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Saul Greenberg

Computer SupportedCooperative Work

Saul GreenbergProfessor

Department of Computer Science

University of Calgary

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Motivation

I workbymyself

I workwithpeople

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In the Near Future

Computers will be ubiquitous

Computers will be inter-connected

Result

through their computers, people will be able to- communicate

- work together

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Let those who wish to communicate any matter ofpressing importance to each other by fire-signals

prepare two earthenware pots of exactly equal sizeboth as to diameter and depth. Let the depth be 3cubits, the diameter one

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Definitions / Research Goals

Groupware- software that supports group work

- investigate algorithms & architectures fundamental to multi-user

systems

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)- knowledge about the context of groupware design- investigate individual/group/organizational requirements for multi-

user systems

feedback

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Perspectives

Why pursue collaboration through computers?

consider massive change to society of:- printing press

- telephone

- facsimiles

- electronic mail

- world wide web

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The Groupware Paradigm & Technologies

same

place

differentplaces

same time different times

face to face interactions

public computer screens

decision rooms

brainstorming tools

continuous task

team rooms

group displays

shift work groupware

project management

remote interactions

video

conferencingwalls & hallways

desktop conferencing

shared views

shared drawing/editors...

communication+coordination

email

bulletin boardsasynchronous conferencing

schedulers

version control...

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Anytime, any place groupware

same

place

differentplaces

same time different times

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Focus: Real Time Distributed Meetings

One or more participants are in different locations

Telepresence- can we give participants a sense they are in the same room?

Teledata- how can participants interact over their work artifacts?

Casual Interaction

- how can participants get in touch with each other?

Mmmm mmm mmmm mmmmm mmmmm m mmm.Mm mmmm mm. Mmmmmmmm.

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Telepresence

Giving participants a sense they are in the same room

1. Video Conferencing Rooms

dedicated meeting rooms joined by audio & video

heavy weight to use talking heads

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Telepresence

Giving participants a sense they are in the same room

2. Media spaces

digitally switched ubiquitous audio and video on personal

computers

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Telepresence

Giving participants a sense they are in the same room

Videos:

Digitally switched video technology- Pandora (Olivetti)

Eye contact, gestures and body language- Talking heads (MIT)

- Magik (Keio University)

- GestureCam (University of Tsukuba)

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Telepresence Issues

Size and Quality

what is the image fidelity?

Scalability

how do I show several people?

Camera positioning, focusing

am I centered in the view of the

camera?

Eye contact

is the other person looking at me?

Body language

can I see subtle body motions?

Gaze awareness

can I tell where the other person islooking?

Gestures tied to artifacts

can I gesture around objects

Reciprocity

if I can see them, can they see me?

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Teledata

Letting participants interact over their work artifacts

Shared visual workspaces

views of computer artifacts are shared in real time

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GroupSketch (Calgary)

Identical views, gestures, simultaneous activity

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Supporting awareness when views are not identical

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Supporting Awareness (Calgary)

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Supporting both telepresence and teledata (NTT)

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Casual Interaction and Awareness

Questions

who is around?

are they available now?

can they be interrupted? how can I initiate contact?

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The problem

Groupware can only work after people make contact with

each other

?

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Current approaches

Glancing into offices via Montage (Sun Microsystems)

What I see

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Current Approaches

Video walls (Bellcore)

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Current approaches

Periodic Snapshots

Marks office(3:05pm)

Marys office(3:01pm)

Deens office(now)

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Current Approaches

Iconic indicators (Calgary)

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Current Approaches

Iconic indicators

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Current Approaches

Active badges (Olivetti)

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The Message

In the near future

people will regularly communicate and work together throughcomputers through groupware

Groupwaredesign requires

technical know-how

deep knowledge of the human + social factors behind

communication

- telepresence

- teledata- awareness and casual interaction

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Team

Rooms