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YNOBPN GPCU\]C\AJCGM\OK @NKO]C\
VBOACU AJCGM\O EOA
-
E]UAC ]CX-
CPUC KUOOGG NXNO]IOAN\IGMNKSOONGIONG VBOACUOCU
Carc Lnenz\ckig iack
Eitirac ]czi Mngang8 Yrm. Mb. Mr. Aitjnt COCE
YNOBPN, 56>=
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iii
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iv
GMCKOCUKI\NO]AN O\]C\ .............................................................................................................. vii
CKO O\]C\ ........................................................................................................................ ix
XCODC O\]C\ ................................................................................................................... xi
>.
DU ..................................................................................................................... >3
5.
DCGCO EODOCU............................................................................................... >0
5.>
\umn Mbno \n`szokonr......................................................................................... >0
5.>.> zga brdngik eiocikocr................................................................................. >05.>.5
zocacycg sn`szokonr....................................................................................... >9
5.>.95.5
Kbndonsybg vc @obkonsybg Ackngizanonr....................................................... >9
5.5.> Cocktrbstntik ctkiocia........................................................................................... 565.5.5 Jimrbhcg en ......................................................................................................... 565.5.5.5.= Yk gtrnoiznsybguyon kbndonsybg ...................................................................... 5>5.5.3
Vboiacr kprs ..................................................................................................... 5..= ]crs bsabz ............................................................................................................. 3:4.5.5 Cocktrik pbtngsiycoi uyduongnrnk uyduongng acaerng prbscsocri ......................... 394.4.= AEU (Acaerng eiybrcnktrocr)............................................................................ 0>4.3 Acaerng Eiybrcnktrocrig (AEU) Nvngtnhonr vc Mcznvngtnhonr........................ 0.> \v acaerngonrg ackngizans vc uyduonan nongonr......................................... 00
4.4.5
Caosiybg tipi sv acaerngonr............................................................................. 00
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vi
4.4.6. MCGCY\CO NOIAN ........................................................................................ 46
>6.> Mcgcyig Nanl ...................................................................................................... 46>6.5 ]cbri ....................................................................................................................... 46>6.6.= Kuoongong Kiaynsnoonr.......................................................................................... 45>6.3 Mcgcyig Ynpo .................................................................................................... 45>6.0 Jcsnponanonr vc sbguonr ...................................................................................... 4>.
DCGCO \BGSONU PC GCUOCU................................................................ 4=
KNYGNKONU ......................................................................................................................... 40
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KI\NO]AN O\]C\
NVNA Ngybgikpboinkrionaim
LN \coobznsctnt
LGAU Knrebg gkoccr angyctik rczbgngs
LVNA Kntybgikpboinkrionaim
MNMANL Minomiactionabgyuakobrr
MAN Miactionaig
MEV Mietio`tnont
CLJ Cpikobrnjimrig
CVI Cpikobrnjimrig
CMN Ctiocgminaig
JNN Jnobnsctik nsit
A@ Aikrb`iotrnsybg
AEU Acaerng eiybrcnksiybgonr
G]S Gc`cobactrik euongkok eiriai
GMAN Gitrbzbmiactionaig
G@ Gngb`iotrnsybgV\\ Vboistircgso`ngnt
VCMB] Vboi (ctiocgmibksitiyb`cg)
VNA Vboinkrionaim
VMNMANL Vboiminomiactionabgyuakobrr
VPN Vboivigio Nsctnt
pKn zbcocktrik gbktns
VNG Vboinkriobgitrio
VN Vboinaim
VC\ Vboictcrso`bg
V]@C Vboitctrn`obrbctiocg
VPM@ Vboivigioimcg`obrr
VC Vboictiocg
VV Vboiprbpiocg
VJE Vboijimrbksietrnt
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viii
UCNLJ
\CL
Kiaynsnoonrg Knym, Mccrocgmirioacsi, Yctkiocgmirioacsi vc
\grongans
Abockocr nyran krbantbdrn`isi
]JA ]rijnobactng
S@ Sotrn`iotrnsybg
PBL Sulu brdngik eioccg
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ix
CKO O\]C\
ckio 5.> Jaik nsimig kiaynsno dstcriai [5Q........................................................................ >4
ckio 5.5 @uovik nsimig ynps [>Q .............................................................................................. >:
ckio 5.< Actno iybgonr jaik anmmcocr zcrigc tutugans (Ebotb,>993 )............................. >9
ckio 5.= Nmsbrec pboiacr zigliri abmcoi................................................................................. 56
ckio 5.3 Gcdnti` ykocrig pbziti` pboicocktrboitocroc `obkuonsybgugmn cocktrbstntik ynan
abmcoi (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664) ..................................................................... 55
ckio 5.0 Vnrtikoocr zcrigmc ngybgik pboiacrocrig kntybgik ynanonron nmsbrpsiybg vc
`obkuonsybg ackngizans.................................................................................. 5
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x
ckio
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xi
XCODC O\]C\
izcodc 5.>. @uovik vc jaik nsimig knrontroans ( Ebotb, >993 ) ...................................... >:
izcodc . Enz kntybgik pboicocktrboitocr iig yk ybugouu (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664) .... \u nrta nongonrgmn naur kbgsngtrnsybgonr (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664)........... =:
izcodc 4.> A@ PC S@ acaerng rctiai iig kuoongong antcrynoocr..................................... 06
izcodc 4.5 \u nrtagmn kuoongong enz UB vc G@ acaerngonr vc zcooikocri. (Oi, @ngc, Jb
vc Antsuurn,566: ) ........................................................................................... 0>
izcodc 4.< Jnvn eiociai (> Guaugc eiociaocri ............................................................................................. 46.5 GEE ebynsgg 0>: gamc ioca dracmcg glc ioca drmktcg sbgrnki
nesbrsiybg mccrocri .......................................................................................... 4=
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xii
G\X
Eu eitirac tczigig jnzrongansgmn engmng sbgugn knmnr mcstcigi csirdcacycg, tcz
mngangoaz yrtcg snyg jblnaz Yrm. Mb. Mr. Aitjnt coceiyc, eudgc knmnr eiodi
eirikiaocrigi eizocroc pnyonng ta jblnonraznvc eizocrc snr`cttikocri cack iig niococriaizc
krngonraz ebr eioiriz.
cvrc kiroioiigig nznotoans kbgusugmn jca yctkioiocrig vc jca mc ta tbpouaug
eioigocgacsigi mioiybr vc eu noangg dcoclcktc eu kbgu zcrigmc nonlnk
nrknmnonrazn ynrmalboansg ait cmiybruz.
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xiii
XC]
Sona, sngnyi, rctia vc tkctia nrt vc mbno knygnkonrg eioigsiz kuoonga cvrcyc znrnr
vcracktcmir. cvrc kiroioiiyoc alnmcoc ctacmc dcgco bonrnk `iziksco, kiaynsno,
`izikbkiaynsno vc eiybobhik ygtcaocr kuoongoanktnmr. Eu ygtcaocrmc kuoongong
kiaynsnoonrg eirbu pboiacr csnsomr. cvrc kiroioiigig nznotoansgmn kiaynsnoygtcaocrmc zcooikoc `obkuonsybg vc kbndonsybg iocaocrigmc yksck vcria snonyng
pboicocktrboitocr kuoongor. Nyrln nrtan iocaocrigmc pboiacrik acaerngonr mn
kuoongoanktnmr. Eu noanmn zcooikoc, cgmstriyco knygnko ntkonron kirocgcg suonrg
nrtagmn kuoongong pboicoctrboitocr vc acaerngonr nrntroatr. Nyrln jnvn, tbprnk vc
rnmynsybg kiroioiigig nznotoans iig ynpong nrntranonrmng mn ksnln enjscmioaitir. ]cbrik
nrntranonrn ionvctcg mbno eir kntybgik eiybpboiacr bong kitbsng vc eir nmct kntybgik
pboicocktrboit ioc ngybgik knrnktcrmc jnzrongng ebyn zcotisigig rcgdigig dimcrioacsinoanonr ynpoatr. Vboiacrocr Gn`tbo Eouc Eonlk ebynsgg rcgk dimcriaigmc ctkioi eir
ckiomc kuoongoatr.
Ngnjtnr kcoiacocr8pboicocktrboit, cgmstriyco ntk su nrta, iac su nrta, kbndonsybg,
`obkonsybg, kitbsng
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xiv
NE\]UNL]
Iglrcnsigd b` trngspbrtntibg, igmustry, prbmultibg, lbgsuaptibg ngm lnrcocss usndc b` gnturno
sburlcs eclnac jnra`uo `br gnturno cgvirbgacgt. ]jcrc nrc pjysilno, ljcailno,
pjysilbljcailno ngm eibobdilno actjbms wjilj nrc uscm `br ljnoocgdigd witj cgvirbgacgtno
pbooutibg. ]jcsc ljcailnos wjilj nrc uscm `br wnstc wntcr trcntacgt nrc dcgcrnooy pboyacrenscm. Cspclinooy, tjc ljcailno actjbms b` mclrcnsigd cgvirbgacgtno pbooutibg, tjcrc is uscm
jidj c``ilicgt pboycocltrboimc ig `oblluontibg ngm lbuduontibg trngsnltibg. Nosb, tjcrc is uscm
pboyacril-acaerngc `br trcntigd prblcsscs. Ig tjis stumy, pboycocltrboimcs ngm acaerngcs
rcscnrljcm wjilj nrc uscm ig wntcr trcntigd prblcss tjnt pbooutcm witj igmustrino soumdcs. Ig
nmmitibg, tjc stumy acgtibgs tjnt tjc rcscnrljcs wjilj is rcscnrljcm `br mclrcnsigd nir, sbio
ngm rnmintibg pbooutibg. Ig nmmitibg tb tjcbrilno stumics ig tjis stumy, Gnpjtbo Eouc Eonlk
mycstu`` wns mclbobrizcm ey usigd ljitbsng wjilj is gnturno lntibgil eibpboyacr ngm lntibgilpboycocltrboymc. Vboyacrs wcrc uscm c``cltivcoy `br mclbobrizntibg b` Gnpjtbo Eouc Eonlk
mycstu``.
Kcy wbrms8 pboycocltrboitc, igmustrino wnstc wntcr trcntacgt, mirigkigd wntcr trcntacgt,
lbnduontibg, obluontibg, ljitbsng
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>3
DU>.
Vboiacrocr ynydg cgmstriyco uyduonanonrgg ynggmn cvrc kiroiigig nznotoansgmn mn
kuoongoanktnmronr. Kiaynsno nrtan nhng bonrnk pboicocktrboit pboiacrocr kuoongoanktnmr.
Vboicocktrboitocr mbno vc scgtctik boank zcrc ikiyc nyroanktnmronr.Mbno pboicocktrboitocr
eiybobhik knygnkomronr. \cgtctik pboicocktrboitocr isc yk muruaonrgn drc dcgco bonrnk
ngybgik, kntybgik vc gbg-iybgik bonrnk nmongmroronr.
Vboicocktrboitocr cgmstriyco ntk suonrg nrtoansgmnpnrtikoocr nrnsgmnkienonreytrocr
vc eyk `obkonr bouansg snonronr. ki vcyn mnjn `nzon pnrtiko pboicocktrboit enonrgn
tutugnrnk kpr boutururonr. Eyoclc `obkonr iriocir vc kcoac iocaigmc mnjn kbony
dimcrioirocr. Kiaynsno ygtca ioc ntk su nrtan tcsisocrigmc pboiacr kuoongazcooikoc sbg
yoonrmngcaoi ebyutonrn uonatr.
Vboicocktrboit kbvnocgt enonron eir nrnyn dcoai eireirigi tckrnr cmcg kiaynsno gitcocr
(abgbacr gitcocr) scrisigmcg boung eir kiaynsno ynpyn snjiptir. Vbziti` yko kntybgik
pboiacrocr mbrumng kbndongt bonrnk vcyn kbndongt ynrmals (`obkongt) bonrnk
kuoongoneioir. Eu tip pboicocktrboitocr nygznangmn `iotrnsybg ynrmalanozcacsi vc naurug
suyugug dimcrioacsigmc kiaynsno nrtongmrlbonrnk kuoongor. Yksz bong gbg-iybgik vc
gcdnti` yko bong ngybgik pboiacrocr kbndongt ynrmals, `iotrnsybg ynrmalsvc naurug
suyugug dimcrioacsigmc kuoongor(Ebotb, >993).
Cvsco vcyn cgmstriyco knygnko mk knoitcoi suonrmng iac suyu rctiai iig eiybobhik
ygtcaocr kuoongoansgg yng srn `izikbkiaynsno ygtcaocrmc kuoongoanktnmr. Nrtan
knrebgou eiocikocrig eiybebzugans tcaco nornglnk igbrdngik anmmcocrig vnro gcmcgiyoc
`izikbkiaynsno prbscmrocrig mc uyduongansgn dcrcksigia vnrmr. @izikbkiaynsno prbscsocr,
nskmn knong knt vc kboobimocrig kbndonsybg vc `obkonsybgu, knt zcrigmcki zgceioir
anmmcocrig nmsbrpsiybgu iocaocrigi icracktcmir. @izikbkiaynsno prbscsocrc nkti` knrebg
iocai, iybg mcitirili rcigcocr, brdngik kiroioikocrig bksimnsybg ioc ybk cmioacsi vc acaerng
tckgbobhiocri rgck bonrnk vcrioceioir. Jn`i` kiroi suonrmn scmiangtnsybg sn`jns ijanocmioceioir. @obtnsybg (yzmrac) zcooikoc ybsugou suonr iig scmiacgtnsybg ycrigc
kuoongoneiocg eir sccgcktir. nauronr ecoiroi nyran prbscsocrigmcg comc cmioir, yksck su
icriigc snjip bomukonrgmng mbony mnjn yksck brngmn pboiacr kuoongoanktnmr.
\bg krk yomn pboiacrocr, suyug nrta iig `obkonsybg vc kbndonsybg prbscsocrigmc
nnmn srnongng zcooikocri gcmcgi iockuoongoanktnmr.
Mk kbndongtmbz dcrcksigiai
Mnjn kk naur jnlai
Nrtoa suyug iybgik ykgmc mnjn nzeir nrt
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>0
Nrtoasumn mnjn nz noaigyua brng
% 53-
\n`szok knygn su iigmc zga bong tuzonr vcyn kio diei kboobimno tngclikocr jnoigmc
nso knong anmmcocr(sioikn, kio, aikrbeiyno jlrcocr vcyn nodocr) boneioacktcmir. Mnjn ynydg
bonrnk mbno brdngik eioccgocr; zbbpongktbg, `itbpongktbg, enktcriocr, virs, kio jaik nsit
kbapocksocri, jaik nsitocr, prbtcigocr, pboisnkknritocr, `uovik nsitocr, vc eu yno nsitocr,
knrebgjimrntonr, naigb nsitocr, vc jimrbknrebgonr vcyn bk kk trcvocri, mbno bonrnk
igbrdngik tuzonrmn zga jnomc euouganktnmronr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
5.>.> zga brdngik eiocikocr
zoa brdngik eiocikocr 6.=3 aa ebyutugmn dzcgckocrc snjip acaerngmng dccg
zga brdngik knrebg(MBL) aiktnryon oor. 6. >>>3 ad/O nrnsgmn mccrocr noneioir
vc dcgco brtnonan 3, 43 ad/O mir. MBL mccrocri su nrtan cgmstrisi iig prbeocaocrmcgeirisimir. \uyug mczcg`cksiybgu iig kuoongong kobrug kngscrbhcg ctkisi vc mczcg`cksiybg
sbgrns boung yng rg prbeocai (MEVs)-kobrug jimrbknrebgonron eiocik bouturans-rcgk,
tnt vc kbku cstctik boanmgmn snok prbeocaocrigc gcmcg boneioir. Nyrln MBL
aikrbeiybobhik ebzugany tctikocr vc eugonr acaerngonrg kirocgacsigc vc su mnta
sistcaocrigmc kbrbzybgn gcmcg bour. Nkti` knrebg `iotrcocrigig dzcgckocrigi tknynrnk,
brdngik ntkonrg nmsbrpsiybgu cgdcoocgcrck tnt vc kbkumn mciikoik bouturneioir. Jaik
anmmcocr pKnonr
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>4
nokbo, kigbg, ctcr, cstcr vc kctbg druponr). Eu anmmcocr gbrano pJ mccrocrigmc vcsnjip
bomukonr yzcy nkti` zcooikocrigmc gcdnti` yko kboobimocr vc ngybgik pboicocktrboitocr diei
mnvrngnrnk jimrb`beik nrbantik vcyn noi`ntik eodcocriyoc, pbonr boanyng ntkonron rgcig
pcstisit vcyn pboikobrou ei`cgioocr diei eiocikocroc ctkiociac dirceioirocr. Jaik anmmcocrig
dcgcooikoc actnoocroc knrnro kbapocksocri vnrmr. Ccr kk vc yko abockoocr iybg
mciiaiyoc jna sumng uznkontrorsn, eir sbgrnki suyug ecrrnkontroans nnans kbonyonr
vc eyk tbpnkonr knt mnjn jzo bouturuour. Nyrln dcocgcksco ygtcac drc snmclc % 53
nouan(np) ijtiyn vnrmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
@ovik nsit, jaik nsitocr eigocrlc yook srcocr sbgulugmn bouanktnmr vc mbnmn tck
engn euougananktnmr. ]a eiocik drueu `uovik nsit bonrnk tngaongr vc eu yzmcg tck eir
kiaynsno `brao euouganz. Euougmuu brtna zcooikocrigc drc kbonyln mcitiigmcg kbony
kbapocks bouturur[>Q.
ckio 5.> Jaik nsimig kiaynsno dstcriai [5Q
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>:
ckio 5.5 @uovik nsimig ynps [>Q
izcodc 5.> @uovik vc jaik nsimig knrontroans(Ebotb, >993 )
zcooik @uovik Nsit Jaik
Nsit
Cocacgtno ngnoiz
L =3.4 30.5
J 3.= =.4
B ==.: .9 6.:
]ipik druponr(acq/d)
]a nsitocr >6.< 0.4
ULBBJ :.5
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>9
5.>.5 zocacycg sn`szokonr
Nso jnomc euougng kboobimno tngclikocr ta mbno suonrmn euougng gcaoi eiocikocrmir,
ebyutonr >6 aa vcyn mnjn notgmn euougneioir. Eu jnomc euougng tngclikocrig uznkontroans
dcrckir, gk aikrbeiyno boneioclckocri diei aikrbponr zcrigc mc tbponyneioir. Eugu
cgdcoocack iig mczcg`cksiybg kiaynsnoonr kuoongor. ]ipik nskmn euougng kntonr iig 5566
ad/O sco yn mn gcjir suonrgmn eu mccr 36666 ad/O boneioir. Eu anmmcocr gcaoi omc
eiybobhik vc brdngik icric snjiptir (>-56%) nan dcgcooikoc igbrdngik eiocikocr (sioikn,
noaigyua sioiknt, mcair vc angdngcz bksit) eioccgocri euougur. Eugonrg yk mbno
brdngik anmmcgig nmsbrec cttii kntang, tuzououk vc su iigmc euougng iki mccroikoi
kntybgonrg kbgtrboyoc ecoirocgir. Jaik anmmcocr pnrtikoocri yzcy actno kntybgonryon
nmsbrec cmceioir. Vnrtikoocrig yzcy pbtngsiycoi nmsbrpsiybg vc kbndonsybgu ctkiocycg cg
gcaoi pnrnactrcmir. \u icrisigmcki tuzououk kbndonsybg jzg vc dcrckoi kbndongt
aiktnrg ctkiocrvc mk tuz brnggmn kbndonsybg ynvnonr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
ckio 5.< Actno iybgonr jaik anmmcocr zcrigc tutugans(Ebotb,>993 )
5.>.
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ckio 5.=Nmsbrec pboiacr zigliri abmcoi
Eugn drc pboiacr scdacgtocri nyr kntcdbrimc bomuu vnrsnyor.
Yzcyc eno ziglirocr(ziglir ksa)
zcoti iigc uzngng kuyrukonr
Yzcyc eno ziglir ksaonr nrnsgmn knong jnoknonr
Eu eir mcgdc mzcgocacsi bomuu ecoirtioir, eugn drc iok tcanstng sbgrn eirnz znang noneioir.
Szug zigliroi pboiacrocr iig eirkn sngiycmc tnanaongans ankuomr. Szug ziglirocrig
enongansgmn `obkuonsybg kigctii iig bk gcaoi eir `nktrmr.
Kuyruk vc mgdocrig knpsna mbonysyon nmsbrec cmiocg pboiacrig knogo, zl (su) vc
yzcy ioc pboiacr scdacgtocrigig ctkiociaigmc mbrumng ctkioimir. Dcgcooikoc ctkiociaocr
bomukn zny`tr vc ziglirocr zl icrisigmc uzngronr eu gbktnmn pboicocktrboitocr gcaoi eir
iybgik kuvvct ctkisi boneioir. Eirkn gcaoi nmsbrpsiybg ctkisi vnrmr (Ebotb vc Drcdbry,
5664).
5.5.> Cocktrbstntik ctkiocia
Vboicocktrboitocr zt yko eir yzcyoc knrontkonrgmn ckia mnjn do bonlnktr. Ensit eir
i`nmcyoc zt ykocr nrnsgmn ckia mnjn domr. Jnttn mk abocko nropboicocktrboit
nmsbrpsiybgu tnanacg eitceioir, yzcyig yk gtrnoizc cmioaitir. Xt yko pboicocktrboitocr,
kuyruk vc jnoknonr (obbps) boanmng mnjn mz eir kbg`idrnsybgmn euouguronr. zcooikoc
yksck yk ybugouu pboiacrocr iig. Eurnmn tuz ctkisi mc gcaoimir. rgcig scoobz
zcrigmc nmsbrec cmioai kntybgik pboicocktrboit tuz icrisigmc nyroan dstcrceioir.
5.5.5
Jimrbhcg en
rgcig VNA vcpboictiocg bksit yzcyocrc uydug J enyon enongneioir. rgcig bksitocr,
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5>
sioikn jimrbksi druponryon pboinkrionaim icrisigmcki naim druponrgn enongneioir.
5.5.
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pcr`brangs snonanktnmr. Nouan drc mnjn pnjnomr nglnk mnjn dcgi eir pJ nrnogmn
kuoongoneioir. Eirbk nrntranmn droatr ki, pboicocktrbt iig bptiaua mbznh mccri, yk
gtrnoiznsybgugn iakng snonyng vcyn zctn pbtngsiycoigig s`rn ynkg ynmn cit bomuu
mccrmir. Nyrln yksck yk ybugouumccrigc snjip pboicocktrboitocrig mnjn ctkioi bomuu
syocgceioir. Ensit eir i`nmcyoc mnjn yko eir yzcyc snjiptir. Nsogmn mk abocko nro
vc yksck yk ybugouumccrigc snjip pboiacrocr rgcig pboi-MNMANL, mnjn c`ckti`tir,
mnjn neuk `obk bouturur. Enz kntkonr enz muruaonrmn kbndongt bonrnk eioigir vc `obkonrg
pjtonansg snonronr nglnk euongkok ynrntr vc eu oitcrntrmc kneuo dracaitir. Yksck
yk ybugouugn snjip pboicocktrboitocr gcdnti` yko pnrtikoocrig zcrigc zny` yko
eodcocrigmc tutugur nglnk eurnmn enkn eir tnga brtnyn knr cocktrbstntik ynanKnspcr
(>94>) vc Drcdbry (>94
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5->6 gG nrnsgmnmr. Eugug gcmcgi pboiacr ziglirocrigig csgck
boansgmng knygnkongr, csgck ziglir dcocg kuvvcti ecrtnrn` cmceioir nglnk dcrioacyc izig
vcrioirsc kbpanonr dzocgir. mcno eir `obkuonsybg iig % 3 ynmn mnjn nnmn boneioir. tac yko iki pnrtiko nrnsgmnki
iybgik dlc enomr.
ckio 5.4 n) Kpr `obkuonsybgu e) Nmsbrponga pboiacr ziglirocrigig ycgimcgstneioiznsybgugug cantik dstcriai
zctoc, kpr `obkonsybgu jnkkgmn u ybruaonrynponeioir
Yksck abocko nro, oigccr pboiacrocr cg ctkioi;
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5=
Vboicocktrboitocrig, bptiaua eir yk ybugouu vnrmr; actno iybgonrgg vnro iybgik
kuvvct nsgmng gcaoimir.
bk do `obkonr kpr bouturneioir nglnk yuankonrg kroans jnoigmc kbonyln ycgimcg
eyac boanyneioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
5.5.0 Kigctik nmng iglcocgacsi
Vboiacr `obkuongtonrpnrtikoocrig euougmuu zcotiyc mbznhongmgmn, citoi iocaocroc
enontor. Nnmnki ckiomcki diei iocrocr.
ckio 5.: Vnrtikoocrig pboiacrocrc tutugnrnk nmsbrpongans
N) Knrtran8Cg entn euougng vc src nsgmng gcaoi eir iocamir. Vboiacr ecooi eir
brngmn kbgsngtrc bonrnk mbznhongr. Ecoiroi eir jzmn knrtranyn zcg dstcrioir nksi tnkmirmc
mzcgoi boanyng eir tutugan dcrckocir vc pnrtikoocr eirmcg `nzon pboiacroc tutugup ycgimcg
stneioizc bour. Gcmcgi kt knrtran bonrnk ecoirtioceioir. Yksck eir treongs mcrclcsi
istcgir, nglnk eu pboiacr ziglirocrigmc kcsac ctkisi ynrntneioir. @obkuonsybgug ecoirocyili
ctkcgigig knrtran ctkisi bomuu kneuo cmioir. Knrtran ctkiocri kbgsngtrc sspngsiybgonr
iig mnjn gcaoimir. Kt knrtran euongkontranyn gcmcg boanktnmr.
E) Nmsbrpsiybg8Knt pnrtiko brng nrttkn pboiacr mbznhmnnrtnlnktr. Nglnk knrtranyon
nmsbrpsiybg nrnsgmn mn ecoiroi eir iodi acvluttur. Yksck abocko nroko pboiacr zigliroi
pboicocktrboitocr kcsacyc anruzn knonln iig vc knrtran jzgg abockocr nrpany
ctkiocmii dz ggc nogmgmn eu iki nma eireirigc enaomr. Yksck kbgsngtrnsybgou
zcotiocrmc nmsbrpsiybg eir sngiycmc eioc tnanaongneioir.
L) Xiglirocrig ycgimcg mzcgocgacsi 8 Knran vc nmsbrpsiybg iocai dcrckoctiktcg sbgrn
tbpnkonrg zcrigc tutugng pboiacr ziglirocri boung kcsac nkonr, knrtran ctkisi diei
gcmcgocroc ycgimcg mzcgocgacyc enonr nyrln snrkng mnoonrgg ctkisiyoc ycgi eir
kbg`bransybgn ergr.
M) @obkuonsybg8 ]utugan iocaigmcg sbgrn `obkonrg bouans iig cocktrbstntik ckia vc
kpr ackngizanonrgg ynrmayon dcrckoccg vc kbgsngtrnsybg aiktnrgln mcicg eir
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53
prbscstir. Yksck knt kbgsngtrnsybgugmn mnjn ybug tbpnkonan dzocgclcktir. ]a
`obkuonsybg ackngizanonrgmn rcnktr iigc kcsac nk uyduongr gcmcgi isc tbpnkonr
nrnsgmnki nrpanonrg nrtronrnk mnjn jzo tutugan snonanktr, tutugan eu enkamng jz
ecoirocyili nnanmr.
Yuknrmn ecoirtiocg mbno brdngik anmmcabocko nro dcgi bong 36,666 vc mnjn zcrigc
kneiocg pboiacr ecgzcri jaik anmmcocrimc icracktcmir. Eu anmmcocr ynponr dcrci
jimrb`ioik vc jimrb`beik ctkiociaocr kurneioir. Nyrln eugonr pJ mccrocrigc ctki cmceiomii
diei tnmkonr ngybgik ykocroc kntybgik pboicocktrboitocr nrnsgmn ctkiocia acymngn
dctirceioirocr. Yksck abocko nrokopboicocktrboitocr ioc dimcrioacsi nyrln jimrb`beik mbno
brdngik anmmc antcrynoocrigig sumng nrta mnjn kbony boanktnmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry,5664 ).
ckio 5.9 Vboiacrocrig nmsbrpsiybgmn mnvrng [6->66 nrnsgmn boneioir.
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50
ckio Kunrtcrgcr Miactionaigbctio nkriont vcyn actnkriont kbpboiacri (Ebotb,>993)
Kunrtcrgizc naigbnkriont kbpboiacrocrigig yk ybugouu % 3 mnkiknmr. pJ = ikcg stneio
jnomcmir. pJ :. 3 ikcg, Nkrionaim eiriaocri iig jimrboiz canrcsi dzocgacz. Eugug zcrigc
ynpong mnjn ycgi eir noanmn gtrpJ 4 scviycsigmc % 0 yk ybugouugn snjip nz iybgik
pboiacr cstcr jimrboizigmc 55 nyok ynr ar vcracsi gdroatr. % 993).
.5 Minoiomiactionabgyua kobrr pboiacrocri
Abgbacrig i`t iocvoi boansgn rnacg minoiomiactionabgyua kobrrg pboiacriznsybguyon
sumn zgr eir pboiacr rctioceioir. \crecst-rnmikno pboiacriznsybgu ec ycoi eir jnokn
rctack iig sikoiznsybg ackngizans icrir. Vboiacr mk brtn abocko nrokomr vc
pirboimigyua abgbacrocrigmcg bouur. Ynydg bonrnk, pboiMNMANL bonrnk eioigir vc su
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scktrgmc dcgic eir kuoonga nong vnrmr. Vboiacriznsybg yn iigmc su ckoigmcki tcrs
aikrb sspngsiybgonrmn dcrckocir. Nkrionaitoc yksck abocko nro kbpboiacrocr
ynpneioir. Unstdcoc kbpboiacrigig prntik uyduonans naur nrtonrgmn uyduongr. %o->6 abo
nkrioik nsimig , 5-prbpngmibo ioc cstcroctirioacsiyoc comc cmiocg MNMANLn,
zcooikoc nrt mrt mccroi scryua iybgonr vnrogmn Nkrionaim abgbacrocri nongr. Micr
yksck abocko nroko comcocr kbpboiacriznsybg ynkonaonr; 993).
ckio
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5:
mccrigmcg mbonytilnri nmng bk kuoongo mcioocrmir. Vriacr naigocroc jnzrongng rgcig
actionaig, yksck abocko nrozny` enzik ynponr comc cmioacsigmc kuoongor vc eugmng
mbony knt nyra ynpank nanlyon aigcrno cgmstrisigmc, etionaigc vc sikobjckznaigig
kuoongonrnk jnzrongng pboiacr trocri jaik anmmc kcotacsigmc, ikiglio naigocr dcgcooikoc
priacr naigocroc knrtronrnk rgcig, G, G-miactio->,< prbpiocgminaig vcyn mictiocgtrinaig
ecgzcri ynponrnk comc cmiocrck CLJ ioc kunrtcrgizc cmiocrck kobrb druponrgg tcrsiycr
naigocroc gkocb`ioik ycr mcitiracocri sbgulu pboictcr pboiacr baurdns comc cmioir vc
yksck abocko nrosnongr(Ebotb, >993).
ckio 858> brnggmn knrag icrir. Eu yzmcg
kntybgik knrnktcri pJ ioc enaomr. % =6 naigb druponryon prbtbgongmgmnpJ 0, % 06 ioc
prbtbgongmgmn pJ = livnrgmnmr. Oigccr pboictiocgiaig kristnoigmir vc slnk sumn
zgrkcg sbuk sumn zgaczocr. 5-bksnzboig ioc ebr tri`oourimig jnokn noansgg
nrmgmng noknoig jimrboiziyoc comc cmioirocr. Eu pboiacr mk abocko nrokomr nglnk, 5-
`cgio 5-bksnzboig vc nsimik nrtonronpboi (G-ecgzbyoctjyocgciaigc) jimrboiziyoc brtn abocko
nropboiacrocr comc cmioir (Ebotb, >993).
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59
ckio
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Eyoc eir ynpmn abo yzmcsi enkagmn :6-:3 bong yksck yk ybugouumccrigc snjip, %
5-4 nrnsgmn tcpkiacyc diracai kobrbactio druponr vc % >6->< jimrboizc boau druponr
icrir. Noi`ntik naigocr kuoongoansyon nokio druponr = knrebgn knmnr enongronr vc cg ctkioi
rgocrigi vcrirocr. Jctcrbsikoik ynpmnkiocrc drc mnjn vcriaoi ynp comc cmioir. Naignsybg %
06 naignsybgon comc cmiocg yksck yk ybugouu mccri kio `obkonsybgugmn akcaaco
zcooikocr dstcrir. Micr eir kbgu isc naignsybgmn jimrbksinokio tcrsiycr naig kuoongayon
kunrtcrgcr nabgyua pboiacrocri ioc nzbt zcrigmc eir vcyn iki jimrbksi nokio comc cmioir (Ebotb,
>993).
.: Kuntcrgizc pboivigiopirimigocr
>-vigio 5 vcyn =-vigio, 5-actio 3- vigio trcvocri kuoongonrnk comc cmiocg vc `obkuonsybg
nanlyon kuoongong iok pboiacrocrmcg bong, kunrtcrgizc abgbacr vcyn pboiacrigkunrtcrgiznsybguyon comc cmiocg pboiacrocrmir. Mk abocko nro vc yksck yk
ybugouumccrigc snjip ynponr knt ntk icrcg ntk su nrtagmn, yksck abocko nro
vc yksck yk ybugouumccrigmckiocr mbno vc ntk su nrtagmn `obkuongt bonrnk kuoongor
(Ebotb, >993).
ckio -actio-=-vigiopirimig) kntybgu
.9
Vboivigionaig
Vboivigio`branaimig comc cmiocrck jimrboiz cmioacsi pboivigionaig bouturan actbtonrgmng
eirisimir noknoi brtnamn gcrcmcysc (% >66) brnggmn mga snongr, nsitoi brtnamn isc
mga % 03 mc knor gcmcgi ziglir zcrigmc yk eirikacsigmcg iocri dcoacktcmir. Comc
ctack iig micr eir ynkonamn VNA vc sbmyua jipbkobrit kuoongonrnk yrtocg Jb``ang
tcpkiacocrimir. Do eir noknoi vc mk slnkoktn dcrckoctiriocg eu tcpkiacocrmc % 96
brnggmn mga snongr(Ebotb, >993).
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G, G'-minokio ctiocgminaig
.>> \o`bgyua pboiacrocr
Yuknrmn enjscmiocg pboiacrocrmcg `nrko zcooic snjip boanyng bk ecgzcr ynponrmr.
Nkriobiobksi ctio miactio so`bgyua actbso`nt jbabpboiacri vc nkrionaitoc jnzrongng
kbpboiacrocri, nsctbg zl bonrnk kuoongoronr. Ksai `obkuongt ynpmnmronr(Ebotb, >993).
ckio 5 \bmyua pboistircg so`bgnt
.>5 Mbno pboiacrocr
Mbno bonrnk euougng pboiacrocr eirkn abmi`iknsybgon yn mn mbnsgmn euougansyon
kntybgik ykc snjip boneioir. Cg eioigcgi kitbsng diei, ksacg mcnsctioocgai kitig eir G -
nsctio- -M- doukbznaig vc -M-doulbsnaigc >8= rngmba kbpboiacrimir. Mbno brdngik anmmcknomrlmr. pJ gtrno scviycmc ikcg nz ykomr (% >4)eugug mgmnzny` enzik eir pboiacr
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993).
ckio < Kitigig ynps [4Q
ckio = Kitbsng [:Q
Ginstn, M-doukbz eiriaocrigmcg boung eir pboiacrmir vc noknoig brtnamn G- (993).
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993).
ckio 0 Nkrionaim-nkrioik nsit kbpboiacri
Eu tr pboiacrocri comc ctacmc cski ygtca caosiybg pboiacriznsybgumur. NEN tipi eobk
kbpboiacr sur`nktng kuoongoansyon yksck pboiacriznsybg jz vc yksck abocko nro
comc cmioir. Yk ybugouu mccri pbtngtibactrik ygtcaoc ecoirocgceioir. Pcriocg eir pJ
mccrigmc yk ybugouunrtyon, kbpboiacriznsybg nrt vcyn iybgik d nrt euougneioir.
pKn (izbcocktrbgik gbktn) kbgsngtrnsybg vc nkriontgabo `rnksiybgug eir sbgulumur.
bk mk abocko nroko pboiacrocr, yksck yk ybugouu mccrigc snjiptirocr;
kcockocrig mnoansg gocrocr. Nkrioik nsit vcyn actnkrioik nsimig jbabpboiacriznsybgon
yn mn ybug nsit g-druponrgg jimrboiziyoc scgtczocgirocr. Nkriontonr dcgcooikoc sbutan
kuococrigmc actnkriontonr isc knygnan knzngonrgmn kcotac iigkuoongoronr
Anocik nsit pboiacrocri, anocik ngjimritig jbab vcyn kbpboiacrocrigig jimrboizc cmioacsiyoc
bouturuour. \ioiknonrg nyroansg gocacmc ynrnrongor.
Vboivigio jnobhcgr vc pboietnmicgig cocktrbkiaynsno knrebksionsybguyon nkrioik nsit comc
cmioceioir. x10->> nrns tilnri nano kuoongong `obkuongtonrmn cg iyi vcriai snonanktnmr.
bk mk yk ybugouu mccrigmc snjip pboiacrocr % 993).
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=L ctikctoi nkrionaim
kbpboiacrocri iig pJ vc slnkog eir `bgksiybgu bonrnk ecoirocgaitir(Ebotb, >993).
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=6
Gbg-ybgik Vboiacrocr mcg nz jimrboiz bour (Ebotb, >993).
ckio >)
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=>
ckio ckoigmcki ynponr viskbzitc nznorkcg eioc iybgik kuvvcti nrtnrnk ngti-pboicocktrboit zcooii
dstcrirocr. Eu zcooiigmcg mbony pctrbo knragmn eyk ynrnr snonronr. Nyrln suyug
sn`ontroans,ebyn vc actno iybgonrgg dimcriai diei kuoonga nongonr vnrmr(Ebotb, >993).
Na`btcrik kbpboiacrocr
Do enzik kntybgik abgbacrocrig (actnkrionaimbprbpiotriactionabgyua kobrim vcyn 5 -
(nkrionaimb) -5-actio prbpio tri actio nabgyua kobrim ) ioc do nsimik ngybgik abgbacrocrig
(sbmyua 5-nkrionaimb-5-actio prbpio so`bgnt) kbpboiacriznsybgu sbgugmn comc cmiocg ynp
nnmnki dieimir.
ckio 993).
Nyg tr eir ynp MNMANL vc zny` nsimik ngybgikoc kbpboiacri bouturmuugmn nnmnki
ynpyn ecgzcr eir `bra comc cmioir.
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=5
ckio
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= Kbgvcksiybgco kcoac vc `iotrnsybg
ac suyu rctiaigmc, kntybgik pboicocktrboit yksck yk ybugouuvc brtn abocko nroko
eir VMNMANL diei actno tuzu ycrigc eiriglio pjtontrl bonrnk kuoongoneioir. Nyrln CLJ
vc MAN pboiacrocri mc eu ioca iig ctkioi notcrgnti`ocrmir. Bptiaua nrtonr iig yk
ybugouu abocko nrogmng mnjn gcaoimir.Knrtran jz, iok yuank bouuau vc
yuank eyko nsgmng gcaoimir. Kbgvcgsiybgco ygtcaocrmc pboiacrocr snmclc
kbndongt bonrnk kuoongoanktnmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Kbaeigc eir eiocia, 4ad/O noua 6. 50 ad/O yksck yk ybugouu kntybgik pboiacr
CDJ/MAN vc 6. 6> ad/O gtr VNA `iotrc ynrmalsyon suyug euongko 5>-5: G]S
nrnsgmnmr. Kbgu zcrigc nrntran enz nrntranlonr euongkok oiaitocrigi tnrtaonrmr.
Yksck euongkok icrcg suonrmn (3-566 G]S) np kbndongt drcvi stocgaitir. Noua
tbzugug ctkioi eir `iotrnsybg vc kbndonsybg iig st oiaitig >5->3 ad/O bonrnk dzocgaitir.
CDJ/MAN pboiacrigc enkn eir rgcktc uzug zigliroi pboiacr mnjn ctkioi iocgacai eir su
ybugouugn snjiptir. % (6.=->) pboinoaigyuakobrr kuoongomgmn % 36-:6 tnsnrru`
snongr. Brdngikocr dimcriai iig vcriaoioii nrtatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vboicocktrboit ckocgacsiyoc nrtrong szac iocai igbrdngik kbndocgtoc ygctceioir. Nktnki
% 53oik eir nrt 6.< ad/O kntybgik pboiacr comc cmioir.@iotrc mgaznanggmnki% 04oik
eir nrt su knoitcsigmc dcoiia snonatr. Micr eir ngybgik pboiacr kuoonga sbgulugmn
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==
brtnyn kng ecgzcr sbguonrmng eirimc `iotrcgig mga gbktnsgn ynkg eir sbgu comc
ctaitir. Vboiacrig anoiycti igbrdngik kbndongtg nznoansyon tnanacg tcon`i cmioceioir.
Yctcrsiz dcri yknan uzug vc nr mbzmn kbndoc kiaynsno pboiacr ckocgacsi, naur
tbponrgg ebzuoansgn scecp boneioir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Jaik anmmc nyroansgmn cg ctkioi ygtca tcrs bsabzmur vc VMNMANL diei igbrdngik
kbndoc vc kntybgik pboiacrocroc ynpor.
Mcgcysco noanonrmn yksck yk ybugouuvc abocko nrogmnkikunrtcrgcr nabgyua
pboiacrocri mbno suyu pnrtikoocrigc nyrneioir. Knboigc VMNMANL ckocgmiigmc % >0 mnjn
`nzon nyran dzkr. Mbno brdngik anmmc knromgmn kk eir SP nesbrec cmioir.
Ynydg ckiomcuyduongng ygtca isc np vc pboiacr knrag eiroiktc kuoonganktr.Noua
iigmc ki bptiaua mbzn uonank iig VMNMANL kuoongor(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Kntybgik pboiacrig mbno brdngik anmmc dimcriai iig kuoongong iocaocrmc abocko nro
yksck VMNMANL euougur. Nyrln tilnri pboiacrocrmc bk ctkioi eir ckiomc euougur.
VMNMANLg ctkisi abocko nro nznomkn nznor. Eu kbuoonrmn LVNAg mnjn iyi
notg droacktcmir. kiyc kntongng mbno brdngik anmmcgig vc yk ybugouumrocg
pboiacrocrmc LVNA mnjn ctkioimir. Mk yk ybugouuvc abocko nroggnz boansgn
knrok `nrko eir ackngizan dcoitirioaitir. \u iig nrntrong sbguonrmn Noua % (:0->66)
nrnsgmn ecgzcr sbguonr vcraitir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
=.>.5 Mbrumng `iotrnsybg
Gbrano ckiomc nong kbgvcksiybgco sistca kigctik bonrnk vcriaoi boanatr. Bptiaua
ebyutn uonank iig enz znangonr yuank eyacsigc izig vcrioir. Anoiycti nznotank iig
scmiansybg nnans ybktur. Kntybgik pboicocktrbtonr actno tuzonrgn drc nvngtnhn snjiptir.
gk knt ckocgacsi boanmng mbnoontran srcligi ctkiocyceioir. gbrdngik kbndocgti
yuankontrank mnjn `nzon ycr knponr. Jzoln enskuyduongans ycrig nznoansgn ybo nnr.
Vboiacrocr `iotrc bongonr jnri yuankongan nvngtnh snonr. Dcri yknan eodcsigmcki ntk
aiktnr nznor. Vboiacr abocko nrogmn ngn mcikcg bonrnk dstcriocaczocr. Ckocgcg
knrag ybugouu vc znang ctkiocycg pnrnactrcocri yuank `brantgg pnrtiko ebyutu
`iotrcocacmcg glc ecoirocgir. Ccr mbrumng yuank `iotrnsybg kuoongosnym kntybgik
pboiacroc eiroiktc eyk aiktnrmn jaik anmmc icrclckti eu mn juaik anmmcgig dimcriai
iig ck ioca ynpoans dcrcktirir eugug iig ckbgbaik mciomir. gk actno iybgonr
aakg bomuu knmnr nz aiktnrmn kuoongoanomr. VMNMANLonr mbnoontran srcligmc
mnjn `nzon kuoongor(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
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=3
>->6 ad/O sn` su nodocri ioc kntybgik pboiacrocr kbndoc cmioceioir. yi jlrcgig knomroans
aakgkcg kntybgik pboiacrocrig dcrcktiigmcg `nzon isc mbrumng `iotrcocac iocai ioc
mcgdcocac snongr. Yksck yk ybugoukou pboiacr tcrlij cmioir. Eu nanon igbrdngik
kbndocgtocr kuoongorsn jlrc acaerng vc eioccgocri rnjntsz cmcrck rgg kbkusugug vc
tnmgg mciacsigc scecp bour. Anvi-ycio nodocr tbksig rctir, eugonr snon znrnromr. Nkti`
knrebg ygtcaiyoc nmsbrpsiybg vcyn bksimnsybg kuoongonrnk dimcrioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry,
5664).
=.>.6dr/O noua kuoongorsn % 93oik nznoan dzocgir. Eugugon ecrnecr snmclc
nouaon yksck aiktnrmn mbno brdngik anmmc dimcrioir. Nr aiktnrmn pboiacr kiroioiig
ycgimcg mispcrsiybg boansgn scecp bour. Kbndoc bong kntonr eirnz gcdnti` ykocgir eumn
eyk yuankonr bouturur(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vrbscs dcoiai kbndoc sistcaocrmc brdngik dimcriai ioc bptiaiaizc cmioir. Yngi rctiamcki
znrnroanmmcocr mczcg`cksiybgon cg nzn cmioir. Eurnmn nso nan pnrnlkonrgaakg bong
cg yksck omc pntbhcgik brdngizanonrmng uznkontranktr. Eu ioca iig tbpnkontrl
pboiacr, cg uydug pboiacr, bptiaua kbgsngtrnsybg brng vc bptiaua prbscs nrtonrg
dcrcktirir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
@iotrc Dcri Yknan \uonrgg Mga=.0 knt mnjn `nzon Dnrminyn rnstongatr. gdiotcrcmc > tngk dcri yknan
suyugmn >A/>66O vc kcotac tngkgmng >66,666Lcoo/>66O Lryptbspbrimiua ebnotom
knymcmiomi. \bg noanonrmn dcri yknan suonrgmn prbtbznbn scviycsi sn` suyn drc 5> knt
Lryptbspbrimiua vc >0 knt Dnrmin `nzon icracktcmir. Mbno brdngik anmmc vc micr
kiroioikocr iig ecgzcr cioiaocrdzocgaitir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Ynpong G]S brihigno dcri yknan suyu
kuoongomgmn isc 36 G]S boautur. Kiaynsno dcrcksigiaocrig mk bomuu eiriglio
kbndoc boanyng vc mk mbzmn pboiacr kntomgmn (6. >-6. 3 ad/O) yuankontran iig
uydug eir notcrgnti`mir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Etg tcstocrmc pboiacr ckocacgig ctkiocyili eir ckiomc yng nka scmiangtnsybgu bouturur.
Vboiacr ckocack ynkonk bonrnk euongko % 36 nznotatr vc eugu 6.>ad/O pboiacr
kntnrnk ebzneioiriz. Eir mizi ioca iig scranyc anoiyctocri ecoirocgaitir. \cmiansybg +
pboiacr >.666 S\ mbonr A/bony nglnk jna su kbgsngtrnsybgugmn cg nz bbsit
scviycsigc mgack iig zga jnvn `obtnybgu + pboiacr dcrckoimir. Eumn >0=.666->9=.
666 O/\ mbonr A/bony scranyc dcrcktirir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Nrtan srcli dcri mga su zcrigmc ctkisi boneioir. Actno tuz vcyn brdngik pboiacr
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citoioiigmc jcrjngdi eir kbndocgti ckocgacmcg glcki pboiacr knogts ad/O droclcktir.
Euongk sumn eir tbprnk ynpyn rnstongr. Eu sbg yuang ynpsgn ctki cmceioir (Ebotb vc
Drcdbry, 5664).
naur Ybugontran=.=
naur zcooikocri kuoongong kntk anmmcocrigig zcooikocrigcbk enomr. zcooikoc igbrdngik
kbndoc aiktnrgn enomr. Dcoiacktc bong tckgbobhi ioc eiroiktc naur jnlaigmc nznoan
snongneioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Kbgsngtrnsybg naur tnan anoiyctigi nznotank iig dccroimir. Eu uyduonan micr su nrtan
nongonrgmng mnjn `nzon pboicocktrbt tkctir. \tntik ycroctiracmc docgmirioai tbpnkonr mnjn
`nzon ycr knponr. Nan srckoi knogontrlonr krk boanyng sktroa boneioir. Eugonr mnjn
knog antcrynoocrmir. \ngtri`hocac vc `iotrcocac srnsgmn pboiacrocrig su noan zcooikocri
iyioctirioceioir. ]ipik eir sntri`hmc kuru knt tbg engn > . 3-< tbg kuoongor. Eu yksckknyan
kuvvctocri srnsgmn sngtri`h pboiacrocrmcg ynrnrongr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
naurug nznotoans iig dcgcooikoc brtn vcyn mk yk ybugouu vc yksck abocko
nro kntybgik vcyn ngybgik VNAonr naur kkcgigc vcyn ykgc drc cg iyi sbgulu
vcrir. Eu tcmnvimc eitki nauronr yksck mbzmn noua vcyn kntybgik pboiacr icracktcmir. Eu
naur pnrnonr dcgcomc pbziti` ykomr. Eu yzmcg ngybgik pboiacr uydug boansgn
rnacg gtr pboiacr kuoongor. rgcig VNA diei. ]ipik eir nrok `iotrcmc dgmc 53kd/a
noua euougur vc notn % >. 3-5 kuoongoana pboiacr vc %
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ycrigc tcrlij cmioir. Ycgimcg tbpnkongan sneit eir tbpnk rctiaigmc ycr noneioir. nprnz eno
pboiacroc su dimcrac iocaigmc sngtri`h ioc bk ennromr. Anoiycti nznotrkcg yksck knt
tbpn kuoongor. Micr uyduonan su dimcrac sngtri`h vc yksck kcsac tnei nauronrg
scmiangtnsybgumur. Micr nvngtnh yksck mbzonr naurug ycgimcg stneioc boansgn scecp
boanz. \ngtri`hmc yksck knt vc tcaiz acrkczocr comc cmioir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
izcodc =.=> \u nrta nongonrgmn naur kbgsngtrnsybgonr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664)
yioctirac actbmuKbgsngtrnsybgmnki knt
aiktnr (%)
kbgsngtrnsybg mgmnki knt
aiktnr (%)
]ck sc`crmc nogng
kcoti6.6-5->4
\zac prcsiyoc>->6 56-53
VBOCOCK]UBO] KSOONGIAIGMN MKKN] CMOCLCK KBGSONU3.
\u nrtank iig pboicocktrboit kuoonga srnsgmn mikknt cmioacsi dcrckcg bk snymn kbgu
vnrmr. Vboiacri mcpbonan, ecsocac vc knrtran diei nanonr iig ckipangonr tnsnrongrkcg
pboiacrig `iziksco knrnktcristii mc mikkntc noganomr. Knt pboiacr boans muruaugmnknran pboiacrig sontan ksagmn yksck cgcrhiyoc enonangg eyk gcai vnrmr.
zcooikoc yksck abocko nrogn snjip pboiacrocr, rcnksiybg ctnegmn yksck brngo
pboiacr mnoa iig `nknt eu omc eir kuvvct pboiacr krgagn gcmcg boanz. Eurnmn
mgocg pboiacrig sciaiyoc kbgtrbo vc mbznhg drgtocgacsimir. Anoiyctigmcg ziynmc,
cvrcsco ctkiocri vc su ynnagn znrnronr pboicocktrbtonron nonkno ngn kbguonrmr. Eu murua
pboiacrig tbksig oidiyoc nonkno, jcmc` sumnki pboiacr nrtkonrgg ngnoizigmc, su nrta
iocaigmcg knong nrtkonrmn vc pboiacr ebzuoansyon nonkno nrntranonr nrttratr. u ng,nrtk pboiacr vc mczcg`cktngonrmng MEV rctiai zcrigc ybugonoatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry,
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5664).
Vboiacr \ciai3.>
Abocko nro, ntnoongan, pboiacr ynps, mbz, knra kbuoonr, kntg tipi vc aiktnr,
brdngik anmmcocr diei zcooikocrig knrk knroko ioikiocri vnrmr. Kntybgik pboiacrocrmc
nprnz ygocgac vc abocko nro, caac brngg ctkiocrkcg, nrh gtrnoiznsybg
ackngizans stg dcomiigmc nprnz ygocgac bptiaua mbznhg snptngansgmn kntkonr
tnrn`gmng caiocg pbziti` ykocr mikkntc nogankszg gca knzngr. Yksck abocko
nrokonr, rcnksiybgonr kproac ackngizansyon bourkcg gcaoimir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry,
5664).
Vboiacrig trg vc aiktnrg sccrkcg cg iyi ybo hnr tcstimir. Nyg ygtca noaigyua vc
mcair tuzonr diei igbrdngik kcotiliocr iig mc kuoongor. ac suyu iig, eiriglio kcotili
bonrnk kuoongong pboiacr mbznh >->6 ad/O mir, `nknt 6,>-6,5 ad/O kcoac ynrmal bonrnk
pboiacr kuoongoneioir. st sgr, snok oiaitocriyoc vcyn anoiyct bonrnk ecoirocgceioir. Ccr
pboiacr aiktnr bptiauaug notgmnysn, uzug znango naur tbpu bouuau, dcri yknan
csgnsgmn yctcrsiz pnrn nyrans diei kbguonr mikkntc noganomr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Drgtocac \istcaocri3.5
Dcrckcgig notgmn vcyn stgmc mbznhonangg gcaoi znrnro ctkiocri boneioir. Nz mbznhonan,
sbg scviycmcki sumn yksck euongkok vc rcgk scviycsigc gcmcg bour, `nzon mbznhonan,
kntkonrg tckrnr mnoagg vc pboiacrig nrtan gitcsigmcg `iotrc gitcsigc tngansgn
gcmcg boneioir. @iotrcmc knra mbonysyon dcri yknan `rckngsgmn nrt boanktn, eu mn mk
su comc si dctiracktcmir. @nzon mbznhmng knan, boung suou naur `braugu nznotr. \bgu
bonrnk ntk nong anoiyctigi nznotr. Eurnmng, su nrtan iocai srnsgmnpboiacr ecsocacsigig
drgtocgacsigc eyk gca vcrioacoimir (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vboiacr kuoongag kbgtrbo ctacmcki cg ennro ygtca (yk ybugouu) nkgt
mctcktrmr. Knrt iybgonrg kcsac mzocai zcrigmc mctcktr iigmc jnrckcti nkgt immctigi
nrttrr ybgonr tnyng nkkng jnrckcti, knpno eir sioigmir iigmcki rgck nkkngon tcans
jnoigmcki pistbgu dcri notrr. Yk ybugouugmnki kt zctn pbtngsiycoi vcyn knt
pnrnlkonrg cocktrb`brctik jnrckctoioiiyoc nonknomr. Eu gcmcgoc mirck bonrnk suyug iigmcki
pnrnlk yzcyigmcki gcdnti` nrh nznoansg tnkip cmcrck, nrhg gtrnoizc bomuu bptiaua
mbznh scioacoimir. ac suyu rctiai iig btbantik kbgtrbo pboiacrig eiriglio kcotili bomuu
znang ennro bour. Eu tckgik nyrln suou naur kbuonrgmn mn ennryon uyduonganktn,bptiaua suou naur kcoacsi gtr nk kbuoonrgmn comc cmioacktcmir. zcooikoc knt
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eirikigtiocrc aigcrno cgmstrisigmc rcbobhik zcooikocri mc sracktcmir. Eu diei naurou suonr
tckrnr suonank knymn mccr iodi knzngatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Eir micr uaut vcrili actbt, ybugouk mnodnongansg, sspngsiybg nkgmnki k
dcirdcgoiiyoc oac tcacoigc mnyngr. Enz muruaonrmn, tbpnk ebyutu zcrigc kngtitnti` eiodi
trctioceioir, `nknt tckgiig ngn kuoonga nong, tbpongan muruaugug jnssns
drgtocgacsimir. @iecr bptik eir tbpnkongan scgsr mc tnsnrongneioir vc onzcr k mnoa
actbmuyon, tbpnkonyl dcrcksigiaigi bptiaua jnoc dctiracsigi tnkiecg tbpnk ebyutu mnoa
snvuguoautur(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Eir nrh titrnsybg gitcsi, gcdnti` iybg tnyng jna su ioc kntybgik pboiacrig btbantik bonrnk
titrc cmioacsi iig tnsnrongatr. gitc anguco titrnsybgn drc, dcrckcg kcotili mbznhg mnjn
jzo vc kcsig bonrnk snptnan yctcgcigc snjiptir. Mbznh btbantik bonrnk snptngr vc jnttng
mbznh pbapnsgn ioctioir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vboiacr ]bksisitcsi3. ad/O
VNA nrh tipigc enkoankszg, VNA iig. VMNMANL g rg sumnki anksiaua tnan
brng 36 d/O mir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vboiacrocrig suou brtnaonrmnki zcjiroioiigi snptnank iig, pboiacrik boanyng kntkonrn `nrko
pnrnactrcocri vnrmr. \cgtctik pboiacrocr brdngizanonr tnrn`gmng jnzr bonrnk caioac
cioiaigmc mciomirocr vc tbksigoikocri ngnjtnr suluo kbapbgcgtocroc dcrcktcg mcitirioceioir.
Kntybgik trocri enokonrn znrnromr. \bougdnonrg eobkc cmcrck ebuoanonrgn scecp bouronr.
Eu murua gbrano bonrnk sumn vc scmiacgtocrmc citoi `braonrmn bong kio diei kntonrg
ntoansyon eyk omc nznor. Eugonr kntybgik pboicocktrboitocri do eir ckiomc caceioir.
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Jaik nsitocrmc tbksisitcyc jaik nsit scviycsigc drc ad/O scviycsigmc ctki cmcrocr (Ebotb
vc Drcdbry, 5664).
citoi abocko nro vc nprnz ygocgacmcki LVNA onrmn su pircsi vc dboyng enoyon
ynpong tbksisitc noansgmn drocg, ziglir uzugouugmng enasz bonrnk nprnz
ygocgacsi yksck pboiacr mc tbksigoik cg ykscktir. Mk nprnz mnoongan vc yksck
abocko nrokogn snjip pboiacr su pircsigmc mnjn zcjiroimir `nknt dcrck tbksig scviycsi 6 .
5 ad/O ecgzcr `igno rg sumnki kbgsngtrnsybgug stgmcmir. Dboyng enokonr iig tbksig
scviycsi >6 knt `nzonmr. NVNA onr iig cg zcjiroiocr mnjn uzug ziglirc snjip bongonrmr `nknt
kntybgik vcrsiybgonrgn drc >66 knt mnjn nz znrnromronr. Kntybgik pboiacrocr anyn
jlrcocrigi 46 ad/O mbzugmn scrt eir eiiamc pnrnonanktnykcg, ngybgik vcyn iybgik
boanyngonr ynpananktnmronr. Vboikntybgug jimrb`beisi nrttkn pnrnonan mn eyacktcmir.
Vboiacrocrig tnzc su brdngizanonrgn tbksig oidigig zcti dstcracktcmir ki, enokonr kntybgik
pboiacrocrc knr bk jnssnstr `nknt nodocr, actno kntybgonrg ecsigocrc kcgctocgacsigmcg
pboiacrocrc knr jnssnstr. Eu ctki Ln++ iybgu ckocgcrck mcgkoctirioceioir. Jaik anmmcocr
vc kioocr ecoirdig ckiomceiyb citoioii eurnmng nznotneioir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Nrtk Vboiacr3.=
Nrtan iocaigmc kuoongong pboiacrocrig vc brihigno pboiacrig iigmc euougng kntkonrg st
oiaitocrigi eioack, rctiocg sumnki vc dcri mga ynpong yknan suyugmnki kntkonrg
aiktnrg rcgack iig gcaoimir. Vrbeoca uzug yoonr glc droatr. Vboiacr vc
abgbacr jnoigmcki iglc tnenkn krbantbdrn`iyi kuoongrkcg, micr pisoikocr rg suyugmn
drom dgg LVNAgmn droatr. Mk kiaynsno enaook vc yksck abocko
nrogmnki NVNA ngnoizigmc eykokocrigc drc cocycrck krbantbdrn`i vc `on prboizoc
pnrnonan vc mcvnagmn dnz krbantbdrn`isi vc ktoc spcktruaonr nooatr.
Eykokocrigc drc cocac krbantbdrn`isi nyrln noua naurug iigmcki iybgik boanyng nrtk
VNAonrmn mn kuoongoatr. Kiaynsno rgocroc nrtan iocai drcg sumn ynengl anmmc
snys nkrionaim, sbmyua nkriont vc nyrln jimrbksi prbpiybgitrio vc enontlmng isbetiogitrio
knogtonr mk scviycocrmcymi. Muynrook >6-56 d/O nrnsgmnym(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
\bgrnsgmnki knogt pboiacrocrc citoi ynkonaonr nooatr. Eugu bgnyonank iig, Etg
pboiacrocrig glcmcg kuoongong sumnki pnrtikoocrc eno knoans, pboiacr nrtkonrgg ngnoizi
iig gcaoimir. Eu ioca pboicocktrbtn zt nrhmnki kbobit titrnsybguyon ynponeioir. Ebynonr vc
`obrcsng eiocikocr igmikntrocr kuoongoneioir. Actbt 63-> ad/O mk scviycsigmc zcooikoc
muynro mciomir. Eu tcanmnki eir vnrynsybg, pboiacri kcotack iig tngik nsit
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kuoongomgmn, kntybgik tbpnkonylonrmn euongkok tnkip ctacktir. Ecgzcr eir actbt,
pboiacrc rcnksiybg csgnsgmn ynrmal bong stngmnrt b,bmijimrbksiynz zcotisigig, ckocgacsi
sbgrns 0:6 ga k caioiaigi oacktir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Actbtonrg tckrnrongansgmn, LVNAg snptngans uydugmur. @obrcsng spcktrbkbpi cg
dvcgioir ngnoitik actbt bonrnk scioaitir. Mnjn iocri actbt dcoitiracocri istcgiocg 36 d/O
snptnan sgrg dcacyi ennrank iig dcrckoimir. Drocg b ki pboiacr rctiliocri mnjn
uydug ygtcaocr dcoitirack iig mnjn `nzon nen jnrlnanomronr. Nyrln ebyutn drc nyra
krbantbdrn`isi mc mgoacoimir. @nknt murdug `nzmnki pboiacr nmsbresiybgu ecoirsizoikocr
dctiracktcmir. Micr eir ynkona bk glcocri dcoitiriocg stngmnrt kio tcstigi enz noanktnmr,
eurnmn pboiacrig knoiernsybg crisi vc euongkok, sspngsiybgmng rgck tcst cmiomii znang
knogt pboiacr icriigi oack iig kuoongoneioir. @nknt muynrook bk yksck mciomir. Vctrbo
cgmstrisigmc kuoongong VNAonrg snptngansgmn kuoongong >4 drup actbt ynygongatr.
Vboiacrocr iig cg mk nodonan sgr \CL vc `obrcsng spcktrbactrisigmc nyr nyr >6 vc 56
d/O nyr nyrmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
iocr, >=L zco scgtczocgcg pboiacrocroc tbpnkongan kursonrg tnkip cmiybronr. Eu
noanonrmng zoacai brdngik anmmcocrig euongkok ynpng anmmcocrmcg mnjn glc
pboiacrocr rcnksiybg vcrmii droatr, vc VNAg eu jimrboitikebzugans gbrano ioctia
kbuoonrgmn dz nrm cmioir. Vnrtikocr nrtan prbscsigmc kuoongong pboiacrocrig sbg jcmc`i
knt pnrnlkonr boan yggmc dstcrioaitir. @obrcsngon inrctocgai LVNA, kboig icrcrck
VNA zcrigmc Jb``ang rcnksiybgumur (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Mnjn dglco VMNMANLonr % >-5 naig `bgksiybgco abgbacrocrmcg ynpoatr. Eu
kbpboiacrocr `obrbpbron rcnksiybgn dirai mbonysyon `obrcsng inrctocac pboiacr ynpsgmn
bouautur. Nrtk VMNMANL `obrbactrik bonrnk >66 d/Ogig notgmnki kbgsngtrnsybgonrmn
snptngneioir. ooceioir scviycocrmcki knogt pboiacr jcr znang nrtoa sumn euougurmu,
zcooikoc mc bptiaua stgmc yn mn notgmn mbzonrmn.euongkok ynpng pnrnlkonr vcyn noua
kacocri eu scviycocri igmirirmi (Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vboiacr Ebzugans3.3
LVNAonrmn cstcr enonrgg jimrboizi pJ vc yk ybugouuenaook bonrnk eioigir, mnjn
glc enjscmiomii zcrc, pJ nrttromgmn mnjn mn kbonymr. ]riactionaig bouuaugmn, eu
pboiacrocr naurou su nrtansgmn kuoongomgmn noknoig kbuoonr diei eiybebzugur
dcrcktirmii mc droatr. Nait druponr dcgcomc mnjn `nzon mcgdcoimir. Mczcg`cktc ctac
kbuoonr notgmn pboiacr bksimnti` ebzugan nnmn tnrtoatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
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395 d/O knr >5 d/O eu murua
CLJ/MAN mng rctiocg eir bk kobr icrcg eirbk eiociig snptnganmg dstcrir(Ebotb vc
Drcdbry, 5664).
ybgik boanyng vc ngybgik tiptcki micr VNA'onrg mnjn nz prbeoca knrmyon gcasiz
scviycocrmc MEV bouuau mbno brdngik anmmcug rcttii eykokoc knrontroatr. Eu
pboiacrocr u ngmn rctiocg abgbacrocrc mcgk kntkmn euougautur. Nkrionaim abgbacri bk
do eir glsmr. \k mzcgocyili kbgtrbo, abgbacr vc mbonysyon kiroioik icrii
nynronganomr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Limmi eir knyd G-gitrbsmiactionaim (GMAN) bouuau rnpbrongatr. Enongdtn
VMNMANL vc kobr kuoongong nrtoa sumn snptngatr.GMAN, ]JAmcg >666 kcz mnjn
`nzon pbtngsiycoi bomuu eioigcg eir jnyvng kngscrbhcgmir. Nyrgto bonrnk kci` mcgcyocrmc,
ynznronr, >6 gd / O tcspit oiaiti rcnkti`ocr, gbrano bonrnk iac suyu nrtanmn kuoongong
kbgsngtrnsybgonrmn acvlut bomuu znang acymngn dcoacmiigi dstcraiocrmir. Kbgu
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tckrnrongatr. ]cstocrmc dcgi ackngistik noanonr ioc `iotrnsybg ensnankonr boanatr
dstcraitir ki, eir miactionaigb yn mn -G (LJ vc 59. : gd/O
GMAN snptngatr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
VMNMANL tcstigmc `nrko mbzonrmnki kobrnaig GMAN rctiaigc limmi eir ctki ynpanatr.
@nknt ecgzcr mbznh nrtonrgmn nrtng dctiri CVI/MAN pboiacrocrigmc snptngatr. Vboiacrig
vcria nrtyon pboiacrig stbk zag nrttratr. Gman rctiai nsimik pJ scviycocrigmc cg
yksck scviycmcmir. Eu yzmcg nrtoa su aakg bomuugln gtr pJ scviycsigmc
tutuoanomr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Bzbgug pboiacrocroc yksck mbznhmn ctkiociai bk ykl boansgn rnacg, tcaco bonrnk
`branomcjit rctir. \u nrtag knronynlnk scviycmc, pboiacr scviycsi >6 ad/O ikcg,
VMNMANL scviycsi
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Vboiacr vc pcrangdngnt nrnsgmnki rcnksiybg MEV bouuaugn kntk snonyneioir. Eurnmn
Jnobnsctik nsit (JNNs) vc Jnobnsctbgitrioocrig tck engn kobron rcnksiybgu, ]JA
bouuaugmng mnjn gcaoimir. Ecgzcr sbguonr pcrangdngnt acvlutkcg mc drgceioir.
Ynydg bonrnk kuoongong pboiacrocrig mnjn dcgi eir nrnok zcrigmc ynpong tcstocrc ijtiyn
vnrmr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Dgc gn anruz knoan limmi ctkiocrc sceceiyct vcrceioir. Vboiacrocrig kobr vc
pcrangdngnton nyr nyr vcyn ikisiyoc eiroiktc rcnksiybgn diracsi vc dgc yon
gonganans vcyn dgc gn anruz knoans eir snnt vcyn 53= ga 6
ad/O kobr vc knrngoktn 4 dgmcg sbgrn ooatr. Vcrangdngnt vc kobrig oc dgc gg
kbaeignsybgu, tbpona ]JA vc JNN bouua pbtngsiycoocrigmc NVNA iig nrtn gcmcg
boautur. VNA g tck eir bksimngtn anruz knoans vcyn bksimngon, dgc gn anruz
knoans MEV bouua pbtngsiycoigi nrttratr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
izcodc 3.0> citoi mczcg`cksiybg prbscmrocrigignrmgmng pcr`brangs pnrnactrcocri(Ebotbvc Drcdbry, 5664)
Ckstrn
nrtan
Bptiaua pboiacr mbzu
(ad/O)
Bptiaua mccrmc
euongkok
>66 aO szoac
znang (mk)
Ybk 6.6= 6.>0 046
Lo5 6.6= 6.55 =96
KAgB= 6.6= 6.6 6.0= =66
Kuoongong Vboicocktrbtonrg Anoiycti3.4
]cksnstnki euongk suonrg nrtoans iig kuoongnlnk bong `iotrcocrig ykocrigi nznotank iig
5< `nrko brdngik pboiacrocr zcrigc, pcr`brangs vc ckbgbaik nano eir mccrocgmirac
ynpoatr. Nrtng euongkok `iotrcgig noan srcsi nrtronrnk brtnmng knomroneioir. @iotrc
dcri yknan tnsnrru` muruaugug pboiacr anoiyctigig mnjn iyi bomuu nrngatr. @iotrc
noan srcsigig 3.= snnt nrtans, dcri yknan iig dcrckoi su jnlaigig % >: nznoansgn cit
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bour. Eumn S\$6. >5/KO tnsnrru` snonr. Vboiacrocrig anoiycti vc pcr`brangsgn eno bonrnk
6.= ad/O mbznhmn kuoongoans S\$ 6. 64-6. 69$/KO nrnsgmn eir tnsnrru` snonm
droatr. Eu iki c`ckti` pboiacr b knmnrmn uluz mciomir. \rnonanmn 0. vc 4. srnmn ycr
noronr(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Dgcy N`riknmn ynpong eir nrntran nouamng pboiacrik kbndongtn mgamc eiria
engn anoiyctig < yook pcriybttn jcr eiria iig cg`onsybg brngg ynkonk % >6 boansgn
rnacg, % 9 S\$/KO noua vc
sbmyua jimrbksit anoiycti :9-96mn isc 6. >3 S\$/KO brng vnrmr. Jcr eiria noua iig
pboiacr mbzugug d anoiyctigmc ynkonk % >6-56 nrnsgmn eir nznoan dzocaocgaitir.
Eugug gcmcgi mnjn kk mbzonrmn dcrckcg dl nznotnrnk snongybr. Brdngik pboiacr eir
micr nvngtnhmn enka anoiyctocrigi nznotans vc igbrdngiktcg mnjn nz ntnk boansmr(Ebotb
vc Drcdbry, 5664).
VBOACU KSOONGANGIG NPNG]NH PC MCXNPNG]NHONUI0.
Vboiacr kuoongagg tcacomc ikinvngtnh dctirmii syocgceioir; knt pnrtiko nyragmn yksck
jz vc mnjn eyk `obk bouturan vc naurug kbyuontroans (sv `nz ckioacsi)
prbscsocrigmc jnlia nznoans dzocaocgir(Ebotb vc Drcdbry, 5664).
Vboicocktrboitocrig enoln nvngtnhonr
Knt-sv nyran jz nrttror.
gbrdngik rc nhngonrgmbzugug ynogzln % >6 u nroktn kuoongoans
Mnjn kk jnliamc eir naur
Dcgi eir `iotrc comc cmioceioir
Eyk nptn su nrtagmn kuoongor boans
pJ mccrocrigc mnjn nz eno knoans
@nrko vc bk snymn kiaynsnog iocvigi dracsi
zga tuz vnrogg sbg rgmc nz boans
Eu ynrnro zcooikocrigc knrg enz mcznvngtnhonr mn ecrnecrigmc dctirir.
Anoiyctoimir
Kngscrbhcg vc ntk knong abgbacrocr zcjirocyili ctkiocr tnr
\uyug icrmii pnrtiko ligsigc zd pboiacr kuoongank dcrckceioir
Mcpbongmgmn eiybebzuganyn anruz knoneioir.
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ACAEUNG VUB\C\OCUGG CPUC KUOOGG NXNO]IOAN\IGMN4.
KSOONGIAI
Acaerng nyran vc sn`ontran iocaocri iig kuoongong, iki `nzo eir sistcamc `nz nyrasnonyng nrn `nzmr. Dcgco bonrnk abocko eykogc drc nyran iocai ynpnr, nyg
znangmn yko pnrnlkonrg dciigi mc mzcgocr vc eu ckiomc eir cocktrik pbtngsiycoi
bouans snongr. Jcrjngdi eir `nzg dcii iig itili eir d dcrckoimir, kiaynsno pbtngsiyco
vcyn cocktrik pbtngsiycoi mciiaiyoc eu dci snongneioir. Kiaynsno pbtngsiyco mciiai;
ensg vcyn kbgsngtrnsybg mciiaiyoc dcrckoctirioceioir. Acaerngon nyran iocaocrigig
tcaco prcgsiei acaerng yzcyigc tngng vc `nrko eykoktc eiocikocr icrcg zcoti
eioccgocrigig acaerngmng dciriocrck nyroansmr. Eu ckiomc ecsocac nka acaerngmngdccrck szocg `iotrnt zcotisi vc acaerngmng dccacycrck knong mcriik zcoti (rctngt)
bonrnk ikiyc nyror. Konsik `iotrnsybgmn ecsocac zcotisigig nk yg acaerng yzcyigc
miktir. zcotigig eu ckiomc acaerngn dgmcrioacsi sbgulugmn, eir src sbgrn acaerngmng
dccacycg pnrtikoocrig yzcymc eirikacsi ioc boung kck tnenkns `iotrnsybg jzgg
macsigc gcmcg bour. nprnz nk `iotrnsybgugmn isc zcoti, acaerng yzcyigc pnrnoco
dgmcriocrck pnrtikoocrig yzcymc eirikiai vc kck tnenkns bouuau cg nz scviycyc igmirioir
vc nprnz nkg ctkisiyoc, acaerngmng dccacycg pnrtikoocr acaerng yzcyigmcg
uznkontror. (Kiti vc Yiit, 5669)
ckio 4.> Nk ygocrigc drc `iotrnsybg iocaocri (cocei, 56>
Yksck pbrbzitc Csgckoik, kiaynsnoonrn mircg
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\k pbr mnoa
Mk anoiyct
\neit jimrb`ioik knrnktcr
Dcgi pJ nrnogmn kuoongoneioacsi
Enoln uyduonan nongonr8
\u vc ntk sunrta
tuzou suonrmng tuz dimcriai snongnrnk iac suyu comcsi
\uyug kiroctiliocrmcg nrgmroans
Cgmstriyco prbscs suyu comcsi
Acaerngonrg \g`ongmroans4.5
Acaerngonr uyduongng itili dlc drc sg`ongmroanyn tnei tutuoauonrmr. Eugn drc ensguyduongnrnk vc cocktrik nka - tnjrik ackngizansyon snongr.
4.5.> Ensg uyduonansyon acaerng iocaocr
4.5.>.> Aikrb`iotrnsybg
Vbr eyko microcrigc drc eyk bong, uznkontrong pnrtiko ebyutu 6,> -> aikrbg
nrnsgmn mcicg acaerngonrmr. Syduongng ensg 6,4 enrmr.
4.5.>.5 Sotrn`iotrnsybg
>6->666 NB ebyutugmn nyra snonyng acaerngonrmr. zga tuzonr vc kk
abockoocr acaerngmng dccr. Kboobim, prbtcig, aikrb kiroctiliocr eyk ankrb abockoocr
uznkontroa bour. Syduongng ensg. >-4 enrmr.
4.5.>. ga ebyutugmnki pnrtikoocr uznkontrr. Abocko nro 566-=66mcg eyk
brdngik abockoocri, zga tuzonrg % 56-9: nrnsgmn uznkontrng mnjn scili eir
iocamir. Yzcy suonrgmn rcgk dimcrac, kuyu suyugmng scrtoik vc rnmyua dimcrioacsi, nyrln
ntk su uyduonanonrgmn brdngik anmmcocrig igbrdngik anmmcocrmcg nyroansgmn ynrnrongor.
Syduongng ensg 0 enr nrnsgmnmr.
4.5.>.= ]crs bsabz
Cg yksck acrtcecmcg szac iocai eurnmn dcrckocir. ]a zga tuzonrn vc abocko
nro >66 mcg `nzon bong pnrtikoocrc enriycr bonrnk mnvrngr, su abockoocri rnjntokondccrck rg ksag bouturur. bk yksck brngmn (% 93-99) nrns zga tuz nrta
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snonynrnk, suyug sn`ontroans dcrckoctirioir. >=-09 enr nrnsgmn ensg uyduonans
ynpor. Cvsco vc cgmstriyco suyug sn`ontroans, mcgiz suyugmng iac suyu comcsi diei
iocaocrmc ynrnrongor(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).
4.5.5
Cocktrik pbtngsiycoi uyduongnrnk uyduongng acaerng prbscsocriEurnmn kuoongong acaerng suyu dciracycg nglnk zga iybgonrg nyrag snonyng
acaerng kuoongor. Ngybgonr dcircg acaerng vc kntybgonr dcircg acaerng nrnsgmn
knong rg cocktrik pbtngsiycoi uyduongnrnk kutuponans snongr eu ckiomc ecsocac suyu
scyrcotioai vc su tuzmng nrgmroa bour(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).
ckio 4.5 \zocg anmmc, dzcgck np vc acaerng prbscsocri nrnsgmnki ioiki
Acaerng Ynpagmn Kuoongong Antcrynoocr4.
\cgtctik pboiacrik acaerngonr jimrb`ioik vc jimrb`beik boansgn drc iki sg`tn iglcocgir.,
jimrb`ioik acaerngonr rgcig scoobz vc trcvocri, A@ vc S@ acaerng rctiaigmc ynydg
kuoongoronr. Eugn knrg scoobz nsctnt ; nsit, noknoig, slnkok vc eiybobhik mcdrcmnsybgn knr
muynromr. Vboiso`bg vc pboictcrso`bg (VC\) jimrb`ioiktir, tcrs bsabz kbapbzit acaerngonr
mcstckocack nanlyon kuoongoronr. Jimrb`beik acaerngonr rgcig, V]@C, VPM@, VC,
izbtnktik VV ve, dcgcooikoc A@ acaerngonrmn jimrb`ioikocroc knrtronrnkcmiocrck, acaerng
kirocgacsigi nznotank nanlyon kuoongoronr(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).
izcodc 4.-]p ckoigmcki (tueuonr) abmoocr
5-Jboobw `iecr abmoocr
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ckio 4.< ]ipik AEU prbscsi
]ipik eir AEU prbscsi ckiomc dstcriomii dieimir. Eugn drc iok glc zdnrnyn dcocg su
eyk npo antcrynoocrig (ecz, knt, ponstik vs) tutuomuu ycrmir. \u bk nskmn knoapnrtiko icriybrsn g kcotia nnans uyduongr, nyct yoc mciosc bpsiybgco bonrnk ngbksik
eoamc mcgitri`iknsybg uyduongneioir. Yigc bpsiybgco bonrnk `bs`br dimcriai istcgiybrsn
tngkg diri eoagc ngncrbeik eoa ckocgceioir. Eurnmn actno ckocgacsi `obkuonsybg
kbndonsybg iigmir vc b mn istcc eno bonrnk dcrckoctirioir. ]a eu zcooikocri icracsi gc
knmnr csgck eir prbscs bomuugu dstcracktcmir. Comc cmiocg naur prbscs cmioceiomii diei,
tnra uyduonanonrgmn mn kuoongoneioir(Kiti vc Yiit, 5669).
ckio 4.= Kbgvngsiybgco sistcaocaer sistcaigig cantik knrontroans(Ailjnco Oykb, 56>5)
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05Q . Jnvn eiociai
nnmnki izcodcmcdstcrioaitir.
izcodc 4.0< Jnvn eiociai [>
Bksihcg B5 % 56. 9
Nrdbg Nr % 6. 9
Knrebg mibksit LB5 % 6. 6
Jimrbhcg J5 % 6. 66663
Kscgbg Zc % 6. 666669
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Eu dnzonr icrisigmc cg knrnrsz bongonr su eujnr vc knrebgmibksittir. Caisybg, ntabs`crc
kiroctili anmmcocrig vcrioacsimir. Eu kiroctiliocr jnvngg mbno ynpsg ebznrnk lngo
ynnagn znrnr vcracktcmir. Sona nrnonrgg cvrcyc vcrmii dnzonr, cgmstriyco vc cvsco
ntkonrg mbnyn ernkoans, tnrasno ntkonr vc zcooikoc `bsio knygnko cgcrhi sngtrnoocrigig
ntkonr eu kiroctiliocrig knygng bouturanktnmr.
zcooikoc nsit dnzonr (\B5, GBx), uulu brdngik eiocikocr, zcooikoc jnobhcgoi jimrbknrebgonr
vc nrbantik eiocikocr ntabs`crc snogmgmn bzbg tnenknsgn znrnr vcrir vc scrn ctkisi
boutururonr. Sulu brdngik eiocikocrig (PBL), dimcrioacsi ckbgbaik vc tckgik ngonamn
gcaoi eir gbktnmr (Ebmzck, 5666) .
ckio 4.3 Jnvnmng uulu brdngik eiocikocri nyranmnkuoongong tckgikocr(Ebmzck,5666)
>9:6oi yoonrmng sbgrn znrnro dnzonrg nyroans iig cgmstriyco ockoi pboiacrik acaerng
uyduonanonr dcoitirioaitir. Nnmnki izcodcmc ecoirtiocg uyduonanonron jnvngg
sn`ontroans snonganktnmr.
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izcodc 4.0= Jnvn sn`ontroansgmn kuoongong acaerng prbscsocr (Ebmzck,5666)
Kiroioik tr Acaerng prbscsi
Brdngik eiocikocrig eujnronr
(jnobhcg trcvoi vc nrbantik eiocikocr)
Eujnrg acaerngonrmng dcirioacsi
Yngan rgocri (\B5, GBZ, LB5) \v acaerngonr, acaerng kbgtnktbr
GJ aabeioizc pboiacr mcstckoi sv acaerngonr
Dnz / \v Acaerng / Dnz
Dnz / \v Acaerng / \v
\v / \v Acaerng / Dnz
\v / \v Acaerng / \v `nzonrg nyroansg iocaocrigmc boank zcrc nyran iocaocrigmc
kuoongor
Eboukonrgn sv `ioa sneitocgcg acaerngonrmr. ckio mc dstcriomii diei, mcstckoi sv
acaerngonr bonrnk mn tngaongng eu tip acaerngonr uydug eir brdngik zlgg jimrb`beik
eboukou eir acaerngn ycroctirioacsiyoc jnzrongr (Ebmzck,5666) .Eboukou acaerng sv`ioa iig snmclc mcstckocyili eir tnenknmr. Eu tip acaerngonr yksck pbrbzitc, kk ebouk
np, iglc tnenkn, jimrb`beik antcryno, mnyngko kiaynsno pboiacr zcooikocrc snjip boanomr
(Nlnr vc Anokb,5665)
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4.4.>.> \v acaerngonrg ackngizans vc uyduonan nongonr
ckio 4.0 aabeioizc pboiacr mcstckoi sv acaerngonr(Nlnr vc Anokb,5665)
4.4.5 Caosiybg tipi sv acaerngonr
Eireirigc knranyng iki svgg caosiybg jnoc dctirioacsi vc eu `nzg gl eir `nzmn
(srckoi `nz) mntoansyon bouturuouronr. Caosiybg sv acaerngonr bouturng `nzonr;
Ecsocac `nz
Uchcgcrc nz
ckio 4.4 Caosiybg sv acaerngonr (Nlnr vc Anokb,5665)
Ecsocac `nz dimcrioacsi vcyn nyroans istcgiocg anmmcocri icrir. Uchcgcrc `nz isc srckoi
`nzmn euougng dimcrioacsi istcgcg anmmcgig ynpsgn drc `nrko rcnkti`ocrig bomuu eir `nzmr.
rgcig ngybg dimcrioclcksc enzik, kntybg dimcrioclcksc nsimik knrnktcrc snjip boanomr.
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4.4.)
V8 dcirdcgoik M8mi`zybg kntsnys \8zgrok igmcksi
Acaerng scilioii 8 8V/VH V8dnzgg dcirdcgoii, ph 8 h dnzgg dcirdcgoii
> Enrrcr 1 >6->6 la (laJd) ->.
Csgck pboiacrocrig dcirdcgoii, lnas pboiacrocrmcg mnjn `nzonmr. Eugug gcmcgi pboiacr
ziglirigig jnrckctoioiimir. Nnmnki izcodcmc enz pboiacrocrig LB5 dcirdcgoii
dstcrioaitir.
Mnjn glcmc ecoirtiomii diei acaerngonrg dcirdcgoii iano cmiomii pboiacrocrig
knrnktcristik zcooikocrigc enomr. Nnmnki izcodcmc pboiacrocrig ]d (lnas dci
slnko) mccrocri bksihcg vc nzbt dnz dcirdcgoikocri dstcrioaitir(Ebmzck,5666).
Acaerng nrnloyon dnz nyran ackngizans csns bonrnk zgac vc mi`zybgn enomr.
Dnzonr, svonron knrontromkonrgmn bk mnjn mk n`igitcyc snjiptirocr. N`igitc nrtyon
eiroiktc dnzonrg zgro mc nrt dstcrir. rgcig LB5zgro jimrb`ioik pboiacrmc
mnjn ykscktir (Ebmzck,5666).
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izcodc 4.43 Enz pboiacr acaerngonrg LB5vc actng dcirdcgoii(Ebmzck, 5666)
Vboiacr nm VLB5(Enrrcr) VLB5/VLJ=
\ioikbg knuuk :. 3
Vboinaim (gnyobg 0) 6. >0 >>. 5
Vboivigio kobrr 6. >0 >3. >
Vboiknrebgnt (Ocxng) >6. 6 50. :
Vboiso`bg =. = 5:
Vboictcrso`bg 4. = . 3 =3
Vboiiait (knptbg) 6. 5 0=
izcodc 4.40 Enz csgck vc lnas pboiacrocrig bksihcg vc nzbt dcirdcgoikocri (Ebmzck,5666)
Vboiacr Lnas dci slnko VB5 VG5 VB5/VG5
Vboiprbpiocg bksit 5>6 >0. : >. 5 . 3
Vboiactiob pcgtcg 59 6 >. 0 6. < 3. =
pboikobrbprcg -4< = >. 5 5. 9
JMVC -5< 6. = 6. >= 5. 9
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Dnz dcirdcgoiigi ctkiocycg micr `nktr mi`zybg kntsnymr, prcgsip bonrnk dnz
pnrtikoocrigig ebyutu vc pboiacr tipigc enomr. Eugug sbgulugmn np uzug bong
pnrtikoocrig mi`zybg kntsnys mk bonlnktr.
Dnz nyragmn kuoongong acaerngonrg knrnktcristik pnrnactrcocri nnmnki dieimir 8
acaerng8 kbapbzit vcyn nsiactrik kntang icrcg csgck yn mn lnas pboiacr
acaerng knogo 8 nkti` kntang knogo 6. > a nz boananomr.
pbr ebyutu 8 pbrsuz acaerng vcyn ( ? 6. > a )
\rl d 8 >6 Apn knmnr ensg vcyn szac eodcsigmcg vnkua
nyran ackngizans8 zgac vc mi`zybg
acaerng antcrynoi8 yuknrmn enjscmiomii diei (pboiactiob pcgtcg, pboiactiobksisiong
pboiiait, pboiso`bg ve ) (Ebmzck,5666).
]BVUNK KUOOGG NXNO]IOAN\IGMN VBOACUOCUG KSOONGIAI:.
]bprnk stneio ynpsgg kbruguaugn vc crbzybgn knr mircgoi jnoc dctirack nanlyon sbg
yoonrmn uyduongng ygtcaocrmcg eiri mc scgtctik ynpny pboiacrocrig kuoongamr.
]bprnktnkioocr zcrigmc pboiacrocrig nmsbrpsiybgu ioc suyn mnyngkook snonganktn, nmcsi`
zcooikocri srmrcg zgcacz kbapocksocr acmyngn dcoacktcmir.
VNA, VPN ynpong nrntranonr sbgulugmn tbprnk zcrigc ctkiocri; yzcy nk zcooikocrigig
iyioctirmii vc crbzybgn knr mnjn mircgoi eir ndrcdnt bouuau snonm ynpong
nrntranonrmn kngtongatr(Yoanz vc Sysno, 5669).
]bprnk kiroioiigig eyk ksagg scgtctik pboiacrocrmcg knygnkonganktnmr. Mbnmn
ebzuganonr uzug znang nong vc cvrc sbrugonrgn ybo nng ponstikocrig dcri mga ybouyon
dcri knznga vc mbnyn mnjn nz vcracsi snongneioacktcmir.
Eu sbrugug eir sbgulu bonrnk, kcgmi kcgmigc pnrnongng pboijimrbksi etirnt (VJE) diei
pboiacrocr kuoongag dimcrck nrtanktnmr.
UNMYN\YBG GOCACMC KSOONGIONG VBOACUOCU9.
\rckoi bonrnk rnmynsybgug ctkisigc anruz knogmgmn vlumuauzn limmi znrnronr vcrmii
eioigacktcmir. Eu nanon rnmynsybg ctkisigi nznotl noanonr ynpoanktnmr. octkcg
pboiacrocr pboipirbo, pboyngioigc, pboi (
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MCGCY\CO NOIAN>6.
Mcgcyig Nanl>6.>
Mbno yzcysco suonrmnki sspngsc anmmc vcyn rcgdig dimcrioacsi iig kuoongong pjtontrl
anmmcocrmcg bong pboicocktrboit, kitbsng vc mcair(III) kobrrg ctkigoiigi mciik aiktnronrmn
vc cit knrtran srcsigmc knvngbz mcgcyi (hnr tcst) ioc tcspit ctacktir.
]cbri>6.5
Kbndonsybg (pjtontran) vc `obkonsybg (yuankontran) eireirigc eno, s, euongkok,
rcgk,pJ, noknoioik, knrtran immcti vc srcsi vc kuoongong kiaynsno rcnkti` zcooikocri diei
pck bk `nktrc enomr. Eu gcmcgoc cg uydug pjtontran mbzu mbznh mcgcyocri ioc
euougneioir. Eu mcgcyocrc hnr tcst mcgir.
Eu ioca suyn kiaynsno anmmc ionvc cmiocrck sumn euougng nskmn vc zga knt
anmmcocrig sumng uznkontroansg nanonr. Vjtontran vc yuankontran iocai csns
bonrnk kboobim jnomcki anmmcocrig dimcrioacsigi nanonr. Kboobim jnomcki anmmcocr eireirocri
ioc vc su ioc citoi ctkiociaocri gcmcgiyoc eir nrnyn dcocacz vc eiroccaczocr. Yuankontran
iocai isc pjtona tngclikocrig eiroctiriocrck sumng kcotac ioc nyroneioir ynpmng
yuankonr jnoigc dctirioacsimir. Yuankontran iocai iig suyn ynvn knrtran ynpor.
Kuoongong nrn dcrcocr>6.. Hnr tcst mzcgci
ckio >6.> Hnr tcst mzcgci
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ckio >6.5 Hnr tcst mzcgci
5.Lna ecjcr(>O vcyn 366 ao)
ckio >6.< Ecjcrdons
:66 )
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ckio >6.= SP-PI\ \pcktrb`btbactrc
=.> nmct mcrclcoi sioigmir
3. 0 nmct >666 aOoik ecjcr
0. Jnssns tcrnzi
4. Vunr, pipct, kvct
:. Lbapnlt\tnr L\=, sngtri`h lijnz
Kuoongong Kiaynsnoonr>6.=
Kitbsng, kntybgik pboicocktrboit 3=:6 \U, @c (III) kobrr, Gn`tbo Eouc Eonlk (GEE anvi ebyn)
Mcgcyig Ynpo>6.3
\cgtctik bonrnk jnzrongng ntk su zcotisigig rcgdikitbsng, kntybgik pboicocktrboit vc @cLo666 aOoik ecjcrocrc 366 aO su kbguomuktng sbgrn ta ecjcrocrc < aO GEE anvi
ebyn (stbk8 5 ad/aO) ckocgir.
5) Nnmnki izcodcmcki aiktnronrmneiociaocrjnzrongr.
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46.3>Guaugc eiociaocri
Eiocia Gb Eiocia> Kitbsng (>66 ad)5 Kntybgik pboicocktrboit (>66 ad)< Kitbsng (36 ad) + kntybgik pboicocktrboit (36 ad)
= @cLo< (>6 ad)3 @cLo6 ad) + kitbsng (36 ad)0 @cLo6 ad) + kntybgik pboicocktrboit 36 ad)
3 mnkikn : ga) nesbresiybg mccrocri oor.
3) izcodc >6.3.>mc ecoirtiocg aiktnronrmn knraonr ecjcrocrc ckocgir. Mbzonanmng sbgrnguaugcocrc >66 mcvir/mnkikn (rpa) jzon > mnkikn ebyugln jzo knrtran ynpor. Mnjn
sbgrn guaugcocr
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izcodc >6.05GEE ebynsgg0>: gamcioca dracmcg glc ioca drmktcgsbgrnki nesbrsiybg mccrocri
\rn gb ok mccr (nes) \bg mccr (nes) \bgu
> 6.>=3 6.6=5 % 4>.6=3 6.650 % :5.60
< 6.>=6 6.63= % 0>.=5
3 6.>=0 6.634 % 06.93
0 6.>== 6.605 % 30.9=
Mcgcy sbguonrn drc, kbndongt anmmc ionvc cmioacmcg glcki nesbrpongng k mccriyoc
knbdongt ckocgmiktcg sbgrnki nesbrpongng k mccri nrnsgmnki `nrk nk ckiomc
droacktcmir.
Gcdnti` ykc snjip ebyn anmmcsigig su icrisigmc mntonrnk kbndongt ynrmayon
ktracyc mnyngng mcgcy mzcgcigc drc, knbdongt aiktnronr mgmn mcikcg pnrnactrc
kuoongoanansgg gcmcgi vcriaoioiigig jcsnpongans iigmir.
Eugn drc pboiacr ynpmnki kbndongtonr kuoongong rgckocrmc cg yksck ebyn dimcriai
snongatr. Vboiacr csnso eiocikocrig kuoongoanm < gbou ecjcrmc isc cg nz vcria
dzocgaitir.
DCGCO \BGSONU PC GCUOCU>>.
Eu noanmn zcooikoc cgmstriyco ebyuttn su nrta iig uydug bong pboicocktrboit vcacaerng trocri iglcocgaitir.Eugn ck bonrnk jnvn vc tbprnk kiroioiigmc yigc pboicocktrboit
vc acaerng kuoonga rgckocgmirioai nyg iocvi drcg micr kiaynsnoonrn drc ctkigoii
mcgcysco noanyon dstcrioaitir.
noan sbgulugmn, pboiacrocrig ynps dcrci bk `nrko citocrmc rctioceioclck, eu
knraonrg mcznvngtnhonr bonrnk enjscmiocg yngonrgg; anoiyctoi boans, abgbacr
knogtsgmn kngscrbhcg ctkisi vc mcpbongan srcsigig ksno zaocgacsi dcrckcg tcaco
sbrugonrmr. Eu sbrugonrg za iig citoi noanonr ynpoanktnmr. zcooikoc lngo
ynnag tcjmit cmcg kngscrbhcg riskigi cg nzn igmirack iig tilnri bonrnk rctiocg
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pboinkrionaimocrig, ecoiroi pcriybtonron rcnksiybgn diracai abgbacr snysgg tcspit cmioacsi
dcrckacktcmir. UCNLJ ygctacoiigc drc izgc tnei anmmcocr oistcsigmc euougng nkrionaim
kuoonga kbgtrbo notgmn tutuoanktnmr.
\nok tcjmimi dz ggc nogmgmn, su nrtagmn ctkioi pcr`brangs dstcrcg pboinkrionaimig
kuoongagn notcrgnti` bonrnk micr pboicocktrboitocr aiktnr yksck tutuonrnk kuoongoanktnmr.
Anoiyct prbeocaigc dctirioacyc noong za, cgziantik prbscsocrig kuoonga bonrnk
gdroacktcmir. Micr tnrn`tng acaerng tckgbobhisi jcr dccg dg iocrocac knymctacktc vc
ynpong noanonrmn eirigli nan anoiycti nznotan yggmc boanktnmr.
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KNYGNKONU
Nlnr, @.G. vc Anokb, C.,(5665), \v Acaerngonrg Ackngizans Pc Syduonan Nongonr,Vnaukknoc
givcrsitcsi,Ajcgmisoik @nkotcsi, Ajcgmisoik Eioiaocri Mcrdisi, Liot :, \ny 5,\y` 533-506), ckcr Cgmstrisi Ntk \uonrgg Kiaynsno Kbndonsybg Ygtcaiyoc Nrtoneioiroiigig
glcocgacsi Pc Bptiaua octia Kbuoonrgg Ecoirocgacsi, Yksck Oisngs ]czi, Ngknrn givcrsitcsi @cg
Eioiaocri Cgstits, Ngknrn.
No-\jneie, T.,Onljbwilz, \tc`ng T., vc Enss Bltnving, (56>, Vbobgyn.
Ebotb,E.,(>993), \boueoc Vboyacrs Ig Tntcr Vuri`ilntibg Vrbd. Vboya. \li., Pbo. 56, 9:4->6=>, Coscvicr
\licglc Otm Vrigtcm ig Drcnt Eritnig, Nvustrnoyn.
Ebotb, Evc Drcdbry H., (5664), Brdngil pboycocltrboytcs ig wntcr trcntacgt,Tntcr Ucsc Nrlj => (5664) 5
55), Cgmstriyco \u Nrtagn Synrongas zaocr,stngeuo.
\nasugou,N., (56>>), cvrc Ajcgmisoii Kiayns, Eirscg Ynygonr, stngeuo.
Yoanz, D. Pc Sysno J.,(56>6), Vvn vc Vna Syduonanonrgg Yzcy Nk vc ]bprnk Knye zcrigc Ctkiocri,
Nrntran Anknocsi,zair.
[>Q jttp8//www.tckgbprba.lba.tr/2p10> Criia ]nriji8 >3 Gisng 56>=
[5Q jttp8//cg.wikipcmin.brd/wiki/JuailRnlim#acminvicwcr/@ioc8JuailRnlim.svd Criia ]nriji8 >3 Gisng 56>=
[3 Anys 56>=
[=Q jttp8//www.ouyucljcailno.lba/jtaoRig`b/VboyMNMANL-Angu`nlturcr-0 Anys
http://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/http://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/http://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/http://www.luyuechemical.com/html_info/PolyDADMAC-Manufacturer-37.htmlhttp://www.luyuechemical.com/html_info/PolyDADMAC-Manufacturer-37.htmlhttp://www.luyuechemical.com/html_info/PolyDADMAC-Manufacturer-37.htmlhttp://www.filtronics.com/blog/category/flocculation/7/21/2019 cevre kirliliginin azaltilmasinda kullanilan polimerler
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56>=
[3Qjttp8//wce.itu.cmu.tr/~ugoulu/Anggilj.jta Criia ]nriji8 >0 Anys56>=
[0Qjttp8//www.dbbdoc.lba/pntcgts/CV634=064N>2lo1cg Criia ]nriji8 >3 Anys56>=
[4Q jttp8//www.dbbdoc.lba/pntcgts/TB566=
[:Qjttp8//tr.wikipcmin.brd/wiki/Mbsyn8Kitbsng.hpd Criia ]nriji 8 >3 Anys 56>=
[9Qjttp8//lbaabgs.wikiacmin.brd/wiki/@ioc8JcpnrigRDcgcrnoR\trulturcRP.>.svdCriia ]nriji 8 >0 Anys 56>=
[>6Qjttp8//www.apeib.lba/prbmult.pjp2pim1635>:6=3&lbugtry15>3 Criia ]nriji 8 >0 Anys 56>=
[>>Qjttp8//lbaabgs.wikiacmin.brd/wiki/@ioc8Vboynlryonaimc.pgd Criia ]nriji8 >4 Anys 56>=
[>5Q jttp8//www. lcvrcbgoigc.lba/caisybg/jnvnRcaisybg. jta> Criia ]nriji8 >0 Anys 56>=
[>3 Anys 56>=
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