1. Cht nh ha (Emusifiers)H nh tngCht nh haBn cht ha hc v liu lng s dngPhn loi cht nh haLa chn cht nh hac tnh v chc nng khc ca cht nh hac tnh

1.1. H nh tngNh tng l mt h d th.Gm c t nht mt cht lng khng c kh nng trn ln hon ton, nm phn tn trong cht lng khc dng nhng git nh c ng knh nh hn 10-7m.Khi xut hin 2 pha:Pha phn tn.Pha lin tc.H du nc

Phn loi h nh tngNh tng lnNh tngNh tng nhDa trn kch thc c th chia nh tng thnh 2 loiKch thc git phn tn: 10-7mC mu trng c.Km bn nhit ngKch thc git phn tn: 10-7 - 10-9mThng trong sut.Bn nhit ng(Theo Sharma v Shah)

Cc h nh tng thng gp trong thc phmH du trong ncH nc trong du trong ncH nc trong du lm tng tnh bn ca h nh tng, ngi ta phi thm cc cht nh ha vo.

1.2. Cht nh haL mt nhm cht hot ng b mt.Lm n nh s phn tn ca nhng i phn t hay nhng hp phn khc, nh vo kh nng lm bn h nh tng.Trong cu trc phn t ca cht nh ha c c phn ho nc v phn ho bo.

1.3. Bn cht ha hcTo s n nh ca h keo phn tn trong pha lin tc. (Bng cch hnh thnh 1 b mt in tch trn ).Lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc git phn tn t lm gim c nng lng hnh thnh cc git trong h.Vic la chn cht nh ha da trn c im ca sn phm cui cng, phng php, s lng.

1.4. Phn loi cht nh haChtNhHaCc dn xut to nh hn hp

Cc loi cht nh ha

Lecithin l cht to nh cho php trn cht bo vi thc phm ha tan trong nc.Lecithin ca lng trng tham gia n nh nh ca du trong nc. Ngi ta cn s dng dng Lecithin c hydroxyl ha tng tnh tan ca chng.Lecithin thng mi c tch t u tng gm mt vi phospholipid khc nhau:Nhm Lecithin v cc dn xutPhosphatidylchlolinePhosphatidylethanamine Phosphatidylinositol

PhospholipidPhospholipid l nhm lipid phc tp.Ngoi glycerin, acid bo cn c H3PO4v mt s nhm cht khc.Trong 3 nhm OH ca glycerin,1 nhm to lin kt ester vi H3PO4 to nn acid phosphatic.Qua H3PO4ca acid phosphatic lin kt thm vi cc cht khc s to nn cc loi phospholipid khc nhau.

PhospholipidPhosphatidyl - cholime (lecithin) c vai tr quan trng hn c.L thnh phn ca mng t bo.Cu trc ca lecithin:2 phn t acid bo hp dn nhau nn chng cng xp trn cng mt hng.u cui ca acid bo cha gc k nc (CH3) nn hnh thnh nn u k nc ca leucithin.Lin kt gia C2 v C3ca glycerin c th b quay vn i 1 gc 180olm cho nhm P phn cc nm v chiu ngc li vi 2 chui acid bo v hnh thnh u a nc ca leucitin. Do cu trc c bit m lecithin l mt phn t va k nc va a nc

PhospholipidPhospholipid trn vi nc, chng c th lm thnh lp b mt hay to mixen.Dng cu trc quan trng nht l cu trc lp kp phospholipid.Gm 2 lp lipid quay vo nhau, cc u a nc quay ra ngoi to lin kt hydro vi cc phn t nc xung quanh, cn cc u k nc quay vo trong vi nhau.Tng phn t c th chuyn ng t pha ny sang pha kia mt cch tun hon t do.S phn b ny kh bn vng.L c s cu trc cho tt c mng t bo.

Cng thc cu to mt vi phospholipidPhosphatidylethanaminePhosphatidylinositol

Cng thc cu to mt vi phospholipidPhosphatidylchlolineCc phosphatid c c tnh chung l khng tan trong axeton.Thng c dng mc 5 20g/kg thc phm.

Khi c 3 nhm hydroxyl ca glycerin b ester ha, sn phm to thnh l cht bo.Cc mono v diglyceride l cc sn phm ester ha 1 hay 2 nhm hydroxyl.L nhm cht nh ha c s dng rng ri nht trong thc phm.Lng dng 2,5 n 15g/kg thc phm.Mi mt acid bo kt hp vi nhm hydroxy ca glyceryl hnh thnh ester v tch ra 1 phn t nc.Ester ca acid bo v Glycerin (MG)

Ester ca acid bo v Glycerin (MG)Glycerin ester acid bo c lm t glycerin, vt nui v cy trng cc loi du/m hoc axit bo ca n.Chng thng c sn xut bng phng php ester ha.Glycerin c ba nhm hydroxyl, mt trong s l ester ha vi mt acid bo v ester c gi l monoglyceride. Di-v glyxerit-tri c hai v ba nhm acid bo ester ha nhm hydroxyl tng ng. Mono & di glyxerit-c sn xut bng cch loi b cc glycerin t hn hp.

Cng thc cu toMonoglycerideTriglyceridediglyceride

Acetic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (AMG)Km hot ng.L mt du n nh, gi tr peroxide khng tng, 97,7C trong 1000 gi.L mt cht lng cha du thm ch nhit thp. c coi nh l mt cht bi trn, dung mi, ha do cho vinylacetateS kt hp ca monoglyceride acetyl ha lng v cc cht bo hydro ha c th ci thin cht lng ca cc cht bo. V d: B thc vt c trng vi nhng thay i nhit nh v phm vi do rng.Mc d n khng c chc nng nh mt cht nh ha, nhng vn c s dng to bt v cc loi du m ca chnh n hoc kt hp vi cht nh ho khc do cu trc n nh alpha-tinh th ca n.Thc t, n c s dng nh l cht to bt cht bt, dung mi, do cho nu rng v cc cht ph cho thc phm.

Kh nng to bt ca n l mnh hn kh nng to nh tng ca nGip ci thin l kh v n nh trong bnh xp v trong bnh bt khi s dng kt hp vi monoglycerides chng ct.Tng cng kh nng ng t ca sa khng kem khi s dng kt hp vi cc cht nh ho bo qun.Lactic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (LMG)

Citric Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (CMG)C nhiu trong du hng dng tinh ch.Acid citric c lin kt vi monoglyceride.L mt cht nh ha a nc cao.Vi mt cu trc alpha-tinh th n nh.S dng cho b thc vt, sn phm sa (nh whitener c ph v kem).Cng c s dng nh mt cht n nh nh tng cho mayonnaise.V to lp ph schocolate v hp cht.

Succinic Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (SMG) Acid succinic l lin kt vi monoglyceride.Khng ha tan trong nc lnh, phn tn trong nc nng, v ha tan trong ru nng, cht bo v du.Succinylated monoglyceride mt mui phc tp vi tinh bt c kh nng phn ng vi protein.N c s dng nh l mt thay i cht bt v cht nh ha mt rt ngn.

Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters of Monoglycerides (DATEM) Diacetyl axit tartaric lin kt vi monoglyceride.Phn tn trong nc lnh v nng, v ha tan trong cht bo v du.L mt cht nh ha a nc v khng acid.S dng cho nh tng ha v to bt ca mayonnaise, b thc vt.Diacetyl Tartaric Acid Esters

Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty acids (PGE) Acid bo c este ha vi polyglycerine.Phn tn trong nc v ha tan trong du. Lipophilicity v hydrophilicity ca n c rt nhiu thay i ph thuc mc trng hp v loi acid bo.HLB ca n khong 3-13.c s dng trong nhiu loi thc phm nh l cht nh ha cho cc sn phm sa c cha axit v cc mui v kim sot s kt tinh ca cc loi m.

Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR) (E476)La mt cht long co nht cao.C mu vng snh.Khng tan trong nc v ethanol, tan trong cht bo v du.N c s dng nh mt cht gim hm lng cht bo v nht cho s c la.

L mt hn hp ca cc este sorbitol v ester sorbide.S dng nh l cht nh ha cho kem.c s dng rng ri nh mt cht nh ha ln kt hp vi cht nh ho khc vi cc chc nng khc nhau. Sorbitan Esters of Fatty Acids (Sorbitan ester)

Propylene Glycol Esters of Fatty Acids (PG ester) c lin kt bi lin kt ester v sn phm thu c t cc este ha lin l mt hn hp ca monoester v diester. tch monoester vi cc hiu ng b mt, tinh khit cao, sn phm ca monoester c sn xut bng cch chng ct phn t cng nh monoglyceride ct.N c t tc nhn hot ng, nhng c xu hng gi alpha-tinh th cu trc ca n.C th s dng nh mt cht to bt khi kt hp vi monoglyceride, nn c s dng nh l cht to bt, bt cho bnh v mn trng ming, nc rt ngn

Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids (Sucrose ester) N l mt hp cht ca sucrose v acid bo, trong c HLB t 1 n 16Do s tri rng HLB, nn c nhiu chc nng khc nhau.N c s dng nh mt kem v cht phn tn cho kem v cc bacteriocidal cho c ph ng hp.

Calcium Stearoyl-2-Lactate (CSL) 2 acid lactic v acid stearic lin kt vi canxiL mt hn hp bao gm c acid stearic cha phn ng v mui.N l mt cht nh ha anion c kh nng lin kt mnh vi protein v c s dng nh l mt cht nh ha i vi thc phm bt nho bt nh l bnh m.

Do h nh tng c 2 pha, khi la chn cht nh ha cn quan tm n tnh tan ca n trong mi pha.Trong qu trnh s dng, ngi ta thng dng gi tr HLB nh gi mc a du hay a nc ca cht nh ha.T c th la chn loi no ph hp vi sn phm c th.Nu HLB thp (c nhiu gc a nc hn so vi gc a du) th cht nh ha ny ph hp vi h nc trong du v ngc li.1.5. La chn cht nh ha

V d: Sa ti vi thnh phn cht bo xp x 3%, cn li khong 97% l nc v cc cht tan trong nc, h nh tng du nc. Cht nh ha cn dng trong trng hp ny cn c tan trong nc ln hn tan trong du.Ngc li vi sn phm magarine thuc loi h nc/ du (du v cc cht tan trong du chim 80-85%, pha nc khong 15-20%), cht nh ha cn c kh nng tan trong du ln hn kh nng tan trong nc.Thng thng cc cht nh ha c HLB trong khong 1-20. Cc cht nh ha c HLB = 36 thch hp cho h nh tng nc/du trong khi ,cc cht c HLB = 818 thch hp cho h nh tng du nc .La chn cht nh ha

Gi tr HLB ca mt s cht nh ha

Cht nh haHLBCht nh haHLBSorbitan monostearate5,7Polyoxyethylene (5) Morbitan Monooleate10,9Sorbitan monopalmitate6,6Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate15,8Sorbitan monolaurate6,6Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate14,9Propyleneglycol monostearate4,6Glycerol lacto-Palmitate3,7Glycerol monostearate3,7Este ca Monoglycerid vi acid succinic5,3Diglycerol monostearate5,5Sodium Stearoyl 2 Lactylate21,0

1.6. c tnh chc nng khcNh ha h du/nc.Nh ha h nc/du.

1.6. c tnh chc nng khcNgn chn s phn tch cht bo.Lm xp.Chng dnh.

1.6. c tnh chc nng khcTng tan.Cht ngm.Gi m.Chng to bt.

1.6. c tnh chc nng khcTng c.Kim sot nht.n nh mi.Chng bn, n cho du m

1.6. c tnh chc nng khcCc nghin cu ca Schuster v Adam (1983) cho thy ngoi kh nng to nh, Lecithin cn c nhiu u im khc:Lm tng kh nng hp th nc ca thc phm.S dng lecithin c th gim c thi gian phi trn.Ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm.

1.6. c tnhNhiu cht nh ha an ton vi ngi s dng, th khng cn quy nh.V d: cc lecithin, mono, dyglycerid ca acid bo. Cc este ca mnglyxerit vi cc hydroxy acid (acid lactide, acid citride, acid sucinide)

1.6. c tnhTuy nhin, mt s cht khc b gii hn v liu lng, v cn c vo ch s ADI.Sodium-2-lactylate c ADI = 20mg.Polyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate; Polyethylene sorbitan monolaurate; Polyethylene sorbitan monostearate; cc este sorbitan c ADI = 25mg.Polyglycerol polyricinoleate c ADI = 7.5mg.

c tnh ca cyclohexylamineNm 1966, nhng nghin cu M tm ra mt s vi khun trong rut di tc dng ca cyclamate sinh ra sn phm cyclohexylamine mt cht gy c tnh trng din trn chut.Nm 1969, nghin cu thc nghim trn cyclamate vi sarcharin vi t l 10:1 th thy chut th nghim xut hin ung th bng quang.Mt nghin cu khc cng b clohexylamine lm ph i tinh hon ca chut nht trng.V nhng bng chng kh thuyt phc trn nn C quan thc phm v thuc ca M (FDA) cm s dng cht to ngt cyclamate trn ton nc M.Tuy nhin 44 quc gia khc, cyclamate vn ang c s dng trong ch bin thc phm, v l cht to ngt dng nh la cm gic thm ca bnh nhn tiu ng. nc ta cyclamate cng nm trong danh mc cm s dng.

2. Cac cht iu chinh chc cua san phm

2.1. Khai nim chc con c goi la c cua san phm.La mt thng s dung anh gi thc phm v mt thm my cung nh cht lng.Nhm cht to chc l cc polysaccharide.

2.2. C chCac polysaccharide co KLPT ln nn khi phn tan vao dung dich lam cho nht tng manh.Cac polysaccharide c hinh thanh t cac phn t hexozo hay pentozo.Trn mi n vi mc xich nay lai cha nhiu nguyn t oxy hoc nhom carboxyl tao lin kt hidro kha tt, d dang c solvat hoa trong nc.

2.2. C chSau khi phn tan vao dung dich, cac polysaccharide ong vai tr nh nhng hat keo, tao thanh mt khi ng nht, vng chc thng goi la gel.Nu tach chung ra khoi dung dich thng keo theo cac phn t cua dung mi. cac chui phn t c tach ra cung co kh nng tao lin kt vi nhau thng qua lin kt hidro v tao thanh mang tinh th khng gian bn vng.

2.3. Phn loaiCac cht tao chc thng gp:PectinAgaroseAcid alginicCarboxylmethyl cenlulose (CMC)GelatineCaCl2 (co ni s dung CuSO4)Ngoai ra ngi ta con s dung cac cht tao ng t thc vt: Algin, Natri alginat, Gum Arabic, Caragenam

Ngun gc ca PectinPectin cha nhiu trong cc loi qu ca tri cy: To, mn, cam, chanh, c rt, sn tr, l, c chua

Ngun gc ca PectinTrong qu trnh pht trin v gi chn ca rau qu, hm lng pectin lun bin i.Thng cao nht khi chn ti, sau gim dn do b demetoxin ha v depolymer ha.Khi b thi ra th hm lng pectin b phn hy.

Thnh phn v hm lng ca pectin trong cc loi qu tnh theo % nh sau:

Cu to ha hc ca PectinPhn t pectin l mt polysaccaride d th, mch thng.L dn xut methyl ca acid pectic.Acid pectic l mt polymer ca acid D-galacturonic.Mi chui gm khong 10000 phn t galacturonic to thnh mt phn t pectin M = 10000 -100000 vC.

Lin kt pectinPhn t pectin lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 1-4 glucoside.

Phn t Pectin

c im PectinDng bt mu trng hoc hi vng, hi xm, hi nu.C kh nng to gel bn.Trong cn v dung dch mui th pectin b kt t. B ph hy khi un nng nhit cao trong thi gian di lm gim tnh ng ca sn phm khi c c.Pectin tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c tnh keo cao. Keo pectin c nht v bn rt ln nn gy kh khn trong qu trnh lm trong khi c c nc qu.

c im ca pectinTrong qu trnh chn, di tc dng ca enzim pectinaza hoc vi s tham gia ca acid hu c, protopectin b thy phn thnh pectin ha tan cng lc lin kt gia cc t bo gim.Khi qu chn pectin ha tan thnh acid pectic.Pectin khng tan trong dung dch ethanol.Tnh cht quan trng ca pectin l c th to ng nng thp (1-1,5%) khi c mt ca ng 60-70% v acid 1%.Kh nng to ng ph thuc vo ngun pectin, mc metoxin ha v phn t lng ca pectin.Pectin ly t ngun gc khc nhau th kh nng to gel khc nhau.

c im ca pectin

Hp cht pectin cn c c trng bi 2 ch s quan trng:Ch s methoxyl (MI) biu hin cho phn trm khi lng nhm methoxyl OCH3 c trong phn t pectin.Ch s este ha (DE) th hin mc este ha ca cc phn t acid galactoronic trong phn t pectin.

c im ca pectinTrong qu trnh bo qun c th b tch nc hoc lo ha.Cc pectin u l nhng cht keo ho nc, c kh nng hydrat ha cao.Trong phn t pectin c mang in tch m nn chng c kh nng y ln nhau c kh nng lm gin mch v lm tng nht ca dung dch.Khi lm gim tch in v hydrat ha, si pectin xch li gn nhau v tng tc vi nhau to nn mt mng li ba chiu rn cha pha lng bn trong.

Phn loi pectinPectin methoxyl ha cao:(High Methoxyl Pectin HMP): DE >50% hay MI > 7%.Cht ny c th lm tng nht cho sn phm.Mun to ng cn phi c iu kin pH = 3,1 3,4 v nng ng trn 60%.

Phn loi pectinPectin methoxyl ha thp:(Low Methoxyl Pectin LMP): DE < 50% hay MI < 7%.c sn xut bng cch gim nhm methoxyl trong phn t pectin.Pectin methoxy thp c th to ng trong mi trng khng c ng.Chng thng c dng lm mng bao bc cc sn phm.

Phn loi pectinPectin ha tan: methoxy polygalacturonic.Pectin khng ha tan: protopectin l dng kt hp ca pectin v araban.Methoxy polygalacturonicNgoi ra pectin cn c phn thnh 2 loi:

ng dng ca pectinPectin l cht to gel quan trng nht, c s dng to ra cu trc gel cho thc phm.Kh nng to gel ca n c s dng trong nhng thc phm cn c s n nh ca nhiu pha.

ng dng ca pectinTc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ch yu trong cc sn phm mt tri cy v mt ng. To cu trc mt khng b thay i trong qu trnh vn chuyn, to mi v thm ngon cho sn phm v gim s ph v cu trc.Trong mt s trng hp, pectin cn c s dng vi carageenan tng hiu qu to gel.

Ngun gc ca agarAgar c nhiu trong t bo vy tr ca cc loi rong (loi Rhodophyceae). C nhiu trong cc loi Gelidium, Gracilaria, Pterocladia, Ahnfeltia Hm lng agar trung bnh ca rong trn th gii dao ng t 20 - 40%.Trong khi th rong ca Vit Nam cha t 24 - 45% khi lng rong kh.Gelidium

S phn b ca cc agar trn th gii

Sn lng agar trn th gii (1980)

Lch s hnh thnh agarAgar l phycocolloid u tin pht hin (gia th k 17), (Nht Bn).C nhiu tn gi khc nhau. V d: Kanten (Nht Bn), Dongfen (Trung Quc)Gel agarose

Cu trc AgarAgar l mt hn hp ng nht ca hai loi polysaccharide: agaropectin v agarose.L mt polymer tuyn tnh, to thnh t cc n v monomeric lp i lp li ca agarobiose.

Cu trc ca agarAgarose:L mt polysaccharide trung tnh.Chim s lng nhiu, (50 90%).Cu to mch chnh: -D galactopyranose v 3,6-anhydro--L-galactopyranose lin kt xen k nhau bng lin kt -1,4 v -1,3.N to nn tnh ng ca agar.Agarose6-galactan sulfateagarose pyruvated

Cu trc ca agarAgaropectin:L mt polysaccharide tch in m.Cc phn t ngn hn agarose, v s lng t hn.Cu trc ca n l mch nhnh v b sunfat ha. C th c methyl ha nhm th acid pyruvic ketal.Lm cho agar c tnh nhy.

Agaropectin

Cu trc ca agarMng li ca agarose gel c cha xon kp hnh thnh t tay tri gp ba xon.Nhng xon kp c n nh bi s hin din ca cc phn t nc b rng buc bn trong cc khoang xon kp. bn ngoi, nhm hydroxyl cho php agar kt hp ln n 10.000 phn t nc to suprafibers.Agarose polymere

Cu trc ca agarCu trc ca mt phn t agarose

c im ca agarL mt cht kh, v nh hnh,ging nh gelatin, khng m.Agar dng trong cng nghip thc phm l mt loi bt mu sng hay l nhng si mnh mu c.C kh nng duy tr tnh bn vng ca n trn nhit h ha.Gel agar l mt gel mnh nht tng c bit n.Thng s dng kt hp vi mt s cht khc nh gum tragacanth, gelatin.

u im ca agarAgar d tan trong nc nng.To gel cng nng thp, khng cn thit cc cht h tr v pH.Khng nh hng ti mu v sn phm.C s khc bit gia nhit nng chy v nhit to gel.

ng dng ca agarAgar n nh cht ph v ngn cn s bm dnh ca lp ph ng trn b mt thc phm.Agar lm tng nht ca men, tng bm dnh, nhanh kh v t b nt. Agar ngn chn men tan chy.

ng dng ca agarAgar c s dng nh bt n trong bnh m calorie thp.Agar c s dng nh bt n trong bnh m calorie thp.

ng dng ca agarS dng trong cng ngh hpCh bin xc xch gi m, ngn nga s bay hi, mt trng lng.

Agar s dng trong kem pho mt v sa chua.Cc loi sn phm khc t thch nh rau cu.

ng dng khc ca agarLm mi trng trong cng ngh nui cy m.S dng trong nha khoa.Nhum mu trong cng nghip dt, giy.S dng trong y khoa.Thnh phn trong cc loi m phm.V trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc.

Ngun gc ca acid alganicCn c gi l algin hoc alginate.Alginic axit c pht hin u tin bi Stanford (1881).C nhiu trong cc thnh t bo ca cc loi to nu, to b Macrocystis pyrifera, nodosum Ascophyllum, v cc loi Lamminaria. di dng mui alginat.

Acid alginicAlginic acid l polysaccharide c tnh acid.Tinh th c mu trng hoc mu nu dng si, dng ht, hoc bt mu vng.Cng thc phn t: (C2H8O6)nKhi lng phn t: 32.000-200.000 vC

Acid alginicL mt polysaccharide tch in m.N l mt cht ng trng hp tuyn tnh.Cc monome thng c sp xp theo khi homopolymeric cch nhau bi cc khu vc xp x mt chui lun phin ca cc monome axit.

Acid alginicc to thnh t chui cc phn t acid -D-mannuronic v acid -L-guluronic, lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt 1,4-glucozide

c im ca acid alginicCc acid alginic thng di dng natri alginat.t tan trong nc (ging cc polysaccharide).Khi ha tan vo nc, d to dung dch nht, gi l sol agar. nht ph thuc chiu di phn t v nhit .

c im ca acid alginicTo c dng sol nng thp.Nhng d b gim nht nhit cao.Mun bo qun sn phm c cha alginat th cn phi thm cht bo qun. nht v b ngoi khng ph thuc vo nhit .To gel nhit phng vi s c mt ca ion canxi.

ng dngLm cht bo v kem :Ngn nga to ra cc tinh th bng.c ch hon ton s to thnh tinh th ca Lactose.Nh ha cc cu bo. Lm bn bt.To nht cho kem.To gel, c kh nng gi nc cho kem.Lm cho kem khng b tan chy

ng dngTinh ch ru (lm trong).Trong quy trnh ch bin sa.Trong sn xut b, bnh ko, pho mat, nc gii kht, cc mt hng ng lnh.Lamizell (mt hp cht ca axit Alginic, mui kp ca Natri v Canxi) to ra c mt nht c bit v c kh nng kch thch n ngon ming.

ng dng khcTrong cng nghip dt.Trong cng nghip giy.Trong cng nghip sn xut t nhn to.Trong y hc v dc hc.Trong cng ngh m phmTrong xy dng dn dng.Trong cng ngh luyn kim, cao su.Lm mi trng c nh enzyme.Dng lm cht kh tinh th.Dng lm cht thuc da.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)Cng thc phn t: (C6H9OCH2COONa)n.Trng lng phn t t 40.000-200.000 v.C.Mu trng hoc hi vng, gn nh khng mi. ht ht m, bt hoc si nh.Ln u tin c sn xut vo nm 1918.

CMC c iu ch t cenllilose.

Cng thc cu to

Tnh chtPhn t ngn hn so vi cenlluloseD tan trong nc v ru.Dng trong thc phm vi liu lng 0,5-0,75%.C dng mui v acid u l tc nhn to ng tt.To khi ng vi m cao (98%). chc v to ng cn ph thuc vo hm lng acetat nhm.

Tnh chtHu ht cc CMC tan nhanh trong nc lnh.Gi nc bt c nhit no.Cht n nh nh tng, s dng kim sot nht m khng gel.Cht lm c v cht n nh nh tng.CMC c s dng nh cht kt dnh khun mu cho cc ci tin do.L mt cht kt dnh v n nh, hiu lc phn tn c bit cao khi tc dng trn cc cht mu.

ng dng

ng dng trong sn xut thc phmC th kim sot nht ca ch bin thc phm.Gia hn thi hn s dng. Duy tr s n nh ca cht lng thc phm.Hnh thnh mt lp bao bc bn ngoi thc phm chin, ngn chn s hp th qu nhiu cht bo.n nh vi tc cht ha hc, nhit, nh sng n nh.C mt s tnh cht chng nm mc.Trao i cht qun tnh: l mt ph gia thc phm, khng trao i cht, lng calo trong thc phm khng c sn.lm chm s hp thu staling v gim cht bo trong cc loi thc phm chin.

ng dng khcTrong nng nghip, nh l mt cht lm c, cng nh cht kt dnh v chng k sinh trng.L mt cht kt dnh cho hn hp bt cho pelletization.Trong c khun.Trong men cho gm s cng nghip.L mt cht chuyn th trong xi mng v nha ri ng.Trong cng nghip dt may, nh l mt thnh phn xy dng h si.Trong ngnh cng nghip giy, nh l mt cht kt dnh ca lp ph ng.L mt cht n nh ca cht ty ra v x phng Trong du kh cng nghip, nh l mt ph gia cho bn khon.

GelatinNm 1840, tuy nhin, mt s nh sn xut nghin c gelatin.Gelatin l cht protein c ngun gc t collagen (mt protein t nhin c mt gn, dy chng v cc m ca ng vt c v).c sn xut bng cch un si cc m lin kt, xng v da ng vt, thng l b v ln.

Phn loiC hai loi chnh ca gelatin:Loi A vi im in iso ca 7-9, c ngun gc t collagen vi tin x l acid c quynLoi B vi im in iso ca 4,6-5,4, l kt qu ca mt tin x l kim ca collagen

Cu toCu to l mt chui acid amin gm: glyxin, prolin, hydroprolin.

Cu toTrng lng phn t t 20.000-70.000 vC.L cc polypeptit cao phn t dn xut t collagen.Cc acid amin lin kt vi nhau to chui xon c c kh nng gi nc.

Tnh chtKhng tan trong nc lnh, nhng trng n trong nc lnh.Khi gia nhit th n nng chy, v to li gel khi lm lnh.C nhit nng chy thp (27-34oC). tan ph thuc vo nhit , kch thc ca ht gelatine.Tan trong ru v cc dung mi hu c.

ng dngGelatin khng phi l mt thc phm protein hon chnh.Trong sn xut kem.Trong sn xut sa, pho mt.Cng ngh bnh ko.

ng dngKeo bo v chng li kt tinh.Trong cc sn phm sa nui cy.S dng trong dc phm.

Ti liu tham khohttp://www.hoahocngaynay.com/index.php/vi/nghien-cuu-giang-day/bai-nghien cuu/86-pectin-va-ung-dung.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB730E/AB730E03.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/w6355e/w6355e04.htmhttp://longdinh.com/default.asp?act=chitiet&ID=542&catID=1http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa-additives/specs/Monograph1/additive-396-m1.pdfhttp://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Gelatin.htmlhttp://thuviensinhhoc.com/gioi-tinh/suc-khoe-sinh-san/2952?joscclean=1&comment_id=790http://www.rikenvitamin.jp/int/emulsifier/basic/kind.html

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