àma§[^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$mmooc.nios.ac.in/.../summary/Course501_Block1_Marathi.pdf^maVr {ejU nÕVr - I JQ> - 1 : ^maVmVrb àma {^H$ {ejU qghmdbmH$Z 3Notes {ejUmMr ñdVÌ ì dñWm

$Page 1: àma§[^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$mmooc.nios.ac.in/.../summary/Course501_Block1_Marathi.pdf^maVr {ejU nÕVr - I JQ> - 1 : ^maVmVrb àma {^H$ {ejU qghmdbmH$Z 3Notes {ejUmMr ñdVÌ ì dñWm$
àma§[^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$m (S>r. B© Eb. BS>r)

Aä¶mgH«$‘ - 501 ^maVmVrb àma§{^H$ {ejU gm‘m{OH$

gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdén

JQ> - 1

^maVmVrb àma§{^H$ {ejU qghmdbmoH$Z

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

A – 24/25, Institutional Area, Sector – 62, NOIDA

Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP – 201309

Website : www.nios.ac.in

JQ> - 1

^maVmVrb àma§{^H$ {ejU qghmdbmoH$Z

JQ> KQ>H$

KQ>H$ 1 : ^maVmVrb {ejU g§ñWm I

KQ>H$ 2 : ^maVr¶ {ejU g§ñWm II

KQ>H$ 3 : {ejU - ‘wb^yV h³H$

KQ>H$ 4 : ¶yB©B© Mr g§KQ>rV aMZm

JQ> n[aM¶

{dÚmWu åhUyZ ^maVr¶ àma§{^H$ {ejU nÕVrVrb JQ> EH$ Mo qghmdbmoH$Z H$aUma AmhmV øm JQ>mV Mma CnKQ>H$ AmhoV. àË¶oH$ JQ>mV KQ>H$ d CnKQ>H$ AmhoV.

KQ>H$ H«$‘m§H$ - 1 ‘Ü¶o Vwåhr àmMrZ ^maVmVrb {ejU gamdmMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV. {ejH$ åhUyZ ~Xbbobr Jwé§Mr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m g‘OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. gZ 1947 nydu AgUmè¶m {~«{Q>e H$mimVrb {ejU nÕVrVrb {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm KoUmè¶m doJdoJù¶m g{‘Ë¶m§Mo Ahdmb Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Ho$bobo Amho. øm JQ>mV ñdmV§Í¶nyd© H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y‘r g‘Oob. B{Vhmgmdê$Z Ago g‘OVo H$s ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr hr OJmVrb gdm©V OwZr Amho.

^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrbm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm Amho.

JQ> - 2, ¶m JQ>mV Vwåhr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb (1948 to 2005) ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV ¶mV doJdoJù¶m doir Zo‘boë¶m {ejU {df¶H$ g{‘Ë¶m§À¶m gyMZm§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV. ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va d¶ Mm¡Xm df} nojm H$‘r AgUmè¶m§Zm g³VrMo {ejU d ‘mo’$V {ejU XoUo ho AJ«H«$‘ R>adyZ {ejU nÕVrMm {dMma Ho$bm Jobm. e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm§Mr A‘b ~OmdUr H$aUmao à^mdr {ejU YmoaU R>a{dÊ¶mgmR>r doJdoJù¶m g{‘Ë¶m Zo‘ë¶m Joë¶m.

JQ> - 3, KQ>ZoÀ¶m 45 ì¶m H$b‘mZwgma Vwåhr ¶yB©B© hr g§H$ënZm d Ë¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV . KQ>ZoMr 46 dr XþéñVr Am{U Ama Q>r B© 205 Am{U ‘wbm§Mo {ejU {df¶H$ wb^yV h³H$ ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV. Vwåhr Ama Q>r B© H$m¶Xm 2009 À¶m VaVwXtMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV. Ë¶mV {ejH$ ¶m ZmË¶mZo àma§{^H$ {ejUmMo OmJ{VH$sH$aU H$aUma AmhmV (H$b‘ 45, 86 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr Ama Q>r B© 2009)

JQ> - 4, ¶m JQ>mMr Vwåhmbm ¶yB©B©Mr aMZm, EZ gr B© Ama Q>r, Eg² gr B© Ama Q>r, Eg² Am¶ B© E‘ Q>r, S>r AmB© Q>r, ~r Ama gr. gr Ama gr ¶m§Mr {Oëhm H|$Ðr¶ nmVirdarb g§ñWm ¶m§Mr y{‘H$m g‘Oob.

O‘m JwU = 4 = 3 + 1

JQ> KQ>H$ KQ>H$mMo Zmd VmpËdH$ Aä¶mg Vm{gH$m

àË¶j Aä¶mg ‘OHw$a H$m¶©

JQ>-1 :

^maVmVrb àma§{^H$ {ejU

AmT>mdm

KQ>H$ 1 ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr I 4 2 àmMrZ Jwê$ Am{U AmO H$mbMo ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejH$ VwbZm

KQ>H$ 2 ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr II 5 3 EZ² gr E’$ 2005 À¶m g§X^m©V EH$m nwñVH$mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ

KQ>H$ 3 {ejU hm wb^yV h³H$ 4 2 Ama Q>r B© H$m¶Xm 2009 H$m¶ÚmMo {ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m d O~m~Xmè¶m

g§X^m©V {díbofU H$aUo.

KQ>H$ 4 ¶y B© B© Mr g§KQ>Z aMZm 4 2 PmaI§S>‘Yrb àma§{^H$ {ejUmMr g§KQ>Z aMZm

JQ>-2 :

^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr

g‘H$mbrZ g§X © I

KQ>H$ 5 ¶y B© B© I ¶moOZm 5 3 -

KQ>H$ 6 ¶y B© B© II Mr ¶moOZm gd© {ejU A{^¶mZ

5 3 g§~§YrV emimVrb XþnmaÀ¶m OodUm AZw d

KQ>H$ 7 ¶y B© B© Mo {Z¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ

6 3 -

JQ>-3 :

^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMm g‘H$brZ

g§X ©

KQ>H$ 8 àma§{^H$ {ejUmgmR>r {ejH$m§Mr V¶mar H$aUo

6 3 {dMma‘¾ {ejH$ ¶m JwUm§Mm {dMma

KQ>H$ 9 bm^mWu Zgboë¶m§À¶m {ejUmgmR>r {ejH$m§Zm V¶ma H$aUo

5 3 Vw‘À¶m n[agamVrb Aëng§»¶m§H$, {d‘w³V OmVr

O‘mVrVrb {dÚmWu ¶ oUo d {Q>Hy$Z amhUo ¶m g§~§Yr AgUmè¶m

àíZm§Mm {dMma.

KQ>H$ 10 àma§{^H$ {ejUmg§~§YrMr OmJVrH$ n[apñWVr

5 2

Aä¶m{gH$m 15 -

EHy$U 64 26 30

EHy$U ~oarO 64 + 26 + 30 = 120 Vmg

nmR>çH«$‘

A.Z§. KQ>H$m§Mo Zmd n¥ð> H«$‘m§H$

1. KQ>H$ - 1 : ^maVr¶ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWm - I 1

2. KQ>H$ - 2 : âVr¶ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWm - II 17

3. KQ>H$ - 3 : {ejU hm ‘wb yV A{YH$ma 30

4. KQ>H$ - 4 : ¶yB©B© Mr g§KZmË‘H$ aMZm 50

^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr - I

JQ> - 1 : ^maVmVrb àma§{^H$ {ejU qghmdbmoH$Z 1

Notes

KQ>H$ 1 : ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr - I

aMZm :

1.0 àñVmdZm

1.1 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.02 àmMrZ ^maVr¶ {ejU - g§{jßV AmT>mdm

1.2.1 VËH$mbrZ ‘Jwé’ hr g§H$ënZm

1.2.2 ‘Jwê$’ ¶m§Mo ‘hÎd d O~m~Xmè¶m

1.2.3 AmOH$mbMo ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejH$ 1.2.4 {ejH$m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço y{‘H$m d O~m~Xmè¶m

1.03 AmOH$mbÀ¶m {ejU nÕVrMm CX²^d : ñdmV§Í¶nyd©H$mb

1.3.1 ‘oH$m°boO² ‘m¶Ý¶yQ>

1.3.2 dwS²>g S>rñn°M

1.3.3 h§Q>a H${‘eZ 1.3.4 ¶y{Zìh{g©Q>rO H${‘eZ

1.3.5 Xr g°S>ba H${‘eZ

1.3.6 Xr haQ>m°J H${‘Q>r

1.3.7 Xr gày H${‘Q>r

1.3.8 Xr A°~m°Q> dyS> [anmoQ>©

1.3.9 PH$sa hþgoZ H${‘Q>rM [anmoQ>©

1.3.10 gmOªQ> [anmoQ>©

1.4 Jmofdmam

1.5 nwñVHo$ Am{U g§X © 1.6 Aä¶mg

1.0 àñVmdZm

àma§ rÀ¶m {ejUmMo gmd©ÌrH$aU H$aUo hr AmVm OmJVrH$ KQ>Zm Agë¶mMo Vw‘À¶m bjmV ¶oB©b. àma§ rÀ¶m {ejUmMo gmd©ÌrH$aU (UEE) ho EH$ ‘hÎdmMo {‘bo{Z¶‘ S>oìhbn‘|Q> Jmob (MDGS) ‘mZbo Jobo. OrdZmdí¶H$ Jmoï>tÀ¶m ~amo~arZo Ë¶mMo ‘hÎd Amho Oo n§Yam dfmªÀ¶m H$mimV nyU© H$am¶Mo Amho. (hm H$mi bdH$aM g§nV Ambm Amho.) ho OJmVrb XmoZeo nojm OmñV Xoem§Zr ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo Amho. ^maV hr Ë¶m {ZU©¶mV gm‘rb Amho. {ZajaVm Zm{her H$aUo Am{U ¶yB©B© Mr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Joë¶m nÝZmg dfm©V Oo à¶ËZ Ho$bo Jobo Ë¶mbm AmVm ’$io ¶ody bmJë¶mMo Vw‘À¶m bjmV ¶oB©b. Amnë¶mH$S>o EH$ e¡j{UH$ nÕVr ñWmnZ Pmbr Amho. àM§S> bmoH$g§»¶oMm {dMma H$ê$ZM OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§Mr emioV âVr H$aUo. emioVrb JiVr H$‘r H$aUo. {ejH$ {dÚmWu Xa, gmjaVm CƒXa, Mm§Jë¶m XOm©À¶m nm¶m yV gw{dYm Am{U Ë¶m§Mr dmT> ¶m§Mm {dMma Ho$bobm Amho. Varhr gaH$mar nwT>mH$mamZo gwê$ Pmboë¶m gmjaVm ‘mo{h‘, (EZ²@B©nr, S>rnrB©nr, EgEg²nrE, AmaQ>rB© BË¶mXr g§ñWm AgyZhr bmImo {dÚmWu emioV Ambobo ZmhrV. hOmamo {ejH$m§Mr âVr H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶m{edm¶ Xhm bmI {ejH$m§Zm gZ 2015 nydu


2 àma§{^H$ {ejUmVrb nX{dH$m (D.El.Ed)

Notes

à{e{jV H$am¶Mo Amho. ¶m g§X^m©V {ejH$ {ejU H$m¶©H«$‘ Ogo S>rßbmo‘m BZ² Ebr‘|Q>ar EÁ¶wHo$eZ (D.E.I.Ed.) hm Aä¶mgH«$‘ Z°eZb BÝñQ>rQ>çwQ> Am°’$ AmonZ ñHw$btJgmR>r ‘hÎdmMm R>aVmo.

øm H$m¶©H«$‘m§À¶m n{hë¶m ^mJmMr gwédmV Amåhr H$aV AmhmoV. Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm hm n{hbmM KQ>H$ Amho. øm KQ>H$mV ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMm àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ñdmV§Í¶nyd©H$mimn¶ªVMm WmoS>³¶mV Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm KoVbobm {Xgob.

B{VhmgmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmdê$Z Amnë¶mbm ‘m{hVr Amho H$s ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$Vr hr OJmVrb EH$ àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. H$moUË¶mhr g§ñH¥$VrMm AmË‘m Ë¶m XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm Am{U Ë¶m§Mr H$m¶©nÕVr ¶mdê$Z R>aV AgVmo. àË¶jmV Vwåhmbm ho ‘m{hV AmhoM H$s H$moUË¶mhr àJV g‘mOmV e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, e¡j{UH$ H$m¶©nÕVr hr Zd{Z‘m©U {dH$mg gmVË¶ Am{U g‘mOmMr g§ñH¥$VVm OnÊ¶mgmR>r AgVmV. Amnë¶m XoemVhr AgoM KS>bobo Amho. ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrbm g‘¥Õ gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm Amho. H$mhr ÌwQ>r Agë¶m Var gm‘m{OH$ nwZ©aMZm Am{U {dH$mg ¶m§Mo ge³V gmYZ Amho.

àmMrZ ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMm nwZ©AmT>mdm Vwåhmbm ‘Zmoa§OH$ dmQ>ob. Ë¶m H$mimVrb {ejH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmZr, ‘wÐU gw{dYm qH$dm ‘m{hVr Am{U V§ÌkmZ ¶m§Mr gw{dYm ZgVmZmhr {ejU ~hþg§»¶ bmoH$m§À¶m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmer {ZJS>rV Ho$bo hmoVo. Vwåhr àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m ‘wimer nmoMbmV Va EH${dgmì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m YmoaUmer Ë¶mMm g§X © Agbobm gmnS>ob.

øm KQ>H$mV àmMrZ ^maVr¶ e¡j{UH$ godm§Mm WmoS>³¶mV AmT>mdm ¿¶mb. {ejH$ Á¶m§Zm Jwê$ g‘Obo OmV Ago Ë¶m§Mr ~Xbbobr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmar g‘Oob Ë¶mZ§Va AmnU {~«{Q>e H$mimVrb doJdoJù¶m g{‘Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>boë¶m ‘Vm§Mm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. Amnë¶m bjmV ¶oB©b AmnU 1947 bm ñdmV§Í¶ hmoB©n¶ªV àma§{^H$ {ejU nÕVr H$er hmoVr.

1.1 C{ÔîQ>çm§Mr ‘m{hVr

hm KQ>H$mMm Aä¶mg H$aVmZm

àmMrZ ^maVr¶ {ejU gamdm§Mr MMm© H$aUo.

àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrVrb Jwê$ ¶m§Mr y{‘H$m d XOm©Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aUo.

Eo{VhmgrH$ H$mimVrb {ejU nÕVrMo àíZ Am{U AmìhmZo

gÜ¶mÀ¶m àma§{^H$ {ejUmÀ¶m pñWVr‘Ü¶o Agboë¶m Eo{VhmgrH$ KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$aUo.

doJdoJù¶m g{‘Ë¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m gyMZm§À¶m n[aUm‘m§Mr MMm© H$aUo.

1.2 àmMrZ ^maVr¶ {ejU - g{jßV AdbmoH$Z

gVamì¶m eVH$mn¶ªV ApñVËdmV Agboë¶m {ejU nÕVr{df¶r dU©Z H$aUmar nwñVHo$ ’$maí¶m à‘mUmV AmT>iV ZmhrV ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ Am{U CÀM ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU {df¶H$ H$mhr AmamIS>o ñdê$nmV ‘m{hVr gyÌo Am{U ñ‘¥Vr J«§WmV AmT>iVo na§Vw àmW{‘H$ {ejU g§X^m©V H$moUVrhr ñdV§Ì ‘m{hVr {XgyZ ¶oV Zmhr. H$Xm{MV² àmMrZ H$mimV {ejU hr OÝ‘mnmgyZ ‘¥Ë¶wn¶ªV MmbUmar ñd- {dH$mgmMr à{H«$¶m ‘mZbr OmV Agob. àmW{‘H$ AdñWoV {ejU åhUOo OrdZ OJUo {XdgâmVrb doJdoJir H$m‘o H$aÊ¶mg {eH$Uo Ago Agmdo. Ë¶m‘wio H$Xm{MV Am¡nMmarH$



Notes

{ejUmMr ñdV§Ì ì¶dñWm AgVo Agm {dMma Ho$bm Jobm Zgmdm OrdZmMr Vr ’$³V V¶mar Agmdr.

àmMrZ gm{hË¶mdê$Z Amnë¶mbm Ago {XgVo H$s kmZ hm {Vgam S>moim ‘mZbm Jobm Omo Amnë¶mbm OrdZmMr gdmªJrU Ñï>r XoVmo. (1) Amnbo nyd©O Ago ‘mZV AgV H$s {ejUmZo dmT>bobr A§V©kmZ j‘Vm ‘mUgmMr ~wÕr‘Îmm dmT>dVo. Á¶mbm gÎmm Am{U H$m¶©j‘Vm Ago ‘mZbo Jobo. (2) gdmªJrU àJVr. d¡ d {‘i{dUo Am{U OrdZmVrb H$ï>m§nmgyZ gwQ>H$m. (3) {ejU ‘mZdr g‘mYmZmMm ‘ybómoV ‘mZbm Jobm. Vw‘Mr H$m¶©j‘Vm dmT>{dUo, à{gÕr {‘idUo. g§nÎmr {‘i{dUo. g§nÎmr Amnë¶mbm ’$³V gwIr H$aV ZgyZ Ë¶m‘wio Amnë¶mbm Amnbr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ H$V©ì¶o nma nmS>Vm ¶oVmV. ¶m‘wio AmnU ‘‘w³Vr’H$S>o OmVmo. (4) ^V¥©harZo {ZVreVH$mV åhQ>bo Amho H$s {ejUm{edm¶ AmnU new AmhmoV. (5) Agm {dídmg hmoVm H$s {ejUmZo d¡¶p³VH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV AZoH$ àH$mam§Zr ~Xb hmoVmV.

1) kmZ§ V¥Vr¶§ ‘ZwOñ¶ ZoÌ! gw m{fVaËZ g§Xmoh (nmZ 194)

kmZ hm ‘mUgmMm {Vgam S>moim Amho.

2) ~w{Õ¶©ñ¶ ~b§ Vñ¶&

{ejUmZo ~b àmßV hmoVo.

3) gm {dÚm ¶m {d‘w³V¶o!

{ejU {dZ‘«Vm AmUVo

4) {dÚm XXm{V {dZ¶‘²& {dZ¶mÚm{V nmÌVm‘²&

nmÌËdmÕZ‘m{nVr YZmÕ‘© VV: gwI‘²&

{dÚoZ {dZ‘«Vm ¶oVo, {dZ¶mZo nmÌVm ¶oVo

{dZ¶ nmÌVm ¶m§Zr YZ ¶oVo Am{U YZmZo gwI {‘iVo

5) {dÚm {d{hZ: new: & (^V¥©har {Z{VeVH$)

{dÚm Zgbobm ‘mUyg newdV AgVmo.

{ejU ho CnZ¶Z g§ñH$mamnmgyZ gwê$ hmoV Ago. ‘wbr Am{U ‘ wbJo ¶m§Zm {ejU {Xbo OmB©. à{gÕ Aí¶m {dkmZ ór¶m§Mr Ag§»¶ CXmhaUo AmhoV JmJu, AÌ¡¶r. H$m¡gë¶m, Vmam, Ðm¡nXr BË¶mXr {dÛmZ ór¶m§Mm CëboI Amho. gm‘mÝ¶ {ejU ho bmoH$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m {ZH$S>rÀ¶m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r bmJUmao H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r hmoVo. CÀM{ejU ho ì¶mH$aU B{Vhmg, nwamUo, J{UV, doX, VH©$emó, amÁ¶emó, ¶wÕemó, {d{dY H$bm ¶mVrb àm{dÊ¶ {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r Ago.

{ejU åhUOo X¡Z§{XZ H$m¶mªMo EH$ àH$maMo à{ejU hmoVo. Á¶mÛmao gamdmVyZ ì¶³Vrbm OrdZ‘mZ gwYmaVm ¶oV Ago. ‘wbJm, Zdam Am{U {nVm åhUyZ H$am¶Mr H$V©ì¶o Mma Aml‘m§‘YyZ gm§JrVbr AmhoV. ~«÷Mm¶m©l‘ (~«÷Mm¶m©Mo OrdZ) J¥hñWml‘ (d¡dmhrH$ OrdZ) dmZàñWml‘ ({Zd¥Îm OrdZ) Am{U g§Ý¶mgml‘ (gd©g§JnarË¶mJ) ¶mVyZ H$V©ì¶o {eH${dbr OmV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m OmVrY‘m©Mo H$S>H$ nmbZ H$aUo Am{U {deñV åhUyZ amhÊ¶mg {eH${dbo OmV Ago. nX²dràXmZ H$aVodoir Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ O~m~Xmè¶m H$V©ì¶o, {eH$dbr OmV. Ë¶mMdoir Ë¶m§Zr ñd¶§nyU© g‘mOmMm CámXH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV H$go dmJmdo ¶mMr Amkm Ho$br OmV Ago. (1. AiVoH$a 1951 nmZ. Z§. 301-3)



Notes

Ë¶m‘wio AÜ¶mË‘, Mm[aÍ¶g§dY©Z, ì¶³Vr‘Ëd {dH$mg, ZmJar OmUrd, j‘VmdmT>, g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©Z Am{U àMma hr {ejUmMr {ZpíMV Aer Ü¶o¶o Am{U YmoaUo hmoVr. hr Ü¶o¶o gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r doJdoJir Ym{‘©H$ H¥$Ë¶o, d«Vo, àmW©Zm, gU, Z¡{VH$ AmMaU, ‘ZmMr ewÕVm, {dMma Am{U gd¶r, ^mdZm {Z¶§ÌU, {eï>mMmamM o {Z¶‘, Am{U d¶ñH$a ~amo~arMo Am{U ~mbH$m§Zr dmJÊ¶mMr nÕV {eH$dUo, {eH$Uo ¶m{df¶r ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Ago Aä¶mgmgmR>r {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m§À¶m AmdS>rMm {df¶ {ZdS>Ê¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ hmoVo. gmYonUm Am{U ñd¶§{eñV hr Ë¶m§À¶m OrdZm§Mr A§Jo hmoVr. AmË‘{dídmg dmT>{dUo Am{U AmË‘g§¶‘Z H$am¶bm {eH$Uo ho àmMrZ ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMo KQ>H$ hmoVo. VH©$emó, VËdkmZ, H$m¶Xm, gm{hË¶ BË¶mXrMo {ejU KoVmZm VmaVå¶, {ZU©¶ Am{U BVa d¡¶p³VH$ KQ>H$m§Mr dmT> hmoÊ¶mMr {ejU {Xbo OmV Ago. H$moUË¶mhr àíZm§À¶m XmoÝhr ~mOy g‘OmdyZ KoUo Am{U Z§Va Ë¶mZo qH$dm {VZo KoVbobr ^y{‘H$m H$er Amho ho {dÛV gôVyZ Ë¶m§Zm à{e{jV Ho$bo OmV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr ‘yë¶o éO{dbr OmV AgV. Á¶m‘io Xþgè¶m§À¶m ‘Vm§{df¶r g§¶w³VrH$ Am{U ghmZ yVrnyd©H$ {dMma éOV Ago.

Á¶m§Zr doX {ejU KoVbo Ë¶m§À¶m Ñï>rZo {ejU ñ‘¥VrMo ¶m§{ÌH$ à{ejU Ag o. nwT>À¶m {nT>çm§gmR>r Ë¶m§Zr g§nyU© gm{hË¶, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ dmagm AJXr ewÕ ¶mo½¶ Am{U ewÕ ñdê$nmV OVZ H$ê$Z nwT>o nmoMdm¶Mm Ago ho ’$³V ñ‘aUe³VrÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo hmoV Ago H$maU Ë¶mdoir H$mJX, N>nmB© BË¶mXr gw{dYm ZìhË¶m.

WmoS>³¶mV Vw‘À¶m bjmV ¶oB©b H$s Ë¶mH$mir {ejU hr Am¶wî¶â MmbUmar à{H«$¶m hmoVr Á¶mV d¡¶p³VH$ {dH$mg emar[aH$ ‘mZ{gH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U AÜ¶mpË‘H$ j‘Vm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z CÎm‘ ZmJ[aH$ ~ZUo Am{U dV©‘mZ H$mimV VgoM ^{dî¶H$mimV àJVr H$aUo ho C{Ô ²ï> Ago.

narjU -

a) àmMrZ ^maVmV {ejUmMo A§{V‘ Ü¶o¶ H$moUVo hmoVo?

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b) N>nmB©H$bm ApñVËdmV ZgVmZm kmZmMo OVZ H$go Ho$bo OmV hmoVo?

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1.2.1 àmMrZ H$mimVrb Jwê$ hr g§H$ënZm -

àmMrZ ^maVmV JwéHw$b nÕVr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. Aä¶mgmÀ¶m {d{eï> H$mbmdYrgmR>r {dÚmÏ¶m©bm JwéJ¥hr ahmdo bmJV Ago. ‘Jwé’Mm Aml‘ hr EH$ àH$maMr {Zdmgr emimM hmoVr. àË¶oH$OU, lr‘§V qH$dm daÀ¶m OmVrMm EH$ÌM ahmV AgV. àË¶oH$mbm g‘mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV Ago. H¥$îU Am{U gwXm‘m gmaIo amOnwÌ Am{U Jar~ {dÚmWu EH$ÌM ahmV AgV. {ejU ’w$H$Q> Ago. na§Vw Jwê$Hw$bmbm AmYma åhUyZ àË¶oH$mbm ‘mYwH$ar ({^jm) ‘mJmdr bmJo. Á¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm g‘mOm{df¶r F$U Am{U {dZ‘«Vm ~miJÊ¶mMo {ejU {‘io ¶m‘wio g‘mOmVrb OmVrVrb CÀMZrMVm H$‘r Pmbr Am{U gdmªZm EH$mM àH$mao dmJ{dbo OmV Ago.



Notes

Jwê$ ho JwéHw$bmMo à‘wI AgV. gd© ghmÜ¶m¶tMo Vmo {nVm, nmbH$, {ejH$$ AgV. H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMr ‘yë¶o Z KoVm Vo ‘wbm§Zm {eH$dV AgV. Jwé§gmR>r ‘wë¶ AmH$maUo {Z{fÕ hmoVo. {dÚmXmZ ho gd© XmZmV loð>XmZ g‘Obo OmB©. kmZ {dH$Uo hr H$ënZm {Z{fÕ ‘mZbr OmV Ago. JwéHw$bmbm, amOo, namonH$marì¶³Vr Am{U lr‘§Vm§H$Sy>Z XoU½¶m {‘iV AgV. ¶m{edm¶ JwéX{jUm (Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§në¶mda JwéHw$b gmoSy>Z OmVmZm {Xbobr oQ>) {‘iV Ago. Aml‘ Am{U Ë¶mVrb bmoH$m§Zm ho nwaogo hmoV Ago H$maU Ë¶m§Mr IS>Va VníM¶m©, g§nÎmr Z gmR>{dÊ¶mMo d«V Ago. ’$³V AË¶§V {dÛmZ, AmÜ¶mpË‘H$ CÀM gmYZm AgUmar ì¶³VrM Jwê$ åhUyZ Zo‘br OmV Ago Am{U Jwê$ åhUyZ AmXa {Xbm OmV Ago. Amnë¶mbm ‘mhrV Amho H$s ^maVmV Jwê${eî¶ na§nam ’$ma àmMrZ Amho. {Z:ñdmW© godm Am{U {ejH$ åhUyZ Jwé§Zm g‘mOmV ’$ma ‘mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. àË¶j amOo bmoH$hr Ë¶m§Zm ‘mZ XoV AgV. Ë¶m§Zm d{S>bm§nojmhr nyOZr¶ ‘mZbo OmV Ago. Ë¶m§Zm Abm¡H$sH$ à{Vð>m hmoVr. na‘oídamnojmhr Ë¶m§Zm nyÁ¶ ‘mZbo OmV Ago.

Jwé~«÷m Jwé{dîUw: JwéX}dmo ‘hoûda:

JwégmjmV² na~«÷ Vñ‘¡ lr Jwado Z‘:

Jwê$ åhUOoM ~«÷Xod, Jwê$ åhUOoM {dîUw, Jwê$ åhUOoM e§H$a

Jwê$ àË¶j na~«÷ AgVmo åhUyZ Jwébm ‘mPo d§XZ Agmo

Jwê$ åhUOo, S>moHo$, öX¶, hmV, AÜ¶mË‘, kmZ, {dÛVm ¶m gd© JwUm§Mo gmaM AgVmV. Iam {ejH$ OrdZmÀ¶m A§Vmn¶ªV {dÚmWuM AgVmo. Jwê$ nS>Úm‘mJMm ‘mJ©Xe©H$ AgVmo ZwgVm ì¶mg{nR>mdaMm g§V ZgVmo.

Jwê$ ho ñdV:M EH$ g§ñWm AgVmV. Vo Ë¶m§Mr {dÛÎmm Am{U Ë¶mJ ¶m~Ôb à{gÕ AgVmV. OJmVrb gd© XoemVyZ AZoH$ {dÚmWu à{gÕ Aí¶m Jwé§H$S>o ¶oV AgV. Amboë¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMr g§»¶m OmñV Agë¶mg Jwê$ Ooð> qH$dm hþfma {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {eH$Uo d {eH${dUo ¶m à{H«$¶oV g‘m{dï> H$ê$Z KoV AgV. Ë¶m‘wio Jwé§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©V ‘XV {‘iV Ago. Jwé§À¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr {ejH$ à{ejU hmoD$Z {eH$Umam§Zm g§Yr {‘iV Ago.

ñZoh ‘m°ZrQ>moardb nÕVr hr ^maVr¶ àmMrZ {ejU nÕVrbm {‘imbobr XoUJr Amho. Á¶m‘Ü¶o {ejH$m§Mo nwÌ qH$dm Ooð> ¶mo½¶ {dÚmWu {ejH$ åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aV AgV. Z§Va ‘ZwÀ¶m H$mimV MmVwd©Ê¶ hr gm‘m{OH$ arV Pmbr. H$moUrhr ~«m÷U Hw$imV OÝ‘bobm, hþfma Zgbm Var {ejH$ ~ZV Ago. {nVmM ‘wbmbm {ejH$ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r à{e{jV H$aV Ago {eH${dUo hm ’$³V ~«m÷Um§Mm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ì¶dgm¶ Pmbm.

1.2.2 ‘Jwé’ Mr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m

Ë¶mH$mir Jwé§Zm {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r nmbH$, {ejH$, {dÛmZ, {‘Ì VËddoÎmm Am{U ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Aí¶m ^y{‘H$m H$amì¶m bmJV AgV. {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m JaOm§H$S>o Ë¶m§Zm d¡¶p³VH$ bj Úmdo bmJV Ago. {dÚmWu àJV ìhmdm Ë¶mZo Jwé§Mo d ñdV:Mo g‘mYmZ hmoÊ¶mEdT>r àJVr H$amdr ¶mH$S>o bj XoÊ¶mMr Jwé§Mr O~m~Xmar Ago {nVm Am[U ‘wb o ¶mV AgUmar OdirH$ {dÚmWu Am{U Jwé ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o Ago.

{ejU nÕV ‘m¡{IH$ Ago, {ejH$ d {dÚmWu ¶m §À¶mVrb g§dmX, ì¶m»¶mZo dmX{ddmX Am{U MMm©, nmR>m§Va ho Ë¶m§À¶m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmMo A§J hmoVo. ‘yë¶‘mnZ ho gVV MmbUmao Am{U gd© g‘mdoeH$ Ago, Oo Jwé‘m’©$V A§VJ©V MmbV Ago ¶mdoir ghm‘mhr narjm, nXdr àeñVrnÌH$ Ago H$mhr Zgo. R>am{dH$ Aä¶mgH«$‘ nyU© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va JwéM nXdrXmZ H$aV AgV. Jwê$ {dÛV



Notes

gôV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm hOa H$aV. AgV Á¶mV Á¶m§Zm àíZ {dMmabo OmV qH$dm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm MM}V {gÕ H$am¶bm gm§{JVbo OmB©. Ë¶mZ§Va {dÚmÏ¶mªMm Ë¶m {df¶mVrb A{YH$ma ‘mÝ¶ H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm {dÛmZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmB©b. {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ñdm¶ÎmVm AmXaUr¶ ‘mZbr OmV Ago. {dÚmÏ¶m©bm JwéMr {ZdS> d {df¶mMr {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ hmoVo. Ë¶mMdoir Jwébmhr {ejH$ åhUyZ {dÚmWu ¿¶m¶Mm qH$dm Zmhr hm {ZdS>rMm {deof h³H$ hmoVm. Vwåhmbm Ago AmT>iyZ ¶oB©b H$s ~wÕmÀ¶m H$mimV CÀM [ejUmMr H|$Ðo ‘R>mV Am{U Xodmb¶mÀ¶m AmdmamV ñWmnZ Pmbr. Aer {R>H$mUo amOm AemoH$mÀ¶m H$mimV qhXþ JwéHw$bmer {‘iVr OwiVr hmoVr. kmZmMr gmYZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r åhUyZ Vr H|$Ðo {Zdmgr {dÚmnrR>o Pmbr Á¶m‘Ü¶o Jwê$ Am{U {dÚmWu EH$Ì ahmV AgV. Ë¶m§Zr kmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr, OnUyH$ Am{U àMma ¶mgmR>r dmhÿZ KoVbo hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$ {dÚm{nR>ohr {ejU, g§emoYZ Am{U {dñVma hrM H$m¶} H$aVmV. àdoe MmMUr A{V H$R>rU AgyZ Vr {Xë¶mZ§VaM àdoe {Xbm OmB©. Vj{ebm, Zmb§Xm {dH«$‘erbm, dëb^r, H$m§Mr, ~Zmag B. {R>H$mUr {ejUmMr gmo¶ hmoVr. ^maVmVyZ Am{U ^maVm~mhoê$Zhr {dÚmWu øm H|$XmH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoV AgV.

1.2.3 gm§àVMo ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejH$

AmYw{ZH$ {ejU nÕVr‘Ü¶o àmMrZ ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMo AZoH$ n¡by ApñVËdmV AmhoV. Vwåhm§bm ì¶dgm¶ åhUyZ {ejH$ ìhm¶Mo Agob Vwåhmbm doJdoJir H$m ¡eë¶o {eH$mdr bmJVrb Ë¶mV àm{dÊ¶ {‘idmdo bmJob. doJdoJir d¡{eîQ>ço AmË‘gmV H$amdr bmJVrb Am{U BVam§er g§dmX H$aVmZm Vr XmIdmdr bmJVrb. gm§àV {ejH$mbm H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço {eH$mdr Am{U dmT>dmdr bmJVrb ¶mn¡H$s H$mhr Imbrbà‘mUo :

Iwbo Am{U gH$mamË‘H$ - gH$mamË‘H$ {dMma H$am d BVam§Zm gH$mamË‘H$ {dMmamgmR>r àd¥Îm H$am.

AmXmZ àXmZ - à^mdr g§dm§Xmbm àmoËgmhrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§H$ënZmMo AmXmZ àXmZ H$am.

lmoVm - ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ EoHy$Z ¿¶m.

{dg§~Zr¶ - àm‘m{UH$, Iwbo Am{U BVam§er dmJVmZm Iao Agm.

ì¶p³V‘Ëd - H$m‘ H$aV AgVmZm gH$mamË‘H$ nañna ZmVog§~§Y àñWm{nV H$am.

g§KQ>rVnUm - nÕVera, [Z¶moOZ~Õ H$m‘ H$am.

AmË‘{dídmg, g§¶‘ R>odyZ {dÚm¶mªZm gH$mamË‘H$ {dMma H$aÊ¶mg àd¥Îm H$aUo.

àoaUm - XOm© Am{U Anojm ¶m~m~V CËgmhr AgUo.

aMZmË‘H$ - {dMma Am{U H¥$Vr g§X^m©V. ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ - H$miOr, ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ à{VgmX XoUo ¶m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z BVam§Zm àmoËgmhrV H$aUo. ‘yë¶mYmarV - ‘mZd OmVr~Ôb gä¶Vm g‘mO ‘wë¶m§~Ôb OmJê$H$Vm dmQ>Uo. kmZ - kmZmMr gVV VhmZ AgUo. aMZmË‘H$ - gd©ì¶mnr, g§emoYZd¥Îmr Am{U ZdrZ H$ënZm pñdH$maUo. g§¶‘r - ghZerbVm AgUo. dMZnyVu - ì¶dgm¶ Am{U {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r dMZnyV©Vm H$aUo. ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejH$ hm CÕQ> Zgmdm nU AmË‘{dídmgy Agmdm. g‘wXm¶mer ì¶dhma H$aVmZm dV©Z ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Agmdo Ogo Z‘«, ñnï> Am{U ¶mo½¶ V¶mar hr ì¶dgm¶mMr ‘hÎdmMr



Notes

JaO Amho. Vwåhr dJm©V àdoe H$amb Ë¶mdoir Vw‘À¶m Odi Amdí¶H$ Vo gm{hË¶ d nmR> {Z¶moOZ V¶ma Agmdo.

1.2.4 AmOÀ¶m g‘mOmVrb ~XbVo ñdê$n Am{U {ejH$m§À¶m gwg§JV y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m

AmOÀ¶m g‘mOmMo ~XbVo ñdê$n : Vw‘À¶m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s AmOÀ¶m g‘mOmMo ñdê$n ~Xbbo Amho. Am¶grQ>rÀ¶m ‘Ü¶ñWr‘wio OmJ{VH$ g‘mOmV àM§S> ñdénmMr énm§Vao hmoV AmhoV. OrdZmÀ¶m gd©M ~mOy§da Am¶²grQ>r Mm à^md nS>V Amho. Joë¶m XmoZ XeH$m§nmgyZ ZdrZ g‘mO aMZm CX¶mbm ¶oV Amho. ¶m ~Xbm§Zm H$mhr AJ«h³H$ Zmhr. AmOÀ¶m g‘mOmV Pmbobr Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr Am{U gwYmaUm BV³¶m doJmZo hmoV AmhoV H$s e§â dfm©Z§VaMo OrdZ H$go Agob ¶mMr H$ënZm H$aUo e³¶ Zmhr. na§Vw Z{OH$À¶m Xhm / drg dfm©Vrb OrdZ H$go Agob ¶mMm A§XmO H$aVm ¶oB©b. CÚmÀ¶m g‘mOmMo H$moUVo ñdê$n AmnU S>moù¶m§g‘moa AmUVmo AmhmoV? gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Zm‘wio {ejUmMm hoVy Am{U g§H$ënZm ¶m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>rV H$moUVo ~Xb hmoVrb? AmOMo {ejU CÚmgmR>r gwg§JV Amho H$m? H$m AmnU A¶mo½¶ ì¶³Vr V¶ma H$aV AmhmoV? ~XbË¶m g‘mOmVrb {ejUmbm ZdrZ g‘mO aMZm Am{U AZno{jV JaOm ¶m§À¶mer OwidyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r H¥$Vr ¶moOZm V¶ma nm{hOo.

EH${ÌV Am{U kmZmda AmYm[aV g‘mO : Am¶² gr Q>r Mm à^md BVH$m Amho H$s Joë¶m XmoZ XeH$m§nmgyZ OJmMm Moham ‘mohamM ObX ~XbV Amho. Am¶² gr Q>r Mr gmYZo Am{U V§ÌkmZ ¶m‘wio {ejUmgh gd© OrdZmV H«$m§Vr Pmbr Amho. ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ, XþaXe©Z, g§JUH$ BË¶mXr AmíM¶©H$maH$ Jmoï>t‘wio H$moU H$m¶ H$ê$ eHo$b ¶m {df¶r ImÌrZo gm§JUo e³¶ Zmhr. EH$m ~mOyZo hr gmYZo g§»¶oZo dmT>V AmhoV Am{U àË¶oH$ {Xder Zì¶m joÌmV AmH«$‘U H$aV AmhoV. Xþgè¶m ~mOyZo Vr BVH$s ñdñV hmoV AmhoV H$s g‘mOmVrb ImbÀ¶m dJm©bm X¡Z§{XZ dmnamgmR>r nadS>V AmhoV. ^maVmVrb AdmT>ì¶ bmoH$ g§»¶oVrb H$amoS>mo bmoH$ ‘mo~B©b ’$moZ, B§Q>aZoQ> g§JUH$ Am{U gmoeb ZoQ>dH©$Zo OmoS>bobo AmhoV. hr g§»¶m {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>VM Amho.

17.10.2011 bm {‘imboë¶m Q>r Ama E Am¶ À¶m do~gmB©Q> darb AmH$S>odmS>r Zwgma Ago {XgVo H$s ^maVmV 100 Xebjmnojm OmñV ì¶³Vr B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aVmV. (Ë¶mn¡H$s 40 Xebj bmoH$ ’$moZÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aVmV.) OyZ 2011 n¶ªV ^maVmV 851.70 Xebj bmoH$ ‘moB©bda ’$moZMm dmna H$aUmao Am{U 855.70 Xebj ’$moZMm dmna H$aUmao hmoVo. ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZMm dmna Xa ‘{hÝ¶mbm 11.41 Xebj ì¶³Vr BVH$m dmT>V Amho. OmJ{VH$ nmVirda àË¶oH$ dñVwMr qH$‘V dmT>V AgVmZm ’$³V EH$M dñVw åhUOoM Am¶grQ>r Xa {Xder ñdñV hmoV Amho. Ë¶mMm àdoe, Cn¶moJrVm, XOm©, nadS>Uo ¶m gma»¶m KQ>H$mV Xa goH§$Xmbm gwYmaUm hmoV Amho. Varhr g§JUH$mMm {ejU à{H«$¶oVrb gh^mJ AJXrM H$‘r Amho. gd© OJ Odi ¶oV AgVmZm AmnU Ë¶m§Zm XþañW ‘mJm©Zo {eH${dV AmhmoV. {df¶mMm Jm^m, Xþamdbobr {eñV ¶m‘wio Vo OrdZmer OmoS>bobo ZmhrV.

e¡j{UH$ nÕVrV Am¶grQ>rMm dmna : AmOÀ¶m {ejU nÕVrda Am¶² gr Q>rÀ¶m dmnamMm ’$ma à^md Amho. Amnë¶mbm Ago {Xgob H$s Am¶ gr Q>r Mm Cn¶moJ Aä¶mgH«$‘ gwYmaUm, {dVarV H$aÊ¶mMr nÕV {eH$Ê¶mMr nÕV, ‘yë¶‘mnZ, Am°ZbmB©Z narjm, ‘mJUrZwgma narjm EH$ÌrV H$m‘, {ejU d {dH$mg, ñd¶AÜ¶¶Z, Iwbrnarjm (83 KQ>H$) ¶m gd©M KQ>H$mV hmoV AgVmo.

{ejH$m§Zm ZdrZ AÜ¶¶Z nÕVrV ¶oUmao àíZ Am{U Z{dZ dmVmdaUmV V¶ma hmoUmao àíZ ¶m§Mm gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë¶m§Zm e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm Am{U ~XbmMm doJ H$gm dmT>dm¶Mm



Notes

¶mMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. AmVmÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm nwT>rb nÝZmg df} Var {H«$¶merb OrdZ OJm¶Mo Amho. OmJ{VH$ g‘mOmMo gj‘ Am{U CËnmXH$ ZmJarH$ ~ZÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm Z{dZ ñnYm©, H$m¡eë¶, Am{U Aì¶³V j‘Vm dmT>dmì¶m bmJVrb. gm‘m{OH$ ~Xb KS>{dÊ¶mMo {ejU ho Ago gmYZ Amho Oo CX¶moÝ‘wI g‘mOmÀ¶m JaOm ^mJdy eHo$b. kmZ hm Jm^m Agboë¶m g‘mOmV {ejU ho gm‘J«r AmYm[aV, {ejH$ H|$ÐrV gmjaVm ZgyZ {ejH$ n¶m©daU, H$m‘ AmYm[aV g§JUH$ gmjaVm Am{U gwb^ {ejUmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Agbobo Z¡nwÊ¶ {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r Amho. VgoM ’$³V ^maVr¶ Zmhr Va OmJ{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr ‘yë¶o éO{dUo XoIrb {ejUmV A{^àoV Amho.

Aä¶mgH«$‘ {eH${dUo åhUOo {ejH$m§Zr dJm©V àË¶j {dÚmÏ¶mªZm gmMo~Õ nÕVrZo {eH$dUo EdT>oM ‘¶m©{XV Zmhr Va M°Q>, ’o$g~wH$, {Q‰>Q>a, MMm© JQ> BË¶mXr gm‘m{OH$ ZoQ>dH©$À¶m ‘XVrZo {eH${dUo Ano{jV Amho.

nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo AÜ¶¶Z, AÜ¶mnZ à{H«$¶m EdT>mM ‘¶m©XrV AW© {ejUmMm Zmhr. V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ñd-AÜ¶¶Z, ghH$m¶m©da AmYm[aV ghm¶H$ AÜ¶¶Z, gëbmJmam§À¶m ‘XVrZo AÜ¶¶Z {ejUmV Ano{jV Amho.

AÜ¶¶Z H$aUmè¶mMr ñdm¶ÎmVm : AÜ¶¶Z H$aUmè¶mMr ñdm¶ÎmVm OnÊ¶mgmR>r AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶oV ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. AÜ¶¶Z H$aUmam H|$ÐñWmZr AgyZ AÜ¶¶Z YmoaU R>a{dÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ Ë¶mbm Amho. ñd-AÜ¶¶Z, JQ> - {ejU, ghmæ¶H$ {ejU, B-{ejU, {d{dY {df¶m§Mo Am{U àH$mam§Mo AÜ¶¶Z, H$m‘mYmarV {ejU {dH$mg, ãbm°J, ’o$g~wH$, {Q‰>Q>a, do~noOog ¶m gmaIo gm‘m{OH$ ZoQ>dH©$ ¶m ZdrZ AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶m AmhoV. ¶mMm Cn¶moJ ZdrZ H$ënZm, AZw d, MMm© Am{U AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶m ¶m§À¶m XodmU KodmUrgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. OER

V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg Am{U dmna, Aä¶mgH«$‘ {dH$gZmgmR>r V§ÌkmZ, Z{dZ {dYm¶H$ AÜ¶mnZ emó ¶m Jmoï>r kmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr Am{U XodmU KodmU ¶mgmR>r nma§nm[aH$ AÜ¶mnZmnojm OmñV à^mdr R>aV AmhoV.

CÚmoÝ‘wI g‘mOmVrb {ejH$mMr ^y{‘H$m : V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m AmìhmZm‘wio {ejH$m§gmR>r ZdrZ y{‘H$m {Z‘m©U hmoV Amho. bm°arbS>© ¶m§Mm g§ mfU Z‘wZm (Lorillard’s Conversation Model)

{ejH$m§gmR>r Mma àH$maMr y{‘H$m gm§JVmo. {df¶m§Va H$aUmam, Zì¶m qH$dm ~XbË¶m n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoUmam, g§dmX gmYUmam, Am{U namdV©Z H$aUmam {ejH$ Agmdm.

gÜ¶mÀ¶m ~XbË¶m npñWVrV {ejH$mbm AZoH$ y{‘H$m nma nmS>mì¶m bmJVmV. {ejH$mÀ¶m nma§nm[aH$ ^y{‘Ho$V Imbrb Jmoï>tMm g‘mdoe Agy eH$Vmo.

B-g§ñH¥$VrMo g§JmonZ Am{U {dH$mg

{Zìdi H$m‘ H$aUmam Am{U ~Xb ñdrH$maUmam

{ejU ì¶dgm¶r Am{U {dH$gH$

Vm§{ÌH$ AÜ¶mnH$ emók

‘yë¶‘mnH$

H¥$Vr g§emoYH$

dV©Z emók / gwYmaH$

Aä¶mgH«$‘ ¶moOH$

AÜ¶¶Z àUmbr ¶moOH$



Notes

nU Amnbr {ejU nÕVr Ago {ejH$ V¶ma H$aVo H$m? 21 ì¶m eVH$mVrb ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejH$ Am{U Jwê$Hw$b nÕVr ¶m§À¶mV ~aoM gmå¶ Amho. nU n[apñWVrV ‘mÌ IynM ’$aH$ Amho. åhUyZ VwbZm H$aÊ¶mnydu H$moUË¶m àH$maMo {ejU XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho? AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMm CX¶ H$gm Pmbm? àmW{‘H$ ñVamdarb {ejH$mMr ~Xbbobr ^y{‘H$m H$moUVr? ¶m gdmªMm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. {ejU h³H$ H$m¶Úm‘Yo XoIrb {ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmar ¶mMm CëboI Amho. Ë¶mMr ‘m{hVr nwT>rb àH$aUmV Amho.

1.3 AmOÀ¶m ^maVr¶ {ejUmMm àma§ - ñdmV§Í¶nyd©H$mb :

do{XH$ H$mbI§S>mÀ¶m AIoarg Am{U ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV {‘eZarO Am{U H$mhr Ym{‘©H$ JQ> ¶m§Zr ^maVr¶m§Zm VËH$mbrZ {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ amÁ¶H$V} Am{U gYZ ì¶³VrÀ¶m ‘XVrZo B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr ñWmnZ hmoB©n¶ªV MM©‘YyZ B§J«Or ^mfoV, ñWm{ZH$ Xodim§‘YyZ g§ñH¥$V‘Yo, ‘Xaem§‘Yo n{e©¶Z Am{U Aao{~H$ ^mfo‘YyZ {ejU {Xbo. ^maVmV {ejU nÕVrMr gwadmV 19 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwadmVrbm Pmbobr AmT>iVo.

MmQ>©a A°³Q> Ûmao ^maVmV {ejU nÕVr ApñVËdmV Ambr {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Xa 20 dfmªZr B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrÀ¶m gZXrMo ZyVZrH$aU H$aV Ago. gZ 1813 ‘Ü¶o Á¶mdoir gZXrMo ZyVZrH$aU H$am¶Mo hmoVo Ë¶mdoir dmL²>‘¶mÀ¶m nwZéÁOrdZmgmR>r VgoM ^maVmVrb Á¶m ì¶º$s¨Zm {ejU ¿¶m¶Mo Amho Ë¶m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U {~«{Q>e A{YnË¶mImbrb emór¶ kmZmMr ‘m{hVr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrZo Xadfu EH$ bmI én¶mMr VaVyX H$amdr Agm AmXoe {~«{Q>e g§gXoZo {Xbm. Aem VèhoZo a{hdmem§À¶m {ejUmgmR>r {~«{Q>e amUrZo A{YH¥$VarË¶m n{hë¶m§Xm e¡j{UH$ VaVyX Ho$br. ¶mMr O~m~Xmar B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZrda Q>mH$br.

1.3.1 ‘oH$m°boO² ‘m¶Ý¶yQ>

^maVmVrb gdm}ÀM n[afXoMm ñm^mgX åhUyZ bm°S>© ‘°H$bo 10 OyZ 1834 amoOr ^maVmV ‘Ðmg ¶oWo Ambo. {dë¶‘ ~|Q>rH$ ho Ë¶mdoir gm‘mÝ¶ àemgH$ hmoVo. B. g. 1838 À¶m gwadmVrbm Vo B§½b§S>bm naV Jobo. Am{U Ë¶m§Zr Ë¶m§Mm boIZmMm ì¶dgm¶ Mmby R>odbm. ‘°H$bo ^maVmV ’$³V Mma df}M hmoVo. nU bjmdYr ^maVr¶m§da Ë¶m§Zr amÁ¶ Ho$bo.

B§J«OrMo loð>Ëd : Genral Committer of public Instruction ¶m g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j åhUyZ MM}V gh^mJr hmoVmZm OmZodmar 1835 ‘Ü¶o Om°Z ‘°H$bo ¶m§Zr EH$ {ZdoXZ V¶ma H$ê$Z àgmarV Ho$bo. ñWm{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U AÜ¶¶Z, ñWm{ZH$ kmZ, g§ñH¥$V, Aao~r, nmaer ¶mgma»¶m ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm ¶m {damoYmV {ZUm©¶H$ ‘V ì¶³V Ho$bobr ‘Vo ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrV ‘°H$boMo {‘ZQ> åhUyZ Hw$à{gÕ AmhoV. AmnU Ë¶mMm AmOhr àË¶¶ KoV AmhmoV. ñdV:Mr Aer ‘yi {ejU nÕV Agmdr Agm {dMma H$am¶bm XoIb Amnë¶mbm 100 df} bmJbr Or ‘hmË‘m Jm§YtZr 1937 ‘Yo dYm© ¶oWrb gôV ‘m§S>br. ‘°H$bo ¶m§À¶mZ§Va Odi - Odi 200 dfmªZr XoIrb ^maVmVrb [ejU nÕVrda ‘°H$bo ¶m§Mo à^wËd {XgyZ ¶oVo.

CXm. nmë¶mÀ¶m {ejUmgmR>r nmbH$m§Mm B§J«Or ‘mÜ¶‘m§À¶m emioH$S>o Agbobm H$b.

Aao{~H$ Am{U g§ñH¥$V ¶m XmoÝhr ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm ‘°H$bo ¶m§Zr ZmH$maë¶m. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo B§J«Or ^mfm darb XmoÝhr ^mfm§nojm gag hmoVr. VgoM ¶wamo{n¶Z dmMZmb¶mVrb EH$M eoë’$ ho ñWm{ZH$ ^maVr¶ Am{U Aao{~H$ dmL²>‘¶mÀ¶m ¶mo½¶VoMo Amho. nmpíM‘mË¶ dmL²>‘¶ ho ‘wimVM loð> dmL²>‘¶ Amho.



Notes

3. ^maVmV gÎmmYmar dJ© Am{U ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mamV Agbobm CÀM dJ© B§J«Or ^mfm ~mobVmo.

4. Aao{~H$ Am{U g§ñH¥$V ‘hm{dÚmb¶m§da Ho$bm OmUmam IM© åhUOo Amnbo ZwH$gmZM Amho.

Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo Amnë¶mH$S>rb ‘¶m©XrV gmYZgm‘J«rÀ¶m ‘XVrZo bmoH$m§Zm {ejU XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUo e³¶ Zmhr. VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV Amnë¶mbm Xþ^mfm§Mr JaO Amho. Oo Amnë¶mVrb Am{U bmImo ^maVr¶m§‘Yrb Xþdm AgVrb.

‘°H$bo ¶m§Mr Downward Filtration Theory bm°S>© ~|Q>rH$ ¶m§Zr {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ¶m dVrZo pñdH$mabr ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrV AÜ¶mnZmMr ^mfm B§J«Or Agmdr Aer gyMZm ‘mÝ¶ Ho$br. V|ìhmnmgyZ ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrda ‘°H$bo ¶m§Mm à^md {XgyZ ¶oVmo. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ åhUyZ ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va XoIrb AÜ¶mnZmMr ^mfm B§J«OrM am{hbr.

Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm : 2

1) Down ward Filtration Theory WmoS>³¶mV {bhm.

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2) ‘°H$bo ¶m§Zr emgH$s¶ {ZYr ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoda IM© H$aÊ¶mnojm B§J«Or ^mfoÀ¶m gwYmaUogmR>r IM© H$am¶Mm {ZU©¶ H$m KoVbm?

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1.3.2 Wood’s Dispatech dwS²>g XñVEdO :

ì¶mnH$ {ejU ì¶dñWm Am{U g§ñWmË‘H$ aMZm : bm°S>© {dë¶‘ ~o §{Q>H$ ¶m§Zr V¶ma Ho$boë¶m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmda ‘°H$boÀ¶m YmoaUmMm {H$Vr à^md hmoVm ho AmnU ~{KVbo. Oo YmoaU nwT>rb 40

df} ApñVËdmV hmoVo. gZ 1853 ‘Ü¶o Á¶mdoir H§$nZrÀ¶m gZXrMo ZyVZrH$aU H$aÊ¶mMr doi Ambr Voìhm ^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ àJVrMm AmT>mdm {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo KoVbm. {ZarjUm§Zr ~Zbobo ‘V Am{U H$mhr gwYmaUm {~«{Q>e g§gXoZo {ejUmMr gZX ¶m ZmdmZo Omar Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶m Wood’s

Dispatch of 1854 (8) ¶m ZmdmZr AmoiIë¶m OmVmV. Wood’s Dispatch (dwS²>g S>rgn°M) ho ^maVmV Magna Carta of Education (‘½Zm MmQ>m© Am°’$ EÁ¶wHo$eZ). ¶m ZmdmZr AmoiIbo OmVo.

Wood’s dispatch hm gd© g‘mdoeH$ Agm e¡j{UH$ XñVEodO Amho. ^maVr¶ {ejUì¶dñWoV ¶mbm A{ÛVr¶ Ago ‘hÎd Amho. ¶m XñVmEodOmZo ^maVr¶m§À¶m {ejUmMr gd© O~m~Xmar nyU©nUo H§$nZrda Q>mH$Ê¶mV Ambr Am{U Ë¶mH$S>o H§$nZrZo H$Yrhr Xþb©j H$ê$ Z¶o Ago ~OmdÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m XñVEodOmZo ^maVr¶ e¡j{UH$ joÌmbm ZdrZ {Xem {‘imbr Á¶mMm à^md AmOhr ^maVr¶ {ejU ì¶dñWoda {XgyZ ¶oVmo.

¶wamo{n¶ H$bm, emó, VËdkmZ Am{U dmL²>‘¶ ¶m§Mm B§J«OrÛmao àgma Ago {ejUmMo Ü¶o¶ hmoVo. ^maVr¶ ^mfm§À¶m àgmambm XoIrb àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Jobo. gaH$mar ZmoH$am§Mm dJ © {Z‘m©U H$aUo ho ‘hÎdmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. Ë¶mgmR>r {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmbm àmYmÝ¶ {Xbo Jobo. ~§Jmb, ~m°å~o, ‘Ðmg, n§Om~ Am{U CÎma npíM‘ àm§VmV gmd©O{ZH$ gyMZm ‘§Ìmb¶ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m gyMZm dyS>g² Z o XñVEdOmV Ho$br. CÀM {ejUmgmR>r g§nyU© g§ñWmË‘H$ ì¶dñWogh {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZoMr



Notes

¶moOZm AmIbr. narjm KoUo Am{U {d{dY {df¶mV Am{U ^mfm§‘Yo nXì¶m XoÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmnrR>m§da gmon{dbr. ¶m ¶moOZo‘wio 1857 ‘Ü¶o H$bH$Îmm, ~m±å~o Am{U ‘Ðmg ¶oWo {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ¶m XñVEodOmZo {d{dY e¡j{UH$ n¡by§da ‘hÎdmÀ¶m {e’$maer g wM{dë¶m.

CXm. g§nyU© Xoeâ doJdoJù¶m ñVamdarb emim§Mo Omio Ogo àmW{‘H$, ‘mÜ¶{‘H$, B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ>, ‘hm{dÚmb¶, {dÚmnrR> B.

emim§Zm Am{W©H$ ghmæ¶ XoÊ¶mgmR>r AZwXmZ ¶moOZm, {ó¶m§À¶m {ejUmgmR>r VaVyX, {ejH$ à{ejU Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {dH$mg, d¡ÚH$s¶, A{^¶m§{ÌH$s H$m¶Xm Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ à{ejUmÀ¶m BVa g§ñWm, bmoH$m§‘Yrb ì¶mdgm{¶H$ H$m¶©j‘Vm {dH$mg H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm B.

^maVmVrb ^{dî¶mVrb e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gm§{JVboë¶m AZoH$ ‘m¡ë¶dmZ Am{U ‘yb yV {e’$maer hm ¶m XñVEdOmMm ‘hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. doJdoJù¶m ñVamdarb {ejU, {ejUmMo ‘mÜ¶‘, ^{dî¶mVrb e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg ¶m gd© Jmoï>tZm EH$ doJir {Xem {‘imbr. Á¶mMo ^maVmVda XÿaJm‘r narUm‘ Pmbo.

¶m XñVEodOmVrb ‘w»¶ VaVyX {deof E{Vhm{gH$ ‘hËdmMr hmoVr. ¶m VaVwXr‘wio àmW{‘H$ Am[U ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmbm MmbZm {‘imbr. ¶m XñVEodOmVrb H$mhr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m {e’$maer OmñV H$mi A§‘bmV AmUë¶m Joë¶m ZmhrV Am{U H$mhr {e’$maetZm MwH$sMo ñdê$n {Xbo Jobo. ¶m XñVEodOmZ§Va 30 df} emgH$s¶ g§ñWm‘Ü¶o hiyhiy d¥Õr Pmbr. nU {IüZ {‘eZarO ì¶{V[a³V BVa ImOJr g§ñWm§Zm CÎmoOZ {Xbo Jobo Zmhr.

[ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMr ¶moOZm àË¶jmV Ambr Zmhr Am{U ^maVr¶ ^mfoVrb ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim gwê$ Pmë¶m ZmhrV. gmd©{ÌH$ gmjaVobm XoIrb àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Zmhr. XñVEodOmZ§Va 100 dfmªZr XoIrb ^maVr¶ g‘mOmÀ¶m ‘hÎdmH$m§joMo H$mën{ZH$ {MÌ XoIrb a§J{dVm Ambo Zmhr. 1857 À¶m CR>mdZ§Va BñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr {dg{O©V Ho$br. Am[U ^maV gaH$ma àË¶jnUo {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rImbr Ambo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVmda Amnbr nH$S> KÅ> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo Am{U {ejUmH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo.

Amnbbr àJVr Vnmgm : 3

1) dyS²>g XñVEodOmÀ¶m XmoZ ‘w»¶ {e’$maer gm§Jm.

2) gÜ¶mÀ¶m {ejU ì¶dñWoVrb H$moUË¶m n¡by§da dyS>g² XñVEodOmMm n[aUm‘ {XgyZ ¶oVmo?

1.3.3 Hunter commission : h§Q>a H${‘eZ

{ejUmMo ì¶mdgm{¶H$aU : 1854 ‘Ü¶o Omo XñVE odO A§‘bamV AmUbm Jobm Ë¶m§Zr embo¶ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU XmoZ ñVamda pñWa Ho$bo.

1. {dÚmnrR>r¶ {ejU

2. dm{UÁ¶ qH$dm ì¶mnma {df¶H$ {ejU, Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU ¶m§Mo narjU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 1882 ‘Ü¶o h§Q>a H${‘eZ Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr.

Aä¶mgH«$‘mV {d{dYVm AmUÊ¶mMm Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU gwê$ H$aÊ¶mMm hm EH$ à¶ËZ hmoVm. h§Q>a H${‘eZZr dm{UÁ¶ {df¶H$ Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU {df¶H$ {Xboë¶m {d{eï> {e’$maer bmoH$m§Zr VgoM emgZmZo {dMmamV KoVë¶m ZmhrV Am{U EHy$UM ¶m {e’$maetH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo Jobo. ¶m {e’$maetMr A§‘b~OmdUr ñdV§Ì ^maVmV XoIrb Ho$br Jobr Zmhr.



Notes

1.3.4 Vniversities commission : {dÚm{nR>r¶ H${‘eZ

{dÚmnrR> {Z¶§{ÌV emim : {~«{Q>e H$mimV Á¶m {dÚm{nR>m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr hmoVr Ë¶m§Mr n[apñWVr Am{U gd}jU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 1902 ‘Ü¶o ZdrZ H${‘eZ {Z¶w³V Ho$bo. ¶m H${‘eZZo {dÚmnrR> àemgZmÀ¶m nwZa©MZoMr {e’$mag Ho$br. {dÚm{nR>mH$Sy>Z ‘hm{dÚmb¶m§Mo H$S>H$ Am{U nÕVera n¶©dojU, {dÚmnrR> g§b¾VogmR>r Am{U Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U narjm ¶mVrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ~Xbm§gmR>r A{YH$ H$S>H$ AQ>tMr {e’$mag H${‘eZZo Ho$br. ¶mMm ‘w»¶ n[aUm‘ åhUOo ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU {dÚm{nR>mÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr Ambo. 1904 À¶m Indian Universities Act Zwgma {dÚm{nR>m§Zr emim§Zm ‘mÝ¶Vm XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶mgmR>r {Z¶‘ Am{U H$m¶Xo Ho$bo Jobo.

1.3.5 Sadler commoission : g°S>ba H${‘eZ

B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ> ‘hm{dÚmb¶o : g°S>ba H${‘eZÀ¶m {Z[ajUmZwgma {dÚmnrR> {ejUmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU gwYmaUo JaOoMo hmoVo. ‘hm{dÚmb¶mVrb Aä¶mgH«$‘mMr XmoZ emImV {d^mJUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmV gwYmaUm Amdí¶H$ hmoVr. CÀM {ejUmMr gwadmV ‘°Q>rH$À¶m narjoZ§Va H$aÊ¶mEodOr B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ> narjoZ§Va H$amdr Aer {e’$mag g°S>ba H${‘eZZo gwM{dbr. H$bm, {dkmZ, d¡ÚH$s¶, A{^¶m{ÌH$s, {ejU emó B. gmR>r B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ>. ‘hm{dÚmb¶o {Z‘m©U H$amdrV. hr ‘hm{dÚmb¶o {ZdS>H$ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim§Zm g§b¾ H$amdrV qH$dm Ë¶m ñdV§Ì g§ñWm Agmì¶mV. H${‘eZZr Board of secondary and Intermediate ñWmnZ H$amdo Am{U darb H${‘Q>rH$S>o àemgZ Am{U ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmMo {Z¶§ÌU Agmdo Aer {e’$mag Ho$br. gøpñWVrVrb +2 ñVa qH$dm H${Zð> ‘hm{dÚmb¶m§Mr {e’$mag g°S>ba H${‘eZZoM Ho$br.

g°S>ba H${‘eZMm Ahdmb gd©g‘mdoeH$ hmoVm Am{U ^maVmVrb ~è¶mM {dÚmnrR>m§Zr Vmo A§‘bmV Ambm. B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ>Mo dJ© ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim§Zm g§b¾ AgmdoV. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim Am{U B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ> {ejUmMo {Z¶§ÌU darb ~moS>m©H$S>o Agmdo Aer {e’$mag H${‘eZZo n{hë¶m§Xm Ho$br.

1.3.6 The Hartog Committee : haQ>m°J H${‘Q>r

^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoÊ¶mgmR>r 1929 ‘Yo haQ>m°J H${‘Q>r {Z¶w³V Ho$br Jobr. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmda ‘°{Q>³¶wboeZMm A{YH$ à^md hmoVm. hm Xmof Kmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r Á¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMo C{Ôï> EImXo {d{eï> ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU KoÊ¶mMo AgVo. Vo ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamda Wm§~{dbo nm{hOo. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamdaM {d{dY Aä¶mgH«$‘ {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r Agbo nm{hOoV. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU g§në¶mda {dÚmÏ¶mªZr bJoMM Am¡Úmo{JH$ qH$dm ì¶mnma {df¶H$ Aä¶mgH«$‘ gwê$ Ho$bm nm{hOo. Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ emim§‘YyZ Aem ‘wbm§Zm {deof à{ejU {Xbo nm{hOo. {ejH$ à{ejU Am{U ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejH$m§À¶m godm eVu ¶m {df¶rÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m§Mm XoIrb H${‘Q>rZo AmT>mdm KoVbm.

1.3.7 The Sapru Committer : gày H${‘Q>r

{d{dYm§Jr ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Aä¶mgH«$‘ : CÎma àXoemVrb ~oamoOJmarÀ¶m H$maUm§Mm Vnmg H$aÊ¶mgmR>r CÎma àXoe àemgZmZo 1934 ‘Yo gày H${‘Q>r Zo‘br. {ejU ì¶dñWm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm narjogmR>r Am{U nXdrgmR>r {eH${dVo. ‘mÌ H$moUVohr ì¶mdgm{¶H$ à{ejU XoV Zmhr. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamdaM {d{dY Aä¶mgH«$‘m§Mr JaO Amho Ago g{‘VrMo ‘V hmoVo. g{‘VrÀ¶m ‘Vo 1) ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamdaM {d{dY Aä¶mgH«$‘ Agbo nm{hOoV Ë¶mVbmM EH$ åhUOo {dÚmnrR> nXdr. 2) B§Q>a{‘{S>EQ> ñVa aX²X H$ê$Z ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVa 1 dfmªZr dmT>dmdm. 3) ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamÀ¶m gwadmVrbm ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU Am{U à{ejU gwê$ H$amdo. 4) {dÚmnrR>mMm nXdr Aä¶mgH«$‘ 3 dfmªMm Agmdm.



Notes

1.3.8 The Abbot - Wood Report : A°~m°Q>-dyS> Ahdmb

V§Ì{ZHo$VZ : 1935 ‘Ü¶o Central Advisory Board of Education Zo Omo R>amd Ho$bm Ë¶mbm AZwgê$Z A°~m°Q> Am{U dyS> ¶m§Zm ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejUmÀ¶m g‘ñ¶oda gaH$mabm g„m XoÊ¶mgmR>r 1936 ‘Ü¶o ~mobmdbo. 1937 ‘Ü¶o A°~m°Q> - dyS>Zr gmXa Ho$boë¶m AhdmbmV gd©gmYmaU {ejU XoUmè¶m g§ñWm§~amo~aM ì¶mdgm{¶H$ à{ejU XoUmè¶m g§ñWmnU Agmì¶mV Aer {e’$mag Ho$br. ¶m {e’$maerMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ V§Ì{ZHo$VZÀ¶m doJù¶m Vm§{ÌH$ g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Amë¶m.

1.3.9 Zakir Hussain Committeals : PH$sa hþgoZ g{‘Vr Ahdmb

dYm© ¶moOZm 1937 : 1937 ‘Ü¶o gmV àm§VmV Ooìhm ñWm{ZH$ à{V{ZYtÀ¶m ‘XVrZo gaH$ma ñWmnZ Pmbo. Voìhm Ë¶m§Zr e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm§da bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo. 1937 gmbr dYm© ¶oVo All India

National Educational Conference Pmbr. amï>r¶ ñVamda ‘hmË‘m Jm§YtZr gwM{db¶mà‘mUo gmV dfm©n¶ªVMo ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejU ‘wbm§Zm ‘mV¥ mfoVyZ Úmdo. ¶m g§nyU© H$mbmdYrV {ejU à{H«$¶m emar[aH$ Am{U CámXH$ H$m‘mda H|${ÐV Agmdr.

{dÚmWu Á¶m dmVmdaUmV qH$dm n¶m©daUmV amhVmV Ë¶m n[agamV Agboë¶m hñVCÚmoJm§er g§~§{YV gd© àH$maÀ¶m j‘Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mMo à{ejU {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Úmdo. g{‘VrÀ¶m ‘Vo hr {ejU ì¶dñWm ñd¶§nyU© Agob Am{U hiyhiy {ejH$m§Mo nJma XoIrb ¶m ì¶dñWoVyZ hmoVrb.

Ë¶mZwgma Pm{H$a hþgoZ ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr g{‘Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. ¶m g{‘VrZo n{hë¶m gd©g‘mdoeH$ Aem amï´>r¶ {ejU ¶moOZoMm Ahdmb 2 {S>g|~a 1937 amoOr gmXa Ho$bm. hr ¶moOZm Wardha Scheme qH$dm Basic Education ¶m ZmdmZr à{gÕ Amho.

¶m ¶moOZoMr à‘wI d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrb àH$mao.

1) H$moUË¶mhr Am¡Úmo{JH$ qH$dm ì¶mdgm{¶H$ g§ñWoV’}$ H$moUË¶mhr EH$m ‘yb^yV hñVì¶dgm¶mMo {ejU XoUo. gd©gmYmaU {ejUm~amo~a H$moUVr Var hñVH$bm {eH${dUo hm CÔoe ZgyZ hñVH$ber g§~§{YV qH$dm H$m‘ AmYm[aV {ejU XoUo hm CÔoe Agmdm.

2) {ejH$m§Mo nJma XoÊ¶mBVnV {ejU ì¶dñWm ñdAYmarV Agmdr Am{U Aä¶mgH«$‘ nyU© Pmë¶mda {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ñd¶§nyU© ~Z{dUo hm CÔoe Agmdm.

3) àË¶oH$mZo ñdV:À¶m CnOr{dHo$gmR>r {eHy$Z H$m‘ Ho$bo nm{hOo. åhUyZ {ejU emar[aH$ l‘ H|${ÐV Am{U AqhgH$ Agmdo H$moUmhr Xþgè¶mMo Cn{O{dHo$Mo gmYZ {hamdyZ KoVm H$m‘m Z¶o.

4) {ejU ho Ka, g‘mO, hñVH$bm, hñVì¶dgm¶ Am{U {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m OrdZmer g§~§{YV Agmdo. ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrÀ¶m darb VËdkmZmMm e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmda à^md hmoVm. gwadmVrbm ‘mo’$V àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm g‘mdoe KQ>ZoV ìm¶bm hoM YmoaU H$maUr yV hmoVo.

1.3.10 The Sargent Report : gmO©Q> Ahdmb

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU : Central Advisory Board of Education OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕmZ§Va e¡j{UH$ dmQ>Mmbrda EH$ gd©g‘mdoeH$ Ahdmb 1944 ‘Ü¶o V¶ma Ho$bm. Omo gmO©Q> Ahdmb åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. 3 Vo 6 dfm©n¶ªVÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm nyd© àmW{‘H$ (Pre - Primary)

{ejU, 6 Vo 11 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§Zm gmd©{ÌH$, g³VrMo d ‘mo’$V àmW{‘H$ nm¶m yV (Primary

basic) åhUOoM (Jinior Basic) H${Zð> ‘yb yV {ejU, 11 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§Zm Senior

basic {ejU Aer {ejU nÕVr dYm© ¶moOZoV gm§{JVbr. ~hþg§»¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m embo¶ OrdZmV ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim hr {ejUmMr eodQ>Mr nm¶ar AgVo. åhUyZ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim ñVamda {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r {d{dY Aä¶mgH«$‘m§Mr VaVyX Agbr nm{hOo. Aer {e’$mag darb AhdmbmV Amho.



Notes

ho Aä¶mgH«$‘ Ago Agbo nm{hOoV H$s Á¶m‘wio ho {dÚmWu Am¡Úmo{JH Am{U ì¶mnma{df¶H$ ì¶dgm¶ VgoM {dÚmnrR>mV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg V¶ma AgVrb. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim 6 df} Agbr nm{hOo Aer hr {e’$mag H${‘Q>rZo Ho$br. gd©gmYmaU 11 ì¶m dfu {dÚmÏ¶mªZm àXoe {Xbm nm{hOo.

hm¶ñHy$b XmoZ àH$maÀ¶m Agë¶m nm{hOoV.

1) e¡j{UH$ (AÜ¶¶Z {df¶H$) 2) Vm§{ÌH$ {ZdS>H$ {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r nXdr Aä¶mgH«$‘ 3 dfmªMm Agmdm. gd© àH$maÀ¶m Mm§Jë¶m {ejUm~amo~a H$m‘ AmYmarV à{ejU XoIrb {dÚmÏ¶mªZm hm¶ñHw$bÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m Q>ß¶mV {Xbo nm{hOo. OoUoH$ê$Z emim gmoS>VmZm {dÚmÏ¶mª‘Yo H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¡eë¶ {dH${gV Pmbobo Agbo. emim§‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§Zm ‘mV¥ mfoVyZ {ejU Úmdo.

20 dfm©V àm¡T> gmjaVoMo C{Ôï> nyU© H$aUo, {ejH$ à{ejUmgmR>r g§nyU© VaVyX, emar[aH$ Am{U ‘mZ{gH$ ÑîQ>çm An§J {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r {ejUmMrVaVyX, A{Zdm¶© emar[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r VaVyX, H|$ÐmV d amÁ¶mV {ejU {d^mJmMr {Z{‘©Vr ¶m XoIrb gmOªQ> Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$magr hmoË¶m. gmO©Q> Ahdmb hr n{hbr gd©g‘mdoeH$ ¶moOZm hmoVr Á¶mV {ejUmÀ¶m gd© n¡by§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. nyd© àmW{‘H$, àmW{‘H$, hm¶ñHy$b, {dÚmnrR> {ejU, Vm§{ÌH$, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU B. øm ¶moOZoZwgma gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªZm g‘mZ g§Yr {Xbr Jobr. {ejH$s noembm ¶mo½¶ Vo ‘hËd {Xbo Jobo. {ejH$m§gmR>r doVZ loUr, godmeVu, AQ>r ¶m§Mr XoIrb {e’$mag Ho$br. CËnmXZj‘ {ejUmbm (Productive Education) ‘hËd {Xbo. XoemVrb ~oamoOJmarÀ¶m g‘ñ¶oMr XIb KoD$Z {ejUm‘wio ~oamoOJmarÀ¶m g‘ñ¶oMr CH$b hmoD$ eHo$b. ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ^maVmVrb {ejUmMm nm¶m ~iH$Q> H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ¶m {e’$magtZr Ho$bo.

1.4 gmam§e :

ho Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo n{hbo àH$aU Amho. ^maVmVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejU gm‘m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Omo àmMrZ H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ Vo ñdmV§Í¶nyd© H$mbI§S>mn¶ªV ^maVmVrb {ejU ì¶dñWoMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y ñnï> H$aVmo. d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mVrb ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMm WmoS>³¶mV AmT>mdm ¶m àH$aUmV Amho. Ë¶m H$mimV {ejUmbm Am{U kmZmbm IynM ‘hÎd {Xbo hmoVo. AmËå¶mbm dmgZm§nmgyZ ‘w³Vr {‘idyZ XoUo ho A§{V‘ Ü¶o¶ hmoVo.

a{hdmem§nmgyZ WmoS>o bm§~ Agboë¶m JwéHw$bmV {ejU {Xbo OmV Ago. {dÚmÏ¶mªMm g‘mOmVrb XOm© bjmV Z KoVm gd© {dÚmÏ¶mªZm g‘mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV Ago. Jwê$ g‘mOmV CÀMñWmZr AgV. àË¶oH$ {dÚmÏ¶m©À¶m {ejUmMm Jwê$ hm ajH$ hmoVm. g§dmXmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo AÜ¶¶Z hmoV hmoVo. ì¶m»¶mZ, MMm©, dmX{ddmX, nmR>m§Va B. Jmoï>r {dÚmWu OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ¶ ^mJ hmoVm. ‘Ü¶¶ wJrZ H$mbI§S>mn¶§©V JwéHw$b nÕV Mmby hmoVr. Ë¶m ì¶{V[a³V ‘wñbr‘ {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r ‘{eXrV ‘Xaem§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ‘wëbm Am{U ‘m¡bdr Bñbm‘r {ejU XoV AgV.

B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m H§$nZr ñWmnZ hmoBn¶ªV ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV {‘eZarO Am{U {d{dY Ym{‘©H$ JQ> MM©‘Yo B§J«OrVyZ, ñWm{ZH$ XodimVrb emim§‘Yo g§ñH¥$V‘YyZ Am{U ‘Xaem§‘Yo n{e©¶Z ^mfoVyZ ‘yb yV {ejU XoV AgV. gÜ¶mÀ¶m ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrMo ‘yi 1935 À¶m ‘°H$bo ¶m§À¶m {‘ZQ>g² ‘Ü¶o (Macaulay’s Minutes) gmnS>Vo. ‘°H$bo ¶m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm§Zm {damoY Ho$bm. ‘°H$bo ^maVmV Oo‘Vo‘ 4 df} hmoVo nU bjmdYr ^maVr¶m§da Ë¶mMo XÿaJm‘r n[aUm‘ Pmbo.

¶m àH$aUmV Z§Va Woods Dispatch (1813) Mr ‘m{hVr Amho. Á¶m‘wio ^maVr¶ e¡j[aH$ àUmbr gwg§KQ>rV Pmbr. Wood Dispatch ho gd©g‘mdoeH$ Ago ‘hÎdmMo e¡j{UH$ XñVE odO Amho. Oo ^maVr¶ e¡j{UH$ B{VhmgmV A{ÛVr¶ Amho.



Notes

Z§Va h§Q>a H${‘eZÀ¶m {e’$maer AmhoV. ^maVr¶ {ejU ì¶dñWoV {ejUmMo ì¶mdgm{¶H$aU ho gJù¶mV ‘hÎdmMo Ago ¶moJXmZ h§Q>a H${‘eZMo Amho. Z§Va 1902 À¶m {dÚmnrR> g{‘VrMr WmoS>³¶mV ‘m{hVr Amho. ¶m g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maetZwgma ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ emim {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr Amë¶m.

VgoM haQ>m°J H${‘Q>r, gày H${‘Q>r, A°~m°Q> - dyS> Ahdmb, Pm{H$a hþgoZ H${‘Q>r Ahdmb (Wardha Scheme 1937) Am{U gmO©Q> Ahdmb ¶m{df¶r ‘m{hVr Amho. gmO©Q> Ahdmb nU gd©g‘mdoeH$ hmoVm Á¶mV {ejUmÀ¶m àË¶oH$ ñVamMm Am{U gd© n¡by§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. øm {e’$maet‘wio ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ nm¶m ~iH$Q> Pmbm.

1.5 nwñVHo$ Am{U g§X ©

1. Altekar, A. S. (1951) Education in Ancient India, Nand Kishore and Bros,

Educational Publishers (Fourth Edition), Banaras

2. Govt. of India (1965) Minute by the Hon'ble T. B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd

February 1935: Bureau of Education. Selections from Educational Records, PartI

(1781 – 1939). Edited by H. Sharp. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government

Printing, 1920 (Reprint). Delhi: National Archives of India, 1965, 107–117.

3. Macaulay's Minute, 1835. Ibid, (p.10)

4. Macaulay's Minute, 1935 Ibid, (p.12)

5. Macaulay's Minute, 1835, Ibid, (p.24)

6. Macaulay's Minute, 1836, Ibid, (p.34)

7. Education Commission and Committees in Retrospect,

http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/W/16/0W160301. htm (Retrieved on

15.08.211).

8. Report of the University Education Commission, (Radhakrishnan Commission),

1948-49, Vol. I, PP. 20-21. See also Report of the Secondary Education

Commission, (Mudliyar Commission), 1952, p. 11

9. Report of the University Education Commission, Vol I, op cit., pp. 22-23 and

Report of the Secondary Education Commission, op. cit., pp. 11-13. See also

10. Mukherji, S. N. (1966) : History of Education in India (pp. 167-68)

11. Mukherji, op. cit., (pp. 187-189)

12. Ibid., (pp. 13-14)

13. Report of the Secondary Education, Commission, op. cit. (pp. 14-15)

14. Nurullah syed and Naik J. P. (1951) : "A History of Education in India,"

Macmillan, Bombay.

15. Chaube, S. P., "History of Indian Education, "Vinod Pustak Mandir, Agra, 2005.

16. Wardha Education Scheme, 1937

http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/52/4U/5240101.htm.

17. The sargent Report (1944) in Ram Nath Sharma, Rajendra Kumar Sharma (1996),

History of Education In India, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, ISBN

8171565999, http://books.google.com/?id=yqtAAgS3NSEC

18. http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MagnaCarta.



Notes

1.6 Aä¶mg

1) àmMrZ H$mimVrb Jwé§Mr H$moUVr d¡{eîQ>ço ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejH$ åhUyZ Vwåhmbm àË¶jmV AmUm¶bm AmdS>Vrb? H$moUVrhr VrZ ¶mo½¶ H$maUo Úm.

2) ZdrZ emim gwê$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vw‘À¶m ^mJmMo gd}jU H$am. H$moUË¶m àH$maMr emim nmbH$m§Zm A{^àoV Amho Vo emoYm. Ë¶m§Zr gm§{JVboë¶m n¶m©¶m§Mr H$maUo emoYm. emim ApñVËdmV ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r Cnm¶ ¶moOZm gm§Jm.

^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr - II


Notes

KQ>H$ 2 : ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr - II

aMZm : 2.0 àñVmdZm 2.1 AÜ¶¶Z CpX²Xï>o 2.2 ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimVrb {ejU Am¶moJ Am{U H${‘Q>rÀ¶m {e’$maer 2.2.1 amYmH¥$îU H${‘eZ (1948-49) 2.2.2 ‘wXbr¶ma H${‘eZ (1952) 2.2.3 ór{ejU amï´>r¶ H${‘Q>r (1958)

XþJm©~mB© Xoe‘wI H${‘Q>r 2.2.4 H$moR>mar H${‘eZ (1964-66) 2.2.5 ¶enmb H${‘Q>r 2.3 amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU (NPES) (Natioanl Dolicies on Education) 2.3.1 NPE (1968)

2.3.2 NPE (1986)

2.3.3 àmW{‘H$ {ejU g§X © 2.4 AmR> dfm©À¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm 2.5 emiobm Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m 2.5.1 amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m (NCF 2005)

2.5.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejU Aä¶mgH«$‘ 2.6 g‘mamon 2.7 g§X © nwñVHo$

2.8 nmR>mdarb àíZ

2.0 àñVmdZm

n{hë¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o àmMrZ H$mimVrb ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVr d g§H$ënZm d¡{eîQ>ço O~m~Xmè¶m BË¶mXr ^mJ AmnU nm{hbobm Amho. ñdmV§Í¶nyd© H$mimVb {ejUmM CX¶hr nm{hbobm Amho. ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va ñdmV§Í¶mVrb XoemgmR>r {ejUmMr aMZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àmYmÝ¶ hmoVo. 26

OmZodmar 1950 amoOr ^maVr¶ amÁ¶ KQ>Zm bmJy Pmbr amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb H$b‘ 45 ho {ejUmÀ¶m g§X^m©V Amho. amÁ¶KQ>ZoZwgma amÁ¶m§Zr ‘wbm§Mo {ejU d¶ df} 14 n¶ªV ‘mo’$V d g³VrMr O~m~Xmar Q>mH$bobr AgyZ hr g³Vr 10 dfmn¶ªV bmJy amhrb. emgZmZo {d{dY g{‘Ë¶m§Mr {Z¶w³Vr H$ê$Z Ë¶m§À¶m H$Sy>Z Amboë¶m gyMZm e¡j{UH$ ¶moOZm A{YH$ à^mdrnUo am~dyZ XoemVrb e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg KS>{dÊ¶mMm Omo à¶ËZ Ho$bm Ë¶mg§~§YrMr ‘m{hVr ¶m ^mJm‘Ü¶o nmhUma AmhmoV.

AmH¥$Vr 2.1 : ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejU Am¶moJ

amYmH¥$îU Am¶moJ

‘wXbr¶ma Am¶moJ

XþJm©~mB© Xoe‘wI Am¶moJ

H$moR>mar Am¶moJ

ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmer g§~§{YV Am¶moJ



Notes

Vw‘À¶m bjmV ¶oB©b H$s gÜ¶mMr {ejU nÕVr hr Ë¶m {d{dY Am¶moJmÀ¶m AmYmamda AmYm[aV Amho. ^maVr¶ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr CËH«$m§Vr nam‘e© ¶m ^mJmV K oUma AmhmoV.

^maV gaH$maZo 1968, 1986, 1992 Am{U NCF 2005 H$mimV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm pñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoVbm Am{U YmoaU R>a{dbo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm àgma ìhmdm Ago YmoaU R>adbo. ¶m nmR>mV {d{dY YmoaUm§Mm AmT>mdm Kody.

2.1 AÜ¶¶Z C{ÔîQ>ço

¶m nmR>ç Aä¶mgmZ§Va nwT>rb Jmoï>r bjmV ¶oVrb.

{d{dY Am¶moJm§Mm B{Vhmg n[aUm‘m§Mo {díbofU

H$moR>mar Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maetMo doJionU.

{d{dY Am¶moJm§À¶m {e’$maetMr n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm

gÜ¶mÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§Mm UEE darb n[aUm‘

amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m (NCF) 2005 Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ

amï´>r¶ Aä¶mg H«$‘ AmamIS>m 2005 À¶m [e’$maer am~{dUo

àmW{‘H$ {ejU 8 dfm©Mm AmamIS>m (àmW{‘H$ 5 df} Am{U 3 df} Cƒ àmW{‘H$

2.2 ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimVrb {d{dY Am¶moJm§À¶m {e’$maer

e¡j[UH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r XoemVrb {d{dY Am¶moJ d g{‘VtMr {Z¶w³Vr Ho$br Ë¶mn¡H$s àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m g{‘Vr nwT>rbà‘mUo.

1) amYmH¥$îU Am¶moJ (1948-49)

2) ‘wX{b¶ma Am¶moJ (1952)

3) ór {ejU amï´>r¶ g{‘Vr (1958)

4) H$moR>mar Am¶moJ (1964-66)

5) ¶enmb g{‘Vr (1992)

2.2.1 amYmH¥$îU Am¶moJ (1948-49)

^maV gaH$maZo 1948 ‘Ü¶o {dÚmnrR> {ejUmÀ¶m g‘ñ¶mgmR>r S>m°. Eg. amYmH¥$îU g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. amï>mÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r amï´>mÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r VéUm§Mr JaO AgyZ Ë¶mgmR>r {eH$boë¶m VéUm§Mo ZoV¥Ëd hdo. amYmH¥$îUZ g{‘VrZo à^mdrnUo gyMZm Ho$ë¶m. H$mhr ‘hÎdmMr Ü¶o¶o, C{ÔîQ>ço, g§emoYZ, KQ>Zm, {Z¶§ÌU H$m¶©nÕVr, H$m¶©joÌ Ë¶mMà‘mUo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ emgZmZo g§~§Y, AW©ì¶dñWm, àXoe AÜ¶mnZ narjm, {d{dY Aä¶mgH«$‘, ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä¶mg, B{Vhmg, ^mfm, VÎdkmZ, H$bm BË¶mXr AZoH$ ‘wÔo ‘m§S>bo. Cƒ {ejUmÀ¶m g‘Ýd¶mgmR>r University Grants Commission (UGC) Mr g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>br Am{U Ë¶mMr bdH$aM ñWmnZm Pmbr. Aem àH$maÀ¶m gyMZm pñdH$maë¶m‘wio CÀM {ejUmbm {Xem {‘imbr.

{dÚmnrR> {ejUmgmR>r Ho$boë¶m gyMZm§Mm WoQ> àmW{‘H$ {ejUmg§~§Y Zgbm Var Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJ ‘mÌ àmW{‘H$ {ejUmVrb VÎdkmZ VgoM {ZU©¶mda Pmbm VgmM ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ qH$dm Cƒ {ejUmÀ¶m Z³H$sM Pmbm.



Notes

2.2.2 ‘wX{b¶ma Am¶moJ (1952-53)

S>m°. E. bú‘Uñdm‘r ‘wabr¶ma ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr àm‘w»¶mZo ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r 1952 ‘Ü¶o Am¶moJ ñWmnZ Ho$bm. ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmMr XoeâmMr pñWVr Am{U Vr g wYmaÊ¶mgmR>r H$mhr Cnm¶¶moOZm gwM{dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m g{‘VrMm CÔoe hmoVm {d{dY ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ Ë¶mMm àmW{‘H$ Am{U CÀM{ejUmer ghg§~§Y Aä¶mgUo ho ¶m Am¶moJmMo H$m‘ hmoVo.

‘wX{b¶ma g{‘VrZo {ejH$ Am{U {ejH$ à{ejUmMo n[ajU Ho$bo. Ë¶mgmR>r XmoZ {ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWm§Mr {e’$mag Ho$br.

i) àmW{‘H$ {ejU à{ejU g§ñWm ho ñdV §Ì ‘§S>i Agbo Á¶m ‘Ü¶o Á¶m§Zr ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU qH$dm CÀM ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU nyU© Ho$boë¶m àdoe {Xbm OmV XmoZ dfm©Mm H$mog© Agmdm.

ii) ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWm {dÚmnrR>mer gbJ Agmdo. Ë¶m à{ejUmMm H$mbmdYr EH$ dfm©Mm Agmdm. nwT>o Vmo XmoZ dfm©Mm H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdm.

¶m {ejH$ à{ejÀ¶m H$mimV {d{dY Aä¶mgoVa CnH«$‘hr Agmdo. à{ejU ‘hm{dÚmb¶m‘Ü¶o X¡Z§{XZ H$m‘m~am~a, [a’«o$ea H$mog}g, {d{eï> CÔoemZo Am¶mo{OV Ho$bobr {df¶, H$m¶©emim ì¶dgm{¶H$ MMm©gÌ Am¶mo{OV Ho$br OmdrV.

à[jU ‘hm{dÚmb¶m§Zr Aä¶mgH«$‘mda g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm à¶m oJ àm¶mo{JH$ VÎdmda emimVyZ am~dmdm. Am¶moJmMr {e’$mag CnbãY ìhmdo.

¶m {e’$maetMm {ZpíMVM Cn¶moJ Pmbm. Ë¶mMm bm^ hm àË¶j godoV AgUmè¶m AZoH$ {ejH$m§Zm Pmbm.

2.2.3 ‘{hbm {ejUmgmR>r amï>r¶ g{‘Vr (1958) (XþJm©~mB© Xoe‘wI g{‘Vr)

XoemVrb {Zå¶m ‘wbr Am{U ‘{hbm AgyZ Ë¶m§Mm {ejUmMr g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va àmYmÝ¶ XoÊ¶mV Ambo. ^maVr¶ àWo‘wio ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmH$S>o Xþb©j {Xbo Jobo. Owb¡ 1957 ‘Ü¶o {Z¶moOZ ‘§S>imZo Img H$ê$Z ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejU g‘ñ¶oda Cnm¶ ¶moOÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ g{‘Vr Zo‘mdr d Ë¶m§Zr ‘wbtMm àmW{‘H$ - ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ - àm¡T> {ejUmMm gÜ¶m pñWVrMm Ë¶m§Zm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo H$m¶ Am{U Vo {ejU A{YH$ gwb^ H$go hmoB©b ¶mMm {dMma H$amdm. gZ 1957 ‘Ü¶o amÁ¶ñVar¶ MMm© ómoV ‘{hbm {ejUmMm gImob {dMma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ambo.

emgZmZo ‘o 1958 ‘Ü¶o ‘{hbm [ejU amï´>r¶ g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jm lr‘Vr XþJm©~mB© Xoe‘wI hmoË¶m. ¶m g{‘VrZo ‘o 1959 bm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ‘wbm-‘wbtZm {ejUmMr g‘mZ g§Yr {‘imdr. na§Vw ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmgmR>r ¶oUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m§gmR>r H|$Ð d amÁ¶ gaH$maZo bj KmVbo. CÀM àmW{‘H$ n¶ªV EH${ÌV ‘wbm - ‘wbtMo {ejU ìhmdo na§Vw ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r ‘wbtZm {ejU XoUmè¶m ñdV§Ì emim Agmì¶mV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o doJù¶m {df¶m§À¶m {ejUmMr gw{dYm Agmdr ‘mVm åhUyZ {ejUm‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe Agmdm ‘{hbm {e{jHo$gmR>r ZmoH$ar ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m g§Yr Am{U àm¡T> ‘{hbm §Zm {ejU à{ejU {‘imdo.

Aem àH$maÀ¶m {e’$maer‘wio ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmbm àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo àmW{‘H$ {e{jHo$Mr g§»¶m dmT>bobr {MÌ {Xgy bmJbo.

2.2.4 H$moR>mar Am¶moJ (1964-66)

{d{dY g{‘Ë¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$ê$Zhr H|$Ð gaH$ma e¡j{UH$ - ~Xbm~m~V g‘mYmZr ZìhVo. {d{dY e¡j{UH$ ñVam§Mm EH$ÌrV - {dMma H$ê$ZM YmoaU am~dmdo bmJob hr JaO bjmV Ambr Ë¶mg ^maV gaH$maZo 1964 ‘Ü¶o S>m°. S>r. Eg² H$moR>mar ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVoImbr g{‘Vr Zo‘Ê¶mV



Notes

Ambr. ¶m g{‘VrZo {d{dY ñVamdarb {ejUmMm gdmªJmZo EH${ÌV {dMma H$ê$Z AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ g§n{dbo.

Am¶moJmZo g§nyU© {ejU ñVamMo ~mam {d^mJ Ho$bo. embo¶ {ejU, CÀM {ejU, V§Ì {ejU, H¥$fr {ejU BË¶mXr. g{‘VrZo gmV Aä¶mgJQ> V¶ma H$ê$Z Ahdmb JQ> Aä¶mg JQ> ¶m§Zr gImobnUo Ë¶mda n[ajU Ho$bo. Am¶moJmÀ¶m ‘VmZwgma {ejU ho amï´>r¶ ~m§YUr Am{U amï´>r¶ {dH$mgmMo ‘hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. emgZ Am{U bmoH$ ¶m§Mr EH$ ~m§{YbH$s V¶ma hmoÊ¶mgmR>r {ejU ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho.

H$moR>mar Am¶moJmMr C{ÔîQ>ço Am{U {e’$maer nwT>rbà‘mUo. :

1) CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r {ejU :

a) {dkmZ hm {ejU Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMm nm¶m ~Zdmdm.

b) SUPW Mm gd©gmYmaU {ejUm‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe

c) H¥${f Am{U CÚmoJ ¶m§À¶m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r {ejUmMo ì¶mdgm{¶H$aU ìhmdo.

d) {dkmZ d V§Ì g§emoYZ Am{U {dÚmnrR>r¶ {ejU ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm ìhmdr.

2) AmYw{ZH$rH$aUmÀ¶m MmbZogmR>r {ejU

a) ZdrZ AÜ¶mnZ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma

b) ñd¶§ AÜ¶¶ZmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m H$m¡eë¶m§Mm ‘yë¶m§Mm Am{U d¥ÎmrMm ñdrH$ma

c) g‘mOmVrb gd© ñVamVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r {ejU

d) ì¶dgm¶ d {dkmZ {ejUmda â

e) CÎm‘ {dÚmnrR>m§Mr XoemV ñWmnZm H$aUo.

3) amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘VogmR>r {ejUmda â

a) gmd©O{ZH$ {ejUmgmR>r gd©gmYmaU emim

b) AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ ^mfm§Mm {dH$mg

c) qhXrMm OmñVrV OmñV doJmZo àgma H$aUo

d) ‘wbm§Zm g‘whmV amhÊ¶mbm àmoËgmhZ

4) amï´>r¶ ‘yë¶o OmonmgÊ¶mMo {ejU

a) Z¡{VH$ gm‘m{OH$ Am{U AÜ¶m{‘H$‘² Ë¶m§Mm

b) OmJ{VH$ Y‘m©À¶m ‘m{hVrMm Aä¶mgH«$‘mV g‘mdoe

c) Ü¶mZ YmaUogmR>r {dÚmÏ¶mªZm ào[aV H$aUo

d) gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ d g‘mOgodm ¶m§Mr CXmhaU XoUo

H$moR>mar Am¶moJmZo ^maVr¶ {ejU nÕVrda Vmeoao AmoT>bo AJXr AmÎmmn¶ªV ñdmV§Ì {‘iyZ nÞmg df} Pmbr Var Ë¶m§À¶m àmW{‘H$ Am{U ‘mpÜ‘H$ {ejUmMm gImob Aä¶mg Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.

Am¶moJmZo gd©gmYmaU emim§Mm (Common School System) {e’$mag Ho$br Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gdmªgmR>r ‘mo’$V {ejU, Á¶m‘Ü¶o OmV, n§W XOm©Mm oX AgVm H$m‘m Z¶o. H$moR>mar Am¶moJmZo gd©gmYmaU emim§gmR>r gyM{dboë¶m {e’$maer :

àmW{‘H$ emioÀ¶m amï´>r¶ ñVamda gmoB© gw{dYm§da â JwUdÎmmàYmZ {ejUmgmR>r ñWm{ZH$, AZwXmZrV AWdm, n[agamVrb emim§H$S>o bj Úmdo.

‘mV¥ mfoV {ejU XoUmè¶m emioV ‘mo’$V {ejU Úmdo. àmXo{eH$ ^mfm {ejU ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ nmVirda Am{U Á¶m emim AÝ¶ ^mfoVyZ {ejU XoV AgVrb Ë¶m§Mo AZwXmZ ~§X H$amdo.



Notes

gd© gmYmaU {ejU XoUmè¶m emim§Mr ¶moOZm am~{dÊ¶mMm Xhm dfm©Mm AmamIS>m V¶ma H$am d àdoe embo¶ ’$s, S>moZoeÝg ’$s, {ejH$m§Mr JwUdÎmm ¶mda bj Úmdo.

- Aä¶mgH«$‘mV ‘yb^yV g§H$ënZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU

- gd©gmYmaU Am{U ì¶mdgm¶{ejUmMm g‘mdoe

- ì¶mdgm{¶H$ à{ejU Am{U g§emoYZmda â Agmdm.

- n[aUm‘H$ma AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr d ‘yë¶‘mnZ

- à{ejUmWvZm gamd nmR>mMm g‘mdoe Agmdm.

- {ejH$ à{ejUm‘Ü¶o Aä¶mgH«$‘ nwZ:a©MZm H$amdr.

{ejUm‘Ü¶o Joë¶m nÞmg dfm©‘Ü¶o Xoe CÎm‘ nÕVr AmUy BpÀN>V Amho na§Vw Ë¶mbm {‘imbobo ¶e ho ’$maM H$‘r à‘mUmV Amho.

2.2.5 ¶enmb g{‘Vr (1992)

^maV gaH$maZo ‘mM© 1992 ‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ g„mJma g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Ë¶m g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j àm. ¶enmb hmoVo. embo¶ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo AmoPo H$‘r H$aÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© gwM{dÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar hmoVr. Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm VmUmMo H$maU gXmof Aä¶mgH«$‘mMr aMZm {ejH$m§Mr Anwar V¶mar qH$dm embo¶ n«emgZ qH$dm nmR>çnwñVHo$ BË¶mXr na§Vw H$mJXmonÌr JwUdÎmonojm àË¶j Amho. Ë¶m Jmoï>tZm gj‘ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ho gd© kmZmÀ¶m {dñ’$moQ>mer g§~§{YV Amho.

g{‘VrÀ¶m ‘VmZwgma Aä¶mgH«$‘ aMZm qH$dm nmR²>§nwñVH$ {Z{‘©VrgmR>r {ejH$m§Mo ghH$m¶© KodyZ {dH|${ÐH$aU H$amdo. Vkm§Zm Am{U OmUH$mam§Zm Ë¶m‘Ü¶o nyU© ñdmV§Í¶ Agmdo. emók VgoM {d{dY emIm§À¶m Vkm§Mm nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe Agmdm.

g{‘VrMo Agohr ‘V Amho H$s ñnY}nojm d§{MV ‘wbm§Zm {ejUmV AmZ§X dmQ>mdm VgoM ‘wi JQ>m‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aVrb Am{U Ë¶mVyZ ghH$m¶m©bm nwï>r {‘iob. emioV ~mbdmS>rV àW‘ àdoe KoVmZm ‘wbm§Mr narjm qH$dm ‘wbmIV KoÊ¶mg g{‘VrMm {damoY Amho.

~mbH$m§Zm XáamMo AmoPo XaamoO ¿¶m¶bm bmJy Z¶o ¶m~m~V g{‘Vr AmJ«hr Amho. nwñVHo$ hr emioMr ‘mb‘Îmm AgyZ ‘wbm§Zr nwñVHo$ IaoXr H$ê$Z XaamoO Kar Om-¶o H$aVmZm AmoPo KodyZ OmÊ¶mMr JaO Zmhr. ~mbH$m§Zm KaÀ¶m Kar Aä¶mghr Xody Z¶o. Ë¶m§Zm KaÀ¶m dmVmdaUmV a‘y Úm. Cƒ àmW{‘H$ Am{U ‘mÜZ¶{‘H$ emioVhr Ooìhm J¥hnmR> Agë¶m AmirnmirZo nwñVH$m§Mr CnbãYVm Agmdr.

g§H$ënZmda AmYm[aV Aä¶mgH«$‘ nmR>çnwñVHo$ AgmdrV. Ago g{‘VrZo åhQ>bo Amho. g{‘VrZo gd© àmW{‘H$ dJmªMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ d nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo {Z[ajU Ho$bo. ‘wbm§À¶m ^mfm {df¶mÀ¶m nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm hr X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVb AZw dmer {ZJS>rV Agmdr. ~mobr^mfoV, ‘wbm§Mr AZw yVr ^md {díd, H$mën{ZH$ H$Wm qH$dm Jmoï>r Agmì¶mV. XoeâmÀ¶m gd© gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZmda AmYm[aV Agmì¶mV. {dkmZ ho à¶moJemioVrb Agmdo d Vo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb AZw dmer g§~§{YV Agmdo. B{Vhmg yJmob ho {df¶ ghOnUo VÎdkmZ {eH$dyZ OmVrbm Ë¶m‘mJo gm‘m{OH$-amOH$s¶-Am{W©H$ pñWVr g‘Om¶bm ‘XV hmoB©b gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ aMZm g‘OyZ KoUo d Ë¶m§Mm gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶mda H$em àH$mao Cnm¶ ¶moOZm H$aVm ¶oB©b. hm ‘w»¶ hoVy Agmdm. B¶Îmm ghmdr gmVdrÀ¶m B{Vhmgm‘Ü¶o ñdmV§Í¶ g§J«m‘ Am{U ñdmV§Í¶moÎma {dH$mg ¶m§Mm Aä¶mgH«$‘ ZmJ[aH$ emóm‘Ü¶o Ë¶m H$mimVrb Aä¶mg, Va yJmobm‘Yrb àË¶j KS>Umè¶m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg JwUdÎmm gwYmaUÊ¶mgmR>r ¶enmb g{‘VrZo ImOJr emim ‘mÝ¶VoMo H$S>H$



Notes

{Z¶‘m§Mr Amnojm R>odbobr Amho. IoS>o, JQ> Am{U {Oëhm nmVirda g{‘Ë¶m ñWmnZ H$ê$Z emim§Mo H$m¶© joÌmVb {Z¶moOZ~Õ ìhmdo.

¶enmb g{‘VrZo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m JwUdÎmoMo n¶©dojU gyM{dbobo {ZH$f - 1) JwUdÎmoMo ñVa 2) gm‘m{OH$ gh^mJ 3) CnpñWVrMr Q>¸o$dmar 4) JwUdÎmoÀ¶m XOm©Mo {ZH$f {ejH$m§Mr V¶mar, AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr, e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna {dÚmWu gh^mJ embo¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘mVrb ‘wbm§Mr àJVr, dJ© ì¶dñWmnZ, AÜ¶mnZ ì¶dñWmnZ, H$bm, H$m¶m©Zw d, emar[aH$ {ejU, n¶m©daU Aä¶mg, n[aga, {dÚmÏ¶mªZm AZw yVrgmR>r {Xbobr g§Yr B. gImob AÜ¶mnZmgmR>r ¶enmb g{‘Vr AmJ«hr Amho. emio‘Ü¶o JwUdÎmmàYmZ AÜ¶¶Z Pmbo nm{hOo. {ejH$ à{ejUmWmªZm ñd¶§ AÜ¶¶Z Am{U ñdV§Ì {dMmam§Mr j‘Vm g§nmXZH$aVm Ambr nm{hOo. nXdrZ§Va EH$ dfm©Mm à{ejU H$m¶©H«$‘ Am{U Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H Z§Va VrZ Mma dfm©Mm à{ejU H$mbmdYr gyM{dbm. Aä¶mgH«$‘ emioÀ¶m JaOoZwgma¶ ~Xbbm nm{hOo. d gamd H|$[ÐV Agbm nm{hOo. godm H$mimVrb {ejH$m§Mo à{ejU nÕVeranUo am~dmdo.

{e’$maerMm XrK©H$mbrZ n[aUm‘ hm e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmda Adb§~yZ Amho. AZoH$ ZdrZ g§H$ënZm§Mr â nS>ob. gaXaÀ¶m {e’$maer ¶m n«m‘w»¶mZo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r Ho$boë¶m AmhoV.

2.3 amï>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU (NPE)

ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimVrb e¡j{UH$ g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ nwZ©aMZogmR>r {d{dY Am¶moJ Am{U g{‘VtZr qghmdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z ^maVr¶ {ejUmbm MmbZm {Xbr. Ë¶m Ahdmbm§À¶m {e’$maer amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmaUo doimodoir R>a{dÊ¶mV Ambr d Vr am~{dbr. XoemVrb gd© nmVirdarb J«m‘rU d ZmJar ^mJmgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUmgmR>r YmoaUo R>a{dbr.

2.3.1 amï>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU (NCP 1968)

gZ 1964 – 66 À¶m g{‘VrMm amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU nm¶m Amho. Vmo 1968 ‘Ü¶o dmnabm. amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘Vm gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘ybJm‘r nwZ:a©MZoMm (Radical

Restructuring) AmJ«h Yabm. ¶m ‘Ü¶o d¶ df} 14 n¶ªV gdmªgmR>r {ejUmMo C{Ôï>o R>a{dÊ¶mV Ambo. ho ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>r‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> AmhoM ¶mgmR>r {ejH$m§Mr nmÌVm d CÎm‘ à{ejU ¶mMm ‘yb yV YmoaUm‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe Ho$bm.

1. ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo {ejU :

d¶ df} 14 n¶ªV ‘mo’$V d gp³VMo {ejU gd© ‘wbm§Zm {‘imdo VgoM ñWJZ d ‘wbm§Mr emioVrb JiVr Wm§~dyZ Zm|XUr Ho$boë¶m àË¶oH$ ‘wbmMo {ejU Ë¶m nmVirn¶©§V nyU© H$aUo.

2. {ejH$m§Mm XOm©, ‘ohZVmUm d {ejU : {ejH$m§Mo g‘mOmVrb gÝ‘mZZr¶ AgyZ Ë¶m§Zm e¡j{UH$ ñdmV§Í¶, Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘mMm

g‘mYmZH$maH$ ‘mo~Xbm g‘mYmZH$maH$ godmeVu, {ejH$m§À¶m {ejUmda â àm‘w»¶mZo godm§VJ©V à{ejU ¶mda bj XoUo.

3. ^mfm {dH$mg :

àmXo{eH$ ^mfm {dH${gV H$aUo d am~{dUo Ì¡ m{fH$ gyÌmMm dmna ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ñVamda H$aUo.



Notes

4. g‘mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr :

gm‘m{OH$ g‘Vm d amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g‘mZ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgyZ àmXo{eH$ g‘Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ emioVrb JwUdÎmm AmYma KodyZ g‘mOmVrb d§{MV KQ>H$m§À¶m {hVmMo ajU H$aUo.

5. gmjaVoMm àMma Am{U àm¡T> {ejU :

àm¡T> {ZajaVm ‘moS>rV H$mT>mdr Am{U ì¶mnmar d Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm‘Ü¶o H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ gmjaVm gmR>r {Za§VZ {ejU ¶moOZm am~dmdr. ‘mÜ¶{‘Ho$ emim§‘Ü¶o Vm§{ÌH$ d ì¶mdgm¶ {ejU gwê$ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

6. nwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr :

CÎm‘ XOm©Mr d H$‘r qH$‘V Agbobr nwñVHo$ emim VgoM {dÚmnrR> nmVirn¶ªV CnbãY ìhmdrV.

7. Ioi Am{U H«$sS>m :

{dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o emar[aH$ V§XþéñVr Am{U {IbmSy>d¥Îmr‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Ioi d H«$sS>m§Mm {dH$mg ìhmdm.

8. AY© doi {ejU nÌmÛmao Aä¶mgH«$‘ :

{Z¶{‘V Aä¶mgH«$‘mà‘mUoM embo¶ {dÚmWu {dÚmnrR>r¶ {ejU, {ejH$ VgoM H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Zmhr. g‘mZ XOm©Mo AY©doi d nÌmÛmao Aä¶mdH«$‘ nyU© H$aVm ¶oÊ¶mMr gw{dYm H$aUo.

¶m YmoaUm§Mo boIZ Odinmg XmoZ XeHo$ Mmby hmoVo. ñWra {dH$mg Am{U ZdrZ à¶moJ Am{U àË¶j H$m¶©dmhr ¶m‘wio H$m‘ hiydmanUo MmbVo. amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘VoMmhr ¶m‘Ü¶o AmT>mdm KoÊ¶mV Ambm.

2.3.2 amï>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU (NCE 1986)

amï´>r¶ EH$mË‘Vm Am{U Xhm Jm^m KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe ho ¶m YmoaUmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m (National curriculum framework) V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. Xhm Jm^m KQ>H$m§Mm gm‘doe H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. AÝ¶ Jmoï>r‘Ü¶o ‘mÌ ñdmVÍ¶ XoÊ¶mV Ambo. Jm^m KQ>H$m§‘Ü¶o - ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m B{Vhmg ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoMm gÝ‘mZ, amï´>r¶ Apñ‘Vm OmonmgZo, amï´>r¶ dmagm§Mo d g§ñH¥$VrMo OVZ H$aUo. ‘mZdVmdmX, bmoH$emhr, {ZY‘©dmX, ór nwéf g‘mZVm n¶m©daU ajU, gm‘m{OH$ AS>ga Xÿa H$aUo, N>moQ>çm Hw$Qy>§~mMm AmJ«h YaUo, {dkmZmMr H$mg YaUo.

darb gd© H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dÊ¶mMo YmoaU H$mQ>oH$moanUo am~{dUo. gdmªZm g‘mZ g§Yr XoUo Ho$di g§Yr XodyZ MmbUma ZgyZ ¶e {‘ion¶ªV g‘mZ g§Yr XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. àË¶oH$mMr nmíd© y‘r {^ÝZ AgVmZm, CnOV JwUm§Zm H|$Ðr¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ g‘mZ g§Yr XoUo. H$mhr «m‘H$ g‘OyVr, Ý¶yZJ§S> g‘m{OH$ n¶m©daUm‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Ë¶m Xÿa H$aUo.

amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

1. g‘mZ e¡j{UH$ aMZm.

2. amï>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmaIS>çmV Xhm Jm^m KQ>H$m§Mo g‘mdoe

3. gdmªZm g‘mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr

4. àm¡T> {ejUmbm àmoËgmhZ

5. {ejUmV {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm dmna



Notes

6. ’$bH$mMm dmna

7. {H$‘mZ e¡j{UH$ nmVir

8. ZdmoX¶ {dÚmb¶m§Mr ñWmnZm

9. ì¶dgm¶ {ejU AmUUo

10. {ejH$m§Mm XOm© gwYmaUo

11. gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d n¶m©daU Om{Ud OmJ¥{V H$aUo.

12. e¡j{UH$ H$aUo ì¶mdhm[aH$Voda â

AZoH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ amï´>r¶ ‘hÎdmZwgma KoVbo OmdoV gZ 1992 nwÝhm CÀM Ü¶o¶ JmR>Ê¶mgmR>r YmoaUm§da gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

2.3.3 àmW{‘H$ {ejUg§X^©

{d{dY Am¶moJ g{‘Ë¶m§‘YyZ ‘m{hVrO‘m Ho$ë¶mZ§Va amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§‘Ü¶o g‘mdoe Ho$boë¶m ~m~r d Ñï>rH$moZ

H$‘r àdoe : àË¶oH$ ‘wbmMr emim àdoemgmR>r Zm|X Ho$br OmV Zmhr. AZoH$ ‘wbo emim~mø AmhoV qH$dm Xÿa AV§amdarb ‘wbo gw{dYm Zgë¶mZo emioV ¶oV Zmhr.

JiVrMo ‘moR>o à‘mU : ‘wbm§Zr emim gmoS>Ê¶mMr AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV H$s H$m‘mbm OmVmV AWm©O©Z H$aVmV. ‘wbrMo emim gmoS>Ê¶mMo à‘mU ‘moR>o Amho. H$maU nmbH$ emim gmoS>m¶bm bmdVmV d ‘wbtZm KarM R>odÊ¶mMr àd¥Îmr Amho.

IoS>çmVrb ‘wbm§Zm e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm ZmhrV, {ejH$m§Mo à{ejUhr Pmbobo ZgVo. A{bH$S>o à{e{jV {ejH$ CnbãY hmoV Amho. Ë¶mV emgZ d ImOJr g§ñWmMm nwT>mH$ma Amho.

J«m‘rU ^mJmV A{YH$ {ejH$ {‘iUo AdKS> Amho. {dÚmWu {ejH$m§Mo JwUmoÎma ho amÁ¶gemgZmMo {ZH$f H$aUr yV Amho.

emim§Zm {Xë¶m OmUmè¶m gyMZm§Mm JwUdÎmm àYmZ Zgë¶mZo Ag‘mYmZH$maH$ ¶e {‘bVo. Ë¶mgmR>r âXma embo¶ H$m¶©H«$‘ Amdí¶H$.

ZoV¥Îd, n¶©dojU ho A{YH$ ~iH$Q> H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgyZ nyd© àmW{‘H$ àmW{‘H$ {ejH$ à{ejU A{YH$ gj‘ Agbo nm{hOo. {ejH$m§Mo godm§VJ©V à{ej ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$ n¶©dojH$m§Mo nwÝhm à{ejU Amdí¶H$.

gÜ¶mÀ¶m ór-nwéf {df‘Vm, J«m‘rU d ehar VgoM àmXo{eH$ Ag‘mZVm Amho.

g§JUH$ V§ÌkmZmgmR>r {ejH$m§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm V¶ma H$aUo.

2.4 AmR> dfm©À¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm

e¡j{UH$ aMZm :

T>mo~i‘mZmZo XoemVrb gd© e¡j{UH$ aMZm g‘mZ Amho. àma§^r 10 + 2 + 3 Aer aMZm pñdH$mabr Ë¶m‘Ü¶o + 2 hr aMZm Cƒ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ hr emioV Am{U ‘hm{dÚmb¶mbm ñWm{ZH$ JaO d Cnb~ÕVoZwgma OmoS>br Jobr.

g‘mZ e¡j{UH$ aMZm 10 + 2 + 3 hr H$moR>mar Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerZwgma V¶ma Ho$br. Am{U Xoeâ VmoM AmamIS>m ñdrH$mabm. Varhr H$mhr amÁ¶m‘Ü¶o àmW{‘H$‘Ü¶o CƒàmW{‘H$Mo dJ© AmhoV. VoWoM ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$Mm ñVa Amho. ‘wbm§Mo emioVbo n{hë¶m B¶ÎmoVrb d¶,



Notes

‘mÜ¶‘, gmd©{ÌH$ narjm, qhXr, B§J«Or ^mfm AÜ¶¶Z, H$m‘mMo {Xdg e¡j{UH$ df©, gwQ²>Q>çm, ’$s g³VrMo {ejU ¶m‘Ü¶o amÁ¶m-amÁ¶mV {^ÞVm {XgVo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm g‘mdoe hm àmW{‘H$ d Cƒ àmW{‘H$ Agm hmoVmo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o + 10 À¶m aMZoV 5 df} àmW{‘H$Mo d 3 df} Cƒ àmW{‘H$Mo (3.6, 7, 8) Am{U nwT>o 9 dr 10 dr hr 2 df} ‘mÜ¶{‘H$Mr Aer aMZm Amho.

Q>o~b 2.1 : ^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ aMZm

embo¶

ñVa

nyd©

àmW{‘H$

H${Zð>

àmW{‘H$

Cƒ

àmW{‘H$ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$

Cƒ

‘mÜ¶{‘H$

J«oS> Zg©ar

LKG, KG 1 Vo 5 6 Vo 8 9 Vo 10 11 Vo 12

H$mbmdYr 3 df} 5 df} 3 df} 2 df} 2 df}

d¶ 3 Vo 6 6 Vo 11 11 Vo 14 14 Vo 16 16 Vo 18

nyd© àmW{‘H$ : ^maVr¶ {ejU aMZoVrb {dñVm[aV nm¶m AgyZ nyd© àmW{‘H$ ‘Ü¶o Zg©ar, bmoAa Ho$Or, Ana Ho$Or Aer aMZm Amho. ¶m H$mimV Am¡nMm[aH$ embo¶ OrdZ gwê$ hmoVo. dmMZ boIZ H$m¡eë¶o {dH${gV hmoVmV. ‘wbm§Mo d¶ 3 Vo 5 n¶ªV AgVo.

H${Zï> àmW{‘H$ : ¶m emioV ‘wbo Ana Ho$Or qH$dm WoQ> n{hë¶m B¶ÎmoV àdoe KoVmV. ¶m {d^mJm‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§Zm {d{dY {df¶mMr H$ënZm ¶oVo. ¶m dJm©Vrb Aä¶mgH«$‘ åhUOo ‘yi {df¶mMm Aä¶mg AgVmo. dmMZ, boIZ, J{UV, B{Vhmg, ZmJ[aH$emó, yJmob, n¶m©daU emim ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe AgVmo. ‘wbm§Mo d¶ 6 Vo 11 AgyZ Vmo B¶Îmm 1 br Vo 5 drÀ¶m dJm©V AgVmo. H$mhr amÁ¶mV B¶Îmm 1 br Vo Mm¡WrMo dJ© AmhoV. ‘mV¥ mfm, amÁ¶^mfm AWdm qhXr ho embo¶ {ejUmMo ‘mÜ¶‘ AgVo.

Cƒ àmW{‘H$ : ¶m‘Ü¶o B¶Îmm ghmdr Vo AmR>dr n¶ªV g‘mdoe AgVmo. B§J«Or qhXr ¶m ^mfoMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. {df¶ åhUyZ B¶Îmm nmMdrnmgyZ B§J«Or ^mfm gwê$ hmoVo.

2.5 embo¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m

amï´>r¶ {ZH$S> d JaOoÀ¶m Ñï>rZo amï´>r¶ nmVirda e¡j{UH$ AmamIS>m V¶ma Ho$bm Jobm. d¡Mm[aH$ YmoaUmZwgma ¶m amîQ>r¶ AmamIS>çm‘Ü¶o doimodoir ~Xb H$ê$Z Xoeâ am~{dbm. amï´>r¶ C{ÔîQ>ç gmÜ¶ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Ü¶o¶o YmoaUo R>a{dbr Jobr. gÜ¶m Omo amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m am~{dbm OmV Amho. Ë¶m~Ôb A{YH$ ‘m{hVr Kody.

2.5.1 amï>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m (NCF 2005)

Z°eZb nm°{bgr Am°Z EÁ¶wHo$eZ 1986–92 À¶m YmoaUmZwgma amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m Agmdm. ¶m‘Ü¶o {dÚmWu H|$[ÐV Aä¶mgH«$‘, gdmªZmM emim§‘kÜ¶o àdoe XoUo d¶ df} 14 n¶ªV gdmªgmR>r {ejU ¶m‘Ü¶o H$mhr à‘mUm‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm Pmbr. amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>çm‘Ü¶o {ejUm‘Ü¶o AmYw{ZH$H$sH$aU Ano{jV Amho. NCF 2005 Mm AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aVmZm ‘wX{b¶ma H${‘eZ, H$moR>mar H${‘eZÀ¶m {e’$maer {dMmamV KoVë¶m. 1975, 1988, 2000 ¶m dfm©À¶m AmamIS>çmMmhr {dMma Ho$bm. Aä¶mgH«$‘ AdKS> hmody Z¶o ¶mgmR>r VUmd {dahrV {ejU hr g§H$ënZm 1993 Am{U 1986 À¶m YmoaUmÀ¶m {e’$maetMm g§X © KoVbm d Aä¶mgH«$‘ hm AdOS> Agy Z¶o Ago YmoaU R>a{dbo.



Notes

¶enmb g{‘VrÀ¶m {d{dY YmoaUm§Mm d {e’$maetMm {dMma H$ê$Z amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m 2005 V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. Vmo gÜ¶m am~{dbm OmV Amho. 2005 À¶m AmamIS>çmV {dÚmÏ¶mªMo AmoPo H$‘r Ho$bo. ¶m ~m~V {ejH$m§Mo ‘Vhr AZwHy$b Amho. e¡j{UH$ C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ¶ hmoVmV H$m ¶mMm AZw d ¶oB©b. V§ÌkmZ d ‘mÜ¶‘o n[aUm‘ KS>{dÊ¶mg ghmæ¶ H$aVrb. {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {eH$m¶Mo H$go Am{U kmZg§nmXZ H$go H$am¶M o ho g‘Oob ¶m‘wio n[anyU© Am{U gO©Zerb d AmZ§XXm¶r {ejU Agob.

‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo :

NCF 2005 ‘Ü¶o AZoH$ Mm§Jë¶m g§H$ënZm am~{dboë¶m AmhoV. Ë¶mgmR>r {d{dY g{‘VtMm g§X © KoVbobm Amho. ¶m‘YyZ ‘wbm§Zm gd©g‘mdoe AW©nyU© AZw yVr ¶oB©b. NCF Mr Mma à‘wI gyÌ o AmhoV. : (a) emim ~mø OJmMm kmZmer g§~§Y OmoS>Uo. (b) MmH$moar~Õ {ejUmbm ’$mQ>m (c) nwñVH$m~mhoarb kmZg§nmXZ H$aUo. (d) bd{MH$ narjm nÕVr NCF 2005 H$S>o H$miOrnyd©H$ Ñï>rZo nmhVm ‘wbm§Mr y{‘H$m hr {ZîH«$s¶ Amho. ‘wbm§Zm àíZ {dMmaÊ¶mV ^mJ nmS>Uo. H$mhr kmZaMZo‘Ü¶o A{^àoV Amho. Oo H$mhr emioV {eH$Vmo VoM ~mhoa KS>V Amho. Ë¶m§Zm ñdV:Mm AZw dmVyZ CÎma XoÊ¶mg àoaUm XoUo VgoM Ë¶m§À¶m eãXm‘Ü¶o AZw yVr ì¶³V H$aVm Ambr nm{hOo. ‘wbm§Mm Ë¶mMo {‘Ì Ooð> ì¶³Vr qH$dm VéU {‘Ìm§er gwg§dmX Pmbm Va {ejU CÎm‘ àH$mao hmody eHo$b. AÜ¶¶Z {H«$¶m AZw dmVyZ ¶mdr Ë¶m‘wio nwñVH$mnojm ~mø OJmVyZ ìhmdr hm AZw^d Ka, n[aga J«§Wmb¶ ¶mVyZ ñdV: {eH$mdo. h~©Q>©À¶m n§MnXrnojm {ejH$m§Zr nmR>ç {Z¶moOZ H$aVmZm aMZmË‘H$ nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$amdm. ‘wbm§Zm H$m¶© XoVmZm Ë¶m§À¶m ~wÕrbm AmìhmZ {‘iob Ë¶mda {dMma H$aVrb d H$m¶ {eH$bmo ho g‘Oob. {dÚmÏ¶mªMr gÜ¶mMr Am{U CÚmMr JaO bjmV KodyZ ^mfm, J{UV, Z¡g{J©H$ emóo g‘mOemó ¶m {df¶m§gmR>r ¶m nÕVtMr {e’$mag Ho$bobr Amho. ‘mV¥ mfoVyZ {eH$VmZm {Ì^m{fH$ gyÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Amho. ^mfmhr {d{dY {df¶m§gmR>r A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ Amho. dmMZ, boIZ ldU, g§ mfUmVyZ ‘wbmMm {d{dY Aä¶mgmVrb {dH$mg hmoVmo Ë¶m‘wioM ‘wb^yV {ejU Amdí¶H$ Amho. B§J«Or J{UV d {dkmZ ¶m ‘w»¶ {df¶mV Odinmg 50% {dÚmWu Zmnmg hmoVmV. ¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV. hm amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m hm (NCF) ¶mÀ¶m g‘moa àíZ Amho. {dkmZ AÜ¶mnZmÀ¶m àm¶mo{JH$ VÎdmda Cn¶moJ H$amdm. J«§Wmb¶ gwYmaUm à¶moJemim, H$m¶©emim ¶m§Mm dmna dmT>dmdm. ~mø narjonojm à¶moJmda AmYm[aV ‘yë¶‘mnZmMm Cn¶moJ H$amdm. g§JUH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z S>mQ>m~og àH$ën H$amdm. J{UV AÜ¶¶Z H$aVmZm ‘wbm§Mr {dMma H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm d Ë¶m Ñï>rZo g§JUH$mMm dmna CXmhaU gmoS>{dVm ¶oB©b. {dkmZ {eH${dVmZm AÜ¶mnZmV ~Xb H$ê$Z n[ajU Am{U AZw‘mZ AZw yVr Úmdr. n¶m©daU hm {df¶ àË¶oH$ {df¶mer g§~§{YV Amho. gmm‘{OH$ emó {df¶m§Mm Aä¶mg JQ>mVyZ H$ê$Z, órnwéf g‘mZVm, Am{Xdmgr, X{bV Aëng§»¶m§H$ ¶m§Mr XIb KoVbr Omdr. g{‘VrZo H$m‘ Am{U {ejU ¶mH$S>o bj doYbo. H$m‘mVyZ ZdrZ kmZ {‘iVo VgoM ‘yë¶m§Mr dmT> ìhmdr ho bmoH$emhr‘Ü¶o A{^àoV Amho. dmagm hñVH$bm ¶m§Mm e¡jU d H$m‘mer g§~§Y OmoS>mdm Ë¶m‘wio gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Am{W©H$ dmT> hmoB©b.

nmR>çnwñVHo$, J«§Wmb¶, AÜ¶mnZ V§Ì VgoM à¶moJemim ¶m gma»¶m gmYZm§Mr MMm© Ho$br. {ejH$m§Zm ‘w~bH$ gm{hË¶ Agmdo VgoM {ejH$m§Zm ì¶mdgm¶ ñdmV§Í¶hr Agmdo. e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZ JwUdÎmogmR>r nwT>mH$ma Agmdm.



Notes

amï´>r¶ Aä¶mgH«$‘ AmamIS>m 2000 ‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§da Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm ^ma nS>Vmo. ¶mda ‘w»¶ bj hmoVo. ¶enmb g{‘VrZo g‘ñ¶m§Mo {ZamH$aU Ho$bo. VUmd {da{hV {ejU ¶mgmR>r nwñVH$mn{bH$S>Mo {ejU hr g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>br. ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o gO©ZerbVm AgVo ho {dgê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. Ë¶m§À¶m AZw dmVyZM kmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.

nmR>çnwñVHo$ {Z{‘©Vr H$aVmZm VUmd {da{hV {ejU ¶m g§H$ënZoMr {e’$mag Ho$br. AÜ¶mnZ åhUOo ‘wbm§Zm gO©Zm‘Ü¶o Jw§VdyZ R>odUo. Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U narjm nÕVr‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aÊ¶mMr {e’$mag Ho$bobr Amho.

AÜ¶mnZ emó g{‘jU :

‘wbo Ë¶m§À¶m JaOm, n[apñWVr ¶m§Mo ñnï> {ZarjH$ AgVmV. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m d ^{dVì¶ ¶m~m~V Ë¶m§À¶mer MMm© H$amdr. ‘wbm§Mo AZw^d Ë¶m~m~V Ë¶m§Mo ‘Vm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ¶mMr ~m¡{ÕH$ j‘Vm {dH${gV hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m H$maUm§Mm ñdV§Ì {dMma H$aÊ¶mMr V¶mar hmoVo. dJm©V AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZm‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§À¶m ^mdZm d AZw yVr ¶m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Omdm. {dÚmWu d {ejH$ ¶m§À¶m AZw yVrMm ¶oWo àma§^ hmoVmo. AÜ¶mnZembmMo {Q>H$mË‘H$ narjU H$aVmZm amOH$s¶ g‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, Z¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. gm‘m{OH$ KQ>H$m§H$S>oM doJdoJù¶m Ñï>rZo nhmdo bmJVo. emim MmbVo Vr {d{dY KQ>H$m§À¶m gh¶moJmVyZ MmbVo. g‘mOmVë¶m àË¶oH$ KQ>H$m§Mo àíZ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmer H$go g§~§{YV AgVmV ho ‘wbm§Zm g‘Oy Úm. {Q>H$mË‘H$ AÜ¶mnZ emómÀ¶m y{‘Ho$VyZ gm‘w{hH$ {ZU©¶ j‘Vm, Iwë¶m MM}VyZ VgoM EH$Xm àíZ doJdoJù¶m Ñî¶rZo nmhVm ¶mdm Aem Ñï>rZo Aä¶mg H«$‘mMr aMZm Agmdr.

2.5.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejU Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§~§Y

XoemVrb {ejU joÌmÀ¶m {dH$mgmMo {MÌ nmhVmZm RTE (Right to Education) Mo {ZU©¶ gd© amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o VmVS>rZo KoÊ¶mV Ambo. NCF À¶m YmoaUmZwgma Aä¶mg H«$‘mMr aMZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. NCERT Zo ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVHo$ V¶ma Ho$br. narjm nÕVr Xÿa Ho$br. na§Vw gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ YmoaU àmW{‘H$À¶m aMZo‘Ü¶o AmUbo. nmbH$ g‘mOmMm gh^mJ dmT>dyZ g§¶w³V ì¶dñWmnZmMo {ZpíMVM Ë¶mMm bm^ Pmbm. g§JUH$ V§ÌkmZ À¶m dmnamMmhr AmJ«h YaÊ¶mV Ambm. Aä¶mg H«$‘mÀ¶m AÜ¶mnZmMo 200 {Xdgm§Mo C{Ôï> R>a{dbo. embo¶ {Xdgm§Mo {Z¶moOZmV {Oëhm n[afXm§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ {Xbo Jobo. (i) B. 2 ar n¶ªV KaMm Aä¶mg ZH$mo d {Vgar nmgyZ àmW{‘H$ emiobm XmoZ Vmgm§Mm AmR>dS>çmMm J¥hnmR> (ii) Cƒ àmW{‘H$gmR>r {Xdgmbm ,H$ Vmg (AmR>dS>çmV nmM Vo ghm Vmg) (iii) ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ d Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$gmR>r AmR>dS>çmMo 10 Vo 12 Vmg {XdgmV XmoZ Vmg Aä¶mgmMr {e’$mag Ho$br. AÜ¶mnZ emómà‘mUo {ejH$m§Zr ZdrZ C{ÔîQ>ço Ü¶o¶o gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$ à{ejUmMm g‘mdoe H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. NCF À¶m ‘mJ©X©ZmZwgma {ejH$m§Zm Zdr y{‘H$m nma nmS>mdr bmJUma AgyZ Ë¶mgmR>r {d{dY à{ejUm~m~V gyMZm {Xë¶m. Zì¶m aMZo‘Ü¶o {ejH$ à{ejUmbm A{YH$ ‘hÎd {Xbobo AgyZ {ejH$ hmM ZdrZ ~Xb dmnaUma AgyZ ‘wbm§À¶m ~m¡{ÕH$ JwUm§Mm emoY {ejH$m§ZrM ¿¶mdm bmJUma Amho. O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ KS>{dUo hr {ejH$mMrM O~m~Xmar Amho. {ejH$m§Mo ì¶dgm{¶H$ ñdmV§Í¶, AÜ¶mnZmMo dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aUo ¶m‘wio AÜ¶¶Z {d{dYm§Jr hmoB©b. {dÚmWu {ejH$m§À¶m AÜ¶mnH$ ‘hm{dÚmb¶m‘Ü¶o {dÚmWu kmZ {Z{‘©Vr H$aVmV. ¶m g§H$ënZoda â Úmdm. AÜ¶mnH$ hm kmZ{Z{‘©Vr‘Ü¶o g§Yr XoUmam KQ>H$ Amho. {ejH$m§gmR>r ~hþA§Jr {ejU Agmdo. {WAar Am{U à°p³Q>g ¶m‘Ü¶o g‘Ýd¶ Agmdm.



Notes

AÜ¶mnH$ ‘hm{dÚmb¶m‘Ü¶o A{YH$ g‘¥Õr VgoM {ejH$m§Mr ì¶dgm{¶H$Vm ¶mH$S>o nmhUo JaOoMo Amho. {ejH$m§Mr NCF 2005 À¶m YmoaUmZwgma {ejH$m§À¶m godm§VJ©V à{ejUmda A{YH$ â {Xbobm Amho. emio‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aUmam {ejH$ hm ‘w»¶ ghmæ¶H$ Amho.

2.6 g‘mamon

ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimVrb Zo‘boë¶m {d{dY Am¶moJ g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maerMm {dMma H$ê$Z gÜ¶mMr {ejU nÕVr {dH${gV Ho$br. amYmH¥$îUZ Am¶moJ, H$moR>mar Am¶moJmÀ¶m {e’$maerZwgma gd©gmYmaU {ejUmda bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Va ¶enmb g{‘VrZo àmW{‘H$ {ejUmda A{YH$ àH$mePmoV Q>mH$bm. amï´>r¶ {ejU YmoaUm‘Ü¶o H$gm-H$gm ~Xb hmoV Jobm Vo nm{hbo.

amï´>r¶ {ejU Ü¶o¶o Am{U àmYmÝ¶ ¶m‘Ü¶o doimodoir ~Xb H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. NPF 1968

JwUdÎmogmR>r {Z¶moOZ, VgoM e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm, ¶mH$S>o bj doYbo. 1986 À¶m NPE À¶m YmoaUm‘Ü¶o ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmH$S>o bj doYbo d 1992 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m d 1992 ‘Ü¶o àË¶j H$m¶©dmhr (Plan of Action) gwê$ Pmbr. Ë¶mgmR>r Am{W©H$ VaVyXhr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶enmb g{‘VrÀ¶m {e’$maetMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aVmZm EHy$UM {ejUmÀ¶m aMZoV ~Xb Pmbm. NCF 2005 Zwgma gÜ¶mMr {ejU nÕVr am~{dÊ¶mV Ambr.

2.7 nyaH$ dmMZ d g§X © nwñVHo$

Aggarwal, J. C., (1985), Development and Planning of Modern Education. Vani

Educational Books, New Delhi.

Aggarwal, J. C., (1993), Landmarks in the History of Modern Indian Education.

Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Chaube, S.P., (1988), History and Problems of Indian Education, (Second Edition)

Vinod Pustak Mandir, Agra, UP.

Rawat, P. L., History of Indian Education Agra. UP, Ram Prasad and Son.

Safaya, R.N., (1983), Current Problems in Indian Education, Delhi, 9th Edition,

Dhanpat Rai and Sons.

Saikia, Siddheswar, (1998), History of Education in India, Mani Manik Prakash

Sharma, R. N., History and Problems of Education in India, Delhi, Surjeet

Publications.

http://www.indiatogether.org/2004/jul/edu-kothari.htm.

http://59.163.61.3 : 8080/gratest/showtexfile.do? page_id = user_image and

user_image_id = 775.

http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Use%20of%20Dise%20Data/Ajay

%20Deshpande,Sayan% 20 Mitra.pdf.

http:/www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/India_CAR.pdf.

http://www.archive.org/stream/annualreportofsu 19541955virg/annualreportofsu

19541955virg_djvu.txt.

2.8 nmR>mdarb àíZ

1. NPE 1968 Zwgma embo¶ {ejU gwê$ AgVmZm 1985 Mo amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU Zì¶mZo H$m am~dmdo bmJVo?



Notes

2. H$moR>mar Am¶moJ H$m Zo‘mdm bmJbm? H$moR>mar Am¶moJmÀ¶m H$moUË¶mhr Mma {e’$maer ñnï> H$am.

3. {ejH$m§À¶m à{ejUmVrb H$mhr gwYmarV {e’$maer ñnï> H$am.

4. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo à‘wI g§X^© H$moUVo?

5. gÜ¶mÀ¶m {ejU YmoaUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.

6. amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ AmamIS>m NCF 2005 Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$am. ¶mÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r H$mhr gyMZm H$am.

7. AmR> dfm©À¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m aMZoMo {Q>H$mË‘H$ narjU H$ê$Z amï´>r¶ nmVirda gwgwMrH$aUmMo Cnm¶ gyMdm.

{ejU EH$ ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma


Notes

KQ>H$ 3 : {ejU EH$ ‘yb^yV A{YH$ma

nmR>çH«$‘mMr aMZm : 3.0 AmoiI / n[aM¶

3.1 AÜ¶¶Z C{Ôï>o

3.2 àmW{‘H$ / {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm Am{U Amdí¶H$Vm

3.2.1 ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo H$b‘ 45

3.2.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aVm Z ¶oÊ¶m‘mJMr H$maUo

3.2.3 86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr 3.2.4 {ejUmMm A{YH$ma (Ama. Q>r. B©.), 2009

3.2.5 ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$

3.3 {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m

3.4 embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ

3.5 Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U ‘yë¶‘mnZ gmYZo

3.6 {ejUmMm A{YH$ma (2009) A§VJ©V {Z¶‘

3.6.1 àmW{‘H$

3.6.2 ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrÀ¶m {ejU {df¶H$ ~mbH$m§Mm h¸$

3.6.3 amÁ¶ emgZmMr H$V©ì¶o 3.6.4 XñVEodOm§Mr XoI^mb

3.6.5 emim Am{U {ejH$m§À¶m O~m~Xmè¶m

3.6.6 embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr

3.6.7 {ejH$

3.6.8 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U Ë¶mMr nyV©Vm

3.6.9 ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ g§ajU

3.7 gmam§e

3.8 nyaH$ dmMZ Am{U g§X^© 3.9 Aä¶mg

3.0 AmoiI / n[aM¶

{ejU hr H$moUË¶mhr XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm ‘mJ© Amho, ho AmnUm gdmªZm ‘mhrV AmhoM. ~mbH$m§À¶m ì¶[³V‘ÎdmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYUo ho {ejUmMo à‘wI C{Ôï> Amho. 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrb gmjaVoMm Xa 74.04 Q> o$ hm hmoVm. Ho$ai gma»¶m àJV amÁ¶mMm gmjaVm Xa hm 93.9 Q> o$ BVH$m Cƒ àVrMm Va {~hma gma»¶m amÁ¶mV Vmo gdm©V H$‘r åhUOo 63.8 Q> o$ BVH$m hmoVm.

n{hë¶m d Xþgè¶m KQ>H$m§‘Ü¶o Vwåhr {ejU g§X^m©Vrb {d{dY Am¶moJ Am{U g{‘Ë¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m {e’$maetMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. ¶m XmoZ KQ>H$m§‘Ü¶o Vwåhr àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm {dH$mg Am{U EZ². gr. E’$ 2005 À¶m à‘wI {e’$maerMmhr Aä¶mg Ho$bm ¶m KQ>H$m‘Ü¶o AmnU



Notes

~mbH$m§Mm ‘yb yV h¸$ åhUyZ {ejUmMm CX¶ H$gm Pmbm ¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV. AmnU {ejUmMm A{YH$ma 2005 À¶m VaVwXtMm {dMma Am{U MMm© ¶m KQ>H$mV H$aUma AmhmoV.

g§¶w³V amï´>o ¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g §ñWoZo ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ {df¶H$ XmoZ ‘hÎdmMo XñVEodO à{gÕ Ho$bo. 1948 ‘Ü¶o ¶m g§ñWoZo ‘mZdr h¸$ OmhraZm‘m Am{U 1959 ‘Ü¶o ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ OmhraZm‘m ¶m ZmdmMo XmoZ XñVEodO à{gÕ Ho$bo. AmnU Oar 21 ì¶m eVH$mV ahmV Agbmo Var, Amnë¶mbm R>mD$H$ Amho H$s AmOhr hOmamo bmoH$ Xm[aÐçmV {IVnV nS>bobo AmhoV. Am{U AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡brMm Ë¶m§À¶mer n[aM¶hr Pmbobm Zmhr. ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imë¶mZ§Va {ejUmMo Omio {dñVmaÊ¶mV Ambo Agbo Var bmoImo ‘wbm§Mr embo¶ nQ>mda Zm|XUr hmoD$ eH$bobr Zmhr. embo¶ nQ>mdarb JiVr, Anì¶¶ d ApñWaVm amoIÊ¶mgmR>r ^maVr¶ g§ñWoZo {ejUmMm A{YH$ma H$m¶Xm 2009 ‘Ü¶o nm[aV Ho$bm.

¶m KQ>H$m‘Ü¶o AmnU ¶m H$m¶ÚmVrb VaVwXtMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV VgoM àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ¶mMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶m‘mJrb {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m g‘OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

3.1 C{ÔîQ>çm§Mr ‘m{hVr

¶m KQ>H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmA§Vr Vwåhmbm Imbrb Jmoï>rg‘OÊ¶mV ‘XV hmoB©b.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMm AW© ñnï> H$aUo.

^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$b‘ 45 ‘Ü¶o Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ Z hmoÊ¶m‘mJrb H$maUm§da MMm© H$aUo.

86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶ÚmVrb (2002) VaVwXr ñnï> H$aUo.

g§¶w³V amï´>oÀ¶m ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ Om{haZmå¶mVrb ~mbH$m§À¶m h¸$m§Mo dU©Z H$aUo.

{ejUmMm H$m¶Xm, 2009 ‘Yrb VaVwXr Am{U {Z¶‘m§Mr MMm© H$aUo.

{ejUmMm H$m¶Xm gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mMo C{Ôï> nyVugmR>r ¶mo½¶ ‘yë¶‘mnZ nÕVtMm emoY KoUo.

{ejUmMm H$m¶Úm§VJ©V VaVwXtMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶m‘mJrb {hñgoXmam§Mr y{‘H$m ñnï> H$aUo.

3.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm Am{U Amdí¶H$Vm

Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV AgobM H$s àmW{‘H$ {ejU 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wë¶m§À¶m JaOm ^mJdVo. gm‘mÝ¶V: ¶m‘Ü¶o B¶Îmm n{hbr Vo B¶Îmm AmR>dr n¶ªVÀ¶m {ejUmMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. (B¶Îmm n{hbr Vo B¶Îmm nmMdr H${Zð> àmW{‘H$, B¶Îmm nmMdr Vo B¶Îmm AmR>dr CÀM àmW{‘H$ Ago ‘mZbo OmVo.) àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo åhUOo àË¶oH$ ‘wbm - ‘wbrbm Ë¶m§Mo, OmV, d¶, Y‘©, g§àXm¶, qbJ Am{U gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ XOm© B. Mm {dMma Z H$aVm àmW{‘H$ {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hmo¶.

gd© àH$maMm ‘mZdr {dH$mg Am{U àJVr ¶mMm AmYma ‘{ejU’ hmM Amho gd© ‘mZdr g‘ñ¶m§Mm ‘wH$m~bm H$aÊ¶mMo gdm©V VrúU hË¶ma Am{U ^³H$‘ H$dM {ejU hoM Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. {ejUm{edm¶ ‘mZdr OrdZ {ZaW©H$ Amho. {ejUm‘wioM Amnë¶mbm kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë¶ àmßV hmoVo Ë¶m‘wioM AW©nyU© OJVm ¶oUo e³¶ hmoVo. ^maV hm EH$ bmoH$emhr Xoe AgyZ Ý¶m¶, g‘Vm Am{U ñdmV§Í¶ B. ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Ëdo Amnë¶m amÁ¶KQ>ZoV Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr AmhoV. EImÚmÀ¶m {eUmÀ¶m A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV R>odUo åhUOo Ë¶m§À¶mda AË¶§V AÝ¶m¶ H$aÊ¶mgmaIo



Notes

Amho. åhUyZ {ZXmZ àmW{‘H$ ñVamn¶ªV Var {eUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aUo ho ^maVmgma»¶m bmoH$emhr Am{U Y‘©{Zanoj XoemV ‘hÎdmMo R>aVo, ¶m ‘Vmer H$moUhr gh‘V hmoB©b.

3.2.1 ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo H$b‘ 45

^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoZo ‘mZdr {dH$mgmer g§~§{YV gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma Ho$bobm Amho. ^maVr¶ KQ>ZoMo H$b‘ 45 Zwgma 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb gd© ‘wbm‘wbtZm ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejUm{df¶H$ VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ¶m VaVwXtMm g‘mdoe gd© n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm§‘YyZ Pmbobm Amho. ho AmnUmg ‘m{hV AgobM gd© emgH$s¶ g§ñWoV {~Ja emgH$s¶ g§ñWm, ñd¶§godr g§ñWm Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm ¶m gd©M g§ñWm àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V gh^mJr Agë¶m Var AÚmnhr gdmªgmR>r {ejU ho C{Ôï> àmá H$aUo hr Jmoï> e³¶ Pmbobr Zmhr.

3.2.2 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aVm Z ¶oÊ¶m‘mJMr H$maUo

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU Z hmoÊ¶m‘mJrb H$maUo nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr 1

bmoH$g§»¶m {dñ’$moQ> : emim§Mm g§»¶mË‘H$ {dñVma Am{U Omio ngê$Zhr {ejU ¶m XoemVrb àË¶oH$ ‘wbm§À¶m Xmamn¶ªV {ejU nmohMy eH$bo Zmhr. bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rnwT>o {dH$mgmMm doJ ‘mJo nS>bm. bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m ObX dmT>r ‘mZdr Am¶wî¶mVrb AZoH$ àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bo AmhoV ho AmnUmg R>mD$H$ Amho.

Xm[aÐç : Amnë¶m XoemVrb hOmamo nmbH$m§Zm Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Zm emioV nmR>dmdo hr M¡Z dmQ>Vo, Vr nadS>Umar Zmhr. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘wbm§Zm Amnë¶m OrdZmdí¶H$ JaOm§À¶m nyVugmR>r XaamoO emar[aH$ H$ï>

bmoH$g§»¶m {dñ’$moQ>

Xm[aÐç

H¥$fràYmZ AW©ì¶dñWm

gyMZmVrb Xar

~oamoOJmar

emimJiVr, Anì¶¶, ApñWaVm

e¡j{jUH$ OmJ¥VrMm A^md

qbJAg‘mZVm

ApñWa OrdZ

¶wÕnmVirdarb à¶ËZm§Mr H$‘VaVm



Notes

H$amdoM bmJVo. Amnbr amoOramoQ>r {‘idmdr bmJVo. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mM nmbH$ Ë¶m§Zm emioV XmIb H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. AmnU Zoh‘r nmhVmo H$s AZoH$ ~mbHo$ doJdoJù¶m àH$maÀ¶m H$m‘mV Jw§Vbobo {XgVmV.

H¥$fràYmZ AW©ì¶dñWm : Xm[aÐç AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm A^md nÕVrZo hmoV Agboë¶m VwQ>rÀ¶m eoVr nÕVr‘wio nmbH$ Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Zm emioV nmR>{dÊ¶m EodOr Amnë¶m~amo~a H$m‘m ZoUoM ng§V H$aVmV. Vwåhrhr AZoH$Xm ‘wbm§Zm Amnë¶m nmbH$m§~amo~a eoVmV qH$dm eoV‘Oya åhUyZ Xþgè¶m§À¶m eoVmV am~VmZm nm{hbo Agob.

g§gyMZmVrb Xar : A{V XþJ©‘, S>m|Jami Am{U Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV emgH$s¶ g§ñWm Am{U bmoH$ ¶m§À¶mV g§gyMZmV ’$ma ‘moR>r Xar nS>ë¶mMo {XgVo. ¶m ^mJmV amhUmè¶m ‘wbm§Zm {ejU {‘i{dUo ’$ma H$R>rU OmV ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm Am{U ñd¶§godr g§ñWm gwÕm Aem XþJ©‘ g‘ñ¶m J«ñV ^mJmV {ejUmMr gmo¶ H$aÊ¶mV Ag‘W© R>aVmZm {XgVmV. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m ^mJmVrb ‘wbm§Zm {ejU {df¶H$ AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJVo.

~oamoOJmar : Iyní¶m nmbH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo H$s Oa {eH$bobo ¶wdH$ ~oH$ma ahmV AgVrb Va Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Zm emioV nmR>{dÊ¶mV H$mhr AW© Zmhr. VWm{n Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Amho H$s {dMma H$mhr ¶mo½¶ Zmhr Am{U Vwåhr {ejH$ åhUyZ Iyn à¶ËZ H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Mm hm ZH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xbm¶bm hdm.

hoVy CpX²Xï>m§Mm A^md : Oar emgZ ‘mo’$V {ejU, {eî¶d¥Îmr Am{U BVa gmo¶r gdbVr XoD$Z ‘wbm§Zm emioV OmÊ¶mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoV Agbo Var ‘wbm§Zm emioV nmR>dÊ¶mgmR>r bmJUmè¶m ¶mo½¶ à¶ËZmV AÚmnhr AnwaonUm OmUdVmo. n[aUm‘r, ¶mo½¶ CpX²Xï>mÀ¶m A^mdr emio¶nQ>mdarb ‘wbm§Zm g§»¶oV dmT> hmoD$ eH$bobr Zmhr.

JiVr Anì¶¶ ApñWaVm : H$mhr doiog Amnë¶mbm Ago AZw dmg ¶oVo H$s ‘wbm§Zm emioV Oar XmIb H$ê$Z KoVbo Agbo Var AZoH$ H$maUm§Zr Ë¶m§Mo emimJiVrMo à‘mU dmT>ë¶mMo {XgVo. Anì¶¶ Am{U ApñWaVm h o {ejU nyU© hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘mJm©Vrb ‘w»¶ AS>Wio AmhoV.

e¡j{UH$ gVH©$Vm / (OmJê$H$VoMm A^md AkmZ) : {ejUmMo ‘hÎd ‘m{hV ZgUo ho XþX£dr Amho Amnë¶m g‘mOmV AZoH$ nmbH$m§Zm ‘mZdr OrdZmV Agbobo {ejUmMo ‘hÎd R>mD$H$ Zmhr. ¶m AkmZm‘wio Vo Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Zm emioV XmIb H$aV Zmhr.

qbJôX ^mdm~m~V njnmVrnUm : AZoH$ amÁ¶mVrb ‘{hbm gmjaVoMo à^md nwéf gmjaVoÀ¶m à‘mUmnojm H$‘r Agë¶mMo {XgVo. AZoH$ g‘mOmV qbJ oX^md OmUrdnyd©H$ Omonmgbm OmVmo. Amnë¶mbm Ago {ZXe©Zmg ¶oVo H$s ‘wbm§Zm {ejU XoÊ¶mgmR>r nwT>mH$ma KoVbm OmVmo. Am{U ‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmH$S>o hoVynyd©H$ Xþb©j Ho$bo OmVo. {VZo AmB©Mr KamVrb X¡Z§{XZ H$m‘mVrb O~m~Xmar CMbUo Am{U bhmZ ~{hU ^mdm§Mr XoI^mb H$aUo ¶mMr Anojm Ho$br OmVo.

OrdZmV pñWaVoMm A^md : H$mhr Am{Xdmgr Am[U ^Q>³¶m O‘mVr AOyZhr ~oKa AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zm AÚmnhr CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr ^Q>H§$Vr H$amdr bmJVo. H$mhr ‘Oyam§À¶m Am¶wî¶mVhr ApñWaVm Amho H$mhr ‘wbo AZmW AmhoV. ¶m gdmªÀ¶m ~m~VrV AmOhr {ejU KoUo ho XÿaMo ñWmZ Amho.

CnH«$‘ - 1



Notes

1. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ Z H$aVm ¶oÊ¶m‘mJMr AmUIr VrZ ZdrZ H$maUo {bhm. ............................................................................................................................. . .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. .

2. gmja Am{U {Zagmjam§À¶m OrdZe¡brV Vwåhr H$mhr ’$aH$ Zm|Xdbm Amho H$m? gmja Am{U {Zajam§À¶m ~m~VrVrb H$moUVo ’$aH$ Vwåhr Imbrb ‘wÚm§Zm Yê$Z H$ê$ eH$b? (Vw‘Mo {ZarjU Zm|Xdm.)

OrdZmH$S>o ~KÊ¶mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ

gm‘m{OH$ n[an³dVm

kmZ nmVir

Am{W©H$ XOm©

‘wbm§Mm e¡j{UH$ XmOm©

Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma

OrdZ‘mZ .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................

3.2.3 86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr

gZ 2002 ‘Ü¶o g§gXoZo 86 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr Ho$br. 86 dm KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶Xm, 2002

1. bKwerf© Am{U gwédmV : (1) hm H$m¶Xm 86 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$m¶Xm 2002 åhUyZ AmoiIÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. 27 H|$ÐemgZmZo amOnÌmÛmao {ZYm©[aV Ho$boë¶m VmaIoZwgma hm H$m¶Xm A§‘bmV ¶oB©b.

2. 21 A ¶m ZdrZ H$b‘mMm g‘mdoe : amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrb H$b‘ 21 Z§Va Imbrb H$b‘ Ogo {ejUmMm A{YH$ma 21 A ho g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b ¶m H$m¶ÚmZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo amÁ¶mV’}$ ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d¶moJQ>mVrb gd© ~mbH$m§Zm ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejU {Xbo OmB©b.

3. H$b‘ 45 ¶m n¶m©¶r ZdrZ H$b‘mMm g‘mdoe : amÁ¶KZm H$b‘ 45 bm Imbrb H$b‘ n¶m©¶r Agob “Ogo, ghm dfm©nojm bhmZ ‘wbm§Mo ~mbg§JmonZ H$miOr d {ejUmMr VaVyX” –

45 amÁ¶mV’}$ ghm dfmªnojm bhmZ ‘wbm§Mo g§JmonZ, H$miOr d {ejU KoÊ¶mgmR>r gd© àH$maMo à¶ËZ hmoVrb Aer VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

2002 ‘Ü¶o 86 dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr g§gXoÛmao ‘§Oya H$aÊ¶mV Ambr ¶mÝd¶o ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§gmR>r ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejU gy{MV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.

¶m~amo~arZo ‘mo’$V d g³VrÀ¶m {ejUmMm ~mbH$ h³H$ H$m¶Xm g§gXoZo ‘§Oya Ho$bm Am{U 86 ì¶m KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrMo {ZX}e XoÊ¶mV Ambo.

2002 ‘Ü¶o 86 ì¶m KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$m¶ÚmÝd¶o H$b‘ 21 (A) g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶mÝd¶o àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm h³H$ hm ñdmV§Ìú¶mÀ¶m h³H$mMm ^mJ ~Z{dÊ¶mV Pmbm. ¶mÝd¶o Ago Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Ambo H$s amÁ¶mV’}$ 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm‘wbtZm ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo {ejU nwa{dÊ¶mV ¶oB©b.



Notes

amÁ¶ KQ>Zm H$b‘ 21 ho {O{dVmMo ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U ì¶p³VJV ñdmV§Í¶mer g§~§{YV Amho. H$b‘ 21 (A) ho H$b‘ 21 bm OmoS>Ê¶mV Ambo. 21 (A) H$b‘mZo 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm‘wbtÀ¶m {ejUmMm A{YH$mambm ‘yb yV h³H$mMo ñdê$n {‘idyZ {Xbo hr àe§gH$s¶ Jmoï> ‘mZbr nm{hOo.

amÁ¶KQ>Zm H$b‘ 51 (A) ‘Ü¶o ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m 10 ‘yb yV H$V©ì¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m KQ>ZmXþê$ñVr ‘wio 11 do ‘yb yV H$V©ì¶ ¶m ¶mXrbm OmoS>Ê¶mV Ambo. ho H$b‘ Ago dmMÊ¶mV ¶oVo H$s, 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb àË¶oH$ ‘wbm-‘wbtbm qH$dm nmë¶mbm {ejUmÀ¶m g§Yr {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z XoUo. ¶mÝd¶o Amnë¶m nmë¶mbm / ‘wbm§Zm {ejU XoUo ho àË¶oH$ ZmJ[aH$mMo H$V©ì¶ R>abo Amho.

CnH«$‘ - 2

1. 86 ì¶m ^maVr¶ amÁ¶ KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo embo¶ ì¶dñWoda H$moUVm n[aUm‘ KS>dyZ AmUbm?

3.2.4 {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm (Ama². Q>r. B©.) - 2009

26 Am°JñQ> 2009 amoOr ^maVhu g§gXoZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>çm ‘hÎdmMm H$m¶Xm nm[aV Ho$bm {H$ Omo {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 2009 åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU AmoiIbm OmVmo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ¶mM gaH$mar C{Ôï> JmR>Ê¶mV ¶oUmè¶m AS>MUtda ‘mV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àXrK© à{VjoZ§Va ^maVgaH$maZo hm H$m¶Xm nm{aV Ho$bm. na§Vw Vwåhmbm EoHy$Z AmíM¶© dmQ>ob H$s ‘hmamï´>mVrb H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m N>ÌnVr emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Zr 6 Vo 14

d¶moJQ>mVrb ~mbH$m§gmR>r ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrÀ¶m {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 1902 amoOrM g§‘V Ho$bm hmoVm. 1918 ‘Ü¶o {dÇ>b^mB© nQ>ob ¶m§Zr ‘w§~B© amÁ¶mVrb ZJan[afXm§gmR>r g³VrÀ¶m àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm ‘§Oya Ho$bm hmoVm ‘. Jm§YrMr ‘yb yV {ejU ì¶dñWm (ZB©Vmbr‘) qH$dm dYm© {ejU ¶moOZoZo 1937 ‘Ü¶o ~mbH$m§gmR>r g³VrMo Am{U ‘mo’$V {ejUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm ‘. Jm§YtZr åhUbobo gmW© Amho H$s, ‘Ogo àË¶oH$ ‘mUgmbm ‘mo’$V hdm Am{U ‘mo’$V nmÊ¶mMm h³H$ Amho, VgoM àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm ‘mo’$V {ejUmMo Amho Ago ‘mo’$V {ejU àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho g‘mOmMo d emgZmMo H$V©ì¶ Amho.’

‘~mbH$m§Mo h³H$ 1959’ ¶m g§¶w³V amï´> g§ñWoÀ¶m Om{haZmå¶mMm ^maV Xoe hr EH$ ^mJ Amho. åhUyZ Amnë¶mbm XoemZo 1974 ‘Ü¶o ~arM OmhraZmå¶mbm AZwgê$Z ~mbH$m§gmR>r EH$ amï´>r¶ YmoaU ñdrH$maVo. 2005 Mm ¶w{Zgo’$Mm Ahdmb erf©H$ ‘^rVrÀ¶m Ü¶o¶Imbrb ~mbnU’ Ago ñnï> H$ê$ eH$Vmo. H$s ^maVmVrb 7.2 H$moQ>r 5 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ~mbHo$ nm¶m^yV {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV AmhoV. åhUyZM ~mbH$m§À¶m {ejUmÀ¶m h³H$mMo g§ajU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d g§¶w³V amï´>o g§gXoÀ¶m Om{haZmå¶mbm AZwgê$Z ^maVgaH$maZo ~mb h³H$ g§ajU amï´>r¶ Am¶moJ ñWmnZ Ho$bm. àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm {O{dVmMm, {dH$mgmMm Am{U gh^mJmMm h³H$ Amho. EH$ O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ Am{U Ë¶mhr nwT>o OmD$Z {ejH$ åhUyZ ho Amnbo ‘w»¶ H$V©ì¶ ho Amho H$s ~mbH$m§À¶m ¶m h³H$m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.



Notes

AmVm ¶mnwT>o Vwåhr {ejUmMm A{YH$ma H$m¶Úmrb VaVwXr§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmV

~mbH$m§Mo h³H$

{ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m

embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ

Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U AË¶mdí¶H$ ‘yyë¶‘mnZ nÕVr

3.2.5 ~mbH$m§Mo h³H$

g§¶w³V amï´>o À¶m ~mbH$m§Mo h³H$ {df¶H$ Om{haZmå¶mVrb H$mhr h³H$ nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr 2 : ~mbH$m§Mo h³H$

6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm Kam Odirb emioV ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ Agob.

àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aV AgVmZm H$moUVohr ~mbH$ H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMr ’$s qH$dm BVa ewëH$ XoÊ¶mg O~m~Xma AgUma Zmhr.

H$mhr H$maUm§‘wio qH$dm CÀM H$maUm§‘wio Oa EImÚm dfm© nwT>o ‘wbm-‘wbtZm Amnbo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aVm Ambo Zmhr Va Ë¶m ‘wbm ‘wbtZm d¶mo‘mZmà‘mUo {Vbm Ë¶mÀ¶m nwT>rb dJm©V {eH$Ê¶mMr gmo¶ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmB©b.

Á¶m emioV ‘wbm - ‘wbrbm XmIb Ho$bobo Agob Ë¶m emioV Oa àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aÊ¶mMr gmo¶ Zgob Va ~mbH$mbm àmW{‘H$ emioMr gmo¶ Agboë¶m Xþgè¶m emioV ~Xbr H$ê$Z KoVm ¶oB©b. {ejH$mZo Zì¶mZo âVr Pmboë¶m ‘wbm ‘wbtZm gd©VmonarZo ‘XV H$aÊ¶mV gÁO Agbo nm{hOo.

Oa H$mhr H$maUmZo ‘wbmbm - ‘wbrbm Oa EH$m emioVyZ Xþgè¶m Ë¶mM amÁ¶mVrb qH$dm ~mhoarb emioV ~Xbr hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mg Ë¶m ~mbH$mbm Amnë¶m BÀN>oà‘mUo

OJÊ¶mMm h³H$

Amamo½¶ g§JmonZ h³H$

amï>r¶ËdmMm h³H$

OrdZnmofH$ ‘yë¶o h³H$

[ejUmMm h³H$

{nidUwH$snmgyZ g§ajUmMm h³H$

A{dîH$mamMm h³H$

Xþb©{jVVonmgyZ g§ajUmMm h³H$

nmb§H$m§~amo~a amhÊ¶mMm h³H$

‘m{hVrMm h³H$

~m

b

H$m§

Mo

h

³H$



Notes

hì¶m Ë¶m emioV ~Xbr H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mMm h³H$ amhrb. {ejH$ åhUyZ, ‘wbmÀ¶m ¶m à¶ËZm§V AmnU ‘XV H$ê$ eHy$.

emioMm ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$mH$Sy>Z qH$dm emioMm à‘wImH$Sy>Z ‘wbmMo ~XbrMo à‘mUnÌ H$mT>Uo Ano{jV Amho à‘mUnÌ H$mT>Ê¶mV {Xa§JmB© Pmë¶mg g§~§{YV à‘wImda godmeVuà‘mUo {eñV §JmMr H$madmB© hmoD$ eH$Vo.

H$moUË¶mhr ~mbH$mda d¶mMm XmIbm Zgë¶mZo emim àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr. Amnë¶mbm ({ejH$) e³¶ Agë¶mg Ago d¶mMo à‘mUnÌ {‘idyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU ‘wbmbm ‘XV H$ê$ eH$Vmo, ^{dî¶mVhr Ë¶mbm Vo Cn¶w³V H$ê$ eHo$b.

emim àdoe KoÊ¶mÀ¶m A§{V‘ VmaIoZ§Vahr H$moUmhr ~mbH$mbm emim àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr. {ejH$ åhUyZ Aí¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z Ë¶mda àdoe {‘idyZ XoUo ho Amnbo H$V©ì¶ amhrb.

àdoe KoVboë¶m H$moUË¶mhr ~mbH$mMm H$moUË¶mhr dJm©Vrb àdoe amoIyZ Yabm OmUma Zmhr VgoM Ë¶mMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© Pmë¶m{edmm¶ Ë¶mbm emioVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bo OmUma Zmhr.

Amnë¶mH$Sy>Z H$moUË¶mhr ~mbH$mMm emar[aH [aË¶m qH$dm ‘mZ{gH$ N>i hmoUma Zmhr ¶mMr XjVm KoVbr nm{hOo.

CnH«$‘ - 3

Imbrb Z‘yX Ho$bobo ~mbH$m§À¶m h³H$m§Mm H$miOrnyd©H$ Aä¶mg H$am. Vw‘À¶m {ZarjUmda AmYmarV R>adm qH$dm ¶mn¡H$s Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV / emioV / dJm©V H$moUVo A{YH$mma h³H$m§Mo AZwH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

............................................................................................................................. .

..............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. .

‘~mbH$m§Mo h³H$ Cëb§KZ’ ¶mMr H$maUo Z‘yX H$am.

..............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. .

..............................................................................................................................

Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV ~mbH$m§À¶m Á¶m h³H$m§Mo Cëb§KZ hmoVo. Ë¶mMr ¶mXr H$am.

..............................................................................................................................

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..............................................................................................................................



Notes

OoWo ~mbH$m§À¶m h³H$m§Mo C„§KZ hmoVo Aí¶m Imbrb {R>H$mUm§Zm oQ>r Úm. (CnhmaJ¥ho, XþH$mZo ¶oVo, ~mOma noR>m B.) Aí¶m {R>H$mUr H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ~mbH$m§Mr MMm© H$ê$Z {ZarjU Zm|X d bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o ~mbH$m§À¶m h³H$m§~m~V OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U H$aUmè¶m H$m¶©H«$‘mMo Am¶moOZ H$am.

............................................................................................................................. .

..............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. .

~mbH$m§Mo h³H$ ¶m {df¶mda nWZmQ>çmMr g§{hVm V¶ma H$am Vw‘À¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªZm KoD$Z Ë¶m§Mo gmXarH$aU H$am.

............................................................................................................................. .

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............................................................................................................................. .

3.3 {ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m

emim gwa{iVnUo MmbdÊ¶mV {ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. ho Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AgobM. ‘Ogm {ejH$ Ver emim’ ¶mMr Om{Ud Vwåhmbm AgobM. {ejUmMm h³H$ H$m¶ÚmA§VJ©V {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho.

Vw‘À¶m embo¶ CnpñWVrV {Z¶{‘VVm Am{U d³V{eanUm amIbm nm{hOo.

àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mÀ¶m AÜ¶¶Z j‘VoMo ‘yë‘mnZ H$aUo Am{U àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mÀ¶m JaOoà‘mUo Ë¶mMm AÜ¶¶ZmMr g§Yr XoUo ho Vw‘Mo H$V©ì¶ Agob.

àË¶oH$ ~mbH$m§À¶m nmbH$m§À¶m {Z¶{‘V oQ>r (~¡R>H$) Am¶mo{OV Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV Am{U ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§À¶m nmbH$m§Mr H$m‘{JarMo Am{U àJVrMo {M{H$ËgH$ {díbofU Ho$bo nm{hOo.

EH$m {ejH$ åhUyZ ‘wbm§Zm gd© àH$maMr ^rVr, ‘mZ{gH$ AmKmV, H$miOr ¶m§nmgyZ ‘w³VVm H$er {‘iob Aí¶m àH$maMo dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gd©àH$maMr ‘XV H$aUo hr Vw‘Mr O~m~Xmar amhrb ‘wbm§À¶m embo¶ àJVrMo g‘J« Am{U gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$miOrnyd©H$ A§‘b~OmdUr Pmbr nm{hOo. ‘wbm§Mo gmb, j‘Vm, ~w{Õ‘Îmm dmT>rgmR>r VgoM ‘wbm-‘wbtMr emar[aH$ Am{U ‘mZ{gH$ j‘Vm {dH$mgmgmR>r AmnU gdm©Wm©Zo à¶ËZ H$am¶bm hdoV WmoS>³¶mV ‘wbm§À¶m g§nyU© ì¶p³V‘ÎdmÀ¶m {dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar Vw‘À¶mH$Sy>Z Ano{jV Amho.

Vwåhr H$V©ì¶ ~OmdVmZm H$mhr Xmof qH$dm AS>MUr Pmë¶mV {eñV §JmÀ¶m H$madmB©g Vwåhmbm gm‘moao Omdo bmJob.

da Z‘yX Ho$bobr gd© H$V©ì¶ Ho$di nma nmS>ë¶mZo {ejUmÀ¶m h³H$ H$m¶ÚmMr CpX²Xï>o gmÜ¶ hmoUma ZmhrV. ¶mCbQ> Vwåhr, {ejUmMm h³H$ H$m¶ÚmMo Iao nwañH V} ìhm¶bm hdoV Am{U ¶m {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m VaVwXtMr à« mdrnU o A‘b~mOmdUr H$er hmoB©b ¶mgmR>r g{H«$¶ Agbo nm{hOoV. 100% gmjaVoMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr gdm}ËH¥$ï> godm {ejH$ ¶m ZmË¶mZo amï´>mbm godm {Xbr nm{hOo.



Notes

AmH¥$Vr 3 : {ejH$mMr H$V©ì¶o

CnH«$‘ - 4

1. Vwåhr {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 2009 A§VJ©V Z‘yX Ho$bobr {ejH$mMr H$V©ì¶o Aä¶mgbrV Vw‘À¶m ‘Vmà‘mUo {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mn¡H$s H$moUVr H$V©ì¶ o ñdrH$mabr Jobr nm{hOoV? Z‘yX H$am.

3.4 embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ

Vwåhr H$YrM embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmMo ‘hÎd {dgaVm H$m‘m Z¶o. Oa embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ C{MV Zgob Va {ejU H$m¶ÚmMo Ano{jV C{Ôï> JmR>Vm ¶oUma Zmhr. ì¶dñWm d embo¶ H$ma^ma MmoI R>odÊ¶mgmR>r {ejU H$m¶ÚmV AZoH$ VaVwXr H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV e¡j{UH$ H$m¶ÚmV Ago ñnï>nUo Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Amho H$s, {ejUmÀ¶m n[aUm‘H$maH$ A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r H$moUVrhr emim gwê$ H$aVm H$m‘m Z¶o qH$dm {Vbm nadmZJr {‘iVm H$m‘m Z¶o Omo n¶ªV H$moUVrhr emim {ejU H$m¶ÚmV Z‘yX Ho$bobo gd© {Z¶moOZ Am{U ‘mZHo$ nyU© H$aV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV ¶mMmM AW© emioOdi Amdí¶H$ nm¶m yV gw{dYm Am{U e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm Agë¶mM nm{hOo. AmB© hr ‘wbm§Mr n{hbr Jwê$ AgVo, ¶m C³VrMm AmYma KoD$Z embo¶ ì¶dñWmnH$s¶

{Z¶{‘VVm Am{U d³VeranUm

‘wbm‘wbtZr (emoYyZ) AmoiIyZ {Vbm - Ë¶mbm ¶mo½¶ dJm©V XmIb H$ê$Z KoVbo nm{hOo.

‘wbm‘wbtMr gO©ZerbVm Am{U BVa j‘Vm§Mr AmoiI d g§dY©Z Ho$bo nm{hOo.

nmbH$m§Zm ‘wbm§Mo Zmd emioV XmIb H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r àd¥Îm Ho$bo Jobo nm{hOo.

‘wbm-‘wbtZm {ejU nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo nm{hOo.

Zo‘yZ {Xboë¶m H$mbmdYrV Aä¶mgH«$‘ nyU© Ho$bm nm{hOo.

{deof JaOm Agboë¶m ‘wbm§H$S>o {deof bj {Xbo nm{hOo.

‘wbm-‘wbtZm gd© àH$maÀ¶m gmo¶r gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m nm{hOoV.

~mbH$m§À¶m h³H$m§Mo g§ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo.

{ejUmÀ¶m h³H$mÀ¶m à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r A{YH$mè¶m§er g‘Ýd¶

àñWm{nV Ho$bm nm{hOo.

{e

j

H$m

Mr

H$

V©

ì¶o embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZmV gh^mJ KoVbm nm{hOo.

àoaH$ gëbmJma åhUyZ H$m‘ H$ê$Z CnbãY gmYZ gm‘wJ«rMm

H$m¶©j‘nUo dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo.

gm‘m{OH$ ~XbmMo XÿV åhUyZ H$m‘ Ho$bo nm{hOo.



Notes

g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o OdiOdi 50% ‘{hbm Agmì¶mV Am{U OmñVrV OmñV H$m¶m©H«$‘mV H$‘©Mmar Am{U BVa gXñ¶ ho {deof nmbH$mVrb AgVrb Aer àe§gH$s¶ VaVyX ¶m H$m¶ÚmÛmao H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Agob ì¶dñWmnH$s¶ g{‘VrZo Imbrb H$m‘o H$aUo Ano{jV AmhoV.

embo¶ H$m‘H$mOmMo {ZarjU H$aUo

embo¶ {dH$mg AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aUo Am{U gwM{dUo

{d{dY ‘mJm©Zo {‘imbobr AZwXmZmda bj R>odUo

{ejU H$m¶ÚmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mMo Ü¶o¶ gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo.

embo¶ H$ma^ma MmoI R>odÊ¶m‘Ü¶o Vw‘Mr ‘XV Ano{jV Amho. {ejH$ Am{U embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZmMr g§¶w³V O~m~Xmar Aer am{hb H$s gd© nmÌ ‘wbm‘wbtMo d embo¶ nQ>mda XmIb H$aUo Am{U Ë¶m§Mo embo¶ {ejU nyU© hmoB©n¶ªV Ë¶m§Mr embo¶ CnpñWVr {Z¶{‘V amhrb ho nmhmdo. CnpñWVrVrb A{Z¶{‘VVm Am{U emimJiVr amoIUo ho {ejH$mnwT>o AmìhmZ Agob nU ghO ‘wbm§Zm d nmbH$m§Zm ào[aV H$ê$Z Vwåhr Ë¶mda ghO ‘mV H$ê$ eH$mb.

3.5 Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U AË¶mdí¶H$, gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m nmVirdarb Aä¶mgH«$‘mÀ¶m Ûmao ‘wbm§Mr {H$‘mZ ‘yb yV H$m¡eë¶o Am{U Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH${gV H$aUo Aer Anojm Amho. Aä¶mgH«$‘ ~mbH$H|$Ðr Am{U ‘wbm§À¶m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmer g§~§{YV Agob {d{dY g‘VoÀ¶m ‘wbm§À¶m JaOm Am{U BVa Amdí¶H$ Jmoï>tZm gm‘mdyZ KoUmam nwaogm bd{MH$ Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$ JaOm§er {ZJS>rV Agm Aä¶mgH«$‘ Agmdm {deof ‘wbm§À¶m JaOm, Anojm nyU© H$aÊ¶m BVnV Vmo gd© g‘mdoeH$ Am{U bd{MH$ Agmdm Aer Anojm Amho. e¡j{UH$ H$m¶ÚmVyZ ì¶³V hmoUmè¶m ‘wë¶m§er Vmo {ZJS>rV Agob Aem VèhoZo Ë¶mMr AmIUr H$aÊ¶mV ¶mdr. ¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ‘wbm§Mo kmZ, j‘Vm Am{U ~w{ÕMo g§dY©Z hm oD$ eHo$b BVnV Vmo Cn¶w³V Agmdm. hm Aä¶mgH«$‘ {d{dY CnH«$‘mÛmao AÜ¶¶Z H$aUo ¶m§Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmam Agmdm. {H$ Á¶mV AZoH$ Ioi, {H«$S>m Am{U Aä¶mgnyaH$ CnH«$‘m§Zm dmd Agob, ¶m ~m~V Vwåhr gh‘V AgmbM.

‘wbm§Mo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© hmoB©n¶ªV H$moUË¶mhr ñdê$nmMr ~mø narjm AgVm H$m‘m Z¶o. gd© ‘wbm§Zm daÀ¶m dJm©V KmVbo OmB©b, ‘mÌ ¶mMm AW© Agm Zìho H$s ‘wë¶‘mnZmÀ¶m KQ>H$mH$S>o Xþb©j hmoB©b. gd© g‘mdoeH$ Am{U gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ ¶moOZm A§‘bmV AmUbr OmB©b. {ejH$ åhUyZ {ejH$mMr JwUdÎmm amIÊ¶m‘Ü¶o Vwåhmbm IynM H$miOr ¿¶mdr bmJob. Oar VoWo CÎmrU© hmoUo qH$dm AZwVrU© hmoUo AmYr ì¶dñWm Zgbr Vr H$moUË¶mhr n[apñWVrV àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm XOm© {Q>Hy$Z amhrb ¶mMr H$miOr KoVbr Jobr nm{hOo. Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV Amho H$s, {ejUmMo C{Ôï> ‘wbm§Mm gdmªJrU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo ho Amho Ë¶m ‘wbm§À¶m kmZ j‘Vm Am{U ~wÕj‘Îmm ¶m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo hr {ejH$ åhUyZ Amnbr O~m~Xmar Agob ¶mo½¶ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U OrdZ{df¶H$ gH$mamË‘H$ ‘yë¶o ‘wbm§À¶m ‘Zmda q~~dÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU ¶mo½¶ Vr H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo. AmnU AÜ¶mnZmÛmao {d{dY H$m¡eë¶o, CnH«$‘mÛmao AÜ¶¶Z Am{U {OkmgoMm emoY B. Jmoï>tMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm nm{hOo. AmnU Amnë¶m nmVirda ‘wbm§À¶m gdm}ƒ nmVirdarb emar[aH$ ‘mZ{gH$ j‘Vm§Mm {dH$mg hmoB©b Aí¶m nÕVrZo à¶ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.



Notes

CnH«$‘ - 5

i. Vw‘À¶m ^mJmVrb àmW{‘H$ emiobm oQ> XoD$Z, VoWo H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m bmoH$m§er gg§dmX gmYm {ZarjUmVyZ Imbrb H$m¶m©Mr Zm|X R>odm.

ii. n«mW{‘H$ {ejUmMo CpX²Xï> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVo à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo?

iii. ‘wbm§À¶m àJVrMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m àM{bV nÕVr~m~V AmnU gh‘V AmhmV H$m? Vw‘Mo ‘V Zm|Xdm.

iv. gd©g‘mdoeH$ Am{U gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ nÕVr ‘wbm§À¶m àJVrMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶w³V R>aob Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m? Vw‘À¶m à{V{H«$¶m Zm|Xdm.

3.6 {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmMo {Z¶‘

AmnU {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 2009 À¶m VaVwXtMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r H$mhr {Z¶‘m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Oo ~mbH$m§Mo h³H$ ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejU {df¶H$ {Z¶‘, 2009 ¶m ZmdmZo n[a{MV AmhoV àË¶oH$ amÁ¶mZwgma ¶m {Z¶‘m§‘Ü¶o H$mhr à‘mUmV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo ¶m BWo AmnU ~mbH$m§Mo ‘mo’$V Am{U g³VrMo {ejU {df¶H$ H$mhr {Z¶‘m§Mm Aä¶mg H$ê$. {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 2009 A§VJ©V {Z¶‘ AmR> ^mJm§‘Ü¶o {d^mJÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. ¶m 2009 {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m à^mdr H$m¶©dmhrgmR>r H$mhr AmXe© {Z¶‘ ~Z{dÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. Oo {Z¶‘ EH$ ì¶mnH$ Mm¡H$Q> CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV {H$ OoUoH$ê$Z {d{dY amÁ¶m§Zm Amnmnë¶m amÁ¶mV ¶m {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmMr à^mdr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aVm ¶oB©b. ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶m§Zr ¶mMr ImÌr Ho$br nm{hOo {H$ [ejUmMm H$m¶Xm {Z¶‘m§‘Ü¶o gd© àH$maÀ¶m VH«$ma {ZdmaU n¡by§Mm g‘mdoe Agob. {H$ Á¶m‘Ü¶o VH«$ma XmI H$aUo, VH«$ma XmIb H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r {d{eï> A{YH$mè¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ Am{U VH«$ma {ZdmaUmgmR>r {ZpíMV H$mb‘¶m©Xm B. VaVwXrMr H$mOr àË¶oH$ amÁ¶mZo KoVbr nm{hOo. gÚ:pñWVrVrM {ejU H$m¶ÚmMo AmXe© {Z¶‘mdbr hr nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho.

{deof ‘wbm§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m g‘d¶ñH$ ‘wbm§À¶m AÜ¶¶Z nmVirda AmUÊ¶mgmR>r {deof à{ejU d nÕVtMm Adb§~.

AmgnmgÀ¶m emim§À¶m ‘¶m©Xm bjmV KoUo.

gd© àH$maÀ¶m ‘wbm§Mo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emim§‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm H$aUo ‘wbm§gmR>r dmhVwH$sMr gmo¶ H$aUo, ‘wbm§À¶m amhÊ¶mMr gmo¶ H$aUo, {Xì¶m§J ‘wbm§Zm gd© àH$maMo AÜ¶¶ZmgmR>r ghmæ¶ H$aUo B. H$V©ì¶o nma nmS>Uo hr amÁ¶emgZ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mè¶m§Mr O~m~Xmar amhrb.

ñWm{ZH$ n[agamVrb ‘wbm§Mo aoH$m°S>© R>odÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVr Am{U Vnerb AÚ¶mdV amIUo.

Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ‘mJmg Am{U d§{MV JQ>mVrb dJm©À¶m ‘wbm§Mo embo¶ nQ>mda Zmd XmIb H$ê$Z KoUo Am{U dJm©Vrb Ë¶m§À¶m Am§Vaa{H«$¶m ì¶dpñWV amhVrb ho nmhÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar emim Am{U {ejH$m§Mr amhrb.

àË¶oH$ ‘wbmÀ¶m d¶mÀ¶m nwamì¶mMm XñVmEodO R>odUo Amdí¶H$ amhrb.

{ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m AmXoemÝd¶o, amÁ¶ emgZ qH$dm BVa ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mè¶m§ì¶{V[a³V ñWmnZ Pmboë¶m ImOJr ‘mbH$sÀ¶m Am{U ImOJr {Z¶§ÌU Agboë¶m emim§Zr {ejUmÀ¶m



Notes

H$m¶ÚmÛmao emim ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm àmßV H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vr AO© H$aÊ¶mMr nÕV Adb§{~br nm{hOo.

{ejU H$m¶Úm A§VJ©V VaVwXr Am{U nÕVtMm Adb§~ Z H$aUmè¶m emim§Mr nadmZJr / ‘mÝ¶Vm H$mTy>Z KoVm ¶oB©b embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMr aMZm d H$m¶© nañnanyaH$ Agob.

embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrÛma o embo¶ {dH$mgmMm AmamIS>m V¶ma Ho$bm OmB©b d Ë¶mda {Z¶§ÌU R>odbo OmB©b

{ejH$m§À¶m nmÌVoMo {ZH$f {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVrb.

3.6.1 àmW{‘H$

¶m àmW{‘H$ {d^mJmÛmao {eUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmMo VrZ ‘hÎdmMo g§H$ënZm (eãX) gm§{JVbo AmhoV. (A) ‘H$m¶Xm’ åhUOo ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo {ejU, KoÊ¶mMm ~mbH$mMm h³H$ H$m¶Xm 2009.

(~) ‘A§JUdmS>r’ ^maVgaH$maÀ¶m ‘{hbm d ~mb{dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶mÀ¶m ¶moOZo A§VJ©V EH$mpË‘H$ ~mb{dH$mg ¶moOZo A§VJV A§JUdmS>r H|$Ð ñWmnZ H$aUo. (H$) ‘{Z¶w³Vr VmarI’ åhUOo Á¶m VmaIonmgyZ {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmMr A§‘b~OmdUr gaH$mar n[anÌH$mZwgma Pmbr Vr VmarI hmo¶. (S>) ‘àH$aU’, ‘^mJ’ Am{U ‘n[a{eï>’ åhUOo H$m¶ÚmVrb à‘wI qH$dm ^mJ qH$dm n[a{eîQ>ç hmo¶. (B) ‘~mbH$’ åhUOo 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb H$moUVohr ‘yb (’$) ‘{dÚmÏ¶mªMr EH${ÌV Zm|XUr’ åhUOo gd©g‘mdoeH$ Am{U gmVË¶nyU© nÕVrZo Ho$boë¶m

‘yë¶‘mnZmda AmYm[aV ‘wbm§À¶m àJVrMr Zm|X hmo¶. (J) ‘embo¶ ZH$mem Zm|X’ åhUOo gm‘m{OH$ AS>r AS>MUr d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Vamda ‘mV

H$aÊ¶mgmR>r emioMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMV H$aUmar ¶moOZm hmo¶.

3.6.2 ‘mo’$V dm g³VrMo {ejU KoÊ¶mMm ~mbH$m§Mm h¸$

{deof à{ejU : Oa ‘wbm§Mm Ceram emim àdoe Pmbm Agob Ë¶m§À¶mgmR>rM {deof {Z¶w³V Ho$boë¶m {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z {deof à{ejU {Xbo OmB©b. BVa ‘wbm§À¶m ~amo~arZo embo¶ d ^md{ZH$ gmhM¶© {Z‘m©U H$aUo hm ¶m {deof à{ejUmMm hoVy Agob. à{ejU H$mbmdYr VrZ ‘{hÝ¶mMm Agob Oo {dÚmWu AÜ¶¶ZmV ‘mJo amhVrb Ë¶m§Zm ‘Xa H$aUo ho {ejH$ åhUyZ Amnbo H$V©ì¶ amhrb.

go³eZ 4 A§VJ©V {deof à{ejUmÀ¶m VaVwXtMm hoVy

embo¶ g{‘Vr qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mè¶m§H$Sy>Z {deof ‘wbo {ZdS>br OmVrb H$s Á¶m§À¶mgmR>r {deof à{ejU Am¶mo{OV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b.

Jm^ 29 (1) Ûmao {ejU V§Ìm§Zr {ZX}{eV Ho$bobo {deof à{ejU ho {d{eï> àH$mao V¶ma Ho$bobo, d ‘mZwgma AÜ¶¶Z gm{hË¶mMm dmna Ho$bo Jobobo Agob. emim joÌmVrb gd© dJm©‘YyZ ho à{ejU {Xbo OmB©b qH$dm gwa{jV {Zdmgr g§Hw$bmVrb dJm©V hr gmo¶ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV ¶oB©b. emioVrb {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z hr gmo¶ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV ¶oB©b qH$dm ¶mM H$m‘mgmR>r {deof {Z¶w³V Ho$boë¶m {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z ¶m à{ejUmMm H$mbmdYr gmYmaUV: VrZ ‘{hÝ¶mMm Agob qH$dm Vmo dmT>{dVm ¶oB©b. ¶m‘Ü¶o {dÚmÏ¶mªMo {Z¶{‘V nÕVrZo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Ho$bo OmB©b. XmoZ dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mi KoVbm OmUma Zmhr. {deof à{ejUmZ§Va Vmo {dÚmWu



Notes

Ë¶mÀ¶m d¶mZwgma ¶mo½¶ dJm©V XmIb H$ê$Z KoVbm OmB©b, Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o dJ©{ejH$mH$Sy>Z {deof bj nwadbo OmB©b H$s OoUo H$ê$Z Vmo Ë¶mMm dJm©Vrb BVa {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ~amo~arZo e¡j{UH$ ^md{ZH$ {dH$mg ¶eñdr[aË¶m gmYbm OmB©b.

3.6.3 amÁ¶emgZmÀ¶m O~m~Xmè¶m

AmH¥$Vr 4 : amÁ¶emgZmÀ¶m O~m~Xmè¶m

ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mar : n{hbr Vo Mm¡Wrn¶ªV ‘wbm-‘wbtgmR>r Ë¶m§À¶m amhÊ¶mÀ¶m {R>H$mUmnmgyZ 1 {H$.‘r. À¶m A§Vamda d ghmdr Vo AmR>drÀ¶m ‘wbm‘wbtgmR>r 3 {H$.‘r. À¶m MmbÊ¶mÀ¶m A§Vamn¶ªV emim CKS>mdr ho amÁ¶emgZmMo H$V©ì¶ amhrb. Oa EImÚm {R>H$mUr AmYrnmgyZM emim CKS>boë¶m AgVrb Va JaOoZwgma Amdí¶H$ Vo dJ© CKSy>Z Vo emiobm OmoS>Ê¶mV ¶oVrb. Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Agob H$s Amnë¶m XoemV JaOm{Y{ð>V àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo Omio AZoH$ amÁ¶mVyZ {dH${gV H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo Zmhr. JaOoZwgma {dÚmÏ¶mªgmR>r dmhVwH$sMr gmo¶ H$aUo qH$dm {ZdmgmMr gmo¶ H$aUo ho g§~§{YV amÁ¶mMo H$V©ì¶ amhrb. ¶mg§X^m©V H$mhr amÁ¶m§Zr {ZpíMVM àeg§Vr¶ H$m‘{Jar ~Omdbr Amho, Ë¶mMo H$m¡VwH$ Pmbo nm{hOo. H$mhr amÁ¶m§V {dÚmWuZtMm ‘mo’$V dmhVwH$sMo nmgog XoÊ¶mV Ambo Amho Va H$mhr amÁ¶mV ‘wbtZm XÿaÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m emioV OmÊ¶mgmR>r gm¶H$br XoÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV, ¶m‘wio ‘wbr emioV OmD$ eH$V AmhoV. bmoH$dñVrÀ¶m OdiM emim CKS>Ê¶mgmR>r amÁ¶emgZ d ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mar Ë¶m {R>H$mUmMo VoWrb gd© àH$maÀ¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m {deof JaOm AmoiI yZ embo¶ ZH$mem‘mnZ R>a{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$aV AmhoV.

3.6.4 XñVEodOm§Mr XoI^mb

embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr {VÀ¶m A{YH$ma joÌmV ¶oUmè¶m gd© ‘wbm§Mo KamoKar OmD$Z gd}jUmÛmao Ë¶m§À¶m OÝ‘nmgyZ 14 dfm©n¶ªVMr ‘m{hVrMo XñVEodO V¶ma H$aob, Xadfu AÚ¶mdV amIob VgoM Ë¶m§Mr XoI^mb KoB©b. ¶oWo {ejH$ åhUyZ Amnbr y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. EImXo ‘yb

{ejU H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m VaVwXtZr A§‘b ~OmdUrMr VaVyX

H$aÊ¶mV Ambr

{ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 2009

A§VJ©V H|$Ð d amÁ¶ gaH$madarb n[aUm‘

emim àdoe CnpñWVr Am{U àmW{‘H$ {ejUnyd© H$aÊ¶mMr ImÌr {‘imbr.

àmW{‘H$ {ejU XoÊ¶mMr g§¶w³V O~m~Xmar H|$Ð d

amÁ¶mda KmbÊ¶mV Ambr.

^m§S>db Am{U dma§dma hmoUmè¶m IMm©gmR>r

VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

gdmªZm gmaIr dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmÊ¶mMr ImÌr

{‘imbr. gd© àH$maÀ¶m gmo¶r gw{dYm {‘iÊ¶mMr ImÌr

{‘imbr.

Mm§Jë¶m XOm©À¶m JwUdÎmoÀ¶m {ejUmMr

ImÌr {‘imbr.

{ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU gmo¶rMr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV

Ambr



Notes

{ejUmÀ¶m h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV ahmV Agob qH$dm emar[aH$ ‘mZ{gH$ N>imnmoQ>r emioV àdoe hmoD$ eH$V Zgob Va {ejH$ ¶m ZmË¶mZo hr Jmoï> embo¶ g{‘VrÀ¶m bjmV AmUyZ XoUo JaOoMo Amho. ¶m~m~V AmnU A{Ve¶ Xj Agbo nm{hOo. AmnU ‘wbm§À¶m JaOm AmoiIyZ Ë¶mZwgma ¶moOZm AmIUo Am{U {ejU H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m VaVwXtMr ¶mo½¶ àH$mao A§‘b~OmdUr hmoV Amho H$s Zmhr, ho nmhUo Oê$arMo Amho.

emioVrb ‘Ü¶mÞ Amhma ¶moOZoMr A§‘b~OmdUr ì¶dpñWV hmoV Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMr Amho. AZoH$ amÁ¶mVrb emim§‘YyZ ‘Ü¶mÞ Amhma ¶moOZm Mmby Amho ho AmnUmg R>mD$H$ AgobM, ‘Ü¶mÞ Amhma ¶moOZoVrb J¡aàH$ma AZoH$Xm AmnU dmMVmo. åhUyZM ¶m ¶moOZoVrb J¡aàH$mam§da Amnë¶m nmVirda {Z¶§ÌU R>odUo ho Amnbo H$V©ì¶ Amho. ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr embo¶ {dH$mgmMr VrZ dfm©Mr ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aob. ¶m‘Ü¶o Amdí¶H$ nm¶m yV gmo¶rgwd{Ym ‘mZdr gmYZg§nÎmrMr JaO CXm. ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$, {ejH$, A{V[a³V Am{W©H$ {ZH$S>rMr VaVyX B. Mm g‘mdoe Agob. ì¶dñWmnH$s¶ g{‘Vrbm Aem ¶moOZm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV AmnU ‘XV H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

3.6.5 emim Am{U {ejH$m§À¶m O~m~Xmè¶m

amÁ¶emgZmMo {Z¶§ÌU d ‘mÝ¶Vm Agboë¶m emioZo {ejU H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r ‘XV Ho$br nm{hOo. AmnU ho {dgaVm H$m‘m Z¶o H$s H$moUVrhr emim EH$ ì¶³Vr, g§ñWm, ì¶³VtMm JQ> qH$dm BVa ì¶³VtZm bm^ {‘imdm åhUyZ Mmbdbr OmV Zmhr. {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmVrb VaVwXtMr n[aUm‘H$maH$nUo A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶m‘Ü¶o {Oëhm {ejU A{YH$mè¶mMr y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr R>aVo. Vmo {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmMm g§ajH$ åhUyZ H$m‘ nhmV AgVmo. Ë¶mÀ¶m

gyMZm§Zwgma emim§Mm H$ma^ma MmbVmo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUm‘Ü¶o {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m ‘Ü¶dVu AgVo. H$maU {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrV {ejH$ hmM ‘w»¶ ‘mZdr g§gmYZ AgVmo.

AmnU Am{U emioZo Oa Amnë¶mbm Zo‘yZ {Xboë¶m O~m~Xmè¶m§Mo ¶mo½¶ àH$mao nmbZ Ho$bo Zmhr Va Amnë¶m emioMr ‘mÝ¶Vm aÔ hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Amho. Amnë¶m H$m¶©joÌmVrb gd© nmÌ ‘wbm§Zm AmoiIUo d Ë¶m§Mr Zm|X KoUo, VgoM AmgnmgÀ¶m emim emoYUo Ë¶m emim ‘wbm§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hr ¶m H$m¶ÚmMr JaO Amho.

3.6.6 embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr

ì¶dñWmnZ hm {ejU à{H«$¶oVrb ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. gd© ‘wbm§Zm àmW{‘H$ {ejU Úm¶Mo Agbo Va emiobm Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao ì¶dñWm{nV H$amdo bmJVo. {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m VaVwXrZwgma embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘Vr‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§À¶m nmbH$m§ì¶{V[a³V bmoH$ AgVrb, Ë¶m§Mr g§»¶m 75% BVH$s Agob. ¶m g{‘VrMr ‘hÎdmMr H$m‘o nwT>rbà‘mUo gm§JVm ¶oVrb.

{ejH$m§Zm {~Ja e¡j{UH$ O~m~Xmè¶m§Mo AmoPo nS>Uma Zmhr ¶mda {Z¶§ÌU R>odUo. (OZJUZm Am{U {ZdS>UyH$ H$m¶© dJiVm.)

Zoh‘rÀ¶m O~m~Xmè¶m§~amo~aM {ejH$mZo ‘wbm§À¶m àJVrÀ¶m EH${ÌV XñVEodOmMr ’$mB©b H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. Á¶mMm AmYma KoD$Z Ë¶mZo {d{eï> dfu nyU© Ho$boë¶m H$mog©~Ôb Ë¶mbm àeñVrnÌH$ ~jrg ê$nmZo XoVm ¶oB©b. AmnU {ejH$m§Zr {d{dY à{ejU H$m¶©H«$‘mV gh^mJ KoUo, Aä¶mgH«$‘ V¶ma H$aUo, à{ejUmMm Z‘wZm V¶ma H$aUo Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$mMm {dH$mg H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.



Notes

{ejH$m§gmR>r VH«$ma {ZdmaU ¶§ÌUm Agob. amÁ¶ emgZ amÁ¶ {Oëhm d JQ> nmVirda embo¶ Ý¶m¶m{YH$aUmMr ñWmnZm H$aob.

amÁ¶ qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mar {dÚmWu {ejH$ ¶mV ¶mo½¶ JwUmoÎmamMo à‘mU amIdVrb.

CnH«$‘ - 6

i. embo¶ H$ma^ma Am{U ì¶dñWmnZm‘Ü¶o {ejH$ g{H«$¶ gh^mJ H$í¶m àH$mao KoB©b, ¶m ~m~VMo Vw‘Mo ‘V Zm|Xdm. .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................

ii. Vwåhr embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZ g{‘VrMr H$m‘o Aä¶mgbr ¶mì¶{V[a³V AmUIr H$moUVr H$m‘o Vwåhr gwMdy eH$Vm? .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. . ......................................................................................................... .....................

3.6.7 [ejH$

g§~§{YV amÁ¶mÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ A{YH$mè¶mH$Sy>Z {ejH$m§Mr nmÌVm Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. ¶m A{YH$mè¶m§Zr {ejH$mMr gm§{JVbobr {H$‘mZ nmÌVm gd© amÁ¶m§gmR>r bmJy hmoVo. OoWo àmW{‘H$ {ejH$m§Mr CUrd Amho Aem amÁ¶mV, {ejH$ Zo‘VmZm Ë¶m§À¶m nmÌVog§~§Yr H$mhr {e{WbVm ñdrH$mabr OmVo. na§Vw {ejH$mZo {H$‘mZ nmÌVm YmaU Ho$bobr Agmdr H$s Or Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU {d^mJmZo gwM{dbobr Amho. ¶m~Ôb Xþ‘V Zmhr.

CnH«$‘ - 7

H$moUË¶mhr àg§Jr {ejH$ nmÌVoVrb {e{WbVm hr g§km Vwåhmbm ‘mÝ¶ Amho H$m? H$maU o Úm. Am{U CÎmamMo g‘W©Z H$am.

3.6.8 àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm Aä¶mgH«$‘ Am{U nyV©Vm

amÁ¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU n[afXoÀ¶m amÁ¶ gaH$ma e¡j{UH$ A{YH$mar åhUyZ gy{MV H$aVo. ¶m g§ñWoZo Aä¶mgH«$‘ nmR>çnwñVHo$ d BVa e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ V¶ma H$aUo Ano{jV AgVo. hr g§ñWm godm§VJ©V à{ejU H$m¶©H«$‘mMo {Z¶moOZ d Am¶moOZ H$aVo. VgoM nmR>çH«$‘mMr A§‘b~OmdUr d gmVË¶nyU© d gd©g‘mdoeH$ ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© Ho$ë¶mMo à‘mUnÌ ho EH$ ‘m{hÝ¶mÀ¶mAmV emim JQ>nmVir / {Oëhm nmVirda Omhra H$amdo bmJVo.



Notes

àmW{‘H$ {ejU ¶eñdr[aË¶m nyU© Ho$ë¶mMo à‘mUnÌ Ago à‘m{UV H$aVo H$s ~mbH$mZo ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb gd© Aä¶mgH«$‘ nyU© Ho$bm Amho. ¶m Ûmao {dÚmÏ¶m©Mm EH${ÌV XñVEodO bjmV ¶oVmo. ¶m‘wio ‘wbmZo {d{eï> joÌmV Ho$bobr H$m‘{Jar H$s Or Aä¶mgH«$‘mV gm§{JVbobr Zmhr Vr bjmV ¶oVo. ¶m‘Ü¶o g§JrV, Z¥Ë¶, gm{hË¶, {H«$S>m B. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. {ejH$ åhUyZ Vwåhr gd© àH$maÀ¶m XñVEodO H$miOrnyd©H$ XoI^mb H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. {deofV: ‘wbm§Mo EH${ÌV àJVrMm XñVEodO H$s Omo Vwåhmbm ‘wbmMo EHy$U àJVrMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aVmZm Cn¶w³V hmoD$ eHo$b.

ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mar {dÚmWu {ejH$ ¶mV ¶mo½¶ JwUmoÎmamMo à‘mU amIdVrb.

CnH«$‘ - 8

i. {ejU EH$ ‘yb yV A{YH$ma ¶m g§X^m©V gd© gmYmaU Am{U {deof JaOm AgUmar ‘wbo ¶m§À¶mgmR>r Agboë¶m Aä¶mgH«$‘mMo g‘W©Z H$am. .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................

ii. gÚ:pñWVrVrb embo¶ H$ma^mamÀ¶m H$moUË¶m ‘¶m©Xm Vwåhmbm OmJdVmV? ......................................................................................................... ..................... ............................................................................................................................. . ........................................................................................................... ...................

iii. {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m àJVrÀ¶m ‘yë¶‘mnZmgmR>r gd©g‘mdoeH$ Am{U gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ nÕVrMr JaO ñnï> H$am. ............................................................................................................................. . ..............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................

3.6.9 ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ g§ajU

~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ gwa{jV R>odÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ amÁ¶mV amÁ¶ ~mbH$ h¸$ g§ajU Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$ë¶mMo {XgVo. Oa EImÚm amÁ¶mV ~mbH$ h¸$ Am¶moJmMr ñWmnZm Pmbobr Zgë¶mg amÁ¶ gaH$ma Agm Am¶moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmD$b CMbob. Vmon¶ªV {ejU h¸$ g§ajH$ A{YH$mar h§Jm‘r ñdê$nmV Zo‘bm OmB©b. Agm Am¶moJ [H$dm h§Jm‘r A{YH$mè¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ H$ê$Zhr gd© nmVirda ghH$m¶© d ~m§{YbH$sÀ¶m A^mdm‘wio ~mbH$ h¸$ g§ajUmMo C{Ôï> JmR>bo Jobo Zmhr Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho. åhUyZ àm‘m{UH$nUo H$m‘ H$aUo Am{U {ejU H$m¶Xm 2009 Mo ‘hÎdmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$aUo ho {ejH$ åhUyZ Amnbo AmÚ H$V©ì¶ Amho. h¸$m§Mo àH$ma : ‘wbm§Mo h¸$ {d{dY àH$mao ñnï> H$aÊ¶mV Ambo AmhoV. ZmJar, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ h¸$ BVH$m ‘moR>m Ë¶mMm AmdmH$m Amho. h¸$m§Mo ‘w»¶V: XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. EH$ H$m¶ÚmÛmao Oo ‘yb EH$ ñdV§Ì d ñdm¶Îmm ì¶³Vr Amho Ago ‘mZVmV, Xþgao ‘wbo Xþgè¶m§da Adb§~yZ Agë¶mZo g‘mOmVrb {dKmVH$ e³Vr‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m h¸$m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo Agm Xmdm Oo H$aVmV. ¶m h¸$m§Zm Ago Zmd {Xbo Jobo Amho H$s gj‘rH$aUmMo h¸$ Am{U g§ajUmMm h¸$ EH$m H°$Zo{S>¶Z g§ñWoZo ‘ wbm§À¶m h¸$m§Mo 3 JQ>mV dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.



Notes

VaVyX : ‘wbm§Zm amhUr‘mZmMm ¶mo½¶ XOm©, Amamo½¶, g§JmonZ, {ejU Am{U godm {‘idUo,

IoiUo Am{U gO©ZerbVoMm h¸$ Agmdm. ¶m‘Ü¶o g‘Vmob Amhma, PmonÊ¶mgmR>r C~Xma Amgam, emioMr gmo¶ B. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

g§ajU : ‘wbm§Mm hmoUmam Xþén¶moJ, Xþb©j, N>i Am{U oX^mdmMr dmJUyH$ ¶mnmgyZ g§ajU

{‘i{dÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§Zm IoiÊ¶mgmR>r gwa{jV OmJm {‘iUo, H$miOrnyd©H$, {dYm¶H$ ~mb g§JmonU nÕV, ‘wbm§À¶m {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m j‘Vm§Mr XIb KoUo B. h¸$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

gh^mJ : g‘mOmV gh^mJr hmoUo, H$m¶©H«$‘m§Mr AmIUr d gmXarH$aU, godm XoUo-KoUo B. h¸$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m‘Ü¶o dmMZmb¶mVrb Am{U gm‘m{OH$ CnH«$‘mVrb ‘wbm§Mr OdirH$, ¶wdH$m§Mm AmdmO nmohmoMdUmao CnH«$‘, {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mV gh^mJr hmoUo B. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m nÕVrZo, ~mbH$ h¸$ ‘m{hVr Omio ‘wbm§À¶m h¸$m§Mo gmYmaUVm XmoZ JQ> nS>VmV.

Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ h¸$ : AÞ, dó, {Zdmam {ejU, Amamo½¶ gwajm amoOJma B. ‘yb yV JaOm§er g§~§{YV AgUmè¶m h¸$m§Mm ¶mV g‘mdoe hmoVmo. {ejUmMm h¸$, nwaogm {Zdmam, AÞ, nmUr, Amamo½¶Xm¶r OrdZ‘mZ, H$m‘mMm h¸$ Am{U H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUMo h¸$, VgoM Aëng§»¶m§H$ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mo h¸$ B. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.

n¶m©daUr¶, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U {dH$mgmMo h¸$ : Ago h¸$ {Vgè¶m {nT>rMo h¸$ åhUyZ

AmoiIbo OmVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o gwa{jV d Amamo½¶Xm¶r dmVmdaUmV OJÊ¶mMm h¸$, {d{dY bmoH$m§À¶m JQ>m§Zm AgUmao gm§ñH¥${VH$ h¸$, amOH$s¶ h¸$ Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo h¸$ B. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. AZoH$ Aä¶mgmVyZ ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ ho ì¶³VrMo h¸$ åhUyZ AmoiIÊ¶mV ¶mdo. ¶mda Amnbo bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo.

Imbrb h¸$ ~mbH$m§Zm Amamo½¶Xm¶r d ‘w³V dmVmdaUmV dmT>Ê¶mMr g§‘Vr XoVmV.

~mobÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶

{dMmamMo ñdmV§Í¶

^rVrnmgyZ ‘w³VVoMo ñdmV§Í¶

{ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶

ñdV:À¶m earamda ‘mbH$s h¸$ ~miJUo.

{ejU hm {df¶ g‘dVu gy{MV g‘m{dï> Ho$bobm Amho. Ë¶m‘wio {ejUmMr gmo¶ H$aUo hr H|$ÐemgZ d amÁ¶emgZ ¶m XmoKm§Mr g§¶w³V O~m~Xmar Amho. {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§VJ©V VaVwXr n[anyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hr H|$Ð d amÁ¶ emgZmMr g§¶w³V O~m~Xmar Amho.

{ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmVrb VaVwXtÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r ^m§S>db Am{U dma§dma bmJUmè¶m IMm©Mo A§XmOnÌH$ H|$Ð emgZ V¶ma H$arb.

amÁ¶ emgZmÀ¶m JaOoZwgma doimodoir g„m‘gbV H$ê$Z R>a{dboë¶m {ZYrÀ¶m R>am{dH$ Q> o$ ‘hgybmVrb ghmæ¶H$ AZwXmZo H|$Ð emgZ amÁ¶emgZmbm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoB©b.

H|$Ð emgZmH$Sy>Z àmá Pmbobm {ZYr VgoM amÁ¶emgZmÀ¶m ñdV:À¶m CËnÞ ómoVmVyZ CnbãY Pmboë¶m {ZYr {ejUmÀ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r dmnaÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶gaH$ma O~m~Xma Agob.



Notes

6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb gd© ‘wbm‘wbtZm ‘mo’$V àmW{‘H$ {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. hr H|$Ð emgZ d g§~§{YV amÁ¶mMr g§¶w³V O~m~Xmar Agob. gdmªZm {ejU nwa{dÊ¶mgmR>r CnbãY {ZYrVyZ IMm©Mr {‘idUr H$aUo ho dmQ>Vo {VVHo$ gmono ZgVo ho {dgaVm H$m‘m Z¶o. hOmamo H$amoS> ê$n¶o ho H$m‘ nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r IM© H$aUo ho gdm©V ‘moR>o AmìhmZ Amho.

g§~§{YV amÁ¶emgZmgmR>r nwT>rb Jmoï>r H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

da Z‘yX Ho$boë¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mMm emio‘Ü¶o g³VrMm àdoe, CnpñVVr Agob Am{U Ë¶mMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© hmoB©b ¶mMr ImÌr H$aUo ho àË¶oH$ amÁ¶emgZmMo H$V©ì¶ Agob, ¶m‘Ü¶o AmnU da MMm© Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo {ejH$mMr y{‘H$m A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdmMr Agob.

AmgnmgÀ¶m ^mJmV emim CnbãY AgVrb ¶mMr ImÌr H$aUo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejU KoÊ¶m‘Ü¶o H$moUË¶mhr ~mbH$m‘Ü¶o oX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr, ¶mMr ImÌr amÁ¶emgZmZo ~miJUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ¶oWohr {ejH$mZo gd© àH$maÀ¶m oX^mdmda {Z¶§ÌU R>odUo Ano{jV Amho.

àmW{‘H$ {ejU nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm gd© àH$maÀ¶m nm¶m yV gmo¶rgw{dYm Am{U e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m OmÊ¶m~m~VMr ImÌr amÁ¶emgZmZo H$ê$Z KoVbr nm{hOo. AZoH$Xm Am{W©H$ ‘XVrMr JaO AgVmZmhr AmnU ~mbH$m§Zm Mm§Jë¶m nm¶m yV gmo¶rgw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$ {eH$V Zmhr. Aemdoir hr Amnbr Om~m~Xmar Amho ho AmoiIyZ doJdoJù¶m ‘mJmªZr Am{W©H$ ‘XV {‘idbr nm{hOo.

JwUdÎmmnyd© àmW{‘H$ {ejU ho àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm {‘iob ¶mMr ImÌr Agbr nm{hOo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV JwUdÎmm amIUo ho {ejH$ ¶m ZmË¶mZo nmhUo JaOoMo Amho.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m {ejH$m§Zm à{ejUmÀ¶m gw{dYm nwa{dUo ho ‘hÎdmMo Amho. {eH$dUo (AÜ¶¶Z) à^mdr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Aem àH$maMo à{ejU KoUo hr IaVa {ejH$mgmR>r Mm§Jbr g§Yr Amho. ñW¡¶© àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo hr Mm§Jbr Jmoï> Amho.

3.7 gmam§e

¶m KQ>H$mV AmnU àË¶oH$ ~mbH$mbm àmW{‘H$ {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU ¶m g§H$ënZoMm AW© Am{U Amdí¶H$Vm ¶mda MMm© Ho$br. ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo 45 do H$b‘mÛmao 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb gd© ‘wbm§gmR>r ‘mo’$V d g³VrMo àmW{‘H$ {ejU ¶m~m~VMr VaVyX H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. hr Am{U BVa KQ>ZmË‘H$ VaVwXtMm ¶oWo AmnU AmT>mdm KoVbm. 2002 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ g§gXoZo 86 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr nm[aV Ho$br. H$b‘ 21 (A) Mm ¶mÛmao KQ>ZoV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶mÛmao 6 Vo 14 d¶moJQ>mVrb ~mbH$mMm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma hm ‘wb yV A{YH$ma amhrb ho Z‘yX H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Vwåhr àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ¶ H$m hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr ¶mbm O~m~Xma AgUmè¶m H$maUm§Mmhr Aä¶mg Ho$bm.

1959 ‘Ü¶o g§¶w³V amï´>o ¶m g§ñWoMo Imbrb h¸$ ~mbH$m§Mo h¸$ åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. CXmhaUmW©, Amamo½¶ d Amamo½¶ H$miOr KoÊ¶mMm h¸$, Xþb©j d {nidUwH$snmgyZ g§ajUmMm h¸$, {ejUmMm h¸$ ‘m{hVrMm h¸$, ‘wbm§Mm hm oUmam Xþén¶moJmnmgyZ g§ajUmMm h¸$ Am{U gO©ZerbVoMm h¸$ B. ‘hÎdmMo ~mbH$ h¸$ g§¶w³V amï´>o g§ñWoZo Kmo{fV Ho$bo. 2009 ‘Ü¶o {ejUmMm H$m¶Xm,



Notes

2009 ¶m ZmdmZo EH$ ‘hÎdmMm {ejU {df¶H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m¶Xm g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$bm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmVrb VaVwXtMm d H$S>H$ A§‘b~OmdUrgmR>r H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶m {Z¶‘m§Mm AmnU Aä¶mg Ho$bm.

{ejU hm g‘dVu gy{MV g‘m{dï> Pmbobm {df¶ Amho ho bjmV KoD$Z ¶m g§X^m©Vrb H|$ÐemgZ d amÁ¶emgZmMr {ejU H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m A§‘b~OmdUrVrb y{‘H$m g‘OmD$Z KoVbr.

3.8 nyaH$ dmMZ Am{U g§X ©

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan

Unesdoc.unesco.org/images

Aggarwal, J. C: Development Of Education System In India

www.in.gov.in/schooleducation/contacts.htm.

3.9 KQ>H$ g‘márZ§VaMo gamd àíZ

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmMo C{Ôï> JmR>Vm Z ¶oÊ¶mVrb H$maUo ñnï > H$am.

{ejUmMm H$m¶Xm 2009 A§VJ©V g‘m{dï> Agbobo nmM h¸$ {bhm. {ejH$ d {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Cn¶w³V hmoUmè¶m H$mhr gyMZm {bhm.

àmW{‘H$ {ejU gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r g§KQ>Z g§aMZm


Notes

KQ>H$ 4 : àmW{‘H$ {ejU gmd©{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r g§KQ>Z g§aMZm

aMZm : 4.0 àñVmdZm

4.1 e¡j{UH$ C{ÔîQ>o

4.2 amï´>r¶ nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm

(NCERT)

4.2.1 NCERT Mr y{‘H$m

4.2.2 NCERT Mr H$m¶©

4.3 amÁ¶nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm

4.3.1 SCERT

4.3.2 SIEMT 4.4 {OëhmnmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm (DIET)

4.4.1 DIET Mr y{‘H$m

4.4.2 DIET Mo H$m¶©

4.5 {d^mJr¶ nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm - BRCs

4.5.1 BRCs Mr y{‘H$m d H$m¶© 4.6 JQ> -nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm - CRCs

4.6.1 CRCs Mr y{‘H$m

4.6.2 CRCs Mo H$m¶©

4.7 gmam§e

4.8 g§ñWoMo Zmd / AÚmjao ¶m§Mr gy{M

4.9 g§X ©

4.10 ñdmÜ¶m¶

4.0 àñVmdZm

^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoÀ¶m 51A ¶m H$b‘mZwgma àË¶oH$ ^maVr¶ ZmJarH$mMo H$V©ì¶ gm§{JVbo Amho, Ë¶mà‘mUo ‘‘àË¶oH$mZo d¡¶p³VH$ d gm‘y{hH$ ñVamda àË¶oH$ joÌmV AÎ¶wÎm‘ ¶e {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV, Á¶m¶moJo Xoe gVV CÎmamoÎma àJVr H$aob d ¶e g§nmXZ H$ê$ eHo$b.’’ ¶mgmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejUm‘Ü¶o XOm© gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. ~è¶mM g§ñWm ¶m‘Yrb AS>MUr Xÿa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV H$arV AmhoV. Ë¶mn¡H$s H$mhr àemgH$s¶ AmhoV Va H$mhr g§ñWm ñd¶§M{bV AmhoV.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmVrb gwYmaUm ìhmdr ¶mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maÀ¶m MHRD ¶m {d^mJmZo doJdoJù¶m nmVirda amÁ¶ñVamda SCERT Am{U {Oëhm ñVamda DIET, BRCs, CRCs ¶m ‘w»¶ àemgH$s¶ g§ñWm AmhoV. ¶m g§ñWm àmW{‘H$ emim§Zm e¡j{UH$ ghH$m¶© H$arV AmhoV.

¶m ^mJmV, doJdoJù¶m ñVam§da ñWmnZ Ho$boë¶m ¶m g§ñWm àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV gwYmaUm hmoÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ y{‘H$m KoVmV d H$moUVo H$m¶© H$aVmV ¶mMm Aä¶mg AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV.



Notes

¶m g§ñWm§Mo H$m¶© {ejH$m§À¶m nyU© ghH$m¶m©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. {ejH$m§Zm ¶m g§ñWm§Mm XmoZ àH$mao ’$m¶Xm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. -

i. ¶m g§ñWmÛmao am~dbo OmUmao CnH«$‘ - Á¶mÛmao {ejH$m§Mo kmZ d H$m¡eë¶ ¶mV dmT> hmoB©b.

ii. ¶m g§ñWmÛmao {ejUmVrb ZdZdrZ H$ënZm§Zm à^m{dV Ho$bo OmVo. {ejH$m§Zm ZdrZ kmZ {‘iVo d Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m kmZmV d H$m¡eë¶mV â nSy>Z e¡j{UH$ XOm© C§MmdV OmVmo.

gd©àW‘ AmnU AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4.1 da EH$ ZOa Q>mHy$. ¶m AmH¥$Vr‘Ü¶o doJdoJù¶m nmVù¶m§darb g§H$ënZm d Ë¶m§Mo EH$‘oH$m§Vrb g§~§Y XmIdbo AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr 4.1

¶m ^mJmV AmnU ¶m g§ñWm§Mr ^y{‘H$m d H$m¶} ¶mMm Oam {dñV¥VnUo Aä¶mg H$ê$¶m.

4.1 e¡j{UH$ C{Ôï>o

¶m ^mJmMm Aä¶mg nyU© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Vwåhmbm nwT>rb Jmoï>tMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.

amï´>r¶, amÁ¶ d {Oëhm nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr g§K{Q>V aMZm

amï´>r¶ nmVirdarb NCERT gma»¶m g§ñWm§Mr y{‘H$m d H$m¶©

amÁ¶ nmVirdarb SCERT ¶m g§ñWm§Mr y{‘H$m d H$m¶©

{Oëhm nmVirdarb DIET, BRCs, CRCs ¶m g§ñWm§Mr y{‘H$m d H$m¶© d àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm

XOm© gwYmaÊ¶m‘Yrb Ë¶m g§ñWm§Mm gh^mJ

XoemVrb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ© d gyMZm gwM{dUo.

4.2 amï>r¶ nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmÀ¶m g§KQ>ZoMr aMZm : NCERT

gZ 1954 nmgyZ AZoH$ g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. Ogo amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX (NCERT) Central Bureau of Text–book Research (1954),

Institute of Educational and Vocational Guidance (1954), National Institute of Basic

Education (1956), National Foundation Education Centre (1956), All India Council for

Secondary Education énm§VarV Directorate of Extension Programmes for Secondary

Education (1959), National Institute of Audio–Visual Education (1959) ¶m g§ñWm doJdoJir H$m¶} H$arV hmoË¶m.

ORGANISATIONAL

STRUTURE OF

ELEMENTARY

EDUCATION AT

VARIOUS LEVELS

Role and

Function

Role and

Function

Role and

Function

Role

Role

Function

Function

Function

Role



Notes

1961 gmbr NCERT ¶m EH$mM g§ñWo‘Ü¶o darb gd© g§ñWm EH$Ì AmUë¶m Joë¶m. ¶m g§ñWoH$S>o {dnwb à‘mUmda H$‘©Mmar, H$m¡eë¶ d ñdm¶ÎmVm CnbãY hmoVo. ¶m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm 1

gßQ>|~a 1961 amoOr {X„r ¶oWo Pmbr. NCERT Mo à‘wI Ü¶o¶ Amho, embo¶ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo. amï´>r¶ d amÁ¶nmVirda e¡j{UH$ ‘XV nwa{dUo ¶m hoVyZo ¶m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Jobr. embo¶ {ejUm‘Ü¶o {d{dY ¶moOZm d H$m¶©H«$‘ am~dÊ¶mgmR>r "‘mZdr g§emoYZ {dH$mg" ImVo NCERT À¶m kmZmMr d H$m¡eë¶mMr ‘XV KoVo. NCERT Mr ñdV§Ì H$m¶©H$m[aUr Amho Á¶m‘Ü¶o gd© amÁ¶m§Mo {ejU‘§Ìr, {ejUVk d {ejH$m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.

NCERT Mr Mma Ü¶o¶o :

embo¶ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm gwYmaUo.

à{ejUmgmR>r H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dUo.

{ejUmMm àgma H$aUo.

XoemVrb embo¶ {ejUm‘Ü¶o ¶oUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dUo.

darb H$m¶m©V doJdoJù¶m g§ñWm§Mr ‘XV hmoVo. CXm.

National Institute of Education (NIE), New Delhi.

Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET), New Delhi.

Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education (PSSCIVE),

Bhopal

Regional Institutes of Education (RIE) located at Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar,

Mysore and Shilong.

NCERT Mo {Z¶m‘H$ ‘§S>i hoM H$m¶©H$mar g{‘Vrda AgVo. "‘mZdr g§emoYZ d {dH$mg ImË¶mMo H|$Ðr¶ ‘§Ìr NCERT À¶m {Z¶m‘H$ ‘§S>imMo à‘wI AgVmV. Ë¶mMo à{V{Z{YËd Imbrb g^mgX H$aVmV.

gd© amÁ¶m§Mo H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mo {ejU ‘§Ìr.

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am¶moJmMo (UGC) AÜ¶j, ^maV gaH$maMo g{Md, ‘mZdr g§emoYZ d {dH$mg ImVo, ({ejU {d^mJ), (àË¶oH$ {d^mJmVrb EH$) Mma {dÚmnrR>m§Mo Cßm-Hw$bnVr (Vice Chancellors), H|$Ðr¶ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>imMo AÜ¶j (CBSE), H|$Ðr¶ {dÚmb¶ g§KQ>ZoMo Am¶w³V, H|$Ðr¶ {ejU d Amamo½¶ ImË¶mMo g§MmbH$, à{ejU ImË¶mMo g§MmbH$, à{ejU d amoOJma ImË¶mMo g§MmbH$, H$m‘Jma ‘§Ìmb¶, {ejU {d^mJmMm EH$ à{V{ZYr, ¶moOZm Am¶moJ, H$m¶©H$mar g{‘VrMo gd© g^mgX d Ago gXñ¶ (ghmnojm H$‘r), ^maV gaH$maZo {ZdS> Ho$bobo (Á¶mVrb H$‘rV H$‘r Mma g^mgX embo¶ {ejH$ AgmdoV.)

NCERT Mo g{Md g§¶moOH$ AgVmV.

‘w»¶ {Z¶§ÌU g{‘Vrbm ‘XV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r VrZ Cng{‘Vr AgVmV. ¶m g{‘Ë¶m Am{W©H$ d BVa àH$ën am~dVmV. ¶m g{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶jm§Zm 'g§MmbH$' åhUVmV. Vo H$m¶©H$mar A{YH$mar AgVmV.

4.2.1 NCERT Mr ^y{‘H$m

1961 ‘Ü¶o ^maV gaH$maZo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$mam§Zm e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm~m~V g„m XoÊ¶mgmR>r amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX (NCERT) hr ñdm¶Îm g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br. ¶m g§ñWoZo {ejUjoÌmV JwUmË‘H$ ~Xb H$aÊ¶mg§~§Yr Am{U {ejH$m§À¶m V¶mar{df¶r



Notes

‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo. ¶m g§KQ>ZoZo ho H$m‘ MmoI nma nmS>ë¶mZo hr g§KQ>Zm EH$‘odm{ÛVr¶ AerM Amho. ¶m g§KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$m¶©H$joV gVV dmT> hmoV Agë¶mZo ^maVmVrb embo¶ {ejUmda ¶m g§KQ>ZoMm R>gm C‘Q>bm Amho. e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ H$aUo, g§emoYZmbm ghmæ¶ XoUo ho H$m‘ hr g§KQ>Zm H$aVo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ H$m¶©nÕVrMo à{ejUhr hr g§ñWm XoVo.

Z°eZb B§pñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°’$ EÁ¶wHo$eZ (NIE), [aOZb B¨pñQ>Q>çwQ>g² Am°’$ EÁ¶wHo$eZ (RIE), g|Q>b B§pñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°’$ EÁ¶wHo$eZb Q>o³Zm°bm°Or (CIET) Am{U n§{S>V gw§Xabmb e‘m© B§pñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°’$ ìhmoHo$eZb EÁ¶wHo$eZ (PSSIVE) ¶m g§ñWm embo¶ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU ¶m§À¶m doJdoJù¶m n¡by§da g§emoYZ H$aÊ¶mMo àH$ën hmVr KoVmV. NCERT hr g§KQ>Zm BVa g§ñWm§Zr Am{U g§KQ>Zm§Zr hmVr KoVboë¶m g§emoYZ àH$ënm§Zm Am{W©H$ ‘XV Am{U ‘mJ©Xe ©Z XoVo. g§emoYH$mZm Ë¶m§Mo g§emoYZ, à{gÜX H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am{W©H$ ‘XV XoVo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo embo¶ {ejUmVrb g§emoYZmbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r {eî¶d¥Î¶m àXmZ H$aVo, OoUoH$ê$Z gj‘ g§emoYH$ V¶ma ìhmdoV. àmoJ«°‘ A°Sìhm¶Oar H${‘Q>r hr NCERT Mr à‘wI g„mJma g{‘Vr Amho. hr H${‘Q>r g§emoYZ, à{ejU Am{U {dñVmarV {ejU àH$ën ¶m§Mo Oo àñVmd ¶oVmV Ë¶m§Mm {dMma H$aVo Am{U Ë¶m~m~VrV g„m XoVo. e¡j{UH$ YmoaUo V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMm àH$ën ¶m g§ñWoZo hmVr KoVbm Amho. g§ñWm e¡j{UH$ àH$ënm§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoVo, ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo, g§emoYZmda XoIaoI R>odVo, narjU H$aVo Am{U ¶m ~m~VrV AgUmè¶m ¶moOZm§er ghH$m¶© H$aVo.

ho H$m‘ VrZ Cng{‘Ë¶m§‘m’©$V MmbVo. i) hr Cng{‘Vr BVa g§ñWm§Zr gmXa Ho$boë¶m g§emoYZ àH$ënm§da {dMma{d{Z‘¶ H$aVo. ii) hr g{‘Vr {Z¶moOZ Am{U e¡j{UH$ H¥$Vr ¶mda {dMma{d{Z‘¶ H$aVo Am{U NIE ¶m

g§ñWo~amo~a g§emoYZ àH$ën am~{dVo. iii) hr g{‘Vr {dñVmarV {ejU Am{U joÌr¶ g§emoYZ ¶m ~m~VrV bj KmbVo. NCERT Zo National Institute of Education (NIE) Am{U Regional Institutes of

Education (RIEs) ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br Amho. ¶m g§KQ>Zm§‘m’©$V NCERT Mr Ü¶o¶ YmoaUo am~{dbr OmVmV. NCERT hr à‘wI g§ñWm AgyZ Vr g§emoYZ {dH$gZ, àJV à{ejU, {dñVmarV {ejUgodm ¶m ~m~tda H$m‘ H$aVo. 1. amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU am~{dUo. 2. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU 3. ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ejU 4. {deof JaO Agboë¶m JQ>m§Mo {ejU 5. ~më¶mdñWoVrb ‘wbm§Mo {ejU 6. ‘yë¶‘mnZ Am{U narjm gwYma ¶moOZm 7. ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ (I.T.) {ejU 8. ‘yë¶{ejU 9. e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ 10. nmR>çnwñVHo$ / dH©$~w³g / {ejH$ ‘mJ©X{e©H$m / nyaH$ dmMZgm{hË¶ {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo. 11. AÜ¶¶Z - AÜ¶mnZ gm{hË¶ V¶ma H$aUo 12. ‘wbtMo {ejU 13. àkm emoY Am{U g§JmonZ 14. ‘mJ©Xe©Z Am{U g‘wnXoeZ 15. {ejU à{ejU à{H«$¶m gwYmaUo. 16. Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§~§Y



Notes

4.2.2 NCERT Mr H$m¶}

a) g§emoYZ : NCERT ñdV§ÌnUo g§emoYZ àH$ën am~{dVo qH$dm BVa g§ñWm§er ghH$m¶© H$ê$ZXoIrb am~{dVo. {ejU g§emoYH$m§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Aä¶mgH«$‘ am~{dVo. embo¶ {ejUmVrb g§emoYZmbm CÎmoOZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r g§emoYZ {eî¶d¥Î¶m XoUo.

b) à{ejU : NCERT godmnyd© Am{U {ejH$m§gmR>r doJdoJù¶m nmVù¶m§da godm§VJ©V à{ejU KoVo. - (nyd© àmW{‘H$, àmW{‘H$, ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ d Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$) VgoM ì¶dgm¶ {ejU, e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ, ‘mJ©Xe©Z, g‘wnXoeZ Am{U {deof à{ejU KoVo.

c) {dH$gZ : NCERT embo¶ {ejUmVrb doJdoJù¶m nmVùçm§darb Aä¶mgH«$‘ V¶ma H$aVo. {dH${gV H$aVo. Am{U Vmo g‘mOmÀ¶m JaOm§Zm nyaH$ hmoB©b Ago nmhVo VgoM e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ V¶ma H$aVo. {dH${gV H$aVo. VgoM e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ ‘yë¶‘mnZ nÕVr Am{U V§Ìo {dH${gV H$aVo. {ejU V§ÌkmZ, bmoH$g§»¶m {ejU, {Xì¶m§J Am{U BVa {deof {dÚmÏ¶mªMo {ejU ¶m~m~Vhr NCERT H$m¶© H$aVo.

d) godmnyd© Am{U godm§VJ©V à{ejU : NCERT nmÌ C‘oXdmam§gmR>r godmnyd© Am{U godoVrb {ejH$m§gmR>r godm§VJ©V à{ejU am~{dVo. VgoM godm§VJ©V à{ejU XoUmè¶m {ejH$m§gmR>r Am{U g§~§{YV A{YH$mar dJm©gmR>r à{ejU ¶moOZm am~{dVo.

e) CX²~moYZ : ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ {dMma ‘yë¶o, YmoaUo Am{U gd© {df¶mMr ‘m{hVr embo¶ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU XoUmè¶m g§~§{YVm§Zm ìhmdr åhUyZ g§ñWm CX²~moYZdJm©Mo Am¶moOZ H$aVo.

f) Aä¶mg, g§emoYZ Am{U gd}jU : g§ñWm embo¶ {ejUmer g§~§{YV doJdoJùçm ~m~tda g§emoYZ àH$ën am~{dVo. gd}jU àH$ën am~{dVo.

g) ‘m{hVr àH$meZ : g§ñWm gwYm[aV e¡j{UH$ V§Ìo Am{U nÕVr ¶mda AmYm[aV g§emoYZ {ZîH$f© d ‘m{hVr àH$m{eV H$aVo.

h) g„m : g§ñWm H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ¶ gaH$ma ¶m§Zm embo¶ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU ¶m~m~VrV g„m XoVo.

i) YmoaU am~{dUo : g§ñWm ^maV gaH$maZo ‘§Oya Ho$bobr Ü¶o¶ YmoaUo Am{U H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dVo. j) BVa H$m¶©joÌo : g§ñWm ¶mIoarO BVa joÌo åhUOo Aä¶mgH«$‘, nmR>çnwñVHo$, àH$meZ, narjm,

‘yë¶‘mnZ à{H«$¶m ¶m ~m~ter g§~§{YV AgUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m d Ë¶mdarb g§emoYZ àH$ën am~{dVo. Ë¶m‘wio gd© e¡j{UH$ nmVi¶m§da e¡j{UH$ XOm© dmT>Ê¶mg ‘XV hmoVo.

NCERT Mr H$m¶} Imbrb AmH¥$VrV XmI{dbr AmhoV.

AmH¥$Vr 4.3 : NCERT Mr H$m¶}

NCERT H$m¶}

‘m{hVr àH$meZ

g§emoYZ gd}jU

CX~moYZ

à{ejU {dH$gZ g§emoYZ

g„m

godmnyd©, godm§VJ©V à{ejU

BVa H$m¶©joÌ

YmoaU am~{dUo

Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ghH$m¶©



Notes

k) Am§Vaamï>r¶ ghH$m¶© : g§ñWm UNESCO, UNISEF, World Bank ¶mgma»¶m embo¶ {ejUmda H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§~amo~a ghH$m¶© H$ê$Z doJdoJio àH$ën am~{dVo. g§ñWm nyd© àmW{‘H$, àmW{‘H$, {ejH$ à{ejU Am{U e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ ¶m joÌmV H$m¶© H$aUo.

H¥$Vr - 1

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r NCERT ~Omdbobr y{‘H$m 100 eãXmV {bhm.

4.3 amÁ¶nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm

amÁ¶nmVirda XmoZ ‘w»¶ g§ñWm {ejUmer g§~§{YV AgVmV Ë¶m åhUOo SCERT d SIEMT

4.3.1 amÁ¶ {ejU g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU g„mJma ‘§S>i

^maVmV {ejU hm {df¶ g‘mB©H$ ¶mXr‘Ü¶o Amho. åhUOoM hm {df¶ H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶ emgZ ¶m XmoKm§À¶m AIË¶marV ¶oVmo. XmoÝhr emgZm§da H$mhr O~m~Xmè¶m {ZpíMV H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV. embo¶ nmVirda e¡j{UH$ CnH«$‘ Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ CnH«$‘ ¶m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, g‘Ýd¶ gmYÊ¶mgmR>r VgoM àemgH$s¶ gmo¶rgmR>r NCERT àË¶oH$ àm§VmV Amnë¶m emIm State

Council Educational Research and Training (SCERT) ¶m ZmdmZo CKS>ë¶m AmhoV. nyd© àmW{‘H$ Vo Cƒ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ ¶m nmVirdarb embo¶ {Z¶moOZ, ì¶dñWmnZ, g§emoYZ, à{ejU, ‘yë¶‘mnZ Am{U BVa e¡j{UH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ ¶m§Mr O~m~Xmar SCERT da Amho. SCERT hr g„mJma ‘§S>io 36 amÁ¶m§V AgyZ {g¸$s‘, {Ìnwam, Ho$ai, Jmodm, Oå‘y Am{U H$mpí‘a ¶oWohr AmhoV.

SCERT g§KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n :

SCERT ‘Ü¶o doJdoJio {d^mJ AgyZ àË¶oH$ {d^mJmH$S>o {d{eï> H$m‘{Jar gmon{dbobr AgVo.

godm§VJ©V {ejU {d^mJ

àmW{‘H$ {ejH$ à{ejU {d^mJ

gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{‘H$ {ejU {d^mJ

e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ, {Z¶moOZ, Ñ{ï>H$moU Am{U Zm{dÝ¶nyU© Jmoï>r

e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrb d e¡j{UH$ joÌmgmR>r ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ

‘yë¶‘mnZ Am{U àdoe {d^mJ

¶mIoarO AmUIrhr H$mhr {d^mJ AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo :

e¡j{UH$ {d^mJ

àemgH$s¶ {d^mJ

boIm {d^mJ

àH$meZ {d^mJ

SCERT Mr ^y{‘H$m :

àmW{‘H$ {ejU, ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU ¶mgmR>r H$m‘ H$aUmar amÁ¶ {ejU {d^mJmMr SCERT hr emIm Amho.

embo¶ {ejU, AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU Am{U {ejH$ à{ejU ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊçmgmR>r SCERT ‘Ü¶ñWmMo H$m‘ H$aVo.



Notes

SCERT ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ à{ejU emim, S>mEQ>g, à{ejU ‘hm{dÚmb¶o, {ejH$ à{ejU ‘hm{dÚmb¶o Am{U e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrb Cƒ {ejU g§ñWm§Mo {Z¶§ÌU d n¶©dojU H$aVo.

SCERT amÁ¶ emgZmMm {ejH$, {ejH$ à{ejH$ Am{U à{ejU g§ñWm à‘wI ¶m§À¶m Zo‘UwH$m d ~Xë¶m ¶m§À¶m ~m~VrV àñVmd nmR>dVo.

àmW{‘H$ d ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejH$m§À¶m godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMr ì¶dñWm H$aVo, XoIaoI H$aVo VgoM Ë¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vo AW©ghmæ¶ H$aVo.

{H$‘mZ e¡j{UH$ nmVir (Minimum Level of Learning – MLL) bjmV KoD$Z SCERT

àmW{‘H$ {ejU Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm AmT>mdm KoVo, Ë¶mV ¶mo½¶ Vmo ’o$a’$ma H$aVo. àmW{‘H$ ñVamda doJdoJù¶m {df¶m§gmR>r bmJUmao Aä¶mg gm{hË¶ V¶ma H$aVo.

{H$‘mZ e¡j{UH$ nmVir{df¶r {ejH$m§Mo CX²~moYZ H$aVo. Am{U {dÚmÏ¶mªZm gd© {df¶mV {H$‘mZ e¡j{UH$ nmVir JmR>Vm ¶mdr åhUyZ doJdoJù¶m ‘mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aVo.

emim nyd© ‘wbm§gmR>rgwÕm {ejUH«$‘ V¶ma H$aVo.

{ejH$ à{ejU g§ñWm§Zm SCERT {dñVm[aV godm nwa{dVo. Am{U gd© {dñVm[aV godm H|$Ðm§Mo H$m‘mMm g‘Ýd¶ KS>dyZ AmUVo.

MHRD, NCERT ¶m§À¶m ¶moOZm Am{U àH$ën SCERT ‘m’©$V am~{dbo OmVmV. VgoM UNESCO, UNICEF, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ ¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§KQ>Zm§Zr AW©ghmæ¶ Ho$bobo àH$ën XoIrb am~{dbo OmVmV.

embo¶ {ejUmÀ¶m doJdoJù¶m ~m~tda g§emoYZ àH$ën am~{dbo OmVmV. VgoM emim§Zm g§emoYZ H$m¶m©gmR>r AW©ghmæ¶ Ho$bo OmVo.

i. SCERT Mo H$m¶© : SCERT AZoH$ H$m¶} nma nmS>Vo.

a) Aä¶mgH«$‘mMr nwZa©MZm Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo narjU

àmW{‘H$ Am{U Cƒ àmW{‘H$ dJmªgmR>r Aä¶mgH«$‘ V¶ma H$aUo, Ë¶mMr nwZa©MZm H$aUo Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo narjU ho SCERT Mo à‘wI H$m¶© Amho.

b) H$m¶©emim KoUo : doJdoJù¶m joÌmVrb H$m¶©j‘Vm H|$Ð q~Xÿ ‘mZyZ g§emoYZ nÕVrda H$m¶©emim KoUo ho SCERT Mo H$m‘ Amho.

c) godmnyd© Am{U godm§VJ©V à{ejU : {ejH$m§À¶m H$m¡eë¶mV dmT> ìhmdr åhUyZ SCERT

{ejH$ à{ejU d BVa à{ejUmMo H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dVo.

d) g§nyU© JwUmË‘H$ ì¶dñWmnZ : [TQM] SCERT g§nyU© JwUmË‘H$ ì¶dñWmnZ ¶m g§~moYm~m~V Xj AgyZ Vr JwUmË‘H$ g‘ñ¶m§~m~V bjUm§da BbmO H$aÊ¶mnojm ‘yi g‘ñ¶mM Zï> H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVo.

e) ‘mJ©Xe©Z : SCERT embo¶ {ejH$m§Zm ZdrZ CnH«$‘m§~m~V ‘mJ©Xe©Z XoVo, AmH$bZnyU© Am{U gmVË¶nyU© ‘yë¶‘mnZ, AmXe© AÜ¶¶Z nÕVr, AÜ¶mnZemó n[aUm‘H$maH$ AÜ¶mnZ nÕVr ¶m~m~VrV ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo OmVo.

f) CX²~moYZ : doJdoJù¶m joÌmVrb {ejH$m§À¶m j‘VoV dmT> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r SCERT CX²~moYZ dJ© Mmb{dVo. CXm. - H$m¡eë¶mV dmT>, g§emoYZ àd¥Îmr dmT>, ZoV¥ËdJwU dmT> B.

WmoS>³¶mV, amÁ¶mVrb àmW{‘H$ Am{U ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo ¶mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ AmYma XoÊ¶mMo H$m‘ SCERT H$aVo.



Notes

4.3.2 amÁ¶ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U à{ejU g§ñWm (SIEMAT)

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZm A§VJ©V SCERT Mr EH$ emIm åhUyZ amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o SIEMAT hr amÁ¶ñVar¶ Am{U ñd¶§nyU© g§ñWm H$mT>Ê¶mV Ambr Amho. ¶m g§ñWoMo à‘wI H$m¶© åhUOo à{ejU XoUo Am{U e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ joÌmV g§emoYZ àH$ën am~{dUo ho Amho.

gÜ¶m {OëhmñVar¶ e¡j{UH$ ¶moOZm n[aUm‘H$maH$[aË¶m Am{U H$m¶©j‘[aË¶m am~{dÊ¶mgmR>r ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Vkm§Mr ‘mJUr Amho. Ë¶m‘wio amÁ¶, {Oëhm, VmbwH$m ñVamda {Z¶moOZ, H$m¶©dmhr, ì¶dñWmnZ joÌmgmR>r SIEMAT hr AmXe© g§KQ>Z ì¶dñWm Amho. hr ì¶dñWm ì¶dñWmnZ Vk V¶ma H$aÊ¶mg ‘XV H$aVo.

e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ joÌmV SIEMATs ¶m ‘XV H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm AmhoV.

¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m à‘wInXr g§MmbH$ AgVmo. ¶m g{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶jnXr amÁ¶mMo {ejU‘§Ìr Am{U H$m¶©H$mar n[afXoÀ¶m AÜ¶jnXr amÁ¶mMo ‘w»¶ {ejU g{Md AgVmV.

¶m g§ñWo‘Ü¶o doJdoJio {d^mJ CKS>Ê¶mV Ambo AmhoV. CXm. YmoaU Am{U {Z¶moOZ, ì¶dñWmnZ, {ejUmMr AW©ì¶dñWm, g§emoYZ, ‘yë¶‘mnZ Am{U e¡j{UH$ ZdrZ CnH«$‘, ì¶dñWmnZ ‘m{hVr ì¶dñWm.

i) {g‘°Q>Mr ^y{‘H$m : {g‘°Q>Mr à‘wI y{‘H$m åhUOo àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mè¶m§‘Ü¶o ì¶dñWmnZ H$m¡eë¶ dmT>{dUo. embo¶ ì¶dñWmnZmV H$m¶©aV Agboë¶m ì¶³Vr‘Ü¶o ì¶dñWmnZ H$m¡eë¶ dmT>{dUo.

{g‘°Q>Mr H$m¶} Imbrbà‘mUo: a) kmZàmár

g§emoYZmVyZ kmZ{Z{‘©Vr H$aUo.

BVa ñVmoÌm§H$Sy>Z g§emoYZ {ZîH$f© àmá H$adyZ KoUo.

amï´>r¶ Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ñVamdarb ì¶p³V Aä¶mgmMo (Ho$g ñQ>S>r) g§H$bZ H$aUo. b) kmZàgma

àgma‘mÜ¶‘m§V’}$

àH$meZo

MMm©gÌo

MMm© Am{U narg§dmX c) kmZJ«hU j‘Vm Am{U kmZmMm Cn¶moJ {dH$mgmgmR>r H$aUo CXm.

ì¶dñWmnH$, à{ejH$, g‘mOmMo ZoVo ¶m§Mo CX²~moYZ.

ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ g„m XoUo.

{Oëhm ñVar¶ Am{U gyú‘ ñVar¶ {Z¶moOZ.

emioMr n[aUm‘H$maH$Vm dmT>{dUo. g§ñWm {Z¶moOZ.

{dñVmarV H$m¶©.

d) embo¶ g§ñWm§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV H$aUo.

{g‘°Q>Mo H$m¶© :

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ H$aUo ho {g‘°Q>Mo à‘wI H$m¶© Amho. ¶mgmR>r {g‘°Q> nwT>o {Xboë¶m g§ñWm§er d emgZmÀ¶m A{YH$mè¶m§er ghH$m¶© H$aVo. {~Ja emgH$s¶ g§ñWm, g§emoYZ g§ñWm, DIETS, SRCs, SCERT, ãbm°H$ Am{U n§wµO ómoV H|$Ðo (BRC, CRC)



Notes

{g‘°Q>Mr ‘w»¶ H$m¶} :

a) amÁ¶ nmVirdarb YmoaU {Z¶moOZmbm gmhmæ¶ H$aUo.

b) doJdoJù¶m e¡j{UH$ ~m~tda g§emoYZ H$aUo.

c) amÁ¶ñVar¶ Am{U CnamÁ¶ñVar¶ g§ñWm§Zm ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.

d) {ejU ì¶dñWmnH$m§‘Ü¶o ì¶dñWmnZ j‘Vm {Z‘m©U H$aUo. ¶m ì¶dñWmnH$m§À¶m ghmæ¶H$m‘Ü¶o gwÕm hr j‘Vm {Z‘m©U H$aUo. amÁ¶mVrb gm‘m{OH$ ZoVo, {OëhmñVar¶ ZoVo ¶m§Mo‘Ü¶o hr j‘Vm {Z‘m©U H$aUo.

e) e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, e¡j{UH$ H$m¶©H«$‘, {ejU ì¶dñWm nÕVr ¶m§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mMr nÕVr {dH${gV H$aUo, am~{dUo

f) àH$ën {Z¶moOZ, A§‘b~OmdUr, XoIaoI Am{U ‘yë¶‘mnZ

g) {ejH$ d e¡j{UH$ joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§‘Ü¶o gH$mamË‘H$ dV©Z ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ©Xe©Z, à{ejU

h) e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ ¶m joÌmVrb VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, amÁ¶, amï> Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶ KS>m‘moS>tMr ‘m{hVr KoUo, Zm|X H$aUo d Vr ‘m{hVr gmd©{ÌH$ H$aUo

i) e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZ, ì¶dñWmnZ, XoIaoI, à{ejU Am{U g§emoYZ ¶mg§~§Yr amÁ¶ d amÁ¶m~mhoarb ‘m{hVrMo Omb V¶ma H$aUo.

j) e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ ¶m joÌmVrb bmoH$m§Zm nañna {dMma {d{Z‘¶mgmR>r ì¶mgnrR> CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

k) BVa amÁ¶o, H|$Ð emgZ Am{U BVa e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Zm g„m XoUo.

l) e¡j{UH$ {Z¶moOZ d ì¶dñWmnZ ¶m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m {~Ja emgH$s¶ g§ñWm§Zm ‘XV H$aUo.

H¥$Vr - 2

1. e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ, à{ejU, {dH$gZ ¶m§À¶m g§X^m©V SCERT À¶m H$m¶m©Mo {díbofU H$am.

..................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................

2. "dV©‘mÝ¶m e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWoV SIEMAT A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdmMr y{‘H$m ~OmdVo." ¶m

{dYmZmMr gmW©H$Vm {gÕ H$am.

..................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................

4.4 {Oëhm nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm - {Oëhm {ejU Am{U

à{ejU g§ñWm [DIETs]

{Oëhm nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejU aMZm hr 1986 À¶m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmda AmYm[aV Amho. ¶m~m~VrV gd©gmYmaU ‘m{hVr {Xbr Amho. àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ, H$m¶©dmhr, n¶©dojU Am{U AÜ¶mnZemómVrb CnH«$‘ am~{dÊ¶mgmR>r {Oëhm {ejU Am{U à{ejU g§ñWm (DIET) hr g§ñWm {Oëhm nmVirda H$m¶©aV Amho.



Notes

DIET Mr aMZm :

DIET godmnyd© Am{U godm§VJ©V à{ejUmWvMr à{ejUH$mimV {Zdmg ì¶dñWm H$aVo.

DIET À¶m gmV e¡j{UH$ emIm AmhoV.

godmnyd© {ejH$ à{ejU emIm (PSTE)

H$m¶m©Zw d emIm (WE)

godm§VJ©V H$m¶©H«$‘, jo{Ì¶ Am§Va{H«$¶m Am{U ZdCnH«$‘ emIm (IFIC)

Aä¶mgH«$‘, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ {dH$gZ Am{U ‘yë¶‘mnZ emIm (CMDE)

e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ emIm (ET)

{Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ emIm (P and M)

{Oëhm ómoV KQ>H$ (DRU)

Imbrb AmH¥$VrV ¶m gmVhr emIm XmI{dë¶m AmhoV.

Am.H«$. 4.4 DIET À¶m e¡j{UH$ emIm

4.4.1 DIET Mr y{‘H$m DIET Mr y{‘H$m Imbrbà‘mUo :

VmbwH$m nmVirda Am{U {Oëhm nmVirda e¡j{UH$ ~m~ter g§~§{YV ì¶³Vter àË¶j g§nH©$ gmYyZ Ë¶m ^mJmVrb g‘ñ¶m OmUyZ KoUo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejUmVrb g‘ñ¶m§da g§emoYZ àH$ënm§Mr AmIUr H$aUo d Vo am~{dUo.

{OëømVrb H¥${Vg§emoYZ CnH«$‘m§Mo n¶©dojU H$aUo.

embo¶ {ejH$, g§emoYZ H$aUmè¶m ì¶³Vr ¶m§Zm H¥${Vg§emoYZmMo à{ejU XoUo. Ë¶mgmR>r ‘m{hVr ómoV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© gmd©{ÌH$ H$aUo Am{U {Oëhm ñVar¶ nmVirda g§~§{YV ~m~rV gwYmaUm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$aUo.

{Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ emIm

e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ emIm

Aä¶mgH«$‘, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ {dH$gZ Am{U

‘yë¶‘mnZ emIm

H$m¶m©Zw d emIm

DIET À¶m e¡j{UH$ emIm

godmnyd© {ejH$ à{ejU emIm

godm§VJ©V H$m¶©H«$‘, jo{Ì¶ Am§Va{H«$¶m

Am{U ZdCnH«$‘ emIm

{Oëhm ómoV KQ>H$



Notes

4.4.2 DIET Mo H$m¶©

àË¶oH$ {OëhmVrb {Oëhm {ejU Am{U à{ejU g§ñWoMo H$m¶© Imbrbà‘mUo Amho.

a) Imbrb bú¶ g‘whm§Mo à{ejU Am{U CX²~moYZ H$aUo.

àmW{‘H$ emim {ejH$ (godmnyd© Am{U godm§V©JV {ejH$)

àmW{‘H$ emim ‘w»¶mÜ¶mnH$, embm{YH$mar Am{U VmbwH$mnmVirdarb {ejU joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmao emgH$s¶ A{YH$mar

AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU Am{U àm¡T> {ejU ¶m‘Ü¶o d H$m¶©aV AgUmao à{ejH$ Am{U n¶©dojH$ (àmW{‘H$ ñVa Am{U {Za§Va {ejU)

{Oëhm {ejU ‘§S>imMo g^mgX, J«m‘ {ejU g{‘Vr g‘mOZoVo, Vê$U Am{U e¡j{UH$ CnH«$‘mV ^mJ KoUmao ZmJ[aH$.

b) {OëømVrb àmW{‘H$ Am{U àm¡T> {ejU g§ñWm§Zm e¡j{UH$ gmYZg§nÎmr Imbrb ómoVm§‘m’©$V CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

{dñVmarV {ejU CnH«$‘ Am{U Am§Va[H«$¶m

{ejH$ d ‘mJ©Xe©H$ ¶m§MogmR>r à{ejU H|$Ð Am{U e¡j{UH$ Aä¶mg ómoV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda CnbãY hmoUmè¶m gm{hË¶mnmgyZ e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ ~Z{dUo, ‘yë¶‘mnZ gmYZo ~Z{dUo ¶m~m~r {dH${gV H$aUo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejH$, àm¡T> {ejU Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU ¶m§MogmR>r ‘yë¶‘mnZ H|$Ð åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aUo. c) H¥$Vrg§emoYZ Am{U à¶moJerbVm : àmW{‘H$ Am{U àm¡T> {ejU ¶m§À¶m~m~VrV Ü¶o¶

JmR>Ê¶mgmR>r ¶oUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m§er ‘wH$m~bm H$aUo. ho H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r DIET Mm H$mhr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mV ¶oVmV CXm - ¶mo½¶ Ë¶m B‘maVr, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶, Vk Am{U AZw dr {ejH$ à{ejH$, ñdm¶ÎmVm, g§~§{YVm§Zm à{ejU Am{U Am[W©H$ ‘XV. Ë¶mI oarO DIET ‘Ü¶o ZdrZ emIm CKS>Ê¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV.

godmnyd© {ejH$ à{ejU emIm.

Aä¶mgH«$‘, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ Am{U ‘yë¶‘mnZ emIm.

H$m¶m©Zw d emIm H|$Ð.

{Oëhm ómoV KQ>H$ H|$Ð (DRU) - àm¡T> d AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r {Z¶moOZ Am{U ì¶dñWmnZ, e¡j{UH$ V§ÌkmZ Am{U godm§VJ©V H$m¶©H«$‘, joÌr¶ Am§Va{H«$¶m

Am{U Zd{Z{‘©Vr, ghH$m¶© B. emIm CKS>Ê¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV.

4.5 {d^mJr¶ nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm {d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$Ð (BRC)

{Oëhm nmVirda {ejUmMr àV gwYmaUo Am{U e¡j{UH$ CnH«$‘mV J{V‘mZVm AmUUo hr O~m~Xmar DIET da gmon{dbobr Amho. embo¶ nmVirda {ejUmMr àV gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r, {ejH$m§Zm Am{U emim§Zm e¡j{UH$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U ¶m ì¶dñWobm e¡j{UH$ ghmæ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$ÐmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho.



Notes

{d^mJr¶ ómoV H§o$Ðmda 100 Jmdm§Mr O~m~Xmar gmon{dbobr AgVo. ¶m H§o$ÐmVrb gd© H$m‘H$mO {d^mJr¶ {ejUm{YH$mar d Ë¶m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV haUmao S>oQ>m Am°naoQ>ag©, B§{O{Z¶g©, {d^mJr¶ g‘Ýd¶H$, ómoV gmYZ ì¶H$Vr, Am{U BVa ¶m§À¶m‘m’©$V MmbVo.

4.5.1 {d^mJr¶ ómoV H§o$ÐmMr y{‘H$m Am{U H$m¶©

gd© {ejm A{^¶mZmVrb gd© CnH «$‘mMo {Z¶moOZ, H$m¶©dmhr Am{U n¶©dojU {d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$Ðm‘m’©$VM hmoVo. ho H|$Ð {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU XoVo, {ejUgm{hË¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aVo; g‘mOOmJ¥Vr H$aVo, H¥$Vrg§emoYZ H$aVo, {dÚmWu VgoM {ejH$m§gmR>r doJdoJio CnH«$‘ Am{U ñnYm© KoVo. àmW{‘H$ {ejUm‘Yrb H$moUVrhr ‘m{hVr ¶m H|$ÐmH$Sy>Z EH$[ÌV Ho$br OmVo. Am{U Vr {Oëhm Am{U amÁ¶ nmVirda CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo.

àmW{‘H$ {ejH$m§Zm gd© e¡j{UH$ nmVirda ‘XV H$aUo ho {d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$ÐmMo ‘w»¶ H$m¶© Amho.

{d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$ÐmMr H$m¶©o :

a) àmW{‘H$ emiobm nwaoer OmJm d CnH$aUo / embo¶ gm{hË¶ nwa{dUo. b) emim B‘maV Xþê$ñV H$aUo. H$mhr {deof gmo¶r H$ê$Z XoUo ZdrZ B‘maV ~m§YUo. c) gm§{JVë¶mà‘mUo emioMo n¶©dojU H$aUo. d) dJm©V gd© {dÚmWu CnpñWV amhVrb,¶mMr O~m~Xmar KoUo. e) e³¶ Agob VoWo ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZm§Mr ì¶dñWm H$aUo. f) {dÚmWvZm JUdoe nwa{dUo. g) emioV doJdoJio g‘ma§ gmOao H$aUo. VgoM gm‘m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ {Z¶mo{OV H$aUo. joÌôQ>tMo Am¶moOZ H$aUo. h) {d^mJmV hmoV Agboë¶m e¡j{UH$ KS>m‘moS>tMr XIb KoUo, n¶©dojU H$aUo, àV Am{U àJVr nmhUo. i) {d^mJmV hmoV Agboë¶m e¡j{UH$ KS>m‘moS>tMr XIb KoUo, n¶©dojU H$aUo, àV Am{U àJVr nmhUo. j) ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§gmR>r AemgH$s¶ g§ñWm, ñd¶§‘XV JQ> Am{U emgH$s¶ ImVr ¶m§Mr ‘XV {‘i{dUo. k) {d^mJre nmVirda Mmbboë¶m e¡j{UH$ CnH«$‘m§Mo nwZamdbmoH$Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§~§{YV A{YH$mè¶m§À¶m ~¡R>H$m KoD$Z CnH«$‘mVrb AS>Wio Xÿa H$aUo. l) {d^mJr¶ nmVirda hmoV Agboë¶m à{ejU H$m¶©H«$‘mMo n¶©dojU H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm hmoUmam n[aUm‘ nmhUo.

4.6 JQ> nmVirdarb àmW{‘H$ {ejUmMr aMZm nw§O ómoV H|$Ð (CRC)

nw§O åhUOo 8 Vo 10 emim§Mm EH$ JQ> AgVmo. ¶m emim nañnam§‘Ü¶o ghH$m¶© H$ê$Z embo¶ gm{hË¶, e¡j{UH$ CnH$aU, Vk {ejH$ ¶m§Mr nañnam§‘Yrb AXbm~Xb H$aVmV. nw§O ómoV H|$Ðm‘Ü¶o {Za{Zamù¶m emioVrb {ejH$ {dMma{d{Z‘¶mgmR>r EH$Ì ¶oD$Z Amnbr ì¶mdgm{¶H$ àJVr gmYy eH$VmV.

{d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$Ð Oo CnH«$‘ {d^mJr¶ nmVirda am~{dVo, VoM CnH«$‘ nw§O ómoV H|$Ð nw§O nmVirda am~{dVo. nw§O ómoV H|$Ð Á¶m emioV Agob Ë¶m emioMm embmà‘wI Ë¶m H§o$Ðmbm O~m~Xma AgVmo.



Notes

4.6.1 n§wO ómoV H§o$ÐmMr y{‘H$m

1) emim Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r {Z¶‘ Am{U H$m¶©nÕVr V¶ma H$aUo.

2) emim§Zm AW©ghmæ¶ H$aUo d ømMr ì¶dñWm R>odUo.

3) ZdrZ Aä¶mgH«$‘ am~{dÊ¶mMr ¶mo½¶ Vr ì¶dñWm H$aUo.

4) {ejH$m§gmR>r H$m¶©emim Mmb{dUo.

4.6.2 n§wO ómoV H§o$ÐmMr H$m¶}

nw§O ómoV H|$Ðo {ejH$ gj‘rH$aUmMo H$m¶© H$aVmV. ¶m {R>H$mUr {ejH$ EH$Ì ¶oVmV. Amnë¶m AZw dm§Mr XodmUKodmU H$aVmV. AmnU Ho$boë¶m ZdrZ CnH«$‘m§Mr ‘m{hVr XoVmV. nw§O ómoV H|$ÐmMr H$m¶} nwT>rbà‘mUo

AIË¶marVrb gd© emim§Mo {ZarjU Am{U narjU H$aUo.

AIË¶marVrb emioVrb {ejH$m§À¶m ~Xë¶m H$aUo.

doVZdmQ>n H$aUo

embo¶ ’${Z©Ma dmQ>n H$aUo

CnH$aUo Am{U boIZgm{hË¶ d H$m¶m©b¶ gm{hË¶ nwa{dUo.

AIË¶marVrb emio‘Yrb AZwnpñWV {ejH$m§À¶m OmJr Xþgam {ejH$ XoÊ¶mMr ì¶dñWm H$aUo.

AIË¶marVrb emim§À¶m embmà‘wIm§Zm {H$aH$moi aOm ‘§Oya H$aUo.

‘m{hVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$éZ Vr {d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$ÐmH$S>o d VoWyZ nwT>o {Oëhm Am{U amÁ¶mH$S>o nmR>{dUo.

Aä¶mgH«$‘ gm{hË¶ {dH${gV H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ g‘ma§^

{Z¶{‘VnUo {ejH$g^m Am¶mo{OV H$aUo

Aä¶mg d Aä¶mgoVa H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dUo.

AÜ¶¶Z Am{U AÜ¶mnZ gm{hË¶ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.

doJdoJù¶m {df¶m§À¶m godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMo {Z¶moOZ H$aUo.

emim§Mo n¶©dojU H$aUo.

4.7 gmam§e

gd© e¡j{UH$ nmVù¶m§da JwUdÎmm dmT>mdr {deofV: àmW{‘H$ {ejUmV JwUdÎmm dmT>mdr åhUyZ ‘mZd g§emoYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶, ^maV gaH$ma ¶m§Zr àmW{‘H$ {ejU JwUdÎmmdmT> ¶m O~m~XmarMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ho$bo. 1961 ‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ nmVirda NCERT ¶m gdm}ƒ g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ¶m g§ñWoMo {d{eï> H$m¶© åhUOo embo¶ {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo Am{U ‘mZd g§emoYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶mbm e¡j{UH$ ~m~VrV g„m XoUo, ho hmo¶. NCERT Mr y{‘H$m Am{U doJdoJir H$m¶} ¶m nmR>mV dU©Z Ho$br AmhoV.

gmd©{ÌH$ {ejU gj‘rH$aUmMo CÔrï> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶ nmVirda XmoZ à‘wI g§ñWm H$m‘ H$aV AmhoV. Ë¶m åhUOo, 1. amÁ¶ {ejU g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU g„mJma ‘§S>i



Notes

(SCERT), Am{U 2. amÁ¶ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U à{ejU g§ñWm (SIEMAT) NCERT

Oo H$m‘ amï´>r¶ nmVirda nma nmS>Vo, VoM H$m‘ SCERT àm§V nmVirda nma nmS>Vo. NCERT

à‘mUoM SCERT ‘Ü¶o gwÕm doJdoJio {d^mJ AmhoV. SCERT hr amÁ¶ {ejU ImË¶mMr e¡j{UH$ emIm Amho. ¶m ImË¶mMr Xþgar e¡j{UH$ emIm SIEMAT Amho. SIEMAT Mo ‘w»¶ H$m¶© e¡j{UH$ àemgZmV AgUmè¶m godH$m§‘Ü¶o ì¶dñWmnH$s¶ H$m¡eë¶ {dH${gV H$aUo, ho Amho. Ë¶mIoarO hr g§ñWm amÁ¶nmVirda YmoaU {Z¶moOZmV ‘XV H$aVo Am{U {Za{Zamù¶m g§ñWm§Zm, bmoH$m§Zm ì¶mdgm{¶H$ H$m¡eë¶ nwa{dVo. 1986 ‘Ü¶o Ho$boë¶m {e’$maerZwgma {ejUmÀ¶m g§KQ>Zm{df¶H$ g§aMZoMo AmUIr {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. {Oëhm nmVirda {Oëhm {ejU Am{U à{ejU g§ñWm§Mr [DIET]

{Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m g§ñWm§Zr godmnyd© Am{U godm§VJ©V à{ejU KoUo Ano{jV Amho. ¶mIoarO àmW{‘H$ {ejUmda bKwg§emoYZ àH$ën KoUo, Aä¶mgH«$‘ d e¡j{UH$ gm{hË¶ V¶ma H$aUo hoXoIrb Ano{jV Amho. ¶m {R>H$mUr {Oëhm ómoV KQ>H$ H|$Ð XoIrb AgVo. ¶mnwT>rb {dH|$ÐrH$aU à{H«$¶oV {d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$Ð Am{U nw§O ómoV H|$Ð ¶m§Mr C^maUr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. hr H|$Ðo àmW{‘H$ emioVrb {ejH$m§Zm Am{U emim§Zm e¡j{UH$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV Am{U e¡j{UH$ nmR>~i XoVmV. nw§O ómoV H|$Ðo {ejH$m§À¶m gj‘rH$aUmMo H$m¶© H$aVmV ¶m {R>H$mUr {ejH$ EH$Ì ¶oVmV. Amnë¶m AZw^dm§Mr XodmUKodmU H$aVmV. AmnU Ho$boë¶m ZdrZ CnH«$‘m§Mr ‘m{hVr XoVmV.

4.8 g§ñWoMo Zmd / AÚmjao ¶m§Mr gy{M

BRC - Block Resource Centre

{d^mJr¶ ómoV H|$Ð.

CRC - Cluster Resource Centre

nw§O ómoV H§o$Ð

DIET - District Institute of Education and Training.

{Oëhm {ejU Am{U à{ejU H|$Ð.

DPEP - District Primary Education Programme.

{Oëhm àmW{‘H$ [ejU H$m¶©H«$‘

MHRD - Ministry of Human Resource Development

‘mZd g§emoYZ {dH$mg ‘§Ìmb¶

MLL- Minimum Level of Learning.

{ejUmMr Ý¶yZV‘ nmVir

NCERT - National Council of Educational Research and Training

amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU n[afX

NGO - Non Government Organization

J¡aemgH$s¶ g§KQ>Zm

SCERT - State Institute of Educational Management and Training

amÁ¶ {ejU g§emoYZ Am{U n{ejU H|$Ð

SIEMAT -State Institute of Educational Management and Training

amÁ¶ e¡j{UH$ ì¶dñWmnZ Am{U à{ejU H|$Ð

SPOT -Special Orientation for Primary School Teachers.

àmW{‘H$ {ejH$m§Mo {deof CX~moYZ



Notes

TQM - Total Quality Management

g§nyU© XOm©Ë‘H$ ì¶dñWmnZ

4.9 g§X ©

Xoe‘wI Am{e‘m Am{U S>m°.Zm¶a A§Oy (2010) : Educational Management {h‘mb¶ npãbqeJ hmD$g n¥ð>o 479 Vo 492.

Xoe‘wI ìhr. Eg². Am{U nmQ>rb S>ãë¶y Ama (2009), Primary Education - Current

Situation Problems and Solutions. {Zambr àH$meZ

n§S>çm Eg². Ama² - Educational Management.

http//www.dtert.in.nic.in/Functions %20 of% 20DIET.html.

4.10 ñdmÜ¶m¶ -

1. amï´>r¶ e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU n[afXoMr ZD$ H$m¶} ¶m AjaOmbmV bnbobr AmhoV Vr emoYm.

A.H«$. H$m¶m©Mo ‘amR>r Zmd H$m¶m©Mo B§J«Or Zmd ñnoqbJ H$moR>o emoYmdo.

1 {dH$mg development AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

2 ‘m{hVr àgmaU disseminate AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

3 ‘mJ©Xe©Z guidane Cä¶m AmoirV

4 H$m¶©dmhr implement AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

5 CX²~moYZ orientation AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

6 g§emoYZ research AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

7 gd}jU survey AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

8 à{ejU training Cä¶m AmoirV

9 H$m¶©emim work shop AmS>ì¶m AmoirV

AjaOmb

d i s s e m i n a t e

c f g r e s e a r c h

d t u s e s a r c g h

o r i r n t a t i o n

d a d d g r e s e r c

s i a r d e v o p l g

u n n w o r k s h o p

r i c q w e t r t i g

v n e d e v e l o q e

o g s u r v e y s r e

i m p l e m e n t s o

d e v e l o p m e n u



Notes

2. H$moUË¶mhr {Oëhm {ejU Am{U à{ejU H|$Ðmbm oQ> Úm. Imbrb ~m~VrV ¶m H|$ÐmÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mo {ZarjU H$am. d Ë¶mdê$Z EH$ N>moQ>o {Q>nU V¶ma H$am. a) H|$ÐmZo nwa{dboë¶m ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm. b) JVdfu KoVboë¶m {ejH$ à{ejU H$m¶©H«$‘mVrb {d{dYVm Am{U gd© g‘mdoeH$Vm. c) Joë¶m XmoZ dfm©Vrb à{ejU CnH«$‘ Am{U Ë¶mMm XrK©H$mbrb à^md. d) H|$ÐmÀ¶m H$m¶m©Mr Vnerbdma ¶mXr V¶ma H$am.

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