De Tai Nghien Cuu Anh Huong Cua Chat Kich Khang Phong Tru Nam Benh Hai Lua

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Nguyn Th Qunh-Lp BVTV52A

PHN 1. M U1.1 t vn La (Oryza sativa L.) l cy lng thc chnh ca hn mt na dn s th gii, tp trung ti cc nc chu , chu Phi v chu M La tinh. La go c vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo an ninh lng thc v n nh x hi. Theo d bo ca FAO (Food and Agricuture Organization), th gii ang c nguy c thiu ht lng thc do dn s tng nhanh, sc mua lng thc, thc phm ti nhiu nc tng, bin i kh hu ton cu gy him ha kh hn, bo lt, qu trnh th ho lm gim t trng la, nhiu nc phi dnh t, nc trng cy nhin liu sinh hc v s khan him ngun nhin liu rt cn thit cho nhu cu i sng v cng nghip pht trin. Chnh v vy, an ninh lng thc l vn cp thit hng u ca th gii hin ti v trong tng lai. Vn bnh trn cy la l mt trong nhng vn c nh hng khng nh ti nng sut v phm cht cy la, trong nhm bnh hi do nm l mt trong nhng i tng gy hi rt ng quan tm trong sn xut la. phng tr nhng bnh ny, cho n nay th bin php ha hc vn l ph bin. Tuy nhin, bin php ny vn cn nhiu hn ch, mt mt do c im pht trin ca nm bnh, mt khc do nng dn ch s dng thuc khi bnh qu nng, ngoi ra bin php ny cn gy nhim mi trng v li d lng trn nng sn. Bin php s dng ging khng bnh cng gp tr ngi v nm bnh d pht sinh ra ni mi ph v tnh khng (Kiyosawa S, 1989; Way v Heong, 1994; Noda v ctv, 1998). Hin tng kch thch tnh khng bnh lu dn (system acquired resistanca, SAR), gi tt l kch khng, gip kch thch phn ng t v ca

Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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cy chng li bnh hi, c cc nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu t nm 1933 (Chester, 1933) v n nay cc nh khoa hc cng hiu kh nhiu v cc c ch ca tnh kch khng (Phm Vn Kim, 2006) vi nhiu kt qu kh quan. Kch khng l s dng mt tc nhn, c th l vi sinh vt hoc mt ha cht khng gy nhim mi trng, tc ng ln mt b phn ca cy thuc ging nhim, qua s kch thch s hot ng ca cc c ch khng bnh c trong cy kp thi gip cy khng li bnh khi b mm bnh tn cng. Trn cy la, cc nghin cu s kch khng gip cy la khng vi bnh o n c nghin cu v tp trung vo 3 lnh vc: (i) tm ra cc tc nhn kch khng, (ii) nghin cu cc c ch kch khng ca cc tc nhn c trin vng trn kha cnh m hc, (iii) nghin cu cc c ch kch khng ca cc tc nhn c trin vng trn kha cnh sinh hc. Hin nay nhiu nc trn th gii nghin cu v ng dng cht khng nh clorua ng v Oxalic Acid v c cc dch chit thc vt, kt hp vi vic s dng gen khng to hiu qu phng tr bnh nm hi la c hiu qu hn. Xut pht t nhu cu thc t sn xut chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti: Nghin cu nh hng ca cht kch khng phng tr nm gy bnh hai hat ging lua. 1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu 1.2.1. Mc ch Xc nh thnh phn bnh nm hi hat ging la thu thp nm 2010 ti khu vc H Ni v ph cn. Th nghim mt s cht kch khng nhm to min dch phng chng bnh nm hi hat ging la trong iu kin nh li va phong thi nghim. 1.2.2. Yu cu - Xc nh thnh phn bnh nm hi cc mu hat ging la thu thp nm 2010 ti khu vc H Ni v ph cn.


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- Th nghim mt s cht kch khng nh clorua ng nng 0.05mM, oxalic acid nng 1mM, 2mM, 4mM v Bion nng 200ppm nhm hn ch mt s nm gy bnh trn ht la. - Nghin cu nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l ny mm v sc sng ca m. - Xc nh hiu qu ca cht kch khng phng tr bnh nm hi ht ging la.


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PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt n nay kin thc ca nhn loi tin kh su vo lnh vc min dch ca thc vt i vi bnh. Bn cnh vic tin rt su vo kha cnh phn t ca cc gen khng bnh, cc nh khoa hc cn i su dn vo c ch ca s khng bnh t a ra c bin php kch thch tnh khng bnh t nhin ca cy trng. Sau khi tm hiu v c ch khng bnh thc vt ngi ta phn thnh hai nhm: Nhm c ch thuc v sinh ha hc v nhm c ch thuc cu trc m hc. C ch khng bnh thuc v sinh ha hc. Sau khi b vi sinh vt tn cng gy bnh, ni b xm nhim tit ra mt lot cc hp cht chng vi sinh vt, cc protein lin quan n bnh, cc enzim lm gim hot ng ca mm bnh v nhiu cht khc. V hp cht chng vi sinh vt c th chia ra 2 nhm: Nhm phytoanticipins v nhm phytoaleuxins. Phytoaleuxins do k ch tit ra chng li vi mm bnh, trong khi phytoanticipins khng phi do k ch trc tip tit ra m do s tng tc gia cc cht ca k sinh v k ch to ra. Hai nhm ny c th tm thy trong cc ging c tnh khng bnh cao. Bn cnh mt lot cc protein c lin quan n bnh cy cng c t bo tit ra. Cc protein ny c vai tr lm gim s pht trin ca mm bnh bng cch tc ng ln vch t bo, mng nguyn sinh cht hoc ln ribosom ca vi sinh vt. Cc protein ny c xp vo 18 h protein trong 12 protein c bit n vi tn l PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-8, PR-11, protein bt hot ribosom, protein chuyn ha cht bo nsLTPs, AMPs , thionins,... Vai tr ca cc protein ny c tm lc nh sau: PR-2 (-1,3glucanase) c vai tr trong phn hy thnh -1,3glucan v -1,6 glucan ca


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vch t bo vi sinh vt. Hai nhm enzim -1,3-glucanase v chitinase c tc ng h tr nhau lm tng hiu qu trong s phn hy vch t bo ca mm bnh. Bn cnh mt lot cc enzim khc cng c hnh thnh trong t bo b nm bnh xm nhim vi vai tr chuyn ha cc cht c do mm bnh tit ra hoc trung ha c tnh ca cc cht do t bo cy tit ra khi phn ng li mm bnh, cc cht ny khi nng cao c th gy hi cho t bo cy. Trong c th k n 2 enzim c lin quan n bnh cy nh PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), peroxidase. PAL c vai tr thc y s sinh tng hp cc hp cht polyphenol, l cht quan trng trong s chng bnh ca cy trng. Cn peroxidase c nhiu vai tr trong c vai tr kh H2O2 v vai tr phi hp vi PAL trong vic gip lignin ha vch t bo b tn cng qua ngn cn c hc s lan ra xa hn ca nm gy bnh. H2O2 c tch t trong t bo vi nhim v oxy ha cc cht c do nm tit ra, Oxy ha cc polyphenol lm cho cc polyphenol khng cn c i vi t bo, nhng H2O2 vi nng cao li gy hi cho t bo. Do Peroxidase lm gim bt tnh c ca H2O2 i vi t bo k ch. Bn cnh s ra tng hot tnh ca cc enzim cn xut hin cc tn hiu do s kch khng gi ln. Cc tn hiu bao gm: salycilic acid, Jasmonic acid v etylen. C ch khng bnh thuc v cu trc m hc. C 4 c ch khng bnh v mt m hc, ty thuc vo 4 cch xm nhp ca nm gy bnh. - S to ra lp vch t bo mi chung quanh vt thng bao vy v ngn cn s xm nhp tip theo ca cc nm c tnh k sinh yu, ch xm nhp qua vt thng. - S rn chc ha vch t bo bng cch lignin ha vch t bo b nm xm nhim.


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- S hnh thnh papillae (vch dy) bn di a p ngn cn s xm nhp ca nm gy bnh. - Tch t hp cht phenol a n phn ng t cht ca t bo c lp nm gy bnh. L phn ng khng bnh mc cao ca thc vt. * Quan st s thay i ca m nh gi hiu qu ca kch khng - kho st s tng cng lignin ha vch t bo, ni b mm bnh xm nhim, s vch t bo pht sng c m di knh hin vi hunh quang: + La sau khi ly bnh nhn to 24h v 48h: ct tng on ngn 4 -5 cm sau ty dip lc t bng dung dch ethanol acid acetic (3:1) v tn tr trong trong lactoglyceron (lactic acid: 1; glyceron: 1; nc ct: 1) mu c quan st bng dung dch Evans blue 0,01% v quan st di knh hin vi hunh quang bc sng 400 440 nm. + Cc ch tiu c quan st: Di knh hin vi hunh quang, nhng t bo c phn ng pht sng s c mu vng sng. Cc ch tiu c quan st bao gm phn trm pht sng n v a t bo, din tch v s vch t bo pht sng trung bnh trn mi a p v cc mc pht sng ca t bo (+, + +, +++) ( 2002) S so snh s liu gia th nghim kch khng v i chng gip chng ta thy c c ch tng cng lignin ha do kch khng gi ra. - Kho st s tch t polyphenol Th nghim nhm kho st phn ng ca t bo thng qua s tng hp polyphenol. Th nghim c b tr tng t nh th nghim kho st phn ng pht sng ca t bo c m t phn trn. Mu l c quan st vo thi im 24, 48, 72, 96h sau khi ly bnh nhn to. Hp cht phenol c ch th bng mu xanh l cy sau khi l cy c nhum vi Toluidine Blue O (0,05% ph 6,8) nhit 400C trong 4h quan st di knh hin vi thng. Ch tiu ghi nhn bao gm s lng a p c s tch t Polyphenol, v din


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tch vng t bo c s tch t polyphenol c tnh theo cng thc tnh din tch hnh ch nht. - Kho st s tch t H2O2: B tr th nghim tng t nh cc th nghim trn. Mu thu thp cc thi im 4h trc khi nm xm nhim v thi im 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 v 48h sau khi nm xm nhim, sau nhum vi dung dch 0,05% DAB (3,3 diaminobenzidine, D 8001, Sigma) Theo phng php ca Thordal Christensen et al. (1997). Ghi nhn phn trm a p tch t H2O2, din tch vng t bo c s tch t H2O2 v mc tch t. * Quan st s gia tng hot tnh ca cc enzim c lin quan n s kch khng - S tng cng enzim PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), beta 1,3- glucannase, peroxidase v catalase. 2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng 2.2.1 Khi nim Kch thch tnh khng bnh thc vt thng c gi tt l kch khng, l mt phng php gip cho ging cy trng b nhim tr nn c kh nng khng c bnh mc no sau khi c x l cht kch khng. Kch khng khng tc ng trc tip n mm bnh m n kch thch c ch t v t nhin trong m cy. Cht kch khng c th l mt loi vi sinh vt khng gy bnh, khng mang tnh c i vi cy trng hoc c th l mt loi ha cht no khng c v khng c tc ng trc tip dit mm bnh nh ha cht c dung trong nng dc (Phm Vn Kim, 2002). Theo Tuzun v Kuc (1991) c Ng Thnh Tr v ctv (2004) cho rng s kch thch tnh khng c tm thy trn 25 loi cy trng khc nhau kh nng kch khng ca cy c th biu hin v mt cu trc hay sinh ha, c th tc ng ti ch hay lu dn n cc b phn khc ca cy (Agrios, 1997).


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2.2.2 C ch kch khng. cy trng, trong t bo cy c cc gen gip t bo cy tit ra cc cht c kh nng khng li vi mt loi bnh no . Trong iu kin bnh thng, cc gen ny lun b mt gen c ch nm bn cnh c ch. Khi ta tc ng cc tc nhn gy kch khng bng cch ngm ht, r, hay phun ln l, tc nhn ny tc ng ln b mt l, kch thch cc th th ny to ra tn hiu (l nhng dng ion hay tn hiu in t trong cy) (Steiner, 1995) sau , chuyn tn hiu ny vo nhn ca t bo v tc ng vo gen c ch, lm cho gen c ch khng cn c ch cc gen gip t bo cy tit ra cc cht khng bnh. Nh cc cht khng bnh ny m cy trng t nhim bnh tr thnh khng bnh (Phm Vn Kim, 2002). 2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng. Kch khng ti ch (local induced restance). Hiu qu kch thch tnh khng ch xy ra ti v tr c x l bi cc tc nhn kch khng. C nghin cu v hin tng ny rt phong ph trn nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. X dng cht syringolin tit ra t vi khun Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae kch thch tnh khng ti ch vi nm gy bnh chy l la Pyricularia oryzae (Waspi. U. v ctv., 2000). Phun monopotassium phosphat (KH2PO4) 1% ln t kch thch tnh khng vi bnh phn trng do Leveillula taurica (Reuveni v ctv, 1998). Kch khng lu dn (systemic acquired resistance: SAR) Tnh khng khng ch th hin ti v tr c x l bi tc nhn kch khng m cn truyn n nhng m cy cch xa ni c x l kch khng (Ryal v ctv, 1996). Nhng tc nhn ny c c tc nhn sinh hc v khng phi sinh hc. Khi x l kch khng bng bin php ngm ht nhng cy c kh nng t v khng li cc bnh trn l cng th hin kch khng lu dn. Kch khng lu dn khc vi kch khng ti ch nhng tn hiu c kh nng truyn n cc m ca cy khc cch xa im x l kch khng v lm nng


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cao kh nng t v trong cy (Van Loon v ctv, 1998). Manandhar v ctv (1998) kch thch tnh khng lu dn chng bnh chy l la bng cch s dng dng nm Pyricularia oryzae khng c tnh v nm Bipolaris sorokiniana khng nhng lm gim bnh o n m cn lm tng nng sut la. 2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng 2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc K thut kch khng tnh khng lu dn trong cy trng l k thut s dng mt loi vi sinh vt no khng gy hi cho mi trng hoc l mt ha cht no khng c tc dng dit vi sinh vt gy bnh cng nh khng gy nhim mi trng nhng c tc dng kch thch cy trng to ra tnh khng bnh. K thut c nghin cu ng dng thnh cng trn th gii v trn mt s loi cy trng nh da leo, c chua, la mch, la (Hammerschmidt at al., 1995; Ozeretskovskaya, 1995; Jorgensen et al., 1990; Manandhar et al., 1998). Trn th gii vic nghin cu kch thch tnh khng bnh bt u nghin cu t nm 1936 (Mauch-Mani v Metraux, 1997; Van loon, 2001) sau rt nhiu tc gi nghin cu su vo c ch kch khng bnh trn nhiu loi cy ngn ngy v pht hin ra nhiu tc nhn kch khng khc nhau. Thng thng mm bnh thuc chng yu i vi ging y, thng to c phn ng kch khng (Fink v ctv.,1990) v c rt nhiu tc gi s dng trong nghin cu kch khng. Tuy nhin tc nhn ny ch nghin cu khng th p dng c, v chng mm bnh ny c th tr nn c i vi ging khc c ngoi sn xut. Theo Ebrahim v Schonbeck (1985) c Trnh Ngc Thy (2000) trch dn cho rng chng nm Erysiphe graminis trn l la mch, sau 2 ngy cy c tnh khng i vi nm Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei gy bnh phn trng.


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Theo Ouyang v ctv (1987), x l m bng c t nm Magnaporthe grisea lm cho hot ng ca enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase v CoA lyase trong cy tng, gip to tnh khng i vi Magnaporthe grisea. Theo Sengupta v Sinha (1987), x l ht vi cupric chloride kim sot tt bnh chy l trong cc ma v khc nhau. Sawati v ctv (1988), chng Acrocylindirum oryzae vo cy la lm tng hot ng ca enzyme peroxidase v polyphenol oxydase gip cy c kh nng hn ch bnh. Theo Doubrava et al (1988), thy rng oxalic acid c kh nng kch khng bnh do C.lagenarium trn cy da leo. Pelcz (1989), chng vo la mch dng nm Erysiphe 75202 khng c, cy to tnh khng i vi cc dng nm ph bin. Kunoh v ctv (1989), chng nm Erysiphe pisi vo la mch trc nm Erysiphe graminis vi khong thi gian 30 pht, 1 gi, 2 gi s lm gim c ca nm Erysiphe graminis ln lt l 35%, 22% v 5,8%. Theo Gregerson v Smedegaad (1989) c Ng thnh Tr v ctv (2004) trch dn thy rng loi nm hoi sinh Cladosporium macrocarpum cng c kh nng gy kch khng, gip la mc chng li bnh phn trng. Theo Vilich v Neltrien (1990) c Trnh Ngc Thy (2000) trch dn, chng hp Erysiphe graminis f.sp avenae v Puccinia coronata f.sp avenae vo la mch, lm gim c ca nm Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei 38%. Yamada v ctv (1990), s dng methanol trch t ht la m v la mch chng nm Pyricularia oryzae rt mnh. Yokoyama v ctv (1991), chng nm Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei vo cy la mch, lm cy la mch to ra cc papilla bn di a p ca nm gy bnh, gip chng li s xm nhp ca nm ny.


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Theo Van Peer (1991) do Tuzun v Klopper (1995) trch dn nhn thy, x l vi khun vng r Pseudomonas sp. Chng WCS 417 ln cy hoa cm chng, gip cy tng tnh khng chng li bnh ho r. SA, acetyl salicytic acid (ASA), di-potassium photphate (K2HPO4), CuCl2, sodium salicylate cng c ghi nhn c kh nng kch khng bnh chy l la (Manandhar et al 1998, Kloepper et al 1992). Phun SiO2 dng bt mn (SiO2) cho thy kch khng SAR do gia tng hot ng ca phn ha t i vi chitin (Schneider v Ulrich, 1994). Song v ctv (1994), cho rng s dng hai acid bo 11(s), 12(s), 13(s)trihydroxy-(9z,15z)-octadecadienoic acid v 11(R)-hydroxy-12(s), 13(s)epoxy-(9z, 15z)-octadecadienoic acid, phun qua l trc hay sau khi nhim bnh gip tng tnh khng bnh ca la i vi bnh chy l la v gip gim bnh hn 50%. Theo Kristen v ctv do Steiner v Schonbecj (1995) trch dn cho rng, cc cht chit t bo t Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei c kh nng kch khng chng li bnh mc sng trn cy la mch. Hammerschmidt v Kuc (1995), trn cy la mch c x l vi dch trch thc vt t nhng loi cy c tnh cht dng trong m phm, gip cy la mch gim hn 90% bnh mc sng. Theo Arvind v ctv (1995) do Nguyn Minh Kit (2003) trch dn thy rng khi tim chng vi khun X. campestris pv. oryzae b git cht ln cy la c tnh nhim vi bnh bc l, 7 ngy sau, ng tim chng li cho cy la y vi vi khun sng, cy la t ra khng vi bnh. Salicylic acid (SA) trong cy la v cy thuc l c tng hp t cinnamic acid qua benzoic acid. Khi tim chng vi khun khng gy bnh Pseudomonas syrinae D20 hoc chng nm gy bnh Magnaporthe grisae trong cy th thy c tng quan n tnh khng bnh (Silverman v ctv, 1995).


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Theo Thieron v ctv (1995) cy la c x l bng cht PAL v cinnamyl-alcoho-dehydrogenase s c tnh khng vi nm Magnaporthe grisea. Theo Rajoppan v ctv (1995), x l nickel nitrate trn callus cy la c tc dng lm tng hot ng ca Phenylalanine amonialyase v peroxidase, s kch khng i vi bnh bc l la do Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae SA bo v cy la giai on m chng li bnh o n la (Cai v Zheng, 1996), v gip cy la mch chng li bnh mc sng. Phun SA 0,01mM ln l m, th SA kch thch lm cho hai cht phenylalanine amonialyase (PAL) v peroxidase (POD) hot ng trong cy tng ln, khi hm lng lignin cng tng ln v tch ly c t monilactone, l mt cht khng sinh thc vt gip km hm s ny mm Magnaporthe grisea theo Cai v ctv (1996). Cai (1996 v 1997) x l m bng salicylic acid (SA) 0,01mM, sau 2 5 ngy th chng bo t nm Magnaporthe grisea ln cy la gip gim bnh o n la t 24 59%. Agrios (1997) cho rng, c th x l bng Protein hay glycoprotein trch t vi khun Pseudomonas solanacearum, lipid trch t nm Phytophthora infestans, hay polysaccharide t nm kch khng cy trng. Theo Krishnamurthy v Gnanamanickam (1997), vi khun Pseudomonas fluorescens 7 14 v P. patida v14 sng trong m thc vt gy cm ng h thng khng lm gim bnh m vng. Theo Manandhar v ctv (1998) cho rng, cy la c chng ln vi nm Bipolaris sorokiriana khng c, gip cy la gim bnh o n v lm tng nng sut la. SA cng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn da leo chng li nm Colletotrichum v trn la mch chng li bnh phn trng do nm Erysiphe


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graminis f.sp hordei theo Manandhar (1998). Cng theo tc gi ny, K 2HPO4 gy ra tnh khng bnh trn cy da leo, nho v bp. Theo Manandhar (1998), x l cy la vi cht ferric chioride, KH2PO4, probenazole v SA th cc cht ny c kh nng lm cho cy la tit ra cht khng sinh thc vt gy kch khng chng li nm Magnaporthe grisea. Manandhar v ctv (1998), ni rng Yoshida (1992) s dng cht 2,6-dichloro-iso-nicotinitinamid l tc nhn lm tng hot ng ca jasmonic acid trong cy la nhm km hm s pht trin ca bnh chy l la v cho rng cht ny l cht c kh nng kch khng chng li bnh do nm Magnaporthe grisea. H.K. Manandhar (1998) th nghim ferric chloride trong nh li v ngoi ng rung. Trong iu kin nh li, x l ngm ht vi nng 10 mM, phun ln l (cy m 2 tun tui) vi nng 25mM. Kt qu cho thy phun ln l hoc ti ln l gim ch s bnh ln lt l 66 40%. Phun ln l cng lm gim thi c gi 46%, tng trng lng 1000 ht v tng nng sut 17%. Hiu qu kch khng ca ferric chloride cn ty thuc vo cch x l; ferric chloride cho hiu qu cao nht bng cch phun ln l. Theo Ishii v ctv (1999) do Ng Thnh Tr v ctv (2004) trch dn cho rng, acibenzolar-S-methyl c hiu qu kch thch tnh khng trn cy da leo chng li bnh thn th, bnh gh, bnh g st. 2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc. 2.3.2.1 Nghin cu v s dung cht kich khang. nc ta, linh vc bnh hai hat ging cy trng nng nghip noi chung va trn cy lua noi ring cha c i su nghin cu. Trong nhiu nm qua chu yu chung ta vn i su nghin cu thanh phn bnh hai trn cy lua cac giai oan sinh trng va phat trin ngoai ng rung. Trong nhng nm gn y, do s phat sinh gy hai ang k cua mt s loai bnh trn lua


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nh bnh en lep hat, bnh bin mau hat, cung vi s tai tr cua UNDP va s u t cua Chinh phu thng qua d an VIE/86/002, co s giup cua Vin Bnh hat ging ca Chinh phu an Mach, mt s c quan nghin cu trong nc nh Vin Bao v thc vt, Trng ai hoc Nng Nghip Ha Ni , Trung tm Khao Kim nghim ging cy trng Trung ng a trin khai iu tra, giam inh thanh phn va bc u nghin cu mt s bnh nm va vi khun truyn qua hat ging cua mt s loai cy lng thc, cy thc phm chung ta a phn lp c thanh phn mt s nm, vi khun trn cac mu hat ging lua, ng, u tng, rau. Theo Phm Vn D v ctv (1997) x l m bng cch chng vo cy m ngun bnh Magnaporthe grisea b lm yu i, 2 ngy sau chng ngun bnh chy l th la c kh nng gim bnh t 35 38%. Theo L Thanh Phong, Trnh Ngc Thy, Dip ng Tng, V Bnh Minh v Phm Vn Kim (1999), s dng ha cht nh ethrel 800ppm, saccharine 0,05mM, Bion 200ppm, natrium silicate 4mM v CuCl2 0,05mM cho hiu qu kch khng bnh chy l la ko di n 18 ngy sau khi phun ln l la. Ngoi ra, cc ha cht chitosan glucosamine, napthalence acetic acid 30ppm, KH2PO4 5mM, Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 0,4mM, SA 0,4mM, ascorbic acid 1mM v benzoic acid cng gy kch khng bnh nhng khng ko di c lu. Theo Lng Cnh Ph (2000), dch nui cy ca vi khun Flavimonas oryzuhabitans sau khi c x l ht hoc phun ln l la, gip cy la c kh nng chng li bnh chy l. Theo Phm Vn D v ctv (2000), SA, ASA, KH2PO4 v chitosan c x l 1 v 2 gi trc khi chng bnh vi P.grisea trn 2 ging OM 269 v OM 1723, cho thy c nh hng n tnh khng lu dn. Theo Dip ng Tng (2000), s dng acibenzolar-s-methyl kch khng bnh chy l la khi x l ht, th c th ko di tnh khng n 30 ngy sau khi s.


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Tnh khng bnh o n cy la c ghi nhn khi x l ht vi KH2PO4 20 23mM th khng gy hi n t l ny mm, chiu di r, pht trin chi v KH2PO4 15mM phun ln l ging la CMK 39 (Khao Dawk Mali) vo cc ngy 10, 35 v 65 ngy sau khi s th c th lm tng tnh khng qua vic gim s vt bnh ang pht trin, tng vt bnh trn l v t l o n c bng (Du et al, 2000). Theo Trnh Ngc Thy (2000), x l ht la bng cch ngm vi CuCl2 0,05mM, cy la c kh nng kch khng bnh chy l la t 9 24 ngy sau khi s v khi phun trn l vo 20 ngy sau khi s th lm gim n nh hn 50% t l bnh trn l la v c th ko di n 43 ngy sau khi s. Trn V Phn v ctv (2000), pht hin ra mt chng nm Colletotrichum sp. gy bnh trn c lng vc trong rung la ti ng Thp, khng gy hi cho la v c kh nng kch khng, gip cy la gim bnh o n t 58 72% so vi i chng. Clorua ng cn cho thy biu hin kch khng chng li bnh chy l la khi kho st mc sinh ha (Ng Thnh Tr v ctv, 2001) v m hc (Hunh Minh Chu v ctv, 2001). Theo Phm Vn D v ctv (2001), s dng Oxalic acid 1mM, Oxalic acid + natritetraborac lm tng chiu cao, gim bnh chy l, gim bnh thi c gi t 50 60% v tng nng sut t 16 20%. Theo Nguyn Th Thanh Xun v Phm Vn Kim (2001), ngm ht vi clorua ng v xt b sung vi K2HPO4 hoc Na2SiO3 c kh nng kch khng bnh chy l n 30 ngy sau khi gieo trong iu kin nh li v ngoi ng rung. Ht la c x l vi Na2B4O7 th c kh nng lm gim din tch bnh trn l t 19 27% trong th nghim nh li v 7% bnh trn bng th nghim ng rung (Phm Vn D v ctv, 2001).


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Theo Trnh Ngc Thy (2001) v Nguyn Hu Anh Nhi (2002), clorua ng vi nng 0.05mM x l ht, gip gim bnh 60 62% v ko di hiu qu n 34 ngy sau khi gieo. Cng theo Trnh Ngc Thy (2001), saccharin, chitosan v glucosamin phun l cng c tc dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy la. Trn V Phn (2002), th nghim hiu qu kch khng chng bnh chy l la ca nm Colletotrichum sp. nng 106 bo t/ml t t 45,2% - 49,3% so vi i chng. Nguyn Hu Anh Nhi (2002), cho rng x l ht vi vi khun Flavimonas oryzihabitans dng 9 E2, nng 108/ml khng nh hng n s ny mm ca ht la, lm gia tng chiu di ca r, kch thch lu dn gip cy la chng li bnh chy l, c hiu lc ngay 7 ngy sau khi tn cng (74,96%) v ko di cho n 28 ngy sau khi tn cng (44,34%). Nguyn Minh Kit (2003) v Vng Tun Ti (2003), th nghim kh nng kch khng ca vi khun Flavimonas oryzihabitans trn ng rung bng cch ngm ht v phun ln l vi clorua ng hoc natrium silicate, kt qu cho thy gip cy la gim bnh trn l ko di n 55 ngy sau kch khng. Theo Nguyn Ngc Tr (2004) khi x l SA (1.000ppm) hon ton bo v cy t giai on 6 l khi s tn cng ca nm Colletotrichum sp. vi kh nng bo v t ti 100%. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Phm Hong Oanh v ctv (2006), Nguyn Minh Thy (2006) ghi nhn ba ha cht Salicylic acid (SA, 1.000ppm), CuCl2 (0,05mM) v KH2PO4 (5mM) u c kh nng kch khng bnh thn th trn t. Phm Hong Oanh, Nguyn Th Khnh Vn v Trn Th Thu Thy (2009), th nghim kh nng kch khng ca 3 cht l Salicylic acid, CuCl2 v KH2PO4 i ci bnh thn th t Colletotrichum sp., kt qu cho thy trong 3 cht SA cho hiu qu kch khng sm nht v keo di n 144 GSP,


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KH2PO4 c hiu qu ko di n 96 GSP, cn CuCl2 c hiu qu ko di n 72 GSP th hin qua phn trm a p to pht sng t bo. 2.3.2.2. Nghin cu v bnh nm hai trn hat ging lua. Kt qua bc u v kim tra bnh hat ging (Trn inh Nht Dung, 1996) trn 88 mu hat ging thu thp tai Ha Ni, Ha Ty, Nam Ha, Thai Binh, Ha Bc, Hoa Binh, Lang Sn, Thanh Hoa, Ngh An a phat hin thy tt ca cac mu u nhim nm bnh, in hinh la cac loai Bipolaris oryzae (tim la hi la), Alternaria padwickii (chay la la),Fusarium moliniforme (lua von), Microdochium oryzae (kh u la la) va Sarocladium oryzae (thi be la la). Trong o cac mu bi nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae la cao nht vi ty l mu nhim trung binh at 79.5%, ty l hat bi nhim trung binh la 5.9%, nhim nng nht trn ging lua Mc Tuyn. Trong 4 mu ging ng thu thp phia Nam cho thy ca 4 mu u co nm bnh ky sinh, in hinh la 2 loai: Fusarium moliniforme gy bnh mc hng va Claphalosporium gy bnh phn en vi ty l ging nhim trung binh la 70.2%, cac mu u tng thu thp phia Nam a phat hin thy ty l hat ging bi nhim bnh la 34.5%, in hinh la cac loai: Phome sojae (13.0%) gy bnh thi thn va thi qua, Fusarium semitectum (15.5%) gy bnh thi r, Macrophominam phaseolina gy bnh en r (8.5%), Cercospora kikuchi gy bnh m tim hat (5.9%). Cung theo Trn inh Nht Dung va cng tac vin cho bit: vi 300 mu kim tra trong 2 vu ng Xun nm 1995 1996 va 1996 1997 ai din cho hn 3000 tn lua ging (chu yu CR203, IR17494 va IR38) a phat hin c 7 loai nm bnh, trong o co 4 loai phn b ph bin trn cac mu la: Bipolaris oryzae, Microdochium oryzae, Fusarium moliniforme, Alternaria padwickii, ty l hat bi nhim bnh cac ging lua tai cac im iu tra u rt cao, ty l nhim trung binh la 14.4 30% s hat trong cac mu ging kim tra. Ty l hat ging bi nhim bnh cao nht la cac l hat


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ging Quang Nam a Nng, Tha Thin Hu, ring Quang Ngai trong vu ng Xun nm 1995 1996 ty l hat ging bi nhim ln n 39.5%. Nm gy bnh tim la (Bipolaris oryzae) xut hin nhiu nht trong cac l hat ging Quang Ninh (16.6%), Tha Thin Hu (15.9%), Quang Nam a Nng (7.6%) va Quang Ngai (14.7%). Kt qua kim tra nm bnh trn mt s l ging lua nhp khu va san xut tai mt s tinh ven bin phia Bc, duyn hai min Trung (Trn inh Nht Dung, Nguyn Thi Hoa, Pham Thi Thoa, 1996) cho thy: ty l nhim bnh tt ca cac l hat ging u rt cao, trung binh t 11.6 51.6% s hat, trong o cao nht Quang Ninh (51.6%), Thanh Hoa (41.3%), Thai Binh (37.2%), Nam inh (28.6%), Quang Ngai (27.1%), Tha Thin Hu (25.1%), Ngh An (21.8%) va Ha Tinh (12.9%). Cac ging bi nhim vi ty l kha cao o la ging Mc Tuyn (47.7%), cac ging lua thun Trung Quc bi nhim vi ty l 34.2% va chu yu la nm gy bnh m la. Kt qua nghin cu bnh trn hat ging lua trong giai oan chuyn i c cu cy trng min Bc Vit Nam (Nguyn Vn Tut, 1998 1999) a xac inh c 5 loai nm gy bin mau hat la Bipolaris oryzae, Alternaria padwickii, Fusarium moniliforme, Microdochium oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani. Trn cac ging lua Trung Quc a phn lp c 5 loai: Bipolaris oryzae, Alternaria padwickii, Fusarium moniliforme, Microdochium oryzae va Sarocladium oryzae. anh gia mc nhim nm trn mt s l hat ging lua c san xut Vit Nam, Olga Kongsdal va Pham Thi Thoa (1996) cho bit: mc nhim nm trn hat ging lua Vit Nam kha cao: 96% s mu kim tra bi nhim nm Alternaria padwickii, 87% s mu kim tra bi nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae, 52% s mu kim tra bi nhim nm Microdochium oryzae, 39% s mu bi nhim nm Sarocladium oryzae. Trong o ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae trung binh la 8.0%.


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Cac kt qua kim tra nm bnh nm 2001 (Pham Thi Thoa va CTV, 2001), trong cac l hat ging kim tra, ty l hat bi nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao nht cac mu ging lua thu thp t Nam inh, Thanh Hoa, Ngh An va Quang Binh, ty l nhim trung binh t 4.57% - 6.67%, a Nng la 14.9%. Cung theo kt qua nay: ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao nht cac mu hat ging c san xut tai cac Tram, Trai va cac Cng ty ging cy trng Ngh An, trong khi o cac mu hat lua ging c san xut tai cac nng h Ngh An co ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae thp hn vi ty l nhim trung binh la 3.78%. Kt qua kim tra nm bnh trn mt s mu hat lua ging c san xut tai cac nng h Hai Dng, Nam inh vu Mua nm 2002 (Trn Thi Hng va CTV): ty l hat lua ging nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao nht cac mu thu thp tai Chi Linh Hai Dng vi ty l nhim nm trung binh t 4.4 6.3%. Ty l nhim cao nht trn ging DT10 (17.0%). Kt qua iu tra thanh phn nm bnh trn hat ging lua Q5 va Khang Dn vung ng bng Sng Hng (Trn Thi Hng, 2002) cho thy ty l hat lua ging Khang Dn nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae trung binh la 0.71% va Q5 la 0.9%, ty l truyn bnh sang cy con vn cao nht mu bi nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae, trung binh la 90%, ty l truyn bnh thp nht la mu bi nhim nm Microdochium oryzae (30%). Tac gia cung cho bit: hai chi tiu m va nm bnh co lin quan cht che n nhau va anh hng n cht lng hat ging kha ro, trong trng hp mt mu cung co hai chi tiu nay anh hng theo chiu hng bt li se dn n cht lng cy mm giam ang k. Kt qua tim hiu mt s loai nm bnh tn tai trn hat ging lua lai (Hoang Thi Thu Trang, 2000): ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae trung binh trong 15 mu kim tra trn ging Shan u 63 la 0.47%, Nhi u 63 la 0.6%,


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Nhi u 838 la 0.5% va cac mu co ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao a lam giam ty l nay mm cua hat ging. Kt qua iu tra thanh phn nm va vi khun trn hat ging mt s ging lua chinh nm 2001 vung ng bng sng Hng (Bui Thi Khi, 2002) a phn lp c 19 loai nm va 5 loai vi khun trn hat ging lua san xut 9 vung ng bng sng Hng. Hat ging bi nhim bnh a lam giam ang k ty l nay mm, nu bi nhim nng, hat ging co th khng nay mm c, gy thit hai cho san xut nng nghip. Kt qua anh gia anh hng cua bnh ti ty l nay mm cua hat ging lua (Pham Thi Hoa, 1997) a thng bao mu ging IR17494 at ty l nay mm cao la mu co ty l nhim nhe (30 %)


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Theo kt qu bng 4.2 cho thy thnh phn nm hi ht ging trn hai ging Q5 v Khang dn l 9 loi ph bin l: Alternaria padwickii (chy l la); Curvularia lunata (m nu la); Tilletia barclayana (than en ht); Microdochicum oryzae (kh u l); Sarocladium oryzae (thi b l); Rhizopus ssp.; Fusarium moniliforme (la von); Bipolaris oryzae (tim la hi la); Pyricularia oryzae (o n). Mc ph bin ca cc loi nm trn 2 ging Q5 v Khang dn c s khc nhau. T l nhim nm trung bnh ca tng ging l: 0.5-21.8% (trn ging Q5) v 0.5-22.4% (trn ging Khang dn). Nm Alternaria padwidkii, Curvularia lunata, Tilletia barclayana xut hin ph bin c hai ging trn. C hai ging u t thy c s xut hin ca nm Pyricularia oryzae v Bipolaris oryzae. Tuy nhin, t l ht nhim nm Alternaria padwickii trn ging Q5 cao hn so vi trn ging Khang dn, trn ging Q5 l 14.0% vi mc nhim l ph bin, cn trn ging Khang dn c t l nhim thp hn (12.0%) vi mc nhim t ph bin. Khi kim tra, gim nh bnh trn ht trc khi khng nhn thy s khc nhau gia ht khe v ht b nhim nm bnh. Do vy, nhn bit tng loi nm hi trn xc nh c mt ca n trn ht hay khng l rt cn thit. Vi mc ch chng ti tin hnh gim nh tng loi nm bnh trn, Kt qu c th hin trong bng 4.3.


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Bng 4.3 Kt qu gim nh nm bnh trn ht ging la v Thu ng nm 2010. STT Tn khoa hc 1 Alternaria padwickii c im quan st trn ht Si nm mc trn b mt ht, mu hi trng sau chuyn thnh mu xm xp. c im c im trn mi trng PGA sau 5 ngy nui cy Tn nm pht trin ta ra, mng, si nm rt pht trin, mc lan trn b mt mi trng. Ban u mu trng sau hi xm. Kch thc tn nm: 3.5 3.5 m. C hai dng: dng si pht trin sinh t bo t v dng si nm km pht trin sinh nhiu bo t. Mu xanh m. Kch thc tn nm: 8.2-8.5 m Bo t Thng hoc cong, hnh chy, c cung di,c 3 5 vch ngn. Kch thc: 95-168 11.5-19.5 m. Cnh bo t Mc thnh cm. Cnh bo t phn sinh a bo, hi gy khc, mu vng nht.

2

Curvularia lunata

Cnh bo t mc thnh tng chm c t 2-3 bo t tr ln, khi pht sinh nhiu ht la b bao ph bi lp bo t v cnh bo t mu en.

3

Tilletia barclayana

Hnh cong, dng g vai tru,c 3 vch ngn, mt t bo gia phnh to v c mu m hn. Kch thc: 18.529.8 9.5-16.6 m Bo t hnh cu, mu nu en, c gai dng

Thng hoc cong ui khi c mu. a bo, c mu nu m n en. Kch thc: 630650 5-9 m.


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4

Microdochicum oryzae

Trn ht thy c nhng m mu vng cam c n sng ca bo t, si nm kt t gn nh khng pht trin trn hay xung quanh am bo t.

Si nm km pht trin.

mt li. ng knh: 16.323.1 m T bo hnh trng khuyt, khng mu, 2u nhn. Kch thc: 9-14 34.5 m.

5

Sarocladium oryzae

6

Fusarium moniliforme

Trn b mt ht ph mt lp mu trng n trng hng.

Xp mu trng Bo t khng m mu,hnh tr v trn Kch thc tn nm: 1-1.2 2 u. Kch thc: 3.6-9 0.75-2.5 m. Tn nm mu hng trng,to Hnh oval hay elip, sc t mu hng n tm c t 3-5 vch ngn, trn b mt mi trng. c chn gi. Kch thc bo t nh:8-12 2.5-8 m. Kch thc bo t ln: 32-52 3-4.5 m.


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Nh vy, qua kt qu gim nh trn chng ta thy, tuy c s phong ph v hnh dng nhng mi loi nm c c im rt ring nhn bit chng. Nhm nm Alternaria padwickii v Curvularia lunata rt d nhn bit nh c im u cnh bo t phn sinh hnh thoi, c t 3 5 vch ngn, hi tht li ch vch ngn mu nu vng nht (Alternaria padwickii) (hnh 4.7), v BTPS thng c 3 vch ngn, cc t bo bn trong c mu nu m, t bo gia phnh to khng u lm t bo cong (Curvularia lunata) (hnh 4.8). HNH NH MT S TRIU CHNG V NGUYN NHN NM BNH GY HI TRN HT GING LA

Hnh 4.1: Kim nghim bnh nm hi ht ging la Q5 (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)


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Hnh 4.2: Ht nhim nm Alternaria padwickii (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)

Hnh 4.3:Ht nhim nm Tilletia barclayana (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)


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Hnh 4.4: Ht nhim nm Sarocladium oryzae (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)

Hnh 4.5: Ht nhim nm Aspegilus ssp. (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)


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Hnh 4.6: Ht nhim nm Microdochium oryzae (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)

Hnh 4.7: Bo t nm Alternaria padwickii (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)


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Hnh 4.8: Bo t nm Curvularia lunata (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)

Hnh 4.9: Bo t nm Rhizopus ssp. (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)


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Hnh 4.10:Bo t nm Tilletia barclayana (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh) 4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh chy l la Alternaria padwickii 4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 Chng ti tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 thy rng trn cc mu ging khc nhau th c t l ny mm khc nhau, iu c th hin qua bng 4.4 T s liu bng 4.4 cho thy 2 mu ht 1 v 2 c t l nhim nm thp hn c (9,5-10,0%) nn c t l CMBT cao (44,5-53,0%), t l CMBBT 11,014,0%. Cn cc mu ging cn li c t l nhim nm cao hn nn t l CMBT s gim xung thp hn.


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Bng 4.4. nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 Mu ht 1 2 3 4 5 Ghi ch: T l ht nhim (%) T l CMBBT (%) 9,5 53,0 11,0 10,0 44,5 14,0 16,0 39,0 10,5 16,5 29,5 15,0 30,5 15,0 24,0 CMBT: cy mm bnh thng T l CMBT (%) CMBBT: cy mm bt bnh thng KNM: khng ny mm Qua bng 4.4 chng t khi ht la b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii nng s lm gim mnh t l ny mm ca ht, do t l CMBBT v t l ht KNM s cao. 4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m Q5 Chng ti nghin cu kh nng truyn bnh ca nm sang cy m trn cc mu ht ging la c ht nhim bnh cc mc t 0-4 v gieo ht 400 ht mi mc kho st mc nhim bnh trn cy m. Kt qu cho thy ht ging khng nhim bnh th cy m pht trin bnh thng, ht ging nhim bnh mc 1 cho t l bnh l 10%, 20% mc 2, 30% mc 3 v 100% mc 4. T l KNM (%) 46,0 41,5 50,5 54,5 61,0

Bng 4.5 Kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm sang m Q5


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Mc nhim trn ht 0 1 2 3 4 Ghi ch:

Mc nhim trn m (%) T l bnh Ch s bnh 0 0.0 10 2.95 20 8.7* 50 23.3** 100 43.5*** Cp 0: ht khng b nhim bnh Cp 1: nm che ph 1-5% din tch ht Cp 2: nm che ph 6-15% din tch ht Cp 3: nm che ph 16-50% din tch ht Cp 4: nm che ph 50-100% din tch ht ***: cy cht ngay sau khi ny mm ** : cy cht sau 5 ngy gieo ra t * : cy cht sau 10 ngy gieo ra t

10% cy con b nhim vi ch s bnh l 2.95%, nhng cy ny vn pht trin bnh thng, bnh khng lm nh hng n sc sng v tc pht trin ca cy. Ht ging khi nhim bnh cp 3, sau khi gieo c t bnh l 30% v ch s bnh l 23.3%, cy con cht sau 5 ngy gieo ra t. Ht ging nhim bnh cp 4 cho t l nhim bnh l 100% vi CSB l 43.5%, mt s cy con cht ngay sau khi ny mm. 4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii Mi trng dinh dng l yu t nh hng kh ln n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii. tm hiu kh nng pht trin ca nm trn mi trng nhn to chng ti tin hnh 3 th nghim c trnh by bng 4.6. Bng 4.6. nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii nhit 30-35oC Mi trng ng knh tn nm trung bnh (mm) sau cy


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nui cy WA PGA PCA

1 ngy 0.00c 5.02ab 2.04bc

2 ngy 3.01c 14.0aab 13.06ac

3 ngy 9.36c 29.55ab 17.65bc

4 ngy 17.17c 48.79ab 27.12bc

5 ngy 21.32c 68.91ab 50.21bc

Biu biu hin nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm A.padwickii 80 ng knh tn 40 nm (mm) 20 0 1 ngy 2 ngy 3 ngy 4 ngy 5 ngy 60 WA PGA PCA

Hnh 4.11: nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii. Qua bng 4.6 chng ti nhn thy: mi trng PGA thch hp cho nm sinh trng v pht trin. Sau 1 ngy nui cy ng knh tn nm trn mi trng PGA l 5.02mm, trong khi mi trng WA vn l 0.0mm v PCA l 2.04mm. Sau 5 ngy nui cy, trn mi trng PGA th ng knh tn nm l 68.91mm cn WA l 21.32mm,v trn PCA l 50.21mm. Nh vy, mi trng PGA l mi trng thch hp hn c cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii.

Thi gian nui cy

Hnh 4.12: Curvularia lunata sau 5

Hnh 4.13: Alternaria padwickii sau


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ngy nui cy trn mi trng PGA (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh) trn ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn

5 ngy nui cy trn mi trng PGA

4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii i vi cc cht kch khng c chng ti thu thp trn c bit ti kh nng tng sc khng ca cy i vi bnh. xc nh c phng php kch khng c hiu qu chng ti th nghim nhiu phng php khc nhau. Da vo ti liu thu thp, phng php x l ht ging bng cht kch khng l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin to tnh khng lu dn trn cy. Tuy nhin trc khi a ra kt lun v cht kch khng no c hiu qu kch khng cao nht v khng nh hng ti t l ny mm ca ht ging la, chng ti tin hnh thng k mu theo t l % ht nhim nm ca cc ht ging la thu thp c v cc mu la qua x l mt s cht kch khng. T nh gi c nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht. Kt qu c th hin bng 4.7


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Bng 4.7 nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii ca ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn. Ging i Q5 KD chng 22.4a 17.8a T l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii (%) CuCl2 Bion OA OA 9.2 7.0dc

OA 4mM 17.0b 14.8ab

15.4 12.0bc

b

1mM 11.4c 9.2cd

2mM 16.2b 11.8bc

Biu hiu qu ca cc cht kch khng khi x l ht gingT l nhim nm A.p (%) 25 20 15 10 5 0 C CuCl2 Bion OA 1m M OA 2m M OA 4m M Nghim thc Q5 KD

Hnh 4.14 : nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn cc ging la. Qua kt qu bng 4.7 chng ti nhn thy: C s khc nhau gia t l ht nhim bnh cc cng thc x l kch khng v khng x l kch khng, cc ging khc nhau c t l nhim nm khc nhau, ging Q5 c t l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii cao hn so vi ging Khang dn. i vi cc cht kch khng khc nhau khi s dng x l ht ging th Clorua ng nng 0.05mM l c hiu qu hn c, n lm t l ht ging nhim bnh gim mnh hn (9.2% trn ging Q5 v 7.0% trn ging Khang dn) so vi cc cht kch khng cn li.


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4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm. xc nh r nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n sc ny mm ca ht ging. Cn c vo t l ny mm (t l % mm bnh trng trn tt c nhng ht kim tra), chng ti tin hnh kim tra 200 ht mi mu v x l cc cht kch khng. Kim tra sc ny mm bng phng php giy cun. Kt qu thu c bng 4.8 Bng 4.8 nh hng ca cht kch khng ti t l ny mm ca ht ging la Q5. STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cng thc C Bion CuCl2 OA 1mM OA 2mM OA 4mM TL MBT (%) 26.7 31.6 59.6 52.5 41.4 32.6 Ging Q5 TL MBBT (%) 22.2 19.1 10.1 11.6 16.2 18.0 TL KNM (%) 51.2 49.3 32.4 36.3 42.4 49.5

Ghi ch: TLCMBT: t l cy mm bnh thng TLMBBT: T l mm bt bnh thng TLKNM: T l khng ny mm

nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l ny mm trn ht ging la Q5T l %80 60 40 20 0 C CuCl2 Bion OA 1m M OA 2m M OA 4m M

TLMBT TLMBBT TLKNM

Nghim khng Hnh 4.15: nh hng ca cht kchthc n t l ny mm

ca ging la Q5.


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Kt qu bng 4.9 cho thy: cc cng thc x l cht kch khng khc nhau c t l ny mm khc nhau v t l ht bt bnh thng v ht khng ny mm khc nhau. Ht sau khi c x l bng dung dch kch khng Clorua ng 0.05mM v OA 1mM s cho t l CMBT cao hn c (59.6% v 52.5%) v t l CMBBT cng thp nht (10.1% v 11.6%). Trong khi , x l bng OA 2mM, OA 4mM v Bion 200ppm th TLCMBT thp ( 41.4%, 32.6% v 31.6%) cn t l CMBBT li qu cao (16.2%, 18.0% v 19.1%). 4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m Mun nh gi chnh xc nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng sng ca mm chng ti tin hnh xc nh ch tiu nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n sc sng ca mm thng qua xc nh chiu di r v chiu di mm. Ch tiu ny c xc nh khi ht ging la x l kch khng c t trong giy cun ti m. Sau 7 ngy xc nh mm bnh thng v o chiu di r v chiu di mm. Kt qu o chiu di r v mm ca cc nghim thc x l kch khng v khng x l kch khng trn ht ging la cc ging khc nhau bng 4.9. Bng 4.9: nh hng ca cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cng thc i chng Bion CuCl2 OA 1mM OA 2mM OA 4mM Q5 CDR (mm) 99.93 38.2 110.4 95.77 33.93 90.17 CDM (mm) 30.33 7.3 46.97 55.1 6.53 39.3


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Ghi ch:

CDR: chiu di r sau 7 ngy m. CRM: chiu di mm sau 7 ngy m.

nh hng ca cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy mChiu di (mm) 150 100 50 0 C CuCl2 Bion OA 1m M OA 2m M OA 4m M Nghim thc CDR CDM

Hnh 4.16: nh hng ca cht kch khng n sc sng ca mm Qua kt qu bng 4.9, Chng ti nhn thy chiu di r tt c cc cng thc u ln hn chiu di thn tt c cc cng thc. T biu ta nhn thy ch c nghim thc x l kch khng bng Clorua ng l c hiu qu lm tng chiu di r v chiu di mm (110.4mm, 46.97mm). Cc nghim thc khc u lm gim chiu di r v chiu di mm. Gim c bit nghim trng l nghim thc khi x l kch khng bng OA 2mM (33.93mm, 6.55mm) so vi i chng gim 3 ln. Nh vy qua bng 4.9 v 4.10 ta thy rng khi x l kch khng ht ging la th cc cht kch khng c nh hng nghim trng ti t l ny mm v sc sng ca mm la sau khi ny mm, c bit nghim trng l khi x l ht ging la bng OA 2mM. Trong 5 cht kch khng m chng ti thu thp c th ch c Clorua ng l thch hp x l ht ging la. Khi x l Clorua ng la tng c t l ny mm v sc sng ca mm.


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Hnh 4.17: Mm ht la b cht do nhim nm Alternaria padwickii (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)

Hnh 4.18: Ht la b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii (Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)


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PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH5.1. Kt lun Qua thi gian thc hin ti nghin cu, chng ti a ra mt s kt lun nh sau:1. Thnh phn nm bnh hi ht ging trn hai ging Q5 v Khang dn

thy c s xut hin ch yu ca 9 loi nm. Trong nhiu loi nm gy hi trn ht ging mc cao l cc loi nm gy bnh nh Alternaria padwidkii gy bnh chy l la, Tilletia barclayana gy bnh than en, Sarocladium oryzae gy bnh thi b l2. Cc loi nm hi ht ging la l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm

gim t l ny mm, gy thi ht v gy cht cy con sau khi ny mm.3. Loi nm Alternaria padwidkii c th truyn t ht ging sang cy m. 4. Nm Alternaria padwickii xut hin trn 100% cc mu kim tra, sau

l Tilletia barclayana, xut hin vi tn s thp l nm Bipolaris oryzae v Pyricularia oryzae.5. Cht kch khng Clorua ng nng 0.05mM khi x l ht ging

nhim nm Alternaria padwidkii cho hiu qu cao nht 5.2. ngh: 1. Do thi gian thc hin ti ngn, s lng mu kim tra khng nhiu nn cn tip tc thc hin ti ny mc rng hn v su hn xc nh y thnh phn v mt nhim cc loi nm bnh trn cc ging la khc nhau.


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2. Cn nghin cu thm ngha ca nm bnh nh hng n nng sut

ca cy trng v sau v hiu qu kinh t ca cc bin php x l ht ging trong sn xut.


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TI LIU THAM KHOTi liu Ting Vit1. L Th Ngc Anh (2007), iu tra thnh phn nm bnh v nghin

cu nm Alternaria padwickii Ellis hi ht ging la nhp khu nm 2007, Lun vn thc s nng nghip, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni.2. Cc BVTV (1989). Kim dch thc vt kim tra ly mu, Tiu chun

Vit Nam 473-89 (TCVN 473/89)- H Ni.3. Cc BVTV (1994). Bnh hi la, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. 4. Cc BVTV (1995). Phng php iu tra pht hin su bnh hi cy

trng, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.5. Cc BVTV (1997). Danh sch dch hi trn la go ca Vit Nam, H

Ni.6. Trn nh Dng (1996). Tnh hnh v bnh ht ging v phng

hng kim tra bnh ht ging Vit Nam, Tp ch Nng nghip v Cng nghip thc phm s 4/1996.7. Trn nh Dng (1996). Kt qu iu tra ngun bnh ht ging v

ng Xun 1995-1996 ti mt s tnh ven bin, Tp ch kt qu kho kim nghim ging cy trng.8. Trn nh Nht Dng, Phm Th Thoa, Nguyn Th Hoa (1998). Kt

qu kim tra nm bnh truyn qua ht ging la mt s tnh pha Bc v Duyn hi min Trung 1997-1998, Trung tam kho kim nghim ging cy trng Trung ng, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni 9. Ng Bch Ho, Nguyn Kim Vn, Trn Nguyn H, ng Lu Hoa (2005). Nm bnh hi cy trng c im sinh hc v phng php nghin cu.10. Nguyn c Huy (2003), Nghin cu nm Bipolaris oryzae gy bnh

tim la hi ht ging v cy la ngoi ng v Xun nm 2003 kt


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qu th nghim phng tr bnh, Lun vn thc s nng nghip, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. 11. Bi Th Khi (2002). Thnh phn nm v vi khun trn mt s ging la chnh nm 2001-2002 vng ng bng sng Hng, Lun vn thc s nng nghip, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni.12. Phm Vn Kim, Trn Th Thy, Ng Thnh Tr, Trn V Phin, Eigil

de Neergaard, Tng kt cng tc nghin cu v trin khai ng dng sn phm kch khng Cropsar-3 HCT qun l bnh o n l la (Pyricularia Grisea) ti ng bng Sng Cu Long, Hi tho gii thiu nguyn nhn gy bnh virus mi trn la, mt s k thut v ch phm mi trong phng tr bnh cy Vit Nam 2009.13. Phm vn Kim, Kha cnh khoa hc trong nghin cu kch thch tnh

khng bnh ca cy trng, k yu Hi tho quc gia Bnh cy v sinh hc phn t, ln th 5 - i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.14. Phm Hong Oanh , Kho St kh nng kch thch ca ba ha cht i

vi bnh thn th trn t thong qua s pht sng t bo. Bo co hi tho quc gia bnh hi thc vt Vit Nam. NXB Nng Nghip.15. on Th Thanh Nhn (1996), Gio trnh cy cng nghip. NXB Nng

Nghip.16. L Lng T v Bi Trng Thy. Mt s nghin cu v bin php s

dng cht kch hot tng kh nng khng bnh ca cy trng, Hi ngh Khoa hc cng ngh ton quc v BVTV L th 3.17. ng V Thanh, H Minh Trung (1997). Phng php iu tra bnh

hi cy trng nng nghip, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.18. Trn Th Thu Thu ; Hunh Minh Chu ; Phm Vn Kim ; H. J.

Lyngs Jorgensen ; E. de Neergaard, Kch thch tnh khng bnh o n hi la trn kha cnh m hc. K yu Hi tho quc gia Bnh cy v sinh hc phn t, ln th 5 - i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.


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19. Ng Thnh Tr ; Phm Vn Kim ; Trn V Phn. C ch sinh ho

hc ca tnh kch khng lu dn trong cy la chng li bnh o n `(Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.) do x l vi clorua ng, acibenzolar - S - methyl v nm Sporothrix sp. K yu Hi tho quc gia Bnh cy v sinh hc phn t, ln th 5 - i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.20. Nguyn Vn Tut (1996). Nghin cu v xc nh nguyn nhn gy

bnh thi ht bng cc phng php khc nhau, Tp ch BVTV s 4/1994.21. Nguyn Vn Tut (1997). Phng php chun on v gim nh nm

v vi khun gy bnh hi cy trng nng nghip, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.22. Nguyn Kim Vn v cng s (2004), Thnh phn bnh hi ht ging

mt s cy trng vng H Ni, Tp ch BVTV s 195 (3/2004). Ti liu Ting Anh 1. Abo, M.E. Sy, A.A (1988),Rice virus diseases, Seed pathology and microbiology 10, pp.1. 2. OU.S.H (1995), Rice diseases, CAB, Kew. Ti liu tham kho t internet1. http://www.caltexmoldservices.com/section/mold_library/alternaria/ 2. http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5390551 3. http://luagao.blogspot.com/2009/04/phong-tru-benh-lem-lep-hat-lua


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PH LC1.1 X l kch khng trn ging Q5BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE KK FILE QUYNHN 29/12/** 9:42 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE VARIATE V003 KK LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF 1

SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 CT$ 5 532.667 106.533 35.31 0.000 3 2 NL 4 136.867 34.2167 11.34 0.000 3 * RESIDUAL 20 60.3334 3.01667 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 29 729.867 25.1678 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE QUYNHN 29/12/** 9:42 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------CT$ OA 4mM OA 2mM OA 1mM Bion CuCl2 ?C NOS 5 5 5 5 5 5 KK 17.0000 16.2000 11.4000 15.4000 9.20000 22.4000

SE(N= 5) 0.776746 5%LSD 20DF 2.29138 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------NL 1 2 3 4 5 NOS 6 6 6 6 6 KK 16.8333 14.0000 13.0000 18.6667 13.8333

SE(N= 6) 0.709069 5%LSD 20DF 2.09173 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE QUYNHN 29/12/** 9:42 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 3 F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1 VARIATE GRAND MEAN (N= 30) NO. OBS. 30 15.267 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT$ -------------------- SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 5.0168 1.7369 11.4 0.0000 |NL | | | 0.0001 | | | |

KK

1.2 X l kch khng trn ging Khang dnBALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE KK FILE KICHK 29/12/** 11: 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE VARIATE V003 KK LN SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB 1 ER


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SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 CT$ 5 371.500 74.3000 9.75 0.000 3 2 NL 4 280.867 70.2167 9.22 0.000 3 * RESIDUAL 20 152.333 7.61667 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 29 804.700 27.7483 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE KICHK 29/12/** 11: 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2 MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------CT$ OA 4mM OA 2mM OA 1mM Bion CuCl2 ?C NOS 5 5 5 5 5 5 KK 14.8000 11.8000 9.20000 12.0000 7.00000 17.8000

SE(N= 5) 1.23423 5%LSD 20DF 3.64095 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NL ------------------------------------------------------------------------------NL 1 2 3 4 5 NOS 6 6 6 6 6 KK 13.1667 10.3333 7.50000 12.8333 16.6667

SE(N= 6) 1.12670 5%LSD 20DF 3.32372 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE KICHK 29/12/** 11: 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 3 F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1 VARIATE GRAND MEAN (N= 30) NO. OBS. 30 12.100 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT$ -------------------- SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 5.2677 2.7598 22.8 0.0001 |NL | | | 0.0002 | | | |

KK

1.2 S pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii trn cc mi trng khc nhauBALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DKTN1 FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 1 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong VARIATE V003 DKTN1 LN SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= SOURCE OF VARIATION DF


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1 CT$ 2 38.2424 19.1212 ****** 0.000 2 * RESIDUAL 6 .160015E-01 .266692E-02 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 8 38.2584 4.78230 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DKTN2 FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong VARIATE V004 DKTN2 LN SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 CT$ 2 222.685 111.343 5.55 0.043 2 * RESIDUAL 6 120.321 20.0536 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 8 343.006 42.8758 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE OF VARIATION DF

BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DKTN3 FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 3 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong VARIATE V005 DKTN3 LN SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 CT$ 2 617.732 308.866 567.38 0.000 2 * RESIDUAL 6 3.26622 .544370 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 8 620.998 77.6248 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE OF VARIATION DF


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BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DKTN4 FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 4 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong VARIATE V006 DKTN4 LN SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 CT$ 2 1569.05 784.524 ****** 0.000 2 * RESIDUAL 6 3.82059 .636766 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 8 1572.87 196.609 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------SOURCE OF VARIATION DF

BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE DKTN5 FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 5 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong VARIATE V007 DKTN5 LN SUMS OF MEAN F RATIO PROB ER SQUARES SQUARES LN ============================================================================= 1 CT$ 2 3448.62 1724.31 ****** 0.000 2 * RESIDUAL 6 2.64113 .440189 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED) 8 3451.26 431.408 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 6 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------CT$ WA PGA PCA SE(N= 5%LSD WA PGA PCA 3) 6DF CT$ NOS 3 3 3 NOS 3 3 3 DKTN1 0.000000 5.02000 2.04000 0.298157E-01 0.103137 DKTN5 21.3200 68.9067 50.2067 DKTN2 3.01333 14.0067 13.0600 2.58544 8.94346 DKTN3 9.36000 29.5467 17.6533 0.425977 1.47352 DKTN4 17.1667 48.7933 27.1200 0.460712 1.59368 SOURCE OF VARIATION DF

SE(N= 3) 0.383053 5%LSD 6DF 1.32504 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE QUYNH 12/ 1/** 19: 5 ---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 7 Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi truong


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F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1 VARIATE GRAND MEAN (N= 9) NO. OBS. 9 2.3533 9 10.027 9 18.853 9 31.027 9 46.811 STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |CT$ -------------------- SD/MEAN | BASED ON BASED ON % | TOTAL SS RESID SS | 2.1868 0.51642E-01 2.2 0.0000 6.5480 4.4781 44.7 0.0434 8.8105 0.73781 3.9 0.0000 14.022 0.79798 2.6 0.0000 20.770 0.66347 1.4 0.0000 | | | |

DKTN1 DKTN2 DKTN3 DKTN4 DKTN5


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LI CAM OANTi xin cam oan rng, s liu va kt qua nghin cu trong chuyn nay la trung thc va cha c s dung bao v mt hoc vi nao. Ti xin cam oan rng, moi s giup cho vic thc hin lun vn nay a c cam n va thng tin trich dn trong lun vn c chi ro ngun gc.


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LI CAM N hoan thanh tai nay, ngoai s c gng n lc cua ban thn, ti a nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm, giup nhit tinh cua thy c, ban be va ngi thn. Trc tin, ti xin bay to li cam n chn thanh va long bit n su sc ti c giao PGS.TS Ng Bich Hao a tn tinh chi bao, giup va ng vin ti trong qua trinh thc hin tai va hoan thanh ban chuyn nay. Ti xin gi li cam n su sc ti cac thy, c giao trong Khoa Nng hoc-ai hoc Nng nghip Ha Ni- nhng ngi a trc tip giang day, trang bi nhng kin thc b ich trong sut thi gian va qua. Cui cung, ti xin gi li cam n chn thanh ti tt ca ngi thn, bn be, gia inh va nhng ngi lun bn canh ng vin, giup ti trong qua trinh hoc tp va thc hin tai. Ha Ni, ngay thang nm 2010 Tac gia thc hin tai:

Nguyn Th Qunh


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MC LCPHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1 PHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1 1.1 t vn .....................................................................................................................1 1.1 t vn .........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu........................................................................................................2 1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu............................................................................................................2 1.2.1. Mc ch...............................................................................................................2 1.2.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................2 1.2.2. Yu cu.................................................................................................................2 1.2.2. Yu cu.........................................................................................................................2 PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU........................................................................................4 PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU........................................................................................4 2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt......................................................................................4 2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt..........................................................................................4 2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng...............................................................7 2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng...................................................................7 2.2.1 Khi nim..............................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Khi nim......................................................................................................................7 2.2.2 C ch kch khng.................................................................................................8 2.2.2 C ch kch khng.........................................................................................................8 2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng...............................................................................................8 2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.......................................................................................................8 2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng................9 2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng....................9 2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc..........................................................................9 2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc..................................................................................9 2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc........................................................................13 2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc................................................................................13 PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU....................21 PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU....................21 3.1 Vt liu nghin cu....................................................................................................21 3.1 Vt liu nghin cu........................................................................................................21 3.1.1 Ging lua:............................................................................................................21 3.1.1 Ging lua:....................................................................................................................21 3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..................................................................................................21 3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..........................................................................................................21 3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:..................................................................25 3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:..........................................................................25 3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:............................................................................................25 3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:....................................................................................................25 3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...........................................................................................25 3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...................................................................................................25 3.2 ia im nghin cu..................................................................................................25 3.2 ia im nghin cu......................................................................................................25 3.3 Ni dung nghin cu..................................................................................................25 3.3 Ni dung nghin cu......................................................................................................25


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3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:.....................................................................................25 3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:.............................................................................................25 3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:.................................................................................26 3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:.........................................................................................26 3.4 Phng phap nghin cu............................................................................................26 3.4 Phng phap nghin cu................................................................................................26 3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:...............................................................26 3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:.......................................................................26 3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.............................................................28 3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.....................................................................28 3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ................................................................................................29 3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ........................................................................................................29 3.5 Phng php x l s liu..........................................................................................29 3.5 Phng php x l s liu..............................................................................................29 3.6 Cng thc tnh ton....................................................................................................29 3.6 Cng thc tnh ton........................................................................................................29 PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31 PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010..................................................31 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010......................................................31 4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong v Thu-ng nm 2010..........................................................................................................................32 4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong v Thu-ng nm 2010......................................................................................................................................32 4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh chy l la Alternaria padwickii ........................................................................................................41 4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh chy l la Alternaria padwickii ............................................................................................................41 4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 ......................................................................................................................................41 4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5.......41 4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m Q5.................................................................................................................................42 4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m Q5...42 4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii.............................................................................................43 4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii.............................................................................................................43 4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn..........................................................................................45 4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn..................................................................................................................45 4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.............................................47 4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.....................................................47 4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m.................48 4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m.....................48 PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51 PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51


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5.1. Kt lun.....................................................................................................................51 5.1. Kt lun.........................................................................................................................51 5.2. ngh:.....................................................................................................................51 5.2. ngh:.........................................................................................................................51 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53

DANH MC BNG BIUPHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1 1.1 t vn .........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu............................................................................................................2 1.2.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................2 1.2.2. Yu cu.........................................................................................................................2 PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU........................................................................................4 2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt..........................................................................................4 2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng...................................................................7 2.2.1 Khi nim......................................................................................................................7 2.2.2 C ch kch khng.........................................................................................................8 2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.......................................................................................................8 2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng....................9 2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc..................................................................................9 2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc................................................................................13 PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU....................21 3.1 Vt liu nghin cu........................................................................................................21 3.1.1 Ging lua:....................................................................................................................21 3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..........................................................................................................21 Bng 3.1. Thnh phn cht kch khng thu thp c.........................................................21 3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:..........................................................................25 3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:....................................................................................................25 3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...................................................................................................25 3.2 ia im nghin cu......................................................................................................25 3.3 Ni dung nghin cu......................................................................................................25 3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:.............................................................................................25 3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:.........................................................................................26 3.4 Phng phap nghin cu................................................................................................26 3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:.......................................................................26 3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.....................................................................28 3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ........................................................................................................29 3.5 Phng php x l s liu..............................................................................................29 3.6 Cng thc tnh ton........................................................................................................29 PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010......................................................31 Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn cc mu la ging ....................................................31 v Thu ng nm 2010........................................................................................................31 4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong v Thu-ng nm 2010......................................................................................................................................32


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Bng 4.2. T l nhim v mc ph bin ca cc loi nm trn hai ging Q5 v Khang dn........................................................................................................................................32 Bng 4.3 Kt qu gim nh nm bnh trn ht ging la v Thu ng nm 2010............34 4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh chy l la Alternaria padwickii ............................................................................................................41 4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5.......41 Bng 4.4. nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 42 4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m Q5...42 Bng 4.5 Kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm sang m Q5.................................42 4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii.............................................................................................................43 Bng 4.6. nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii nhit 30-35oC..............................................................................................43 4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn..................................................................................................................45 Bng 4.7 nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii ca ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn............................................................................................46 4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.....................................................47 Bng 4.8 nh hng ca cht kch khng ti t l ny mm .............................................47 ca ht ging la Q5.............................................................................................................47 4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m.....................48 PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51 5.1. Kt lun.........................................................................................................................51 5.2. ngh:.........................................................................................................................51 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53


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DANH MC HNHPHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1 1.1 t vn .........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu............................................................................................................2 1.2.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................2 1.2.2. Yu cu.........................................................................................................................2 PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU........................................................................................4 2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt..........................................................................................4 2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng...................................................................7 2.2.1 Khi nim......................................................................................................................7 2.2.2 C ch kch khng.........................................................................................................8 2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.......................................................................................................8 2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng....................9 2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc..................................................................................9 2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc................................................................................13 PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU....................21 3.1 Vt liu nghin cu........................................................................................................21 3.1.1 Ging lua:....................................................................................................................21 3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..........................................................................................................21 Hnh 3.1: Cng thc cu to ca Acidbenzolar-S-methyl....................................................22 Ngun: Wikimedia Commons.............................................................................................22 Hnh 3.2 : Cu trc tinh th ng khan (II) clorua...............................................................23 Hnh 3.3, 3.4: Dng khan v cng thc cu to ca Oxalic acid.........................................24 3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:..........................................................................25 3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:....................................................................................................25 3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...................................................................................................25 3.2 ia im nghin cu......................................................................................................25 3.3 Ni dung nghin cu......................................................................................................25 3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:.............................................................................................25 3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:.........................................................................................26 3.4 Phng phap nghin cu................................................................................................26 3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:.......................................................................26 3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.....................................................................28 3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ........................................................................................................29 3.5 Phng php x l s liu..............................................................................................29 3.6 Cng thc tnh ton........................................................................................................29 PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010......................................................31 4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong v Thu-ng nm 2010......................................................................................................................................32 Hnh 4.1: Kim nghim bnh nm hi ht ging la Q5......................................................36 Hnh 4.2: Ht nhim nm Alternaria padwickii...................................................................37 Hnh 4.3:Ht nhim nm Tilletia barclayana.......................................................................37 Hnh 4.4: Ht nhim nm Sarocladium oryzae....................................................................38 Hnh 4.5: Ht nhim nm Aspegilus ssp..............................................................................38 Hnh 4.6: Ht nhim nm Microdochium oryzae.................................................................39 Hnh 4.7: Bo t nm Alternaria padwickii.........................................................................39


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Hnh 4.8: Bo t nm Curvularia lunata..............................................................................40 Hnh 4.9: Bo t nm Rhizopus ssp.....................................................................................40 Hnh 4.10:Bo t nm Tilletia barclayana...........................................................................41 4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh chy l la Alternaria padwickii ............................................................................................................41 4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5.......41 4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m Q5...42 4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii.............................................................................................................43 Hnh 4.11: nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii..............................................................................................................................44 Hnh 4.12: Curvularia lunata sau 5 ngy nui cy trn mi trng PGA........................44 Hnh 4.13: Alternaria padwickii sau 5 ngy nui cy trn mi trng PGA...................44 4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn..................................................................................................................45 Hnh 4.14 : nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn cc ging la.....................................................................................................................46 4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.....................................................47 Hnh 4.15: nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l ny mm .....................................47 ca ging la Q5...............................................................................................................47 4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m.....................48 Hnh 4.16: nh hng ca cht kch khng n sc sng ca mm...............................49 Hnh 4.17: Mm ht la b cht do nhim nm Alternaria padwickii..............................50 Hnh 4.18: Ht la b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii...................................................50 PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51 5.1. Kt lun.........................................................................................................................51 5.2. ngh:.........................................................................................................................51 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT V CC K HIUA.p : Alternaria padwickii BVTV: Bo v thc vt BTPS: Bo t phn sinh CDR: Chiu di r CDM: Chiu di mm CMBT: Cy mm bnh thng


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CMBBT: Cy mm bt bnh thng CSB: Ch s bnh KNM: Khng ny mm STT: S th t TLB: T l bnh TB: Trung bnh


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