Chng 3 SINH L NI TIT*Tuyn ni tit (Endocrine gland):Tit cc cht hot tnh sinh hc, trc tip vo mu, tc dng kch thch, iu ha cc qu trnh trong c th.I.I CNG V NI TIT & HORMONE

*Hormone (harman = kch thch)Cht truyn tin ha hc tun hon theo mu, t ni sinh n ni tip nhn (ch) pht huy tc dng sinh hc cao, c iu ha = feed-back1.Ngun gc-Tuyn ni tit (Classical Hormone)-H TK: (Neuro Hormone) : TB TK tit+Hypothalamus, TK TV (Adrenalin, Noradrenalin, Axetylcholin)-TB, tnh cht cc b (Local Hormone): iu tit chc nng t bo gn k hoc ngay trong c quan tit hoc ni tit (khng cn mu vn chuyn)+Somatostatin (tuyn ty) c ch tit insulin, glucagon+H v tit Gastrin tit dch v+T trng tit Secretin dch ty

2.Phn loi hormone:

Theo cu to (4 nhm), tnh tan (2 loi)2.1.Dn xut ca a.a: dn xut tyrosine (T/hp n gin v nhanh hn) -Ch yu dng kt hp, dng t do t

2.2.Peptide v Protein (3 400a.a) Ha tan trong ncT/hp li ni cht nguyn sinh dng pro-hormone(peptid di hn)

-T/d = H-mng

2.3.Steroid (tan trong lipid)Nhn: Cyclopentan-perhydro phenantren -T/h t cholesterol di xc tc h enzyme ni bo (v thng thn, sinh dc, nhau thai)-Ngoi ra cn calcitriol (cht chuyn ha VTM D3 c t/h thn)-Phn ln h/ trc tip (tr testosteron s.p h/ dihydro-testosteron)-Trong mu dng k/hp protein v/c c hiu-Khi t/d k/h receptor c hiu nhn t/d ln AND TB ch Adrenalin t/d ngay (pht),steroid phi sau vi gi.

2.4.Eicosanoid (hp cht ca axit bo):To thnh t arachidonic (axit bo khng no 20 C, nhiu ni i)Prostaglandin (phn ln cc m), Leukotriene (bch cu), Thromboxane (bch cu v cc m khc)T/d ti ch, cc t bo gn k.

3.S vn chuyn hormone-H.ha tan trong nc (catecholamine, peptide): t do (tr GH, IGF1)-H.Ha tan trong cht bo (steroid, thyroid): kt hp protein v/c (c hiu hoc khng c hiu)Nhiu Hormone lu thng trong mu bng 1 protein v/c c hiu

4.c tnh sinh hc ca hormone-Khng c trng loi: HTNC, HCG-c hiu vi c quan (do receptor) H.sinh dc nh hng c sinh dc (nh hng c quan khc nhng khng r)-Hot tnh sinh hc cao (mol, nmol, pico mol): 1g insulin gy gim ng huyt 125.000 th-T/d qua li, hip ng hoc i khng-iu ha nh TK TD v feedbackHm lng rt thp: mol = 10-6mol, nmol=10-9mol, picomol=10-12molKh tch chit, nh tnh, nh lng chnh xcMin dch phng x RIA (Radio Immuno Assay) & 1 dng ca RIA: ELISA (Enzym Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

5.C ch tc dng ca hormone H mng, H-gen v H-Enzyme

5.1.C ch H Mng: (H.c trng lng phn t ln)

C t nht 5 loi thng tin th 2:ATP AMP vng (Adenosine Mono Phosphate Cycle)GTP (Guanosin Triphosphate) GMP vngIP3 (Inositol Triphosphate)PI (phosphatidyl inositol) Diacylglycerol (hay Diglyceride)Ion Ca2+Hormone (The first messenger): mang tin TK n TB thay i tnh thm mng xc tc v/c tch cc vo hot ha men xc tc hnh thnh thng tin ni bo (The second messenger)

Tc dng ca Adrenalin v glucagon

Tc dng hormone ln trao i lipit qua AMPc(lipocain, tiroxin liu cao)ATP AMPvng (cht T.T2)

5.2.C ch H-gen: (steroid)

C ch chung

C ch tc ng ln ADNT/h protein: ADN m xon kp

-T/d Co-enzim: tng hoc c ch enzymeVD: men NADF- transhydrogenaza xc tin s v/c hydro t NADFH2 n NAD di nh hng ca oestrogen m sinh dc:Oestrol + NADFH2 Oestradiol + NADFOestradiol + NAD Oestul + NADH2NADH2 + NAD hormonNADF+NADH2-Hiu qu ny xc tc q/trnh chuyn in t v hydro trong h hp, tng chuyn ha E, tng h hp m bo gii thch hng phn mnh khi ng dc.5.3.C ch H-men

6.S iu ha ni tit vng di i-Trung tm TK, cu ni TK ni tit, chc nng ni tit- Tit 2 nhm hormone (iu ha hot ng ni tit c bit tuyn yn)Nhm gii phngRF: Releasing FactorTng cng h/ cc tuynNhm c chIF: inhibiting Factor c ch h/ cc tuyn[H] trong mu rt thp thay i bnh (u, nhc nng) iu ha (TK-TD, feed-back)

Cc hormone Hypothalamus c tc dng iu ha ni tit (RF, IF)

B.SINH L CC TUYN NI TIT1-TUYN YN (Hypophyse)I.Cu to (3 thy)-H thng 1 nhn cht tit hypothalamus vo h mao qun th cp

-H mao qun th 2 phn b cho cc TB tit/m vo 2 ln mao qun:-V tr: h yn ca xng bm

II.Cc kch t tuyn yn1.Hormone thy trc1.1.H. sinh trng: (STH Somatotropin Hormone GH- Growth Hormone)-Protein, 2 LK disulfur. Khng c quan ch (duy nht)

Chc nng sinh l chuyn ha-Tng hp protid (GH t/ lm a.a d dng vo TB)-KT gan to Somatomedin kch thch sulfat ha canxi (ct ha)ng huyt = KT tit glucagon i ng sinh lThoi ha lipit cung cp E axit bo t do huyt tng

Kim sotRi lonThiu ht (nhc)Trc dy th chng ngi ln, t hon (tr tu bnh thng, bt thng gen tng hp STH)Tha GH (u)Trc dy th chng khng l.Sau dy th chng to cc

1.2.Kch gip t (TSH): Thyroid Stimlating H.)glycoprotein, tuyn ch: tuyn gipKim sot-TRH (di i) tit TSH -c ch bng feet-back t cc H.tuyn gip (T3,T4) Chc nng sinh l-Qua H.tuyn gip chuyn ha c bn (nhp tim, h hp), chuyn ha glucid v nit.-KT trc tip qu trnh thoi ha lipit m m-Tng cng hp thu I2 mu t/hp tiroxin v thc y hot tnh men phn gii tireglobulin to tiroxin

Tc dng-iu tit trao i ng qua KT tit glucocorticoidv trao i khong qua MineralocorticoidKim sot: CRH: Corticotropin R.H (di i) v cc H.v thng thn qua feed-back-Streess gy tng tit ACTH tng tit H.v thng thn 1.3.Kch v thng thn t (ACTH: Adenocorticotropin H.)u nng: hi chng Cushing (tng cng tit H.chuyn ha ng)-Gn y pht hin ACTH nh hng n no, tr nh, hnh vi

FSH: Folliculo Stimulin H. (kch non t)1.4..Kch dc t (GSH: Gonado Stimulin Hormone)Kim sot: do GnRH (Gonadotropin RH.)& H. sinh dc Ci : KT bao non pht trin tit oestrogen t/d ln ng sinh dcc: KT ng dn tinh, sinh tinh pht trin KT to tinhCi : KT chn & rng trng th vng tit proestrogen c: KT sn xut testosteron ca t bo k (Leydig)

Tc dng-C thai tit lin tc, KT th vng tit progesteron trc khi tit nhau thai v KT tit sa ngay sau -c ch tit FSH, LH c ch ng dc-Gy bn nng lm m. G lgo khng p do [prolactin] thp. Tim prolactin p-Thnh thc v tnh, bao non tit oestrogen tuyn v pht dc (m, ng dn). Trng rng th vng tit progesteron KT bao tuyn ,sa c tit khi c prolactin

1.5.Kch nh t (prolactin): protein, 3 cu disulfur

Kim sot: PRH v PIH (dopamine) di i-TRH (di i), oestrogen, stress, cc cht KT (thuc phin, nicotin & mt s thuuosc an thn)

3.cc hormon hu yn: Oxytoxin & Vazopressin-Peptit (9 a.a), t TBTK nhn trn th & nhn cnh no tht.-V c v: ADH c a.a8: Arg (ln, h m: Lys), a.a3 : Phe-Oxytoxi ADH 2 a.a (s 8 :Leu, s 3 : Isoleu)-T peptit di ct ngn to 2 neurophysin c hiu (neurophysinI cho oxytoxin, neurophysinII cho ADH). Phc oxytoxin-neurophysinI & vazopressin-neurophysinII theo si trc vo hu yn.2. Hormon thy gia (MSH: Melanocyte Stimulating H.)-Kch hc t thay i mu da, iu ha: MIF v MRF

ADH: chng li niu, ti hp thu H2O thn. Co mch Pa.-C ch: hot ha hyaluronidaza phn gii hyaluronic thng b ng thn hp thu nc ng thn.-Khi thiu (tn thng di i) i tho nht (i nhiu, kht nc ung nhiu). S tng tit nc, tng Pa nhng nhanh chng nht thi

Oxytoxin:-Co c trn t cung, ng sinh dc ci ni chung thc .-KT co bp c trn tuyn v KT tit sa.-ng dng: th tinh nhn to KT nhu ng t/c a nhanh tinh trng gp trng tng t l th thai. Thc . 2.1.Tc dng

2.2.Kim sot: -iu ha ADH thng qua ASTT mu:(ASTT tit nhiu, ASTT tit) khi mt nc mu c tit-Khi KT nm v, c quan sinh dc tng tit oxytoxiniu ha tit ADH-TB nhn cm thm thu Hypothalamus-TB nhn cm ASTT trong h tun hon

-Mt ngoi kh qun: 2 thy 2 bn + mt eo gia2.TUYN GIP TRNG (Thyroid gland)

-Dn xut ca a.a tyrosine.-T3, T4 + globulin Tireoglobulin d tr xoang bao tuyn. Di t/d ca TSH tin yn thyroxine-Tng hp cn 2 yu t: Iod (ngoi sinh, ni sinh) & protein tuyn gip thyroglobulin. Qua 4 bc:

1.Sinh tng hp T3 & T4

B4: To T3 & T4

Chuyn ha-Tng d ha (oxy ha) sinh nhit (nhc nng chng rt km, thn nhit gim)- phn gii gluxit, lipit, protein nng lng (u nng con vt gy, th trng)+Gluxit: hp thu glucoge rut chuyn glycogen glucose gan+Protein: d ha, bi xut nit, cn bng protein+Lipit: huy ng axit bo t do+Nc: c ch ti hp thu nc ng thn nc tiu nhiu2.Tc dng ca ThyroxineTB ch: cc TB c th, /b c, TK, gan, phi, thn

Sinh trng pht dc-nh hng dinh dng da, lng. KT sn lin hp sinh xng - Gy bin thi nng nc-KT sinh trng, pht dc bo thai, h TK, xng bo thai (thiu thi k bo thai n n, km pht trin)-Gia cm: t l p n b sung KI cho g -KT biu m tuyn v, t/hp protein, m sa sn lng sa.-Khi thiu ngng ng dc-nh hng TKTW & thc vt (ct tuyn gip khng lp c PXCK)

*Nhc nng-Bu c (thiu I nhu cu ln gian cht tuyn gip bu)-Thn kinh km pht trin n n- nhp tim, Pa3. Khi ri lon*u nng: Basedow- H.gip trng thiu t ht dinh dng cung cp E gy g mt li, d xc cm, thn nhit.

4.Tc dng ca canxitoxin caxi huyt. C quan ch: xng, thn gii phng Ca xng, bi xut Ca++ thn-iu ha: qua s [Ca++ ] huyt

-Cnh tuyn gip, tit Parathyroid (PTH) cng canxitonin v VTM D tham gia vo chuyn ha Ca, P-Bn cht: protein3.TUYN CN GIP (Parathyroid gland)

u nng- PTH mt Ca xng, thng gy si thn ( ng photphat Ca cc m mm)-Bnh Reckling-Hausen: mt Ca++ xng, to hc, d gy2.Ri lonNhc nng: canxi huyt co git cht3.iu ha: [Ca++] huyt, khi [Ca++] gim tit PTH v ngc li

4.TUYN TY (Panereas)-Ngoi ra, TB F (PP) tit 1 polypeptid (36 a.a) t/d ln ng rut

Ngun gc v s iu tit ln nhau gia cc hormone tuyn ty

1.Cc hormon tuyn ty1.1.InsulinPolypeptid

Tc dng: ng huyt (2 hng)

1.Cc hormon tuyn ty1.1.InsulinPolypeptid

1.2.Glucagon -Polypeptit (29a.a) do TB , lu thng dng t do-T/d: [glucose] huyt (cng chiu Adrenalin)1.3.Somatostatin-Peptit (14 a.a), do TB dch ty (ngoi ra cn do hypothalamus)-c ch gii phng cc H: insulin, glucagon v GH (STH)

3.Ri lon-u nng: (u) tha insulin ng huyt c tnhm hi,Pa-Nhc nng: ng huyt i ng i, kht, st cn mt Gluxit cn d tr hydratcarbon oxh lipit to E xton niu2.iu ha bi tit[glucose] huyt cao KT dy X ty tit insulinSTH tuyn yn, [a.a] mu tit c hai

5.TUYN THNG THN (Adrenal gland)Min no quan trng hn? -No b min ty con vt sng Ct b 2 tuyn con vt cht

II.TY THNG THN-Bn cht: Catacholamin tng hp t a.a tyrosine-Cn c tn cng dy thn kinh giao cm-Cu to, c ch t/d bit r m hnh n/c cc H. khcM ch : gan, c trn, tim mch

T/d nh TK g/cm & c t/d chuyn ha (noradrenalin khng r) Mng TB ch c 2 receptor , (khi k/h t/d ngc nhau) -Adrenalin + TB da co mch (s hi lm mt ti nht)-Adrenalin + nhp tim, huyt p, gan glycogen glucose mau, xng to lactat, m m phn hy triglycerid

Tim, mch: h/ tim, co mch (tr mch vnh)can thip try tim mchC trn: gin c trn d dy, rut, ti mt, bng quang, ph qun, co c vng p/x gin ng tThn: to renin (cu thn) Pa ph n (vim thn tun hon cu thn tr ngi, TB M cu thn tit renin)

iu ha: ng huyt, huyt p, stress l nhn t KT tit H. min ty.*trao i ng: KT p/gii glycogen gan, c ch s/d glucose-M m, c vn: khng c G-6 phosphatase phn hy glucogen khng dng li glucose m l lactat*TKTW: tng cng hng phn*V thng thn: tit ACTH (Adre & Nor chng stress thng qua s tit cc H.min v khng)*Tuyn m hi: tng tit

A.TUYN SINH DC (tinh hon)Do TB k nm gia cc ng sinh tinh (leydig)1. H.sinh dc c (Androgen tnh c)6.TUYN TY (Panereas)C/yu Testosteron ngoi Androsteron, dehydroepiandrosteronSteroid 19C, c nhm OH C17

2.Tc dng sinh lc tnh s/dc s cp: duy tr, KT c quan s/dc & tuyn s/dc phc tnh s/dc th cp: ging ni, ru, c bp (mo, ca,..)KT TC, ng ha, to mu (h/c, Hb >), t/h protit c, phn gii lipit c Melanin d tr da dy en hnKT chc nng ngoi tit c quan s/dc KT TK gy phn x s/dcKT tuyn nhn, tuyn b tit VK d xm nhp mnKT sinh cc feromon mi hp dn

3.iu ha bi tit-Thnh thc v tnh, cc KT ngoi cnh (mi, con ci, T0, nh sng,thc n) h TK v i no hypothalamus RS tuyn yn FSH, LH. LH kch tinh hon tit testosteron.Khi thin (mt k/nng tng hp testosteron):+C quan s/d v tuyn s/d ph teo+Mt p/x s/dc+Gim h/ TK (hng phn, c ch u yu) g/sc thin hin+Tng tng lipit bo (v bo)

C ch iu ha tit H. sinh dc c

B.TUYN SINH DC CIBung trngOestrogen1.Hormone bung trngA.Oestrogen: TB ht biu m bung trngTh vngProgesteronNhau thaiProgesteron, oestrogen, Prolan (A,B), Relaxxin

Tc dng +c tnh s/dc s cp: KT c quan s/dc :ng dn trng, t cung, kch thc tuyn v+c tnh s/dc th cp (mo, lng, ting ku)+KT xng , c bit xng chu+ t/hp protein (< H. s/dc )+ mch mu di da m hn+Tch nc, mui khong da cng, y n+ mn cm c trn t cung vi oxytoxin khi

b.Progesteron: (streroid 21 C)Trng rng th vng progesteron-Cha tn ti gn ht thi gian cha-Nu khng 1 thi gian teo (b: 16-18 ngy) cha gi ?C quan s/dc .b mt trong ng dn (to sng) chun b n thai (ni mc tng sinh, tit dinh dng)c tnh s/dc th cp: bn nng lm m, i ng cn thnKT tuyn v (bao tuyn)c ch co bp t cung, ng s/dc an thai (c ch oxytoxin)c ch tit GSH ngng ng dc trnh thai

Kch dc t (cc H.tit trong k cha) HTNC (PMS-Pregnant Mare Serum): Prolan A, prolan B. Ngy 40-45 (HT) nh 70-75 gim & mt hn ngy 150HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) Prolan A, prolan B. Ngy th 8 (nc tiu) nh (50-60) gim n ngy 80 v duy tr n khi T/d: KT ng dc, rng trng, siu bi non (nui cy phi)Khi cha trng, ung th nhau [HCG] rt cao

C ch iu ha tit H. sinh dc ci

3.ng dngV bo: dng slilboestrol tng hp: cho n, tim hoc ghp di da (dng trc git tht) ???HTNC+HCG ng dc nhn to, khc phc chm sinh, v sinh, siu bi non.Sinh k hoch: progesteron (c ch rng trng) phi ng lotS dng FSH, LH, GnRH kch thch rng trngProstaglandin ph th vngC thai SVH ch c (tim di da i, dch l huyt soi) MD nh tnh nh lng progesteron

1.Melatonin (tuyn tng): T a.a trytophan serotonin Melatonin. Tc dng iu ha gic ng v nhp sinh hc2.Leptin (m m), peptit, c tng quan dng vi d tr m ca c th, kch thch tnh thm n3.H.ng tiu ha: (d dy, rut): gastrin, secretin,4.Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): Peptit, tit t thnh tm nh, lin quan n bi tit Na+, thn. MT S HORMONE KHC