7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

1/18

Nhm 3

CHNG TTHNG MI SDNG TRONG THANH TON QUC T

Ngy nay, chng tng vai tr l c sm bo cho hp ng thanh ton quc tdin rac sun s. Phng thc thanh ton c sdng rng ri trong thng mi quc tlthanh ton theo thtn dng(chim khong 70% gi trthanh ton). y l hot ng thanhton din ra phbin.

Khi san ton trong thanh ton c bo m bi mt tchc ti chnh( thng l ngn hng) th vic mua bn ca 2 bn sdin ra thun li v nhanh chng, ngi mua khng phi trtin trc tip cho hng ha ca ngi bn khi cha nhn c hng v ngi bn cng khnglo sngi mua khng trtin khi ngi mua nhn c hng. Vn ri ro trong thanhton c hn chkhin cho phng php ny c u tin sdng, ngoi ra nhcc chngtm ngi mua c thi chiu kim tra cc chtiu ca hng ha c ng yu cu haykhng.

Vai tr:

- Bchng tl c sthanh ton gia cc bn trong hot ng xut nhp khu.

- Chng tc thmua i bn li, cm c, thchp hoc chit khu ti cc ngn hng.

- To iu kin p dng c cc thnh tu ca khoa hc cng nghhin i vo vicsdng chng t.

A.Chng thng ha

Chng thng ha l bng chng chng minh quan hthng mi, l chng tmang tnhcht trung tm trong bhs thanh ton, vy nn cn thit phi kim tra tnh hon ho v

chnh xc ca loi chng tny.

Chng ta chia lm 3 dng: Ha n thng mi, Giy chng nhn xut xv cc loi chngthng ha khc.

I. HA N THNG MI ( Commercial Invoices )

L chng tc tnh cht php l, l chng tdo ngi bn lp chra chi tit vhng hatrao i nhn c tin.

1.Cc ni dung ca ha n thng mi:

- Cc bn mua bn: tn v a chy ca ngi bn v ngi mua , stham chiu cacc bn v ngy thng pht hnh.

-Hng ha: tn hng, m thng ha, cc chi tit vtrng lng/ khi lng, n gi vtng trgi.

- iu kin giao hng : thhin chi ph vn ti , bo him do ai chi trv vo thi im no.

- Chi tit vvn ti : tn phng tin chuyn chl g, ngi chuyn ch, cng bc hng,cng dhng.

- iu kin thanh ton v trao chng t: ty thuc vophng thc thanh ton l ghi s,

chuyn tin nhthu hay tn dng chng t.

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

2/18

- Cc ni dung khc: ty theo quy nh ca cc nc m CI phi thhin cc ni dung nh:thng tin vxut x, chi ph vn ti v bo him c thhin c lp, chk bng tay cangi bn, m sphn loi thu.

2.Chc nng ca ha n thng mi

- Trong khai bo hi quan v mua bo him, ha n thng mi thhin gi trhng ha

mua, bn lm c scho tnh thu xut nhp khu v tnh stin bo him.

- L cng cti trtn dng: khi ha iwn c chp nhn trtin tngn hng hayngi mua th n strthnh cng cti trcho hot ng xut nhp khu- cng cm botin vay.

- L cn ctheo di kim tra qu trnh thc hin hp ng mua bn .

- Trng hp bchng tkhng c hi phiu k km theo th ha n thng mi c tcdng thay thcho hi phiu l cn cthanh ton tin hng - i tin v trtin.

3.Phn loi

a. Ha n tm ( Provisional Invoice)

c im :

- c yu cu tpha ngi mua, khi hcn n c c giy php nhp khu(thng c trong yu cu nhp khu. ghi cc quy nh vthuv vhng ha).

- c vit bi ngi bn,cc nh phn phi danh ngha hoc cng c thdo cc trunggian bn hng khc. Ha n ny khng cn xc nhn ca vn phng i shay cc chuyngia nghin cu.

Chc nng :

- Xut pht tha n tm, Ngn hng c thqun l tn, a chchnh xc ca ngihng li, cng nh tn gi, c im hng ha. trnh sai st gy tn tht cho hot ngkinh doanh i ngoi cn ch cc iu khon vhi oi.

- Theo lut quc t, khi mt hot ng giao dch khng thc hin nh hp ng thngmi hay theo thtmua hng ca ngi nhp khu, ha n tm c xem nh l mt snghbn hng. N chc chp nhn trong trng hp ngi pht hnh tha nhn, n strthnh hp ng c gi trkhi ngi mua k gi km theo mt cng cvit theo quy nh calut php nh: in bo ,th bo.

- Trong trng hp c nhiu mt hng, sc li v n gin thtc nu ni cc ha ntm ca nh cung cp.

- Gp phn tt yu trong hot ng mv thanh ton LC, gip ngn hng kim tra ichiu gia ha n thng mi vi ha n tm vslng, trng lng v tnh cht cahng ha trong hp ng.

b. Ha n thng mi chnh thc(Final Invoice)

L chng tkton do bn bn lp, y l ha n quan trng nht trong giao dch quc t,cho php tt ccc dch vthusut c kim tra cc yu tca hng ha gi i.

* Ngi xut khu : ha n phthuc vo thi hn ca hp ng v mang tnh cht btbuc. Cc yu cu thhin trn ha n: c ch, sseri ha n, tn a chngi mua ,s

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

3/18

lng hng ha bn ra, tn gi chinh xc ca hng ha,gi c, ng tin quy nh trong han( n vtin t), ngy o hn, chti chnh v cc iu kin bn hng.

* Ngi nhp khu: ha n gii thch cthmt khon n, n sgii thch mi i tngti chnh ca khon n, a vn ra nc ngoi v l c skhai bo v tnh thuhi quan xutnhp khu.

c. Ha n chiu l( Pro Forma Invoice)

- C hnh thc ging ha n thng thng nhng khng c k hiu m hng ha, ghi r lHa n chiu l

- Chnh giy cho hng , giy bo gi gi n cc khch hng tim nng. N khng dng thanh ton nhng vn ghi r gi cv c im ca hng ha.

- Sdng trong cc trng hp hng ha gi i trin lm , tham gia hi chhay gi bn.

d.Ha n xc nhn( Certified Invoice)

- C chk ca c quan chc nng xc nhn vxut xca hng ha.

- C ththay thgiy chng nhn xut xhng ha.

e.Ha n Lnh s( Consular Invoice)

Khi nh thunhp khu, mt snc nhp khu yu cu ha n thng mi phi c xcnhn ca Lnh squn nc to nc xut khu. Mc ich:

-Chng nhn nh xut khu khng bn ph gihng ha.

-Cung cp thng tin vnhm hng hoa phi chu thu.

- Thay thcho giy chng nhn xut xhng ha.

f. Ha n chi tit ( Detailed Invoice)

-Loi ha n ny gi chng ha c phn tch mt cch chi tit thnh nhiu mc.

- Ni dung ca ha n chi tit n mc no l ty theo yu cu cth, khng c tnhcht cnh.

g. Ha n hi quan ( Customs Invoice)

- L ha n tnh ton trgi hng theo gi tnh thuca hi quan v IIcc lph ca hiquan.

- Ha n ny t quan trng trong lu thng, chyu dng trong tnh thuv khng c gitri tin.

II. GIY CHNG NHN XUT X( Certificate of Orgin)

Giy chng nhn xut x( C/O) c thdo ngi xut khu, ngi sn xut hoc Phngthng mi ca nc xut khu k.

Scn thit phi c Giy chng nhn xut x( C/O):

-Giy chng nhn xut xc thc yu cu khi cc thng nhn mun chng u i thuquan, cc u i khc theo cc tha thun hoc cc hip nh song

phng, a phng.

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

4/18

- Theo quy nh ca php lut cc nc hoc cc cng c, iu c quc t.

1. Ni dung , mc ch C/O

a. Ni dung

Ni dung chnh ca Giy chng nhn xut x( C/O) bao gm:

-Tn v a chca ngi bn/ngi gi hng

-Tn v a chca ngi mua/ngi nhn hng

-M thng ha

-Tn v a chca ngi sn xut

-Tuyn bca ngi pht hnh vvic xc thc ngun gc ca hng ha

-Ngi pht hnh, chk v hoc con du ca ngi pht hnh

-Ngy xc thc ngun gc ca hng ha

b. Chc nng

- C/O l chng tc thc yu cu xut trnh thanh ton.

-C/O l cn chi quan xc nh mc thunhp khu, c bit l hngnhp khu ca cc nc c u i thuquan. C/O cn thit nc nhphng bit c ngun gc xut xtnc no.

-Nhm mc ch thtrng, nhng ngi nhp khu thng u tin nhp hngtcc nc c truyn thng sn xut hng ha c cht lng,. uy tn , png yu cu ny ngi nhp khu yu cu C/O chng minh ngun gc hngha theo yu cu.

- Nhm mc ch chnh trx hi, dng trong tnh hung nc vin tryucu nc nhn vin trphi nhn hng tnc mnh thay v nhn tin trctip hay v l do no m nc nhp khu cm nhp hng ha tmt ncno . Trong tnh hung ny C/O sgii quyt c yu cu .

2. Phn loi C/O

Form A: l loi C/O p dng cho hng ha xut tcc nc ang v km phttrin vo cc nc thuc khi OECD theo Chu i thuquan phcp(Generalized System of PreferencesGSP).

Form O: p dng cho hng ha l c ph khi xut sang cc nc l thnh vinhip hi c ph thgii (ICO).

Form X: p dng cho hng ha l c ph khi xut sang cc nc khng lthnh vin ICO.

Form T: p dng cho hng dt may Vit Nam xut khu sang cc nc thuc

EU.

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

5/18

Form Handicraft:p dng cho hng thcng mnghVit Nam xut khusang cc nc thuc EU, trhng dt may thcng.

Form B:p dng cho hng ha xut khu khng thuc yu cu ca cc loiC/O khc m bn mua yu cu.

Form S:p dng cho hng ha xut sang Lo theo tha thun u i Vit-Lo.

Form D:p dng cho hng ha mua bn gia cc nc l thnh vin AFTAtheo chng trnh u i thuquan c hiu lc chung (CEPT)

Form E:p dng cho hng xut khu thuc din c u i thuquan theoHip nh khung vhp tc kinh tton din gia ASEAN v Trung Quc.

Form AK:Mu C/O u i cho hng xut khu ca Vit Nam v cc ncASEAN khc sang Hn Quc

Form Venezuela:cp cho mt smt hng xut khu nht nh ca Vit Namsang Venezuela

Form M: cp cho hng dt may, giy dp xut khu ca Vit Nam sangMexico

III. CC LOI CHNG THNG HA KHC

-Phiu ng gi (Packing List)

-Giy chng nhn cht lng (Certificate of Quality)

-Giy chng nhn slng/trng lng (Certificate of Quantity/Weight)

-Giy chng nhn kim nh (Certificate of Inspection)

-Giy chng nhn kim dch thc vt (Phytosanitary Certificate)

-Giy chng nhn kim dch ng vt (Veterinary Certificate)

-Giy chng nhn vsinh (Sanitary/Health Certificate)

B.CHNG TBO HIM

I. Khi nim

Chng tbo him (Insurance Document) l chng tdo ngi bo him cp cho ngi cbo him nhm hp thc ha hp ng bo him v n c dng iu tit mi quan hphp l gia ngi bo him vi ngi c bo him. Trong mi quan hny tchc bohim schu trch nhim bi thng vnhng tn tht xy ra vi i tng bo him theocc ri ro c tha thun trc, cn ngi c bo him phi c trch nhim ng phcho cng ty bo him.

II. c im v vai tr

2.1. Mt sc im

- Chng tbo him phi c k theo quy nh.

- Ngy ca chng tbo him khng c mun hn ngy giao hng.

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

6/18

- Chng tbo him phi ghi r stin bo him v cng loi tin.

- Cc loi ri ro cn bo him phi thch ng y nhm bo vc hng ha.

- M thng ha trong chng tbo him phi ng vi hng ha thc tc bo him.Bn v ni khiu ni i tin bo him phi c ngi hng li bo him chp nhn.

- Phiu bo him khng c chp nhn.

2.2. Vai tr

- Chng nhn cho mt l hng c bo him gp phn gim thiu ri ro c thxy ratrong qu trnh vn ti quc t.

- Gim thiu thit hi trong qu trnh vn ti ng bin ( theo nguyn tc phn tn ri ro theonguyn l cng ng.

III. Phn loi

Chng tbo him vn chuyn hng ha chng chnh thng c sdng bao gm:nbo himv Chng th bo him. C2 loi chng tbo him ny u c khnng chuynnhng ging nh vn n hng hi, theo cho php bn c bo him chuyn nhngcho ngi khc i c bi thng bo him bng cch trng hay k hu theo lnh.

3.1. n bo him (Cargo Insurance Policy)

a) Khi nim

n bo him l chng t bo him c lp trn c s hp ng bo him, bao gmnhng iu khon chyu ca hp ng bo him, nhm hp thc ha hp

ng ny. Hp ng bo him l vn bn tha thun gia cc bn, theo mt bn cung cpdch vbo him cam kt sbi thng cho bn c bo him mt khon tin nht nh khixy ra skin bo him xc nh. i li, bn cung cp dch vsc hng mt khon ph

bo him.n bo him c gi trphp l cao nht trong cc loi chng tbo him.

b) Ni dung

- Ni dung chyu can bo himbao gm cc khon mc sau:

Bn bo him Bn c bo him Ngy v ni lp bo him S tin c bo him Hng ha c bo him Tn tu, chi tit chuyn vn chuyn iu kin bo him Ni tr tin bi thng S bn gc bo him n c lp Ch k ca bn bo him hoc i l

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

7/18

- Trn mt sau can bo himthng din t ni dung cc iu kin bo him v iulut p dng.

c) ngha

n bo him c ngha quan trng trong bchng tthng mi quc t, l bng chngvmt hp ng bo him hp php, c k kt y , chi tit vcc ri ro c bohim, mc bo himN cng l chng txc nhn quyn shu, theo ngi bo himc php chuyn nhng quyn thhng bi thng bo him cho ngi khc theo thtck hu.

3.2. Chng th bo him (Cargo Insurance Certificate)

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

8/18

Chng th bo himl chng tdo hng bo him cp hoc ngi mua bo him in vomu in sn, gi cho ngi c bo him xc nhn hng ha c mua bo him theoiu kin ca hp ng. Chng th bo himc thhiu l mt dngn bo himvn tt,ch c ni dung nh mt mt ca n bo him. N ch bao gm iu khon ni ln itng c bo him, cc chi tit cn thit cho vic tnh ton ph bo him v iu kin bohim tha thun.

Chng th bo him c gi trphp l thp hn so vi hp ng bo him v n c nhnghn chnht nh trong trng hp xy ra tranh chp, phi a ra trc hi ng trng tikinh t. V vy, trong cc hp ng xut - nhp khu theo iu kin CIF hoc CIP nht thit

phi c hp ng bo him, v i khi bn mua khng chp nhn chng th.

Bn cnhn bo himv Chng th bo him, khi ni n chng tbo him, chng tacn nghe ni ti Phiu bo him (cover note). Tuy nhin, thc cht Phiu bo him khng

phi l chng tbo him. Phiu bo himch l mt xc nhn do ngi mi gii cp chongi c bo him sau qu trnh thng lng, ngha l khng phi l giy chng nhn

bo him do cng ty bo him pht hnh. Do , Phiu bo himchc gi tr tham kho,khng c gi trphp l khi tranh chp i tin bo him.

4. Mt svn lin quan

4.1. K hu chng t

Nu trong th tn dng yu cu th chng tbo him phi c k hu bi mt bnm theo lnh ca bn vic i bi thng c thc thanh ton.

Nu th tn dng khng quy nh bn c bo him th chng tbo him khngc chp nhn, trkhi c k hu.

Trng hp khng cn k hu, nu trn chng t bo him c th hin: THEISURED: BEARER tc l ngi no cm chng t bo him ny cng c quynkhiu ni khi gp ri ro.

4.2. Kim tra chng t

Loi chng tbo him c xut trnh c ng quy nh hay khng. Slng bn chnh c xut trnh theo quy nh ca L/C. Tnh xc thc ca chng tbo him. Loi tin v stin trn chng tbo him. Tn v a chca ngi c bo him c ng theo quy nh ca L/C hay khng. Ngy lp chng tbo him.

4.3. Bt hp lthng gp

Sbn chnh c xut trnh khng .

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

9/18

Tn hoc a chca cc bn lin quan khng chnh xc. Khng k hu chuyn quyn shu. M thng ho v nhng thng tin khc khng khp. Mua bo him sau khi giao hng ln tu. Khng nu slng bn chnh, cc iu kin bo him, tchc gim nh.

C.CHNG TVN TI

Xu thton cu ha ngy cng pht trin lm cho vic mca nn kinh tca cc qucgia trn thgii cng ngy cng su rng. Chnh v vy, thng mi quc thin nay cng rt

pht trin, mrng gia nhiu quc gia trn thgii.

Xut pht tc im ni bt ca thng mi quc tl vic mua bn din ra qua bingii quc gia, bi ngi mua v ngi bn cc nc khc nhau lm cho thng mi quc tc nhiu thch thc khc hn so vi thng mi ni a. Thng th hng ha trong thng

mi quc tsphi vn chuyn qua mt qung ng di v khng nm trong skim sottrc tip ca ngi bn, m thay vo n snm trong squn l ca mt bn thba nh lngui chuyn ch. Ni cch khc thng mi quc tc lin quan mt thit n vn ti vgiao nhn quc tcng nh n vic bo him cho hng ha. iu ny i hi cngi bnv ngi mua phi c nhng tha thun lin quan n vic vn chuyn v bo him hng ha.iu ny chng ta cng c tm hiu phn no qua INCOTERMS 2000. Bn cnh chngthng ha th chng t vn ti l nhng c squan trng chng minh vic thc hinngha vca cc bn mua bn, bao gm ngha vgiao hng v chuyn giao quyn shuhng ha theo hp ng ca ngi bn v ngh v nhn hng v thanh ton tin hng cangui mua, cng nh l cc bng chng c gi trphp l gii quyt cc tranh chp phtsinh trong thng mi quc t.

Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu phng thc vn chuyn hng ha, nh ng bin,ng hng khng, ng st, ng bv ng sng. Trong s th vn ti ng bintxa n nay lun chim u thtrong chuyn chquc tcvkhi lng ln gi trhngha. Chnh v vy m chng tvn ti ng bin cng phbin v c tm quan trng hn sovi cc loi chng tvn ti khc.

I. N N NG IN1. Nhng nt khi qut vchng tvn ti ng bin

Nhc n chng tvn ti ng bin th t hn phi nhc n vn n ng bin.Vn n ng bin (thng c vit tt l B/L) l chng t chuyn chhng ha bngng bin do ngi c chc nng k pht cho ngi gi hng sau khi hng ha c bcln tu hoc c nhn ch.

Mt B/L th c ba chc nng. Th nht, n l bng chng cho vic ngichuyn ch nhn hng t ngi gi hng. y chnh l c s nguichuyn chc trch nhim i vi hng ha trong qu trnh chuyn ch.

Chc nng th hai ca B/L l n l bng chng v hp ng chuyn chhng ha gia ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch. Nh vy, bn thn mt B/Lkhng phi l mt hp ng nhng n vn c y c sphp l gii quytmi tranh chp pht sinh gia ngi chuyn chvi ngi shu vn n.

Chc nng thba ca B/L v cng l chc nng lm cho n khc bit vi ccloi vn n khc l B/L l chng tshu vhng ha c ghi trn n. y

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

10/18

l chc nng ring c ca B/L. Nhchc nng ny m ngi nm givn nc ton quyn kim sot hng ha, kcvic mua bn hng ha ngay khi hngha vn ang trn ng i bng cch chuyn nhng vn n gc, tc l vnn ng bin c th chuyn nhng c trong thng mi v thanh tonquc t(negotialble bill of lading).

Xut pht t3 chc nng m B/L c sdng rng ri vi nhiu mc chkhc nhau. Vi ngi gi hng (nh xut khu), n l bng chng giao hng,chng minh vic hon thnh ngha vtheo hp ng thng mi cng nh theo

phng thc thanh ton km chng t. Vn n l mt bphn quan trng trongbchng tngi bn xut trnh nhn thanh ton.

Vi ngi nhn hng (ngi nhp khu),vn n l chng tnhn hng,c si chiu theo di vic thc hin hp ng ca ngi bn.

i vi ngi chuyn chvn n l c scho vic thc hin ngha v trongchuyn chhng ha. Ngoi ra, vn n cn l cn ckhai hi quan, lm thtc xut nhp khu, lm cn cxem xt khi c tranh chp, khiu ni pht sinh,v.v.

Vn n l mt trong nhng chng tquan trng nht ca mua bn quc tkhi hngho c vn chuyn bng ng bin.

2. Hnh thc v ni dung ca B/LVn n l mt t giy gm hai mt. mt trc ca vn n thng c nhiu hnh

thc khc nhau ty theo hng vn ti . cn mt sau th thng cc vn n ng binkhng khc nhau nhiu, thng in cc iu khon v iu kin chuyn chhoc c thtrng.thng ni dung mt sau vn n c chun ha nn cc bn tham gia thngkhng quan tm nhiu ti. vmt trc ca vn n, tuy mi hng tu c hnh thc khc nhauvvn n nhng vc bn mi vn n u phi m bo c nhng ni dung c bn nht

nh.Theo khon 1, iu 87, blut hng hi Vit Nam nm 2005, vn n bao gm cc ni

dung sau y:a) Tn v trschnh ca ngi vn chuyn;

b) Tn ngi gi hng;c) Tn ngi nhn hng hoc ghi r vn n c k pht di dng vn n theo lnh hocvn n v danh;d) Tn tu bin;) M tvchng loi, kch thc, thtch, slng n v, trng lng hoc gi trhngho, nu xt thy cn thit;

e) M ttnh trng bn ngoi hoc bao b hng ho;g) K, m hiu v c im nhn bit hng ho m ngi giao hng thng bo bng vnbn trc khi bc hng ln tu bin v c nh du trn tng n vhng ho hoc bao b;h) Cc vn chuyn v cc khon thu khc ca ngi vn chuyn; phng thc thanh ton;i) Ni bc hng v cng nhn hng;k) Cng trhng hoc chdn thi gian, a im schnh cng trhng;l) Sbn vn n gc k pht cho ngi giao hng;m) Thi im v a im k pht vn n;n) Chk ca ngi vn chuyn hoc thuyn trng hoc i din khc c thm quyn cangi vn chuyn.Trong vn n, nu thiu mt hoc mt sni dung quy nh ti khon ny nhng ph hp

vi quy nh ti iu 73 ca Blut ny th khng nh hng n gi trphp l ca vnn.

Di y l mt vn n mu.

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

11/18

3. Nhn bit vn n ng binDo vn n ng bin c nhiu hnh thc v ni dung khc nhau nn cn thit phi

nhn bit cc loi vn n ny vi nhau ph hp vi mc ch sdng trong nhng trng

hp cth.3.1 Cn c vo hnh trnh chuyn ch

Vn n i thng (Direct B/L): L vn n c cp trong trng hp hngho c ch thng tcng bc n cng dm khng chuyn ti dc ng. Trongtrng hp hp ng thng mi hoc L/C yu cu vn n i thng m trn vn nli thhin chuyn ti th vn n khng c chp nhn,ngi bn c thbtchithanh ton.

Vn n chsut(Through B/L): l loi vn n c sdng trong trng hp hngha c chuyn chtcng bc hng n cng dhng cui bng nhiu con tu m khngquan tm n vic hng c c chuyn ti hay khng v c bao nhiu vn n khc c

pht hnh trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Vn n chsut thun tin chngi gi hang vngi nhn hng chbit c hp ng vn ti u tin,ngi vn ti u tin l ngi chu

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

12/18

trch nhim ch yu trong vic thc hin hp ng vn ti d cho hnh trnh c 2 haynhiu tu vn chuyn ktip tu thnht.

5. Nhng lu trong vic sdng vn n ng bin trong thanh ton quc ttheo UCP 600 v ISBP 681

Trong thi gian va qua v sp ti, phng thc thanh ton bng L/C trong thng mi

quc t gia cc nc vn s lun chim u th. Theo phng thc thanh ton ny th bchng tl mt c squan trng thc hin vic thanh ton. Trong , vn n ng binl mt bphn quan trng, khng ththiu trong bchng t. ngn hng chchp nhn thanhton nu nh vn n hp l. mt vn n hp lth ngi gi hng ngoi vic m botun thcc iu kin quy nh vvn n trong L/C cn cn nm vng c nhng quynh trong cc quy tc v thc hnh thng nht vtn dng chng tUCP v tp qun ngnhng tiu chun quc tkim tra chng t theo tn dng chng t theo UCP (ISBP) biL/C, UCP, ISBP l nhng c sxc nh tnh hp lca mt chng t, bao gm cchngtvn ti ng bin. Do cn thit phi lu trong vic sdng chng tcho ph hp vicc tp qun quc t. Chng ta stm hiu vn ny trong cc trng hp sau.

5.1 Mt vn n ng bin (B/L) c thc k bi:

A. Ngi chuyn chhoc thuyn trng.

B. Ngi chuyn ch, thuyn trng hoc i l ca ngi chuyn chhoc thuyntrng.

C. Ngi chuyn ch, thuyn trng, i l ca ngi chuyn chhoc thuyn trng,ngi giao nhn.

D. Thuyn trng, chtu, ngi thu tu.

p n l C. Theo iu 20 (a)(i) UCP 600 th trn vn n phi chr tn ca ngichuyn chv c k bi ngi chuyn ch, thuyn trng hoc i l ch anh ca ngui

chuyn chhoc thuyn trng. ng thi ti iu 95 ca ISBP 681 th nu L/C quy nhvn n ca ngi giao nhn cng c chp nhn (freight forwarders bill of lading isacceptable) th vn n cng c thc k bi ngui giao nhn.

Mt im cn lu y l bt kchk ca ai trn vn n th u phi c xcthc vchc nng ca ngi k (v dnh as the carrier, as the master, v.v.)

5.2 Chng ta hy cng xem xt L/C sau

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

13/18

5.2.1 c thanh ton th ngi bn phi xut trnh bchng ty theo yucu ca L/C, trong c bao gm vn n. Ni dung vn n cn tha mn nhng yu cunh trong L/C vcng bc hng v cng dhng quy nh, ngy giao hng thhin trn vnn khng c trhnngy giao hng quy nh (02/06/1997), xut trnh trn bbn gc c pht hnh (3), thanh ton cc ph (freight collect).

5.2.2 L/C quy nh khng cho php giao hng tng phn. nh vy nu ngi bnxut trnh nhiu bvn n gc thhin giao hng vo nhiu ngy khc nhau th c cngn hng chp nhn khng? V sao?

Theo iu 105, ISBP 681 th d L/C cm giao hng tng phn nhng nu ngi bnxut trnh nhiu bchng tgc thhin vic chuyn chhng tmt hay nhiu cng bchng hoc thhin nhiu ngy giao hng khc nhau th vn c thc chp nhn nu vicchuyn chhng tnhiu cng khc nhau v cc cng ny c quy nh trong L/C, hng hac chuyn ch trn cng mt chuyn tu, cng mt tuyn ng c ch ti cng mtcng dhng nh trong quy nh; v ngy giao hng mun nht trong cc ngy giao hng

phi khng trhn ngy giao hng quy nh trong L/C. nh vy trng hp ny, B/L cc chp nhn hay khng cn phthuc vo ngy giao hng trnht trn cc vn n xuttrnh c trc ngy 2/6/1997 hay khng.

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

14/18

5.2.3 Ngn hng v ngi mua schchp nhn thanh ton khi vn n do ngibn xut trnh l mt vn n hon ho (iu 27, UCP600). Ngi bn xut trnh vn n trn c ng du clean on board nhng chclean bgch b. ng thi trn vn n cdng ghi ch bao b c thkhng p ng cho chuyn chbng ng bin ( packagingmay not be sufficient for the sea journey). Vy ngn hng c chp nhn thanh ton khng?

Theo iu 27, UCP 600 chclean khng cn thit phi thhin trn vn n ngay ckhi L/C yu cu clean on board. Nhng hng dn cthhn vmt vn n c c xeml hon ho hay khng c quy nh trong iu 106 v 107 trong ISBP 681. nu chcleantrn vn n bgch bth n khng lm cho vn n trnn khng hon ho. nhng ghi chkhng r rng trn vn n vtnh trng khim khuyt ca hng ha hay bao b khng phi ll do ngn hng tchi vn n.

ng thi iu 109 ca ISBP 6811 cng quy nh, nhng sa cha v thay i trn vnn phi c xc nhn. sxc nhn ny phi thhin l c thc hin bi ngi chuynch, thuyn trng hay bt ki l no ca h.

Nh vy trong trng hp ny, nu trong vn n c xc nhn vvic xa bchclean th vn n ny l hp l. Ngc li nu khng c sxc nhn no vvic sa chany hoc c sxc nhn nhng l sxc nhn tpha ngi bn th vn n skhng cchp nhn.

II. N N HNG HNG N N LIN HP1. n n hng khng 1.1 Khi nim v chc nng ca vn n hng khng: Vn n hng khng

(Airwaybill-AWB) l chc tvn chuyn hng ho v bng chc ca vic k kt hp ng vvn chuyn hng ho bng my bay, viu kin ca hp ng v vic tip nhn hng hovn chuyn (Lut Hng Khng dn dng Vit Nams66/2006/QH11 ca Quc hi -Ban hnh ngy 12-07-2006).

1.2 Vn n hng khng bao gm mt schc nng nh sau:+ L bng chc ca mt hp ng vn ti c k kt gia ngi chuyn chv ngi gihng .

+ L bng chng ca vic ngi chuyn chhng khng nhn hng.+ L giy chng nhn bo him hng ho vn chuyn bng ng hng khng .+ L chng tk khai hi quan ca hng ho .+ L hng dn cho nhn vin hng khng trong qu trnh phc vchuyn chhng ho .

Khng ging nh vn ti ng bin, trong vn ti hng khng, ngi ta khng sdngvn n c thgiao dch dc, hay ni cch khc vn n hng khng khng phi lchng tsha hng ho nh vn n ng bin thng thng. Nguyn nhn ca iu ny l do tcvn ti hng khng rt cao, hnh trnh ca my bay thng kt thc v hng ho c giaongay ni n mt khong thi gian di trc khi c thgi chng thng khng tngixut khu qua ngn hng ca hti ngn hng ca ngi xut khu ri ngn hng cangi nhp khu gi cho ngi nhp khu. V nhng l do trn m vn n hng khngthng khng c chc nng shu hng ho. Vn n hng khng c thdo hng hngkhng pht hnh, cng c thdo ngi khc khng phi do hng hng khng ban hnh.

1.3 Phn loi vn n

* Cn cvo ngi pht hnh, vn n c chia lm hai loi:- Vn n ca hng hng khng (Airline airway bill): Vn n ny do hng hng khng phthnh, trn vn n c ghi biu tng v m nhn dng ca ngi chuyn ch( issuing carrier

http://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vnhttp://cnqtdn.googlepages.com/luat-hang-khong-dan-dung-vn

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

15/18

indentification).

- Vn n trung lp ( Neutral airway bill): Loi vn n ny do ngi khc chkhng phi dongi chuyn chpht hnh hnh, trn vn n khng c biu tng v m nhn dng cangi chuyn ch. Vn n ny thng do i l ca ngi chuyn chhay ngi giao nhn

pht hnh.

* Cn cvo vic gom hng, vn n c chia lm hai loi:- Vn n ch(Master Airway bill-MAWB): L vn n do ngi chuyn chhng khngcp cho ngi gom hng c vn n nhn hng sn bay ch. Vn n ny dng iu chnhmi quan hgia ngi chuyn chhng khng v ngi gom hng v lm chng tgiaonhn hng gia ngi chuyn chv ngi gom hng.- Vn n ca ngi gom hng (House airway bill-HAWB): L vn n do ngi gom hngcp cho cc chhng lkhi nhn hng thcc chhng lc vn n i nhn hng ni n. Vn n ny dng iu chnh mi quan hgia ngi gom hng v cc chhnglv dng nhn hng ho gia ngi gom hng vi cc chhng l.

Nhn chung, chng ta c thhnh dung qu trnh gom hng trong lnh vc hng khng

nh sau.Ti sn bay ch, ngi gom hng dng vn n chnhn hng tngi chuynchhng khng, sau chia lhng, giao cho tng ngi chhng lv thu hi vn n gomhng m chnh mnh pht hnh khi nhn hng u i.

- Ni dung ca vn n hng khng: Vn n hng khng c in theo mu tiu chun caHip hi vn ti hng khng quc tIATA (IATA standard form). Mt bvn n bao gmnhiu bn, trong bao gm 3 bn gc (cc bn chnh) v cc bn ph.

Mi bn vn n bao gm 2 mt, ni dung ca mt trc ca cc mt vn n ging ht nhaunu khng kn mu sc v nhng ghi ch pha di khc nhau. Mt sau ca bn vn n

khc nhau, nhng bn phmt sau trng, cc bn gc l cc quy nh c lin quan nvn chuyn hng ho bng ng hng khng.

a. Ni dung mt trc vn nMt trc ca vn n bao gm cc ct mc trng ngi lp vn n in nhng thng

tin cn thit khi lp vn n theo mu tiu chun ca IATA.b. Ni dung mt sau vn nTrong bvn n gm nhiu bn, chc ba bn gc v mt sbn copy c nhng quy nhvvn chuyn mt sau.Mt hai ca vn n hng khng bao gm hai ni dung chnh:

*Thng bo lin quan n trch nhim ca ngi chuyn chTi mc ny, ngi chuyn chthng bo stin ln nht m hphi bi thng trongtrng hp hng ho btn tht trong qu trnh chuyn ch, tc l thng bo gii hn trchnhim ca mnh. Gii han trch nhim ca ngi chuyn chc quy nh y l gii hnc quy nh trong cc cng c, quy tc quc thoc lut quc gia vhng khng dndng.* Cc iu kin hp ng

Ni dung ny bao gm nhiu iu khon khc nhau lin quan n vn chuyn l hng cghi mt trc. Cc ni dung thng l:+ Cc nh ngha, nh nh ngha vngi chuyn ch, nh ngha vcng c Vac-sa-va1929, nh ngha vvn chuyn, im dng thothun...

+ Thi hn trch nhim chuyn chca ngi chuyn chhng khng+ C strch nhim ca ngi chuyn chhng khng+ Gii hn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn chhng khng

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

16/18

+ Cc ph ca hng ho chuyn ch+ Trng lng tnh cc ca hng ho chuyn ch+Thi hn thng bo tn tht+ Thi hn khiu ni ngi chuyn ch+ Lut p dng.

Nhng quy nh ny thng ph hp vi quy nh ca cc cng c quc tvhng khng

nh Cng c Vac-sa-va 1929 v cc nghnh th sa i cng c nh Nghnh thHague 1955, Nghnh th Montreal...

2. n n lin hp( Vn n a phng thc)2.1 Khi nim:Vn ti a phng thc l vic vn chuyn hng ha bng t nht hai phng thc vn

ti khc nhau trn c shp ng vn ti a phng thc.

2.2Chc nngVn n a phng thc c chc nng tng tvn n hng hi,khi hng vnchuyn hoc ngi ph trch iu phi vn ti lin hp cam kt chu trcnhim chuyn ch tni nhn hng ha n ni giao nhn cui cng

2.3 Chng tvn ti a phng thc:

nh ngha: theo quy tc ca UNCTAD/ICC, chng tvn ti a phng thcl chng tchng minh cho mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc v c thc thay th

bi mt ng truyn dliu in t, nh lut php p dng cho php v c hnh thc c thlu thng hoc khng thlu ng, c ghi r tn ngi nhn.

Hnh thc ca chng t vn ti a phng thc: khi MTO (MultimodalTransport Operator) nhn trch nhim vhng ha, anh ta hoc ngi c y quyn scp

mt chng t vn ti a phng thc ty theo ngi gi hng la chn dng lu thng haykhng lu thng

Chng tvn ti a phng thc c lu thng khi:-N c lp theo lnh hay cho ngi cm chng t-Nu c lp theo lnh hay cho ngi cm chng t-Nu lp cho ngi cm chng t, n chuyn nhng c bng k hu-Nu lp cho ngi cm chng t, n chuyn nhng c m khng cn k hu-Nu cp mt bn gc phi ghi r sbn gc trong b-Nu cp cc bn sao, mi bn sao sghi khng lu thng c Ni dung ca chng tvn ti a phng thc:-Tnh cht chung ca hng h, k m hiu cn thit nhn dng hng ho, mt s k

khai r rng c s b, s lng, tt c cc chi tit do ngi gi hng cung cp.

-Tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ho-Tn v a im kinh doanh chnh ca ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc-Tn ngi gi hng-Tn ngi nhn hng nu c ngi gi hng ch nh-a im v ngy m ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc nhn hng ch-a im giao hng

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

17/18

-Ngy hay thi hn giao hng a im giao nu c tho thun r rng gia ccbn

-Ni r chng t vn ti a phng thc lu thng c hay khng lu thng c-Ni v ngy cp chng t vn ti a phng thc-Ch k ca MTO hoc ngi c anh ta u quyn-Tin cc cho mi phngthc vn ti, nu c tho thun r rng gia cc bn hoc

tin cc k c loi tin mc ngi nhn hng phi tr hoc ch dn no khc ni ln tincc do ngi nhn phi tr.

-Hnh thc d kin cc phng thc vn ti v cc a im chuyn ti nu bit khicp chng t vn ti a phng thc.

-iu ni v vic p dng cng c.-Bt c chi tit no khc m cc bn c th tho thun vi nhau v ghi vo chng t

vn ti a phng thc nu khng tri vi lut php ca nc ni chng t vn ti a phngthc c cp.

Cc loi chng ta phng thc:a - Vn n FIATA (FIATA Negotiable Multimodal transpot Bill Lading - FB/L)

y l loi vn n i sut do Lin on quc t cc hip hi giao nhn son tho cho cchi vin ca Lin on s dng trong kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc.

Vn n FIATA hin nay ang c s dng rng ri. FB/L l chng t c th luthng v c cc ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton. FB/L c th dng trong vn ti ng

bin.

b - Chng t vn ti lin hp (COMBIDOC-Conbined transport document)COMBIDOC do BIMCO son tho cho ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc c tu

bin s dng (VO.MTO). Chng t ny c phng thng mi quc t chp nhn, thngqua.

c - Chng t vn ti a phng thc(MULTIDOC - Multimodal transport document)

MULTIDOC do Hi ngh ca LHQ v bun bn v pht trin son tho trn c s cngc ca LHQ v vn ti a phng thc. Do cng c cha c hiu lc nn chng t ny tc s dng.

d - Chng t va dng cho vn ti lin hp va dng cho vn ti ng bin (Bill ofLading for Conbined transport Shipment or port to port Shipment)

y l loi chng t do cc hng tu pht hnh m rng kinh doanh sang cc phng

thc vn ti khc nu khch hng cn.III.LNH GIAO HNG( Delivery orderD/O)

Chng t ny thng c nh cung cp hoc cng ti vn ti lp khi vic giao hng cthc hin trong nc cho ngi mua hoc ngi hng th hng ha. Nu vic thanh tontin hng phi thc hin theo tn dng chng t,nh cung cp hng cn lp chng t ny theolnh ca ngn hng pht hnh L/C ngay sau ngn hng ny phi k xc nhn mt sau vnn ny,theo lnh ca khch hng(ngi mua).

Nu lnh giao hng c cng ty vn ti lp,ngi cm vn n phi giao np vn n ily lnh giao hng c nhn hng.

THANK YOU !!!!!!!!

7/22/2019 Chng t thng mi (1)

18/18