Bulgaria 1

Bulgaria

Republic of BulgariaРепублика България

Motto: Съединението прави силата  (Bulgarian)"Saedinenieto pravi silata"  (transliteration)

"Unity produces strength"1

Anthem: 

Мила Родино  (Bulgarian)Mila Rodino  (transliteration)

Dear Homeland

Location of Bulgaria(dark green)– on the European continent(green & dark grey)– in the European Union(green)  —  [Legend]

Capital(and largest city)

Sofia42°41′N 23°19′E

Official language(s) Bulgarian

Ethnic groups 85% Bulgarians, 9.4% Turkish, 4.7% Roma, 0.9% othergroups[1]

Demonym Bulgarian

Government Parliamentary democracy

 -  President Georgi Parvanov

 -  Prime Minister Boyko Borisov

Formation

 -  Old Great Bulgaria 632–680 

Bulgaria 2

 -  Medieval Balkan state 681[2]

 -  First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018 

 -  Second Bulgarian Empire 1185–1396 

 -  Independence lost 1396 

 -  Self-government re-established (under nominal Ottomansuzerainty)

3 March 1878 

 -  Bulgarian unification 6 September 1885 

 -  Independence 22 September 1908 from Ottoman Empire

 -  Recognized 06 April 1909 

EU accession 1 January 2007

Area

 -  Total 110,993.6 km2 (104th)42823 sq mi

 -  Water (%) 0.3

Population

 -  2009 estimate 7,576,751[3]  (95th)

 -  2001 census 7,932,984 

 -  Density 68.5/km2 (124th)168.2/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate

 -  Total $90.869 billion[4]  (63rd)

 -  Per capita $12,066[4]  (65th)

GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate

 -  Total $50.620 billion[4]  (75th)

 -  Per capita $6,721[4]  (69th)

Gini (2008) 29.8[5]  (low) 

HDI (2010) 0.743[6]  (high) (58th)

Currency Lev2 (BGN)

Time zone EET (UTC+2)

 -  Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Drives on the right

ISO 3166 code BG

Internet TLD .bg3

Calling code 359

1 "Bulgaria’s National Flag" [7]. Bulgarian Government. 3 October 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-01.

2 plural Leva.

3 In common with other European Union member-states, the .eu domain is also in use.

Bulgaria 3

4 Cell phone system GSM and NMT 450i

5 Domestic power supply 220 V/50 Hz, Schuko (CEE 7/4) sockets

Bulgaria (pronounced /bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ ( listen) Bulgarian: България, Balgariya,[8] pronounced [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), officiallythe Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, Republika Balgariya, Macedonian pronunciation: [rɛˈpublikɐbɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostlyalong the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. TheBlack Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.With a territory of 110994 square kilometers (42855 sq mi), Bulgaria ranks as the 16th-largest country in Europe.Several mountainous areas define the landscape, most notably the Stara Planina (Balkan) and Rodopi mountainranges, as well as the Rila range, which includes the highest peak in the Balkan region, Musala. In contrast, theDanubian plain in the north and the Upper Thracian Plain in the south represent Bulgaria's lowest and most fertileregions. The 378-kilometer (235 mi) Black Sea coastline covers the entire eastern bound of the country. Bulgaria'scapital city and largest settlement is Sofia, with a permanent population of 1,378,000 people.[9]

The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the 7th century AD. All Bulgarian politicalentities that subsequently emerged preserved the traditions (in ethnic name, language and alphabet) of the FirstBulgarian Empire (681–1018), which at times covered most of the Balkans and eventually became a cultural hub forthe Slavs in the Middle Ages.[10] With the decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396/1422), Bulgarianterritories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 led to theestablishment of a Third Bulgarian state as a principality in 1878, which gained its full sovereignty in 1908.[11] In1945, after World War II, it became a communist state and was a part of the Eastern Bloc until the political changesin Eastern Europe in 1989/1990, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections and Bulgaria undertook atransition to parliamentary democracy and free-market capitalism with mixed results.Bulgaria functions as a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic. A member of the EuropeanUnion, NATO, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, it has a high Human Development Index of0.840, ranking 61st in the world in 2009.[12]

History

Prehistory and antiquityPrehistoric cultures in the Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture and Vinča culture (6th to 3rdmillennia BC), the eneolithic Varna culture (5th millennium BC; see also Varna Necropolis), and the Bronze AgeEzero culture. The Karanovo chronology serves as a gauge for the prehistory of the wider Balkans region.

A golden rhyton, one of the items in the ThracianPanagyurishte treasure, dating from the 4th to 3rd

centuries BC

The Thracians, one of the three primary ancestral groups of modernBulgarians, lived separated in various tribes until King Teres unitedmost of them around 500 BC in the Odrysian kingdom. They wereeventually subjugated by Alexander the Great and consecutively by theRoman Empire. After migrating from their original homeland, theeasternmost South Slavs settled on the territory of modern Bulgariaduring the 6th century and assimilated the Hellenized or RomanizedThracians. Eventually the Bulgar élite incorporated all of them into theFirst Bulgarian Empire.[13] By the 9th century, Bulgars and Slavs weremutually assimilated.[14]

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First Bulgarian EmpireAsparukh, heir of Old Great Bulgaria's khan Kubrat, migrated with several Bulgar tribes to the lower courses of therivers Danube, Dniester and Dniepr (known as Ongal) after his father's state was subjugated by the Khazars. Heconquered Moesia and Scythia Minor (Dobrudzha) from the Byzantine Empire, expanding his new kingdom furtherinto the Balkan Peninsula.[15] A peace treaty with Byzantium in 681 and the establishment of the Bulgarian capital ofPliska south of the Danube mark the beginning of the First Bulgarian Empire.Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state – Tervel (700/701–718/721), stabilized the borders andestablished Bulgaria as a major military power by defeating a 22,000-strong Arab army in 717, thereby eliminatingthe threat of a full-scale Arab invasion of Eastern and Central Europe.[16] Krum (802–814),[17] doubled the country'sterritory, killed emperor Nicephorus I in the Battle of Pliska,[18] and introduced the first written code of law, validfor both Slavs and Bulgars. Boris I the Baptist (852–889) abolished Tengriism, replacing it with Eastern OrthodoxChristianity in 864,[19] and introduced the Cyrillic alphabet, developed at the literary schools of Preslav andOhrid.[20] The Cyrillic alphabet, along with Old Bulgarian language, fostered the intellectual written language(lingua franca) for Eastern Europe, known as Church Slavonic. Emperor Simeon I the Great's rule (893–927) sawthe largest territorial expansion of Bulgaria in its history.[21] Simeon managed to gain a military supremacy over theByzantine Empire, demonstrated by the Battle of Anchialos (917), one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle ages[22]

as well as one of his most decisive victories. His reign also saw Bulgaria develop a rich, unique Christian Slavonicculture, which became an example for other Slavonic peoples in Eastern Europe and also fostered the continuedexistence of the Bulgarian nation despite forces that threatened to tear it apart.

Baba Vida fortress in Vidin, built in the 10thcentury

After Simeon's death, Bulgaria declined during the mid-10th century,weakened by wars with Croatians, Magyars, Pechenegs and Serbs, andthe spread of the Bogomil heresy.[23] [24] This resulted in consecutiveRus' and Byzantine invasions, which ended with the seizure of thecapital Preslav by the Byzantine army.[25] Under Samuil, Bulgariasomewhat recovered from these attacks and even managed to conquerSerbia, Bosnia[26] and Duklja,[27] but this ended in 1014, whenByzantine Emperor Basil II ("the Bulgar-Slayer") defeated its armies atKlyuch.[28] Samuil died shortly after the battle, on 15 October 1014,[28]

and by 1018 the Byzantine Empire fully conquered the First Bulgarian Empire, putting it to an end.

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The Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Ivan Asen II

Byzantine rule and Second Bulgarian Empire

Basil II managed to prevent rebellions by retaining the local rule of theBulgarian nobility, who were incorporated into Byzantine aristocracyas archons or strategoi,[29] guaranteeing the indivisibility of Bulgaria inits former geographic borders and recognising the autocephaly of theBulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid.[30] After his death Byzantinedomestic policies changed, which led to a series of unsuccessfulrebellions, the largest being led by Peter II Delyan. However, it wasnot until 1185 when Asen dynasty nobles Ivan Asen I and Peter IVorganized a major uprising and succeeded in reestablishing theBulgarian state, marking the beginning of the Second BulgarianEmpire.

The Asen dynasty set up its capital in Veliko Tarnovo. Kaloyan, thethird of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominions to Belgrade, Nishand Skopie; he acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the Pope, andreceived a royal crown from a papal legate.[13] Cultural and economicgrowth persisted under Ivan Asen II (1218–1241), who extended Bulgaria's control over Albania, Epirus, Macedoniaand Thrace.[31] The achievements of the Tarnovo artistic school as well as the first coins to be minted by a Bulgarianruler were only a few signs of the empire's welfare at that time.[13]

Ivan Shishman, the last ruler of theTarnovo Tsardom (1371–1395)

The Asen dynasty ended in 1257, and due to Tatar invasions (beginning in thelater 13th century), internal conflicts, and constant attacks from the Byzantinesand the Hungarians, the country's military and economic might declined. By theend of the 14th century, factional divisions between Bulgarian feudal landlords(bolyari) and the spread of Bogomilism had caused the Second Bulgarian Empireto split into three small tsardoms (At Vidin, Tarnovo and Karvuna) and severalsemi-independent principalities that fought among themselves, and also withByzantines, Hungarians, Serbs, Venetians and Genoese. In the period1365–1370, the Ottoman Turks, who had already started their invasion of theBalkans, conquered most Bulgarian towns and fortresses south of the BalkanMountains and began their northwards conquest.[32]

Bulgaria 6

Fall of the Second Empire and Ottoman rule

The Battle of Nicopolis, 1396

In 1393, the Ottomans captured Tarnovo, the capital of the SecondBulgarian Empire, after a three-month siege. In 1396, the VidinTsardom fell after the defeat of a Christian crusade at the Battle ofNicopolis. With this, the Ottomans finally subjugated and occupiedBulgaria.[33] [34] [35] During their rule, the Bulgarian populationsuffered greatly from oppression, intolerance and misgovernment.[36]

The nobility was eliminated and the peasantry enserfed to Ottomanmasters[37] while Bulgarians lacked judicial equality with the OttomanMuslims and had to pay much higher taxes than them.[38] Bulgarianculture became isolated from Europe, its achievements destroyed, andthe educated clergy fled to other countries.[39]

Throughout the nearly five centuries of Ottoman rule, the Bulgarianpeople responded to the oppression by strengthening the haydut ("outlaw") tradition,[14] and attempted to reestablishtheir state by organizing several revolts, most notably the First and Second Tarnovo Uprisings (1598 / 1686) andKarposh's Rebellion (1689). The National awakening of Bulgaria became one of the key factors in the struggle forliberation, resulting in the 1876 April uprising —the largest and best-organized Bulgarian rebellion. Though crushedby the Ottoman authorities – in reprisal, the Turks massacred some 15,000 Bulgarians[14] – the uprising promptedthe Great Powers to take action. They convened the Constantinople Conference in 1876, but their decisions wererejected by the Ottoman authorities, which allowed the Russian Empire to seek a solution by force without riskingmilitary confrontation with other Great Powers (as had happened in the Crimean War of 1854 to 1856).

Third Bulgarian StateThe Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, resulted in the defeat of Ottoman forces by the Russian army (supported byBulgarian and Romanian volunteer forces) and the Treaty of San Stefano (3 March 1878), which set up anautonomous Bulgarian principality. The Western Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty, fearing that a largeSlavic country in the Balkans might serve Russian interests. The subsequent Treaty of Berlin (1878) provided for amuch smaller autonomous state comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia.[40] The Bulgarian principalityproclaimed itself a fully independent state on 5 October (22 September O.S.), 1908, after it won a war against Serbiaand incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia.

Bulgarian troops marching at a victory parade inSofia celebrating the end of World War II, 1945

In the years following the achievement of complete independenceBulgaria became increasingly militarized, and was referred to as "thePrussia of the Balkans"[41] [42] In 1912 and 1913, Bulgaria becameinvolved in the Balkan Wars, first entering into conflict alongsideGreece, Serbia and Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire. The FirstBalkan War (1912–1913) proved a success for the Bulgarian army, buta conflict over the division of Macedonia arose between the victoriousallies. The Second Balkan War (1913) was a disastrous defeat forBulgaria, which was attacked almost simultaneously by its neighbors.In World War I, Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing sideas a result of its alliance with the Central Powers. Despite achieving

several decisive victories (at Doiran, Monastir and again at Doiran in 1918), Bulgaria lost the war and sufferedsignificant territorial losses.[14] The total amount of casualties from these three wars was 412,000–152,000 militarydeaths and 260,000 wounded. A wave of 253,000[43] officially registered refugees, who represented 6% of the

Bulgaria 7

pre-war population of the country, and an unclear number of unregistered refugees put an additional strain on thealready ruined national economy.Following these losses, in the 1920s and 1930s the country suffered political unrest, which led to the establishmentof a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III (reigned 1918–1943). After regaining control of SouthernDobrudzha in 1940, Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis. However, it declined toparticipate in Operation Barbarossa and never declared war on the USSR, and saved its Jewish population fromdeportation to concentration camps by repeatedly postponing compliance with German demands, offering variousrationales.[44] In the summer of 1943 Boris III died suddenly, an event which pushed the country into politicalturmoil as the war turned against Nazi Germany and the Communist guerilla movement gained more power.[45]

Zhelyu Zhelev, the firstdemocratically elected president of

Bulgaria[46]

In September 1944 the Communist-dominated Fatherland Front took power,following strikes and unrest, ending the alliance with Nazi Germany and joiningthe Allied side until the end of the war in 1945. The Communist uprising of 9September 1944 led to the abolishment of monarchic rule, but it was not until1946 that a people's republic was established. It came under the Soviet sphere ofinfluence, with Georgi Dimitrov (1946–1949) as the foremost Bulgarian politicalleader. Bulgaria installed a Soviet-type planned economy with somemarket-oriented policies emerging on an experimental level[47] under TodorZhivkov (1954–1989). By the mid 1950s standards of living rosesignificantly.[48] Lyudmila Zhivkova, daughter of Zhivkov, promoted Bulgaria'snational heritage, culture and arts worldwide.[49] On the other hand, anassimilation campaign of the late 1980s directed against ethnic Turks resulted inthe emigration of some 300,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey,[50] [51] which causeda significant drop in agricultural production due to the loss of labor force.[52] On 10 November 1989, the BulgarianCommunist Party gave up its political monopoly, Zhivkov resigned, and Bulgaria embarked on a transition from asingle-party republic to a parliamentary democracy.

In June 1990 the first free elections took place, won by the moderate wing of the Communist Party (the BulgarianSocialist Party — BSP). In July 1991, a new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected President andfor a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature, was adopted. Economic planning was scrapped and privateinitiative was legalized. The new system eventually failed to improve both the living standards and create economicgrowth — the average quality of life and economic performance actually remained lower than in the times ofCommunism well into the early 2000s.[53] A reform package introduced in 1997 restored positive economic growth,but led to rising social inequality. Bulgaria became a member of NATO in 2004 and of the European Union in 2007.The US Library of Congress Federal Research Division reported it in 2006 as having generally good freedom ofspeech and human rights records,[54] while Freedom House listed Bulgaria as "free" in 2010, giving it scores of 2 forpolitical rights and 2 for civil liberties.[55]

Bulgaria 8

Geography

A view of central Stara Planina

Raysko Praskalo waterfall

Geographically and in terms of climate, Bulgaria features notablediversity, with the landscape ranging from the Alpine snow-cappedpeaks in Rila, Pirin and the Balkan Mountains to the mild and sunnyBlack Sea coast; from the typically continental Danubian Plain (ancientMoesia) in the north to the strong Mediterranean climatic influence inthe valleys of Macedonia and in the lowlands in the southernmost partsof Thrace.

Relief and natural resources

Bulgaria comprises portions of the separate regions known in classicaltimes as Moesia, Thrace, and Macedonia. About 30% of the land ismade up of plains, while plateaus and hills account for 41%.[56] Themountainous southwest of the country has two alpine ranges — Rilaand Pirin — and further east stand the lower but more extensiveRhodope Mountains. The Rila range includes the highest peak of theBalkan Peninsula, Musala, at 2925 meters (9596 ft);[57] the Balkanmountain chain runs west-east through the middle of the country, northof the Rose Valley. Hilly countryside and plains lie to the southeast,along the Black Sea coast, and along Bulgaria's main river, theDanube, to the north. Strandzha forms the tallest mountain in thesoutheast. Few mountains and hills exist in the northeast region ofDobrudzha.

The Black Sea as seen from Bakurluka peak nearSozopol.

Bulgaria has large deposits of bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, bismuth andmanganese. Smaller deposits exist of iron, gold, silver, uranium,chromite, nickel, and others. Bulgaria has abundant non-metalliferousminerals such as rock-salt, gypsum, kaolin and marble.

Hydrography and climate

The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers, most ofthem—with the notable exception of the Danube—short and with lowwater-levels.[58] Most rivers flow through mountainous areas. Thelongest river located solely in Bulgarian territory, the Iskar, has alength of 368 kilometers (229 mi). Other major rivers include the

Struma and the Maritsa River in the south.

Bulgaria overall has a temperate climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The barrier effect of the BalkanMountains has some influence on climate throughout the country–northern Bulgaria experiences lower temperaturesand receives more rain than the southern lowlands.

Precipitation in Bulgaria averages about 630 millimeters (24.8 in) per year.[59] In the lowlands rainfall variesbetween 500 and 800 millimeters (19.7 and 31.5 in), and in the mountain areas between 1000 and 2500 millimeters(39.4 and 98.4 in) of rain falls per year. Drier areas include Dobrudja and the northern coastal strip, while the higherparts of the Rila, Pirin, Rhodope Mountains, Stara Planina, Osogovska Mountain and Vitosha receive the highestlevels of precipitation.

Bulgaria 9

Some 20 nesting couples of theEastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila

heliaca) exist in Bulgaria, and theirnumber is gradually growing.[60]

Pirin mountain, which holds one of the world'soldest trees – Baikushev's Pine.[61]

Environment and wildlife

Bulgaria has signed and ratified the Kyoto protocol[62] and hasachieved a 30% reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to2009, completing the protocol's objectives.[63] However, pollutionfrom outdated factories and metallurgy works, as well as severedeforestation (mostly caused by illegal logging), continue to be majorproblems.[64] Urban areas are particularly affected mostly due toenergy production from coal-based powerplants and automobiletraffic,[65] [66] while pesticide usage in the agriculture and antiquatedindustrial sewage systems have resulted in extensive soil and waterpollution with chemicals and detergents.[67] In addition, Bulgariaremains the only EU member which does not recycle municipalwaste,[68] although an electronic waste recycling plant was put inoperation in June 2010.[69] The situation has improved in recent years,and several government-funded programs have been initiated in orderto reduce pollution levels.[67]

Three national parks, eleven nature parks[70] and seventeen biospherereserves[71] exist on Bulgaria's territory. Nearly 35% of its land areaconsists of forests.[72] The brown bear and the jackal[73] are prominentmammals, while the Eurasian lynx, the Eastern imperial eagle and theEuropean mink have small, but growing populations.

Politics and law

Georgi Parvanov, current presidentand head of state of Bulgaria

The National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (Народно събрание) consists of240 deputies, each elected for four-year terms by popular vote. The NationalAssembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidentialelections, select and dismiss the Prime Minister and other ministers, declare war,deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. Thepresident serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.While unable to initiate legislation other than constitutional amendments, thePresident can return a bill for further debate, although the parliament canoverride the President's veto by vote of a majority of all MPs. Boyko Borisov,leader of the centre-right party Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria,became prime minister on 27 July 2009,[74] and Georgi Parvanov was re-electedas a president in 2005.

Bulgaria 10

The Bulgarian legal system recognizes the Acts of Parliament as a main source of law, and is a typical representativeof the Romano-Germanic law family.[75] The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice, while the SupremeAdministrative Court and Supreme Court of Cassation, the highest courts of appeal, rule on the application of laws inlower courts. The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges. Despite some notableprogress,[76] [77] Bulgaria's judiciary remains one of Europe's most corrupt and inefficient.[78] [79] Law enforcementorganisations are mainly subordinate to the Ministry of Interior.[80] The National Police Service is responsible forcombating general crime and supporting the operations of other law enforcement agencies, the National InvestigativeService and the Central Office for Combating Organized Crime. The Police Service has criminal and financialsections and national and local offices. The Ministry of Interior also heads the Border Police Service and theNational Gendarmerie, a specialized branch for anti-terrorist activity, crisis management and riot control. In 2008, aState Agency for National Security, a specialized body for counterintelligence, was established with the aim toeliminate threats to national security.[81] Bulgaria's police force numbers 27,000 officers.[82]

Paratroopers of the 68th Special Forces Brigade,Thracian Spring exercise, April 2010

Foreign relations and military

Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955, and afounding member of OSCE in 1995. As a Consultative Party to theAntarctic Treaty, the country takes part in the administration of theterritories situated south of 60° south latitude.[83] [84] It joined NATOon 29 March 2004, signed the European Union Treaty of Accession on25 April 2005,[85] [86] and became a full member of the EuropeanUnion on 1 January 2007.[87] In April 2006 Bulgaria and the UnitedStates of America signed a defence cooperation agreement providingfor the usage of the Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre inAytos as joint military facilities. Foreign Policy magazine lists Bezmer Air Base as one of the six most importantoverseas facilities used by the USAF.[88]

The military of Bulgaria, an all-volunteer body, consists of three services – land forces, navy and air force. As aNATO member, the country maintains a total of 645 troops deployed abroad.[89] Historically, Bulgaria deployedsignificant numbers of military and civilian advisors in socialist-oriented countries, such as Nicaragua[90] and Libya(more than 9,000 personnel).[91]

Following a series of reductions beginning in 1990, the active troops today number about 32,000,[92] down from152,000 in 1988,[93] and are supplemented by a reserve force of 303,000 soldiers and officers and paramilitaryforces, numbering 34,000.[94] The inventory includes highly capable Soviet equipment, such as MiG-29 fighters,SA-10 Grumble SAMs and SS-21 Scarab short-range ballistic missiles. Military spending in 2009 cost $1.19billion.[95]

Bulgaria 11

Administrative divisions

••••••••••••••••••

SOFIA

•••

Bulgaria 12

•••••

BlagoevgradBurgasDobrichGabrovoHaskovoKardzhaliKyustendil

LovechMontana

PazardzhikPernikPlevenPlovdivRazgrad

RuseShumenSilistraSliven

SmolyanSofia

Stara ZagoraTargovishte

VarnaVeliko Tarnovo

VidinVratsa

YambolBlack Sea

Danube

Rep. ofMacedonia

Greece

Romania

Serbia

Turkey

Bulgaria 13

Between 1987 and 1999 Bulgaria consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast); since 1999, it has consistedof twenty-eight. All take their names from their respective capital cities:

Arms Province Arms Province

Blagoevgrad Rousse

Burgas Shumen

Dobrich Silistra

Gabrovo Sliven

Haskovo Smolyan

Kardzhali Sofia City

Kyustendil Sofia Province

Lovech Stara Zagora

Montana Targovishte

Pazardzhik Varna

Pernik Veliko Tarnovo

Pleven Vidin

Plovdiv Vratsa

Razgrad Yambol

The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.

Economy

Sofia, the financial heart of the country

Bulgaria has an industrialized, open free-market economy, with alarge, moderately advanced private sector and a number of strategicstate-owned enterprises. The World Bank classifies it as an"upper-middle-income economy".[96] Bulgaria has experienced rapideconomic growth in recent years, even though it continues to rank asthe lowest-income member state of the EU. According to Eurostat data,Bulgarian PPS GDP per capita stood at 40 per cent of the EU averagein 2008.[97] The Bulgarian lev is the country's national currency. Thelev is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 leva for 1 euro.[98]

In 2008, GDP (PPP) was estimated at $95.2 billion, with a per capitavalue of $13,100.[99] The economy relies primarily on industry, although the services sector increasingly contributesto GDP growth. Bulgaria produces a significant amount of manufactures and raw materials such as iron, copper,gold, bismuth, coal, electronics, refined petroleum fuels, vehicle components, firearms and construction materials.The total labor force amounts to 3.2 million people.[100] Since a hyperinflation crisis in 1996/1997, inflation andunemployment rates have fallen to 7.2% and 6.3%, respectively, in 2008. Corruption in the public administration anda weak judiciary have also hampered Bulgaria's economic development.[101]

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Wind turbines near cape Kaliakra.Bulgaria aims at producing 16 % ofits electricity from renewable energy

sources by 2020.[102]

Amidst the Financial crisis of 2007–2010, unemployment rates increased to 9.1%in 2009, while GDP growth contracted from 6.3% (2008) to −4.9% (2009). Thecrisis had a negative impact mostly on industry, with a 10% decline in thenational industrial production index, a 31% drop in mining, and a 60% drop in"ferrous and metal production".[103] The International Monetary Fund predicts a0.2% overall growth for the Bulgarian economy in 2010, and 2% in 2011.[104]

Although it has relatively few reserves of fossil fuels, Bulgaria's well-developedenergy sector and strategic geographical location make it a key European energyhub.[105] A single nuclear power station with two active 1,000 MW reactorssatisfies 34% of the country's energy needs,[106] and another nuclear powerstation with a projected capacity of 2,000 MW is under construction. Thermalpower stations, such as those at the Maritsa Iztok Complex, also have a largeshare in electricity production. Recent years have seen a rapid increase inelectricity production from renewable energy sources such as wind and solarpower.[107] Large-scale prospects for wind energy development[108] have spurredthe construction of numerous wind farms, making Bulgaria one of the

fastest-growing wind energy producers in the world.[109]

A sunflower field in Dobrudzha, one of the mostfertile regions in Bulgaria

Bulgaria's mining industry is a significant contributor to economicgrowth and is worth $760 mln.[110] In Europe, the country ranks as the3rd-largest copper producer,[111] 6th-largest zinc producer,[112] and9th-largest coal producer,[113] and is the 9th-largest bismuth producerin the world.[114] Ferrous metallurgy, including steel and pig ironproduction, takes place mostly in Kremikovtsi, Pernik and Debelt.

About 14% of the total industrial production relates to machinebuilding, and 20% of the workforce is employed in this field.[115]

In contrast with the industrial sector, agriculture in Bulgaria hasmarked a decline since the beginning of the 2000s, with agriculturalproduction in 2008 amounting to only 66% of that between 1999 and2001.[116] Overall, Bulgaria's agricultural sector has dwindled since 1990, with cereal and vegetable yields droppingwith nearly 40% by 1999.[117] A five-year modernization and development program was launched in 2007, aimed atstrengthening the sector by investing a total of 3.2 billion euro.[118] Specialized equipment amounts to some 25,000tractors and 5,500 combine harvesters, with a fleet of light aircraft.[119]

Bulgaria remains a major European producer of agricultural commodities such as tobacco (3rd)[120] and raspberries(12th).[121]

Bulgaria 15

Tourism

Rila mountain is among Bulgaria's primary touristdestinations.

In 2008 Bulgaria was visited by a total of 8,900,000 people, withGreeks, Romanians and Germans accounting for more than 40% of allvisitors.[122] Significant numbers of British, Russian, Dutch, Serbian,Polish and Danish tourists also visit Bulgaria.

A Siemens railcar of the Bulgarian StateRailways. Bulgaria's largely antiquated rail

transport system is gradually beingmodernized.[123] [124]

Main destinations include the capital Sofia, coastal resorts Albena,Sozopol, Nesebar, Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resortssuch as Pamporovo, Chepelare, Borovetz and Bansko. The rural touristdestinations of Arbanasi and Bozhentsi offer well-preservedethnographic traditions. Other popular attractions include the10th-century Rila Monastery and the 19th-century Euxinograd château.

Infrastructure

Bulgaria occupies a unique and strategically important geographiclocation. Since ancient times, the country has served as a majorcrossroads between Europe, Asia and Africa. Five of the tenTrans-European corridors run through its territory.

Bulgaria's national road network has a total length of 102016 kilometers (63390 mi), of which 93855 kilometers(58319 mi) are paved. Motorways, such as Trakiya, Hemus and Struma, have a total length of 441 km (274 mi).Bulgaria also has 6500 kilometers (4000 mi) of railway track, more than 60% of which is electrified, and plans toconstruct a high-speed railway by 2017, at a cost of €3 bln.[125] [126] Sofia and Plovdiv are major air travel hubs,while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports.

Science and technology

Tower of the 200 cm (79 in) telescope at theRozhen Observatory.

In 2008 Bulgaria spent 0.4% of its GDP on scientific research,[127]

which represents one of the lowest scientific budgets in Europe.[128]

Chronic underinvestment in the scientific sector since 1990 forcedmany scientific professionals to leave the country.[129] Bulgaria hastraditions in astronomy, physics, nuclear technology, medical andpharmaceutical research, and maintains a polar exploration program bymeans of an artificial satellite and a permanent research base. TheBulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) is the leading scientificinstitution in the country and employs most of Bulgaria's researchers inits numerous branches.

Bulgarian scientists have made several notable discoveries and inventions, such as the prototype of the digital watch (Peter Petroff); galantamine (Dimitar Paskov);[130] [131] the molecular-kinetic theory of crystal formation and growth

Bulgaria 16

(formulated by Ivan Stranski) and the space greenhouse (SRI-BAS).[132] [133] With major-general Georgi Ivanovflying on Soyuz 33 in 1979, Bulgaria became the 6th country in the world to have an astronaut in space.[134]

Due to its large-scale computing technology exports to COMECON states, in the 1980s Bulgaria became known asthe Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc.[135] The country ranked 8th in the world in 2002 by total number of ICTspecialists, outperforming countries with far larger populations,[136] and it operates the only supercomputer in theBalkan region,[137] an IBM Blue Gene/P, which entered service in September 2008.[138]

Demographics

Demographic changes from 1961 to 2009. Thegraph shows the sharp demographic decline that

occurs since 1989

The National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria estimates the country'spopulation for 2009 at 7,606,000 people. According to the 2001census,[139] it consists mainly of ethnic Bulgarians (83.9%), with twosizable minorities, Turks (9.4%) and Roma (4.7%).[140] Of theremaining 2.0%, 0.9% comprises some 40 smaller minorities, while1.1% of the population have not declared their ethnicity.

Bulgaria has one of the lowest population growth rates in theworld.[141] Negative population growth has occurred since the early1990s,[142] due to economic collapse, a low birth rate, and highemigration. In 1989 the population comprised 9,009,018 people,gradually falling to 7,950,000 in 2001 and 7,528,000 in 2010.[3] Some6,700,000 people (~85%) speak Bulgarian,[143] which belongs to the group of South Slavic languages and is the onlyofficial language.

Most Bulgarians (82.6%) belong, at least nominally, to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, which gained autocephalousstatus in 927 AD[144] [145] and is the earliest Slavic Orthodox Church.[146] [147] Other religious denominationsinclude Islam (12.2%), various Protestant denominations (0.8%) and Roman Catholicism (0.5%); with otherChristian denominations (0.2%), and "other" totalling approximately 4%, according to the 2001 census.[148] Bulgariaregards itself officially as a secular state. The Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion, but appointsOrthodoxy as "a traditional" religion.[149]

EducationThe Ministry of Education, Youth and Science oversees education in Bulgaria. All children aged between 7 and 16must attend full-time education. Six-year-olds can enroll at school at their parents' discretion. The State provideseducation in its schools free of charge, except for higher education establishments, colleges and universities. Thecurriculum focuses on eight main subject-areas:[150] Bulgarian language and literature, foreign languages,mathematics, information technology, social sciences and humanities, natural sciences and ecology, music and art,physical education and sports.

Bulgaria 17

Sofia University's rectorate

Government estimates from 2003 put the literacy rate at 98.6 percent,approximately the same for both sexes. Bulgaria has traditionally hadhigh educational standards,[150] and its students rate second in theworld in terms of average SAT Reasoning Test scores and I.Q testscores according to MENSA International.[151]

Healthcare

Bulgaria has a universal, mostly state-funded healthcare system. TheNational Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) pays a gradually increasingportion of the costs of primary healthcare. Employees and employerspay an increasing, mandatory percentage of salaries, with the goal ofgradually reducing state support of health care. Between 2002 and2004, health-care expenditures in the national budget increased from 3.8 percent to 4.3 percent, with the NHIFaccounting for more than 60 percent of annual expenditures.[152] In 2010, the healthcare budget amounts to 4.2% ofGDP, or about 1.3 billion euro.[153] Bulgaria has 181 doctors per 100,000 people, which is above the EUaverage.[154] Some of Bulgaria's largest medical facilities are the Pirogov Hospital and the Military MedicalAcademy of Sofia. Life expectancy remains below the European union level with an average of 73.4 years for bothmen and women.[155]

UrbanizationMost of the population (71%) resides in urban areas.[156] Bulgaria's 20 largest cities have populations as follows:[157]

Rank Core City Province Pop.

Sofia

Plovdiv

Varna

Rank Core City Province Pop.

1 Sofia Sofia City 1,404,929 11 Pernik Pernik Province 84,479

2 Plovdiv Plovdiv Province 380,130 12 Yambol Yambol Province 83,410

3 Varna Varna Province 364,968 13 Haskovo Haskovo Province 80,939

4 Burgas Burgas Province 229,250 14 Pazardzhik Pazardzhik Province 79,528

5 Rousse Rousse Province 175,058 15 Vratsa Vratsa Province 77,318

6 StaraZagora

Stara ZagoraProvince

162,416 16 Blagoevgrad Blagoevgrad Province 77,216

7 Pleven Pleven Province 137,001 17 VelikoTarnovo

Veliko TarnovoProvince

72,111

8 Sliven Sliven Province 115,758 18 Gabrovo Gabrovo Province 65,947

9 Dobrich Dobrich Province 114,990 19 Vidin Vidin Province 57,072

10 Shumen Shumen Province 103,016 20 Asenovgrad Plovdiv Province 55,323

Bulgaria 18

Culture

The National Gallery of Foreign Art housesnumerous examples of European, Asian, and

African art.

Traditional Bulgarian culture contains mainly Thracian, Slavic andBulgar heritage, along with Greek, Roman, Ottoman and Celticinfluences.[158] Thracian artifacts include numerous tombs and goldentreasures. The country's territory includes parts of the Roman provincesof Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, and many of the archaeologicaldiscoveries date back to Roman times, while ancient Bulgars have alsoleft traces of their heritage in music and in early architecture. Both theFirst and the Second Bulgarian empires functioned as the hub of Slavicculture during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literaryand cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world bymeans of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools. The Cyrillic

alphabet, used as a writing system to many languages in Eastern Europe and Asia, originated in the former aroundthe 9th century AD.[20]

Ancient Roman architecture in Plovdiv, the oldestcity in Europe[159] and the 6th oldest settlementin the world, continuously inhabited since at least

3,000 BC.[160]

A historical artifact of major importance is the oldest treasure ofworked gold in the world, dating back to the 5th millennium BC,coming from the site of the Varna Necropolis.[161] [162]

World Heritage Sites

Bulgaria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Madara Rider,the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak, the Boyana Church, theRila Monastery, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo, Pirin NationalPark, Sreburna Nature Reserve and the ancient city of Nesebar.

Art, music and literature

The country has a long-standing musical tradition, traceable back to theearly Middle Ages. Yoan Kukuzel (ca. 1280–1360) became one of the earliest known composers of MedievalEurope. National folk music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments, such as gudulka(гъдулка), gaida (гайда) – bagpipe, kaval (кавал) and tupan (тъпан). Bulgarian classical music is represented bycomposers such as Emanuil Manolov, Pancho Vladigerov, Marin Goleminov and Georgi Atanasov, opera singersBoris Hristov and Raina Kabaivanska, and pianists Alexis Weissenberg and Vesselin Stanev.

Bulgarian Symbolist poet PeyoYavorov

Bulgaria has a rich religious visual arts heritage, especially in frescoes, muralsand icons, many of them produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School.[163]

One of the earliest pieces of Slavic literature were created in Medieval Bulgaria,such as The Didactic Gospel by Constantine of Preslav and An Account of Lettersby Chernorizets Hrabar, both written circa 893. Notable Bulgarian authorsinclude late Romantic Ivan Vazov, Symbolists Pencho Slaveykov and PeyoYavorov, Expressionist Geo Milev, science fiction writer Pavel Vezhinov,novelist Dimitar Dimov and postmodernist Alek Popov, best known for his novelMission London and its successful movie adaptation.[164] German-languagewriter Elias Canetti was the only Bulgarian to win the Nobel Prize (Literature,1981).[165]

Bulgaria 19

Media

A performance at Spirit of Burgas, one ofEurope's most prominent summer music

festivals.[166]

The media in Bulgaria has a record of unbiased reporting. The writtenmedia have no legal restrictions and newspaper publishing is entirelyliberal.[167] The extensive freedom of the press means that no exactnumber of publications can be established, although some research putan estimate of around 900 print media outlets for 2006.[167] Thelargest-circulation daily newspapers include Dneven Trud and 24Chasa.[167]

Non-printed media sources, such as television and radio, are overseenby the Council for Electronic Media (CEM), an independent body withthe authority to issue broadcasting licenses. Apart from astate-operated national television channel, radio station and theBulgarian News Agency, a large number of private television and radiostations exist. However, most Bulgarian media experience a number of negative trends, such as general degradationof media products, self-censorship and economic or political pressure.[168]

Internet media are growing in popularity due to the wide range of available opinions and viewpoints, lack ofcensorship and diverse content.[168] Since 2000, a rapid increase in the number of Internet users has occurred. In2000, they numbered 430,000, growing to 1,545,100 in 2004, and 3.4 million (48% penetration rate) in 2010.[169]

Cuisine

Rakiya brewed in Elena, central Bulgaria

Yogurt (кисело мляко kiselo mlyako), lukanka (луканка), banitsa(баница), shopska salad (шопска салата), lyutenitsa (лютеница), sirene(сирене) and kozunak (козунак) give Bulgaria a distinctive cuisine.Owing to the relatively warm climate and complex geography affordingexcellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits,Bulgarian cuisine is diverse. Most dishes are oven baked, steamed, or inthe form of stew. Deep-frying is uncommon, but grilling - especiallydifferent kinds of meats - is widely practiced. Pork is the most commonmeat, followed by chicken and lamb. Oriental dishes such as moussaka,gyuvech, and baklava are widely consumed. Bulgarian cuisine is alsonoted for the quality of dairy products and salads, as well as the varietyof wines and local alcoholic drinks such as rakiya, mastika and menta.

Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide, and until 1990 the countryexported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. As of 2007,200,000 tonnes of wine were produced annually,[170] the 20th-largesttotal in the world.[171] Among the more prominent local sorts are Dimiatand Mavrud.

Bulgaria 20

Tsvetana Pironkova, Bulgaria'sleading female tennis player, reachedthe semifinals at Wimbledon in 2010.

Sports

Bulgaria performs well in sports such as volleyball, wrestling, weight-lifting,canoeing, rowing, shooting sports, gymnastics, chess, and recently, sumowrestling and tennis. The country fields one of the leading men's volleyballteams in Europe and in the world, ranked 6th in the world according to the 2010FIVB rankings,[172] while the women's volleyball team finished second inEuropean League 2010.[173] [174]

Football has become by far the most popular sport in the country. DimitarBerbatov (Manchester United) is one of the most famous Bulgarian footballplayers of the 21st century, while Hristo Stoichkov, twice winner of theEuropean Golden Shoe, is the most successful Bulgarian player of all time.[175]

[176] Prominent domestic football clubs include PFC CSKA Sofia[177] [178] andPFC Levski Sofia. Bulgaria's best performance at World Cup finals came in1994, with a 4th place.

Bulgaria participates both in the Summer and Winter Olympics, and its first Olympic appearance dates back to thefirst modern Olympic games in 1896, represented by Swiss gymnast Charles Champaud. Since then the country hasappeared in most Summer Olympiads, and by 2010 had won a total of 218 medals: 52 gold, 86 silver, and 80 bronze,which puts it at 24th place in the all-time ranking.

See also• List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria• List of Bulgarian monarchs• Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II

Notes[1] "Census 2001, Population by Districts and Ethnic Groups as of 01.03.2001" (http:/ / www. nsi. bg/ Census_e/ Census_e. htm). Nsi.bg. .

Retrieved 2010-08-26.[2] "Bulgaria (07/08)" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/ bgn/ 3236. htm). State.gov. . Retrieved 2009-01-02.[3] NSI population table as of 2010 (http:/ / www. nsi. bg/ otrasal. php?otr=19& a1=376& a2=387& a3=388#cont)[4] "Bulgaria" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2010/ 01/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2007& ey=2010& scsm=1& ssd=1&

sort=country& ds=. & br=1& pr1. x=11& pr1. y=11& c=918& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). InternationalMonetary Fund. . Retrieved 2010-04-21.

[5] "Distribution of family income – Gini index" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ fields/ 2172. html). TheWorld Factbook. CIA. . Retrieved 2009-09-01.

[6] "Human Development Report 2010" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Table1. pdf). United Nations. 2010. . Retrieved 5November 2010.

[7] http:/ / www. government. bg/ cgi-bin/ e-cms/ vis/ vis. pl?s=001& p=0159& n=000006& g=[8] Закон за транслитерацията, чл.6 (http:/ / bg. wikisource. org/ wiki/ Закон_за_транслитерацията)[9] "Population table by permanent and present address" (http:/ / grao. bg/ tna/ tab01. html) (in Bulgarian). Head Direction of Residential

Registration and Administrative Service. . Retrieved 2010-01-15.[10] Human Resource Development Centre. "Bulgaria in the European Union" (http:/ / euroguidance. hrdc. bg/ files/ public/ Publications/

BG_in_EU. pdf) (PDF). Sofia: EuroGuidance. p. 20. . Retrieved 2010-04-26. "[..] Bulgaria, the cultural center of the medieval Slavs[...]"[11] Crampton, R.J., Bulgaria, 2007, pp.174, Oxford University Press[12] Human development index trends (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2009_EN_Complete. pdf), Human development indices by the

United Nations. Retrieved on October 5, 2009[13] s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bulgaria/History[14] " Bulgaria (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 84090/ Bulgaria)". Encyclopædia Britannica.[15] Runciman, p. 26

Bulgaria 21

[16] C. de Boor (ed), Theophanis chronographia, vol. 1. Leipzig: Teubner, 1883 (repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 397, 25–30 (AM 6209)"φασίδε τινές ότι και ανθρώπους τεθνεώτας και την εαυτών κόπρον εις τα κλίβανα βάλλοντες και ζυμούντες ήσθιον. ενέσκηψε δε εις αυτούςκαι λοιμική νόσος και αναρίθμητα πλήθη εξ αυτών ώλεσεν. συνήψε δε προς αυτούς πόλεμον και τον των Βουλγάρων έθνος, και, ωςφασίν οι ακριβώς επιστάμενοι, [ότι] κβ χιλάδας Αράβων κατέσφαξαν."

[17] Runciman, p. 52[18] s:Chronographia/Chapter 61[19] Georgius Monachus Continuants. Chronicon, Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinorum, Bonn, 1828—97[20] Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN

0-19-507993-0.[21] Fine, John V.A. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan

Press. pp. 144–148. ISBN 9780472081493.[22] Bojidar Dimitrov: Bulgaria Illustrated History. BORIANA Publishing House 2002, ISBN 9545000449[23] Reign of Simeon I (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 84090/ Bulgaria/ 42725/ The-spread-of-Christianity), Encyclopaedia

Britannica. Under Simeon’s successors Bulgaria was beset by internal dissension provoked by the spread of Bogomilism (a dualist religioussect) and by assaults from Magyars, Pechenegs, the Rus, and Byzantines.

[24] Browning, Robert (1975). Byzantium and Bulgaria. London. pp. 194–5.[25] Leo Diaconus: Historia (http:/ / oldru. narod. ru/ biblio/ ldt6_10. htm) (full text in Russian) – Так в течение двух дней был завоеван и

стал владением ромеев город Преслава.[26] Шишић [Sisic], p. 331[27] Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (http:/ / www. vostlit. info/ Texts/ rus6/ Dukljanin/ frametext. htm), full translation in Russian. Quote: В

то время пока Владимир был юношей и правил на престоле своего отца, вышеупомянутый Самуил собрал большое войско иприбыл в далматинские окраины, в землю короля Владимира.

[28] Ioannis Scylitzae: Synopsis Historiarum, Hans Thurn edition, Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae, 1973; ISBN (978)3110022858. p. 457[29] Zlatarski, vol. II, pp. 1–41[30] Averil Cameron, The Byzantines, Blackwell Publishing (2006), p. 170[31] Jiriček, p.295[32] Jiriček, p. 382[33] Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries, Morrow QuillPaperback Edition, 1979[34] R.J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 1997, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-567-19-X[35] Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780312217365.[36] Schurman, Jacob Gould (2005) [1916]. The Balkan Wars: 1912–1913 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ubNGZQrvxHoC) (2 ed.).

Cosimo. p. 140. ISBN 9781596051768. . Retrieved 20`0–03–17. "There is historic justice in the circumstance that the Turkish Empire inEurope met its doom at the hands of the Balkan nations themselves. For these nationalities had been completely submerged and even theirnational consciousness annihilated under centuries of Moslem intolerance, misgovernment, oppression, and cruelty. [...] none suffered worsethan Bulgaria, which lay nearest to the capital of the Mohammedan conqueror."

[37] "Bulgaria" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 84090/ Bulgaria). Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.2010. . Retrieved 2010-03-17. "The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed – its members either perished, fled, or accepted Islam and Turkicization– and the peasantry was enserfed to Turkish masters.".

[38] Crampton, R.J. Bulgaria 1878–1918, p.2. East European Monographs, 1983. ISBN 0880330295.[39] Jireček, K. J. (1876) (in German). Geschichte der Bulgaren (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=VBhThVLpc4MC& pg=PA88&

dq=isbn=3487064081). Nachdr. d. Ausg. Prag 1876, Hildesheim, New York : Olms 1977. ISBN 3-487-06408-1. .[40] "Timeline: Bulgaria – A chronology of key events" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ country_profiles/ 1061402. stm). BBC News.

2010-05-06. . Retrieved 2010-10-07.[41] Dillon, Emile Joseph (February 1920) [1920]. "XV" (http:/ / www. mirrorservice. org/ sites/ ftp. ibiblio. org/ pub/ docs/ books/ gutenberg/ 1/

4/ 4/ 7/ 14477/ 14477-h/ 14477-h. htm). The Inside Story of the Peace Conference. New York: Harper. . Retrieved 2009-06-15. "The territorialchanges which the Prussia of the Balkans was condemned to undergo are neither very considerable nor unjust."

[42] Балабанов, А. И аз на тоя свят. Спомени от разни времена. С., 1983, с. 72, 361[43] Mintchev, Vesselin (October 1999). "External Migration... in Bulgaria" (http:/ / www. ceeol. com/ aspx/ getdocument. aspx?logid=5&

id=473FBAEF-623D-4ADA-903A-17241B78BDDB). South-East Europe Review (3/99): 124. . Retrieved 2007-02-18.[44] Bulgaria in World War II : The Passive Alliance (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bg0052)), Library of

Congress[45] Bulgaria: Wartime Crisis (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bg0053)), Library of Congress[46] Zhelyu Zhelev – The dissident president (http:/ / sofiaecho. com/ 2003/ 04/ 17/ 632148_zhelyu-zhelev-the-dissident-president) at the Sofia

Echo, by Ivan Vatahov, Apr 17 2003 . Retrieved January 27, 2010.[47] William Marsteller. "The Economy". Bulgaria country study (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ bgtoc. html) (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library

of Congress Federal Research Division (June 1992)[48] Domestic policy and its results (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bg0062)), Library of Congress[49] The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bg0068)), Library of Congress

Bulgaria 22

[50] Bohlen, Celestine (1991-10-17). Bulgaria "Vote Gives Key Role to Ethnic Turks" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1991/ 10/ 17/ world/bulgaria-vote-gives-key-role-to-ethnic-turks. html). The New York Times. Bulgaria. Retrieved 2009-07-15. "... in 1980s [...] the Communistleader, Todor Zhivkov, began a campaign of cultural assimilation that forced ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names, closed their mosques andprayer houses and suppressed any attempts at protest. One result was the mass exodus of more than 300,000 ethnic Turks to neighboringTurkey in 1989 ..."

[51] Cracks show in Bulgaria's Muslim ethnic model (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ lifestyleMolt/ idUSTRE55001C20090601). Reuters.May 31, 2009.

[52] "1990 CIA World Factbook" (http:/ / www. umsl. edu/ services/ govdocs/ wofact90/ world12. txt). Central Intelligence Agency. . Retrieved2010-02-07.

[53] Разрушителният български преход (http:/ / bg. mondediplo. com/ article181. html), October 1, 2007, Le Monde Diplomatique (Bulgarianedition)

[54] Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (October 2006). "Country Profile: Bulgaria" (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ profiles/Bulgaria. pdf) (PDF). Library of Congress. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. "Mass Media: In 2006 Bulgaria’s print and broadcast media generally wereconsidered unbiased, although the government dominated broadcasting through the state-owned Bulgarian National Television (BNT) andBulgarian National Radio (BNR) and print news dissemination through the largest press agency, the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. [...]HumanRights: In the early 2000s, Bulgaria generally has been rated highly on the issue of human rights. However, some exceptions exist. Althoughthe media have a record of unbiased reporting, Bulgaria’s lack of specific legislation protecting the media from state interference is atheoretical weakness."

[55] – Bulgaria country report for 2008 (http:/ / www. freedomhouse. org/ template. cfm?page=22& year=2008& country=7361),freedomhouse.org

[56] Topography (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bg0072)), Library of Congress.[57] "Мусала" (in Bulgarian). Българска енциклопедия А-Я. БАН, Труд, Сирма. 2002. ISBN 9548104083. OCLC 163361648.[58] Donchev, D. (2004) (in Bulgarian). Geography of Bulgaria. Sofia: ciela. p. 68. ISBN 9546497177.[59] Climate (http:/ / lcweb2. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bg0074)), Library of Congress.[60] Bulgarian NGO to Track 5 Imperial Eagles by Satellite (http:/ / www. novinite. com/ view_news. php?id=117950), novinite.com, 9 July

2010[61] See List of oldest trees[62] See List of Kyoto Protocol signatories[63] Bulgaria Achieves Kyoto Protocol Targets – IWR Report (http:/ / www. novinite. com/ view_news. php?id=106682), 11 August 2009[64] България от Космоса: сеч, пожари, бетон... и надежда (http:/ / www. ossem. eu/ article. aspx?pg=arl65), Petar Kanev, *8* Magazine,

2006.[65] High Air Pollution to Close Downtown Sofia (http:/ / www. novinite. com/ view_news. php?id=89367), novinite.com, 14 January 2008[66] Bulgaria's Sofia, Plovdiv Suffer Worst Air Pollution in Europe (http:/ / www. novinite. com/ view_news. php?id=117439), novinite.com, 23

June 2010[67] Bulgaria's quest to meet the environmental acquis (http:/ / www. esiweb. org/ index. php?lang=en& id=379), European Stability Initiative,

10 December 2008[68] Municipal waste recycling 1995 – 2008 (1000 tonnes) (http:/ / epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/ portal/ page/ portal/ waste/ documents/

Municipal_ waste_ recycled_1000t_ update_ website1801101. mht), Eurostat[69] Първият завод за рециклиране на електроуреди вече работи (http:/ / www. dnevnik. bg/ pazari/ 2010/ 06/ 28/

924505_purviiat_zavod_za_reciklirane_na_elektrouredi_veche/ ?ref=rss), dnevnik.bg, 28 June 2010[70] Бъдещето на природните паркове в България и техните администрации (http:/ / www. gorabg-magazine. info/ bg/ index.

php?option=com_content& view=article& id=14& showall=1), Gora Magazine, June 2010[71] Ще има ли България биосферни резервати? (http:/ / www. gorabg-magazine. info/ old/ biosferni_rezerv_05_07. html), Gora magazine,

May 2007[72] "Bulgaria – Environmental Summary, UNData, United Nations" (http:/ / data. un. org/ CountryProfile.

aspx?crName=Bulgaria#Environment). Data.un.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-26.[73] Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (http:/ / www. lcie. org/ Docs/ Action Plans/ Greece Golden Jackal Action Plan 2004. pdf),

WWF, April 2004. An estimate for Bulgarian jackal population in the early ‘90s was put at up to 5000 individuals (Demeter & Spassov 1993).The jackal population in Bulgaria increased till 1994 and since then it seems to have been stabilized (Spassov pers. comm.).

[74] Boyko Borisov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (http:/ / www. setimes. com/ cocoon/ setimes/ xhtml/ en_GB/ infoCountryPage/ setimes/resource_centre/ bios/ borisov_boyko?country=Bulgaria), SETimes.com

[75] The Bulgarian Legal System and Legal Research (http:/ / www. nyulawglobal. org/ globalex/ Bulgaria. htm), Hauser Global Law SchoolProgram, August 2006.

[76] Corruption in Bulgaria may delay EU entry (http:/ / www. transparency. org/ publications/ newsletter/ 2006/ may_2006/ in_the_news/bulgaria_and_eu_entry), Transparency watch, May 2006

[77] Bulgaria, Romania legal systems need improvement: EU report (http:/ / jurist. org/ paperchase/ 2010/ 03/bulgaria-romania-legal-systems-need. php), 24 March 2010, The Jurist

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[79] Questions arise again about Bulgaria's legal system – Europe – International Herald Tribune (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 12/ 05/world/ europe/ 05iht-bulgaria. 3792672. html?_r=1), NYTimes, 5 November 2006

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obrazovanie_zdrave_pensii_i_putishta-prioritetni_v_byudjet_2010), econ.bg, 28 October 2009[154] България е сред страните в ЕС с най-висок коефициент на болници (http:/ / www. econ. bg/ news/ article175683/

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[163] Graba, A. La peinture religiouse en Bulgarie, Paris, 1928, p. 95[164] „Мисия Лондон” чупи рекорди, твори история (Bulgarian) (http:/ / novinitepro. bg/ svejo/ scena/

zmisiya-london-chupi-rekordi-tvori-istoriya. html), novinitepro.bg, 27 April 2010[165] Lorenz, Dagmar C. G. (17 April 2004). "Elias Canetti" (http:/ / www. litencyc. com/ php/ speople. php?rec=true& UID=725). Literary

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17141/ 17164/ index_EN. html), Confédération Européenne de Volleyball official website[175] Hristo Stoichkov – Bulgarian League Ambassador (http:/ / www. epfl-europeanleagues. com/ fao/ hristo_stoichkov. htm), Professional

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[178] Ingo Faulhaber. "Best club of 20th century ranking at the official site of the International Federation of Football History and Statistics"(http:/ / www. iffhs. de/ ?a413f0e03790c443e0f40390b41be8b01905fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb883ccb05ff1d). Iffhs.de. . Retrieved 2010-08-26.

References• Crampton, R. J. A Concise History of Bulgaria (2005) Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press

ISBN 9780521616379• Jiriček, Constantin Josef (2008) (in German). History of the Bulgarians (Geschichte der Bulgaren) (http:/ / www.

dibido. eu/ bookdetails. aspx?bookID=6162dbf4-b275-4287-8c36-f6e29ce2b5cb). Frankfurt: Textor VerlagGmbH, digital facsimile of the book published in Prague, 1878. pp. 587 pages. ISBN 3-938402-11-3.

• Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire (http:/ / www. questia. com/ library/ book/a-history-of-the-first-bulgarian-empire-by-steven-runciman. jsp). G. Bell & Sons, London. ISBN 0404189164.

• Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1934). "Medieval History of the Bulgarian State (История на българската държава презсредните векове, Част II, II изд.)" (http:/ / www. kroraina. com/ knigi/ vz2/ index. html) (in Bulgarian). RoyalPrinting House, Sofia. Retrieved 2007-08-05.

• Шишић, Фердо (1928). Ljetopis popa Dukljanina. SKA.

Further reading• Bell, John D., ed. (1998). Bulgaria in Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism.

Westview. ISBN 978-0813390109• Chary, Frederick B., The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution 1940–1944. University of Pittsburg Press (1972).

ISBN 0-8229-3251-2• Detrez, Raymond, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria (2006) Second Edition lxiv + 638 pp. Maps, bibliography,

appendix, chronology ISBN 978-0-8108-4901-3• Fox, Sir Frank, Bulgaria (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 22257) (1915) London: A. and C. Black, Ltd., book

scanned by Project Gutenberg• Ghodsee, Kristen (2009). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in

Postsocialist Bulgaria (http:/ / press. princeton. edu/ titles/ 9068. html). Princeton: Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-0-691-13955-5.

• Ghodsee, Kristen (2005). The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea (http:/ / www.dukeupress. edu/ Catalog/ ViewProduct. php?productid=11510). Durham: Duke University Press.ISBN 0822336626.

• Hall, Richard C. Bulgaria's Road to the First World War (1996) New York: Columbia University Press ISBN088033357X

• Hoppe, Hans-Joachim, Bulgarien - Hitlers eigenwilliger Verbündeter. Eine Fallstudie zur nationalsozialistischenSüdosteuropapolitik (Bulgaria - Hitler’s Self-willing Ally. A Case study on National Socialist Policy TowardsSouth East Europe), edited by Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich, dva, Stuttgart (1979), ISBN 3 421 01904 5

• Lampe, John R. The Bulgarian Economy in the Twentieth Century (1986) London: Croom Helm ISBN0709916442

• MacDermott, Mercia (1962). A History of Bulgaria, 1393–1885 (http:/ / www. questia. com/ library/ book/a-history-of-bulgaria-1393-1885-by-mercia-macdermott. jsp). London: Allen & Unwin.

• Miller-Yianni, Simple Treasures in Bulgaria (2008) UK; Lulu Inc. ISBN 978-0-9559-8490-7• Miller-Yianni, Bulgarian History - A Concise Account (2010) UK; Lulu Inc. ISBN 978-1-4457-1633-6• Perry, Duncan M. Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895 (1993) Durham: Duke

University Press ISBN 0822313138• Stepanov, Tsvetelin (2010). The Bulgars and the steppe empire in the early Middle Ages : the problem of the

others. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. 8. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004180017.

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• Todorov, Tzvetan The fragility of goodness: why Bulgaria’s Jews survived the Holocaust: a collection of textswith commentary (2001) Princeton: Princeton University Press ISBN 0691088322

External linksGovernment• Official governmental site (http:/ / www. government. bg/ )• President of The Republic of Bulgaria (http:/ / www. president. bg/ en/ index. php)• National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (http:/ / www. parliament. bg/ ?page=home& lng=en& r=n)• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ world-leaders-1/

world-leaders-b/ bulgaria. html)General information• Bulgaria (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bu. html) entry at The World

Factbook• Bulgaria (http:/ / www. state. gov/ p/ eur/ ci/ bu/ ) information from the United States Department of State• Portals to the World (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ international/ european/ bulgaria/ bg. html) from the United States

Library of Congress• Bulgaria (http:/ / ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ bulgaria. htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs• Bulgaria (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Europe/ Bulgaria/ ) at the Open Directory Project• Wikimedia Atlas of BulgariaTravel• Bulgaria travel guide from Wikitravel• Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria (http:/ / raskoll. com)• Pictures from Bulgaria (http:/ / photo-forum. net/ joro/ enbulgaria. htm) mountains, rivers and towns• Pictures from Bulgaria (http:/ / www. picturesfrombulgaria. com)• Sight-Seeing in Bulgaria – user albums and photo sharing related to Bulgaria (http:/ / ibulgaria. info/ thumbnails.

php?album=2)Art• Catalog of modern Bulgarian artists (http:/ / www. modernbulgarianartists. com)• Bulgaria fine arts gallery (http:/ / www. bulgarianfinearts. com)koi:Бöлгария

Article Sources and Contributors 28

Article Sources and ContributorsBulgaria  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=395365169  Contributors: -- April, -Majestic-, 1111tomica, 1297, 2007apm, 21655, 2help, 334a, 3rdAlcove, 5ko, 7121989,===ScottishCow===, ABF, AHands, ARC Gritt, Abhijay, Abhijitsathe, Academic Challenger, Accurizer, Achangeisasgoodasa, Adi4094, AdjustShift, Adrianski, Aecis, Aero1980,Aerospace1980, Ag453, Ago Dobrev, Ahmetyal, Ahoerstemeier, Airbornebg, Aitias, Aivazovsky, Ajaynmoorthy, Ajh16, Akanemoto, AlJoseph, Alagemo, Alansohn, Aldux, Aledeniz, Aleenf1,AlefZet, Aleksd, Alensha, Alex '05, Alex earlier account, AlexBG72, Alexandra Hewett, Alexandrafol, Alexandrovgeorge, Alexandru Busa, Alexf, Alexikoua, AlexiusHoratius, Alomani,Amakuru, Amaranthine J, AmiDaniel, Anacon, Andonic, Andre Engels, AndreasJS, Andreev, Andy Marchbanks, Angela, Angelbaby54992, Angr, Angusmclellan, Annaninna, AnonEMouse,Anonymi, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Anton Tudor, Apcbg, Arcayne, ArglebargleIV, ArielGold, Arienh4, Arkirias, Armanos, Arnegjor, ArnoldPlaton, Arobbins100, Art LaPella, Asparukh.,AtanasoffBerri, Atlantima, Attilios, Auntof6, Avala, Avatarion, Avaya1, Avidius, Avitohol, AvocadoRevenge, Avono, AwesomoPhx, AxG, Backslash Forwardslash, Badhip, Bakilas, Balgariya epo-bedna ot Rumaniya, BalkanFever, Balkanfolk, Barbov, Bare Neck, Baristarim, Barneca, Baronnet, Barryob, Bart133, Batman tas, Battoe19, Bduffek, Beagel, Beetstra, Belligero, Benjaminba,Berland, BernardaAlba, Betacommand, Beyond silence, Bg007, Bg07, Bgpatriot, Bios, Biruitorul, Bitola, Bjarki S, BlaiseFEgan, Blehfu, Bman94, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boby, Bogdan0407,Bogdangiusca, Bollweevil, Bomac, Bonaparte, Bongwarrior, Boomer44, Boraczek, Borat fan, Borislav, BraikoT, Brandon, Brec, Breeezee, BrendelSignature, Brentm, Brest, Briaboru, Brian0918,Brianski, BritishWatcher, Bry444, Bsroiaadn, Budalata, Bugyman, Bulgariainfo, BulgarianMacedon, Bulgariensofia, Bulkhan, Burto88, Bushavko, Bydand, Bücherwürmlein, C filev, C philev,C.Fred, CDThieme, CO, Caiaffa, Caknuck, CalJW, Calliopejen1, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Cameltrader, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantus, Caper13, Caponer, Capricorn42, Captain-SupervisorGrammel, Capzloc, Carl.bunderson, CarlKenner, Cassini83, Catgut, Cdwc, Cellmaker, Celmaitare22, Cenarium, Cff12345, Ch473, ChKa, Chamal N, CharlotteWebb, Chaser, Chavdarbg,Chessman, Chief White Halfoat, ChiragPatnaik, Chochopk, Cholmes75, Chris the speller, ChrisRuvolo, Chrislk02, Chrisnortham, Chun-hian, Chuunen Baka, CieloEstrellado, Ckatz,Closedmouth, Cloxy, Cluttrell, Cnn lies, CoJaBo, Codex Sinaiticus, Colbert junior, Colchicum, ComUSSR, CommonsDelinker, Confession0791, Connel MacKenzie, Constantzeanu,Contemporary, Conversion script, Cooldude1111, Corpx, Cortezz, Corvus13, Cosika, Cpbaherwani, Credema, Cryout, Cryptic C62, Curiouskitten11, Cybercobra, D6, DStoykov, DSuser, DVD RW, Daggerstab, Dakata, Dalakov, Damian Radu, Danielsavoiu, Danny, DarkKunai, Davenbelle, David Eppstein, David Gerard, David Kernow, David Liuzzo, Davogones, Dbachmann, Dcabrilo,Debelankovci, Debelez, Debresser, Defufna, Dekisugi, Delldot, Deltabeignet, Delyan, Demmy, Dendodge, Deor, DerHexer, Dereporter, DesiMD, Deutsch-Türkçe-English, Devmars, Dewet,Dffgd, Dick Into Putka, Dictouray, Diddlyman2004, Diego de Sequeira, Dimitar Nonkov, Dimitarp, Dimovi, Directorstratton, Dirkbb, Disagi, Discospinster, Ditirambo, DivineAlpha,DivineIntervention, Dlohcierekim, Dlrohrer2003, Dobmit, Docu, Dog on a log, Dogface, Doink9731, Domaleixo, Domitius, Donarreiskoffer, Dondrakona, Dougweller, Douu, Downgrader,Download, Dpaajones, Dragowiki, Dragster10, Drass, Drbug, Druffc, DutchSupremacy, Dwart, DwightKingsbury, Dysepsion, Dysprosia, E Pluribus Anthony, EIFY, EJF, Echtoran, EdFitzgerald, Eddie6705, Edroppontiii, Edwy, Ehaugo, Ejército Rojo 1950, El C, Electionworld, ElevatedStork, Eliade, Elmondo21st, Elockid, ElockidAlternate, Embecahipara, Ember of Light,Emmedi1962, Emoxer, Encoder888, EncycloPetey, Ender's Shadow Snr, Energyfreezer, Enviroboy, EoGuy, Epbr123, Epolk, Eponymous, Ericoides, Erik9, EscapingLife, Esemono, Estoy Aquí,Eu.stefan, Euzpr, Evanescenceboy, Evecho, Evil Monkey, Evlekis, Excowboy 80, F.chiodo, FDAU, FF2010, FQuist, Fabhcún, Faradayplank, Fatso314, Favonian, FayssalF, Fdewaele, Fellix,Fiftwekid, Fireaxe888, Firefoxerbg, Firsfron, Flatterworld, Flauto Dolce, Fleurstigter, Flyingcheese, Flywaii, ForeignerFromTheEast, Formeruser-81, FoscaraErika, Francs2000, Freakofnurture,Fredrik, Fritzpoll, Fromgermany, Froztbyte, Fugong1992, Fullobeans, FunkyFly, Future Perfect at Sunrise, G Ingilizov, G. Campbell, Gabr-el, Gacharat 11, Gadfium, Gaius Cornelius, Galabg,Garry Saint, Esquire, Garrysaint, Genestanley, Georgi Genchev, Georgii94, Gerald depardie, Gfdgh, Gggh, Ghibliii, Gickaria, Gilgamesh, Gimme danger, Giorgos Tzimas, Givenchy de Paris,Givern, Giving is good, as long as you're getting, Gligan, Gmerihy, Gogo Dodo, Gogo3, Golbez, Good Olfactory, GorillaTheater, Gottago, Gpetrov, Gr8opinionater, Graham87, Grahamec,Gramaic, GrandfatherJoe, Great Cthulhu, Green Giant, Grendelkhan, Grimreaperbg, Grubtatorship, Grunners, Grunt, Gryffindor, Guanaco, Guchev, Guilherme Paula, Guliolopez, Guoguo12,Guppie, Gurch, Guusbosman, GvmBG, Gvtalev, Gz33, Gzornenplatz, H thorn07, HDCase, HJ Mitchell, Hadal, HaeB, Haemo, Hammer1980, Harmil, Harryboyles, Hellosandimas, Helmandsare,Helpihaveh1n1, Helsinkicommission, Herostratus, Herzliyya, Heyachicken, Heyitspeter, Hhaarryy, Historian19, Histrydude, Hittit, Hmains, Hmusseau, Hobartimus, Hondro, HoodedMan,Hooperbloob, Hoshie, Hottentot, Hu12, Hubertgui, Huldra, Hurmata, Husond, Hustead, Hxseek, Hydraliska, I am my own Master, I like smut, IW.HG, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Idib, Ief, Ik2009,Ikar.us, Ikonact, Ilia, Iltever, Imdaking813, Indexxs, Infestor, Inner Earth, Intelati, Interfector, Internedko, Ioustinianou, Ipso2, Iridescent, IslandShader, Ivan Štambuk, Ivan99999896, Ivanbosh,Ivanicov, Ivanov P., Ivant, Ivaylo92, Ivo Angelov, Izehar, Izmir lee, Izzedine, J-boogie, J.delanoy, J04n, JDoorjam, JForget, JLaTondre, JP9314, JaGa, Jacek Kendysz, Jackanapes, Jagged 85,Jake Wartenberg, JakeMBeddoe, James Brian Ellis, JamesBWatson, Jameswilson, Jan1nad, Jankaspar, Janneman, Jasoko, Java7837, Jay Litman, JayHenry, Jebba, Jecar, Jeff3000, Jensboot,JerryPont, Jersyko, Jgritz, Jhendin, Jiang, Jibbajabba, Jingiby, Jiwonast, Jj137, Jmlk17, JoanneB, Joffeloff, John, Jokes Free4Me, Joliax, Jonathan.s.kt, Jooler, Joonekhodet, Jose77, Joseph Solisin Australia, Joseph031164, Joy, Joyous!, Jpeob, Jrt989, Jsqb, Jumbuck, Jusdafax, Just4ivaylo, Jvmills, K. Lastochka, Kahraman, Kaihsu, Kaloyan, Kansas Bear, Kappadoodles, Kapustin,Karkachev, Karl, Kassabov, Keilana, Kekibec, Kenyon, Kerne, Ketiltrout, KevinBullock, Khatru2, Khoikhoi, Kiejstut9, Kiinslayer, Kilhan, Killer4o, Kilo-Lima, Kimov77, Kintetsubuffalo,Kjkolb, Kneiphof, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koal4e, Koliooo, Kolyooo, Koosjan, Kopeleto, Korenyuk, Kosiosl, Kosovar, Kostja, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Koyaanisqatsi, Kozuch, KrakatoaKatie,Kralizec!, KrisS, Kroum, Krum Stanoev, Kumioko, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kurykh, Kusma, Kutrigur, Kwamikagami, Kyosev.dimitar, KyraVixen, LA2, LAz17, Landroo, Lantonov, Lapsed Pacifist,Lara flint, Latka, Laveol, Ldingley, Lear 21, LeaveSleaves, Lectonar, Lennonist, Leoadec, Leventcik, Levineps, Lfh, LightDemon, Lightmouse, Lights, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, Littenberg, LittleProfessor, Liverpoolfan, Llama poop123, Lozhani buditel, Lubaka17, LugPaj, Luna Santin, Lysandros, M sotirov, MBisanz, MER-C, MJCdetroit, MPS, MPerel, Macedon23, MacedonianLights,Mad Hatter, Madcat87, Magister Mathematicae, Magul, Magyarubal, Makedonija, Malcolmxl5, Malhonen, Malleus Fatuorum, Man vyi, Man with one red shoe, Mandarax, Mangostar, Mani1,Marcost, Marek69, Marianne34, Markussep, Martijn faassen, Martin451, Martinwilke1980, Marvao, Mashford, Master&Expert, Mastermindsro, Mastikamastika, Matthead, Maximus Rex, Maxl,Mboverload, McDogm, McSly, Megistias, Melsaran, Mentatus, Meredyth, Mesgul82, MesserWoland, Metrio, MetroStar, Mfa fariz, Mic, Michal Nebyla, Mickey gfss2007, Miguel.mateo,Mihailov, Mike Rosoft, Mikko Paananen, Miltcho, Mircha, Mirko30, Mirraga, Mishobg12, Mishonio, Misiekuk, Mistymiss, Mithridates, Mlhawken, MoiraMoira, Monedula, Monkbel, Monor,Monroem, Monshuai, MontseBL, Montymark, Moosh88, Mormegil, Morwen, Mr Adequate, Mr. Neutron, Mr.vergara, MrOllie, MrTree, Mrazikk, Mrdie, MureninC, Mwilso24, Myanw, NJordan, NIR-Warrior, Nagoer, Nakon, Namajkaviupicka, Nassy85, Nathan19941994, Nationaljazz, Nautilator, NawlinWiki, Nburden, Nd24, Nealmcb, Negotino33, Nehrams2020,Nemakoristodime, NeroN BG, Netsnipe, Neverquick, Newyorxico, Ngruev, Ni to il, Nicholai, Nick, Nicke L, Nickrds09, Nickydude, Nicolasdupond, Nightbolt, Nightstallion, Nightwish90,Nikai, NikolayIliev, Ninav, Nitrobulgarine, Nivix, Nkojuharov, Nkrazor, Nlsanand, Noah Salzman, Noisettes, Noli turbare circulos meos, Nomád Terv, Noodles Paine, Nostradamus1, Notheruser,Novaguy1968, Nproser, Ntsimp, Ntzolov, NuclearVacuum, NuclearWarfare, Nuggetboy, Numbo3, Nv8200p, Nérostrateur, O Fenian, Obekt, Obscure22, Ocatecir, Oceanseleven, Ohnoitsjamie,Olahus, Oleg Alexandrov, Omertop, Onco p53, OneGuy, Optimus82, OrgasGirl, Orkhan ankara, Oscarsbg, OwenBlacker, Owenozier, PANONIAN, PCV Zlataritsa, PENEV 20, PFHLai, PMPoon, PMK1, PaePae, Paffka, Pagrashtak, Panarjedde, Panoptical, Parmaestro, Patka, Paul Barlow, Paulkappelle, PauloColacino, PaunchyPaul, Paweł ze Szczecina, Pax:Vobiscum,PaxEquilibrium, Pbwinter, Pde, Pearle, Pedant17, Peeperman, Peraperic, Peregrine981, PericlesofAthens, PetaRZ, Peteark, Peter Horn, PeterisP, Pethr, Pgan002, Pgk, Phanar, Phantomsteve,Pharos, Phil Boswell, Phil Bridger, PhilKnight, Philip Trueman, Philve90, Picaroon, Pinethicket, Piskov, Pkadrev, Plam12, Planetdust, Plasticup, Plig, Pmaas, Pne, Poath, Poddugata,Poemsnewly, Polaron, Polin4eto, Politis, Pontiaka Trağodia, Popoff, Porfyrios, Praktiker iunie, Presidentman, Preslav, Prestonmcconkie, Prilade, Primarycontrol, Princess-pink95, Prolog,Proxima Centauri, Pryde 01, Pschemp, Ptolion, Pumabeast, Purgatory Fubar, Pylambert, Quatro1, QuestBulgaria, Quibik, Qutezuce, Quuxly, Qxz, R parker jr, R'n'B, RB972, RFerreira,RSieradzki, RTucker, RVLTNR, RWhite, Radoslavpaskalev, RainbowOfLight, Rama's Arrow, Ran, RandomP, Randyc, Ranveig, Rarelibra, Raskoll, Raskoll wiki, Raven in Orbit, Rbatic,Rclocher3, Realbg, Reconsider the static, Red Winged Duck, RedWolf, Reindeergal, Reisio, Rembrandt van Rijn, Renato Caniatti, Retired username, RexNL, Rflesher, Riana, Rich Farmbrough,Rick Block, RickK, Riversidepr, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rkarlsba, RoadTrain, Rob.derosa, Robert K S, Robertito1965, Rocket71048576, Romanm, Ronhjones, Ronline, Ronz, Roreek, Rory096,Rossen3, Rossen4, RotartSinimda, RoyBoy, Rudjek, Ruhrjung, Runner5k, Ryangadd, Ryulong, S.BULLET., SLi, SOMNIVM, Saalstin, Saiyuki456, Sallicio, Salt Yeung, Samantha555,Samirdada, Samrolken, Sapii, Sardanaphalus, Sashe, Sbrianhicks, Scapler, Schaengel89, SchfiftyThree, Schluejo, Schneelocke, Scipius, Scoobycentric, ScottishGunner, Screensaver, Scroch,Scythian1, Sdrawkcab, Seancdaug, Seb az86556, Secfan, Seidenstud, Semmler, Seraphim, Serblood, Sfahey, Sgeureka, Shadowjams, ShakingSpirit, Shalom Yechiel, Shanel, Shanes, Sharkb,Shawnxxx, Sheppa28, Shimgray, Shiridupe, Shoeofdeath, SidP, Siddiqui, Silvanus42, SimonP, Simplonicity, Sinders, SiobhanHansa, Sir Nasco, Sir Vicious, Sjö, Skinsmoke, Slakr, Slarre,Slayer93, Sleigh, Slimarkov, Slivatree, Smartech, Smartpersonandbob, Smith03, Smokizzy, SmolderinCorpse, Snowolf, SofiaSoGood, SofieElisBexter, SomeHuman, South Bay, SouthernNights,Spade laa, Spartan-James, Spellcast, SpookyMulder, Squids and Chips, Ssault, Ssyakimova, StanProg, Stefan sof, Stefan.vatev, Stenley7, Stephen B Streater, Stevesaccount, Stickee, Stoichkov8,Stonepillar, Storeye, Storkk, Stormboyt, Stoykova, Stoytcho, Strom, Sunray, Supertask, Suriel1981, Suruena, Svetlozar12, Svetlyo, Svetulco1997, Svik, Szabunov, TAfricanski, TERIKATA,TUF-KAT, Tabletop, Tadramgo, Tamfang, Tar7an, Tasc, TastyCakes, TastyPoutine, Tbeditor, Tea with toast, Teddy4u, Tehninjaness, Tekleni, Telex, Template namespace initialisation script,Teumo, ThaGrind, The Anome, The Font, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, The Z UKBG, TheGrimReaper NS, Theilert, Themata, Therequiembellishere,Thetruthonly, Thingg, Thiseye, Thomais, Thricecube, Thulium, Thumperward, Thuresson, TiTis, Tidying Up, Tim1357, TimBentley, TimComm, Timir2, TimothyBourke, Timurberk, Tkma,Tnikolov, To lead you in the summer to join the black parade!, Tobby72, Toddst1, TodorBozhinov, Tokek, Tom2we, Tomatoman, Tomeasy, Tomhormby, Tommiks, Tommy2010, Tone, Torrr,Tothebarricades.tk, Tourbillon, Toxicroakk, Tpbradbury, Trafford09, Travelbird, TravisMunson1993, Trialsanderrors, Trilobite, Tripod86, Triwbe, Trubye, Trudelstein, TrueColour, Trusilver,Tslocum, Tukitam, Turgonbg, Tvoz, Twooars, Tyrc, Uannis, Ucucha, Ulmanor, Uncle Dick, Unixer, Untick, Ur jealous77, Urban011, Ursul pacalit de vulpe, Urururururu, Usergreatpower,Utcursch, V6g3h7, VMORO, Valchev, ValenShephard, Valentinian, Valepert, Valkov, Vam 1, Van helsing, VanessaG, Vanished user 03, Vanka5, Vardion, Varlagas, VashiDonsk, Vasilken,Vassilka63, Vbb-sk-mk, Veledan, Veridicus auxiliaris, Versageek, Versus22, Vesi.kracheva, Vesselin, Vessikitty, Vice regent, Viewfinder, ViktorG, Vladibo, Vladislavs, Vladko, Vnikolchev,Vortexx, Vsdrumev, Vsmith, Vthehot, Vthills, WTucker, Waggers, Wangi, Ward47, Warofdreams, Wassamatta, Watertroll, Wavelength, WegianWarrior, Welshleprechaun, Wet Putka, WexTac,Weyes, WhisperToMe, Whitejay251, WiiVolve, WikHead, Wiki Wikardo, Wiki alf, Wikiacc, Wikimachine, Will Beback, William Allen Simpson, William Avery, WilliamThweatt, Wipsenade,Wissahickon Creek, Wknight94, Woohookitty, Writtenright, Xahm2307, Xaosflux, Xenovatis, Xiahou, Xligon, Xr 1, Y, YOYOKER, Yamaguchi先生, Yamaka122, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yanche,Yar2, Yellowneck, Yoenit, Yonas29, Yorkshirian, Yucata.C, Z y, Zahical, Zaian, ZankoIR, ZapThunderstrike, Zaparojdik, Zigger, Zizzzo, Zman the douch, Zoney, Zyqqh, Zzuuzz,Δρακόλακκος, ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Александър, Методије, Николов, Парванов, Питър, Сабин, 2742 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 29

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Avala, Denelson83, Fry1989, Homo lupus,Ikonact, Kallerna, Klemen Kocjancic, Martyr, Mattes, Neq00, Pumbaa80, SKopp, Scroch, Serjio-pt, Spacebirdy, Srtxg, Ultratomio, Vonvon, Zscout370, 9 anonymous editsFile:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:ПаккоFile:EU-Bulgaria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EU-Bulgaria.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:NuclearVacuumFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: SarangFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous editsFile:Panagyurishte gold.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panagyurishte_gold.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:http://www.flickr.com/photos/sitomon/File:Baba Vida Klearchos 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baba_Vida_Klearchos_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: KlearchosKapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Athens, Greece.File:Campaigns of Ivan Assen II.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Campaigns_of_Ivan_Assen_II.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:KandiFile:Ivan shishman preobravenski manastir.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ivan_shishman_preobravenski_manastir.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:User:DragostinovFile:Siège de Nicopolis.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siège_de_Nicopolis.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BeatrixBelibaste, PatricePanaget, 2anonymous editsFile:BGSoldiers1945.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BGSoldiers1945.png  License: unknown  Contributors: UnknownFile:Zhelyu-Zhelev-20090423.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zhelyu-Zhelev-20090423.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:SpiritiaFile:Centralbalkan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Centralbalkan.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Evgord atbg.wikipediaFile:Raysko-praskalo-cc-karalamov.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raysko-praskalo-cc-karalamov.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Captain-tucker, Eola, FlickreviewR, Kilezz, Leoboudv, Martyr, PM, ParaFile:Sozopolivanpetarkirik.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sozopolivanpetarkirik.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploaderwas Evgord at bg.wikipediaFile:Kaiseradler Aquila heliaca 2 amk.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kaiseradler_Aquila_heliaca_2_amk.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.5  Contributors: user:AngMoKioFile:Sveshtnik IMG 3782.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sveshtnik_IMG_3782.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Dido3File:Georgi S. Parvanov.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Georgi_S._Parvanov.jpg  License: Creative Commons AR-Presidency  Contributors: No mentionFile:68thSFB Paratroopers.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:68thSFB_Paratroopers.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: MSgt Quinton T. BurrisFile:Bulgaria_Provinces_Map_Blank.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bulgaria_Provinces_Map_Blank.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Conscious, Mircea, PM, Walden69, 1 anonymous editsFile:Emblem of Blagoevgrad.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_Blagoevgrad.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ПаккоFile:Rousse-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rousse-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz, LokalProfil, ПаккоFile:Burgas-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Burgas-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz, LokalProfil, Spiritia, Пакко, 1 anonymous editsFile:Emblem of Shumen.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_Shumen.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ПаккоFile:Dobrich-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dobrich-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz,Lokal Profil, ПаккоFile:Silistra Coat of Arms.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Silistra_Coat_of_Arms.gif  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:MrPanyGoffFile:BG Gabrovo coa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BG_Gabrovo_coa.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Brosen, Bulgarian Herald,Frombenny, Lokal Profil, Пакко, 10 anonymous editsFile:BUL Сливен COA.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BUL_Сливен_COA.png  License: unknown  Contributors: en:TodorBozhinovFile:Haskovo-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Haskovo-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz,Lokal Profil, Mattes, ПаккоFile:Smolyan Coat of Arms.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Smolyan_Coat_of_Arms.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:MrPanyGoffFile:Kardzhali-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kardzhali-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Amikeco, Bulgarian Herald,Cameltrader, Ilyaroz, Lokal Profil, ПаккоFile:BG Sofia coa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BG_Sofia_coa.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Brosen, Bulgarian Herald,Frombenny, Ilyaroz, Lokal Profil, Martyr, ПаккоFile:Kyustendil-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyustendil-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader,Ilyaroz, Lokal Profil, ПаккоFile:Lovech-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lovech-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz,Lokal Profil, Shizhao, ПаккоFile:Stara-Zagora-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stara-Zagora-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader,Ilyaroz, Lokal Profil, Sevela.p, ПаккоFile:Coat of Arms of Montana (Bulgaria).png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Montana_(Bulgaria).png  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:ПаккоFile:Gerba targovishte.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gerba_targovishte.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: targovishteFile:Emblem of Pazardzhik.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_Pazardzhik.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ПаккоFile:Varna-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Varna-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, ПаккоFile:Pernik-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pernik-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: AnonMoos, Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader,Ilyaroz, Lokal Profil, ПаккоFile:Veliko-Tarnovo-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Veliko-Tarnovo-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald,Cameltrader, Ilyaroz, Lokal Profil, ПаккоFile:Pleven-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pleven-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz, LokalProfil, Skipjack, ПаккоFile:Coat of arms of Vidin.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vidin.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ПаккоFile:Plovdiv-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plovdiv-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, Ilyaroz,Lokal Profil, Predavatel, Пакко

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 30

File:Vratsa-coat-of-arms.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vratsa-coat-of-arms.svg  License: Attribution  Contributors: Bulgarian Herald, Cameltrader, ПаккоFile:Emblem of Razgrad.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_Razgrad.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:ПаккоFile:Yambol Coat of Arms.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yambol_Coat_of_Arms.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: ChristianBierFile:Downtown Sofia Boby Dimitrov 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Downtown_Sofia_Boby_Dimitrov_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.0  Contributors: Boby Dimitrov from Sofia, BulgariaFile:Kaliakra wind turbines.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kaliakra_wind_turbines.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: RadoslavRusinovFile:Dobrudja.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dobrudja.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Svik at bg.wikipediaFile:Maliovitca 05.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maliovitca_05.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: BeyonderFile:BDZ Baureihe 9452.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BDZ_Baureihe_9452.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Wiki05File:Rozhen dome.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rozhen_dome.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: DanielFile:Bulgaria-demography.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bulgaria-demography.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Demmo, Ivanko,LokiiT, Valérie75, 1 anonymous editsFile:SofiaUni.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SofiaUni.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Kosigrim at en.wikipediaImage:Bulevard Cherni Vruh 06 - Sofia.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bulevard_Cherni_Vruh_06_-_Sofia.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.0  Contributors: Nikolay Angelov (Николай Ангелов)Image:Plovdiv Kapana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plovdiv_Kapana.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:PredavatelImage:Varna Bay, View from Sveti Nikola.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Varna_Bay,_View_from_Sveti_Nikola.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Vladislav BezrukovFile:Gallery for Foreign Art TodorBozhinov 041009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gallery_for_Foreign_Art_TodorBozhinov_041009.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Todor Bozhinov / Тодор Божинов / MartyrFile:Theater Plovdiv.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Theater_Plovdiv.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: N. LazarovFile:Peio Yavorov.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peio_Yavorov.jpeg  License: anonymous-EU  Contributors: www.slovo.bgFile:Spirit of Burgas Sisters of Mersy Perroto.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spirit_of_Burgas_Sisters_of_Mersy_Perroto.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: djidji.perrotoFile:ЕленскаСливова.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ЕленскаСливова.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Blueat bg.wikipediaFile:Tsvetana Pironkova Allianz Cup 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tsvetana_Pironkova_Allianz_Cup_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: User:Nadina

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