conf/2020/15... · Web viewФакультет української й іноземної філології . та мистецтвознавства. Центр історії
Upload
others
View
6
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
344 x 292
429 x 357
514 x 422
599 x 487
Citation preview
:
-. . , . . . (. ).
: «» «» / . . . . . : «», 2020. 130
.
ISBN 978-966-2394-43-6
, , .
.
ISBN 978-966-2394-43-6 ©
. . , . .
, . , , . .
, . , - , .
. . [10], . . [11],
. . [4, 5],
. . [2], . . [3] .
: , -, .
’ ( « », «», « ’», « », « »).
(, , ) .
: ___________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
1) , ;
2) ;
3) .
, , ’ , .
. « , , » [8, . 62]. : , ,
[1], [7], [7] .
, . , [9, . 5]. , , ,
, - . , ,
[8, . 62].
, , : , , ,
, , , [4, . 142].
, :
1) ’ → ’: (3, 01.09.19). , . ,
.
2) , → : (4, 12.11.19). «» – . «» –
.
3) → ’: 2019
(4, 12.12.19). «», ’ , – . , 2019 , .
– .
, – , , .
:
1) → / : (3, 03.11.19). , ’ . (1, 01.11.19)
– .
2) , , → : (5, 08.11.19), (1, 16.02.19),
(1, 30.10.2019).
3) → : (4, 17.09.19), - (1, 19.09.19).
4) ’ → : «» – (3, 05.10.19). «» . .
.
: – , , . ,
, , – [6, . 192].
- :
1) → : (1, 11.09.19), ,
(2, 07.07.2019).
2) – , : , , : (1, 24.09.19) – ; , , , ,
(4, 10.07.19) – .
3) , → , : (3, 03.11.19), (2, 12.10.19) – –
, .
4) , → → , : (1,
08.01.19) – , ? – – (1, 08.04.19).
5) «»: - (3, 01.09.19) – « » → « », : ’ (4, 10.05.19) –
« » → « ’ ».
. , , .
, , - , .
, . , , .
, , , - . , , – , , , , , , , , , , .
1. . . . . . . . : ,1998. 1097 .
2. . . . . : , 1990. . 22–40.
3. . . : . : , 1988. . 11–26.
4. . . . .
2011. . 14. . 8. . 140–144.
5. . . . . . 2016. . 17. . 13.
6. . . . . . 2012. 1. . 190–195.
7. . . : - . ., 1962. 447 .
8. . . -. . . : . 2018. . 34.
. 62.
9. . . . : , 1987. . 29.
10. . . ( ). .
1984. 1. . 32–41.
11. . . . : , 1988. . 112.
1. « » – , 1991 .
2. « » – , 1995 .
3. « » – , 1927 .
4. « » – - , , , 1972 .
5. « ’» – , 1990 .
. . , . .
« »
. , . , : 1) , ’ , ; 2) ; 3) , [4,. 26].
, , , . : () , .
, , , , , , , , – , , . – , , , . .
__________________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
.
. , 2- – (-'-), -, – – (-'), , ..: «, ! » [3,. 25]; , , !
[3,. 18].
3- . , () , () : «, , , – . , ’ » [3,. 47]; « … !.. , [3,
. 56].
: – –: « , – – » [3, . 15]. ’ , . - : « , !!! , ,
»[3, . 69].
, - , 3- 3- . –: « : «, , !» [3, . 64].
- , . , (, , , ) - , , , : « , – , – , , , – , » [3, . 16] «.
! !».
, . , : « – »; « ». , ’-: « , , , - » [3,
. 74].
’ , . - , ’ .-. . –: «, . . , , » [3, c. 55]; , , - – , , , ,
, »[3, c. 7].
. . -, - , [] : « . , , » [3, c. 26]; « . , » [3,
c. 32].
. . . -, -, -ojy, -ejy [j] [] []: « , , , , ». , ’ ’ : «, , » [3,
c. 17]. –, , –. ’ – (-) ’ –(-):« , ,
, » [3,c. 186].
, () , , , , , . , , – , .
1. . . . , 1980. 246 .
2. . . . , 1966. 315 .
3. . . []. -, 2010. 202 .
4. . . . . 2007. 6. . 26–36.
5. : 11 . / . ; . . . . : , 1970–1980.
. . , . .
: , , . ’ .
– . , . . [3], . . [5], . . [4],
. . [7], . . [6], . , , « ».
. . : « , , , , » [5, . 3].
. . « ( . innovatio – , , ) , , , , ».
. . , , , : « » [7, . 133].
.
_________________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
, , -, , .
– , , [2].
. , .
– ; , , ; .
. , , . – , .
, , , , , , , , , .
, : , , , - , , -’ , .
, .
, - . , ’ , , , .
«» «interact», «inter» – «act» –. , – , . – , , – , , [6, .
7].
. . « »; ( ) .
- .
, () . , , «».
«» , . , , , (, ) , . ( 0,5–1 ). . . : « » 6 , . :
1) ?
2) ,
, ?
4) ?
, , , .
. « » . . – , – » [1, . 205].
, . . , ; , ; .
, , , , , .
6 « ’ . » . - : I – « »; II – « »; III – « ». , , .
9 , . , « » « . ». ’ : «« – ?». , .
. , , .
. – - , , [4, . 142].
() ’. , ’ «» . , , , .
5-9 , , : , , , , . . . : , , , , , . . , : : , , , . .
, , – . -. , ( , – , – ). , – , – . , , , , , . , – - , , –
-.
, , , .
, ’ . , ; , .
:
1. . . . , 1997. 375.
2. . , . . . . URL:
http://www.rusnauka.com/pdf/241642.pdf .
3. . . : . . : , 2004. 218 .
4. / . . , . . , . . , . . .; . . . .
: , 2005. 400 .
5. I., . . . 1998. 12. . 3–17.
6. . . . . . : .-. . : «...», 2004. 192 .
7. . . – . : : . . .-. . , 1999. . 133–136.
. . , . .
-
( . . )
, . , , .
. , (. . [1], . . [2], . . [7],
. . , . . [6] .). , - . . , , . ’
, , [3], [5] [4]. - .
. . , , - , , , , .
________________________________
.
. . . ‘h’ – ‘’, ‘g’ – ‘’ , , . ,
: Hagrid – , MacGonagall – , Granger – ,Dursley – , Wood – ,
Dumbledor – , Weasley – , Longbottom – , Hooch – .
. . . . , , / . :
. .
. .
. .
MacGonagall
Hagrid
Granger
Dursley
Wood
Weasley
Dumbledor
, . , . . ’ Severus Snape . «severus» «», «snape» –
«sneap», «», – . . . ’ – . , , , , . ,
.
. . , , Wood – .
Hooch. . . , “hooch” «», . «» «», . . , , .
Longbottom , . . . – , . . – . «Long» ,
«Bottom» : , , , , , . , , «», «, ». , , .
, , , , , , .
. .
Gryffindor
Slytherin
Thestral
Quidditch
Quaffle
Hogwarts
, . . , . . . . . , . .
, – nargle. , – . .
. . . , Hufflepuff – ( ‘huff’, ‘puff’ ) Ravenclaw –
( : raven – , claw – ).
– The Deathday party ( Birthday party) – .
. . . Diagon alley, -. . . ,
. . . . Skele-Gro . . -. / . , ,
. . , , .
. . , , ’ : snitch – ( ’, ), bludger – ( , ). ,
. . snitch , , – Quibbler. . . , ,
. . – . , , . . – , to
quibble – .
. . wrackspurts – , , . . . , . .
– (wrack – , spurt – ).
- . : epperup potion ( ) . . . . – .
. . – – «». , polyjuice potion, . .
. . , poly-, . -, , , . . – , .
, , , , , . . . - . , .
. . , , - , . .
, , . . . , , . , . , , , , .
1. . . . [ . ]. . 2016. . 2. . 11–15. URL:
http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nzfn_2016_2_4 .
2. . . ( « »). : : VIII . .-. . : . . 1. 2017.
.78–82.
3. . . . URL: https://potter-2.bib.bz/
4. . . . URL: http://bookonline.com.ua/read.php ?book=
3685
5. . . . URL:
https://knizhnik.org/dzhoan-rouling/garri-potter-i-filosofskij-kamen-perevod-marii-spivak/1
6. . ., . : . URL:
http://dspu.edu.ua/native_word/wp-content/uploads/
2016/04/2012-34.pdf .
7. . . . . .: . 2016 21. . 1. . 139–142.
. . , . .
. , , . - , , , , . , ’ ’ , [1, . 87].
, , [11, . 9]. , .
:
· ;
· ;
· .
________________________________
’ – .
– «» .
, , ’ . «» « » « , ’ » [6, . 170]. – , , - [8,
. 218]. « , - » [4, . 122].
. [1, . 456], . . [3], . . [7,
. 71], . . [10, . 65], . . [14] .
, , . . [4, . 224], . . [5,
. 662], . . [13] .
. , [1, . 456].
, , . , , .
, , , . . , . , : . [9, . 117]; . , , [9, . 90] – , . : ,
, : . , -, , , , , - , , , … [2, . 122].
: : – , , . ’ [9, . 138]; . [9, . 116]; : ,
, , , ’. [9, . 176]; , . [9, . 176]. , , .
: . [9, . 176]; . , , [9, . 174]. - .
, [12, . 254]. : . -. . [9, . 62]. - , .
, . - , (): . [9, . 176]; . , , , [9, . 176].
, – , - – . - . . . ,
.
1. . . : . -., 1975. 456 .
2. ’. : « », 2010. 272 .
3. . . ( , ). , - . . . . : . , 1973. 284c.
4. . ., . ., . . : . : , 2001. 224.
5. . . : : . : , 2001. 662 .
6. . . : . : , 1986. 178 .
7. . . . . . . 1981. 1. . 68–71.
8. . . . , 2006. 218 .
9. . . : . : - «-», 2004. 176 .
10. . . . . 1978. 2. . 58–65.
11. ., . ’ ’ : . : , 2018. 268 .
12. - . . . . . 2017. . 24. . 1. . 254–263.
13. . . - - . . . . -: . . . : . . -, 2006.
. 296–301.
14. . . . , 1957. 188 .
. ., . .
. , . . , . . . , . . , . . ,
. . , , , , - . , , , . . [1,
. 16], . . [3, . 38], . . [4,
. 125] .
, , . , .
: , , .
, , ,
.
_________________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
: , . (. ). , , . : , … (. ).
’. . . , « , …, . ’, , , ( «»)» [5, . 602].
, – . - ’ . , . – , , , : ’ , .
, : , . , , .
’ - , . : , ’ . , ’, : . , ’ .
. . , [5, . 604].
- () -, - , . - . , , , : , , . , , , , , , ’ , . , - , , (
. . – ).
… – …. ’ , : – , , , , (. . ). , : ,
(. .). , .
… … … , : , .
. . . , , « , » [5, . 605]. . . ,
« , , ; , » [2, . 41]. ’ , . , , . . : ,
(. . ).
, , , .
. -, - . - , , - , , . - , , - , ( , . . ) [5,
. 606]. , , , . , « », « », « », , , , : , (.). ,
(.). - – (. ).
, « », « », , , : – (. ). , , (. ). - –
« », « », : , , (. ). , (. ). ,
(. ).
– ( ), : , (. ). , (. ). , . (. ). , (. ).
, . : , (. ). , (. ). , (. ). , (. ).
, , « », « -», « », « », , , : , (. ). , , (. -’). , –
(. ). , (. ).
« », « », , : , , ( ). . … (. . ). ,
(. ).
, , , : - - - . ( , ), ’ – : 1) , , : , , , , , ; 2) , ,
, – .
1. . . . . : , 1993. 420 .
2. . ., . . : . . : , 1989. 367 .
3. . . : . : , 1952. . 2. 255 .
4. : . : , 1965. . 2. 303 .
5. . . . . 1987. 3. . 48–52.
. . , . .
« »
– . , , . , . . . , , [5]. , , , , , .
. « », .
. , [4].
– , , [1].
.
– , , . (, ,
, ), - , ,
_________________________
.
: , , , ; , ; , - ; ; ; , , ; , , ; , ; , ,
, , ; , ; ; ; ; , ; [3] .
– , .
: – , ; -, ; - – ; -, – ; -, [1].
. « » , , .
, , :
1) , , , , : [7, . 6], [7, . 7], [7, . 18], [7,
. 19], , [7, . 22], [7, . 23], - : ,
[7, . 6], [7, . 9], [7, . 16], [7, . 24];
2) : [7, . 8], [7, . 13], [7, . 17], [7, . 19],
, , [7, . 21], [7, . 23], , - , : , , , [7, . 5], ,
- [7,
. 6], [7, . 15], [7, . 16], [7, . 17];
3) , : [7, . 9], [7, . 14], [7, . 18], [7,
. 24];
4) : [7, . 6], [7, . 7], [7, . 24];
5) , , : (), (), [7, . 5], , [7, . 7], (), [7, . 8],
, [7, . 9], [7 . 11], [7, . 15], , () [7,
. 17];
6) , , -: [7, . 9], [7, . 18];
7) , , , , : [7, . 8], [7, . 9];
8) : [7, . 12];
9) , : , , [7, . 5], [7, . 7], - [7, . 7], [7,
. 10], [7, . 13], [7, . 16], [7, . 19];
10) , , : , , [7; . 5], [7, . 6], , [7, . 7], [7,
. 8], , , , [7, . 9], , , [7, . 10], , [7,
. 11], [7, . 12], [7, . 14], [7, . 15], [7,
. 19], , , [7, . 23], [7, . 24];
11) : [7, . 6], [7, . 7];
12) , : ( «») [7, . 9].
, , :
1) – , , : , , [7, . 8], [7, . 9], , ( «») [7,
. 13], [7, . 13], [7,
. 15], [7, . 17], [7, . 19], [7,
. 21], [7, . 23];
2) -, : [7, . 6],
[7, . 9], [7, . 14];
3) -: [7, . 11], , [7, . 12], [7, . 13], , , , [7,
. 14], [7, . 15], [7, . 15], [7, . 17], [7,
. 17], , () [7, . 18], [7, . 20], [7,
. 25];
4) -, , : [7, . 6], ( ) [7, . 12], ( «»), ( «») [7,
. 13].
. . , .
. , , .
1. . URL: https://studfile.net/preview/ 5589076/page:39 ( :
09.01.2020).
2. . URL: https://works.doklad.ru/view/Cwrhn1yPIa4/all.html ( :
09.01.2020).
3. . . . URL: http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um19.htm ( :
09.01.2020).
4. . . . URL:
https://dovidka.biz.ua/adrian-kashhenko-biografiya-ta-tsikavi-fakti
( : 09.01.2020).
5. – . : . URL:
https://www.dnipro.libr.dp.ua/pys%CA%B9mennyk_knyhovydavets_
tovarystvo
_Prosvita_narysy_istorychni_romany_Katerynoslav_zaporozke_kozatstvo
( : 09.01.2020).
6. – . . URL: https://
www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Lit/K/KaschenkoA.html ( :
09.01.2020).
7. . : . : , 2016. 239 .
. . , . .
. – . , . «- » [4, . 106].
« , , ’ » [1, . 144]. , , . « ’ » [4, . 106].
. , . , , . .
________________________________
, . , . – . () . . .
– .
« – , , , ; , » [2, . 82]. – . , -. , . , - , , .
, - .
, . . , . : . , / (5, . 49); ! / , (1, . 161); – ? / ,
(2, . 373). , , .
, , . « () – , , , , » [2, . 82]. , , , , , . , , , . . , . ,
, .
, , , ’ . . , , . : / / , / (1, . 147); . . . -/ . . , / . / ,
(3, . 25); , / – (4, . 17) . - , , , .
, , - . – , - .
1. . . ( ). : . : , 2007.
2. . . : . . - . . . 2-, . : , 2007. 400 c.
3. . . : . : ., 1984. 120 .
4. : / . . . . . . : . , 1973. 588 .
1. . . : , 1989. 558 .
2. . . : . . 1992. 686 .
3. . . : [ ]. : 4 ., 6- . : «», 1994. . 1, . 1. 450 .
4. . . 12 . 3. . : , 2008. 752 .
5. . . . . . 1 : : 1906–1934. : . , 1983. 736 .
. . , . .
, . , , ’ , , . [5], . . [4], . . [2], . .
[3] .
, , , . – . ’ . «».
______________________________
.
What do you mean there is no ruddy car?/ ? ruddy , , , , , : .
ruddy, bloody, . ruddy ’ bloody, – , , . ruddy . , ’ , , . : What
do you mean there is no ruddy car?/ ?
I don’t want to root aroung some bloke’s things / , bloke, , , , ,
, . , , : . , bloke.
We end up having a bit of a ding-dong / ding-dong – , , , , . , . ,
, , .
Blimey that was quick / , blimey, «Urban Dictionary» «exclamation –
god blind me. something surprising enough to make one wish they
were blind so that they cant see such things» [6]. , ’ . , , , , ,
. , : Blimey that was quick / , .
, . :
1) telly – ‘television’: You could just sit there and watch telly /
. .
2) dunno – ‘I do not know’. – . . , , , .
3) cuppa – cup of; . – . - , .
, , , , . .
, «» , - , , .
, . , , , . , .
1. . . . .: - «». 2001. 288 .
2. . . . . 1974. 132 .
3. . . : - . . 2014. . 90–98.
4. . . . . . - . . . 1980. 39 .
5. Partridge E. Slang Today and Yesterday. London. 1979. 258 p.
URL: partridge_e_slang_to_day_and_yesterday.pdf.
6. Urban Dictionary. URL: https://www.urbandictionary.com
O. V. Lipatov, M. L. Votintseva
A LINGUISTIC ADVENTURE WITH «A CLOCKWORK ORANGE»
Anthony Burgess was born in Manchester in 1917 and is a graduate of
the University there. After six years in the Army he worked as an
instructor for the Central Advisory Council for Forces Education,
as a lecturer in Phonetics and as a grammar school master. From
1954 till 1960 he was an education officer in the Colonial Service,
stationed in Malaya and Brunei.
He became a full-time writer in 1960, though his first novel had
been published four years earlier. A late starter in the art of
fiction, he had spent his creative energy previously on music, and
he has composed many full-scale works for orchestra and other
media.
Anthony Burgess maintains his old interest in music and in
linguistics, and these have conditioned the style and content of
the novels he writes. Though he and his wife no longer live abroad,
foreign travel remains a great source of inspiration. He has, to
date, published many novels, a book on linguistics, and various
critical works.
_________________________________
© Lipatov O. V., Votintseva M. L., 2020
If at first these words appear to be those of a man understandably
shocked at his surprising success, they leave an impression of
Burgess’ somewhat unpleasant feeling about the book, if not
contempt. Strange as it may be, he almost sadly insists: «It [the
book] seems likely to survive, while other works of mine that I
value more bite the dust» [1, p. 1]. So, what is so
extraordinarily surviving about the book that it is still read and
loved, its having outlived another 34 years since 1986?
Upon its release, «A Clockwork Orange» received mixed reviews.
While some complained about its violence and language, others noted
that the novel raised important ethical questions, such
as whether it is better for a person to decide to be bad than to be
forced to be good and if forcibly suppressing free will is
acceptable. While its initial sales were low, «A Clockwork Orange»
became a huge success after the release of Stanley Kubrick’s
1971 film adaptation. Although widely acclaimed, the movie’s
violent and sexually explicit scenes proved controversial
[2].
Anthony Burgess indeed had a reason to blame the Kubrick’s film. It
was that 20-chapter-before-1986 American version of the book that
inspired the famous director, whereas the original 21-chapter
version was never particularly loved by him and the American
editors, who protested that the final chapter was not consistent
with the plot, it was «bland and… showed a Pelagian unwillingness
to accept that a human being could be a model for unregenerable
evil» [1, p. 3]. The publishers would «kick the book on its
dogear» [1, p. 3] with its 21st chapter to prove that
«Americans were tougher than the British and could face up to
reality» [1, p. 3]. But why is it so? What is so bland about
this particular chapter that made a difference? To understand this,
the plot and the characters of the book should be given a brief
review.
The novel opens in a totalitarian society where violent
youths abound. The first page tells about the four droogs passing
their time at one of the milk bars, «making up [their] rassoodocks
what to do with the evening» [1, p. 7]. Immediately, a reader
would encounter words, which a grown person would consider to be
gibberish – what are those droogs? what is it with their
rassoodocks? It is not gibberish, however. It is Nadsat, a teenager
slang – an authentic creation of Anthony Burgess on the basis of
some Russian words. One of its effects is to beget a strong feeling
in readers that Alex, with his droogs, are outsiders, something
close to misfits almost, as it soon will be understood. This lexis
is not a sole peculiarity of their speech: the Cockney rhyming
slang, modified by the author, inexistent English words, child’s
gibberish, along with occasional somewhat formal phrasing add up to
their alienation from the readers’ world.
Another characteristic of Alex and Co is abnormal psychopathic
violence they bring about to the streets and satisfaction they get
after tolchocking or beating up elder persons – particularly
defenceless people – tearing their clothes, and crashing their
belongings. At one point the group breaks into a cottage, beating a
young writer and gang raping his wife, who later dies.
They also very keen on crasting or stealing some pretty polly,
money that is, from what appears to be a convenience store. By the
second part of the novella, it is quite clear that this dystopia
was meant for something. It is soon understood what exactly. When
an attempted robbery goes awry and Alex murders an elderly woman,
he is sentenced to 14 years in prison. He gradually adjusts to life
behind bars, but one night he and his cellmates beat a new
prisoner, who dies. Alex is chosen to undergo an experimental
program called the Ludovico’s Technique, a brutal form
of aversion therapy that includes Alex watching films
of Nazi atrocities. The treatment causes him to become
physically sick if he even thinks about committing a crime. It also
results in Alex disliking classical music. While government
officials deem the procedure a success, the prison chaplain, who
had befriended Alex, questions the ethics of removing
one’s free will. According to the chaplain, good behaviour should
be a choice [2].
Alex is released from prison, but his behavioural conditioning has
left him harmless and defenceless. Among those that
exact retribution are former gang members who have become
policemen. Badly beaten, Alex ends up at the cottage of the droogs’
earlier attack, but the writer, F. Alexander, does not recognise
him. Instead, he is sympathetic when he learns of the teenager’s
aversion therapy and wants to publicise his story in order to
turn public opinion against the government. However,
after coming to suspect that Alex was involved in the brutal
assault, he tries to make Alex commit suicide, which he plans to
blame on the government. Locked in a room and forced to listen
to Beethoven music, Alex jumps out off a window but
survives. While he is hospitalised, the doctors undo his
conditioning, and Alex ultimately reverts to his former behaviour.
In the final chapter of the original British edition, Alex has
grown tired of violence, and, after seeing an old friend who
has left the gang, he renounces his amoral past. This chapter –
which some consider unconvincing – was removed when the novel was
first published in the United States.
By definition, «a human being is endowed with free will. He can use
this to choose between good and evil. If he can only perform good
or only perform evil, then he is a clockwork orange-meaning that he
has the appearance of an organism lovely with colour and juice but
is in fact only a clockwork toy to be wound up by God or the Devil
or (since this is increasingly replacing both) the Almighty State»,
says Anthony Burgess [1, p. 4].
Thus, the author tried to show that being all good, as well as
being all bad, does not work for people. Life is a balance between
good and bad, where every step is defined by every individual,
regardless of how it is seen by the others, be it their parents,
authorities, religious or political group, government and so
on.
The speech of the book’s characters manifests this idea
beautifully. Nadsat, this odd way of speaking, shows how far away
apart we are (us being readers and the characters of the book).
Certainly, there is a strange feeling of relief, only a slightly
uneasy one, when in the end of the book, its notorious 21st
chapter, Alex quits his misdemeanour and becomes normal or rather
acceptable, for he shall never be fully normal.
This extraordinary speech, however interesting, causes many
problems for translators. One can break it down into several
groups. The first one is usage of Nadsat. It is a slang, composed
of word of mainly Russian origin, some of them are changed. The
second thing is occasional usage of somewhat formal phrasing. The
third one is usage of children’s gibberish. The fourth is usage of
modified by Anthony Burgess Cockney rhyming slang. Although, all
that creates many difficulties for translators, it also makes it
much more interesting to translate this magnificent novel.
REFERENCES
1. Burgess A. 1986. A Clockwork Orange. US: W. W. Norton &
Company.
2. Lowne C. A Clockwork Orange: Novel by Burgess.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. URL:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/A-Clockwork-Orange-novel .
Accessed: 08/3/20.
. . , . .
« »
– , , , 60- .
, « », ’ .
– , [6, . 698].
, , , , .
: (, , , , ); (, , ); , ; ; ; (, , ).
«» . 1886 ., – [1].
i , – ’. – . ’ , [5].
« »
_____________________________
, - . , , . – – « » , , , , . , . . ( , -), ( , ,
, , ). . , . , ’ - , .
; , , ’. i i :
1) ( , , , , );
2) ( - ( ), , );
3) ( , ’ );
4) (, );
6) ( -);
7) ( );
8) ( ).
, - ’ , : « : , , , , . ( ), , , » [6, c. 234] – , , .
, , , , .
– . « » , : , -, -, , , . , . , , , 1223 : «
– » [3, . 234].
: . : – – – .
– , . . , .
. . ( ): , , , . .
, , .
. , , « » . , : « – , - – » [3, . 197].
( 1594–1596 .) , , . – , . ( ).
’ , . (, ) : « ( )» [3, . 208].
’ ’: «’ … , : , , ; ( ), , » [3, . 208].
, . , , .
, .
’ . , , . . , . , .
« » . . , . , , , , . .
, ’, , - . , , : , , , , , , [2,
. 18].
. . , , , . , , , [4, . 25].
1. . . . . 2006. . 41. . 217–219.
2. . ( , , , ). . 2011. 10. . 4–7.
3. . . . . 2. . : , 2004. 400 .
4. . « » . . 2011. 10. . 23–29.
. . , . .
.
’ . , , - . , , , ’ . , - .
- , , , – . , , . , , , , . ’ , , «». , (, , ), , .
. , , , . , ,
______________________________
. .
. , , , , . : , , , , , (), (), ( ).
, , . , : ‘, ’, , ‘ , ( )’. . « » ‘ ’: – , [1].
, . , . «» : - , ( !) « » [2, c. 1]. ,
.
. , (. freak) ‘ ’. «» : … , ... [2, c. 4]. , ’ .
, : . [2, c. 4].
, «». , . . « » : [1]. , , , , , .
’ , « , , «» » [3, . 28]. , ‘’, , : , , [1].
( ) . , . , « » : … : ’, , , [1].
, . , . . , , , « » .
, . , - : …', , , «», [1]. -- – - , , .
, , . , , , . , , . : «» «», , – ‘’, ‘’.
, . , - . - , .
2. . . URL:
https://www.rulit.me/books/taemnicya-zamist-romanu-read-357159-1.html
3. . ? [ ]. . 2006. 12. C.27–30.
. . , . .
©
– , , , - - . . « » , « – , , , ’ , » [4]. – , - . ’
. , , , , , . , , -. - – [2, . 86]. -.
, . , , - . - «, , , ’ (, -), : . – “ ”; .
– “ ”» [4]. -, . , . , -, , , , . , - , ’
.
, .
– .
: - ’ - .
’ - .
– - .
.
, , :
1. : – , .., - «»: ’ , , , … [3, . 637], – , ..: – ,– [3,
. 343], – : 40 40 , [1, . 40], – : , . , - ,
[3, . 517].
2. : - – , . .: - [3, . 638], - – , ..: – : , - [3,
. 516], -, - – : , : , - , - [3, . 519].
3. : – : , : – [3, . 638], – : , , , , - «» ( , , , ) … [3,
. 640].
4. : – : , , , , . , [3, . 517], – : , , – : , [3,
. 517].
5. - : – : … ’ – , «» [3, . 640].
6. - : – : – , . . . . [3, . 643], – , – : – [3,
. 518].
, , - , , - . - . . - , , .
- , .
1. . . : / . . . ’. : «», 1991. 47 .
2. . . - 60–70- . « ». . 2011. . 21. . 85–90. URL:
http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nznuoaf_2011_21_12
3. : / . . . . : , 2011. 800 .
4. : . : . . . , 2000. 752 . URL:
http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um.htm
. . , . .
«» -
. ’ ( . . [2], . . [3] ,
. . [5] .). «» . - .
, , , . . . , [1, . 49]. , ’. , . - . , .
______________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
before they are easy; , – greedy folk have long arms; the eyes are
the window to the soul – – ; without batting an eyelid – ;
shut/close one’s eyes to something – ; not to believe one’s eyes –
; – home truths are hard to swallow; fear has big eyes – ; you look
at the splinter in your brother’s eye, and don’t notice the beam
which is in your own eye – , ; – to cast a glance;
have a good eye for smth – ; to keep an eye on smb – ; keep your
eyes peeled/skinned – ; under the (watchful, stern) eye of smb – ;
all eyes are on/watching/fixed on – ; have eyes like a hawk – ;
keep a weather eye on – ; be up to your eyes in smth – ; have eye
on smb – ; get/keep your eye in – ; in your mind’s eye – ; with an
eye to doing smth – ; with one’s eyes open – ; can do smth with
your eyes shut – ; an eye for/on/to the main chance – ; open smb’s
eyes to – ;an eye for an eye – ;
have eys bigger than your belly – , ; drugged/doped up to the
eyeballs – [8]. , . , , , , . , «» – , « »,
.
«» , , , , :
1) , , : keep one’s eyes open / keep one’s eyes peeled – / ;
2) , : – shimmer on one’s eyes, – a light / spark / twinkle in
one’s eyes;
3) : see eye to eye with somebody – ;
4) : hit the bull’s eye – / ;
5) : pull (draw) the wool over somebody’s eyes – .
, , . , . «» ’ , , . – go bug-eyed, – hard eye [8].
, ( – gaze devouringly, – shifty eye, – fasten one’s eyes on, –
eyes drift, – soft soap), ( – to get arm on something, –
straight/good eye), ( / – sparks glinting in the eyes, – to burn
with eyes), ( – eyes dimmed, – eyes go funny), ( – as far as
the eye can reach, – eyes go around). «eye» (a quick
eye / eagle-eyed – , to get into eyes – , to fix one’s eyes upon –
) «» (to keep something as the apple of one’s eye – ).
, , «eye» (faire (de) t'oeil (.) – ; ; avoir Vceil au guet – , ;
par-dessus les yeux – , ). , . . « » for somebody’s
eyes, : .
, , , - .
2. . . URL: http://www.lnu.edu. ua/faculty/inomov.
new/Foreign_Philology/ Foreign_ Philology/
ForeignJPhilology_122/articles/22pylypiv. pdf
3. . . - ( , ). ., , 2003. 20 c.
4. Daphne M. Gulland and David Hinds-Howell. The Penguin.
Dictionary of English Idioms London, Penguin Books, 1994. 403
p.
5. Korunets’ I. V. Theory and Practice of Translation.
Vinnytsia : Nova Knyha, 2003. 445 .
6. Kunin A. V. English-Russian dictionary of idioms.
2005. 503 p.
7. Makkai A. A. Idiom Structure in English. The Huge, 1972. 380
p.
8. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. Vol. 2. Oxford
University Press, 1988. 685 p.
. . , . .
:
( )
– , . , , . , , , . , [2] [5]. [3] [6], .
. . . , , . [4], « » [1], [7] .
– . Google Forms , .
__________________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
75 . 17 22 , 18 (76 %). , ’ . 90 % , 34, 7 % , . , 75 71 , 3 – , ,
1 .
, , , , .
1. . 52 % , 36 % – , 10, 6 % – , 1, 4 % – . 48 % , , , 36 % – , 13,
3 % – ; 2, 7 % – . , , ( ) , 18, 6 % , , 54, 6 % , – . 26, 6 % , ,
42, 6 % – , . , , , , .
« , , ?» 77 % «», 5, 3 % «», . , , , . 76 % ,
, 18, 7 % , 5, 3 % .
, . « ?» (70, 7 %) «», 46, 7 % – «», 34, 3 % ( 100 %, ).
, ( , ) 73, 3 % , . 5, 3 % , 94, 7 % . (72 %) , 48 % ,
23, 3 % – ( 100 %, ).
, : 1) () , ; 2) ; , ; , , ; 3) , ; 4) ; 5) , ; , ; 6) ; . ,
.
, 52 % , 18, 7 % , . , , (, ), (70 %) .
2. . 54, 7 % , 36 % – , 9, 3 % – . «» «»: 64 % , 30, 7 % – ,
5, 3 % – . «» «» 60 % , 32 %, – 8 %. (44 %) , 33, 3 %, – 22, 7
%.
, , . , , .
3. . 32 % ; 14, 7 % – « », 34, 4 % .
: 1) , . ; 2) , , , , ; 3) , . .
, , , , , .
4. . 48 % ; 26, 7 % , ; 21, 3 % , , 4 % . 50, 7 % , , 25, 3 % , 13,
3 % – , 10, 7 % .
: 1) -; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) .
(74, 7 %) - , 10, 7 % . 44 % , 28 % . 29, 3 % 60 % . 46, 7 % , –
41, 3 %. 24 % , 66, 7 % .
60 % 38, 7 % . 62, 7 % 36 % . , ’.
, , - .
. , . ’ , , , , . , . , , , . - . , , .
2. . . « » : URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Mikks_ 2014_48_27 (
: 26.02.2020).
3. . : URL: http://varnak.psend.com/mova.html ( :
26.02.2020).
4. . . : URL: http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n35texts/masenko-bilingv.htm (
: 26.02.2020).
5. . . : , , . : . «- », 2012. 118 .
6. . . . 2018. 2. . 3–19
7. : URL: https://mon.gov.ua/storage/app/media/
zagalna%20serednya/05062019-onovl-pravo.pdf ( : 26.02.2020).
. . , . .
. , . , .
. , . , . , . , . , , .
. , , , .
: … / , / / / … (. ). ‘’, ‘’, .
__________________________
‘, , ’, , - .
, , - . . , , : « , , , – …» [3, . 13]. , – . , ,
.
– . , , . , «» ’, .
. , , , … ‘ , ; , ; ’ ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘’.
. / , / (. ) . , , , .
. : , , / , ’. , , : ‘, ; ; ’ [7]. , , , , , , .
, , , , , , – : , , . … (. ); , , / …; – . , , / … (. );
, , , / ? (. ).
: , , / , , / - / , (. ). , , , , : – , – , –.
, . .
, , , : , , / , , . / ! / , (. ). . . : , ,
, / , !; , , / ’ - , / , – – / , , .
, , , , , .
— , . ( ) , , , , , , . «» , , .
1. . . . : . , 1959. 248 .
2. . ., . . . : ., 1972. 407 .
3. . . ( ) : . : .. - -, 1980. 184 .
4. . . . : ., 1987.
5. . . . : , 1991. 125 .
6. . . . : , 1985. 457 .
7. 11 . (1970–1980). URL: http://sum.in.ua/
8. . . . : . , 1962. 496 .
. . , . .
. « . 2077»
oa caci paci oi ao ioci ecx ooopi – io aooipe e. oieo, o epio oopix
ccix i co -o aioao o a aa iic ox ci-o. e iaoc epio a ao «paiai»
(1917– 1930 pp.), a ao e poec cocepiac i 90-x poax XX c.
pai.
eoei «paca oa» poo ae ae o «eooi» – e «coo, a ao oo opee ae, ci, i
’c oi a ao eai po i oa x cioc o (aaooi eooi) ao i i oc ai oe, eci
oi eoo aopa (cici, ao iiao-aopci eooi)» [1, c. 377]. eooi –
coa, i e e i o aoo , i coa, o xo , oo pop acapix, cao ac o o [2,
c. 108].
Cop ec, aop o ooop pee a, o e, po o i a aip oio, oo aeao o oo a cpe
ae. aeo i oi oeci, oaioai coa o o popi ipoe; eae, ecaape oae ipoe
oep a i a e e co eao ooo, ae , o ae ipa cee ic ioo pae [3,
.143].
______________________________
, . . ( 2038 ' ) ( «-» «-»), .» [5, . 94]; «» , , , , - «», ,
«» «» [5, . 44].
2) o – ai oepeix aea o. apa: : , . [5, . 128]; [5,
. 128].
aeo i coco ope oci i eci ceai eooi. eci cop a po oe, ,
ao ao ix. , ’ :
1) (, ’, ) -: (-) , ? [5, . 8] ( ); «, ' , — - — » [5,
. 37] ( - );
2) ’ : , - , , ( , - ), – , , , [5, . 139] – – ; , , , -
, [5, . 141] – , ;
3) - – -: , . . ( 2038 ' ) (
«-» «-»), [5, . 94];
4) : , - : , - , , [5, . 6] – ; «», , ', , ' [5,
. 139] – .
. . . epa , , : : – , , : — . [5, . 92].
[4, . 130] , , ., . , , 2077 , , . . – — , [4].
– , , : ' «» (, , , «» «») , «»… [5, . 130]
Ceai eooi – e oi ae e iox ci. [5, . 49, 50] [5,
. 59], . [5, . 49, 50] – . , – , : . «»: .
«» , , , , . , , , , . [5, . 50].
– [5, . 59] – : , , , «» — - — -100 . [5, . 59]
, , , , : - -East — , , , [5, . 83] ; - «», ,
. . . , , [5, . 130] ; «», , -, , , , -, , ,
, , , [5, . 139].
eoe . epaa oa o, o oo op – e xo ccea, i ace ciocpa iac oe
caopae pai. ce i oa co ooopoci o ic, paic opai, pioaiic xoix acoi
i poi x ae o a op i ipa o i eee, i cp ope . oi poa opaio
oaoc aaooe iiae, i e ci po ocoae e , oe a cxooi i opaia cp cce
aopco pooii ioi ec acoa.
Copiic i caoic , , ci po co o oeeic a iopaa ia coci cpeai ci. eci
. epa acoco iiao-aopci eooi, opi ie oi ccio ai a, ec ae iopaie
aaae a ocac ec. poaaia pooi . epa, oa ia cee i cea o i acepo ipa oi
aco , .
1. Aecapoa O. . Oaoa copo ape paoopo pe (O oaoo aaa) opoc cc.
Capao.1972. . 5. C. 17–32.
2. oa . . Iiao-aopci a oci a coia oaa paci oei XX coi. Aai poe
caco iooi. ooai ci : . a. pa Piecoo epaoo iepce. Pie, 2002.
. 10. C. 102–108.
3. oa O. O. Iiao-aopci ooop oeo cpci 80 – 90-x poi XX coi : c. …aaa
io. a : 10.02.01. , 2003. 242 c.
4. - Vseslova.URL: http://vseslova.com.ua
5. . « . 2077». 175 . URL:
https://www.rulit.me/books/chas-smertohristiv-mirazhi-2077-read-223850-1
. . Pryidun, . V. Hurko
THE MAIN TRANSLATION FEATURES OF ENGLISH HEADINGS
Of great interest is the translation of newspaper headlines
(T. F. Karimova [3], A. A. Liutaia [4],
I. P. Lysakova [5]). Features of the development of the
press in the UK had a significant impact on the formation of
newspaper headlines, the translation of which is often associated
with a number of difficulties. To develop a correct understanding
and translation of newspaper headlines in the English media, it is
not enough to know the theory of translation. For correct and
effective translation of newspaper headlines, it is necessary to
highlight their features, as well as difficulties that may arise in
the translation process. That’s why the aim of our study is to
investigate lexical, grammatical and stylistical features of
English headings.
To understand the nature of the English newspaper headline, you can
highlight its main stylistic features: Using a regulated set of
language means − lexical units and syntactic structures. This set
of language means is used to speed up and simplify the reading of
the material as much as possible [5]: Churches call for end to
racial tension (1) / . For example, the cliché, like nothing else,
reflects the traditional way of presenting material in newspaper
articles.
____________________________
© Pryidun . ., Hurko . V., 2020
English headlines are more expressive. Therefore, it is
necessary to take into
account this expressiveness of lexical and
grammatical means and translate English
headings so that they are accessible to the
reader’s understanding: Croatia on the
threshold in the EU: reforms are needed (4) / : .
The English newspaper headline is expressive due to its colloquial
character. To express this expressiveness in the target language
often use: compressed, jerky headline rhythm and multistage
structure.
English headlines, due to the desire for brevity have a more
concise, jerky rhythm. Russian and Ukrainian newspaper headlines
are laconic to a lesser extent, so in English-Ukrainian
translations it is often necessary to choose a more extensive
option [3]: Obama Drastically Cuts Military; Sparks Heated Debate
in Congress (1) / . In this case, the brevity and conciseness of
the English title is achieved by omitting the subject. The
highlighted features in general characterize the properties and
differences in the style of Russian or Ukrainian and English
newspaper headlines.
In English and American newspapers headlines are often multi-stage
(consisting of the «cap» and subtitle itself). These headers are
multi-stage presentation of the main provisions of a newspaper
article or newspaper report [4]. This trend is also observed in the
Ukrainian-Russian language: Haas questions future. German
considering whether he is able to continue at the top level (3) / .
, .
Consequently, we can conclude that in the stylistic plan, the
English and Ukrainian headings are different, so the translator
should be careful to ensure that it is correctly and appropriately
translated, for the correct perception of the information by the
reader. The translator must know how to properly submit information
and transfer the whole subject.
For newspaper headlines are pculiar to the abundanc of
socio-plitical trms, numrals, nologisms, intrnational words,
dialctisms, potry, translation, which usully does not caus
difficultis. We will consider the lexical features of English
newspaper headlines, which usually create difficulty in
translation.
In the fild of vcabulary, hadlines in English nwspapers are
chracterized by the frquent us of a smll numbr of specil wrds that
constitut a kind of «hadline jargn»: bn, bid, clim, crack, crash,
cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz, rap, rush,
slash, etc.
A distinctiv featur of such a «hading vcabulary» is not nly the
frequncy of thir us, but als the universl natur of thir smantics.
wing to th brad smantics of th «hadline jargn», on often has to
rsort to spcifying whn translting the hadings: Russia claims US
Sudan motivated by oil (4) / , .
The tsk of the trnslator when he or she deals with idims, clichés,
puns, intntionally mdified prsistent xpressions, allusins and
vrious prsistent combinations is conncted not nly with the
rcognition of thse phnomena in nwspaper hadlines, but als with
rspect for stylistic and grmmatical fatures translatin languag
haders.
Allusion is a figure of speech, in which an object or circumstance
from unrelated context is referred to covertly or indirectly. Mars
attacks! Morocco pelted with rocks from the Red Planet / !
(Allusion to the Tim Burton film «Mars Attacks!»), Angela Merkel
and the euro: the new iron chancellor / : (Refrring to Federal
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck).
An idiom is a common word or phrase which means something different
from its literal meaning but can be understood because of their
popular use. Volcano emission just a drop in the ocean / –
[2]. This idim does not cuse difficultis in transltion, sinc it is
quit commn and has a corrspondence fixd in the dictionry.
A cliché is an idea or phrase which has been used so much that it
is no longer interesting or effective or no longer has much
meaning. Iranian drive race spark: Hague (2) / : . Clichs are
necssary in nwspaper hadlines, becaus thy caus the necssary
associatins and do not llow mbiguity. Almst all English clichs hav
similr Russians and Ukrainian quivalents. The trnslator’s tsk is to
see the clichs in the English nwspaper hedline and trnslate it
ccording to conventional equivalents.
Slng and other lxical elemnts of collquial styl are specially widly
used in newspapr hadlines. Evn if in the articl itself any sitution
is describd in a mor restraind styl, the title is oftn mor
convrsational: Chief Minister Sacked for Bribery (1) / ’- . Despit
the srious natur of the mssage, the vrb sack is usd in the English
hading, which is veryday-convrsational.
Trnslation of abbrviations usully does not caus difficultis.
Difficultis can caus those abbrviations that do not hav an fficial
quivalent in the languag. Oftn, fmily nams or familiar nicknams of
prminent plitical or public figurs are subjct to rduction. This
kind of bbreviation maks it vry difficult to undrstand hadlines and
with rar xceptions rgistered with dictinaries. The trnslator must
rmember that they are cmpletely alien to ur printing styl and tht
in ach cas, instad of abbrevition, he shuld give the name
completely, and rplace the nicknmes with last names. Eurpeans do
not eat enough fruit and veg (3) / . Instead of the word vgtables
in the English hading, the bbreviation veg is used, having a
clloquial chracter. In ccordance with the pculiarities of the styl
of Ukrainian nwspaper hadlines, the word vg will be trnslated with
the wrd vegtables with a nutral ton. Pootie-Poot prepping for
President? (1) / ? Putin’s familiar nickname, alien to the styl of
Ukrainian nwspaper hadlines, will be rplaced with a lst name when
trnslating. The third grup of bbreviations tht re very cmmon in the
hdings re bbreviations of gegraphical nmes. In Ukrainian hadings,
these bbreviations are translated in full.
In British and Americn nwsppers, it is custmary to lways indicte
the title of a politicin evn whn he is subjct to the mst ruthlss
criticism. All thse titls have a purly frmal maning in the English
txt and do nt at all rflect a spcial rspect of the uthor
of the articl to the mntioned rsidents. Threfore, when trnslating
these titles, as a rule, are mitted. Sir Elton John to publish book
about aids epidemic (1) / .
Du to spac svings, full sntences in hadlines are rar. Therefore,
hadings in thir structur are oftn llipsis. The mst different prts
of spech and the sentenc claus can b mitted: 1) the subjct;
2) the prdicate; 3) linking verb to be in the passive.
A significant difficulty is the translation of headings in which
thre is a verbal predicate in a prsonal frm, but there is no
subjct. Such hedlines are usully translated by indfinite-personal
sentences, and sometimes it is necessary to rstore the subject,
based on the content of the publiction itself: Expct no chnge in
Nrth Korea (1) / .
The prdicate is mitted in the titl when it plays a scondary rle in
the sntence: Web prtest (1) / .
In Ukrainian, this phenomenon has no analogue. For translator task
is to see the passive in the original, without confusing it with
other forms of the verb: 235.000 Mini Coopers recalled over fire
risk (1) / 235.000 (will be omitted), Hundreds of lost Darwinian
specimens discovered in cabinet (1) / (omission of the verb-linking
were).
Significnt differnces from ther functionl styles of mdern English
are noted in the nture of use in the hedings of the vrb tense
forms: Whn it comes to vents that have ccurred in the rcent past,
the prsent is usully used indfinitely. Such hedings are usually
trnslated into Ukrainian by the past tense: Pakistan blocks US
visit officia (4) / . Future action is often transmitted using the
infinitive. When trnslating hadings of this typ into Ukrainian, the
verb is used in the future tense, the present tense with the
meaning of future or the verbal heading. Lloyds Banking Group to
cut 700 jobs (1) / Lloyds Banking 700 . Future ction is expressed
in trnslation by a future tnse verb. Japans NEC to slash 10,000
jobs (1) / NEC 10 .
We found that an interpreter might encounter difficulties in
translating clichés, phraseologisms and abbreviations. It is also
necessary to distinguish between different language features:
stylistic, grammatical and lexical. We learned that there are some
jargon in the headings and the rules that the interpreter must
follow when translating.
REFERENCES
1. . . : . : , 1966. 41 c.
2. . . : . . : , 2012. 48 c.
3. . . . . - . : , 1985. . 46−49.
4. A. A. . : 74 , : . , 2008. 49 c.
5. . . : - . 1981.102 .
SOURCES OF FACTUAL MATERIALS
2. In Sight Crime. URL: https://www.insightcrime.org/
3. The Times&The Sundey Times. URL:
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/
4. The Washington Post. URL: https://www.washingtonpost.com/
.. , . .
, (common law). , . – . .
, , . , . , .
, , . . . [1], . . [5],
. . [7], . . [2], . .
. . [3], . . [4], . . [8] .
. ,
_____________________________
.
bobby ’ ’ ’- (Robert Peel), 1829 ., . , bobby ( Robert) peelers (
). .
cop, constable on patrol constable on post. , , ,
(copper – ), ’ to cop – , .
, , . : officer – , sergeant – , lieutenant – , captain – .
.
, : constable – (), inspector – , superintendent – , commissioner –
. , .
(. .1).
1.
British English
American English
Appeal court
Apellate court
Sole proprietor
Sole trader
, .
, , , . .
1. . . . : . . M : - , 2006. 160 .
2. H. . M . : , 2004. 266 .
3. . ., . . . . : , 2011. 6. . 2. . 31–34
4. . . - : . . . . . : 10.02.04. : . -. . . , 2003.
21 .
5. . . : . . 2011. 24. . 173–175.
6. . . : . M : , 1989. 246 .
7. . . : . . M: , 2004. 336 .
8. . . : . URL:
https://gigabaza.ru/doc/95328.html
9. Bryan A. A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage
(DMLU). Garner, 2004. URL:
https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Modern-Legal-Usage/dp/019507769
. . , . .
:
«» , , . , , «» . , , , 11 .. , , . .
«» , «fmina» «fminnus», «/» «». , «» «» , , [7; 8].
.. «» « , , : – , – , – , – » [12].
«» . . , . . . . ,
_______________________________________________________________
: – , ,
, , ; , - [1; 2; 3].
, , , () , .
, , ’ «», 1596 , . . , , : «», «», «», «», «», «»,
«» («»), [6].
, , , . , .. (1907–1909) , : «», «()», «», «», «», «», «» (
), «», «» () [4].
. . , 1920 , , : «» ( «»), «», «», «», «», «» ( « »), «»
( «» «»), «» [13].
«- » . , 1924–1933 , 26 , , . : «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «»,
«», «», «», «», «», «», «’», «», «», «» (), «», «», «», «», «», «»,
«» ( «»). , «.» «.», [10].
«- » 1930 , . , . . , 327 :
1. (121 ), : «», «», «», «», «», «» ( -), «», «», «», «», «», «»,
«» ( ), «», «», «», «», «», «», «» ( ), «», «», «», «» ( «») .
[5]
2. , , , (77 ): «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «»,
«», «», «», «» . [5]
3. , - (62 ): «»,
«» ( ),
«», «» ( ), «», «», «», «» ( ), «», «», «», «», «», «» ( ), «», «»
.
4. , (14 ): «» ( -), «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «»,
«», «».
5. , , , (11 ): «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «» ( , ), «», «()»
[5].
, . , , . , . . , . , , -
.
« » .. , 1970-1980 , 3 500 , «.» «.», , , [11].
, . , , .. 2012 « 1991-2011», -, ’ . , 44 , : «», «», «», «»,
«», «», «», «», «» (-, ( )), «» ( ), «», «» (- ), «», «», «», «»,
«», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «», «» (, «» ( ),
«» ( ), «» (, ), «», «», «» (-), «» (-), «», «» (-, ), «» (-), «»
(- «Femen»), «» (), «» (-), «» (, ), «» (, ), «», «», «» [9].
, , , . , «». «».
, , 1920--1930-
, «», «» ( «-») .
1. . . : . , 2005. 572 .
2. . . . . : , 1993. . 57–63.
3. . . - . . . . , 2009.
5. . 279–282.
4. . . URL: http://hrinchenko.com
5. . : : (). , 1930. 248 .
6. . . : , 1964. 259 .
7. - . URL: https://nsu.ru/classics/syllabi/latrus.htm
8. - . URL:
http://www.lexicons.ru/old/l/latin/index .
html.
9. . 1991–2011. C. : - , 2012. 604 c.
10. - . . . . URL: http://-shron2.
chtyvo.org.ua/Krymskyi_Ahatanhel/Rosukr_akademichnyi_slovnyk.pdf
11. : 11 . . . . . URL:
http://ukrlit.org/slovnyk/slovnyk_ukrainskoi_
movy_v_11_tomakh
12. . . . URL: http://a-z-gender.net/ ua/
feminitivi.html
13. . . . : , 1920. 411 c.
. . , . .
. , , . - – , « », [3, . 7].
. ( , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . , . . , . . ,
. . , . . -).
’ . , , . , « , , , , – ( ) , , , » [2,
. 281].
________________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
.
«» . : , , , , -.
’ ( ). ’ , , , . – , – , , , , . : , , [5], «» . « ».
, : : . , – [5].
() , , «» . , , : , . . [5].
, ’ – , , -: , , . : , - « ’» 1618 : : « – , , . – . » [5]. – - ,
. , ( , , ) «» . , , : ? [4, . 162].
- , , : , , , , , , [5]. - . , , , . , , .
, , , . , , , : , , , , , , , , – , , , , [5]. , ’ , . -, , , - .
-, , , . «» - , , - .
, - «» , – . , «» , , , . , , .
1. . . - . Science and Education a New Dimension: Pedagogy and
Psychology, 2013. . 27–30.
2. . . : , 2005. 312 .
3. . . - : . : , 2006. 145 .
4. . «»: . . 2010. . 18. . 160–167.
5. . . . . 1. . URL :
http://www.e-reading.club/book.php?book=1036898.
. . , . .
( )
- , . ’ , , . -, , .
’ : . . [2], . . [5], . . [4],
. . [10] . , , (. . [1]), .
’ , - , . , - , .
: , , , - , . (
’ ( « », «», « ’»).
– .
:
1) ;
2) , -;
3) : « », «», « ’».
, - . , .
– , ’ ’ . () – , «» «», [11, . 306].
- , , ( , , , , , ) [2; 4].
. :
1. , ;
2. , ;
3. , , - -;
4. , [2; 10].
5. . – , . , , . – . . ’ , . , [5;
205].
, , . :
· → , :
, . , , . , , :
3,6 (, 46, 01.12.18, . 3). «» , .
, ’ (, 46, 01.12.18, . 5). . «» , , , , . .
, (, 46, 01.12.18, . 8). «» « ». ( - ...), .
, (, 42, 03.11.18, . 14). «», « » «’», «».
· → ’:
’ - 1932-1933 . (, 46, 01.12.18, . 3).
« » (, 46, 01.12.18, . 11).
. « → ’», .
· → :
, :
(, 46, 01.12.18, . 1). «» -, - , . , .
(, 34, 08.09.18, . 4). «» -. , . , .
· → :
, (, 46, 01.12.18, . 15).
.
· → / :
(, 46, 01.12.18, . 6). « » , , «» – , , , .
, (, 46, 01.12.18, . 6). . «» , «» – . .
· , → / :
« » (, 42, 03.11.18, . 10). «» – , , . «» – , - ( – ). , , , . -
.
· → :
(, 237, 16.12.19, . 2). , . , , , . , .
, « → , » -.
, ’ , ’ . « », «», « ’», , « » – 85%, (10%) – «» (5%) « ’».
, .
, . , , , .
, – -, ’ .
, , ’ .
1. . . . : .: . ., ., ., ., . . . . . . . . . .
. . , . . . : , 1990. . 5–33.
2. . . . . . : . 2008. . 1. . 81–87.
3. . . : . : . , 1986. 140 .
4. . . , . «». . : . 2013. . 2. . 29–33.
5. . ., . . - ( ). . : , 2018. 316 .
6. . . : - . . 2014. 1. .39–43.
7. . , . URL:
http://kasner.kiev.ua/metafora-ce-funkcii-vidi-i-rol-metafori-v-movi/i
.
8. . . . URL:
http://enpuir.npu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/13506/1/Odynetska%20L..PDF
9. . . . . 1976. . 11. . 34–42.
10. . . . : , 1989. . 213.
11. : . .: . ., . . (), . . . :
. . . , 2000. 752 .
12. . . - . - . . . . 2011. 24 (63).
4. . 1. . 204–210.
1. – « » – , , , , - . – 1927 .
2. – «» – - . – 1993 .
3. – « ’» – . – 1990 .
. . , . .
, ( ). . . , , , [4, . 12]. - , . , . ,
, . ’ , – , .
«» « ».
, , . . , - [6, . 10]. , , , , , ,
.
______________________________
© . ., . ., 2020
[2, . 60]. . . , ’ , [3, . 51]. - , , – .
. . , , - , ’ . [4, . 6]. , , , : / – [8] ( – , , ,
; , , , ’ (’ ) ;
, , .
() ’ , : – , , / [9] (.: – , , , , -; – , ); – , / , [9] ( ( -); );
– / [8] (.: [] – , ; , , ). .
, , , , , , : – . / , , ? [9] (.: – – ); . / [9] (.: , ; , ); ,
[8] (.: , – - ); , , – [8] (.: – , ).
, , : , [9] (.: () – , , ; ).
. . . , , , [1, . 73].
. . , ’, . – , ’, - . , – , , . – , , [5,
. 108].
. . , ’ , [2, . 62]. , , (, ).
, ’ , -, , -, [7, . 475].
, , , , – , , ’ . - . : . ’, .
, , , , ; , . : , , -, , , , , , .
2. . . . ’ : . . . . : . . . 1998. . 60-64.
3. . . . , , . , 2010. . 87–93.
4. . . ( . . ): . . . . , 2006. 20 .
5. . . : . : , 2003. 462 .
6. . . . : , 1973. 280 .
7. . . . : . . . 50- . : , 2006. . 472–475.
9. . . URL: http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.
php/1000258/Kostenko_Lina__Marusya_Churay.html
. . , . .
« »
(Roald Dahl; 1916–1990) – , , , , , - . , .
90- ’ .
., . – , . , , , . - , [8, . 148]. ,
.
. . [2], . . [5] . [1; 4]. « ».
« » («Charlie and the Chocolate Factory») – . , (2012 . 2015–2017
.) 5 . 1964 , .
_________________________________
- : , , , . , .
« » «Oompa-Loompas songs». : «Augustus Gloop» [9, . 47],
17- , « » [2] («Augustus Gloop Goes up the Pipe» [9], «
» [4], « » [5]). – , – , , . 52 .
2005 . . . – , , , . – , – , , ( ! ! / -! / , / [2,
. 119–121]) ( ? / ! , / / [2, . 119–121]). 46 .
[1], [6], [7] .
, – . 1991 « ». , : – , – . – , , ( – / [4,
. 98–99]) ( , / . / , , / [4, . 98–99]). 34 .
, , , , , , , . – , – , . ( , / [5, . 12]) ( / [5,
. 12]). 52 .
, « » – , . , , , , , ,
.
- . «nincompoop» () , -, – «», – «». «Great Scott!» , , (General
Winfield Scott), , . . . « !», . – « , »,
. . . «fudge machine» – – . « », , . . « »,
. &ndas
LOAD MORE