Chiến Tranh Lạnh – Wikipedia Tiếng Việt

My bay trinh st P-3A ca M bay trn chin hm

Varyag ca Lin X nm 1987.

Mt phn ca mt lot bi v

Chin tranh Lnh

Nhng nguyn nhn ca cuc

Chin tranh Lnh

Th chin II

Cc hi ngh thi chin

Khi ng u

Bc mn st

Chin tranh Lnh (1947-1953)





Chin tranh LnhBch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Chin tranh Lnh hay Lnh chin (19451991) l tnh trng tipni xung t chnh tr, cng thng qun s, v cnh tranh kinh t tnti sau Th chin II (19391945), ch yu gia Lin bang X vit vcc quc gia v tinh ca n, vi cc cng quc thuc th giiphng Ty, gm c Hoa K. D cc lc lng tham gia ch yukhng bao gi chnh thc xung t, h th hin s xung tthng qua cc lin minh qun s, nhng cuc trin khai lc lngquy c chin lc, mt cuc chy ua v trang ht nhn, tnh bo,chin tranh y nhim, tuyn truyn, v cnh tranh k thut, nh cucchy ua khng gian.

D l cc ng minh chng li Phe Trc, Lin X, Hoa K, AnhQuc v Php khng ng thun trong v sau Th chin II, cbit v vic thit lp th gii thi hu chin. Khi cuc chin kt thc,h chim hu ht chu u, vi vic Hoa K v Lin X l cc lclng qun s mnh nht.

Lin X lp ra Khi ng u vi cc quc gia ng u m h chim ng, spnhp mt s tr thnh Cc nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha X vit v duy tr ccquc gia khc nh nc v tinh ca mnh, mt s nc trong s sau ny ccng c vo Khi hip c Warsaw (19551991). Hoa K v mt s quc gia Tyu thnh lp chnh sch ngn chn ch ngha cng sn nh l chnh sch phng vca h, v lp ra cc lin minh (v d NATO, 1949) cho mc ch .

Nhiu quc gia trong s cng tham gia vo k hoch ti thit chu u, c bit lTy c, vn b Lin X phn i. nhng ni khc, ti M Latinh v ng Nam, Lin X ng h cc cuc cch mng cng sn, b nhiu nc phng ty v ngminh trong vng ca h phn i; mt s nc tm cch h thp, vi nhng kt qukhc nhau. Mt s nc lin kt vi NATO v Khi hip c Warsaw, tuy th cckhi ca nhng quc gia khng lin kt cng xut hin.

Cuc chin tranh Lnh c c im nhng giai on kh yn tnh v nhng giaion cng thng ln cao trong quan h quc t cuc Phong to Berlin(19481949), Chin tranh Triu Tin (19501953), Khng hong Berlin nm 1961,Chin tranh Vit Nam (19541975), Khng hong tn la Cuba (1962), Chin tranh X vit ti Afghanistan(19791989), v nhng cuc tp trn Able Archer 83 ca NATO vo thng 11 nm 1983. C hai pha tm cch lmgim cc cng thng chnh tr v trnh mt cuc tn cng qun s trc tip, vn dng nh s dn ti mt s tiu dit cm bo t hai pha vi cc loi v kh ht nhn.

Trong thp nin 1980, Hoa K tng cng sc p ngoi giao, qun s v kinh t chng li Lin X, vn ang tnhtrng tr tr kinh t. Sau , Tng thng Lin X Mikhail Gorbachev a ra nhng cuc ci cch t do perestroika ("tic cu", "xy dng li", 1987) v glasnost ("m ca", khong nm 1985). Lin bang X vit sp nm 1991, khinHoa K cn li l cng quc qun s c v th thng tr, v Nga s hu hu ht kho v kh ht nhn ca Lin X.

Mc lc

1 Ngun gc thut ng

Chin tranh Lnh Wikipedia ting Vit http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_tranh_Lnh

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2 Bi cnh

3 Th chin II v thi k hu chin (193947)

3.1 Hip c Molotov-Ribbentrop (1939-41)

3.2 ng minh chng Phe Trc (1941-45)

3.3 Hu chin v nhng mu thun ban u

3.4 Lin bang X Vit v s ln mnh ca ch ngha cng sn

3.5 Bc mn St

3.6 Chnh sch ca M

3.7 Chnh sch Truman

4 Chin tranh Lnh c "hm nng ln"

4.1 K hoch Marshall

4.2 Vin tr cho Ty Berlin

4.3 S hnh thnh cc khi lin hip

4.4 S ln mnh ca ch ngha cng sn

4.5 Chin tranh Lnh v nc M

5 Chin tranh Triu Tin

6 Thp nin 1950

6.1 M Latin

6.2 Chu

6.3 Trung ng

7 Cuc chy ua gia M v Lin X

7.1 V kh ht nhn

7.2 Tn la lin lc a

7.3 Cng ngh v tr

8 Chin tranh Vit Nam trong thi k chin tranh lnh

9 Chm dt Chin tranh Lnh (198591)

9.1 Nhng cuc ci cch ca Gorbachev

9.2 S tan bng trong mi quan h

9.3 S dao ng ca h thng X vit

9.4 Gii tn Lin X

10 Di sn

11 Chp s

12 Xem thm

13 Ch thch

14 Tham kho

15 c thm

16 Lin kt ngoi

Ngun gc thut ng


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Qun i M ti Vladivostok, thng 8

nm 1918, khi ng Minh can thip

vo cuc Ni chin Nga

Vic s dng ln u tin thut ng Chin tranh Lnh [1] miu t nhng cng thng a chnh tr thi hu Th chin IIgia Lin bang X vit v cc ng minh Ty u ca h c gn cho Bernard Baruch, mt nh ti chnh v l c vn

tng thng Hoa K.[2] Ti Nam Carolina, ngy 16 thng 4 nm 1947, ng c bi pht biu (theo nh bo Herbert

Bayard Swope)[3] ni rng, "Hy chng ta khng b la gt: chng ta hin gia mt cuc chin tranh lnh."[4] Nh

bo Walter Lippmann lm cho thut ng c bit n rng ri, vi cun sch Cold War (1947).[5]

Trc , trong cuc chin, George Orwell s dng thut ng Chin tranh Lnh trong tiu lun "You and the AtomicBomb" (Bn v qu bom nguyn t) c xut bn ngy 19 thng 10 nm 1945, trn t Tribune ca Anh. Suy ngm vmt th gii sng di bng ca mt mi e do chin tranh ht nhn, ng cnh bo v mt "nn ho bnh khng c

ho bnh", m ng gi l mt cuc "chin tranh lnh" thng trc,[6] Orwell trc tip cp ti cuc chin tranh

nh l mt s i u thc h gia Lin bang X vit v cc cng quc phng Ty.[7] Hn na, trong t TheObserver xut bn ngy 10 thng 3 nm 1946, Orwell vit rng "... sau hi ngh Moskva vo thng 12 va ri, Nga

bt u thc hin mt cuc chin tranh lnh vi Anh v ch Anh."[8]

Bi cnh

Xem thm thng tin: Lo s

c mt s bt ng trong gii s hc v im khi u ca Chin tranh Lnh.Trong khi hu ht cc nh s hc coi n bt ngun t giai on ngay sau Thchin II, nhng ngi khc cho rng n bt u vo gn cui Th chin I, dnhng cng thng gia ch Nga, v cc quc gia chu u khc cng Hoa K

c t gia th k 19.[9]

Nh mt hu qu ca cuc Cch mng Bolshevik nm 1917 ti Nga (tip ls rt lui ca nc ny khi Th chin I), nc Nga cm thy mnh b c lp

khi quan h ngoi giao quc t.[10] Lnh t Vladimir Lenin ni rng Linbang X vit b bao vy bi mt "vng vy t bn th ch", v ng coi ngoigiao l mt v kh khin cc k th ca Lin X b chia r, bt u vi victhnh lp Quc t Cng sn X vit, ku gi nhng cuc ni dy cch mng

nc ngoi.[11]

Lnh t sau Joseph Stalin, ngi coi Lin bang X vit l mt "hn o x hi ch ngha", ni rng Lin X phi

thy rng "vng vy ch ngha t bn hin ti s b thay th bi mt vng vy x hi ch ngha."[12] Ngay t nm 1925,Stalin ni rng ng coi chnh tr quc t l mt th gii lng cc trong Lin bang X vit s thu ht cc quc giaang hng theo ch ngha x hi v cc quc gia t bn s thu ht cc quc gia ang hng theo ch ngha t bn,trong khi th gii ang trong mt giai on "bnh n tm thi ca ch ngha t bn" trc s sp cui cng ca

n.[13]

Nhiu s kin lm gia tng s nghi ng v khng tin tng ln nhau gia cc cng quc phng ty v Lin X: s

thch thc ca nhng ngi Bolsheviks vi ch ngha t bn;[14] vic Lin X ti tr tng nh cng ca cng nhn

Anh nm 1926 dn ti vic ngng quan h gia hai nc;[15] Tuyn b nm 1927 ca Stalin rng s cng tn ti ho

bnh vi "cc quc gia t bn... ang tri dn vo qu kh";[16] nhng co buc b n trong phin x n mu Shakhty v

mt cuc o chnh c lp k hoch do Php v Anh ch o;[17] cuc i thanh trng gy ra mt lot cc chin

dch n p chnh tr v truy t trong hn na triu ngi Lin X b hnh quyt;[18] nhng v x n im

Moskva gm c nhng co buc gin ip ca Php, Anh, Nht v c;[19] ci cht gy tranh ci ca 6-8 triu ngi tiCng ho X hi ch ngha X vit Ukraina trong nn i Ukraina thng 3 nm 1932; phng Ty ng h Bch v

trong cuc Ni chin Nga; Hoa K t chi cng nhn Lin X cho ti tn nm 1933;[20] v vic Lin X tham gia Hip

c Rapallo.[21] Nhng vic ny lm tr ngi cc quan h X-M v l mt vn gy lo ngi di lu vi cc lnh o

c hai nc.[9]


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Th chin II v thi k hu chin (193947)

Hip c Molotov-Ribbentrop (1939-41)

Quan h ca Lin X vi phng Ty cng xu i khi, mt tun trc khi Th chin II n ra, Lin bang X vit v c

k Hip c Molotov-Ribbentrop, vi mt tho thun b mt phn chia Ba Lan v ng u gia hai nc.[22] Bt umt tun sau , vo thng 9 nm 1939, c v Lin X phn chia Ba Lan v phn cn li ca ng u thng qua mt

lot cc cuc xm lc vo cc nc c nhng cho nhau theo Hip c.[23][24]

Trong mt nm ri tip theo, h tham gia vo mt mi quan h kinh t trn din rng, trao i vi nhau cc vt liu

ti cn thit cho cuc chin tranh[25][26] cho ti khi c ph v Hip c Molotov-Ribbentrop vi Chin dch

Barbarossa, cuc xm lc Lin X qua lnh th hai quc gia b phn chia t trc.[27]

ng minh chng Phe Trc (1941-45)

Trong n lc chin tranh chung ca mnh, bt u t nm 1941, ngi Lin X nghi ng rng ngi Anh v ngi M m mu ngi Lin X phi chu gnh nng chin u chng Pht xt c. Theo quan im ny, cc ng minhphng Ty c tnh tr hon vic m mt mt trn chng Pht xt th hai nhm ch tham chin thi im cui cng

v t ra nhng quy nh cho ho bnh.[28] V th, nhng nhn thc ca Lin X v phng Ty li mt s cng

thng ngm v th ch mnh gia cc cng quc ng Minh.[29]

Hu chin v nhng mu thun ban u

Hi ngh Yalta

Hi ngh Yalta, din ra t ngy 4 n ngy 11 thng 2 nm 1945, l cuc gp gia tng thng M Franklin D. Roosevelt,th tng Anh Winston Churchill v Ch tch Lin X Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin Yalta (thuc bn o Krym, LinX). Ni dung ca cuc hp bn v tng lai hu chin ca c v Ba Lan, cng nh vic tham chin ca Lin X mt trn Thi Bnh Dng.

B ba Anh - M - Lin X ng chia nc c di s kim sot ca Anh, M, Php v Lin X. Sau ny ba phnca Anh, M, Php c nhp li thnh Ty c v phn ca Lin X c gi l ng c. Stalin yu cu c bithng 20 t la tin chin ph, nhng b bc b ti hi ngh.

Lc ny, d sao chin tranh vn din ra mt trn Thi Bnh Dng (ch yu gia qun M v pht xt Nht).Roosevelt gi Stalin tuyn chin vi Nht, gip M nh pht xt Nht. Stalin ng .

Ba Lan, di s chi phi ca Hng qun Lin X, c l gp nhiu kh khn nht. Trong hi ngh, Stalin bc b thnhcu mang chnh quyn Ba Lan v trng thi trc th chin. Theo Stalin, Lin X s cung cp an ninh cn thit cho BaLan. ng ng cho Ba Lan bu c t do da trn nn tng chnh quyn cng sn.

S thnh lp ca Lin Hip Quc

Cng ti hi ngh Yalta, b ba ng thnh lp Lin Hip Quc. Mt t chc tng t Hi Quc Lin cng cthnh lp sau Th chin th nht, nhng khng hiu qu v sau - c nhiu kin cho rng l do l ch M khng thamgia. Mc ch ch yu ca Lin Hip Quc l bo m an ninh th gii.

Nhim k ca Truman

Tng thng M Franklin D. Roosevelt t ngt qua i vo ngy 12 thng 4 nm 1945. Ph tng thng Harry S.Truman ln th (ch rng ng li ca Truman nh hng nhiu n cch chnh sch ca M thi hu chin v trongChin tranh Lnh).


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Ba nh lnh o phe ng Minh trong Th chin th hai

Hi ngh Potsdam

Truman gp Stalin ln u l Hi ngh Potsdam(ngoi ca Berlin) vo thng 7 nm 1945. i dinca Anh lc ny l Clement Attlee, va c c Thtng Anh.

Hi ngh nhn mnh cc vn c a ra Hingh Yalta, trong c cc vn v tng lai cac v Ba Lan. Stalin tip tc yu cu bi thngthit hi chin tranh. Truman nhc li li ha hnca Stalin v bu c t do ti Ba Lan.

hi ngh, Truman cng tuyn b bom nguyn t c th nghim New Mexico, Stalin - mc d bit iu ny thng qua cc gin ip M - gt u.

Bom nguyn t c ngha ln i vi Chin tranhLnh, trong l s chy ua cng ngh nguyn tgia M v Lin X. Bom nguyn t cng cdng u tin trong chin tranh Nht theo yu cuca Truman.

Quan im ca Lin X

Sau khi mt gn 22 triu ngi trong cuc chin, Lin X mun thnh lp cc quc gia v tinh xung quanh h v vn an ninh.

Ngoi ra, mt trong nhng mc tiu ca xy dng ch ngha cng sn l lan t tng cng sn ra khp th gii, loi bch ngha t bn, v nhim v ca ng cng sn l thc y s lan truyn .

Stalin bc b nhng s hp tc vi Ngn hng Th gii v Qu Tin t Quc t. V nu lm ngc li, v hnh trungng ang ng gp vo s ln mnh ca ch ngha t bn. Stalin ng h s bnh trng ch ngha cng sn Ty uv chu sau ny.

Lin bang X Vit v s ln mnh ca ch ngha cng sn

Trong Th chin th hai, Hng qun Lin X gip cc nc ng u thot khi qun pht xt, ng thi chnh quyntheo ng li cng sn cng c thit lp ti cc nc ny.

Albania v Bulgaria

Albania, lc lng cng sn b loi tr vo nhng nm chin tranh, sau ny c Stalin thit lp li. Khi bu c dinra cc nm sau , nhng nh lnh o chng cng b gi im lng.

Bulgaria, ch ngha cng sn c thit lp t nm 1944 n 1948.

Tip Khc

Tip Khc c truyn thng chng li ch ngha cng sn t trc th chin. Trong cuc bu c t do nm 1946, ccngi lnh o cng sn ginh c 40% tng s. Sau ny cc ng vin ln thay th nhiu v tr trong b Cng an,cng vi s h tr ca Lin X, h t chc cc cuc mt-tinh, nh cng v.v. n nm 1948, Tip Khc tr thnh mtnc v tinh ca Lin X.

Hungary v Romania


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Cui nm 1945, ti Hungary cc ngi cng sn tht bi trong cuc bu c, cc lc lng X Vit vn c gi li. Hyu cu a ng cng sn ln nm b Cng an. Vic bt b nhng phn t chng cng c th gip cc ngi cngsn ln nm chnh quyn vo cuc ti bu c nm 1947.

Hng qun Lin X cng c lu li Romnia. Nm 1945, vua ca Romania b buc phi phong quyn th tngcho mt ngi cng sn, hai nm sau nh vua b buc phi thoi v.

Ty c

Cc nh lnh o ng Minh mun gip c xy dng li t nc, hn gn vt thng chin tranh. Tuy nhin Stalin,theo nh ng, cho thit lp chnh quyn ton quyn Ty c nc c khng th l mi him ha na (*).

Phn Lan v Nam T

Phn Lan c gi c lp vi Lin X v nh hng ca ch ngha cng sn. 1948, Phn Lan k rng buc khng canthip chuyn ngoi quc.

Nam T cng tng i c lp khi s nh hng ca Lin X. Tuy nhin quc gia ny di s lnh o ca mt nhton quyn vi tn Josip Broz, hay cn c bit n nh l Tito. 1948, Stalin mun lt Tito, nhng tht bi.

Bc mn St

Trong mt bi din vn vo thng 2 nm 1946. Stalin khng nh s thnh cng ca ch ngha cng sn v ch ngha tbn s b nh . Mc d s phi tri qua nhiu nm trc khi c lc lng v trang i u vi M, Lin Xvn c ro rit thc y s lan truyn ca ch ngha cng sn bng cch thit lp nn tng cc nc Ty u.

Mt thng sau, p tr, Winston Churchill (lc ny khng cn l th tng, nhng vn l mt nhn vt c ting nimnh m trong chnh tr Anh) a ra kin phn bc li Stalin, v s thnh lp "Bc mn St" l mt biu tng cho schia ct gia hai h t tng i nghch nhau chu u lc ny. Churchill cng ku gi M tip tc ngn chn Stalinli cc nc vo bn kia ca bc mn, ni ch ngha cng sn ang ng tr.

Chnh sch ca M

Sau mt bi phn tch ca George Kennan, mt nh chnh tr M Moskva, ni dung ch yu l ch ngha cng snkhng th b nh mt cch nhanh chng, M tha nhn vic tht bi ca cc nc ng u vo tay ca Lin X.Nhng ng thi cng thc gic nhng hnh ng gip y khi Ty u, k c Lin X. Mc d vy, quan im caKennan coi ch ngha cng sn nh l "mt ht ging vi mm mng t hy" v s t sp .

Chnh sch Truman

12 thng 3 nm 1947, y l thi im cho Truman thc thi cc chnh sch ca M. T nm 1945, Lin X e daTh Nh K. ng thi ni chin din ra Hy Lp c s can thip ca ch ngha cng sn em n nguy c hai ncny c th s tr thnh hai nc v tinh ca Lin X.

Sau nhng tn tht ca cuc chin, Anh khng cn kh nng vin tr cho Hy Lp v Th Nh K. Anh gi M h trh.

Trong Chnh sch Truman, vai tr lnh o th gii c giao cho M... chnh sch ny v hnh trung y M vo cchnh ng trong cuc chin ny.

"Hu nh mi quc gia u phi chn nhng cch sng khc nhau. V s la chn thng khng phi l mt s lachn t do. Mt cch l da vo mun ca s ng... Cch th hai l da vo mun ca s t mt cch bt buc...Ti tin tng rng cc ng li ca M l ng h nhng con ngi t do, nhng ngi ang chng li s ph thuctheo s t (c v trang) hoc bng p lc. Ti tin tng rng chng ta phi gip nhng con ngi t do h quyt


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nh s phn ca mnh bng nhng cch ring ca h."

Chin tranh Lnh c "hm nng ln"

Hai qu bom nguyn t th xung Hiroshima v Nagasaki l mt s kin rt quan trng trong Th chin th hai v trongChin tranh Lnh. Quan trng ch n m ra mt thi k nguyn t vi s xut hin ca v kh tn ph ln. N cngm ra cuc chy ua v cng ngh nguyn t gay gt gia M v Lin X.

K hoch Marshall

S d Th chin th hai n ra cng l do nhng kt qu ca Th chin th nht, l ngho i v thiu n nh v kinh t cc nc chu u. khng ti din hin trng ny, George C. Marshall phc tho bn K hoch Marshall, ng h sthnh lp cc chng trnh phc hi kinh t cho chu u bng cch gia c nn dn ch v nn thng mi t do chuu s gip khc phc cc kh khn, m th trng ra khp th gii.

Trong bi din vn i hc Harvard vo thng 6 nm 1947, Marshall pht biu:

"y l mt iu logic khi nc M nn lm bt c iu g n c th gip nn kinh t th gii, em li trng thilnh mnh cho n. Chnh sch ca chng ta khng chng li mt t nc hay mt chnh sch no khc. Chnh schca chng ta chng li ngho i, suy sp, v hn lon..."

Cng vi Chnh sch Truman, K hoch Marshall nhn mnh s t do trong kinh t v s vin tr ca M s khc phccc kh khn lc by gi.

Vin tr cho Ty Berlin

Hiu rng Stalin s khng ng thng nht nc c, ba nc Anh-Php-M quyt nh nhp ba vng ph thuc vo,thnh lp Cng ha Lin bang c (khng phi Cng ha Lin bang c ngy nay), hay cn gi l Ty c. Lin Xthnh lp Cng ha Dn ch c, hay ng c, di s lnh o ca ng Cng sn. Th ca c Berlin - tuynm trong lnh th ng c, b chia ct thnh hai: ng Berlin l th ca ng c v Ty Berlin l th caTy c. Tuy nhin, hng trm ngn ngi b trn t cc nc ng u sang ng Berlin, ri ln sang Ty Berlin vt i my bay sang cc nc nh M, Canada hoc Ty u tm t do.

Stalin quyt nh ng con ng trn chy ny v ng cc con ng giao thng vo Ty Berlin. Cuc ba vy nygy ra s thiu ht lng thc v tiu dng cho 2,5 triu ngi Ty Berlin.

Truman khng mun e da v trang m li cc mi giao thng vo Ty Berlin m ng cng khng mun Ty Berlinri vo tay ca Lin X. Cho nn Truman quyt nh cc chin dch vin tr cho Ty Berlin bng cch th hng vin trxung t trn khng.

Trong vng 15 thng, qun i Anh v M cung cp 200.000 chuyn bay cung cp lng thc, nhin liu. Mi ngy13.000 tn hng ha c vin tr cho Ty Berlin.

Thng 5 nm 1949, Stalin tho b lnh phong ta Ty Berlin. Chin dch vin tr ca Anh-M ngng vo thng 9 cngnm.

iu ny chng t mt phn s thnh cng ca cc chnh sch M trong vic em li s cn bng v kinh t ca chuu.

S hnh thnh cc khi lin hip

NATO

Lin Hip Quc l mt y ban tn nhim trong vic gip phc hi kinh t cc nc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, Lin X


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Cn c khng qun Rhein-Main ca

M gip bo tu cc my bay trong

chin dch vin tr Ty c

cng l mt thnh vin, nhiu chnh sch a ra b Lin X bc b v tin rng nl con bi cho s bnh trng ca T bn Phng ty. 1946, Louis St. Laurent,b trng b ngoi giao Canada a ra tng thnh lp mt khi dn ch chung ha bnh gip chu u chng li nhng s chi phi ca Lin X. Ccnh lnh o M t ra quan tm n tng trn, mc d c ngi khng ngtnh, cho rng vic thnh lp mt y ban nh vy c th dn n chin tranh.[Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn m hai cuc chin tranh th gii xy ra trn mtmc lin quan ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii l s thnh lp cc "khi" ilp nhau. Tn cng vo mt nc trong khi ng ngha vi tn cng ton khi.]

Thng 4 nm 1949, Canada, M tham gia vi B, Anh, an Mch, Php, Iceland,, Luxembourg, H Lan, Na Uy, B o Nha thnh lp T chc Hip c Bci Ty Dng (North Atlantic Treaty Organization hay NATO).

S tham gia lin minh NATO c ngha ln trong lch s M, chm dt chnhsch c lp ca M i vi cc vn chu u. [M khng c nh can thip v trang vo hai cuc chin tranh thgii cho ti khi c cc ng trn i Ty Dng gia tu dn s M v tu ngm c, hip nh c v Mexicotrong Th chin th nht v v tn cng Trn Chu Cng trong Th chin th hai.]

Khi Warszawa

Tng t, Lin X tr li bng cch thnh lp khi Hip c Warszawa ( ) gmLin X v cc nc ng minh trong phe x hi ch ngha chu u (Albania, Ba Lan, Hungary, Bulgaria, Cng hodn ch c, Tip Khc, Romania).

S i u gia NATO v Khi Warszawa

S ra i ca NATO v khi Hip c Warszawa nh du s xc lp ca cc din 2 cc, 2 phe. "Chin tranh

lnh" bao trm ton th gii.

S ln mnh ca ch ngha cng sn

Lin X v v kh ht nhn

Nm 1949, Lin X thnh cng trong vic ch to v kh ht nhn, xa b th c quyn v cng ngh ht nhn caHoa K. ly li u th, Truman ph chun vic nghin cu bom ht nhn ti Hoa K.

Cng vo thi im ny, Truman thnh lp y ban An ninh Lin bang (Federal Civil Defense Administration) nhmthnh lp cc phng tin truyn thng cho nhn dn v vic i ph vi chin tranh ht nhn (thnh lp hm chngbom v.v.) nhng thc t khng hiu qu.

Trung Quc v phe cng sn


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Sau khi chng li Pht xt Nht, uy tn ca nh lnh o ng cng sn Mao Trch ng ln cao. M gip TngGii Thch chng li Mao Trch ng. Nhng v sau M chm dt vin tr v cho rng s nm quyn ca Mao Trchng l khng th trnh khi.

Chin tranh Lnh v nc M

Vo khong thi k khng hong kinh t th gii, s lng ngi M tham gia vo ng cng sn tng ln, ch yu ldo suy ngh rng cuc khng hong trn l im yu, l du hiu sp ca ch ngha t bn. Mt ln na, "Ni s "(Red Scare) s nhng t tng ca ch ngha cng sn - tn ti trn t M.

Mi e da cng sn s ln nm chnh quyn M ln cao, iu ny dn n nhng cuc chng cng mang tnh chtkhng ng vi bn cht ca cc t tng M t khi lp quc.

Truman thnh lp nhng chng trnh chng cc gin ip ca Lin X thm nhp vo chnh quyn ca M... ccchng trnh ny iu tra hng triu nhn vin chnh ph, tuy nhin ch khong vi trm ngi b buc t chc.

Quc hi M cng c t chc ring bo v an ninh quc gia. HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee - yBan H Vin Kim Tra Hnh ng Bt Hp Hoa K) c thnh lp nm 1938, gip iu tra cc phn t khng trungthnh. c bit l Hollywood v Hollywood c cho l c nh hng mnh m n t tng ca nhn dn.

Chnh sch McCarren-Walter: Cng vi Truman v Quc hi M, thng ngh s Pat MacCarren ng gp cng cucchng cng sn M. Tuy nhin, theo kin ca ng, a phn cc phn t khng trung thnh l thnh phn nhp c tcc vng m ch ngha cng sn ang thng tr.

McCarren thc y Quc hi ph chun bn hip nh McCarren-Walter, trong gia hn li s lng dn nhp c chophp. Truman phn bc, nhng c s ng h ca Quc hi, bn hip c c thng qua.

Xem thm: Gin ip Ethel v Julius Rosenberg

Chin tranh Triu Tin

Trong thi k Th chin th hai, bn o Triu Tin chu s cai tr ca Pht xt Nht, sau c Lin X v M giiphng. Tuy nhin, t nc Triu Tin khng c thng nht m b chia ra lm hai phn, Bc Triu Tin di s lnho ca ng cng sn v Nam Triu Tin theo ng li t bn, ly v tuyn 38 lm ranh gii.

Thp nin 1950

Nu nh mc tiu ca M trong nhng nm u ca Chin tranh Lnh l ngng s bnh trng ca ch ngha cng sn,giai an ny i u vi vic "y li" ch ngha . Tuy nhin, tng thng lc by gi, Dwight D. Eisenhower, muntrnh cc ng chm vi Lin X.

M Latin

M thit lp cc ch c li cho nn kinh t ca mnh (M c nhiu u t vo kinh t ca cc nc Nam M).

1954, CIA cho rng nhng nh lnh o ca Guatemela ng h nhng suy ngh sai lm, v sau thay th chnh quyn y..

Chu

Eisenhower thnh lp chin dch kt thc Chin tranh Triu Tin. Vin tr Php trong vic qun l thuc a ca h ng Dng, trong c Vit Nam, sau ny vin tr cho Vit Nam Cng Ha cn Lin X, Trung Quc v cc ncXHCN th vin tr cho Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha ti min Bc v Mt Trn Dn tc Gii Phng ti min Nam.


9 of 21 6/11/2015 8:30 PM

Tn la Minuteman 3

Trung ng

M cng thc hin nhng k hoch gip cc nc Rp vi ngun du ha tr ph khng ri vo tay ca Lin X(1952, c gng thit lp li chnh quyn thn M).

1957, Eisenhower tuyn b Chnh sch Eisenhower, trong ni ln rng M s dng v trang bo v nn t ch camt quc gia hay mt nhm quc gia Trung ng trc s e da ca cc thi th nghch.

Cuc chy ua gia M v Lin X

Vo giai on ny, cuc chay ua v trang gia M v Lin X tr nn gay gy vquyn lit hn.

V kh ht nhn

ng cp y l s thnh cng trong vic iu ch bom nhit hch - hay cngi l bom H (vi sc cng ph c th t gp 1000 ln bom nguyn t) ca LinX, cha y 1 nm sau khi M cho n th qu bom H u tin. Trong khong1954-1958, 19 qu bom H c M th nghim.

y l s e da tn ph ton cu bi v kh ht nhn.

Tn la lin lc a

Ni chung, M thua Lin X cng ngh tn la. Lin X hon thnh tn la linlc a (thng cha u n ht nhn) e da an ninh quc phng M. Lc ny nuM mun thm nhp lnh th ca Lin X, cc my bay phi vt qua hng phng th ca X Vit vi cc tn la ti khng. Vo thng 5 nm 1960, Lin X h mt chic my bay U-2 (my bay thm thnh) ca M trn bu tri XVit.

Cng ngh v tr

Nm 1957, X Vit cho phng v tinh nhn to Sputnik. M e s tip theo h c th ci tin Sputnik thnh nhng cngc gip tn cng nc M t trn khng.

M, song song vi vic u t vo cng ngh khng gian nh pht trin v tinh v.v. M cng c nhng k hoch bmt pht trin cc khinh kh cu gin ip, a bay (K hoch Mogul...)

Vo thng 12 nm 1968, Hoa K dn u trong Cuc ua v tr khi James Lovell, Frank Borman v Bill Anders bayvng quanh Mt Trng. H tr thnh nhng ngi u tin n mng Ging sinh trong khng gian v vi ngy sau hcnh an ton. Ngi M Neil Armstrong tr thnh ngi u tin bc trn b mt ca Mt Trng vo 21 thng 7 nm1969.

Chin tranh Vit Nam trong thi k chin tranh lnh

Kt qu ti chin tranh Vit Nam th hin c mt phn ca cuc Chin tranh Lnh, tuy nhin iu ny khng cth hin r rng v ngoi cuc chin gia hai phe ch ngha x hi v t bn ch ngha ra, n cn th hin l mt cucchin nhm thng nht v ginh c lp dn tc. Tinh thn c lp dn tc l yu t c bn gip Vit Nam Dn chCng ha chin thng ch khng phi nh u th t tng hay qun s. Bn thn Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng minNam Vit Nam l mt t chc on kt rng ri, khng ch nhng ngi cng sn m cn c nhng thnh phn dn tcch ngha chng li s hin din ca ngoi bang l Hoa K. Trung Quc, ng minh ca Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha tng ngh em qun sang trc tip chin u nh Triu Tin, song cc lnh o Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha


10 of 21 6/11/2015 8:30 PM

Mikhail Gorbachev v Ronald

Reagan k Hip c cc Lc lng

Ht nhn Tm trung ti Nh Trng,

1987

t chi vi l do "n tin ca th s tr c ch n xng mu th khng th tr c",[cn dn ngun] hm nu chophp Trung Quc tham chin, mt qun i ngoi bang ging Hoa K, s lm mt i tnh cht gii phng dn tc cacuc chin.

Min Bc i theo con ng x hi ch ngha, v c bn vn l mt quc gia lc hu hn so vi quc gia cng phe,trong khi min Nam i theo con ng t bn ch ngha. Trong thp nin 50, 60 nn kinh t ca min Nam c tc mt s thnh tu pht trin nht nh, song ni chung vn lc hu so vi cc nc t bn phng Ty, vn phiph thuc ng k vo vin tr.

Vic phn chia hai min Bc Nam Vit Nam trong sut thi k Chin Tranh Lnh li c c hai cng quc lc bygi l Lin X v Hoa K a ra nhng nhn nh khc nhau. Hoa K cho rng s tham chin ca qun i M, vin trchin ph cho Php v sau l Vit Nam Cng ha l ngn chn s bnh trng ca ch ngha cng sn ti VitNam ni ring cng nh ti Chu ni chung theo thuyt Domino ca Hoa K. cng chnh l l do qun i Mcan thip ngy cng su vo chin tranh ti Vit Nam cng nh trc tip a qun i tham chin trn chin trng.Lin X th cho rng vic h lm l mun gip nhn dn Vit Nam ni ring (cng nh cc nc th gii th ba nichung) ginh c lp v chng li ch ngha thc dn mi ca t bn phng Ty, iu m h lm trong sut Chintranh ng Dng trc . Lin X ra sc gip cho Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha v kh, c vn hun luyn...nhm ng h cng cuc u tranh ginh c lp t nc ca Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha.

Nh vy c th ni tnh cht ca Chin tranh Vit Nam l a din. i vi i a s ngi Vit Nam, mc tiu ca cucchin l nhm ginh c lp dn tc trc s can thip v chia ct t nc n t Hoa K. Cn vi Hoa K, l tuynu h th hin tim lc trc Lin X trong thi k t nm 1955 n 1975.

Chm dt Chin tranh Lnh (198591)

Nhng cuc ci cch ca Gorbachev

Xem thm thng tin: Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika, v glasnost

Ti khi Mikhail Gorbachev l ngi kh tr ln lm Tng b th nm 1985, nnkinh t Lin X ang trong tnh trng tr tr v phi i mt vi s gim stmnh t ngun thu ngoi t nc ngoi v s st gi du m trong thp nin

1980.[30] Nhng vn ny khin Gorbachev u t vo cc bin php nhm

khi phc t nc ang m yu.[30]

Mt s khi u khng hiu qu dn ti kt lun rng nhng thay i c cumnh hn l cn thit v vo thng 6 nm 1987 Gorbachev thng bo mt k

hoch ci cch kinh t c gi l perestroika, hay ti c cu.[31] Perestroikagim bt h thng sn xut theo hn ngch, cho php s s hu t nhn vi ccdoanh nghip v m ng cho u t nc ngoi. Cc bin php c mc ch ti nh hng cc ngun ti nguynquc gia t nhng cam kt qun s t gi thi Chin tranh Lnh sang nhng khu vc cng cng c hiu qu ln

hn.[31]

D c thi hoi nghi ban u phng Ty, nh lnh o mi ca Lin X chng minh s kin quyt o ngc

iu kin kinh t ang xu i ca Lin X thay v tip tc cuc chy ua v trang vi phng Ty.[32] Mt phn l mtcch chng s i lp bn trong vi nhng cuc ci cch ca mnh, Gorbachev ng thi a ra glasnost, hay m

ca, tng cng t do cho bo ch v s minh bch ho cc nh ch nh nc.[33] Glasnost c mc ch lm gim tham

nhng trn thng tng ng Cng sn v gim bt s lm dng quyn lc bn trong U ban Trung ng.[34]

Glasnost cng cho php s tng cng tip xc gia cc cng dn Lin X v th gii phng Ty, c bit vi Hoa

K, gp phn vo vic y nhanh s gim cng thng gia hai nc.[35]

S tan bng trong mi quan h


11 of 21 6/11/2015 8:30 PM

Lin X rt qun khi Afghanistan

nm 1988

Xem thm thng tin: Hi ngh thng nh Reykjavk, Hip c cc Lc lng Ht nhn Tm trung, START

I, v HIp c v s Gii quyt Cui cng v nc c

Trc nhng nhng b v qun s v chnh tr ca Kremlin, Reagan ng ti lp cc cuc m phn v cc vn

kinh t v gim mc chy ua v trang.[36] Cuc m phn u tin c t chc vo thng 11 nm 1985 ti Geneva,

Thu S.[36] mt cuc gp, hai nh lnh o, ch vi mt ngi phin dch thp tng, ng v nguyn tc gim bt

50% kho v kh ht nhn ca mi nc.[37]

Mt Hi ngh thng nh Reykjavk th hai c t chc ti Iceland. Nhngcuc m phn din ra tt p cho ti khi s tp trung chuyn sang xut caReagan v Sng kin Phng th Chin lc, m Gorbachev mun b loi b:

Reagan t chi.[38] Nhng cuc m phn tht bi, nhng mt cuc hpthng nh th ba nm 1987 dn ti mt bc t ph vi vic k kt Hipc cc Lc lng Ht nhn Tm trung (INF). Hip c INF loi b mi loi vkh ht nhn, c phng t tn la n o mt t v tn la hnh trnh vitm bn trong khong 500 ti 5,500 kilmt (300 ti 3,400 dm) v c s h

tng phc v n.[39]

Cng thng ng-Ty nhanh chng gim xung t gia cho ti cui thp nin1980, mc thp nht ti cuc hp thng nh cui cng ti Moskva nm

1989, khi Gorbachev v George H. W. Bush k hip c kim sot v kh START I.[40] Trong nm tip sau mi iu trnn r rng vi ngi Lin X rng cc khon tr cp du m v kh t, cng vi chi ph cho vic duy tr mt qun i

to ln, l ci phu khng l lm tht thot i cc ngun ti nguyn kinh t.[41] Ngoi ra, u th an ninh ca mt vngm c cng nhn l khng thch hp v ngi Lin X chnh thc tuyn b rng h khng cn can thip vo

cng vic ca cc quc gia ng minh ng u na.[42]

Nm 1989, cc lc lng Lin X rt khi Afghanistan[43] v ti nm 1990 Gorbachev ng vi vic thng nht nc

c,[41] kh nng thay th duy nht l mt kch bn kiu v Thin An Mn.[44] Khi bc tng Berlin b ph b, tng

"Ngi nh Chung chu u" ca Gorbachev bt u thnh hnh.[45]

Ngy 3 thng 12 nm 1989, Gorbachev v ngi k tc Reagan, George H. W. Bush, tuyn b cuc Chin tranh Lnh

chm dt ti Hi ngh thng nh Malta;[46] mt nm sau, hai i th c l cc i tc trong cuc Chin tranh vng

Vnh chng li ng minh lu i ca Lin X Iraq.[47]

S dao ng ca h thng X vit

Xem thm thng tin: Kinh t Lin X, Cc cuc cch mng nm 1989, v Con ng Baltic

Ti nm 1989, h thng lin minh ca Lin X trn b vc sp , v khng c s h tr qun s ca Lin X, cc

lnh o cng sn ti cc nh nc thuc Khi hip c Warsaw dn mt quyn lc.[43] chnh bn trong Lin X,

glasnost lm yu i cc lin kt gi cht Lin bang X vit[42] v ti thng 2 nm 1990, vi s gii tn Lin X ang

dn hin ra, ng Cng sn buc phi trao li c quyn lc ko di 73 nm ca mnh.[48]

Cng lc y, t do bo ch v s bt ng c cho php bi glasnost v s gia tng "vn tnh cht quc gia" dnkhin cc nc cng ho to thnh Lin bang X vit tuyn b t tr khi Moskva, vi vic cc quc gia vng Baltic rt

lui hon ton khi Lin X.[49] Ln sng cch mng nm 1989 qut qua khp Trung v ng u lt cc nh nc

cng sn kiu Lin X, nh Ba Lan, Hungary, Tip Khc v Bulgaria,[50] Romania l nc duy nht thuc Khi ng

u lt chnh quyn theo cch bo lc v hnh quyt v lnh o nh nc.[51]

Gii tn Lin X

Thi thoi mi ca Gorbachev vi ng u ban u khng c trn lnh th Lin X, thm ch Bush, ngi c gng


12 of 21 6/11/2015 8:30 PM

Bc nh chp Bc tng Berlin c chp t pha Ty.

Bc tng c xy vo nm 1961 ngn chn ngi

nhp c t ng c. N l mt biu tng ca Chin

tranh Lnh v sp vo nm 1989 nh du cho giai

on cui ca Chin tranh Lnh.

S thnh lp Cng ng cc quc gia c lp, s

chnh thc chm dt ca Lin bang X vit

duy tr cc quan h thn thin, cng ln n cc v git hi vothng 1 nm 1991 ti Latvia v Lithuania, cnh bo ring rngcc mi quan h kinh t c th b ng bng nu tnh trng bo

lc tip din.[52] Lin bang X vit b suy yu tht s sau mto chnh tht bi v s lng ngy cng tng cc nc cngho X vit, c bit l Nga, tng e do ly khai khi Lin

X, tuyn b gii tn n vo ngy 25 thng 12 nm 1991.[53]

Di sn

c thnh lp ngy 21 thng 12 nm 1991, Cng ng ccquc gia c lp c coi l thc th k tc ca Lin X nhngtheo cc lnh o Nga mc tiu ca n l "cho php mt cuchn nhn vn minh" gia cc nc cng ho x vit v lin kt

chng vo mt lin minh lng lo.[54]

Sau Chin tranh Lnh, Nga ct gim mnh chi tiu qun s,nhng s thay i gy tc ng mnh, bi lnh vc cng nghipqun s trc kia s dng ti mt phn nm lc lng lao ng

Lin X[55] v vic gii gip khin hng triu cng dn Lin X

c ri vo cnh tht nghip.[55] Sau khi Nga thc hin cc cuc cicch kinh t kiu t bn trong thp nin 1990, n phi hng chumt cuc khng hong ti chnh v mt thi gian gim pht nghimtrng hn Hoa K v c tng phi i mt trong cuc i gim

pht.[56] Tiu chun sng ti Nga st gim i trong nhng nmthi hu Chin tranh Lnh, d nn kinh t bt u tng trng tr

li t nm 1999.[56]

Di sn ca cuc Chin tranh Lnh tip tc nh hng ti cc vn

th gii.[14] Sau s gii tn Lin X, th gii thi hu Chin tranh Lnh b a s mi ngi coi l n cc, vi Hoa K

l siu cng duy nht.[57][58][59] Chin tranh Lnh nh ngha vai tr chnh tr ca Hoa K trn th gii thi hu Thchin II: ti nm 1989 Hoa K c cc lin minh qun s vi 50 quc gia, v c 1.5 triu qun n tr nc ngoi ti

117 quc gia.[60] Chin tranh Lnh cng nh ch ho mt cam kt quc t vi mt nn cng nghip qun s v chi

tiu cho khoa hc qun s to ln v thng xuyn.[60]

Chi ph qun s ca Hoa K trong nhng nm Chin tranh Lnh c c tnh l $8 nghn t, trong khi gn 100.000

ngi M thit mng trong Chin tranh Triu Tin v Chin tranh Vit Nam.[61] D s thit hi nhn mng ca binh sLin X kh c tnh ton, phn trm trong Tng sn lng quc gia ca Lin X chi cho cuc chin ln hn rt nhiu

so vi M.[62]

Ngoi s thit mng ca nhng binh s mc qun phc, hng triu ngi cht trong cc cuc chin tranh u nhim

ca cc siu cng trn khp th gii, ng k nht l ti ng Nam .[63] a s cc cuc chin tranh u nhim v cckhon vin tr cho cc cuc xung t a phng chm dt cng vi Chin tranh Lnh, nhng cuc chin tranh giacc quc gia, cc cuc chin tranh sc tc, cc cuc chin tranh cch mng, cng nh s ngi t nn v nhng ngi

phi ri b nh ca trong cc cuc khng hong gim mnh nhng nm sau cuc Chin tranh Lnh.[64]

Khng mt huy chng chin dch ring bit no c to ra cho cuc Chin tranh Lnh, tuy nhin, vo nm 1998,Quc hi Hoa K cp Chng nhn Ghi cng thi Chin tranh Lnh "cho mi thnh vin cc lc lng v trang vnhng nhn vin dn s ca chnh ph lin bang phc v trung thnh v xng ng Hp chng quc Hoa K bt kthi im no trong thi k Chin tranh Lnh, c nh ngha l t ngy 2 thng 9 nm 1945 ti ngy 26 thng 12 nm

1991." [65]

Tuy nhin, di sn ca cuc Chin tranh Lnh khng phi lun d dng b xo b, bi nhiu cng thng kinh t v x hi


13 of 21 6/11/2015 8:30 PM

b khai thc lm l do cho cuc cnh tranh thi Chin tranh Lnh nhiu ni thuc Th gii th ba vn cn su

sc.[14] S tan r quyn qun l nh nc mt s khu vc trc kia thuc cc chnh ph cng sn to ra cc cuc

xung t dn s v sc tc mi, c bit l ti Nam T c.[14] ng u, s kt thc Chin tranh Lnh dn ti mtthi k tng trng kinh t v mt s tng trng mnh cc ch dn ch t do, trong khi nhiu ni khc trn th

gii, nh Afghanistan, c lp i lin vi s ph sn nh nc.[14]

Chp s

Ngay khi thut ng "Chin tranh Lnh" tr nn ph thng trong vic cp ti nhng cng thng thi hu chin giaHoa K v Lin bang X vit, vic gii thch qu trnh v cc nguyn nhn cuc xung t l ngun gc ca mt cuc

tranh ci d di gia cc nh s hc, cc nh khoa hc chnh tr v cc nh bo.[66] c bit, cc nh s hc c s btng mnh vi vic quy trch nhim cho ai v s tan v quan h Lin X-Hoa K sau Th chin II; v liu cuc xung

t gia hai siu cng l khng th trnh khi, hay c th trnh c.[67] Cc nh s hc cng khng ng v vicchnh xc cuc Chin tranh Lnh l g, cc ngun gc cuc xung t l g, v lm sao g ri cc hnh mu hnh ng

v phn ng gia hai bn.[14]

D nhng gii thch v ngun gc cuc xung t trong cc cuc tranh lun hn lm l phc tp v tri ngc, nhiutrng phi t tng chnh v ch c th c xc nh. Cc nh s hc thng ni v ba cch tip cn khc nhau ti

vic nghin cu Chin tranh Lnh: cc tng thut "chnh thng", "xt li", v "hu xt li".[60]

Nhng tng thut "chnh thng" p t trch nhim v cuc Chin tranh Lnh cho Lin X v s m rng ca n vo

ng u.[60] Cc tc gia "xt li" quy nhiu trch nhim v vic lm tan v ho bnh thi hu chin cho Hoa K, vin

dn mt lot n lc ca Hoa K nhm c lp v e do Lin X t trc khi Th chin II chm dt.[60] Nhng ngitheo phi "hu xt li" xem xt cc s kin ca Chin tranh Lnh di nhiu gc hn, v c gng cn bng hn trong

vic xc nh iu g xy ra trong Chin tranh Lnh.[60] a s vic chp s v Chin tranh Lnh s dng hai hay

thm ch c ba tiu ch ln .[cn dn ngun]

Xem thm

Th chin III

Chin tranh ht nhn

S sp ca Lin X v ng u

Hy ph bc tng ny

Bc tng Berlin

Ch thch

^ ""Cold War" noun... (3) (initial

capital letters) rivalry after World

War II between the Soviet Union

and its satellites and the democratic

countries of the Western world,

under the leadership of the United

States." Dictionary, unabridged,

based on the Random House

Dictionary, 2009

1.

^ Gaddis 2005, tr. 542.

^ Safire, William (1 thng 10 nm

2006). Islamofascism Anyone?

(http://www.iht.com/articles

/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php).

The New York Times (The New

York Times Company). Truy cp 25

thng 12 nm 2008.

3. ^ 'Bernard Baruch coins the term

"Cold War"

(http://www.history.com/this-

day-in-history.do?action=Article&

id=2639)', history.com, 16 thng 4

nm 1947. Truy cp 2 thng 7 nm

2008.

4.


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^ Lippmann, Walter (1947). Cold

War (http://books.google.com

/books?id=Ydc3AAAAIAAJ&

q=walter+lippmann+cold+war&

dq=walter+lippmann+cold+war&

pgis=1). Harper. Truy cp ngy 2

thng 9 nm 2008.

5.

^ Kort, Michael (2001). The

Columbia Guide to the Cold War.

Columbia University Press. tr. 3.

6.

^ Geiger, Till (2004). Britain and

the Economic Problem of the Cold

War. Ashgate Publishing. tr. 7.

7.

^ Orwell, George, The Observer,

10 thng 3 nm 1946

8.

^ a Gaddis 1990, tr. 579.

^ Lee 1999, tr. 5710.

^ Tucker 1992, tr. 3411.

^ Tucker 1992, tr. 4612.

^ Tucker 1992, tr. 47-813.

^ a b c d Halliday 2001, tr. 2e14.

^ Tucker 1992, tr. 7415.

^ Tucker 1992, tr. 7516.

^ Tucker 1992, tr. 9817.

^ Communism: A History (Modern

Library Chronicles) by Richard

Pipes, pg 67

18.

^ Christenson 1991, tr. 30819.

^ Lefeber, Fitzmaurice & Vierdag

1991, tr. 194197

20.

^ Leffler 1992, tr. 2121.

^ Day, Alan J.; East, Roger;

Thomas, Richard. A Political and

Economic Dictionary of Eastern

Europe, pg. 405

22.

^ Roberts 2006, tr. 43-8223.

^ Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, Stalin's

Cold War, New York: Manchester

University Press, 1995, ISBN

0-7190-4201-1

24.

^ Ericson 1999, tr. 1-21025.

^ Shirer 1990, tr. 598-61026.

^ Roberts 2006, tr. 8227.

^ Gaddis 1990, tr. 15128.

^ Gaddis 1990, tr. 15115329.

^ a LaFeber 2002, tr. 33133330.

^ a Gaddis 2005, tr. 23123331.

^ LaFeber 2002, tr. 30034032.

^ Gibbs 1999, tr. 733.

^ Gibbs 1999, tr. 3334.

^ Gibbs 1999, tr. 6135.

^ a Gaddis 2005, tr. 22923036.

^ 1985: "Superpowers aim for

'safer world'" (http://news.bbc.co.uk

/onthisday/hi/dates/stories

/november/21/newsid_2549000

/2549897.stm), BBC News, 21

thng 11 nm 1985. Truy cp 4

thng 7 nm 2008.

37.

^ Toward the Summit; Previous

Reagan-Gorbachev Summits

(http://query.nytimes.com

/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DA

1F3BF93AA15756C0A96E948260

). The New York Times. 29 thng 5

nm 1988. Truy cp ngy 21 thng

6 nm 2008.

38.

^ Intermediate-Range Nuclear

Forces (http://www.fas.org

/nuke/control/inf/index.html).

Federation of American Scientists.

Truy cp ngy 21 thng 6 nm

2008.

39.

^ Gaddis 2005, tr. 25540.

^ a Shearman 1995, tr. 7641.

^ a Gaddis 2005, tr. 24842.

^ a Gaddis 2005, tr. 23523643.

^ Shearman 1995, tr. 7444.

^ Address given by Mikhail

Gorbachev to the Council of

Europe (http://www.ena.lu

/?doc=11160). Centre Virtuel de la

Connaissance sur l'Europe. 6 thng

7 nm 1989. Truy cp ngy 11

thng 2 nm 2007.

45.

^ Malta summit ends Cold War

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday

/hi/dates/stories/december

/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm),

BBC News, 3 thng 12 nm 1989.

Truy cp 11 thng 6 nm 2008.

46.

^ Goodby, p. 2647.

^ Gorbachev, pp. 287, 290, 29248.

^ Gaddis 2005, tr. 25349.

^ Lefeber, Fitzmaurice & Vierdag

1991, tr. 221

50.

^ Gaddis 2005, tr. 24751.

^ Goldgeier, p. 2752.

^ Gaddis 2005, tr. 25625753.

^ Soviet Leaders Recall

Inevitable Breakup Of Soviet

Union (http://rferl.org

/featuresarticle/2006/12

/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-

b96c-784ec918969a.html), Radio

Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 8 thng

12 nm 2006. Truy cp 20 thng 5

nm 2008.

54.

^ a slund, p. 4955.

^ a Nolan, pp. 171856.

^ Country profile: United States of

America (http://news.bbc.co.uk

/2/hi/americas/country_profiles

/1217752.stm). BBC News. Truy

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57.

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Blum, William (2006), Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower, Zed Books, ISBN 1842778277

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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 9041103120

Breslauer, George (2002). Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521892449.

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Buchanan, Tom (2005). Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945-2000. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631221638.

Byrd, Peter (2003). Cold War. Trong Iain McLean & Alistair McMillan. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of

Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192802763.

Calhoun, Craig (2002). Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195123719.

Carabott, Philip & Thanasis Sfikas (2004), The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of Exceptionalism and

Silences, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0754641317

Christenson, Ron (1991). Political trials in history: from antiquity to the present. Transaction Publishers.

ISBN 0887384064.

Cowley, Robert (1996), The Reader's Companion to Military History, Houghton Mifflin Books, ISBN

0618127429

Crocker, Chester; Fen Hampson & Pamela Aall (2007), Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a

Divided World, US Institute of Peace Press, ISBN 192922396X

Dowty, Alan (1989), Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement, Yale University

Press, ISBN 0300044984

Dobrynin, Anatoly (2001), In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents, University of

Washington Press, ISBN 0295980818

Edelheit, Hershel and Abraham (1991). A World in Turmoil: An Integrated Chronology of the Holocaust and


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Ericson, Edward E. (1999), Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 19331941,

Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0275963373

Feldbrugge, Joseph; van den Berg, Gerard; Simons, William (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet Law. BRILL.

ISBN 9024730759.

Friedman, Norman (2007). The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Naval Institute Press.

ISBN 1591142873.

Gaddis, John Lewis (1990), Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History,

McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0075572583

Gaddis, John Lewis (1997). We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. Oxford University Press.

ISBN 0198780702.

Gaddis, John Lewis (2005), The Cold War: A New History, Penguin Press, ISBN 1594200629

Gaidar, Yegor (2007). Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia (bng ting Nga). Brookings Institution

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Garthoff, Raymond (1994), Dtente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan,

Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 0815730411

Gibbs, Joseph (1999), Gorbachev's Glasnost, Texas University Press, ISBN 0890968926

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ISBN 1859731856.

Goldgeier, James; McFaul, Michael (2003). Power and Purpose: US Policy toward Russia after the Cold War.

Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815731744.

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Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198291612.

Gorbechev, Mikhail (1996). Memoirs. Doubleday. ISBN 0385480199.

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0195117395

Hanhimaki, Jussi; Westad, Odd Arne (2003). The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts.


Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961,

Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691096783

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Karabell, Zachary (1999), Chambers, John Whiteclas, ed., Cold War (194591): External Course, Oxford

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Karaagac, John (2000). Between Promise and Policy: Ronald Reagan and Conservative Reformism. Lexington

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Kennan, George F. (1968), Memoirs, 1925-1950, Hutchinson, ISBN 009085800X

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the United States. ISBN 0974364312.

Kumaraswamy, P. R.; Karsh, Efraim (2000). Revisiting the Yom Kippur War. Routledge. ISBN 0714650072.

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LaFeber, Walter (2002), Foner, Eric & John Arthur Garraty, eds., The Reader's companion to American history,

Houghton Mifflin Books, ISBN 0395513723

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Lefeber, R; M. Fitzmaurice & E. W. Vierdag (1991), The Changing Political Structure of Europe, Martinus

Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 0792313798

Leffler, Melvyn (1992), A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold

War, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0804722188

Link, William A. (1993). American Epoch: A History of the United States. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070379513.

Lundestad, Geir (2005). East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945.


The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192801783. b qua tham s khng

r |lyear= (tr gip); b qua tham s khng r |ast= (tr gip)

Malkasian, Carter (2001), The Korean War: Essential Histories, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1841762822

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McSherry, Patrice (2005). Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Rowman &

Littlefield. ISBN 0742536874.

Miller, Roger Gene (2000), To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN

0890969671

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1945 to the Present, Verso, ISBN 1859843468

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Enterprise Institute. ISBN 0844739588.

Nashel, Jonathan (1999). Cold War (194591): Changing Interpretations. Trong John Whiteclay Chambers. The

Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195071980.


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Antarctic. National Academies Press. ISBN 0309049474.

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Nolan, Peter (1995). China's Rise, Russia's Fall. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312127146.

Nye, Joseph S. (2003). The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone.


Odom, William E. (2000), The Collapse of the Soviet Military, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300082711

Palmowski, Jan (2004), A Dictionary of Contemporary World History, Oxford University Press, ISBN

0198608756

Patterson, James (1997), Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974, Oxford University Press US, ISBN

0585362505

Pearson, Raymond (1998), The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macmillan, ISBN 0312174071

Perlmutter, Amos (1997), Making the World Safe for Democracy, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN

0807823651

Porter, Bruce; Karsh, Efraim (1984). The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local

Wars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521310644.

Puddington, Arch (2003), Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio

Liberty, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813190452

Reagan, Ronald. Cold War. Trong Foner, Eric & Garraty, John Arthur. The Reader's companion to American

history. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0395513723.

Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 19391953, Yale University Press, ISBN

0300112041

Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), Impunity and human rights in international law and practice, Oxford University

Press, ISBN 0195081366

Rycroft, Michael (2002). Beyond the International Space Station: The Future of Human Spaceflight. Johns

Hopkins University Press. ISBN 1402009623.

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Shearman, Peter (1995), Russian Foreign Policy Since 1990, Westview Pess, ISBN 0813326338

Shirer, William L. (1990), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon and Schuster,

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ISBN 0674455312

c thm

Lin kt ngoi

Th kh

Open Society Archives, Budapest (Hungary), one of the biggest history of communism and cold war archives in

the world (http://www.osaarchivum.org/guide/)

An archive of UK civil defence material (http://www.cybertrn.demon.co.uk)

CONELRAD Cold War Pop Culture Site (http://www.conelrad.com/)

CBC Digital Archives Cold War Culture: The Nuclear Fear of the 1950s and 1960s (http://archives.cbc.ca

/IDD-1-71-274/conflict_war/cold_war/)

The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) (http://www.cwihp.org)

The Cold War Files (http://coldwarfiles.org)

CNN Cold War Knowledge Bank (http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/) comparison of articles on Cold

War topics in the Western and the Soviet press between 1945 and 1991

The CAESAR, POLO, and ESAU Papers (http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/The-CAESAR-

POLO-and-ESAU-Papers-)This collection of declassified analytic monographs and reference aids, designated

within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Directorate of Intelligence (DI) as the CAESAR, ESAU, and POLO

series, highlights the CIA's efforts from the 1950s through the mid-1970s to pursue in-depth research on Soviet

and Chinese internal politics and Sino-Soviet relations. The documents reflect the views of seasoned analysts who

had followed closely their special areas of research and whose views were shaped in often heated debate.

Th mc

Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library (http://alsos.wlu.edu

/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues/Arms+Race)

Annotated bibliography from Citizendium (http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cold_War%2C_Bibliography)

Tin tc

Video and audio news reports from during the cold war (http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/themes/world_politics

/cold_war/default.stm)

Cc ngun gio dc

Minuteman Missile National Historic Site: Protecting a Legacy of the Cold War, a National Park Service Teaching

with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan (http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/128mimi/)


20 of 21 6/11/2015 8:30 PM

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