dpihpbx`mlerd x`y len

iryet zxbqd oiipra dpihpbx` ly dzeipicn*miv`p dngln

oeyiy oxr

mr dpihpbx`a miv`p dngln iryet ly mzexzzqde mzgixa ziibeqa wqer df xn`n

ozn ly zernynde zeaiqd z` gprtl oeiqipa ,diipyd mlerd zngln ly dneiq

xy` ipihpbx`d uegd cxyn iknqn gezip lr eaexa qqean `ed .mzxbqd i`e hlwnd

xeaivl etygp dl` miknqn .dl` miyp` cbpk dxbqdd zeywal dpicnd zaebzl mirbep

lr rveay zeaiyg ax ixehqid iceriz hwiiextn wlgk ,1997 zpya xtqa eqpeke

) dpihpbx` icedi ly bbd oebx` iciDAIA.dpihpbx` zepehly cvn dlert seziy jez (

,ihiletde ibele`ici`d ,ixehqidd xywddn wzepna `ly miknqnd ly gezipe awrn

zepncfd ozepe ,`yepa zepeyd zeipihpbx`d zelynnd ipta ecnry milewiyd z` xi`n

.ef zwzxn diibeql sygidl zicxtqd dtyd zrici z` mixqgd dl`kl

dlidwd z` zeax mipy df dwiqrn dpihpbx`l miv`p miryet ly mzgixa ziibeqelgd zepexg`d mipya wx mle` .oicl el` miryet z`ada miwqerd z`e zine`lpiaddiipyd mlerd zngln meiq xg`ly jkl mzeixg`a xikdl dpihpbx`a zeipicnd iraewly dzeipicn z` oga` df xn`na .miv`p dngln iryetl dqipkd z` dpihpbx` dxizd

.dl eelpy mikildzd z`e miifkxnd mirexi`d z` xewq`e df `yepa dpihpbx`

*eziigpda 'zipihld dwixn` lymiine`lpia miqgi' qxewa dybedyzipeixpinq dcearl ceair `ed df xn`nxeywd ax rcin iza`y epnny xelw o`ihqaql dpezp izcez .zixard dhiqxaipe`a uiaevw dix` x"c ly

.ef diibeql

[108±90 'nr ,(d"qyz) 4 oeilib ,dixehqidl dxirv dna ,did did]Ÿ¨mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`90

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`91

iptl cer dpihpbx`l dnglnd iryet ly dqipk dxyt` zipihpbx`d dxibdd zeipicnly dpey`xd eze`iyp ztewza ,dixg` z`y xziae ,diipyd mlerd zngln ly dneiq

) oext ebpinec o`egPerónipihpbx`d lynnde oext epigad `l dligz .1955±1946 mipya (lreta etzzydy in ± dngln iryet oiae ,ziv`pd dbltnd ixag e` ,miv`pd icde` oiaminrhn dqgn ozp `edy 1970 zpya oei`xa jixrd envr oext .rytn mitg gvxa5000Îkl mb ozip dfk dqgny siqede ,miv`p mihilt ly "mitl` dnk"l miixhipnedmiv`pd ciiv .my`x lrn dtgix zeen zpkqy dialqebeia miv`pd icde`n mih`exw

.miv`p mihlnpl mipekxc 7500Îk `ived oexty 1982 zpya orh lhpfie oerny1zekxrddexbid dixg`ly mipyae diipyd mlerd zngln meiql jenqy od xwgna meid zelaewnd

.dpihpbx`l miv`p dngln iryet 50Îk2

xivd zepicnn mixbdnd x`yl miywean dngln iryet oia oigadl dyxcp dpihpbx`enqxtzdyke ,zepey zepicnn dxbqd zeywa dil` eribdyk ,mirax`d zepy seqn wxf`n mle` .dpihpbx`a hlwn e`vny dngln iryet zece` lr miv`p iciiv ly miielib¦dpihpbx` zepehly eriwed `l 1983 zpya dpicna ihxwencd xhynd ly epepik creel` mr dlert etziy `l hlgen hrnk ote`ae ,mxibqdl eyy `l ,dnglnd iryet z`

.oicl mcinrdl eywiaydnglnd iryet ly mzxbqdÎi`le hlwnd oznl zeaiqd epgaii xn`nd jyndaebveie ,dxbqdd z` eyxcy zepicnd mr ihnelticd zenird xigna s` ,dpihpbx`a

.el` zelert ly zeiernyndzraen mda ipihpbx`d uegd cxyn ly miknqn gezip lr eaexa qqazn df xn`njiixd zgz elrty dngln iryet ly mzxbqdl zeywal zipihpbx`d dpicnd zaebz,1997 zpya dpey`xl xeaivl etygp el` miknqn .dpihpbx`a hlwn e`vne iyilyd¦z` xewgl zipihpbx`d dlynnd dhilgd ef dpya .mpn qelxw `iypd ly ezpedk onfa¤¤.'dpihpbx`a ziv`pd zelirtd xexial dcreed' z` dniwde dpihpbx`a ziv`pd zelirtd

) 'di`c' oebx` ici lr ekxrpe eqpeky miknqn dtyg ef dcreDAIAly bbÎoebx` ± (.'zecr hwiext' xtqd ly ipyd jxka ± dpihpbx`a zicedid dlidwd3miknqnd gezip

eavirymilewiy ,zepeydzeipihpbx`dzelynnd ipta ecnrymilewiydz` xi`dl ieyrehqidd rwxd xe`l dyriz ef dpiga .`yepa zipihpbx`d zeipicnd z` xac ly eteqa,ix

.mincew mixwgn ebivd xy` ihiletde ibele`ci`d

oeyiy oxr 92

mlerd zngln xg`ly zepey`xd mipya dnglnd iryet zxbqd .`

diipyd

dyxc ztxv .1947 zpya ztxv icin dziid dpihpbx` dlaiwy dpey`xd dxbqdd zywadwql lx`y z` dicil xibqdl(Lescat)biltd dwql .miv`pd mr dlert sziyy iztxv ,

cxtqay o`ihqaq oqa `vedy ipihpbx` oekxc `yep ,qxii`Îqep`eal dpelvxan d`xpkiblxq qelxw my lr ,1944 zpya(Saralegui)z` mb dxbqdd zywa lr dtiqed ztxv .

dpynd .dyxta letihd lr miihxwexia miiyw enxred dpihpbx`a .zxreynd ezaezk¦ly dielina miiewil lya yweand z` xevrl oi`y wqt dxhynd ly ihtynd ureilly ezhlgd zexnl .ezaezk xezi` lr dxhynd driced 1947 x`exata .dxbqdd zywazpya qxii`Îqep`eaa clepy xidvd ezxiwgae ,dwql xwgp ,ihtynd ureil dpynd1950 zpya mle` ,dywad dxye` s` my ,uegd cxynl xared dxbqda letihd .1887.exibqdl epeekzd `l mlern d`xpk mipihpbx`d .xaqd mey ila oeikx`l wizd glyp4

revia lr ,eipta `ly ,dtexi`a zeenl oecip dnglnd xg`ly ibla gxf` did i`c xiit¨wthlet'v zehlgd jnq lr ezxbqd z` dibla dyxc 1947 zpya .zeyep`d cbp miryt

(Chapultepec)jild ilae icin ote`a miywean dngln iryet xeqnl yiy zeraewd ,.dxbqd`lre ,qxii`Îqep`eaa oelna i`c ly e`vnid mewn lr rcin dwtiq mb dibla

) mc` xiit :myd zgz icxtqd oekxca diecad ezedfAdammipiiprl illkd ldpnd .() dqex dl l`ewqt ,uegd cxyna miihiletdLa Rosadxhyndne miptd cxynn ywia ,(

lr lihdl ,rcind zn`ziy dxwnae ,miblad ewtiqy rcind z`e dpelzd z` wecalwthlet'v zehlgd jnq lr i`c z` xibqdl dqex dl uilnd 1947 xaehwe`a .awrn yi`d

.daiq jkl dnyxpy ila epiipra dxiwgd dwqted o`k mb mle` .micwn htyn ila5

dpiga .dxbqddÎi`l xexa ripn xqgy d`xp el` mixwna dxbqdd zeywaa letihdnlye ldwd zrc ly odizeihpy dlbz ihiletde ibele`ci`d ,ixehqidd rwxd ly dxvwdaxw zelra dibele`ci`e mler ztwyda zewevid ,dpihpbx`a zipehlyd dhil`dzevx` ,dnglna mzaixil ziqiqa zepier lr zeprypde xivd zepicn ixhynl zipeirx

.dxbqdd zeywal zeqgiizdd lr dritydy ziaxrn ihp` dxiee` exvi ,zixad6

zepeirx .iepiyle divfipxcenl mcwn zitexi`d dxibda dz`x dpihpbx`a dhil`d§cgeinae ,18Îd d`na cer mxewn xy` dncwae zegztzda dxibdd ciwtzl mixeywd¦

`dtxhvd (mlerd zngln meiql jenq) 1945 qxna xivd zepicn lr zipihpbx`d dnglnd zfxkd xg`l± zeptwez cbp dxdvd oirn ± wthlet'v mkqd lr dnzge dwixn` zyaia zexg` zepicnl dpihpbx` mbly zelirt cbp micrv hewpl mkqdd lr zenezgd zepicnd eaiigzd eae zixad zevx` ly dzeqga mzgpy

.xivd zepicn

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`93

eeid ,mieqn rfbn mixbdn ztcrdl e`iady miiprfb mipnnq mr xzei mixge`n zepeirx.oext ly ziaihwlqd dxibdd zeipicnl qiqa7wega dxibdd zeipicn dpber 1943 zpya

zeipicn ly dzxhn .zihqipenewÎihp`e zilezw ,zitexi` zedf ilra mixbdn etcredezeipeirx zertyd da exkipe ,dycgd dpihpbx` ly dziipal mexzl dziid dxibdd

dxibda dz`x dlynnd ± zeihqiytÎzeitexi`onfa .'ipihpbx`d rfbd' lr mei` ziytegdmitqep mipeixhixw erved oext ly epehlyirfbd otd mda hlea ;dxibda diltdldiigce dtexi`n dpal dxibd cecir :inyihp`demdae ,miniieqn miizce miipz` miherin ly

.micedi8

oext o`eg dpihpbx` bidpn ly oweic

dlynnd dccer 1946 zpya mfiy yerizd zipkez zxbqna

ezeqg zgze dpihpbx` l` miax mipnxb mignen ly mzxibd

epehly ztewz ziy`xa .dtpr ziv`p zelirt dxyt`zd

dcd` ,zeihqiy`tÎext zeihp oehlyd zexey axwa egeex

elynne oext ;a"dx` zeaxernn dcilqe xaryl xivd zepicnl

oiae ,ziv`pd dbltnd ixag ,miv`pd icde` oia epigad `l

r miiyi` mixyw eid mipnxbd mze`n dnkl .dngln iryetm

.envr ezi` s`e oext ly elynnn miyi`

zngln uext iptl cer oirl dielbe dxexa dziid dpihpbx` lr dipnxb zrtyd ,mpn`e.ipnxbd `avd z` uixrd envr oext mb .diipyd mlerd`zeveaw mb eid dpihpbx`a

zvtd lr mb oaenke dwihiletd lr drtyd odl dziide xivd zepicn z` ecd`y herinoehlyd oepbql dax dcd` dziid zihiletd dhil`ae zilezwd diiqpka mb ;zeinyihp`d.xiee`de mid zegeka cegiia ,ipihpbx`d `ava mb dxkip zipnxb drtyd .ixhilhehdmiihilet minxeb dcgiy ,qxii`Îqep`eaa dzexixby zervn`a ,dipnxb ,ok enk

.dly zeilxhiipd lr xenyz dpihpbx`y gihadl ick ,miizxeywze9

zngln onfa zeilxhiip lr dxny dpihpbx` ,zixad zevx` ly ugl zexnle ,jk meynqxhpi`k dxkede dagx zixeaiv dkinzl dzkf ef zeipicn .1945 cre diipyd mlerdcg`a jenzle ipwixn`d ugll rpkidl daiq dz`x `l dpihpbx` ± wdaen ipihpbx`zepicnl dcd` wx `l dziid ipihpbx`d xeaiva .dpnn wgxd dygxzdy dnglna miccvd

`zpya .ipnxbd `avd ly dnigld zxez ly dikxa lr jpgzd ,ipihpbx`d `avd ipivw aex enk ,oext) divilbae zigxfnd diqexta zelirt :1914 mlerd zngln ,extq z` oext `ived 1931Guerra Mundial

1914: Operaciones en la Prusia Oriental y la Galitziaoexyikle oebx`l ,`avl dvxrd riad mye ,(.170 'nr ,(1996) qpihxn e`x .miipnxbd dibhxhq`d

oeyiy oxr 94

mexca zixad zevx` ly zeil`penbdd zehytzdd zeti`yn zebiizqd mb `l` xivd.dz` dlert seziyn yygd z` dxiaqn ef zebiizqde ,dwixn`10 ¦

exzep eixg`e ,dwixn` zepicn ly uegd ixy zcire ly qepik miiwzd 1942 zpya.xivd zepicn mr miihnelticd miqgid z` ewzip `ly zecigid zepicnd dpihpbx`e dli'v.zccean dx`yp dpihpbx`e ,xivd zepicn mr diqgi z` dli'v mb dwzip 1943 zpyaebxan` odae dpihpbx` lr zeilklke zeihilet zeivwpq zixad zevx` dlihd jk zeawrazgze htp zeilkn lye zepekn ly migelyn ewqtede i`xy` mb rpnp dpihpbx`n .wyp

ext zihqiytk dxcbed F'fihqw ly exhyn.ziv`pÎ11 ©¦.dipnxb mre oti mr miqgid z` wzipe dl` mivgll fxinx `iypd rpkp 1944 x`epia¥zevx` .`iypd gced micg` zereay jezae ,dyw dziid df jldn lr dpihpbx`a daebzd

lx`t `iypd ly ycgd xhyna dxikd `l zixad(Farrel)lr dlihde ,oext epbq lyemipiipr zelylzydy rpnpd on `l .zetixg zeihneltice zeilklk zeivwpq dpihpbx`

.zixad zevx` ly dzaixi ,ziv`pd dipnxbl oextÎlx`t ly mxhyn z` daxiw efoia izyaid xywd z` erhwe ztxvl eqpkp zixad zegeky xg`l ,1944 rvn`n xakmihlnp ekiynd f`n .dpihpbx`l miccea miv`p mipivw ly dgixa dlgd ,dipnxbl cxtqdldep zezyxd zg` .zepeebne zeax dgxad zezyx zervn`a dpihpbx`l ribdl miv`pztxv ywaz minily ,dwql lx`y cnr dy`xae ,dpelvxaa zipihpbx`d dileqpewdn

.ezxbqd z` dpihpbx`n12

.otie dipnxb lr dngln dfixkde wthlet'v zpn`l dpihpbx` mb dtxhvd 1945 qxnaxivd zepicn ly miteb cbp lx`t ly exhyna mitqep micrv zeawrae ,z`f zeawra

.ipihpbx`d lynna dxkdd z` zixad zevx` dycig ,dpihpbx`a elrty13orhi oextxg`l ,iyilyd jiixdn mibivp znkqda dziid dnglnd zfxkdy dnglnd ixg` oei`ixamihilt ly miig livdl dziid zixwird dxhndyke dcea` xak dnglndy did xexaydnglna erpkp `l miv`pdy meyn wtqa zlhene ddenz oext ly ef dprh .xivd zepicnn

.oilxal eribd xak zixad zegeky xg`l wx dniizqd dnglndy meyne14xe`l ,ok enk.iyilyd jiixa oeayga gwlp miig zlvd ly lewiyd m` wtq ,iv`pd xhynd ly eite`,icka `le ,ipwixn`d lynnd orh zipihpbx`d dlynna dxkdd yecig zexnlzelcl zixwird daiqd .cala oir zi`xnl eid ipihpbx`d xhynd ly eizelert ziaxnydribt iptn yygd dziid xivd zepicnl mixeywd mitebd cbp zeipihpbx`d zelertdelit`e ,wecdd xywd dziid zxg` daiq .zegene oed zgixa lya zipihpbx`d diiyrza,lx`t ly elynnn miyi` mr xzeia miaeygd mipnxbd miwqrd iyp`n dnk ly ,iyi`d`l zepiqg mdl wiprd df xyw .envr ezi` s`e oext ly elynnn miyi` mr jk xg`e

.yexib iptn zilnxet15

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`95

dlynnde ,dpihpbx`l mipnxb ly dqipk dzyxed `l dipnxb lr dnglnd zfxkd ixg`gztyk mle` .mditzeyle miv`p dngln iryetl dqgn oziz `ly dxidvd zipihpbx`d.mipnxb qiibl dpihpbx` dlgd ,1946 zpya ely divfipxcende yerizd zipkza oextly dxibd ccerl dpihpbx` dywia ,'ynegd zipkz' mb d`xwpy ,ef zipkz zxbqnacecirl ixwird lewiyd mpn` .mipnxb mii`av mignene mi`pkh ,miqcpdn ,miprcn.zibele`ci` dcd`a mb deel `ed j` ,izilkzÎilklk did df dxwna mipnxb ly mzxibd`

x`exata zexigad zkxrna dhea zipwixn` zeaxrzdl zeaiqd zg` dziid ef dxibdzixad zevx` .z`f repnl zixad zevx` ly dizepeiqip zexnl zexigaa gvip oext .1946

.obten oevxÎi`a z`f dzyr j` ,exhyna xikdl dvl`p16

zkxrn dpihpbx`a dliyad `l oiicr diipyd mlerd zngln xg`ly zepey`xd mipyaxyt` i` ,jk meyn .miv`p dngln iryet xibqdl aexiqd z` xiaqdl dcrepy miperihdly mzrtyd .dxbqdÎi`l miripnd eid dn xexiaa el` mipyn dxbqdd iknqnn wiqdlzepicnl zibele`ci`d dihtniqd ,dpihpbx` ly oehlyd zecqena miipnxb zexage miyi`xeaiva miagxp miwlgae zipihpbx`d dhil`a exxyy zixad zevx`l mfipebhp`de xivd

.zr dze`a ef dibeqa dpihpbx` zeipicnl xzeia aehd xaqdd mddibla ,xekfk .dwql lx`ye i`c xiit ly mlxeb gkep swez dpyn zlawn ef dprh¦`l` ,dpihpbx`a hlwn `vny cala ef `l dlde ,1948 seqa i`c ly ezxbqd z` dywia¦wlgk ,dpihpbx`l iyilyd jiixdn mihilt zxardl zecgein zeniynl urei yniy mbxiit mr ely dlertd seziyl sqepay dwql lx`y mb jk .oext ly yerizd zipkznoext mr dvin` zecicin d`vezk zilnxet `l zepiqgn d`xpd lkk dpdp ,df `yepa i`c

.envr17

dxwd dnglna dwihilete dibele`ci` .a

oext ly epehly zgz dpihpbx`

zxibdl izernyn leykn deeid miv`pd mr dpihpbx` ly dixywn ipwixn`d yygdmihqiytde miv`pd z` mipwixn`d e`x dnglnd ixg` miizpyk cr .dil` mihlnpdodilr dnglnd zfxkd ,xivd zepicn mr miqgid wezip .xzeia okeqnd ibele`ci`d aie`k

`mipnxb mignen oiiprl icka dtexi`l e`vi miipihpbx` mibivpyk ,iaihw` ite` yal mipnxbd zegend qeiblerizl ztqep dwlgne ,dtexi`n dxibdd cecirl zcgein dwlgn oext miwd jk myl .dpihpbx`a dcearaznwd did ,ef dnfein d`vezk eclepy xzeia miaeygd mihwiiextd cg` .dpicna mipey mihwiiextl mignend.zipirxb dibxp` zwtdl hwiiext gztl oeiqipd did glven zegt .daecxew xira mii`av miqehn xeviil lrtnorcnd xq`p ,ivge xhile xhil ly miweawaa zineh` dibxp` xeknl dcizr dpihpbx` ik fixkd oexty ixg`

.379±374 'nr ,(1992) oeheip d`x ,df `yep lr .d`ped oeera hwiiextd lr i`xg` didy ixhqe`d

oeyiy oxr 96

`le dpihpbx` ly ihiletd ceciad z` erpn `l el` lk ± wthlet'v zpn` lr dnizgde.zixad zevx` dilr dlihdy zeilklkd zeivwpqd z` elhia`ly dzeedzd mr ,mle`

miybcd epzyd ,jxrl 1947 zpya dxwd dnglnd ly dzligze ziyebÎoiad zkxrnd,mfiytd len zwa`pk cer dqtzp `l dihxwencd .zipwixn`d zine`lpiad dibhxhq`a

.mfipenewd len wa`na dziid `l`18

.miv`pd mihlnpd oiipra zipihpbx`d zeipicnd lr zeklyd izy eid el` zeiegztzdldpihpbx` dzkf ,mfipenewd mr eznglna ipwixn`d cvl dzetxhvdl dxenza ,cg` cvnzixad zevx` ,ipy cvne ;dly yerizd zipkzl mipnxb qeiba xzei agx dlert ytegliryet ly dxbqdd zeywal rbepd lka xzei dxet dlert seziyl dpihpbx`n dztiv

.axrnd zepicna oxewny dnglnmiv`pd icde` eid miax mda mbye ,mipnxb eid `ly miax mixbdn mb dhlw dpihpbx`,iqexeliia ,ipaelq ,iaxq `venn mixbdn eid mdipia .zegivxa milirt mitzzyn s`e.dilhi`a exzzqde mec`d `avd cgRn ehlnp xy` mixg`e ih`exw ,ipi`xwe` ,iplet¦mdn miaxe ,miihilet mihilte mihqiyt ,mihqipenewÎihp` mil`ehwlhpi` mdipia eidyerizd zipkza mzealzyd zpigan dpihpbx`l miievxd zerevwnd ilra `weec eid `lm` did mzhilwl qiqad .mze` helwl dpihpbx` dhilgd ok it lr s`e ;divfipxcendezelynn oia mkqd it lr dpihpbx`l exbid mdn mitl` zexyr .ipz`e ibele`ci` ok

.zixad zevx` znkqdae dilhi`l dpihpbx`19

drxi` dibele`ci`a mb ,zine`lpiad dwihileta dpihpbx` d`liny divwpeta enkdzpiy ,miihqiyt zepeirxl zibele`ci` diihp mr zxdven zeilxhiipn .dfetxenhnz` m`z iepiyd .zixad zevx` zey`xa axrnd yebl dtxhvde dzcnr z` dpihpbx`

i`d ybcd zhqdzipihpbx`d dhil`ay cnln xacd oi` .xdven mfipenewÎihp`l ibele`cy`xa jtdp zipihpbx`d uegd zeipicna oehdy `l` ,zeihqiytd zertydd enlrply dzeipicn lr mb ,oaenk ,rityd iepiyd .wdaen ihqipenewÎihp`l dpey`xaedpihpbx`a oigadl xyt` ef dtewza .miyweand dnglnd iryet itlk dpihpbx`ziaxrn zitexi` dpicn dyibdy dngln iryet zxbqdl zeywaa letih oia milcadairyeta xeywd lka .zeihqipenew zeitexi` gxfn zepicna oxewny zeywaa letih oiaemilewiy llba ,dxbqdd zeywaa oecl dpeek mey dziid `l ,dtexi` gxfnn dngln

.miihiletcygpy xaryl ih`exwd bidpnd ,'uila`t dhp`y dialqebei driced 1947 zpya¨¤¦

`zelraa zexag zxiwge miiptiÎmiipnxbd micib`zd lk lr dywep gewit llk wthlet'v zehlgd meyii.365 'nr ,(1992) oeheip e`x .ziptiÎzipnxb

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`97

uegd cxyn .qxii`Îqep`eaa mi`vnp ez` dlertd itzynn dnke ,dngln irytadialqebei dywia 1947 xanhtqae hqebe`a .`yepa lthl oeekzn `edy riced ipihpbx`dxikfnd obql dqex dl glyy inipt jnqna .mitqep dngln iryet dpeny dicil xibqdl:zexbqdd oiipra dpihpbx` ly inyxd ewd dyrnl rawp qxnqc uegd cxyna ihiletd¤zeihtyn zeaiq oiivl yi ,aexiql zeiyrnd zeaiqd z` oiivl jxev oi` daeyzd jnqna:ihilet did zipihpbx`d zeipicnd qiqaa cnry ixwird lewiyd ,z`f mr .cala zexedh.df jnqna yexita oievn xacde ,dxbqdÎi`l daiq dziid mfipenewd mr zeaixid20

ziaeigd ezaeyz xg`l yceg dpzip dialqebei ly dxbqdd zywal zililyd daeyzd.wthlet'v zehlgd qiqa lr i`c xiit ly ezxbqd oiipra diblal dqex dl ly

ly eceakl inyihp` ite` zelra zebibg xeq`l ialqebeid xixbyd ywia 1949 ipeia,ipihpbx`d uegd cxynl dxared dywad .''uila`t yecw'l micg` ipira jtdy inztqep mrt ialqebeid xixbyd law yceg eze`a .dxhynd icil myn dribd `l mle`1947 zpya dyxcp mzxbqdy mialqebei dngln iryet cer .el` zebibg ly oneiw lrqxii`Îqep`ea zhiqxaipe` ly dcreea ealzyd mdipy .'uihqiep dpxte 'uilFwip ewpie eid¦¨¦¦

.zih`exwÎeaxqd dtya minbxzn zxynl micnren zwical21ze`hiqxaipe`d ¦klnn zecqen od dpihpbx`amialqebei dngln iryet ipy zlawe ,dpicnd ly miiz

ipihpbx`d lynnl zeinyx dxbqd zeywa mcbp eybedy ixg` dhiqxaipe`a dcearl.dtexi` gxfn zepicn eyibdy dxbqdd zeywal dpihpbx` ly lflfnd dqgi lr zcnln

dih`exw ly iv`pd dbidpn

ecivl cner 'uila`t dhp`¨¤¦

zihqiytd dilhi` bidpn ly

zizin`d daiqd .ipileqen

dialqebil ezxbqdÎi`l

mr zeaixid dziid

.mfipenewd

oeyiy oxr 98

dpihpbx` ly dzpeeka m` zrcl dialqebei dywia 1950±1949 mipya xtqn minrtx`yd oia .`yepl dpihpbx` ly dzeqgiizdl zecr oi` mle` ,miyweand z` xibqdllr dielb d`ilt riade ipihpbx`d daebzd xqeg lr d`gn ialqebeid xixbyd glyefxkedy dlert itzyn zhlew ,zepicnd izy oia mipiwzd miqgid zexnl ,dpihpbx`y

.dngln iryet22i`pened ixbpedd gxf`d zxbqd z` 1950 zpya miinrt dywia dixbpedzheiha mle` ,mlern glyp `l inyx daeyz azkn .dngln iryta my`edy oehxn©.ezxbqd dxye` `l jkitle ,ihilet hilt oehxn xcbed oeikx`a d`vnpy daeyzd23

.ihqipenewÎihp`d ihiletd lewiyd liaed ef daebza mby d`xpwx mle` ,diipyd mlerd zngln xg`ly xeyra dpihpbx`l eribd mipnxb 80,000Îkdwizeed zipnxbd dlidwd .zepey zeaiqn eafr x`yd ;da ayiizdl ex`yp 19,000Îkahid dxern dziid `id .yi` oeilin raxk diipyd mlerd zngln iptl dzpn dpihpbx`adlenrz mb dziid ef dlidwa .zycegnd dxibdd z` dhlwe ,dincw`ae `ava ,xgqna

.qxii`Îqep`eaa dzexixby zervn`a dipnxb icia dwlga dpneny ziv`p24

miwewf eidy zei`ygl zekfl onkii` slec` oebk dngln iryet elki zipnxbd dlidwamipenewn zvtda ewqr mixg`e ,zipihpbx`d dxhynl etxhvd s` miv`pdn wlg .dlzipihld dwixn`a zenexz dtq`y zyx mb dclep ef dlidwa .iv`p ite` ilra miipnxb

ynl ekige exq`py mipnxbl e` mipnxb mihilt ornlmiv`pd milirtd .dtexi`a ht'aizpd' `ed mday mqxetnd ,mipezire mixtq zervn`a dlenrz evitd(Der Weg)s`y

jke ;oext ly ezeqgl dzkf miv`pd ly ef zelirt .dwixt` mexcle dipnxbl gxaedezcixi ixg` .zinlerd ziv`pd drepzd ly dfkxnl dnglnd ixg` qxii`Îqep`ea dziid,dpihpbx`a ecary miax miv`p milirt dipnxbl exfg 1955 zpya oehlyd on oext ly

.zinlerd ziv`pd drepzl fkxnd zeidl qxii`Îqep`ea dwqt f` wxe25ziv`pd zelirtdecary mixg` mipnxb mignene mi`pkh ,miprcn ,miplnrez .mixvnl daexa dxar efd,xv`pÎl` car l`n'b ,mixvn `iyp mfiy mihwiiextl oext zcixi mr etxhvd ,dpihpbx`a

.oext ly mihwiiextl ce`n minec eidy26

oext ztewza zipihpbx`d dxbqdd zeipicn qiqaa cnry ixwird lewiyd ,xen`kzeqitzl mb dziidy drtyddn df lewiy wzpl dyw mle` ,ihqipenewÎihp` diddhil`d ici lr evne`y miihqiyt zepeirxn ertyedy ,dpihpbx`a egeexy zeibele`ici`ziv`pd zelirtd dpihpbx`a dgxt oext ly einia ,ok`e .envr oexte zipehlydmizrl .dxbqdd zeywal zlflfnd zipihpbx`d zeqgiizdd zhlea liawnae ,zipnxbde.zeipewl zeaeyz elikd ,eglyp m`e ,dxbqdd zeywal daeyz iknqn llk eglyp `lik milbn epiciay miknqnd .zizklnnd dhiqxaipe`a ,xen`k ,ealzyd s` miyweandxbqdd zeipicn z` dpihpbx` dzpiy `l 1955 zpya oehlydn oext ly ezcixi ixg`

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`99

ite` dxbqdd zeywal dpihpbx` ly zeqgiizdl zeeyl oeiqip f`n xkip mle` ,dly.ipiipr

oext ly epehly xg`ly dpihpbx`

ly zeihppinecd ;1966 cr 1958 zpyn ihxwencÎece`qt oehly miiwzd dpihpbx`aly dhead ezeaxrzde (wegl uegn d`vedy s`) oehlyd zecqena zihqipextd dbltndhxt ,jk meyn .oihelgl zihxwenc dpi`y zipehly zkxrn exvi xhynd ixcqa `avddzeqgiizda milw miiepiy `l` zedfl oi` ,dpicna ziv`pd zelirtd gtpa dcixil ile`

.oecpd `yepl dpihpbx` lyeny`edy digxf`n dyely dicil xibqdl dpihpbx`n diwaelqek'v dywia 1958 ipeiagvx oepkza eny`ed mzyely ± iwqpwxEc o`ie dxFd wh'bee ,xwt o`i :dngln iryta¤¨¨¨dxbqd mkqd ceqiil drvda dzeel dywad .1945 zligz cr 1944 seqn ereviaae ipend,dpihpbx` ly illkd raezd .zeen yper lhei `l mixbqend lry ghaei eay iccd1959 xanvca .miipkhe miihtyn miwenipa dxbqdd zywa z` dgc ,Fpwql oenx xehwec¤§¨zeipkhd zeyixcd lk lr dzpry xg`l ,zipy dxbqdd zywa z` diwaelqek'v dyibdly dxbqdd zywa z` dgc mrtd .ezecbpzd z` xiqn `edy riced oexg`de ,epwql lywzrd ± mixexa mpi` diigcl miwenipd mle` ,qxii`Îqep`eaa ilxct htey iwqpwxec.e`vnp `l xwt z` xibqdl dywad ziigcl rbepa miknqnd mb .xnyp `l dhlgdd27

weg lg dxedl miqgeind miyrnd lry 1960 zpya raw ipihpbx`d lpeaixhd:zepyiizdd onf dyrnl rawp jk .ely dxbqdd zywa dzgcp df wenipae ,zepyiizddi`y dziid dhlgdd zernyn .dpy dze`l cre diipyd mlerd zngln seqn ± dpy 15driad 1962 ipeia .mitqep dngln iryet ly mzxbqd z` oeicl zelrdl cer didi xyt`dxbqdd zywa ,dzprhl .dpihpbx` zhlgdn dndcz inyx ote`a diwaelqek'v zlynndpihpbx` jkl daiyd 1962 x`epia .zepyiizdd zepy 15 enzy iptl ,1958 zpya dbvedzipihpbx`d diigcdy cer dprhe ,dlawzpy dhlgdd z` zepyl oi`y inyx ote`azaiign mpn` 1943 zpyn dawqen zpn` ± ine`lpiad htynd ly lewiy lr mb dknzqd.miywean xibqdl zaiegn dpi` okle ,ef dpn`n wlg dpi` dpihpbx` mle` ,dxbqdd z`28

j`ln' iepika recid ,dlbpn sfei ly ezxbqd z` dipnxb axrn dywia 1959 zpya¤¤¤qpkp ,micnbae mine`za ,miclia mii`etx miieqip rviay ,dlbpn .'uieeye` ly zeendhenld myd z` `ype 1949 zpya mec`d alvdn laiwy ipihpbx` oekxc mr dpihpbx`l

d dxhynd ly dcerz lawl mb gilvd jke ,xFbxb1956 zpya .zipihpbx`d zilxct ¤ici lr zxye`n ,ely zizin`d dcild zcerz z` zilxctd dxhynd ipta dlbpn bivd

oeyiy oxr 100

eny z` zepyle xefgl ywia ef dcerz jnq lr .qxii`Îqep`eaa dipnxb axrn zexixby.dlbpn sfeil zedfd zcerza29,dpihpbx`a ax oeghiayg dlbpnycnln df otec `vei crv

gexd' lr e` bxcÎinx mipihpbx` miyi`l ziyi`d ezaxw lr i`ceea jnzqdy oeghiadwtiqy rcinn mb cenll xyt` dlbpn ly oeghiad zyegz lr .eaiaq dxxyy 'zillkdz` miyingd zepy rvn`a epnn dlly hxetwpxta dhiqxaipe` ± 1962 zpya dipnxbwitqn geha yibxd dlbpn mle` ,diipyd mlerd znglna eiryt lya xehwecd x`ez

.qxii`Îqep`eaa oeixhep lv` ite` icr ipy zxfra dhlgdd lr xrxrl ick30

.xFbxb henld my lr ztiiefnd zedfd zcerza dritedy itk dlbpn ly ezpenz¤

dhiqxaipe` zhlgd lr exerxre ixewnd eny l` xefgl yibdy zinyixd dywad

ezedya ygy axd oeghad lr zecirn xehwecd x`ez z` epnn lelyl zipnxb

.dpihpbx`a

,dywad ly ipkhd jildl mixeywd miihxwexia mileykn ly miyceg drayk xg`l¦mewn lr rcin dwtiq dipnxb axrny s` dlbpn xvrp `l el` miycega .dxbqdd dxye`dlbpn yibxd ,dpy dze`a il`xyid 'cqend' icia onkii` slec` ztihg ixg` .eixebn

.dpihpbx`n gexal witqde eilbxl zgzn zxrea dnc`dy31

axrnl dpihpbx` dxibqdy oey`xd dnglnd ryetl 1966 zpya did dpdFa cxdxb¤.dipnxb`dlhede ,miipteq milege ytp ileg ly cqgd zznd hwiextl szey did dpdea

mifb i`za ytp ileg ly izhiyde ipendd leqigd zk`ln ,envr xlhid mrhn ,eilrwnk ebvedyxtk `l `ed .mc` ipa 60,000 zegtl ly mzgivxl i`xg` did dpdea .zegl

ila ezedf dgkedy xg`l .cqg zeznd ly ciqgk envr bivde ,ecbp zeny`dd zEzn`a¦.miihilet miryt aygidl mileki mpi` el` miryty hlged ,ez`ced it lr ,wtq lkmeyne minly mixeaiv cbp epeek mdy meyn ,miixeaiv mirytk efxked mb eirytdxwna dgcp zepyiizdd weg .cgeina miixfk`e zixqen dpigan mixeng eid mirytdyoiicr eid zexiard ipnxbd zepyiizdd weg it lr ,ziy`x .zeaiq izyn dpdea ly,dpy 15 xg`l swz ipihpbx`d zepyiizdd weg eit lry micwzd zexnl ,zipy .zetwzepnn ezewngzd ik rawpe ,1947 xanhtqa cer `ved dpdea cbp oey`xd xvrnd evdpdeay dipnxb zghad oicd wqta dxkfedy xg`l .ecbp oicd ikild aekirl dlir dpi`

.dipnxb axrnl xbqed `ede ,ezxbqdl mineqgnd lk exqed ,zeenl oecii `l

`dpdea zxbqda letihd zbvd .mixqg dpdea ly epiipra dpihpbx` ly daeyzd iknqne dxbqdd iknqn.426±421 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee e`x ,epiipra oicd xfb gezip lr o`k zqqean

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`101

lya miyweand zxbqdl mi`pzd z` dpihpbx`a htynd zia raw dpdea htynaezedf z` wtq lkn dlrnl gikedl yi dligz :diipyd mlerd zngln ztewzn mirytmiryt md rviay mirytd m` reawl yi ,ezedf dgked m` ;yweand ly zizin`dlr sqep ;(dxbqdd z` xy`l oi` ,minicwz it lr ,miihilet mirytay meyn) miixeaiv

.zepyiizdd zcin z` wecal yi ,jkzeprha dywad dzgcp zeitexi` gxfn zepicnn dxbqd zeywa ly mixwnay cerameyne ,dipnxbÎaxrn dywia dlbpne dpdea ly mzxbqd z` ,zeihxwexia e` zeihtynxyt`y ,aekird m` dl`yd lr .ihxwexia aekir xg`l wx z`f mb mle` ,exye` od jk¦mixyw lr zeprh yi .meid mb dxexa daeyz oi` e`l m` oeekn did ,hlnidl dlbpnl.wtqa zlhen ozepnidn j` ,epiipra letihd lr erityd ile`y dlbpnl oext oia miiyi`32

dxbqdd zeipicne ihxwencd oehlyd .b

dzeipicna mb jxc oeiv `ed df xarn .ihxwencl dpihpbx`a oehlyd jtd 1983 zpyaxzei ixg` .dnegza hlwn e`vn xy` miv`pd dnglnd iryet oiipra dpihpbx` ly¦eper miaxe mc` zeiekf eqnxp oday ,dywepd (dhpegd) milxpbd oehly ly mipy raynzipglqe mc` zeiekfl xzei dyibx dpihpbx`a dxagd dziidp ,xhynd icia bxedl e`vede¤letihde ,xzei dxexazeieyxzcxtd mb llk dihxwencl xarnd .oze` mixtnd itlkzegt¥

ewiy cer excg `le hrnk dil`y htynd zkxrna lreta cwted dxbqdd zeywaamiliryet lk z` zg`a dpihpbx` dxibqd `l dihxwencd ly dpepik mr ,z`f zexnl .mixf

.dnglnddieyr minieqn miywean zxbqdl zeywaa mipyd jyna dpihpbx` ly letihd zxiwqxarnd zeawra dngln iryet zxbqdl dqgia dxar `idy jildzd z` xidadldpihpbx`l ribd ,divilba et`hqba xage .q` .q` oivw ,onyhEw xhlee .dihxwencl¨ecbp e`ived 1967 zpya .FnlF` ecxwix my lr icxtq oekxc mr miyingd zepy seqa.micedi gvxa 1941 zpya ezetzzyd lya xvrn ev ziaxrnd oilxa ly milpeaixhddipnxb axrn dywia ef dpya ;dpihpbx`a xzzqn `edy xxazd 1975 zpya wxmiinipt milewiy llba ezxbqd dyxcp `l .onyhew ly exvrn z` dpihpbx` zepehlynzekexkd dipnxba zeiweg zeira lyae ,ezedfl xy` zhlgen ze`ce xcridl mirbepddyixca dpihpbx` l` aey dipnxb axrn dzpt 1978 ileia .dxbqdl ziccd zeaiigzdahteyd .(ezxbqd dyxcp `l ef mrta mb) zecr epnn zeabl ick onyhew z` xewglxxazzycr onyhew cbp micrvd zhiwp z` zerydl hilgd wizd lr cwtedy ipihpbx`dmirytd z` xewgl mewna ± dipnxb dywiay dfn ixnbl dpey did dxiwgd oEeik .ezedf

oeyiy oxr 102

,dipnxb zywaa letihd .diecad ezedfn zxfbpd dxiard dxwgp ,onyhewl miqgeindenle`y zegked dl wtql dywaa dipnxbl dpihpbx` dzpt 1979 qxna .`twed ,ok m`akrzd xnega letihd .`yepa dniyxn xneg zenk dxiard ok` dipnxbe onyhew ok` `edmbxzl ax onf yxcp ,dnbecl .izkxrn zeliri xqeg llbae zlaxeqn dihxwexia llbamiizqpy cr .geprtl dyw izeb azka ,orhp jk ,azkpy meyn ,lawzpy xnegd z`opi` dxiwgd zwqtdl zeaiqd .onyhew ly epiipra dxiwgd dwqted xak xnegd mebxz1983±1981 mipya .wiza lthl ick dxcbn d`vi `l dpihpbx`y wtq oi` mle` ,zexexa`l e` zpeekn ,zihxwexia zagq mle` ,jildzd z` ycgl minrt dnk dipnxb dywia

.eze` d`itwd ,zpeeknlr ine`lpiad ugld yceg ,ycgd ihxwencd oehlyd oepik xg`l ,1983 zpyaonyhew .zinyx dxbqd zywa dipnxb dbivd 1985 xaehwe`a wx j` ,`yepa dpihpbx`hilgdle lthlzeieknqd in icia dl`yddzlrz`f zeawra .dpyddze`a xanaepa xvrpinyx dxbqd mkqd oi`y xg`ny zrcd zeega azk dpihpbx` ly illkd raezd .`yepadrivd dipnxby xg`ne ,zeihneltic mikxca xztidl dkixv dxbqdd zl`y ,dipnxb mreze`vnid meqxt xg`l mipy xyr dxbqdd jildz lgd jk .dxbqda jnez `ed ,zeiccdmlyedy iptl cer 1986 hqebe`a mle` ,ezgixa zripnl xvrn rvea xy`k ,dpihpbx`a

.onyhew zn dietvd ezxbqd mxhe eiedifiryta eny`edy digxf`n miipyl dxbqd zywa cpled dyibd mipenyd zepy seqazxiwgl dcreea mdipta `ly epecip miipyd .hFhphFd jile` o`ie tiw mdxa` ,dngln¦¥hehphede ,1949 xanhtqa 8Îa zeenl oecip tiw ± zeyep`d cbp miryte dngln irytxyt`y rawp cpled mr dxbqdd mkqda .1949 xanhtqa 12Îa xq`n zepy 20Îl oecip

.gxf`zd yweand m` dxbqdd zywa z` zegcl33izye ,egxf`zd ok` miyweand ipy.1990 zpy cr 1987 zpyn dkynpy zihxwexia zkqn xg`l egcp dxbqdd zeywaletihl miyexcd miipkh mihxt mixqgy minrt yely dpihpbx` dprh ef dtewzaoi` okle ,gxf`zd my`pd :ihtyn wenipa dzgcp hehphed zxbqdl dywad .zeywaawqt :ixqen wenipa dzgcp tiw zxbqdl dywad .ezxbqd z` aiign ine`lpiad htyndizy oia zeaezkz .my`pd ipta `ly ihtyn lpeaixha dnglnd ixg` rawp zeenl oicd,mxibqdl didi xyt`y ick ,miny`pd ly mzegxf` lehial zexyt`d oiipra zelynnd

.ixt e`yp `l34

,xbxaney sfe'b ,lyinyt ehb cwtn zxbqd z` dipnxb axrn dywia 1973 zpya§¨¤¤.1949 zpya dpihpbx`l ribd xy`35znglna dhigqae lfba ,gvxa ceyg did xbxaneey

e`vnid mewny dpihpbx` driced ,zihxwexia zagq xg`l ,1973 i`na .diipyd mlerdmle` ,1975Îe 1974 mipya dzyixc z` dzlrde dxfg dipnxb .xze` `l xbxaneey ly

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`103

rcin dipnxb dwtiq dpyd dze` ly qxn ycega .oiipra xac dyrp `l 1983 zpy crzxhyn driced lixt`a ;dpihpbx`a epa zaezke xbxaneey ly ezaezk zece` lr

r xacn `l dldy xxazd ceygd ly epa zxiwgnye dieby ezaezky dpihpbx`eia` mzcewt d`ved ,eixebn mewn lr ycg rcin zlaw ixg` ,1987 x`exata .zeax mipy dfnzpya xbxaneey befdn dze` ykxy riced dxicd lra mle` ,xbxaneeyl xq`ne yetigly ezcikl lr dpihpbx` driced 1987 xanvca wx .f`n mze` d`x `l ike ,1981

.daecxew xira xbxaneeyzecqen ibivp s`e ,zixad zevx`a zepezira ax oiipr exxer xvrnde dxbqdd zywaaxrnl xbxaneey ly ezxbqd jildz z` fxfl ick dpihpbx`a exwia mipey miicedii`yx ,zipihpbx`d ezegxf` lya ,yweandy riced ipihpbx`d uegd xy mle` .dipnxbzekzeg zegked yiy dipnxb zexixby dprh 1987 xanvca .dpihpbx`a htyidls` `ed ,jk lr sqepae ;el miqgeind mirytd revia onfa ipnxb gxf` did xbxaneeyyx`epia eixg` yetigd lgdy iptl ,1954 zpya qxii`Îqep`eaa ipnxb oekxc reazl xfgxanhtqae ,dipnxbl xbxaneey z` xibqdl yiy oicd wqta rawp 1988 xanaepa .1960ziaa lawzd 1990 qxna .dh`lt dl ly ilxctd htynd ziaa dhlgdd dxye` 1989zywa lya mipy yely hrnk dakrzd dxbqdd .dxbqdl iteq xeyi` oeilrd htynddywad xg`l dpy 20 .mitqep gvx ixwn 32Îl dxbqdd itirq z` aigxdl dipnxb

.xbxaneey xbqed dpey`xdebxdp dpnn d`vezky `nex fkxna dvvt miwlhi` mipfihxt evvet 1944 i`na 23Îa± mc` ipa 320 bxedl `ivedl `nexa eicwtnl xlhid dxed meia ea .mipnxb mipivw 32,dwaixR jix`e uEy lxw micwten eid reviad lr .ipnxb oivw lk lr miwlhi` dxyr¦§¤330 bxedl `ivedl d`xed dpzip uevitd zxgnly meia .xlRw lpelew did mcwtny¨¤revia xg`l .zeni mipnxbd mirevtd cg`y dxwnl "mitcer" miyp` dxyr ,miyp`

.miyp` 335 ebxd zerha ik ueye dwaixt ericed d`xedd36

uey mda ,df gvxa mipivw dying `nexa i`avd lpeaixha eny`ed dnglnd ixg`lpeaixhde ,df htynn xcrp dwaixt .gvxa mz`ced it lr eryxed md 1948 ileia .xltwe,1994 i`na wxe ,exz`l mivn`nd ekynp 1962 cr .gvxa ewlg lya ezqitz lr dxeddywia dilhi` yceg xeark .ycgn dgztp dxiwgd ,dpihpbx`a dwaixt dlbzpy ixg`

y xxazd dxiwga .ezxbqd z`.1948 xanaepa dpihpbx`l ezgtyn mr ribd dwaixt,dxibd ileae zefie ,dRR ehe` my lr siefn oekxc dwaixtl wtiq iwlhi`d mec`d alvd¨¤1995 i`na .miilezw mipebx` ly mreiqa mid jxca dpihpbx`l ezgtyn mr `vi `edelawzp exerxr .ezxbqd lr hlged jkitle ,dpey`x d`kxra dpihpbx`a dwaixt ryxedoeilrd htynd zia hilgd xanaepa mle` ,dpyd dze`a hqebe`a ilxctd htynd ziaa

oeyiy oxr 104

ine`lpiad htynd iweg itly meyne ,mr zcnyd did ea my`edyrytdy meyn exibqdlzpya .miiwl zepicnd lk lry zenxepd oze` ,'qpbew qei' zwfga md el` mineyi`,el miqgeind miyrna ryxed my ,dilhi`l dwaixt xbqed ,dpy hrnk 50 ixg` ,1996

.jyenn xq`nl oecipe37

dngln iryt oeera ehtyn zra dwaixR jix`¦§¤

dying) miwlhi` 335 gvxa ewlg lr eipta `ly my`ed dwaixt

dpihpbx`a xze`y xg`l .(dxwnd xg`l ricedy itk ,icn xzei

xbqed `ede zeihtyn ze`kxr yelya ezxbqd dpecp 1994 zpya

dxbqdd zywaa letihd ly ziqgid zexidnd .1996 zpya

ald zneyz z`e htynd zkxrn ly ze`nvrd z` z`han

mr exyt`zd dl` ± mc`d zeiekfl db`cl dpzipy zcgeind

driaw dlhea ehtyna .dihxwencl xarnde milxpbd oehly zlitp

zepyiizdd weg z` dligd xy` 1960 zpyn lpeaixh ly zncew

.zeyep`d cbp miryt lr mb

zepwqne oeic .c

dnglnd iryet zxbqdl rbepd lka dpihpbx` ly dzeipicn aevirl erbp minegz dyelyzeipicn lr erityd elld minegzd zyely .htyne dwihilet ,dibele`ci` :miv`pdzeipicnl miripnd eid dn xxal ick .dzpzyd mzeaiyg zcin j` ,onfd jxe` lkl dxbqdd

.elld minegzd oia miakxend oilnebd ixywa mb oecl yi ,dpihpbx` ly dxbqdddibele`ci`d dziid ,jxrl 1947 cre dpey`xd mlerd zngln meiq f`ny mipyalye dipnxb ly zizeaxzd drtydd .zipihpbx`d zeipicna ifkxnd lewiyd

,dxab hxta `avd iy`x lre llka dxagd lr zihqiytd dibele`ici`dliawnaziniptd dwihileta dzeaxrzd lya zixad zevx` itlk zepierd zexabzdlmixg` dngln iryete miv`p mihlnpl hlwn ozn lr erityd dl` minxeb .zipihpbx`d¦mipya .dxbqdd zeywaa dpihpbx` ly dletih lre ,diipyd mlerd zngln meiql jenqadpihpbx` ly daexiqa jenzl dcrepy miperihd zkxrn zelya llkl dribd mxh el`

.xaqd `la wqted dxbqdd zeywaa letihd jkitle ,dngln iryet xibqdlzipkz meciw ly miihwxt milewiy ektd diipyd mlerd zngln meiq xg`ly mipyazhilw zeipicn z` exiaqdy miixwird minxebl oext lynn icia divfipxcende yerizd

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`105

lewiya ze`xl ozip `l mle` .mdikneze miv`pd mixbdnd zhilw df llkae ,mixbdndzigkepd dkxrdd xe`l .dxbqdd zeywal xy`a dpihpbx` ly dzeipicnl ixwir ripn dfxexa ,cala miyingk did dpihpbx`a hlwn e`vn xy` dnglnd iryet ly mxtqny¦micirne ,oext ly zeipzt`yd yerizd zeipkz lr ritydl dleki dziid `l mzxbqdymzxbqd dywazp zepey`xd mipyay xxazn mda dk cr etygpy miknqnd mb jk lr

.cala miccea lyly dzetxhvd zeawrae ,1947 zpya iyebÎoiad zenirde dxwd dnglnd uext mrmxebl ihqipenewÎihp`d ihiletd lewiyd jtd ,zixad zevx` lydzeqg megzl dpihpbx`dxbqdd zeywaa oecl dpeek mey dziid `l dpihpbx`l .dzeipicn lr ritydy ifkxndipihpbx`d uegd cxyn ly inipt jnqna .zeihqipenewd dtexi` gxfn zepicnn eribdyÎihp`d ,ixw ,dxbqdÎi`l zeiyrnd zeaiqd z` oiivl oi`y yxetna azkp dtewz dze`niv`pd ryetd ly ezxbqd .wdaen ihtyn ite` zelra zeaiq wx oiivl yi `l` ,mfipenewdprhd z` zewfgn ,dlbpn ly ezxbqd lr dhlgdde ,dipnxb axrnl 1966 zpya dpdeadze`a dpihpbx` ly dxbqdd zeipicna rixknd mxebl dziid zinlerd dwihiletdy

.dtewzdkiynd dpihpbx` .zg`a ewqt zeihqiyt zeibele`ci` zertydy xn`pdn wiqdl oi`cr zinlerd ziv`pd drepzl fkxn dyniy s`e ,zwdaen ziv`p zelirtl gep xk zeidlÎcg zecr `vnizy cr ,xen`k .1955 zpya oext ly dpey`xd epehly ztewz ly dneiq.e`l m` oeekn did dlbpn ly epiipra ihxwexiad aekird m` zrcl oi` ,`yepa zirnynmilewiyd mizrl m` mb ,zexedh zeihtyn zep`eza egcp dxbqdd zeywan zeaxzepexwr dnk dpihpbx`a erawp mipyd jyna .oihelgl mixg` eid diigcl miizin`delld miihtynd zepexwrd zpiga .dxbqdd zeywal zeaebza eyniyy migpn miihtyn©

:zipihpbx`d htynd zkxrna zegztzd zedfl zxyt`n38xeyi`l oey`xd lewiydxibqdl daiigzd eaye ,1945 zpya dpihpbx` dnzg eilry wthlet'v mkqd did dxbqdxiit z` xibqdl zipexwrd dhlgdl `iad df lewiy .micwn htyn `la dngln iryetzkxrnl miipevig milewiy awr seqal dynen `ly dxbqd ,1947 zpya xak diblal i`c

.zihtyndxg`l lg zepyiizdd wegy rawp xak 1960 zpya dxFd ly dxbqdd zywaa letiha¨zpya dpdea zxbqdl dywaa letiha .epiipra oeicd zpy cr dnglnd meiqn ,dpy 15;my`pd ly ezedf z` `ceel yi dligz :llka dxbqdd zeywaa letihl jxcd drawp 1966zeyep`d cbp miryt mdae ± miixeaiv mirytl miihilet miryt oia oigadl yi jk xg`revia ly zepyiizdd zexyt` z` wecal yi seqale ;yweand z` xibqdl yi mpibay ±

.my`pd cbp xvrn ev z`ved crene rytd

oeyiy oxr 106

my`pd m`y 1990 zpya rawp micpledd miyweand ly dxbqdd zywaa letiha:ixqen lewiy df dxwna rawp cer .dpihpbx`a htyidl hilgdl i`yx `ed ,gxf`zdzpyay dncp .xerxrd zekf epnn drpnp m` eipta `ly zeenl oecipy my`p xibqdl oi`:mi`ad mihtynazehlgddd z` oiit`l cizry lfxa llk rawp dwaixt wiza oeica 19951960 zpya driawd z` lhia df llk .zepyiizdd weg lg `l zeyep`d cbp miryt lrdnyii `l dwaixt ly dxbqdd zywaa letihl cr .dxFd ly dxbqdd zywaa letiha¨eny`py dngln iryetn zepyiizdd zpbd z` llyy ine`lpiad wegd z` dpihpbx`

.mr zcnydaÎihiletd mrtde ,ihiletd megzdraw ,1983zpya ihxwencd oehlydly epepik xg`lly dzkitd mr caa ca .dxbqdd zeywal dpihpbx` ly dzeqgiizd jxc z` ,inipt,mixf milewiyn zegt zrtyend dielz izla zkxrnl dpihpbx`a zihtynd zkxrnd

bd oehly xg`ly zipihpbx`d dxaga zifkxn dibeql mc`d zeiekf `yep mb jtd.milxpzeywa .jyenn m` mb ,iaiqphpi` letihle zipihpbx` zeqgiizdl dzkf dxbqd zywa lkzeihxwexia eid jkl zeaiqd j` ,egcp s` mizirle ,zg`a exye` `l mpn` dxbqdd

.zeihilet `le zeihtynezagqd dxefy ,epini cre diipyd mlerd zngln ly dneiq f`n ,dtewzd lk jxe`ldivletipnl mb dpezp j` ,dnvr ipta mpn` zcner ef .dxbqdd ziibeq mr zihwexiadzeywa zticdl ipiv ilk dihxwexiad jaq yniy izn ze`ceea reawl dyw .drtydledxbqdÎi`l miibele`ci` miripn ly mgeky dgpda .izin` leyknd did izne ,dxbqddzepexg`d mipya dxbqdd zeywaa letihd ote` ,ihxwencd oehlyd ziilr xg`l ylgpjilda izernyn leykn ea ze`xl yiye zipihpbx`d dihxwexiad jaqa lflfl oi`y cirnziilr cr zihxwexiad zagqd xwir ly dxewny `ed myexd ,z`f zexnl .dxbqdd

.miihiletÎmiibele`ci` zeceqia wevi did ihxwencd oehlydzeywa egcp e` eakrzd miihray miihtynd miperihde dihxwexiady gipdl xiaqmiperih zkxrn ickl mipyd jyna ellkzyde eliyad zepeyd zepicnd ly dxbqdddgzit onfd mr ,mle` .miibele`ci` milewiyl zeqk dziid dwlga zegtly ,zpneyn.ielz izla leyknl dktdpe dnvr lyn miig zihxwexiaÎzihtynd miperihd zkxrnzg` zaa dxbqdd zeywa itlk dzeipicn z` dzpiy `l dpihpbx` ,df leykn llbaxyt`y dnn xzei laxeqne ih` xzep dxbqdd jildze ,ihxwenc xhynl xarnd zexnl

.zetvl didiryetl hlwn mewn dpihpbx` `et` dyniy iyilyd jiixd zqeaz xg`l mipy jyna¦mdiryt lr mze` driwed `le ,el` miryetn miax xibqdln drpnp ,miv`p dnglnenk dngln iryet ly mzxbqd .oexg`d xeyrl cr wqt `ly ine`lpia ugl zexnl

mlerd x`y len dpihpbx`107

zxiwgl mpn `iypd ly miiaihxte`d micrvd ,miryzd zepya dwaixte xbxaneey) d`ExÎdlÎdc ecppxt ipihpbx`d `iypd ly ezelvpzde ,dxbqdd ziibeqde la Ruazra ( ¨

dnglnd iryetl dpihpbx` drivdy hlwnd lr 2000 uiwa zixad zevx`a exewia¦.dnglnd iryet ly mzxbqd oiipra dpihpbx` ly dqitza iepiy mipnqn ,miv`pd39

mewn i`xn

1.169±168 'nr ,(1996) qpihxn2.65 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix3.(1998) iwqeefxee4.61±55 ,16±15 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee5.67±61 ,17±16 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee6e`x dtewz dze`a a"dx` dpihpbx` iqgi lr

.(1988) hxetetx ;(1990) oiwleh7,(1996) xciipy lv` zbven ef dprh

177±173 'nr8onwpq e`x oext inia dxibdd zeipicn lr

.38±5 'nr ,(1992)9.60 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix10.59 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix11.61±60 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix12cxtqn miv`pd eribd okxcy zezyxd lr

.373 'nr ,(1992) oeheip e`x dpihpbx`l13.366 'nr ,(1992) oeheip14.183 ,178±175 'nr ,(1996) qpihxn15.371±366 'nr ,(1992) oeheip16.64±63 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix17ipeb d`x dpihpbx`a dl` ly mzelirt lr cer

.127±108 ,234±203 'nr ,(2002)18.91±90 'nr ,(1988) onwpq19oeheip ;101 ,105±100 'nr ,(1998) onwpq

.368±363 'nr ,(1992)

20.76±70 ,20±18 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee21.19±18 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee22.76±70 ,20±18 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee23.93 'nr ,(1998) onwpq24.65 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix25.16±10 'nr ,(1956) xiia26.(d"qyz) oeyiy27.24±22 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee28.108±83 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee29.94 'nr ,(1998) onwpq30.28 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee d`x31.140±109 ,28±24 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee32.194 'nr ,(1996) qpihxn33.314±247 ,48±44 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee34.314±247 ,48±44 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee35.247±221 ,40±36 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee36,(1998) iwqeefxee e`x bxedl mi`vend akxd lr

.45 'nr37.419±315 ,48±44 'nr ,(1998) iwqeefxee38iwqefxeea izxfrp miihtynd miperihd mekiql

.51±48 'nr ,(1998)39.59 'nr ,(`"qyz) oiix

zexewn zniyx

dngln iryet ly mzhilwe diipyd mlerd zngln ,dpihpbx`' ,(`"qyz) oprx ,oiix.142 ,xyb ,'miv`p

zexhnd ly ycgn dkxrd :xv`pÎl` car ly mipnxbd mignend ,(d"qyz) oxr ,oeyiydhiqxaipe`d ,jnqen x`ez zlaw myl xeaig ,zil`xyid daebzde zeixvnd

.(milyexi) zixard

oeyiy oxr 108

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