ALBH Arheoloki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine I-III, Sarajevo

AMI Arheoloki muzej Istre, Pula

AP Arheoloki pregled, Beograd, Ljubljana

AV Arheoloki vestnik, Ljubljana

IG lanci i graa za kulturnu istoriju istone Bosne, Tuzla

GZM n.s. A Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, nova serija, Arheologija, Sarajevo

PJZ Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, I-III, Sarajevo

RGZM Rmisch-Germanische Zentralmuseum, Mainz

Zbornik I Arheoloko drutvo Bosne i Hercegovine, Zbornik I, Arheoloka problematika zapadne Bosne, Sarajevo

ZKM Zbornik krajikih muezja, Banja Luka

Skraenice / Abbreviations

B. BELI 1964 Prilozi poznavanju kasnog bronzanog doba severne Bosne, ZKM II, 1963/64, Banjaluka, 1964, 19-36.

1966 Greda u Podnovlju kod Doboja nekropola bronzanog doba, AP 8, Beograd, 1966, 27-29.

1966a Doboj centar naselje bronzanog doba, AP 8, Beograd, 1966, 29-32.

1966b Grabovica, Doboj nekropola bronzanog doba, AP 8, Beograd, 1966, 33-35.

A. BENAC 1959 Slavonska i ilirska kultura na prehistorijskoj gradini Zecovi kod Prijedora, GZM n.s. A, XIV, Sarajevo, 1959, 13-51.

K. BURI-MATIJAI 1998 Gradina Monkodonja. Monografije i katalozi AMI 9, Pula, 1998.

B. OVI 1958 Barice nekropola kasnog bronzanog doba kod Graanice, GZM n.s. A, XIII, Saraje-vo, 1958, 77-96.

1961 Rezultati sondiranja na praistorijskom naselju u Gornjoj Tuzli, GZM n.s. A., XV-XVI, Sarajevo, 1960/1961, 79-139.

1965 Uvod u stratigrafiju i hronologiju praistorijskih gradina u Bosni, GZM n. s. A, XX, Sarajevo, 1965, 27-145.

1983 Sjeverna Bosna i karpatski bazen u rano i srednje bronzano doba, Zbornik I, Sarajevo, 1983, 65-70.

1988 Bronzano doba, ALBH 1, Sarajevo, 1988, 21-23.

1988a Ostave, bronzano doba, ALBH 1, Sarajevo, 1988, 134.

1988b Kultura polja sa urnama, ALBH 1, Sarajevo, 1988, 100-102.

1988c Barice Greani, kulturna grupa, ALBH 1, Sarajevo, 1988, 60-61.

1989 Posuka kultura, GZM n.s. A, 44, Sarajevo, 1989, 61-127.

Literatura / Bibliography

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S. DIMITRIJEVI 1979 Arheoloka topografija i izbor arheolokih nalaza s vinkovakog tla, Corola memoriae Iosepho Brunmid dicata, Vinkovci, 1979, 133-282.

J. DULAR, I. AVEL, S. TECCO HVALA

2002 Bronzanodobno naselje Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakou. Opera instituti archaeologici Slo-veniae 5, Ljubljana, 2002.

M. UREVI 1987 Barice/Laminci bronzanodobno naselje, AP 27, Ljubljana, 1987, 50-51.

I. HORVAT-AVEL 1989 Bronastodobna naselbina Oloris pri Dolnjem Lakou, AV 39-40, Ljubljana, 1989, 127-145.

K. JANKOVI 1992a Sptbronzezeitliche hgelgrber in der Bakony Gegend. Acta Archaeologica Acade-miae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XLIV/1, Budapest, 1992, 3-81.

1992b Sptbronzezeitliche hgelgrber von Bakonyjk. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, XLIV/1 4, Budapest, 1992, 261-343.

M. KOSORI 1965 Praistorijska nekropola u selu Dvorovima kod Bijeljine, IG VI, Tuzla, 1965, 83-90.

1967 Praistorijska nekropola kod Bijeljine, IG VII, Tuzla, 1967, 29-33.

Z. MARI 1964 Donja Dolina, GZM n.s. A, XIX, Sarajevo, 1964, 5-l28.

B. MARIJAN 2009 Crtice iz prapovijesti Slavonije (bronano doba), Osijek, 2009.

K. MIHOVILI, B. HNSEL, B. TERAN, D. MATOEVI, . KOVAI

2009 Monkodonja i Muego. Katalog AMI 79, Pula, 2009.

K. MINICHREITER 1983 Pregled istraivanja nekropola grupe Greani u Slavoniji, Anali Zavoda za znanstve-ni rad u Osijeku 2, Osijek, 1983, 7-122.

B. RAUNIG 1983 Neki manji i neobjavljeni nalazi bronzanog doba zapadne Bosne, Zbornik I, Sarajevo, 1983, 71-78.

1987 Crno polje/Ljusina bronzanodobno naselje, AP 27, Ljubljana, 1987, 54.

1987a Crkvina Mee/Doljani bronzanodobni tumulus, AP 27, Ljubljana, 1987, 53.

1989 umatac/Peradarska farma bronzanodobno naselje, AP 28, Ljubljana, 1989, 71-72.

G. TIEFENGRABER 2007 Zum Stand der Erforschung des Mittel und Sptbronzezeit in der Steiermak in: Studien zur Mittel und Sptbronzezeit am Rande der Sdostalpen. Universittsforschungen zur prhistorischen Archologie, Band 148, Bonn, 2007, 67-113.

B. TERAN 1995 Stand und Aufgabe der Forschungen zur Urnenfelderzeit in Jugoslawien. Monographi-en, RGZM 35, Mainz, 1995.

1999 An Outline of Urnfield Culture Period in Slovenia. AV 50, Ljubljana, 1999, 97-145.

K. VINSKI -GASPARINI 1983 Kultura polja sa arama sa njenim grupama, PJZ IV, Sarajevo, 1983, 547-646.

Documents

Bronzano Doba SjevBosne