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‘wbm§‘Ü¶o éOdm¶Mr hmoVr.

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Ë¶m§Mm g§~§Y amOH$maUmer H$YrM Ambm Zmhr.

OJâ Ë¶m§Mr VËËdk åhUyZM à{gX²Yr hmoVr. hOmamo

bmoH$ Ë¶m§À¶m J«§Wm§Mo MmhVo hmoVo. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr,

n§{S>V Zohê$ Ë¶m§À¶m boIZmMo MmhVo hmoVo. S>m°.

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ZV‘ñVH$ hmoÊ¶mV gËVobmhr Amnbm Jm¡ad Pmbm

Amho Ago dmQ>o. Xþ:I {ZameoÀ¶m jUr Ë¶m§Mm

ghdmg hoM EH$ ‘moR>o gm§ËdZ hmoVo. amYmH¥$îUZ² ho

AOmVeÌy, F$Oy ñd^mdmMo åhUyZ à{gX²Y hmoVo.

’$Q>H$inUm, VwgS>onUm hm Ë¶m§Mm ñd^md ZìhVm,

nU Ë¶m§Mm gai gmYm àíZM {H$Ë¶oH$ doim

g‘moaÀ¶m ‘mUgmbm {dMma H$am¶bm bmdV Ago.

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ho ehmUnUmMo bjU Amho. amYmH¥$îUZ² CnamîQ>nVr

hmoVo, Voìhm Ë¶m§Zr ‘§Í¶m§Zm {dMmabo, ""Amnë¶mbm

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Zmhr, AmnU XmoK§ ~gyZ Vr ¶mXr nyU© H$ê$Z Q>mHy$.''

n§{S>V Zohê§$Zr S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zm gmopìhEQ>

a{e¶mV ^maVmMo dH$sb åhUyZ nmR>dbo. EH$Xm

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VËËdk Agë¶m‘wio ñQ>°{bZZo Ë¶m§Zm ~mobm{dbo.

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Va a{e¶Z OZVoZo Or ‘hmZ g§ñH¥$Vr C^mabobr

Amho, Vrhr nmhÿZ ¿¶m. Zì¶m ^maVmÀ¶m C^maUrbm

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amYmH¥$îUZ² åhUmbo, ""‘hmamO AmnU nmIam§gmaIo

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eH$Vm, ho Va ‘bm ‘mhrVM Amho; nU n¥Ïdrda

‘mUgmà‘mUo dmJm¶bm {eH$bmV H$m?'' VËËdkmZo

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~mobmdo ¶mÀ¶mer hm ‘wX²Xm V§VmoV§V gwg§JV hmoVm.

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Ago ~mobbo AgVo Va Mmodrg Vmgm§À¶m AmV

Ë¶mMr a{e¶mVyZ hH$mbnQ²>Q>rM Pmbr AgVr.

{ejU ho g‘mOn[adV©ZmMo d g‘mOà~moYZmMo

à^mdr gmYZ Amho. S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo

Zdg‘mO {Z{‘©VrMm nm¶m {ejU hmM Amho.

{ejUm{edm¶ ì¶³VrMm, amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg hmoD$M

eH$V Zmhr. {dXçmÏ¶mªMo ì¶p³V‘ËËd, Mm[aÍ¶

KS>{dUo ho {ejUmMo CX²{XîQ> Agbo nm{hOo.

‘wbm§~amo~a ‘wbtZrhr {ejU KoVbo nm{hOo. ‘hmË‘m

’w$bo Am{U Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Mm ñÌr-{ejUmMm

{dMma S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bm. ‘wbr {eH$ë¶m

Va n[admamMm, g‘mOmMm, amîQ>mMm {dH$mg hmoB©b.

‘hmË‘m ’w$ë¶m§Zr nwÊ¶mbm {^S>o dmS>çmV n{hbr

‘wbtMr emim H$mT>br d Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Zr

qhJÊ¶mbm "qhJUo ñÌr-{ejU g§ñWm' H$mT>br d

‘wbr {eHy$ bmJë¶m. gdmªZm g‘mZ h³H$ AmhoV.

{ejU gdmªZm {‘imbo nm{hOo. na§Vw Amnë¶m

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{ejUmH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo OmVo. na§Vw H$mhr bmoH$,

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g‘{n©V H$aVmV. Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Zr pñÌ¶m§gmR>r

ñdV§Ì {dXçmnrR> H$mT>bo. Ë¶m§Mm C{MV gÝ‘mZ

hmoUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo. åhUyZ 1942 gmbr ~Zmag

(H$mer) {dXçmnrR>mÀ¶m am¡ß¶ ‘hmoËgd àg§Jr Ym|S>mo

Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Mm gÝ‘mZ H$amdm hr gyMZm Hw$bJwê$

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¶m§Zm gÝ‘mZZr¶ S>m°³Q>aoQ> nXdr ~hmb H$aÊ¶mMo

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¶m§Mr H$ënH$Vm hmoVr.

gZ 1939 Vo 1948 n¶ªV gbJ 9 df} Vo

~Zmag (H$mer) {dXçmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$ hmoVo; na§Vw

Vo ‘mZYZ KoV ZìhVo. Ë¶m§À¶m A§Jr {Z:ñn¥hnUm

d {Z:ñdmWunUm hmoVm. Hw$bJwê$ nXmÀ¶m H$m¶©H$mimV

S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zm AZoH$ AS>MUtZm,

g§H$Q>m§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJbo. na§Vw Vo S>J‘Jbo

ZmhrV. ‘moR>çm H$m¡eë¶mZo Ë¶m§Zr AS>MUtZm Vm|S>

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‘Ü¶o S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² Hw$bJwê$ nXmdê$Z {Zd¥ËV

Pmbo. Ë¶m§À¶mZ§Va Hw$bJwê$ nXmMr Ywam Wmoa

g‘mOdmXr {dMmad§V AmMm¶© Za|Ð Xod ¶m§Zr

Im§Xçmda KoVbr.

gZ 1947 gmbr ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm.

ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mimVrb {ejUmMr nwZa©MZm H$aUo

Amdí¶H hm oVo. Ë¶mgmR>r ^maVmVrb gd©

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AÜ¶jnXr S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mr {Z¶w³Vr

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Vo »¶mVZm‘ Pmbo. S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr 1952

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Ë¶mMdoir Vo {Xëbr {dXçmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$hr hmoVo.

VgoM 1952 ‘Ü¶o Vo ¶wZmoñH$moMo AÜ¶jhr hmoVo.

EH$mM doir VrZ-VrZ nXm§da Vo H$V©ì¶XjVoZo d

H$m¶©j‘nUo H$m‘ H$arV hmoVo. CnamîQ´>nVr nXmda

{damO‘mZ Pmë¶mda ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoZwgma,

CnamîQ´>nVr ho amÁ¶g oMohr AÜ¶j AgVmV.

Ë¶mZwgma S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² gbJ Xhm df} amÁ¶g oMo

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gdm}ÀM {H$Vm~ XoD$Z Jm¡ad Ho$bm Jobm d Ë¶m§À¶m

{eanoMmV ‘mZmMm Vwam Imodbm Jobm.

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nXmdê$Z {Zd¥ËV Pmbo. Ë¶m §À¶m OmJoda

S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mr ^maVmMo Xþgao

amîQ´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mV Ambr d

S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² gdm}ÀMnXr Amê$T> Pmbo. 13 ‘o

1962 amoOr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr XoemMr gyÌo hmVr

KoVbr Am{U bJoM EH$ AmXe© H¥$Vr Ho$br.

Ë¶mdoir amîQ´>nVtZm Xhm hOma én¶o ‘mZYZ hmoVo,

Ë¶mV H$nmV H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zr AS>rM hOma én¶o

‘mZYZ KoÊ¶mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo. VgoM {g‘bm ¶m

W§S> hdoÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Agbobm d¡^dembr àmgmX

amîQ>nVtgmR>r CnbãY hmoVm. na§Vw amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr

ho emhr OrdZ ZmH$mabo. gZ 1962 Vo 1967

n¶ªV S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr amîQ´>nVrnX A{Ve¶

H$m¶©j‘nUo gm§ mibo.

amîQ ´>nVr nXmMr nmM dfmªMr ‘wXV

g§në¶mdahr Ë¶m§Mo VËËdqMVH$ åhUyZ ì¶p³‘ËËd

A~m{YV am{hbo. Ë¶m§Mo {dMma, qMVZ d

Ë¶mVyZ {‘iUmao ‘mJ©Xe©Z Amho VgoM {Ma§VZ

Amho. H$mhr {ejH$ Amnë¶m ~amo~aÀ¶m Am{U

AZoH$ ^mdr {nT>çm§Mohr {ejH$ AgVmV. ho

{ejH$nU qH$dm JwénX Ë¶m§À¶m Imob d VËËd{ZîR>,

VËËdqMVH$, àkmd§V ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘wio {Z‘m©U

hmoV AgVo. S>m °. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ho Aem

àH$maMo Wmoa AmMm¶© hmoVo. Aem ¶m AîQ>n¡by

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24 E{àb 1975 amoOr ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. EH$ hmS>mMm

{ejH$, VËËdqMVH$, boIH$, àkmd§V, Wmoa

AmMm¶©, {ejUVÁk, Abm¡{H$H$ XoXrß¶‘mZ

ì¶p³V‘ËËd H$mimÀ¶m nS>XçmAmS> Jobo.

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BVa H$moUË¶mhr noemnojm {ejH$snoemVrb ‘mUyg boIZ-dmMZmer OmñVOdiMm AgVmo. Ë¶m§Zm AÜ¶¶Z Am{UAÜ¶mnZ H$am¶Mo AgVo, Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§ZmgVV dmMZ H$amdo bmJVo. J«§W g§J«hrR>odmdo bmJVmV. Ë¶mVyZ J«§W‘¡Ìr dmT>Vo,Ë¶m§Mo ñdV:Mo N>moQ>oImZr J«§Wmb¶ V¶mahmoVo. g§X^m©gmR>r Vo Cn¶w³V R>aVo; åhUyZg‘mOmMr Aer Anojm AgVo, H$s dJm©V~mobUmè¶m {ejH$m§Mm hmVhr {b{hVmAgmdm. Zìho Vmo Ë¶m§Mm OrdZY‘©M Amho.Vo Ë¶m§MoM H$m‘ Amho; åhUyZ ânya dmMZH$ê$Z, ì¶mg§J dmT>dyZ, d«VñW ^mdZoZo{ejH$m§Zr {b{hbo nm{hOo.

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n¥îR>g§»¶m Agbobr H¥$îUYdb a§Jm§V d¥ËVnÌo {ZKV.

AmVm Ë¶m§Mr OmJm a§JrV Amd¥ËVrZo KoVbr Amho.

n¥îR>g§»¶mhr ânya AgVo. ¶m d¥ËVnÌm§VyZ {d{dY

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VmÁ¶m KS>m‘moS>t~amo~a H$bm, H«$sS>m, Amamo½¶, Amhma,

{ejU, g§JrV, ZmQ>ç, ¶moJ, gm{hË¶, narjU,

amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, g‘mOH$maU, ì¶mnma, eoVr

Ago AZoH$ {df¶ AgVmV.

d¥ËVnÌm§~amo~aM gmßVm{hHo$, nm{jHo$, ‘m{gHo$,

{Xdmir A§H$ hohr dmMH$m§À¶m oQ>rbm ¶oV AgVmV.

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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (23)

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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (24)

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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (25)

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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (26)

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Litercy is widely acknowledged as themost powerful tool of development. Hencethe UNESCO has been celebrating theInternational Literacy Day using differentthemes since 1966. In the year 2019, weare celebrating the day with the theme.'Leteracy and Multilingualism', whichgoes well with the new concept of GlobalVillage.

International Literacy DayShridhar Nagargoje

9423248583

During the 14th Session of UNESCO'SGeneral conference held on 26th October 1966,it was proclaimed that 8 September is to beobserved as International Literacy Day.

It is true that the literacy has beenincreasing since 1946. Literacy is critical toeconomic development as well as individual andsocial well-being. The International Literacy Dayhighlights the improvement in world literacy ratesand all nations reflect on their own and remainingworld’s literacy challenges. It focuses on basicreading, writing and numeracy skills to broadernotions such as functional literacy and afoundation for lifelong learning. The concept offunctional literacy is introduced with literacy asa means for development. The day celebrationaims to raise awareness globally on the issuessurrounding adults and child literacy. It is universalaccess to quality education and learningopportunities throughout people’s lives. Literacyis key component of United Nation’s SustainableDevelopment Goals and it is UN’s 2030 agendafor Sustainable Development. The annual daycelebration ensures to achieve the young people’sliteracy and numeracy.

The UNESCO (United Nation’sEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation)

has been using different themes, ideas andprogrammes to turn attention on literacy in all itsforms in the changing world. In today’s globaland digital world we use literacy with technologyand skills. The UNESCO’s tag line for the dayis “Literacy is the best remedy”. According tothe UNESCO’s ‘Global Monitoring Report onEducation for All’, South Asia has the lowestregional adult literacy rate. The report shows aclear connection between illiteracy and countriesin severe poverty. It also shows the prejudiceagainst the women and discrimination among thepeople due to less literacy. Every year UNESCOpublishes the Global Education Monitoring (GEM)reports to monitor the progress towards theeducation targets in 2030. It has started topublish the reports since 2002. There are 12reports published during 2002- 2015. It remindsthe world leaders, influencers and the generalpublic of the current status of literacy andlearning. In 2015 UNESCO adopted itsSustainable Development Goals to mobilize effortsto eradicate poverty and inequality across theworld.

The International Literacy Day has beencelebrated with different themes since 2006.The themes are thought provoking and relevantto the changing world.2006 - Literacy sustains Development.2007-2008 - Literacy and Health2009-2010 - Literacy and Empowerment

(Gender equality and Womenempowerment)

2011-2012 - Literacy and Peace2013 - Literacies for 21st Century Skills

(Promoting Global literacy)

{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (32)

2014 - Literacy and SustainableDevelopment (Social and economicgrowth and EnvironmentalIntegration)

2015 - Literacy and Sustainable Societies2016 - Reading the Past, Writing the

Future.2018 - Literacy and Skill development2019 - Literacy and Multilingualism

Literacy is widely acknowledged as oneof the most powerful tool of development.International literacy Day 2019 will focus onabove theme. Linguistic diversity is acceptedworldwide as an opportunity and not as a hardshipThe main characteristics of multilingualism intoday’s globalized and digitalized world will bediscussed with their implications for literacy inpolicies and good practices to achieve greaterinclusiveness in multilingual context.

Multilingualism is the individual speaker orcommunity which uses more than one language.Multilingual population is more than monolingualand bilingual. Everyone can speak at least onelanguage that is the first language or homelanguage. Multilingualism is the natural sourceavailable to every human being to speak or usemore than one language. It is advantageous forpeople to participate in globalization and culturalopenness. Multilingualism promotes super taskingor multi-tasking that allows people to switchfrom task to task without disturbance. Benefitsof multilingual practices in education providesthe creation and appreciation of culturalawareness. It promotes creativity, diversity andadjustment in society with local languages. Almosthalf of the European people can speak in alanguage other than their mother tongue.

In some large countries with multiplelanguages, such as India, the school childrenlearn multiple languages in their early age. Manychildren may be fluent in three to four languages.They speak home language, the state language,

medium language and official language of thenation. People who learn multiple languagesmay also experience of positive transfer oflearning process by adopting grammar andvocabulary of different languages. Belarus,Belgium, Canada, India, Ireland, South Africaand Switzerland are officially multilingualcountries. Some countries have their officiallanguage but also have regional and local officiallanguages such as Brazil, China, Indonesia,Mexico, Russia, Spain and Taiwan. France hasmore multilingual population.

Majority speakers of particular languageenrich their language. They also contribute totheir language for the new generation. Sometribal and local dialects are also considered aslanguage. Language education policies advocatethe multilingual approach of language teaching.We will celebrate this year’s InternationalLiteracy day with multilingualism and learn atleast one more language. We must respect alllanguages and their speakers. All languages areequally important and they must grow with eachother’s support. The primary and prime objectiveof any language is communication. Let us beginto talk with speakers of other languages. Thetechnology and rapid global changes can teachus more languages.Activities for International Literacy Day1 Hold a discussion on 'Why literacy is

important'?2 Literacy rates in different countries and

their development stage.3 Read Short stories from different authors

who write in different language.4 Poster presentation on Literacy with

messages.5 Ask the students to speak some other

language (Take help of Bhasha Sangam).6 Use other ideas to promote literacy and

multilingualism.

{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (33)

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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (48)

The textbook of Political Science(Std.XI) introduces political concepts likedemocracy, justice, constitution,representation, public administration andglobal political scenerio.

What is Political Science? Politicalscience is a social science that focuses on thetheory and practice of government, politics andadministration at the local, regional, national, andinternational levels. Why do you study PoliticalScience? This is the only subject that gives youa window to the world. It helps you to understandnot only your own country but it introduces youto the world out there. It will explain to you howthe Indian government works, what role you asa citizen would play in the working of thegovernment. It would make you a moreempowered citizen who can aspire to dosomething good for the country.

The purpose of this book is to introduce thesubject 'political science' to the students. Thebook introduces the different areas of politicalscience. The different sub-fields of political scienceinclude Political Theory and Concepts,Comparative Government and Politics, PublicAdministration and International Relations. Whileeach is an independent sub-field, they are allinterlinked.

The approach of the syllabus for Std. XIand XII is holistic and integrated. Std. XI introducesthe students to the different sub-fields of politicalscience. The Std. XII would follow through withsome of the contemporary concerns in politicalscience.

This book has four sections: Political Conceptsand Theories; Comparative Government; PublicAdministration; and International Relations. Eachsection begins with an introduction about the areaof study. This is followed by three chapters ineach section that deal with the central themes ineach of the areas. In each of these sections thereis a continuous focus on the Indian context.

In the first section we have three chapters:The first deals with the concept of Nation,Nationalism, State and Government. It discussesthe differences between a Nation and a Stateand also between the State and the Government.In a democracy, citizens have certain rights andduties. When those rights and duties are upheldby the State we can say the people have liberty.Right as a common privilege is given to itscitizens by government. Liberty is an essentialfeature of democracy. This is the focus of ChapterII in this section. In Chapter III we study themeaning of equality in the context of 'equalitybefore law', 'political equality' and principle of'equality of opportunity'. We also study the typesof equality. Similarly, we will try to understandconcepts of legal justice, natural justice andsocial justice.

The second section deals with ComparativeGovernment. Comparative government isconcerned with the study of formal politicalinstitutions like legislature, executive, judiciaryand bureaucracy. Chapter IV deals withConstitutional Government. A constitution is a setof political principles, according with which acountry is governed. The rights and duties aregiven to the people and the government by the

Political Science Text Book - (Std XI)Dr. Shrikant Paranjape

9372079063

{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (49)

The fourth section on International Relationsprovides a survey of major events since the endof the Second World War. The purpose is tounderstand the policies of countries since theSecond World War. It discusses such conceptslike cold war and nonalignment. It introduces therole of the United Nations. This survey is in twoparts, Chapter IX deals with the events from theend of the Second World War until 1959 andChapter X deals with the period from 1959 until1991. The chapter ends with the disintegration ofthe Soviet Union in 1991. The changes that tookplace after 1991 are to be studied in the Std. XIItext book.

The book tries to provide basic knowledgeto the student about the Indian and global politicalsituation. It would motivate students to ask questionsand seek answers about the Indian and the globalpolitical issues. To achieve this the book hasincluded some specific activities that the studentcan perform. It also provides scope for discussionon various issues. It is expected that the studentsmake presentations, prepare comparative chartsand read maps on various topics of current interest.Field Visits to government offices would enablethem to familiarise them with the working of thegovernment.

It is expected that in these two years wego beyond just the introduction and understandingof the various dimensions of the subject. It isexpected that the students would be able to applysome of these concepts and implement some ofideas in their life. It will help them to decide theareas in which they want to go for furtherstudies. In case someone decides to go in forvoluntary work or social activity or appear forvarious competitive examinations the knowledgeof political science would definitely be of help.The student should look at this as a small stepthat helps one to step in the world of tomorrow,with better understanding.

constitution. It sets the structure of the state, themajor state institutions, and the principles governingtheir relations with each other and with thestate’s citizens.

Chapter V focuses on the Concept ofRepresentation. Since the government is formedby political parties, it is the parties that becomeimportant in channelling the representation.Sometimes it is necessary to bring to the attentionof the government problems faced by somespecific groups. Such groups may form pressuregroups or interest groups to articulate theirproblems and then put pressure on thegovernment. All these are means of representationthat we would study in this chapter. Judiciary isthe branch of the government that has the powerto interpret the constitution. One of the importantcharacteristics of the Judiciary in a democraticsociety is that it is an independent and non-political organ of the state. This is dealt with inChapter VI.

The third section is on Public Administration.Political Science and Public Administration sharethe same goal. Both seek to learn the political,social and economic dynamics of the society andapply that knowledge to benefit the good of all.Political science creates a policy, Publicadministration implements it. Chapter VIIintroduces the subject of public administration.The chapter discusses the scope of the subject ofpublic administration and introduces the conceptof public policy. The traditional approach publicadministration has been bound by rules andhierarchy. While this approach is not wrong,sometimes it creates delays and obstacles thatare called ‘red tape’. It is necessary to haveinnovation in planning and try to create a bettersociety. This approach is called DevelopmentAdministration. The Chapter VIII on DevelopmentAdministration deals with this aspect of publicadministration.

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