e 2 0 2 R esearch Paper c n hi Vol - XV (1), March -S 2016 ...researchlink.co/wp-content/uploads/issues/144/17-Research-Paper.pdf · on the organization's performance. Lack of understanding

Research Link - An International Journal - 144 Vol - XV (1) March - 2016 144

(I) Introduction :Organization's culture is the values, traditions, rituals

and beliefs of the organization, which gives uniqueness tothe organization, and separates one organization from others.�It is shared values and beliefs that underlie a company's

identity.� It is true to say that culture has significant influence

on the organization's performance. Lack of understanding oforganizational culture may create problems in decisionmaking. Problem in Acquisition of Flakt by ABB in 1987occur due to ignorance of organizational cultural only,because Flakt was having laid back culture where as ABB'sculture was more dynamic hence during the acquisition thesetwo had cultural clash .So it is important to studyorganization's culture before making any decision. So thisstudy aims to know the culture of the private universities(higher education) of Indore. To understand the organizationalculture the most important aspect are its values it practices.Eight values may be examined to develop the profile of anorganizational culture that is called �OCTAPACE�.

(II) OCTAPACE Culture :OCTAPACE = OCTA (eight) + PACE (step) (Pareek

2007). These eight steps (values) creates the organizationalculture. These eight dimension of OCTAPACE are:-

(1) Openness : shows the freedom of the employeesto represent their internal feelings without any fear orhesitation. It is giving feedbacks or suggestions freely.

(2) Confrontation : Confront derives from the Latinword con- "with� and front -"front." Means facing rather

than shying away from problems. It means whatever is thesituation handle it with full courage and don't ran away fromthe situations.

Research Link - 144, Vol - XV (1), March - 2016, Page No. 144-146

R esearch PaperAn International,Registered & ReferredMonthly Journal :

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Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782ISSN - 0973-1628 RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041

(3) Trust : Trust is maintaining secretes orconfidentiality. According to the (Robbins 2004) Trust isTransparency, means telling something to the others whichcan be verified.�

(4) Authenticity : The word �authenticity� has been

taken from Greek word �authentic� means original, and

the dictionary meaning for it is real or valid or genuine.Hence authenticity can be reflected in accepting ownsmistakes and sharing true feelings or keeping true feelingsunreserved.

(5) Proaction : Means Preplanning or Acting inadvance to deal with an expected difficulty so that theorganization is ready to meet future challenges.

(6) Autonomy : Autonomy is freedom, this word hasbeen derived from Greek word �Auto Nomos� means law,

hence autonomy is following own law. Which gives freedomto follow own governance. And freedom to take decisionindependently.

(7) Collaboration : means working together(individuals and groups) to solve problems or to get thedesired goal.

(8) Experimenting : is trying the new idea or newway to solve the problem. It is the importance given to newstyle of working, and encouraging creativeness in theorganization. Amazon has become a profitable multibilliondollar business.

These are the eight dimensions of OCTAPACE whichhas greater chance of achieving high involvement andsatisfaction, team work, growth and free flow ofcommunication within the organization, if these dimensionsare strong in the organization.

OCTAPACE Culture Profile in Universities of Madhya Pradesh

SUVARNA LAPALIKAR & AARTI PATEL

St. Paul Institute of Professional Studies, Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

Past research studies has already revealed the importance of high level ofOCTAPACE culture and has represented it as an extremely important factor to achieveorganizational goal. Hence this study aims to find out the prevailing and desired level ofOCTAPACE culture which is still embedded in the context of Central India universities.Today's universities are the caretakers of the business world of tomorrow, it producesfuture talents. So it is very important to understand their culture. Hence this research isconducted to know the prevailing and desired level of OCTAPACE culture in the privateuniversities of MP. And to fulfil this aim primary and secondary data collected throughvarious sources are used. Key Words : Culture, OCTAPACE Culture, Higher Education.


(III) Methodology :Participants :(a) Organization/Company : 4 different universities

(A university from Indore, B University from Sagar, CUniversity from Jabalpur and D University from Gwalior)are selected from the established private higher educationsector in MP.

(b) Employees : Except B university 15 employeesfrom each university (i.e. 45 employees) and from Buniversity: - 10 employees, so in total 55 employees wereselected for the study.

Instruments : The 4-point scale developed by Pareek(2003) is used for the study. And the culture of theuniversities is judged on 8 dimensions of OCTAPCE. TheOCTAPACE profile which is a40 items instrument givesthe profile of the organisation's preferences in eight valuesas well as the level of existing value in the sampleuniversities. These values are openness, confrontation, trust,authenticity, pro-action, autonomy,collaboration and experimentation.

The Prevailing and desired level ofOCTAPACE Culture in MP Universities :OCTAPCE eight values are judged on 4 point scalegiven by Udai Pareek. Each Values has 5 Questioni.e. (5 x 8) 40 Questions for all the eight values tojudge. The scale is 4 point scale hence themaximum a respondent can give 4 point to eachquestion and for each value (4x5) 20 pointsmaximum. And minimum for a question therespondent can mark 1 point for each i.e. (1x5) 5points for each value. Selected respondent for thestudy are 55 in this paper hence the maximumpoint for each value will be (20X 55) 1100 andminimum will be (5 X 55) 275. Because there isno clear parameter given for this scale to decidehigh and low levels of OCTAPACE values, so thebelow scale has been developed on the basis ofmaximum and minimum values for achieving theaim of the paper.

825 and above = Highly valued.824------- 550 = Fairly High value.549-------274 = fairly low value.274 and below = low value.OCTAPACE Values :

Research Findings :(1) Openness is fairly high in sample universities which

is not desired at that level. Employees do not prefer toomuch openness; it should be at fairly low level.

(2) Confrontation is fairly low which is desired to beat higher level in sample universities, hence employees shallbe encouraged to develop a confrontation culture withinthe sample universities.

(3) Trust is fairly high but it is desired higher thenprevailing level in sample universities.

(4) Authenticity should also be little extra then the

OCTAPACE Values

Present OCTAPACE level in MP Universities

Total point of the respondent given on

1-4 point scale for all 40 questions (5 question for each

value) by 55 respondent

Desired OCTAPACE level for the MP

Universities by their Employees

Total point of the respondent given on 1-4 point scale for all

40 questions (5 question for each

eight values) by 55 respondent

Openness 710/1100=65% 539/1100 =49% Confrontation 475/1100=43% 967/1100=88% Trust 694/1100=63% 954/1100=87% Authenticity 655/1100 =60% 926/1100 =84% Proaction 682/1100 =62% 984/1100 =89% Autonomy 467/1100 =42% 891/1100 =81% Collaboration 638/1100=58% 966/1100=88% Experiment 499/1100 =45% 968/1100 =88%

Total 4820/8800 7195/8800

OCTAPACE Values

Present Level of Values In the

Universities of MP

Desired Level of Values in

MP Universities

Openess Fairly High Fairly Low Confrontation Fairly Low High Trust Fairly High High Authenticity Fairly High High Proaction Fairly High High Autonomy Fairly High High Collaboration Fairly Low High Experiment Fairly High High

Present OCTAPACE level in MP Universities

Desired OCTAPACE level in MP Universities


prevailing level which is fairly high and desired to be atmore high level.

(5) Autonomy is fairly high and required little extrato touch the level of high (desired by universitiesemployees). And to increase its level freedom should begiven more to the employees, so that they can freely discusstheir problems with their respective department heads, cantake decision whenever required and can work like a SDWTas a when required.(IV) Conclusion :

A healthy organisational culture stands on eight strongpillars of the �OCTAPACE� which should be maintained in

any organization to achieve organizational goal. The desiredlevel of OCTAPACE values (which is always believed to behigher) is not found high for all the values in sampleuniversities. But except openness rest all the OCTAPACEvalues' are desired to be higher than the prevailing level insample universities. Management should do what it saysand say what it does and should walk their talk to developthe culture of authenticity. For improving autonomy the jobrole should be clearly defined to the employees and theyshould be given empowerment to take the decisions. Theteam work and team activity should be promoted to increasethe level of collaboration. To promote experiment in sampleuniversities their management should provide reward andrecognition for excellent innovation and remove the fearof failure in their employees. The new ways of doing thingsand the creative approach in problem solving should beencouraged. Because thinking out new things orexperimenting will tone up these universities. Hence thesample universities' culture is not very strong and they willhave to gear up to make it sound and effective culture toachieve their desired goal.

References :

(1) Solkhe. A (2013) : �Profiling of Organization culture

using OCTAPACE framework in Indian insurance industry�. The

IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. XII, No. 3, 2013.(2) Jafri, M.H (2012) : �An empirical study of OCTAPACE

culture and organizational commitment�. International Journal

of Retailing and Rural Business Perspectives. Vol 1, No 2 (2012),ISSN (P):2279-0934, (O):2279-0942

(3) Kashyap.V, Vohra. P &Kaur.T (2012) : �Comparative

Analysis of Organizational Culture: The Empirical study of ITOrganizations in the Region of Mohali (Punjab, India).�IJMBS

Vol. 2, Issue 3, July - Sept 2012 ISSN: 2230-9519 (Online) |ISSN: 2231-2463 (Print) 2014.

(4) Wani. T.A (2013) : HRD �climate and OCTAPACE

culture in FMCG companies a case study of Cadbury India -hane Plant.� International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research

in Management & Technology ISSN 23020 -00 73 Volume II.(5) Panchamia.J (2013) : �A Study of OCTAPACE Culture

in Civil Hospital,� The IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior,

Vol. XII, No. 2, April 2013, pp. 43-50.(6) Ahmad, S.M., & Mir, A.A., (2012) : �Need for HRD

practices in Indian universities� Journal of Human Values

October 2012 vol. 18 no. 2 113-132.

(7) Kreitne and Kinicki (2008) : �Organizational

behaviour� Book special Indian 8th edition. Tata Mc Grow Hill

education pvt. Ltd.(8) Pareek. U. (2007) : �Understanding Organizational

Behaviour� Book 2nd edition, published in India by oxford

university press.


Introduction :The Green HRM is the requirement of 21st Century

as day in and day out, it is reported in the newspaper thatbecause of the excess consumption of natural resources asa raw material by the industries and other commercialorganization there is tremendous pressure on the naturalresources of planet Earth. There is a need for companies tostrike a balance between the unavoidable industrial growthand the conservation of natural environment for enabling itfor our future generation. The prime agenda fororganizations in initiating innovative practices is optimumutilization of resources with less consumption of time,ultimately leading to cost-effectiveness. Ignoring greenfactor leads to increase in operating cost and also affectsthe company brand. In a nutshell, managing green incompanies ensures cost effectiveness and is an innovativemechanism for companies focusing on green branding.

GHRM as an Innovation : GHRM refers to practicespromoting green initiatives by increasing employeeawareness and commitment on the issues of environmentalsustainability .The area of GHRM has high significance inorganizations as it contributes to other functional areas ofgreen management, green operations, green marketing,supply chain management, green finance andaccounting.GHRM is an environmentally profit centricapproach which undertakes environment-friendly HRinitiatives resulting in greater efficiencies, lower costs andbetter employee engagement and retention.Green HRM Practices :Green Job Design and Analysis :

These days, some companies have incorporated



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environmental and social tasks, duties and responsibilitiesas far as possible in each job in order to protect theenvironment. In some companies, each job descriptionincludes at least one duty related to environmentalprotection and also specifically includes environmentalresponsibilities whenever and wherever applicable.

Some companies have involved in designing theirexisting jobs in a more environmentally friendly mannerby incorporating environmental centered duties andresponsibilities.Green Human Resource Planning :

At present, some companies engage in forecastingnumber of employees and types of employees, needed toimplement corporate environmental management programs/activities (e.g. ISO 14001, cleaner production, responsiblecare etc.). These are good practices some leadingcompanies have adopted to manage their environmentalissues. In addition these companies engage in decidingstrategies to meet the forecasted demand for environmentalworks (e.g. appointing consultants/experts to performenergy or environmental audits) and sometimes they areoutsourcing.Green Recruitment :

In the recruitment context, what some companies aredoing is that they integrate corporate environmental policyand strategies with the recruitment policy of the company.Some companies also express their preferences to recruitcandidates who have competency and attitudes to participatein corporate environmental management initiatives too. TheChartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD)believe in that becoming a green employer may improve

The Green Human Resources Management is based on green movement relatedto Protection of Environment and save the planet Earth from future disasters. Green HRinvolves two essential elements: environmentally-friendly HR practices and the preservationof knowledge capital. The objective of this paper is to detail a process model of the HRprocesses involved in green HRM. The literature has been classified on the basis of entry-to-exit processes in HRM (from recruitment to exit), revealing the role that HR processesplay in translating green HR policy into practice.

Green Human Resource Management : A Future Direction

KUMARI NIDHI

Assistant Professor, Ahir College, Rewari (Haryana)


employer branding, company image and is a useful way toattract potential employees who have environmentalorientation (CIPD, 2007).Green Selection :

In the selection context, when making selection forthe job vacancies some companies consider candidate'senvironmental concern and interest as selection criteria.Really, these are some of the good green selection practicesany organisation can adopt to select environmental friendlypeople in addition to the normal selection criteria relatingto the specific duties of the job being concerned.Green Induction :

After selecting the candidates for the posts, companiesprovide necessary basic information about the corporateenvironmental management policy, system and practices.Organizations should ensure that new recruits understandtheir environmental responsibilities, become familiar withhealth and safety arrangements, appreciate the corporateenvironmental culture, adopt the company's environmentalpolicy and practices.Green Performance Evaluation :

Evaluation of green performance of employee mustbe done separately or at least as a part of the performanceevaluation system of the organisation. The measurementcriteria of employee green performance of job must becarefully aligned with the organization's criteria ofenvironmental performance. In order to sustain goodenvironmental performance, organizations must establishEnvironmental Management Information Systems (EMIS)and environmental audits.Green Training and Development :

Providing training to encourage recycling and wastemanagement, supporting flexible schedules andtelecommuting, and reducing long-distance business travelare very useful to reduce the negative environmental impactsof the organisations. Creating environmental awarenessamong the workforce by conducting seminars andworkshops at organizational level is also important toachieve good environmental performance. Environmentalrelated education, training and development are key areasof green HRM in an organisation.Green Reward Management :

Work organisations are ideally seen to benefit fromestablishing a reward system for waste reduction practicesthat teams develop. In general, such organisations are seento need to develop reward systems to produce desirablebehaviours in environment management, and doing sorequires effective employment of both incentives anddisincentives. Some companies have successfully rewardedextraordinary environmental performance, practices andideas by including environmental criteria into salary reviews.Green Employee Relations :

Renwick et al, (2008 and 2013) suggested certaingreen employee relations and union management practices.They include employee involvement and participation in

green suggestion schemes and problem-solving circles, staffindependence to form and experiment with green ideas,integrating employee involvement and participation intomaintenance (cleaning), employee help-line for guidancein green matters, increasing line/supervisory supportbehaviours in environmental management, union-management negotiating to reach green workplaceagreements, training of union representatives in respect ofenvironmental management aspects.Conclusion :

From the above review it is to be acknowledged thatthe importance of green HRM practices is vital to promoteemployee morale and this may help in arriving at a greatdeal of benefit for both the company and the employee.The green HRM practices are more powerful tools inmaking organisations and their operations green. The greenperformance, green behaviours, green attitude, and greencompetencies of human resources can be shaped andreshaped through adaptation of green HRM practices.Hence, we suggest that organisations be required to givemore priority to make each function of HRM green.

References :

(1) Berry, M. A. and Rondinelli, D. A. (1998) : Proactivecorporate environmental management: A new industrialrevolution, Academic Management Executive, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.38-50.

(2) Clement, K. (1997) : Multi-disciplinary Teams andEnvironmental Integration: European Programmes, TeamPerformance Management, Vol. 3, pp. 261-269.

(3) Griffiths, A. and Petrick, J. A. (2001) : CorporateArchitecture for Sustainability, International Journal ofOperations and Production Management, Vol. 21, No.12,pp.1573-1585.

(4) May, D. R, and Flannery, L.B. (1995) : Cutting wastewith employee involvement teams, Business Horizon, Vol. 38, No.5, pp. 28-38.

(5) Palmer, J. and Andrews, L. (1997) : Team-work to GreenSmall and Medium-Size Enterprise?, Team PerformanceManagement, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.193-205.


Introduction :It is universally accepted that the progress and

development of a nation depends upon the quality of thevalue cherished by its citizen who depends on a large numberof factors like home, school and neighborhood influences,cultured background, beliefs, customs and traditions andmany more personal factors. The meaning of values ischanged from time to time and place to place. Ethically itmeans those things or activities which help in making oursoul perfect. Values may be conceived as those guidingprinciples of life which are influenced to one's physical,mental health & social welfare. Perry (1926) said that�which is an object of interest is eoipso invested with value.

Any object whatever it be, is taken in it; just as anythingwhatsoever becomes a target when any one whomsoeveraims at it. values are very important for the totaldevelopment of the personality.Need and significance of the study :

Values create a harmony in all aspects of life. Atpresent when social moral cultural and spiritual values aredisintegrating, the people do not trust one another, ratherviolence, corruption; vested interests are dominating theindividuals love, peace, social welfare than we have to turnup towards value education, to increase tolerance, honestyand sympathy. When power and knowledge are being misusedfor selfish motives to enlighten fellow feeling, affectiontruthfulness values and value education must have place inthe curriculum. Sublimation of instincts and emotions, tolessen the materialistic attitude and redirects into desirable



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A Comparative Study of Value Patterns of DifferentGenders of Class XI Students

The present study examines the value patterns of different Genders of Class XI students�The total sample consists of 100 students of class XI on the basis of random sampling technique.Personal Value Questionnaire (PVQ- SV), constructed by Dr (Mrs.) G. P.Sherry & Dr.R.P.Verma, prepared in (2005) was used as a tool. There is not much difference in the scoresof different groups which is clear from the values of Mean, SD, which is not varying much.Hence the result inferred that there is no significant difference between the value pattern ofBoys and Girls. Both the Boys and Girls are are treated like wise in all families, and in allsocieties.Both the gender has the same feeling regarding health, morality and spirituality.They are very clear about their goals, the difficulties they have to face those goals and alsothe needs and demands of the environment as well as their own personality.

DR. V. SUJATA

healthy and humanity, value education is important.Objectives of the study :

(1) To determine Religious and Social values of boysand girls.

(2) To determine Democratic value and Aestheticvalues of boys and girls.

(3) To determine Economic value and Knowledgevalues of boys and girls.

(4) To determine Hedonistic value and power valuesof boys and girls.

(5) To determine Family prestige value and Healthvalues of boys and girls.Hypotheses :

The hypotheses of present investigations are :H1 : There exits no significance difference between

the religious values and social values of boys and girls.H2 : There exits no significance difference between

the Democratic value and Aesthetic values of boys and girls.H3 : There exits no significance difference between

the Economic value and Knowledge values of boys and girls. H4 : There exits no significance difference between

the Hedonistic value and power values of boys and girls.H5 : There exits no significance difference between

the Family prestige value and Health values of boys andgirls.Sample :

The data was collected in Bhilai (C.G) in India. Thetotal sample consists of 100 students of class XI on thebasis of random sampling technique. There are 50 boys and

Assistant Professor, Swami Shri Swaroopanand Mahavidhyalaya, Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)


50 girls of different BSP private and government schools.Tool :

Personal Value Questionnaire (PVQ- SV) constructedby Dr (Mrs.) G. P.Sherry & Prof. R.P.Verma, prepared in(2005) was used as a tool for the collection of data. In thisQuestionnaire there were ten Dimensions of value patterns.Namely Religious values, Social Values, Democratic values,Aesthetic value, Economic Values, Knowledge Values,Hedonistic Values, Power value, Family value and HealthValues.

Result and Discussion :From the above table the mean, SD, and �t� value of

all the dimensions of the values can be observed and inferredthat there is no significant difference between all the tenareas of value Pattern of different gender i.e. boys and girlsof different schools. There is not much difference in thescores of different groups which is clear from the valuesof Mean, SD, which is not varying much. Hence, all theabove proposed hypotheses are accepted and concluded thatthere is no significant difference between the value patternsof Boys and Girls.Conclusion :

There is not much difference in the variability ofscores of different groups, which is clear from the value ofMean, SD. Which do not allow much difference betweendifferent groups. From the result, it is clear that there is nosignificant difference between the value pattern of Boysand Girls. This is due to the fact that the obtained value ofcritical ratios is statistically insignificant, since they are

less than the minimum value of significance level even at0.05 levels. Similar results were found by Dixit Deepti(2014) Edgar Smith Susan Elizabeth (1998), that there isno difference in the value conflicts of Boys and Girls.

The possible reasons for this conclusion are :(i) In present era there is no discrimination of gender

all are treated like wise in all families, and in all societies.(ii) Modern and advanced technology has provided

both of them easy and convenient means of communicationwhich has played an important role in values.

(iii) The new generation follows thepleasure of loving and avoiding pain andequally knowledgeable.

(iv) Both the gender has the samefeeling regarding health, morality andspirituality.

(v) They appreciate the duty and enjoythe power. They are very clear about theirgoals, the difficulties they have to facethose goals and also the needs and demandsof the environment as well as their ownpersonality.References :

(1) Dixit, Deepti (2014) �Impact of

Nuclear and Joint Family as valueconflict�,Prachib Journal of Psycho Cultural

Dimension, Vol 30 No 2. (2) Hurlock,Elizabeth, (1978) 'Child Development' fifthedition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd,New Delhi. (3) Silcock, P., & Duncan, D.(2001). Values acquisition and valueseducation: Some proposals. British Journal ofEducational Studies, 49, 242-259. (4) Vardy.P. (2005). Values education for interculturaland interfaith understanding. New Horizonsin Education, 112, 16-31. (5) Veugelers, W.(2000). Different ways of teaching values.

Educational Review, 52, 37-46. (6) http:/en.wikioedia.org/wiki/science.

Values Patterns

Category N M SD � t� significance

Religious values

Boys 50 12.43 3.21 1.37 Not

significan t Girls 50 12.62 3.42 Social Values

Boys 50 10.14 2.43 0.97

Not significan t Girls 50 10.46 2.63

Democratic values

Boys 50 10.34 2.73 1.77 Not

significan t Girls 50 10.52 2.55 Aesthetic

values Boys 50 10.34 2.32

1.21 Not

significan t Girls 50 11.21 2.52 Economic


1.61 Not

significan t Girls 50 11.32 2.45 Knowledge


1.23 Not

significan t Girls 50 1..69 2.96 Hedonistic


1.02 Not

significan t Girls 50 10.24 3.01 Power values

Boys 50 10.41 2.46 0.93


Family values

Boys 50 11.23 2.23 0.67


Health values

Boys 50 10.31 3.23 1.24 Not

significan t Girls 50 10.42 3.63

Table : Showing Mean, SD and �t� value of all the ten Dimensions of

Value patterns of Boys and Girls


Introduction :The word gender comes from the Middle English word

'gendre' which is a derivation of the Latin word 'genus'. Boththe words 'gendre' and 'genus' mean 'kind', 'type' or 'sort'.The Oxford Dictionary defines gender, �as the fact of being

male or female� (644). Linda L. Lindsey points out about

gender in the book titled Gender Roles: A SociologicalPerspective, �Gender refers to those social, cultural and

psychological traits linked to males and females throughparticular social context�(4).

Gerda Lerner defines gender in her book The Creationof Patriarchy, �Gender is the cultural definition of behaviour

defined as appropriate to the sexes in a given society at agiven time. Gender is a set of cultural roles. It is a costume,a mask, a straitjacket in which men and women dance theirunequal dance�(238). Amy S. Wharton in the book titled,

The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory andResearch, says that, �Gender represented the characteristics

taken on by males and females as they encountered sociallife and culture through socialization� (6). SujataSen defines

gender in her book Gender Studies as, �Gender refers to

the social roles (e.g., men and women) and characteristicsthat develop their cultural interpretations of biological andanatomical sex� (2). Or �Gender is a social construct, not a

biological one. It refers to all the characteristics a societyconsiders proper for its males and females�(2). At this point

it is important to understand the difference between thewords 'sex' and 'gender'. Sex is a biological phenomenonand gender is a sociological one. The word sex pertains tothe idea of a person being a male or a female; the wordgender refers to the state of being masculine or feminine.



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Sex is an ascribed status because a person gets it by birthbut gender is an achieved status because it must be learnt.On the basis of the above definition, it can be said thatgender is a sociological phenomenon not a biologicalaspect. The acts and the activities performed by individualsin the society, and the roles that they play in the social setup are based on gender.

Patriarchy is the result of sociological constructionsthat are passed down from generation to generation. Peoplehave conditioned to believe that men are superior towomen. These symbols are benchmarks which childrenlearn about when they grow up, and the cycle of patriarchycontinues. No society is content with the naturaldifference of sex, but each insists on adding to it a culturaldifference of gender. It is not enough for a man to be male;he also has to appear masculine. A woman, in addition tobeing female, must also be feminine. In patriarchal societymen enjoy a socially dominant position. Thus, from anearly age, boys are helped to acquire a masculinity thatallows them to assume and maintain that position. By thesame token, girls are taught to cultivate a submissivefemininity. Masculinity and femininity are gender qualitieswhich are developed in response to social discrimination.Traditionally, it is believed that gender differences arenatural and that certain behaviours are justified andunchangeable because they emerge between men andwomen as a result of their different capabilities, talentsand choices. These differences are often represented asnatural inequalities. But in reality gender differences arenot natural as it was believed, but an outcome of themindset of the present society.

A Study of Gender and Literature

Govt. High School, Palri (Haryana)

DR.SANEH LATA

The drama is one of the literary genres in English literature. India has a rich heritageof drama from the ancient times. Drama in India begins its journey with the Sanskrit plays.A. B. Keith points out in the book titled The Sanskrit Drama that, �Indian tradition is

preserved in the 'Natyasastra', the oldest of the texts of the theory of the drama, claims forthe drama divine origin, and a close connection with the scared Vedas themselves� (12). A.

L. Basham rightly points out in his book titled The Wonder that was India, �The origin of

Indian theatre is still obscure. It is certain, however, that even in the Vedic period dramaticperformances of some kind were given, and passing references in early sources point to theenaction at festivals of religious legends, perhaps only in dance and mime� (434-435).


The drama is one of the literary genres in Englishliterature. India has a rich heritage of drama from the ancienttimes. Drama in India begins its journey with the Sanskritplays. A. B. Keith points out in the book titled The SanskritDrama that, �Indian tradition is preserved in the 'Natyasastra',

the oldest of the texts of the theory of the drama, claimsfor the drama divine origin, and a close connection with thescared Vedas themselves� (12). A. L. Basham rightly points

out in his book titled The Wonder that was India, �The origin

of Indian theatre is still obscure. It is certain, however, thateven in the Vedic period dramatic performances of somekind were given, and passing references in early sourcespoint to the enaction at festivals of religious legends,perhaps only in dance and mime� (434-435). The dramatic

performances of Vedic Aryans mainly depicted the eventsof daily life accompanied by music. In this way, the dramaof this period was performed in a simple way. Later differentepisodes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and theBhagavad-Gita were enacted out in front of the people. Allthese were religious in nature and as they contained moralpreaching, they were very much liked by the audience. Thistype of performance is still very popular in India especiallyduring the time of Dussehra.

Bharatamuni's Natyasastrais the most significant workon Indian drama which deals with all aspects of dramaincluding - stage setting, music, plot-construction,characterization, dialogue and acting. Bharatamuniemphasises the importance of Rasa which is theexpressionof eight basic emotions- love, joy anger, sadness, pride,fear, aversion and wonder. In chapter six of Natyasastra,Bharatamuni's own summary of dramatic theory is givenwhich is quoted by Bharat Gupta in his book titled DramaticConcepts, Greek and Indian: A Study of Poetics andNatayasastra, �The combination called natya is a mixture of

rasa, bhaas, vrittis, pravrittis, siddhi, svaras, abhinayas,dharmis, instruments, song and theatre- house� (86) . H. H.

AnniahGowda points out in the article titled �Indian Drama

in English: Some Highlights�, �Kalidasa defines the play as

an embodiment of eight sentiments in Vikramorvasiya.Taking recitation from the Rig Veda, imitation from YajurVeda, Melody from Sama Veda, Shiva contributed �tandava�

dance of violent emotion, Parvati contributed �Lasya� of

tender feeling, Vishnu contributed the four dramatic styles,there was born �NatyashyampanchamVedam� the fifth Veda

called Nataka or DrishyaKaavya� (40). Drama was

considered as the fifth Veda by the ancient Hindus. It washighlighted that the audience was not watching real life, butonly a theatre. Traditional Indian theatre through thepresentational form created the reality of the theatricaluniverse on the stage.

There are references of drama in Patanjali'sVyakarna,Mahabhashya as well as Vatsyana's Kamasutra, Kautilya'sArthashastra and Panini's Ashtabhyam. These dramas wereall written in Sanskrit and date back to 1000 B.C.Bharatamuni's theory of dramatic art was followed by most

celebrated dramatists of ancient period such as Bhasa,Shudraka, Ashwaghosha, Kalidasa, Harsha, Bhavabhuti,Vishakadatta and many others. All the dramatists wrote inthe Sanskrit language and the plays were based onmythological themes solely aimed at entertaining thecontemporary society but with a message of morality.

In his article titled �Indian English Drama : Tradition

and Achievement� SaryugYadav says that, �All literature in

Sanskrit is classified into Drishya (that can be seen orexhibited) and the Sravya (that can be heard or recited)�(2). Poetry in all forms can be said to fall under the latter,drama falls under the former. He further says, �Drama in

Sanskrit literature is covered under the broad umbrella of'rupaka' which means depiction of life in its various aspectsrepresented in 'forms' by actors who assume various roles�

(2). A 'rupaka' has ten classifications of which 'Nataka'(drama), the most important one, has come to mean alldramatic presentations. SaryugYadav further says, �The

Sanskrit drama grows around three primary constituentsnamely Vasu (plot), Neta (hero) and Rasa (sentiment)� (2).

The plot of the Sanskrit plays could be either principal oraccessory. The principal or the main plot concerns theprimary characters in the theme and pervades the entire play.Accessory or the sub-plot relates to subordinate charactersand supplements the principal plot. This is further dividedinto banner, and incident. The former is a small episodethat relates to the major characters and the latter involvesminor incidents represented by minor characters. Thedefinition of hero prescribed by the Natyasastraand quotedby SaryugYadav is, �The Neta or the hero is always depicted

as modest (vineeta), sweet-tempered (madhura), sacrificing(tyagi), capable (daksha), civil in talks (priyamvada),belonging to a noble family (taktaloka), pure (suchi),articulate (vagmi), consistent (sthira), young (yuva),endowed with intellect (buddhi), enthusiasm (utsaha), goodmemory (smriti), aesthetics (kala), pride (maan), and isbrave (shura), strong (dridha), energetic (tejaswi), learned(pandita) and pious (dharmika)�

References :

(1) Aurobindo, Sri (2013) : Hindu Drama. Bombay: SriAurobindo Circle, No. 09, Print.

(2) Bhatia, Krishna S. (2013) : Indian English Drama: ACritical Study. New Delhi: Sterling Publisher, Print.

(3) Chandra, N. D. R. Ed. (2014) : Modern Indian Writingin English: Critical Perceptions 1.New Delhi : Sarup and Sons,Print.

(4) Chandradeep, Kumar and C. L. Khatri Eds.(2007) :Indian Drama in English: An Anthology of Recent Criticism.Jaipur : Book Enclave, Print.

(5) Despandey, G. P. Ed. (2011) : Modern Indian Dramaan Anthology. New Delhi: Sahitya Academy, Print.


izLrkouk %

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kapk tUe 14 ,fizy 1891 jksth

e/;izns'kkrhy egw ;k fBdk.kh >kyk- MkW- vkacsMdj gs Fkksj

fopkjoar] nyhr] 'kksf"kr] ihMhrkaps dSokjh gksrs- R;kaP;k lokZafx.k

mUurhlkBh R;kauh vkiys vk;q"; leihZr dsys- rs Hkkjrh;

jkT;?kVusps f'kYidkj gksrs- U;k; Lokra«; lerk vkf.k ca/kqrk ;k

pkj vk/kkjHkwr rRokps rs iqjLdrsZ gksrs- ^HkkjrjRu* iqjLdkjkus rs

lUekfur >kys-

vkacsMdjkauh vk;q";Hkj fo|spk O;klax dsyk- txkrhy

Js"B fo|kfiBkrwu dk;|kP;k vR;qPp inkO;k feGfoY;k] y-

ch- xaxkous ^^MkW ckcklkgsckaP;k 'kS{kf.kd i/nrh laca/kh fopkj

g~;k ys[kkr ckcklkgscP;k fo}Rrs fo"k;h fyghrkr]^^ fo|k gs

ok?khuhps nq/k vkgs** gs ckcklkgsckauh vksG[kys gksrs- Eg.kwu

fo|k feGfo.;klkBh R;kauh vikj d"B dsys- R;kauh 18&18

rkl vH;kl dsyk- vkf.k vkiY;k cka/kokP;k mUurhlkBh fo|spk

mi;ksx dsyk- rlsp jk"VªkP;k mHkkj.khlkBh vusd xzaFk fygys-

o lukruh fo"k;koj izgkj d:u lekt izxrhP;k ekxkZoj

vk.kyk nfyrkauk ^f'kdk] la?kVhr Ogk] la?k"kZ djk** gk vLi';rspk

fctea= fnyk- vkf.k nyhrkaP;k f'k{k.k izlkjkP;k dk;kZl lq:okr

dsyh-

izk- ck- g- dY;kudj ckcklkgsckaP;k ekueqDrhP;k y<~;kl

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/kj.ks LokHkkfod gksrs- vLi`';rk] xqykefxjh ;kps nkgd dkVs

R;kauk thOgkjh ykxys- gtkjks o"kkZP;k dkGks[kkaurj R;kauk Lokra«;

lerk] U;k; o ca/kqrk ;k eqY;kaph fder dGyh gksrh- fg eqY;

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vkacsMdjkuk dGys- vkReks/nkjklkBh R;kauh Lokra«;kpk vkxzg

/kjyk- LokoyacuklkBh R;kauk lerk goh g¨rh- rj LokfHkeku

Ánku dj.kkjh c/kqrk R;kauk v'khÁsr g¨rh- R;kaP;k ers f'k{k.k gk

jk"Vªh; mérhpk eqyea= vkgs- f'k{k.k Eg.kts ifjorZu gs R;kaP;k

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R;kapk vkxzg g¨rk-

M�- ckcklkgsckaP;k ers f'k{k.k vkf.k uSrhdrk ák ,dkp

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uSfrd eqY;f/k"Bhr f'k{k.kk}kjs laLdkjhr vlkok y¨d'kkghlkBh

lqf'k{khr lektkph vR;ar xjt vkgs- f'k{khr uSrhd

eqY;f/kf"Br lektkph y¨d'kkgh gh lokZf/kd ;'kLoh B:

'kdsy- Eg.kwu ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.kkrkr O;ähyk tkuho

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person. f'k{k.kkv'koh ekuwl Eg.kts i'kq g¨;- gsp R;kaps er

g¨rs R;kaP;k ers f'k{k.kk}kjs ekulkr R;kaP;k drZO;kph o

vf/kdkjkaph tk.kho g¨.ks vko';d vkgs- f'k{k.kkps lektkP;k

o Lor%P;k cÚ;kokÃV ckcÈpk fopkj dj.;kph {kerk fuekZ.k

g¨rs f'k{k.kkus LorP;ko i;kZ;kus lektkP;k mRFkkuklkBh

O;äh gkrkj ykow 'kdrs- M�- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj gs Hkkjrh;

jkT;ÄVusps f'kYidkj vlY;kus R;kauh vkiY;k vusd 'kS{kf.kd

fopkjkauk ÄVusP;k ek/;ekrwu Hkkjrh; jkT;dR;k±iq<s /;s;kP;k

:ikus ekaMysys vkgsr- rsOgk R;kaps 'kS{kf.kd �"Vhd¨.k letwu

Äs.ks vktdkGkph xjt vkgs-

M�- vkacsMdjkps 'kS{kf.kd dk;sZ %

¼1½ ÁkFkfed f'k{k.k %

ckcklkgsc gs Çgnw lektkP;k vxnh [kkyP;k Lrjkrwu vkY;keqGs

R;kauk f'k{k.kkps vR;ar egRo okVr g¨rs- ;k ns'kkrhy cgqtu

lekt fuj{kj vkgs v'kk ns'kkpk vktP;k dkGkr fVdko ykx.kkj

ukgh ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkpk lkoZtfud Álkj jk"Vªh; izxrhpk okVk

vkgs- 1927 lkyh ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkph xrh Qkj ean g¨rh- v'kh [kar

vkacsMdjkauh f'k{k.k vuwnku fo/ks;dkoj eqacÃ fo/kku eaMGkrhy

ppsZoj cÿrkauk O;ä dsyh rs Eg.krkr^^ vkiyh 'kS{kf.kd xrh

vlhp vlsy rj ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkpk Álkj g¨.;kl fdR;sd o"kZ

ykxrhy-** rlsp ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kklaca/kh vuqnkukph fdrh fudV

vkgs gs f'k{k.k ea«;kauk iVwou nsrkauk Eg.krkr ^ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkps

/;s; vls vlys ikfgts dh] ,dnk 'kkGsr Áos�k Äsryk dh] R;kps

f'k{k.k fyg.;k okp.;kiwjrsp e;kZfnr jkgw u;s- rj laiw.kZ lk{kj]

göwup ckgsj iMkos-** R;kpk f'k{k.kkP;k O;kikjhdjukyk foj¨/k

g¨rk- lkekU; ekulkyk f'k{k.k lqy�Ogkos v'kh f'k{k.kkph O;oLFkk

dsyh ikfgts- rlsp f'k{k.k gh ,d ÁfnÄZ ÁfØ;k vkgs] vls

ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kk laca/khps Li"V vkf.k ij[kM fopkj M�- vkacsMdjkauh

ekaMys-

¼2½ L=h f'k{k.k %

/keZxzaFkkpk vk/kkj Äsowu óh&'kqækauk ,dkp nkouhr cka/kwu

óh;kaukgh f'k{k.kkiklwu oafpr Bsoys- T;¨rhck Qqysuh óh 'kqækauk

f'k{k.kkps njokts [kqys dj.;klkBh vkiY;k iRuhyk f'kdowu

ikfgyh Hkkjrh; f'k{khdk ÄMfoyh- 1948 lkyh eqyÈP;k 'kkGsph

LFkkiuk d:u L=h f'k{k.kkP;k dk;kZph eqgwrZes< jöyh o

lektØkarhps tud Bjys- vkacsMdjkuh QqY;kauk vkiys xq:

ekuys o R;kaP;k fopkjkapk okjlk iw<s usowu nfyrkaP;k f'k{k.kkcj¨cj

óh f'k{k.kkojgh Hkj fnyk- ckcklkgsckapk óhdMs cÄ.;kpk

�"Vhd¨.k vR;ar mnk�k g¨rk- ijarq vkti;±r óhP;k ekulhd

fodklkdMs nqyZ{k dj.;kr vkys v'kh [kar O;ä djrkauk

vkacsMdj Eg.krkr] ^óh;kauh x`gy{eh Ogkoh R;kaP;kiq<s óh;kaph

izxrhph ety iq<s ek: u;s-** 1927 yk egkM ;sFks HkjysY;k

lR;kxzg ifj"knsle¨j óh;kauk mÌs'kqu dsysY;k Hkk"k.kkr Eg.krkr]

^^vLi`';rk fuokj.;kpk Á�u iq:"kkapk ulwu rqEgk L=h;kapk

vkgs- rqEgh vkEgh iq#"kkauk tUefnyk vkgs- rsOgk rqEgh v'kh

ÁfrKk djk dh] v�kk dyafdr LFkhrhr vkEgh iw<s tx.kkj

ukgh- lekt¨érh dj.;kpk tIrk iq:"kkauh fuf�pr dsyk vkgs-

rlk rqEgh lq)k djk-**

¼3½ lgf'k{k.kkph xjt %

ckcklkgsc lgf'k{k.kkps iqjLdrsZ g¨rs Eg.kwu óh;klkBh

Lokra«; 'kkGk o egkfo|ky;kph lgerh uOgrh- dkj.k R;kauk

óh&iq:"k lekursph dYiuk :tokp;h g¨rh- ^^fó;kaps f'k{k.k

iq:"kkP;k cj¨cj ,d= vlys ikfgts** gh R;kaph fopkj/kkjk

R;kdkGh y¨dkauk :pus 'kD; uOgrs- ek= vkacsMdjkP;k erkuwlkj

óh&iw#"kkrhy ijLij vuqnkj Hkkouk u"B g¨.;klkBh óh&iq:"k

lgoklkph t'kh xjt vkgs rlhp lgf'k{k.kkph xjt vkgs vlk

rs �"Vhd¨.k Lohdkjrkr-

¼4½ f'k{kdkaph Hkwfedk %

f'k{k.k vkf.k Kku g~;k ekuoh ekukyk lkeF;Z ns.kkÚ;k

'käh vkgsr- T;k ÄVdkeqGs f'k{k.k Á.kkyhrhy vf/kl�kk LFkhjin

jkgyh r¨ ÄVd Eg.kts f'k{kd Eg.kwu vk/kqfud dkGkrgh f'k{kd

;k ÄVdkyk egRo vkgs- czkEg.koxZ gk fo|spk mikld jkghyk-

R;kus brjkP;k cq)he�ksdMs usgehp 'kadk cGxY;k v'kk y¨dkaP;k

gkrh f'k{k.kkps lq= vlys Äs.;kps vkgs- vls Li"V Áfriknu

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ÄVdkrhy O;ähus g~;k O;olk;kdMs oG.ks xjtsps vkgs- dkj.k

f'k{kdh is'kk gk lgt lk/; o lïk vkgs- ^^'kkGse/;s uqlR;k

ckjk[kMÓk f'kdok;P;k vlR;k rj rh ckc fujkGh i.k 'kkGsr

eqykaph eus lqlaLd`r d:u lektfgrkl ;¨X; vls oG.k

ykok;ps vlrs 'kkGk m�ke ukxjhd r;kj dj.;kps dkj[kkus

vkgsr- Eg.kwu 'kS{kf.kd {ks=krhy laLdkjdrkZ o R;kps dsaæ cnyY;k

f'kok; f'k{k.kkps Lo:i cny.kkj ukgh-** gh fopkj lj.kh M�-

ckcklkgsckaP;k Çprukrwu xrheku >kyh-

¼5½ vLi`';kapk 'kS{kf.kd fopkj %

vLi';kaP;k f'k{k.kk laca/kh ckcklkgsc Lokra=i.ks fopkj O;ä

djrkr- R;kaP;klkBh loyrhph o l¨Ãph rjrwn vis{khyh- 'kS{kf.kd

�"Vhus czkEg.koxk±ph Áxrh o vLi';kaph Áxrh ;kr [kqi varj

vkgs- ;kps dkj.k R;kyk d¨.kR;kgh loyrh uOgR;k R;kauk loyh

ÁkIr >kY;k vlR;k rj r¨ oxZ gh vkÄkMhdMs okVpky d:u

'kdyk vlrk vlk ckcklkgsckauk fo'okl okVr¨- Eg.kwu vLi';kaph

xqykeh R;kaP;k mPp f'k{k.kkusp u"V g¨Ãy vkf.k fodklgh ;kp

ekxkZus g¨Ã Eg.kwu ckcklkgsc gs ifgys f'k{k.krK g¨rs-

¼6½ lekurslkBh f'k{k.k %

vkacsMdj lkaxr vlr dh] loZ tkrh tekrhuk ,dk

lekursP;k ikrGhoj vk.kko;kps vlsr rj R;kojhy ,eso mik;

Eg.kts vlekursps rRo udkjk.ks g¨; vkf.k ts ikrGh[kkyh

vkgsr R;kauk vkiwydhph okx.kwd ns.ks- f'k{k.k ÁR;sdkP;k vkokD;kr

vk.krk vkys ikfgts Eg.kwu fuEu oxÊ;kalkBh f'k{k.k tso<s LoLr

o lqy�djrk ;sÃy rso<s djrk vkys ikfgts-

¼7½ f'ky lao/kZu %

fo|s cj¨cjp vkeP;kr f'ky ikfgts- fo|k gs ,d 'kL=

vkgs ,[kk|k toG fo|sps 'kL= vkgs- o r¨ f'kyoku vlsy rj

r¨ nqlÚ;kaps laj{k.k djsy- i.k f'ky ulsy rj r¨ fo|sP;k

'kókus nqlÚ;kapk Äkr djsy- ÁKk] f'ky o d:.kk ;k eqY;kapkgh

R;kauh iqjLdkj dsyk- Eg.ktsp pkfj«; ÄMfo.ks gs R;kaP;k ers

[kjs f'k{k.kkps /;s; vkgs-


¼8½ lektijhorZuklkBh %

lkekftd Økarh ÄMowu vk.k.;klkBh f'k{k.kk}kjs R;kph

chts ckydkaP;k ckyi.kkrp :tfoyh tkohr vls R;kps er

g¨rs ckyds oSpkjhd laLdkjkus Áo`�k >kys rj rs e¨Bsi.kh [kjh

lkekftd Økarh o lektijhorZu ÄMowu vk.kw 'kdrkr- vls

dsY;kus f'k{k.kkeqGs uok lekt fuekZ.k göw 'kdsy- ;koj R;kpk

xk< fo'okl g¨rk- R;keqGs f'k{k.k gs letkijhorZukps o

lektØkarhps ÁHkkoh lk/ku B: 'kdrs-

¼9½ f'kLr o fodklklkBh %

O;ähP;k thoukr f'kLrhyk vR;ar egRokps LFkku vkgs-

tj thoukr f'kLr ulsy rj O;ähps thou va/kdkje; cuw

'kdrs- f'k{k.kkus f'kycÌrk vk.krk ;srs- R;keqGs lkekftd fodkl

o Áxrh ÄMwu ;s.;kr enr g¨rs- O;ähyk R;kaP;ke/;s f'ky

;s.;kl o fodkl g¨.;kl f'k{k.kkph xjt vkgs- vls R;kaps

fopkj g¨rs-

¼10½ eqY;f'k{k.k %

f'k{k.kkrwu ekulkpk lok±fxu fodkl lk/krk ;sr¨-

f'k{k.kke/;s Kku vkf.k ÁKk ;kpk lqjsy laxe vlr¨- feGfoysys

Kku mi;¨xkr ;srs rsp [kjs Kku v'kh ckcklkgsckaph /kkj.kk

g¨rh- eqY; lektkr :tok;ph vlsy rj lektkyk uSfrd

f'k{k.kkph vR;ar xjt vkgs- fo|syk f'ky vkf.k d:.kk ;kaph

lkFk feG.ks vko�;d vkgs- vls vkacsMdjkaps er g¨rs-

¼11½ tkrhO;oLFksoj Ágkj %

tkrhO;oLFksoj ighyk Ágkj e- x©re cq)kauh dsyk- dchukauh

vkiY;k n¨áke/kqu o.kZ&tkr&/keZ o fo'kerk ;koj Ágkj dsyk-

Kku Eg.kts Ádk'k gh lqanj O;k[;k cq)kauh dsyh- e- Qqys ;kauh

lektO;oLFks ckcr fr[kV ÁfrfØ;k ekaMyh- 'ksrdÚ;kaps U;k;

gô] fo/kok fookg] 'kkóh; 'ksrhpk iqjLdkj] nk: ca/kh b- Qqysps

dk;Z Eg.ktsp lkaLd`frd Økarh g¨rh- ;k egkiq:"kkaP;k LoIukauk

vf/kd fØ;kf'ky cufo.;kps dke M�- vkacsMdjkauh dsys Qqys]

'kkgq] vkacsMdj ;k foHkqrh tkrhHksn] vLi`';rk] laifo.;kP;k

vkanksyukps vxzgh vkgsr- v'kk 'kks"khr oxkZps f'k{k.k >kys ikfgts-

gk R;kapk vkxzg g¨rk- ;klkBh R;kapk f'k{k.kkdMs ik.;kpk

�"Vhd¨.k fo/kk;d g¨rk- f'k{k.k gk lkekftd] vkÆFkd] jktfd;]

Økarhpk eqy/kkj vkgs- R;kps lkax.ks g¨rs- f'kdk] laÄVhr Ogk]

vkf.k laÄ"kZ djk ;k rhu rRokoj M�- vkacsMdjkP;k 'kS{kf.kd

fopkjkps lkj vkgs- LokHkheku] Lokoyacu o vkRe¨)kj gs f'k{k.kkps

/;s; g¨;- gs vkacsMdjkaP;k f'k{k.kkpa egRo lkaxwu tkrs-

lkjka'k %

egkekuo M�- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkps ukao iw<s vkys dh]

ns'kkP;k jkT;ÄVusps f'kYidkj] nyhrkps dSokjh rlsp vk/kqfud

Hkkjrkps ;qx ÁorZd iq:"k v'kh R;kaph Áfrek eu&iVykoj

vadh g¨rs- R;kauh vkiyh 'kS{kf.kd fopkj tjh osxosxG~;k fueh�kkus

ekaMysyh vlrh rjh R;kpk ,d=hri.ks fopkj dsY;kl R;kaP;k

'kS{kf.kd fopkjkuk ,d f'k{k.krKkP;k fopkjkph cSBd yk�ysyh

vkgs- R;kaP;k ;k fopkjkrwu Lokra«; lerk] ca/kqrk o U;k; ;k

rRokoj vk/kkjhr & fnlwu ;srs- R;kaP;k f'k{k.k fopkjke/kqu R;kauk

vfHkÁsr vlysys f'k{k.k] f'k{k.klaLFkk] f'k{kd] Ák/;kid] fo|kihB

f'k{k.k la'k¨/ku nfyrkaps f'k{k.k Eg.ktsp ljdkjps f'k{k.k fo'k;d

/k¨j.k b- vusd ckchoj vR;ar lq{e o ij[kM fopkj ekaMysys

fnlwu ;srs- R;kaP;k ;k fopkjkpk os/k Äsrkauk Ák- jkenkl okxs'oj

Eg.krkr]^^ ák dkGkP;k lanHkkZr vkacsMdjkuh ekaMysys fopkj

vktP;k dkGkr ykxw iMrkauk fnlrkr- R;kdkGh R;kauh fnysys

lko/kkursps b'kkjs vktgh vkiY;kyk lko/k djrkr- o R;krwu

nqj�"Vh ÁR;;kl ;srs R;kaP;k vH;klkrwu fufj{k.kkrwu gs fopkj

vkY;keqGs R;kauk Çpraru eqY; ÁkIr >kys vkgs- **M�- vkacsMdjkaps

f'k{k.kkfo"k;kps rRoKkukps Lo:i Qkj osxGs vkgs- lkekftd

U;k; ekuoh lerslkBh o 'kS{kf.kd gôklkBh y<.kkjs M�- vkacsMdj

gs >qatkj ohj Bjrkr-

fu"d"kZ %

¼1½ M�- vkacsMdjkauh lähP;k o e¨Qr f'k{k.kkpk eqyea=

fnyk-

¼2½ lkekftd U;k; o fo"k;erk fo"k;d caM R;kauh

iqdkjys-

¼3½ M�- vkacsMdjkauh HkkjrkP;k lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd

fopkjkr eÿkph Hkj Äkryh-

¼4½ ,dk cktqyk ns'kkps Lokra«;] nqlÚ;k cktqyk nfyrkaph

eqäh v'kk nü y<k;k dj.kkjk ,deso Økarhdkjd usrk* Eg.kwu

R;kaps LFkku bfrgklkr uänys vkgs-

¼5½ M�- vkacsMdj tUekyk vkys ulrs rj 'k¨f"kr ihMhrkauk

okpkp QqVyh ulrh-

lanHkZ %

¼1½ dqaMys] e-ck- % 'kS{kf.kd rRoKku o 'kS{kf.kd lekt'kkó-

¼2½ 'ÿs'k] y- % M�- vkacsMdjkapk oSpkjhd okjlk-

¼3½ vkacsMdj] M�- ckcklkgsc % eqduk;d-

¼4½ /kuat;] fdj % M�- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj-

¼5½ jktKs] mYgkl % M�- vkacsMdj ,d Økarhf'kyfopkj/kkjk-

¼6½ dq:andj] ujgj % M�- vkacsMdj ,d eqY;kadu-

¼7½ v=s] Á-ds- % nfyrkaps ckck-

¼8½ iokj] n;k % M�- ckcklkgsc vkacsdMdj x©jo xzaFk-

¼9½ iokj] uk-x- % f'k{k.k {ks=krhy fopkjoar-


lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds 'kks/k dk;Z

dk ,d vfr&egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds iqujkoyksdu

ls 'kks/kkFkhZ bl ckr dh tkudkjh dj ldrk gS fd veqd fo"k;

ij fdl izdkj dk 'kks/k dk;Z gks pqdk gS rFkk dgk¡ ij Hkfo";

ds 'kks/k dh lEHkkouk,¡ T;knk gSaA

Hkkjr esa 'kks/k dk;Z dk vkjaHk vaxztksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu ls

vkjaHk gqvk FkkA Þ'kks/kkFkhZ dh Kku dh fiiklk dHkh Hkh rÌr ugha

gksuh pkfg,] D;ksafd ;gh vr`fIr mls vUos"k.k o 'kks/k ds mÌs';

dh izkfIr esa lg;ksx djsxhAÞ¼1½ Þ[kkst esa 'kks/kkFkhZ dk Hkko loZFkk

uwru l`f"V o l`tu dk gh ugha cfYd] vKkr dks Kkr djus

dk gksuk pkfg,AÞ¼2½ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g Hkh gS fd vuqla/kku ds

fy, fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa xqatkbZ'k ikbZ tkrh gS] tks rF; n`f"V ls

vks>y gSa] mUgsa Hkh izR;{k djus dh vksj 'kks/kkFkhZ ges'kk layXu

jgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh [kkst ,d Lor% izokgeku fØ;k gS]

ftldk vkfn rks gS] ij vUr ugha gSA gj ,d 'kks/k vius vki

esa Hkfo"; ds 'kks/kksa dh uhao j[k nsrk gSA

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds 'kks/kksa ds izfr ik'pkR; fo}kuksa dh

/kkj.kk dqN lhek rd iwoZxzgksa ls xzflr jgh gSA ik'pkR; fo}kuksa

dh /kkj.kk Hkkjrh; iqjk.kksa d fo"k; esa ;g Fkh fd ;s iafMrksa dh

diksy dYiuk] fo'okl] Hkksyh Hkkyh turk dks /keZ fo'oklh

cukus ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh ugha gSA ijUrq ogha ij ik'pkR;oknh

bfrgkldkj us ,sfrgkfld rF; [kkstdj mudk ;kfu iqjk.kksa dk

egRo fo'o bfrgkl esa Hkkjrh; lanHkksZ esa LFkkfir fd;kA osnksa ds

lEcU/k esa Hkh ik'pkR; fo}kuksa dh Hkzkafriw.kZ iwoZ /kkj.kk Fkh] ijUrq

eSDlewyj tSls fo}kuksa@'kks/kdrkZvksa us mlesa Hkh ,d le`) Kku

dk Hk.Mkj [kkst fudkyk vkSj vk;Z tkfr dh fopkj xfjek dks

mn~?kkfVr fd;kA Kku ds {ks= esa 'kks/k dk dk;Z ges'kk o fujUrj

tkjh jgrk gS& 'kks/k Kku dh ,d lhek rd igq¡p dj :d ugha



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


tkrk] og vkxs c<+rk gh tkrk gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ;g /;ku j[kuk

pkfg, fd foKku ds fl)kUrksa dks yksx izk;% 'kk'or% ekurs jgs

gSa] ijUrq vc ;g ekU;rk Hkh [kf.Mr gksus yxh gSA ;s fl)kUr

ifjfLFkfr&fo'ks"k esa Hkys gh lR; vFkok vdkV~; jgs gksa] ij

mudh lR;rk vkSj vdkV~;rk lkoZdkfyd fl) ugha gks ik;hA

izfl) HkkSfrd 'kkL=h MsfoM ckW; dk ;g dguk gS & ûbZ l`f"V

dk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ;g uk rks iqjkus Øeksa dh udy djrh gS]

u gh mudh ekSfyd lPpkbZ ds foijhr tkrh gS o iqjkus Øeksa

dh gekjh le> dks u, lUnHkksZa esa <kyrh gS vkSj blds

lkFk&lkFk gekjs Kku ds vk;ke dks foLr`r djrh gSAÞ¼3½

bfrgkl ds 'kks/kkFkhZ dks lkfgR; ds iquZfuj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk

bfrgkl rFkk mlesa iz;qDRk izfof/k;ksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk

pkfg,A ^bfrgkl* 'kCn f}&vFkhZ gSA ,d vFkZ esa og vrhr dh

?kVukvksa ds o.kZu dk |ksrd gS] rks nwljs vFkZ esa Lo;a ?kVukvksa

dk bfrgklA bfrgkl jktkvksa ds tUe&ej.k vkSj muds dk;ksZ

dk dkyØe vuqlkj o.kZu ugha gS] u dksjh dky?kfVr ?kVukvksa

dk laxzg ek=A bfrgkl rks tkfr ¼ns'k½ ds mn;] mRFkku] rFkk

vkolku dh] fo'o dh cgqeq[kh izxfr ds ifjizs{; esa vkykspuk gS

rFkk og ekuo&lH;rk ds fodkl dk ys[kk tks[kk gS] tks

'kks/kkFkhZ 'kks/k dks dsoy ?kVukvksa dk dky Øec) lap;u

le>rs gSa] os ekuo eu ds fodkl dh mis{kk djrs gSaA Þlalkj

esa ?kVuk,¡ ?kVrh gSa] ij os vuk;l ugha ?kVrh] muesa dk;Z&dkj.k

dk lEcU/k gksrk gSAÞ¼4½ izfl) bfrgkldkj VkW;ch dk er gS fd

?kVuk,sa fdlh fof'k"V isVuZ ls ?kVrh gS vkSj muesa ,d y;kRedrk

Hkh [kksth tk ldrh gSA ,sfrgkfld Øe esa izkd`frdrk vkSj

uSfrd oSpk;Z Hkh fufgr jgrk gSA iwoZ dky esa ;wjksi o Hkkjr esa

Hkh ekuo bfrgkl ij /kkfeZdrk dk jax p<+k jgrk Fkk] blfy,

bl nk'kZfud i"BHkwfe esa fy[ks bfrgkl esa ?kVukvksa dh dk;Z&dkj.k

meer.meer.S.Sme.pewve efMe#eCe mebmLeeve, ieVeewj, meesveerhele (nefjÙeeCee)

[[email protected] kegâceej SJeb [[email protected] yeeuee

MeesOe keâeÙe& ceW meeefnlÙe kesâ hegvejeJeueeskeâve keâe cenlJe(Fefleneme efJe<eÙe kesâ meboYe& ceW)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW MeesOe keâeÙe& ceW meeefnlÙe kesâ hegvejeJeueeskeâve kesâ cenlJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve Fefleneme efJe<eÙe kesâ

meboYe& ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Fefleneme keâer MeesOe ØeefJeefOe DevÙe efJe<eÙeeW keâer MeesOe ØeefJeefJeOe mes efJeMes<e ®he mes efYeVe veneR

nw~ MeesOeeLeea keâes MeesOe keâeÙe& ØeejbYe keâjves mes hetJe& MeesOe keâer Jew%eeefvekeâ ØeefJeefOeÙeeW mes DeJeiele nes peevee ÛeeefnS leLee

Gmekesâ he§eeled Gmes Gmekesâ efJe<eÙe hej hetJe& ceW efkeâS ieS MeesOe keâeÙe& keâe %eeve Øeehle keâj uesvee ÛeeefnS~ Gmes

heeC[gefueefheÙeeW keâe Ùee Deheves efJe<eÙe kesâ meeefnlÙe keâes Skeâ$e keâj Gmes heÌ{ves keâer keâuee mes heefjefÛele nesvee ÛeeefnS~ MeesOe

heef$eÙeeW keâes metÛeeryeæ keâjves, meece«eer keâe JeieeakeâjCe keâjves Deewj meboYe& «ebLeeW kesâ kegâMeue ØeÙeesie keâer efJeefOe mes DeJeiele

nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Fme Øekeâej meeefnlÙe kesâ hetJe&-efvejer#eCe Éeje ner MeesOeeLeea, De%eele leLÙeeW lekeâ hengbÛe mekeâlee nw~


lEcU/k] HkkSfrd n`f"V ls ugha ns[kk tkrk Fkk] ijUrq oSKkfud ;qx

esa] bfrgkl /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dks xzg.k djds ugha fy[ks tkrs]

vc rks ?kVukvksa dk fujh{k.k&ijh{k.k rdZcqf) ls fd;k tkrk gS

vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSaA teZu ys[kd gMZ dk er gS fd

^êuq"; ds d`R;ksa dks ns'kdky rFkk jk"Vªh; pfj= dh n`f"V ls

ns[kus dh vko';drk gSAÞ¼5½ Hkwrdkyhu ekuod`r ?kVukvksa dks

fo'oO;kih] fujis{k] lkoZHkkSe o lkoZdkfyd fu;e dk fun'kZu

gh ugha ekuuk pkfg,A ekuo&eu xR;kRed gksrk gS] blfy,

mls foLe`r ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kks/kkFkhZ dks 'kks/k dk;Z ds

fy, lEcaf/kr fo"k; ds fy, vf/kd mi;qDr izfof/k dk iz;ksx

djuk pkfg,A iwoZ izdkf'kr 'kks/kksa ls f'k{kk ysuh pkfg, fd fdl

izdkj dh 'kks/k izfof/k;k¡ vf/kd lQy jghA ;fn mfpr izfof/k

dk 'kks/kkFkhZ iz;ksx ugha dj ikrk gS] rks ;g 'kks/k dks vlQyrk

dh rjQ Hkh ys tk ldrk gSA vr% 'kks/k dk;Z lss iwoZ miyC/k

lkfgR; o 'kks/kksa dk fofHkUu lUnHkksZ ls fuj{k.k o v/;;u djuk

pkfg,] rkfd iwoZ ds 'kks/kksa dh vfu;ferrkvksa o voxq.kksa dks Hkh

lq/kkjk tk ldsAÞ¼6½

bfrgkl dh 'kks/k izfof/k vU; fo"k;ksa dh 'kks/k&izfof/k ls

fo'ks"k :i ls fHkUu ugha gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ dks 'kks/k dk;Z izkjaHk djus

ls iwoZ 'kks/k dh oSKkfud izfof/k;ksa ls voxr gks tkuk pkfg,

rFkk mlds i'pkr~ mls mlds fo"k; ij iwoZ esa fd, x, 'kks/k

dk;Z dk Kku izkIr dj ysuk pkfg,A mls ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk ;k

vius fo"k; ds lkfgR; dks ,d= dj mls i<+us dh dyk ls

ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,] 'kks/k if=;ksa dks lwphc) djus] lkexzh dk

oxhZdj.k djus vkSj lUnHkZ&xzUFkksa ds dq'ky iz;ksx dh fof/k

vkfn ls voxr gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj lkfgR; ds iwoZ&fujh{k.k

}kjk gh 'kks/kkFkhZ] vKkr rF;ksa rd igq¡p ldrk gSA tks bfrgkldkj

'kks/k ds fo"k; ij igys 'kks/k dk;Z dj pqds gksrs gSa] muls

'kks/k dk;Z ds nkSjku lEidZ LFkkfir djus dh vko';drk Hkh

'kks/kkFkhZ dks eglwl gksrh gSA Þ'kks/kkFkhZ dks lkfgR; ds iqu%fujh{k.k

ds nkSjku izys[kksa dh lkexzh ls dke dh ckr rqjUr Nk¡V ysuh

pkfg, rFkk izkIr rF;ksa dh O;k[;k Hkh vko';drk vuqlkj

'kks/kkFkhZ dks cuk ysuk pkfg,AÞ¼7½ bfrgkl ds 'kks/kkFkhZ dks vius

fo"k; ds Kku ds vfrfjDr u`r`Ro&foKku] vFkZ'kkL=] Hkwxksy]

n'kZu] euksfoKku] lekt foKku] fofo/k Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk

bfrgkl vkfn dk Kku lEikfnr djuk gksxk] D;ksasfd bfrgkl

jktkvksa ds dk;Zdykiksa dk o.kZu u gksdj jk"Vª vkSj tkfr dk

lEiw.kZ fp= gksrk gSA

bfrgkl dh lkexzh dks Hkh 'kks/kkFkhZ dks /;ku ls ,df=r

djuk pkfg,A bfrgkl lkexzh ds eq[; L=ksr nks gksrs gS (

fyf[kr o ijEijkA fyf[kr L=ksr dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k

tk ldrk gS ( lkfgR; ¼vkUrfjd½ 'kkldh; ¼czká½A lkfgfR;d

L=ksr ls ge mu ?kVukvksa dk p;u dj ldrs gSa] tks lkfgR;dkj

}kjk ns[kh&lquh xbZ gS vkSj ftls mlus viuh d`fr;ksa ;k 'kks/kksa

esa vafdr fd;k gSA nwljs Hkkx esa os izi=% vkrs gSa] ftlesa O;fDr]

lekt vkSj jk"Vª ls ysdj vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu vkrk

gSA ;fn 'kks/kkFkhZ dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh djuh gS fd vaxzstksa

us Hkkjrh;ksa dks 'kklu fdl izdkj lkSaik rks bldk o.kZu

^^bf.M;k gkml] yUnu* ds fjdkMZ ls izkIr gks ldrk gSA

yksd&lkfgR; ftlds vUrxZr( xhr] dFkk] yksd lkfgR; o

jhfr&fjoktksa vkfn vkrs gSa] vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk gh o`gr

ladyu gksrk gSA jktLFkku dk vf/kdka'k bfrgkl duZy VkM+ us

ijEijk ls izkIr yksd lkfgR; ds vk/kkj ij gh fy[kk FkkA yksd

&lkfgR; ds L=ksrksa ls izkIr rF;ksa dh rqyuk vU; miyC/k

lkfgR; ;k 'kks/kksa ls izkIr rF;ksa ls rqyukRed vk/kkj ij dh tk

ldrh gS] rHkh bldh izekf.kdrk o vizekf.kdrk tkuh tk

ldrh gSA tks rF; izLrj ys[kksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa] 'kks/kdrkZ dks

mudk Hkh dq'kyrk o lko/kkuh iwjd iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA

dHkh&dHkh iRFkjksa dk dky Hkh Kkr djuk gksrk gS] ,sls esa

'kks/kkFkhZ dks HkwxHkZ fo'kss"kK rFkk iqjkrRo&fo'ks"kK ls o fyfi

Kkrk ls Hkh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA bfrgkldkj dk dk;Z rF;ksa

dk ladyu ;k laiknu ek= ugha gS cfYd mldk iz;ksx vius

'kks/k o bfrgkl ys[ku esa djuk gSA

lkfgR; ds iqufuZjh{k.k ds vk/kkj ij izkIr lkexzh dk

'kks/k esa iz;skx Hkh 'kks/kkFkhZ ds vius pkrq;Z ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

bfrgkl ds 'kks/kkFkhZ ds lkeus ,d dfBukbZ ;g Hkh vkrh gS fd

fo}kuksa us bfrgkl D;k gS vkSj D;k gksuk pkfg, ( bl iz'u ij

fofo/k er O;Dr fd, gSA vr% bl er fofHkUurk ds dkj.k og

;g fu.kZ; ugha dj ikrk fd bfrgkl dh fdl /kkj.kk dks

vaxhdkj djds viuh izfof/k dk fu/kkZj.k djsaA bfrgkl dks

lkfgR; dh Js.kh esa j[kus okys fo}ku mlesa vkReijdrk

¼lCtsfDVfoVh½ dks egRo nsrs gSa] rks bl izdkj ds 'kks/k esa

dYiuk&lkSUn;Z dh Hkh iz/kkurh jgrh gS o rF; xkS.k gks tkrs

gSaA bfrgkl ds lkFk uSfrdrk dkss tksM+ nsus ls 'kks/k fu"d"kZ

thou ewY;ksa dk vk/kkj cuus yxrs gSa rFkk blds foijhr

oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k] izfof/k ls Hkh bfrgkl fy[ks tkus yxs FksA

vr% ,sls o.kZu] bfrgkl dh Js.kh esa ugha vkus pkfg,] D;ksafd

bfrgkl esa lR;kUos"k.k gksuk pkfg,] lR;&fod`fr ughaA

fu"d"kZ %

izkd`frd fu;e lkoZdkfyd o loZns'kh; gksrs gSa ( vr%

mUgsa ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ij ykxw djuk vuqfpr gksxkA lekt

fo'ks"k ls lEc) euq"; ij tfVy vkSj O;kid ifjfLFkfrtU;

izHkko iM+rs jgrs gSaA vkxs pydj os gh ,sfrgkfld dkyksa esa

euq"; ds fopkjksa rFkk vkpj.kksa ds <ax dh vfHkO;fDr dk

fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA teZu nk'kZfud gsxsy us Hkh yxHkx ,sls gh

fopkj O;Dr fd, gSA bfrgkl dks D;k gksuk pkfg,] bl

lEcU/k esa Hkh fpUrdksa dk erHksn lekIr ugha gqvk gS vkSj u gha

gksxkA la{ksi esa ge ;gh dg ldrs gSa fd bfrgkl dks ns'k dky

dh lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd vkfn izo`f�k;ksa dk

niZ.k gksuk pkfg,A

lanHkZ %

¼1½ 'kekZ] ljuke flag % 'kks/k izfØ;k ,oa foojf.kdk] i0 27-

¼2½ HkV~Vkpk;Z] ,- % ,Á©fpt V fgLVªh] i0 87- ¼3½ jkor] gfjd".k %

lkeftd 'kks/k dh izfof/k;k¡] i0 98- ¼4½ feJk] vej % ns'k esa bfrgkl

ys[ku] i0 108- ¼5½ vkgwtk] jke % Lkkekftd vuqla/kku] i0 204-

¼6½ 'kekZ] rstjke % fjlpZ esFkksM+ksykWth bu fgLVªh] i0 33- ¼7½ dksBkjh]

lh-vkj % fjlpZ esFkM ,.M VsfDuDl] i0 155-


Hkwfedk %

vkfndky ls gh euq"; yksdj×tu gsrq vusd [ksy

[ksyrk vk;k gSA dky izokg esa mlds :i ifjofrZr gksrs jgs gSaA

ukVd Hkh ,slk gh ØhM+uh;d* gS] tks n`'; Hkh gS vkSj JO; HkhA

;g /keZ] vFkZ] ;'k dk lk/ku] mins'k;qDr] 'kkL=&Kku lefUor]

turk dks leLr deks± dk vuqn'kZu djkus okyk] lc f'kYiksa dk

izn'kZd] bfrgkl;qDr ukV~; uked iape osn dgk x;k gSA

ukV;osn ds eq[; va'k pkjksa osnksa ds fy, x, gSaA _Xosn ls

ikB~; va'k] lkeosn ls xs; va'k ;tqosZn ls vfHku; vkSj vFkoZosn

ls jlksa dks fy;k x;k gSA iBu] xk;u] vfHku; vkSj buls

vuqHkwr jl vukfn dky ls v|i;ZUr yksdjatu ds lk/ku jgs

gSaA fu%l`r gqbZ] ijUrq xs; vkfn pkjksa rÙoksa dk lekos'k buesa

lnSo ik;k x;kA iz'u fopkj.kh; gS fd ukV~; vkSj ukV~;'kkL=

dks fdlds fy, jpk x;k\ izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa ukV~;'kkL=

vfHkusrk ds fy, vf/kd jgk] ukVddkjksa vkSj ukVd ns[kus]

le>us okys lân;ksa ds fy, de jgkA bls jaxeap dfeZ;ksa dks

n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, jpk x;kA ijUrq 'kuS%'kuS% ukV~; vke yksd

thou ls vf/kd lEc) gksrk x;kA ukVd dh okLrfod izsj.kkHkwfe

vkSj dlkSVh Hkh yksdfpr gSA Hkjreqfu us ukV~;&'kkL= ds

NCchlosa v/;k; esa vfHku; fof/k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkoj taxe

pjkpj l`f"V dh vUrghu izo`fr;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA

muds vuqlkj ukVd pkgs osn ;k v/;kRe esa mRiUu gks] og

rHkh fl) gksrk gS tc og yksdfl) gksA

osnk/;kyksRiUua rq 'kCnPNUN% lefUore~A

yksdfl)a Hkosr~ fl)a ukV;a yksdLoHkkotUe~A

rRekr ukV~;iz;ksxs rq izek.ka yksd b";rsA ¼1½

rnUrj mUgksaus ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd tks 'kkL=] tks



Sin

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arch

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/keZ] tks f'kYi vkSj tks fØ;k,¡ yksd/keZ izor gSa] os gh ukV~;

dgh tkrh gSa %

;kfu 'kkL=kf.k ;s /kekZ ;kfu f'kYikuh ;k% fØ;k%

Yksd/keZizorkfu rkfu ukV~;a izdhfrZre~AA ¼2½

ukV~;'kkL= esa nks ukV~; :f<+;ksa dh ppkZ gS] ,d ukV~;

/kehZ rFkk nwljh yksd /kehZ ;k ykSfddh¼3½ yksd /kehZ yksd dk

'kq) vkSj LokHkkfod vuqdj.k gSA ^yksd esa tks ykSfdd vuqHkwfr

gS] mlls fHkUu dksfV dh ;g vuqHkwfr gS*¼4½ bl izdkj ukVd

ekuo ds lEiw.kZ thou ls] yksd ls fdlh u fdlh :i esa

lEi`Dr jgrk gSA vr% blds 'kkL=h; foospu ds vfrfjDr

mldh yksd O;ogkj ls tqM+h izo`fr;ksa dks le>uk vko';d gSA

ukV~; dh vk/kqfud fo/kkvksa esa fur u, iz;ksx gksus ds

mijkUr Hkh laLd`r ukVd viuk izHkko j[krs gSaA mi;qZDr

foospu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, i= izLrqrd=hZ laLd`r ukVd esa

yksdkpkj dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks cks/k esa ykuk vko';d ekurh gSA

ê`PNefVde~^ esa of.kZr yksdkpkj %

yksdkpkj dk vFkZ gS dky fo'ks"k esa dfr ds ik=ksa }kjk dr

yksd O;ogkjA êPNdfVde~ ukVd dk dFkka'k ykSfdd gS] tks

;FkkFkZ thou ds /kjkry ij mdsjk x;k gSA blds dFkk lw= eq[;r%

e/;e oxhZ; feyrs gSaA ukVd esa tgk¡ lqlaLdr czkã.k pk#nr]

jktk ikyd vkSj U;k;fiz; U;k;/kh'k tSls lH; vkSj 'kkyhu ik= g®]

rks nwljh vksj Bx] tqvkjh] foV] psV vkSj pk.Mky Hkh gSaA /kwrk tSlh

ifo= xgLFku vkSjr dks tgk¡ LFkku feyk gS] og xf.kdkvksa dks Hkh

LFkku feyk gSA ;gk¡ ds ik= O;fDrxr ykSfdd fo'ks"krkvksa dks fy,

lkekftd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkaLdfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj

O;ogkj rFkk dk;Z djus okys gSaA buds }kjk dr yksdkpkj dks

'kks/k i= ds vfxze va'kksa esa Li"V fd;k x;k gSA

�ce=ÛÚkeâef�keâced� vee�keâ kesâ heefjØes#Ùe ceW meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeej keâe DeOÙeÙeve

[[email protected]âceuesMe mevOet

ØeeÛeeÙe&, Deej.kesâ.Sme.[er.keâe@uespe Dee@heâ SpÙegkesâMeve, kewâLeue (nefjÙeeCee)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW �ce=ÛÚkeâef�keâced� vee�keâ kesâ heefjØes#Ùe ceW meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeejeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve

efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeej mebyebOeer Yeer yengle meer Je=efòeÙeeB Deepe kesâ ueeskeâ-JÙeJenej ceW Âef°ieesÛej

nesleer nQ~ Deepe kesâ ueeskeâ ceW peeefle ØeLee nj #es$e ceW Ûejce hej nw~ keâneR-keâneR efJeJeen Deeefo kesâ mebyebOe ceW FmeceW

mKeueve efoKeeF& oslee nw~ peeefle DeefYeceeve Deewj mebIe<e& kesâ keâF& og<heefjCeece meeceves Dee jns nQ~ �ce=ÛÚkeâef�keâced�

keâer Yeebefle ner ceeveJeerÙe iegCeeW keâes Yeer kegâÚ meercee lekeâ cenlJe efoÙee peelee nw~ Deye Yeer kegâÚ Jeie& kesâJeue hetpee

kesâ efueS efveOee&efjle nQ, peyeefkeâ Gmeer Jeie& kesâ ueesie DevÙe JÙeJemeeÙe Yeer keâjles nQ~ �ce=ÛÚkeâef�keâced� keâer lejn

Deepe Yeer Oece& Deewj peeefleÙeeW keâer he=Lekeâ yeefmleÙeeB yeveer ngF& nQ~ efJeJeen kesâ mebyebOe ceW Deye yengle meercee lekeâ

mJeleb$elee Deewj mJesÛÚeÛeeefjlee ØeÙeesie keâer peeves ueieer nw~


ê`PNdfVde~^ ukVd esa of.kZr&lkekftd yksdkpkj %

izLrqr ukVd ds fooj.k ds vuqlkj tkfr dBksjrk dk

:i /kkj.k dj pqdh FkhA tkfr;k¡ deZ vk/kkfjr u jgdj tUe

vk/kkfjr gks pyh FkhA yksxksa ds O;ogkj esa tkfr vfHkeku

>ydus yxk FkkA

czkã.k ml dky esa Js"B ,oa lEekfur le>s tkrs FksA

mPp pfj= ,oa Kku lkS"Bo ds dkj.k iwtk ds fy, tkuk vkSj

nf{k.kk ysuk budk eq[; dk;Z FkkA iwtuh;ksa esa czkã.ktu%¼5½

fdUrq mlh yksd esa 'kfoZyd tSls czkã.k Hkh Fks] tks pksjh vkfn

esa fyIr fn[kk, x, gSaA dqN czkã.k O;kikjh Hkh FksA pk#nr ds

firk foÙk lkFkZokg FksA czkã.k ls fuEudksfV ds dk;ks± dh vis{kk

ugha dh tkrh FkhA dFku n`"VO; gS& v;a fg ikrdh foizks u

c/;ks euqjczhor* ¼6½ dk;LFkksa dks lekt esa vPNh fuxkg ls

ugha ns[kk tkrk FkkA vijkf/k;ksa dks e`R;qn.M ds ifj.kkeLo:i

nh tkus okyh 'kwy p<+kus dk dk;Z pk.Mkyksa dks djuk gksrk FkkA

bUgsa lekt esa fuEudksfV dk ekuk tkrk FkkA ml le; iFkd&iFkd

tkfr;k¡ viuh cfLr;k¡ vyx cukus yxh FkhA ,sls esa vkoklh;

LFkkuksa vkSj eksgYyksa ds uke tkfr;ksa ds Åij vk/kkfjr gksus yxs

FksA ^l [kyq Jsf"BpRojs olfr* ¼7½

lekt eas fookg izFkk iw.kZr% ekU;rk izkIr dj pqdh FkhA

iq#"kksa ds fy, cgqfookg ;gk¡ rd fd lo.kZ&vo.kZ ds fopkj ds

fcuk Hkh fookg izpyu esa FkkA pk#nÙk vkSj 'kfoZyd tSls czkã.k

ik=ksa us os';kvksa ls fookg fd, FksA fL=;ksa dh n'kk cgqr vPNh

ugha FkhA j[kSy j[kus dh vkSj lrh gksus dh izFkk bldk izek.k

gSA fofnr gksrk gS fd ukVd esa insZ dk o.kZu izkIr ugha gksrkA

oju~ /kwrk fcuk insZ ds gh lcds lEeq[k mifLFkr gksrh gSA

izLrqr ukVd esa of.kZr yksx vkfFkZd :i ls vR;Ur le`)

FksA O;kikj lEiUurk iks"kd FkkA ty;kuksa dh lgk;rk ls lqnwj

jk"Vªksa rd Hkh O;kikj gksrk FkkA le`) O;kikfj;ksa vkSj vkfHktkR;

oxZ dh efgykvksa ds ?kjksa esa Lo.kZ vkHkw"k.kksa ,oa Lo.kZ ØhM+dksa dk

fo'ks"k laxzg FkkA pk#nÙk dh /keZiRuh /kwrk dh prq%leqnzlkjHkwrk

jRuekyk vkSj olUrlsuk ds vkHkw"k.kksa dk mYys[k djuk ;gk¡

i;kZIr gSA yf{kr ukVd ds izFke v/;k; dk ukedj.k Hkh

^vy-kj&U;kl gSA yksd midkj ds fy, /kuh O;kikjh ân; ls

/ku nku djrs FksA pk#nr us dbZ fogkj] ljk;] nsoky;] rMkx]

dwiksa ;gk¡ rd fd miuxjksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA O;kikfj;ksa

ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vU; oxZ Hkh vfr lEiUu Fkk] og Fkk os';kvksa

dk lewgA vusd /kfudksa dk cgqr lk /ku os';kvksa vkSj xf.kdkvksa

ij O;; gksrk FkkA os lk{kkr /kuh'k dqcsj ds rqY; FkhA os gkFkh]

xkM+h rFkk vU; izog.k Hkh j[krh FkhA Hknz] tkuh"ks dL;

rr ~i z og. k Z e fr vL;f; pk#nÙkL;A olUrl suk#<k

iq.;dj.Md ØhfMrqa uh;r bfr izog.kokgdsu dfFkre~A¼8½

'kklu ds }kjk yksxksa dh lqfo/kk gsrq jktekxZ cuk, x, Fks]

fdUrq dfri; yksxksa ds fud`"V yksdkpkj ds dkj.k turk bu

ekxks± ij fuHkZ;rk ls xeu ugha dj ldrh FkhA jktekxks± ij

pksj] Bx] Mkdqvksa] os';kvksa dk vkpj.k ukVd esa n`f"Vxkspj gqvk

gSA n'k:id dh voyksd Vhdk ds vuqlkj os';k vkSj xf.kdk

esa Hksn n'kkZ;k x;k gS %

ôs'kks Hk`fr% lks·L;k thoufefr os';kA

rn~fo'ks"kksa xf.kdk* ¼9½

ijUrq izLrqr ukVd esa bu nksuksa vFkkZr~ xf.kdk vkSj os';k

esa dksbZ Hksn n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrkA olUrlsuk ds fufeÙk nksuksa gh

'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gSA bl dky[k.M esa lekt ds

izfl) ,oa lEekfur O;fDr Hkh os';kvksa ls lEcU/k j[krs FksA gk¡

ukVd ds uoe~ vad esa tc pk#nÙk dks lEHkzkUr U;k;k/kh'k

pfdr gksdj iwNrs gSa ^vk;Z* xf.kdk ro fe=e~\ ¼10½

A

pk#nÙk dks Hkh viuh ml fLFkfr ij yTtk dh vuqHkwfr gksrh

gSA Li"V gS fd bl O;olk; vkSj bldh d=h dks ?k`f.kr n`f"V

ls ns[kk tkrk gSA blesa fyIr xf.kdk,¡ bl yTtktud fLFkfr

ls ckgj vkuk pkgrh FkhA clUrlsuk vkSj enfudk ds ,sls

iz;kl lQy Hkh gq,A rRdkyhu lekt esa ekuoh; ,oa mnkj

n`f"Vdks.k j[kus okys uo;qod lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ds fo:)

tkdj Hkh buls fookg djus dks rS;kj gq,A ukVd ds uk;d

pk#nÙk vkSj ,d vU; ik= 'kfoZyd ,sls gh lkglh O;fDr FksA

ê`PNdfVde~^ ds foospu ls izrhr gksrk gS fd dbZ v/ke~

o`fÙk;k¡ Hkh ml yksd esa izpfyr FkhA tq, vkSj efnjkiku dh o`fr

Hkh n`"V gqbZ gSA LFkku&LFkku ij tqvk ?kj vkSj efnjky; [kqys

gq, FksA ê`PNdfVde~* ds foospu ls Li"V gqvk gS fd lekt esa

nkl&izFkk Hkh izpfyr FkhA mUgsa /ku ls Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk

FkkA 'kfoZyd us /ku nsdj ,d nklh dks eqDr djk;k FkkA

lkekftd yksdkpkj lEcU/kh Hkh cgqr lh o`fÙk;k¡ vkt ds

yksd O;ogkj esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA vkt ds yksd esa tkfr izFkk

gj {ks= esa pje ij gSA dgha&dgha fookgkfn ds lEcU/k esa blesa

L[kyu fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tkfr vfHkeku vkSj la?k"kZ ds dbZ

nq"ifj.kke lkeus vk jgs gSaA e`PNdfVde~^ dh Hkk¡fr gh ekuoh;

xq.kksa dks Hkh dqN lhek rd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA vc Hkh dqN

oxZ dsoy iwtk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr gS] tcfd mlh oxZ ds yksx

vU; O;olk; Hkh djrs gSaA ê`PNdfVde~^ dh rjg vkt Hkh

/keZ vkSj tkfr;ksa dh i`Fkd cfLr;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA fookg ds

lEcU/k esa vc cgqr lhek rd LorU=rk vkSj LosPNkpkfjrk

iz;ksx dh tkus yxh gSA lEiUu oxZ izLrqr ukVd esa Hkh dyk]

vkHkw"k.k] izog.k izseh rFkk mudk iz;ksxdrkZ Fkk] vkt Hkh fLFkfr

;Fkkor gSA ml dky dh os';k vkSj xf.kdkvksa dks vR;Ur

le`) n'kkZ;k x;k gS] vk/kqfud yksd esa Hkh blh ;k blls feyrs

tqyrs O;olk; ls lEc) fL=;ksa dh vkfFkZd lEiUurk dk

ikjkokj ugha gSA ml dky esa Hkh vkSj vkt Hkh bl deZ dks gs;

n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA /kuk<;ksa esa tq,] efnjky; xeu] nkl

j[kus dh izFkk rc Hkh Fkh] vkt Hkh yf{kr dh tk ldrh gSA

lUnHkZ %

¼1½ ukV~;'kkL=] 26@113- ¼2½ oghA ¼3½ lkfgR; niZ.k] 6@4-

¼4½ uk� 'kk� dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk vkSj n�:�] i- 48- ¼5½ e� d�] vad

9- ¼6½ e� d�] vad 10- ¼7½ e� d�] vad 10- ¼8½ e� d�] 9-39-

¼9½ e� d�] i- 129- ¼10½ e� d�] i� 364-


izLrkouk %

O;fDr dh ewy vko';drkvksa esa ls ,d gS&HkkstuA izR;sd

O;fDr mPp Lrj dk ,oa vf/kd xq.koRrk ;qDr [kkn~; lkexzh

xzg.k djuk pkgrk gS] fdUrq O;fDr viuh vk; dks /;ku es

aj[krs gq, O;; djrk gSA

[kkn~; lkexzh ij O;; ifjokj ds miHkksx izo`fÙk ij fuHkZj

djrk gSA miHkksx izo`fÙk mPp Lrj dh gS] rks [kkn~; lkexzh ij

vR;f/kd O;; gksxk] ogha ;fn [kkn~; lkexzh e/;e rFkk fuEu

Lrj dh gS] rks O;; Hkh e/;e rFk fuEu Lrj dk gksxkA

[kkn~; lkexzh ij O;; ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds Åij Hkh

fuHkZj djrk gSA ifjokj NksVk gS] rks [kpZ Hkh de gksrk gS] ogha

ifjokj dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ij [kpZ dh vf/kdrk gks tkrh gSA

O;fDr dh vk; c<+us ij mlds miHkksx izo`fÙk esa o`f) gksus

yxrk gSA O;fDr Lo;a rFkk ifjokj ds fy, vf/kd ikSf"Bdrk

;qDr ,oa vf/kd dher dh [kkn~; lkexzh [kjhnus yxrk gSA

vf/kd dher okyh pht tSls nw/k] esok] ?kh ;g lHkh oLrq,¡ tks

[kkn~; lkexzh esa 'kkfey gks tkrh gSaA

ewyHkwr Hkkstu esa pkoy] nky] xsgw¡] rsy] elkys vkfn

oLrqvksa dh vusd oSjkfV;ka ns[kus dks fey tkrh gSaA vkt ds

le; esa iwoZ dh rqyuk esa ckgj Hkkstu xzg.k djus dk pyu

dkQh c<+ x;k gSA ckgj ds Hkkstu esa vf/kd rsy&elkys gksrs

gSa] tks LokLF; dks gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA ckgj Hkkstu xzg.k djus ls

iwoZ dqN ckrksa dk ?;ku j[kuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] tSls&

[kkuk rktk gks] mÙke xq.koÙkk ;qDr inkFkksZ ls cuk gks foØsrk

Lo;a LoPN vkSj LoLFk gks bu phtksa dk /;ku j[kdj ge vius

LokLF; dks fcxM+us ls cpk ldrs gSaA vkt ds ;qx esa iSfdax

okyh [kk| lkexzh] [kqyh dh vis{kk vf/kd mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA



Sin

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2


izR;sd O;fDr ,d foosd'khy izk.kh gksrk gSA og viuh

vk; dks O;; djus ls iwoZ bl ckr ds fy, vklo'r gksuk

pkgrk gS fd mls larqf"V ,oa ykHk dh izkfIRk gks jgh gS ;k ughaA

nqxZ uxj ds e/;eoxhZ; ifjokjksa ds laca/k esa fy, x,

rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u fuEu fcanqvksa ds

varxZr fd;k x;k gS %

¼1½ D;k vki vf/kd olk ;qDr Hkkstu xzg.k djrs gSaA

¼2½ ifjokj esa cqtqxksZa ds izfr [kkn~; lkexzh ds mi;ksx dk

Lrj lgh gS ;k ughaA

¼3½ Hkkstu fuekZ.k ds fy, fdl bZa/ku dk lgkjk fy;k

tkrk gSA

¼4½ [kkn~; lkexzh esa fdl oLrq dk mi;ksx vf/kd fd;k

tkrk gSA

¼5½ Hkkstu] 'kkdkgkjh vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;k

ekalkgkjhA

¼6½ D;k vkidh [kkn~; lkexzh xq.koÙkk ;qDr gSA

v/;;u {ks= % izLrqr 'kks/ki= esa v/;;u {ks= nqxZ uxj

dks fy;k x;k gSA nqxZ uxj ds 80 ifjokjksa ds ek/;e ls bl

fo"k; ij tkudkjh izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u i)fr % izLrqr v/;;u esa fydVZ fof/k dh

lgk;rk ls tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZ gSA iz'uksa dk mÙkj ifjokj ds

eqf[k;k }kjk izkIRk fd;k x;k gS] pwafd ifjokj ds laogudrkZ

}kjk laiw.kZ ifjokj dk ikyu iks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] vr% buds

}kjk iznku fd;k x;k fu.kZ; vf/kd fo'olfu; gksrk gSA

mn~ns'; %

¼1½ miHkksx ds izfr tkudkjh izkIr djukA

¼2½ cqtqxksZa ds izfr [kkn~; lkexzh ds Lrj dh tkudkjh

*ØeeÛeeÙe&, MeemekeâerÙe keâuee SJeb JeeefCepÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, yesjer, efpeuee-ogie& (ÚòeermeieÌ{) **MeesOeeLeea

[[email protected] kegâceej efJeÕekeâcee&* SJeb ßeerceleer veerlee efceßee**

ceOÙeceJeieeaÙe heefjJeejeW ceW KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe keâe

efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, ceOÙeceJeieeaÙe heefjJeejeW ceW KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe keâs efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve mes

mecyebefOele nw~ DeOÙeÙeve ogie& veiej kesâ meboYe& ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg ØeMveeJeueer keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~

Fme DeOÙeÙeve ceW Ùen %eele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efkeâ KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe kesâ Øeefle ueesieeW keâe Âef°keâesCe efkeâme

Øekeâej mes nw~ KeeodÙe meece«eer cetue DeeJeMÙekeâleeDeeW ceW Meeefceue nesleer nw~ ØelÙeskeâ heefjJeej keâe cegefKeÙee Deheveer DeeÙe keâe

efpelevee efnmmee KeeodÙe meece«eer hej JÙeÙe keâjlee nw, Gleveer ner cee$ee ceW meblegef° Yeer Øeehle keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ keâeÙe& kesâ

DeeOeej hej Yeer GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe efveYe&j keâjleer nw~ Ùeefo keâeÙe& DeefOekeâ heefjßece Jeeuee nes, lees JÙeefòeâ keâer Yeespeve «enCe

keâjves keâer #ecelee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ DeeÙeg kesâ Devegmeej Yeer KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ceW heefjJele&ve Dee peelee nw~


izkIr djukA

¼3½ [kkn~; lkexzh esa feykoV dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA

¼4½ le; ds vuqlkj miHkksx izo`fÙk esa o`f) gksrh gSA

¼5½ Hkkstu vk;q ,oa LokLF; ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A

ifjdYiuk %

¼1½ orZeku esa yksx mi;ksx izo`fÙk ds izfr tkx:d gks jgs

gSaA

¼2½ cqtqxksZa ds [kkn~; lkexzh dk lgh Lrj gksukA

¼3½ [kkn~; lkexzh esa feykoV ds izfr yksx tx:d gks

jgs gSaA

¼4½ vk; esa o`f) ds mijkar gh O;; esa o`f) mi;qDr gSA

¼5½ Hkkstu ds }kjk gh O;fDr dk LokLFk fufeZr gksrk gSA

rkfydk 1 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd olk ;qDr

Hkkstu djus okyksa dk izfr'kr 13-75 gS] ogha olk ;qDr Hkkstu

ugha djus okyksa dk izfr'kr 86-23 gSA

rkfydk 2 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ifjokj esa cqtqxksZ ds [kkn~;

lkexzh ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk izfr'kr 90 gS]

ogha de /;ku nsus okyksa dk izfr'kr 10 gSA

rkfydk 3 ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ?kjsyw xSl dk

mi;ksx djus okyksa dk izfr'kr 92-5 gS] tks lokZf/kd gSA ogha

pwYgs dk mi;ksx 7-5 izfr'kr yksx djrs gSa rFkk lksyj dqdj

dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

[kkn~; lkexzh ds vf/kd mi;ksx ds laca/k esa v/;;u

fd;k tk,] rks Li"V gksrk gS fd 82-5 izfr'kr ifjokjksa esa xsgw¡ dk

mi;ksx vf/kd gksrk gSA pkoy mi;ksx djus okyksa dk izfr'kr

dsoy 17-5 gSA

rkfydk 5 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 82-5 izfr'kr ifjokjksa esa

'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ogha 17-5 izfr'kr yksx

ekalkgkjh Hkkstu dk mi;ksx djrs gSA

rkfydk 6 ds fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd ifjokjksa esa

xq.koÙkk ;qDr Hkkstu vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk

izfr'kr 76-25 gS] ogha de xq.koÙkk ;qDr Hkkstu xzg.k djus

okyksa dh la[;k 23-25 gSA

lq>ko %

¼1½ Hkkstu esa olk dh vf/kd ek=k ugha gksuh pkfg,A

¼2½ Hkkstu fu;fer le; ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼3½ vk; dks ,d ctV cukdj O;; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼4½ ckgj dh rqyuk esa ?kj ij Hkkstu djuk T;knk mfpr gSA

fu"d"kZ %

lkj :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iz'ukoyh }kjk tks

tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZ gS] mlesa [kkn~; lkexzh ds miHkksx ls

lacaf/kr rF;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij

iwNs x, iz'uksa ls ladfyr vkadM+ksa ij rkfydk dk fuekZ.k fd;k

x;k gSA

nqxZ uxj ds lanHkZ esa miHkksx izo`fÙk dk tks v/;;u fd;k

x;k gS] mlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd izR;sd ifjokjksa esa viuh

lhfer vk; ls vf/kd xq.koÙkk ;qDr [kkn~; lkexzh izkIr djus

dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ 'kekZ] ds-ds- % dq:{ks=] fnlEcj 2013 esa izdkf'kr vkys[kA

(2) www.merahihd.blog.com

¼3½ cSaxyksj ;wfuoflZVh ds ,xzhdYpj lkbal }kjk cSaxyksj ij

fd, x, v/;;u ds vuqlkjA

¼4½ ubZnqfu;k] lsgr] 24 tqykbZ 2015 ds vad lsA

(5) https.11www.noh.gov>publication

(6) www.hihdkrishibhoomi.in/new sihdctail

¼7½ feJ ,oa iqjh ¼2012½ % Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=] fgeky;k ifCyf'kax

gkmlA

Ø- olk ;qDr Hkkstu vkofÙk i zfr'kr

1 gk¡ 11 13-75

2 ugha 69 86-23

;ksx 80 100

rkfydk 1 % olk ;qDr Hkkstu xzg.k fd;k tkuk

Ø- [kkn~; lkexzh dk

Lrj vkofÙk izfr'kr

1 gk¡ 72 90

2 ugha 8 10

;ksx 80 100

rkfydk 2 % cqtqxksZ a ds [kkn~; lkexzh lacaf/kr n'kk

Ø- b Za/ku vkofÙk izfr'kr

1 ?kjsyw xSl 74 92-5

2 pwYgk 6 7-5

3 Lksyj dqdj 0 0

;ksx 80 100

rkfydk 3 % Hkkstu fuekZ.k gsrq bZa/ku dk mi;ksx

Ø- mi;ksx vkofÙk i zfr'kr

1 xsgw¡ 66 82-50

2 Pkoy a 14 17-50

;ksx 80 100

rkfydk 4 % [kkn~; esa vf/kd mi;ksx

Ø- Hkkstu vkofÙk izfr'kr

1 'kkdkgkjh 66 82-50

2 ekalkgkjh 14 17-50

;ksx 80 100

rkfydk 5 % 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu mi;ksx gksrk gS ;k ekalkgkjh

Ø- xq.koRrk vkofÙk izfr'kr

1 gk¡ 61 76-25

2 Ukgha 19 23-75

;ksx 80 100

rkfydk 6 % [kkn~; lkexzh esa xq.koÙkk ikbZ tkrh gS


is;ty gh thou dk vk/kkj gSA iznwf"kr ikuh vusd

izdkj dh chekfj;ksa dks tUe nsrk gSA chekfj;ksa esa ijks{k :i ls

chekfj;ksa dk gh gkFk gksrk gSA izfr ?kaVs 1000 cPpksa dh eR;q ek=

vfrlkj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;w-,l-vks-ds }kjk gky gh esa izdkf'kr

fjiksZV ds vuqlkj fo'o ds vYifodflr ns'kksa esa yxHkx 15

djksM+ O;fä;ksa dks LoPN ,oa ihus ;ksX; ty miyC/k ugha gSA

bu ns'kksa esa djksM+ks yksxksa dh ekSr nwf"kr ty ls lacaf/kr

chekfj;ksa ds dkj.k gks tkrh gSA bl fjiksZV ds vuqlkj fo'o esa

dsoy 75 izfr'kr 'kCnksa vkSj 40 Qhlnh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa gh LoPN

is;ty miyC/k gSA vr% ljdkj dks is;ty dh 'kq}rk ij

fo'ks"k /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA

'kq) vkSj lkQ ty dk eryc gS fd og ekuo LokLF;

ds fy, gkfudkjd v'kfq);ksa vkSj jksx iSnk djus okys thok.kqvksa

ls eqä gksuk pkfg,] ojuk ;g gekjs ihus ds dke ugha vk

ldrk gSA

iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us nks vDVwcj] 2014 dks LoPN

Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh 'kq:vkr djrs gq, is;ty LoPNrk ij fo'ks"k

tksj fn;kA bruk gh ugha ljdkj ufn;ksa] jsyos] LV'kuksa] i;ZVu

dsUnzksa vksj vU; lkoZtfud LFkkuksa dh lQkbZ ij Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku

ns jgh gSA iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh

'kq:vkr djrs gq, 2019 rd LoPN Hkkjr fufeZr djus dk y{;

j[kk gSA ljdkj us ,d ckj fQj ,d lky ds Hkhrj ns'k ds lHkh

Ldwyksa esa ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx 'kkSpky; miyC/k

djkus dk Hkjkslk Hkh fnyk;k gSA bu lHkh iz;klksa ds ihNs flQZ

vkSj flQZ ,d gh edln gS fd gj O;fDr dks 'kq) Iks;ty fey

lds] rkfd mldk LokLF; Bhd jgsA



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


Hkkjr dh 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªh; LoPNrk

dojst 46-9 izfr'kr gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g vkSlr dsoy

30-7 izfr'kr gSA vHkh Hkh ns'k dh 62 djksM+ 20 yk[k dh

vkcknh ;kuh jk"Vªh; vkSlr 53-1 izfr'kr yksx [kqys esa 'kkSp

djus dks etcwj gSA dsoy xzkeh.k gh ugha] cfYd 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa

Hkh 'kkSpky; dk vkHkko gSA blls Hkh ty iznw"k.k c<+ jgk gSA

gkykafd ljdkj dh vksj ls jk"Vªh; LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds rgr

bl leL;k ds lek/kku dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA okLro esa

ty dk 'kq) gksuk blfy, Hkh t:jh gS fd D;ksafd blds

ek/;e ls gh iwjs 'kjhj esa iks"kd rRo tSls fd foVkfeu] feujy

vkSj Xywdkst izokfgr gksrs gSA [kkuk [kkus ds ckn mls ipkus dh

fØ;k esa ikuh dh vg~e Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn

'kjhj dks LoPN ty u feys] rks tks dqN Hkh [kk;k ;k fi;k gS]

og fujFkZd gh ugha] cfYd tkuysok lkfcr gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd

ipkus dh fØ;k esa ;fn gekjs 'kjhj esa v'kq) ty ekStwn gS] rks

og vU; [kk;h xbZ lkexzh dks Hkh nwf"kr dj nsrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr

esa is;ty dk 'kq) gksuk csgn t:jh gSA gj O;fDr dks izfrfnu

de ls de 12 fxykl 'kq) is;ty xzg.k djuk pkfg,A T;knk

ikuh ihus ls Ropk esa Ik;kZIr ueh cuh jgrh gS vkSj mldh ped

cjdjkj jgrh gSA ikuh ihus ls otu Hkh fu;af=r jgrk gSA

I;kl cq>kus ds vykok] [kkuk cukus tSls reke dke ikuh fcuk

laHko ughas gSA dbZ ykxksa dh utj esa ikuh dh 'kq)rk t:jh

ugha gksrh] ysfdu vkidh ;g lksp vki ds fy, vkSj vkids

ifjokj ds y, [krjukd lkfcr gks ldrh gSA ugkus ls ysdj

ihus ds ikuh rd dh 'kq)rk ek;us j[krh gSA tgka v'kq) ikuh

ihus ls vla[; jksxksa dks fuea=.k feyrk gS] ogha v'kq) ikuh ls

meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&Mee�e efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, yecnveer-yebpej, ceC[uee (ceOÙeØeosMe)

[e@.(ßeerceleer) keâ®Cee vescee

hesÙepeue keâer Megælee SJeb mJeemLÙe

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e hesÙepeue keâer Megælee SJeb mJeemLÙe mes mecyebefOele nw~ Yeejle keâer efmLeefle osKeW lees

Ùeneb nj meeue otef<ele heeveer mes Deewmeleve 3 keâjesÌ[ 77 ueeKe JÙeefòeâ peuepeefvele yeerceeefjÙeeW DeLee&led keâe@ueje,

heesefueÙees, hesefÛeMe, �eÙeheâeF[ SJeb nshes�eFef�me mes ØeYeeefJele nesles nQ Deewj keâjerye 15 ueeKe yeÛÛeeW keâer

Dekesâues [eÙeefjÙee kesâ keâejCe ce=lÙeg nes peeleer nw~ Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ heeveer ceW efceues heäueesjeF[ SJeb Deemexefvekeâ

Deeefo mes nesves Jeeueer yeerceeefjÙeeb pewmes keâer heäuÙetjesefmeme mes 6 keâjesÌ[ 60 ueeKe, keQâmej mes 1 keâjesÌ[ leLee yeÌ[er

mebKÙee ceW ueesie lJeÛee mebyebOeer jesieeW mes ØeefleJe<e& ØeYeeefJele nesles nQ~ Yeejle peue keâer iegCeJeòee kesâ ceeceues ceW

122 osMeeW ceW mes 120 JeW mLeeve hej Deelee nw~ hesÙepeue GheueyOe keâjeves keâer oMee ceW peue mebmeeOeve

ceb$eeueÙe, Menjer efJekeâeme SJeb iejeryeer GheMeceve ceb$eeueÙe, mJeemLÙe SJeb heefjJeej keâuÙeeCe ceb$eeueÙe, kesâvõerÙe

Øeot<eCe efveÙeb$eCe yees[&, veiej efvekeâeÙe SJeb je°êrÙe leLee Debleje&°êrÙe efJekeâeme mebmLeeSB efJeefYeVe YetefcekeâeSB

efveYeeleer nQ~ Fmekesâ yeeo Yeer ueesieeW keâes Megæ SJeb ceevekeâÙegòeâ heeveer GheueyOe keâjevee yengle yeÌ[er Ûegveewleer nw~


Ropk laca/kh chekfj;ksa dks U;kSrk feyrk gSA vxj vkadM+ksa dh

ekus rks ihus ds ikuh esa 2]100 fo"kSys rRo ekStwn gksrs gSaA ,sls

esa csgrjh blh esa gS fd ikuh dk bLreky djus ls igys bls

iwjh rjg ls 'kq) dj fy;k tk,] D;ksafd lqj{kk esa gh lko/kkuh

gSA

,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd gj vkB lsds.M esa ,d cPpk ikuh

ls lacaf/kr chekjh ls ej tkrk gSaA gj lky 50 yk[k ls vf/kd

yksx vlqjf{kr ikus ds ikuh] v'kq) ?kjsyw okrkoj.k vkSj eyew=

dk vuqfpr <ax ls fuiVku djus ls tqM+h chekfj;ksa ls ej tkrs

gSaA ,slh fLFkfr es 'kq) is;ty ladV ,d pqukSrh Hkh gSA bl

pqukSrh ls fuiVus ds fy, lHkh dks vius LFkj ij Hkkxhnkjh

fuHkkuh gksxhA lu~ 1992 esa fo'o LokLF; laxBu dh vksj ls

,d n'kd dh fLFkfr is'k dh xbZ fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd o"kZ 1981

&1990 dh vof/k esa ty vkSj LoPNrk ij 133-9 fcfy;u

vesfjdh MkWyj dk fuos'k fd;k x;k] ftlesa ls 55 izfr'kr ty

ij vkSj 45 izfr'kr LoPNrk ij [kpZ fd;k x;kA

tgk¡ rd ikuh dh 'kq)rk dk loky gS] rks izfr O;fä

izfrfnu 20 ls 40 yhVj ikuh ?kj ls mfpr nwjh ij miyC/k

gksuk vko';d gSA lqjf{kr is;ty vkiwfrZ ds lkFk gh mldk

j[kj[kko Hkh cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA LoPNrk dk laca/k Luku]

diM+s vkSj jlksbZ ds crZu /kksus dh lqfo/kkvksa ls Hkh gS] ftUgsa

LoPN vkSj leqfpr ukyhnkj gksuk pkfg,A eyew= fuiVku vkSj

o;Ld vkSj cPpksa nksuksa ds ey dk nwj LFkku ij fuiVku fd;k

tkuk pkfg,] ftlls og tylzksrksa] Hkkstu ;k yksxksa ds laidZ esa

u vk ldsA ew= ls lacaf/kr jksxksa ds lapj.k dh Jà[kyk dks

rksM+us ds fy, O;fäxr vkSj ?kjsyw LoPNrk ds vPNs ekudksa dk

gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

ikuh dh xq.koÙkk esa lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh %

ikuh esa iznw"k.k u gks blds fy, lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij

mik; djus pkfg,A gS.MiEi ls ty fudkl ds fy, iq[rk

ukfy;k¡ cuk,¡ ,oa mlds ikl xUnxh u gksus nsaA [kqys dq,¡ ds

ikuh dks Cyhfpax ikmMj Mkydj fu;fer :i ls thok.kq jfgr

dj ikuh dks dke esa ysaA izkbosV VSadjksa }kjk forfjr ty esa

forj.k ls vk/kk ?kaVk iwoZ VSadj dh {kerk ds vuqlkj Cyhfpax

ikmMj dk ?kksy cukdj MkysaA tylaxzg dh Vadh ds vklikl

LoPN okrkoj.k j[ksaA

cPpksa ds lanHkZ esa LoPNrk dh fLFkfr %

Hkkjr esa 14 lky dh mez ds cPpksa esa ls 20 Qhlnh ls

vf/kd cPps vlqjf{kr ikuh] vi;kZIr lQkbZ ds dkj.k ;k rks

chekj jgrs gSa ;k ekSr dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA blh rjg lQkbZ

ds vHkko ds dkj.k Mk;fj;k ls gksus okyh EkkSrksa esa 90 Qhlnh

ikap lky ls de mez ds cPps gksrs gSaA Mkbl fjiksZV 2013&14

ds vuqlkj] vHkh Hkh ns'k ds djhc 20 izfr'kr izkFkfed Ldwyksa

esa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx ls 'kkSpky; ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa

ljdkj us LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds rgr LFkkuh; Lrj ij iapk;rksa

dks ftEesnkjh nh gSA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds vkadM+sas

crkrs gSa fd 2013&14 esa 80-57 izfr'kr yM+fd;ksa ds Ldwy esa

muds fy, vyx 'kkSpky; Fks] ysfdu leL;k dk lek/kku

dsoy ;gh ugha gS fd VkW;ysV~l cuk fn;k tk,¡] cfYd blds

fy, ikuh vkSj ey&mRltZu dh ,d iz.kkyh fodflr fd,

tkus dh Hkh t:jr gSA buds vHkko esa VkW;ysV Hkh fdlh dke

ds ugha jg tkrsA ;kuh 'kkSpky; dk lapkyu vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dk

j[kj[kko Hkh t:jh gSA

gj lky ne rksM+rs gSa] 1-36 fefy;u cPps %

Hkkjr esa gj o"kZ 1-39 fefy;u cPpksa dh ekSr gksrh gSA

blesa djhc nks yk[k cPpksa dh e`R;q Mk;fj;k ds dkj.k gksrh gSA

gkykafd Hkkjr esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj ¼vkbZ,evkj½ vkSj ik¡p o"kZ ls

de vk;q ds f'k'kq dh eqR;q nj esa fujarj deh vk jgh gSA

MCY;w,pvks ds 2012 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] izR;sd o"kZ ik¡p o"kZ

ls de vk;q ds f'k'kqvksa dh e`R;q esa 11 izfr'kr e`R;q Mk;fj;k ds

dkj.k gksrh gSA ,d vuqeku ds eqrkfcd ;fn LoPN is;ty

vkSj lQkbZ O;oLFkk eqgS;k djkbZ tk,] rks izR;sd 20 lsd.M esa

,d cPps dh tku cpk;h tk ldrh gSA bu vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa

esa lq/kkj dj :X.krk vkSj chekfj;ksa dks 80 Qhlnh rd de

fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh] rsth ls c<+rh f'k'kq e`R;qnj dks

?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA

Iks;ty dk ekud % MCY;w,pvks ds eqrkfcr is;ty

,slk gksuk pkfg,] tks LoPN] 'khry] Lokn;qä rFkk xa/kjfgr gksA

ih,p eku 7 ls 8-5 ds e/; gksA

Tky esa ekStwn gkfudkjd inkFkZ %

ikjk] rkack] lhlk] dSMfe;e] lsyhfu;e] csfj;e] ukbVªkbM~l]

QyksjkbM~l ,oa lYQkbM~lA

tytfur chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ds mik; %

ikuh thou gSA ,sls esa ikuh ds nwf"kr gksus dk eryc gS]

thou dk [krjkA ikuh dh otg ls tku Hkh pyh tkrh gS]

tytfur jksx ekuo vFkok i'kq ey vFkok jksxtud cSDVhfj;k

vFkok nwf"kr ikuh dks ihus ds dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA buesa gStk]

Vk;QkbM] vehfc;k vkSj thok.kq ,oa vU; vfrlkjh; jksx

'kkfey gSA

nwf"kr ty ls jksxtud thoksa ls mRiUu jksx %

¼1½ fo"kk.kq&ihfy;k] iksfy;ks] xSLVªks&baVjkbfVl] tqdke]

pspdA

¼2½ thok.kq&vfrlkj] isfpl] fe;knh cq[kkj] vfrToj]

gStk] dqdqj [kkalh] lwtkd] mina'k] tBjka=] 'kksFk] izokfgdk]

{k; jksxA

¼3½ izksVkstksvk&ik;fj;k] isfpl] fuanzkjksx] eysfj;k]

vfefc;ksfll] :X.krk] ft;kfMZ;ksfll :X.krkA

¼4½ d`fe Qkbysfj;k] gkbMªsfVM flLV jksx rFkk isV esa

foHkUu izdkj ds d`fe dk vk tkuk ftldk LokLF; ij cqjk

izHkko iM+rk gSA

ikuh dks 'kq) djus ds izeq[k mik; %

ijaijkxr rduhd ls 'kq) ikuh %

ihus ds ikuh dks ijaijkxr rjhds ls 'kq) djds tytfur

chekfj;ksa dks dqN gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ikus ds

ikuh dks LoPN diM+s ls Nku ysuk pkfg, vFkok fQYVj dk

iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A dq,a ds ikuh dks dhVk.kq jfgr djus ds


fy, mfpr ek=k esa Cyhfpax ikmM+j dk mi;ksx izHkkoh jgrk gSA

oSls le;≤ ij yky nok Mkyrs jguk pkfg,A ikuh dks

mcky ysaA fQj BaMk dj vPNh rjg ls fgykdj ok;q la;qä

djus ds mijkUr bldk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A blh rjg ihus ds

ikuh dks /kwi esa] izdk'k esa j[kuk pkfg,A rkacs ds crZu esa j[ksa rks

;g vU; crZuksa dh vis{kk lokZf/kd 'kq) gksrk gSA ,d xSysu

ikuh dks nks xzke fQVdjh ;k chl cwan fVªpj vk;ksMhu ;k

Cyhfpax] ckyw ;qä crZu ls Nkudj Hkh ikuh 'kq) fd;k tk

ldrk gSA lEiUUk yksx gSykstu dh xksfy;ka Mkydj Hkh ikuh

lkQ j[krs gSA

ikuh dks mckydj %

ikuh dks lkQ vkSj ihus ;ksX; cukus ds fy, vc <s+jksa

rjhds ekStwn gS] ij ikuh dks lkQ djus dk lcls iqjkuk rjhdk

mls mckyuk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa bl ijaijkxr rjhdk dks yk[kksa

yksx viukrs gSaA ikuh dks iwjh rjg ls LoPN vkSj dhVk.kqjfgr

cukus ds fy, de ls de mls 20 fefuV mckyuk pkfg, vkSj

mls lkQ daVsuj esa j[kuk pkfg,] ftldk eq¡g ldjk gks] rkfd

mlesa fdlh izdkj dh xanxh u tk,A mcys gq, ikuh dks lcls

csgrj ekuk x;k gSA

dSaMy okVj fQYVj %

ikuh dks lkQ djus ds fy, nwljk eqQhn rjhdk gS]

dSaMy okVj fQYVjA blesa le;≤ ij dSaMy cnyus dh

t:jr gksrh gS rkfd ikuh csgrj rjhds ls lkQ gks ldsA

Hkkjr esa is;ty dh fLFkfr %

Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ns[ksa rks ;gk¡ gj lky nwf"kr ikuh ls

vkSlru 3 djksM+ 77 yk[k O;fä tytfur chekfj;ksa ;kuh

dkWyjk] iksfy;ks] isfp'k] Vk;QkbM ,oa gsisVkbfVl ls izHkkfor

gksrs gS vkSj djhc 15 yk[k cPpksa dh vdsys Mk;fj;k ds dkj.k

e`R;q gks tkrh gSA blds vfrfjä ikuh esa feys ¶yksjkbM ,oa

vklsZfud vkfn ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka tSls fd ¶Y;wjksfll ls

6 djksM+ 60 yk[k] dSalj ls 1 djksM+ rFkk cM+h la[;k esa yksx

Ropk jksxksa ls izfro"kZ izHkkfor gksrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZs{k.k 2005&06 ds vuqlkj djhc

vk/ks 'kgjh ifjokjksa esa ?kj ds vUnj ikbi ds ikuh dh vkiwfrZ gksrh

gSA 80 izfr'kr ls vf/kd 'kgjh xjhc ifjokjksa esa ikuh uy] gSaMiai

;k vU; lzksrksa ls Hkjdj j[kk tkrk gS] tks fd vf/kdka'kr igys ls

gh nwf"kr gksrk gSA Hkkjr ty dh xq.koÙkk ds ekeys esa 122 ns'kksa

esa ls 120 osa LFkku ij vkrk gSA is;ty miyC/k djkus dh n'kk

esa ty lalk/ku ea=ky;] 'kgjh fodkl ,oa xjhch mi'keu ea=ky;]

LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;] dsUnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ]

uxj fudk; ,oa jk"Vªh; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl laLFkk,¡ fofHkUu

Hkwfedk,a fuHkkrh gSA blds ckn Hkh yksxksa dks 'kq) ,oa ekud;qDr

ikuh miyC/k djkuk pqukSrh gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ nSfud U;wt] lekpkj i=&if=dk,¡A

¼2½ bfM;k VqMs ekfld if=dkA

¼3½ dq#{ks= ekfld if=dkA


izLrkouk %

HkweaMyhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa rsth ls gks jgs fodkl esa f'k{kk

dh Hkwfedk lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk og lk/ku gS] tks O;fDr ds

O;fDrRo dks laokjrh] fu[kkjrh rFkk iz[kj cukrh gSA vr% blds

fy, vko';d gS fd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj dh gks tks

O;fDr ds lokZaxh.k fodkl] lkekftd vkSj jk"Vªh; izxfr rFkk

lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr ds mRFkku dk ekxZ iz'kLr djsA f'k{kk gekjs

csgrj thou dh vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA Kku ds f{kfrt f'k{kk gh

[kksyrh gSA ;g gekjs orZeku dks laokjrh gS vkSj Hkfo"; ds

liuksa dks lkdkj djrh gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; lk{kjrk dh

'kkspuh; fLFkfr dk voyksdu djrs gq, ;g laoS/kkfud izfrc)rk

n'kkZ;h xbZ fd 1960 rd 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds lHkh ckyd

ckfydkvksa ds fy, vfuok;Z o fu%'kqYd f'k{kk iznku dh tk,xh]

ijUrq ge vHkh rd bl y{; dk vkaf'kd Hkkx gh izkIr dj ik,

gSaA

f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 uke ls u, dkuwu dks

f'k{kk esa ykxw fd;k gSA bl dkuwu] ftls f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj

fu;e dgk tkrk gS] ds ek/;e ls 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk

izkIr djus dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj fey x;k gSA vf/kfu;e esa

fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk izko/kku gSA fu%'kqYd ls rkRi;Z

fdlh Hkh cPps }kjk ,slh dksbZ Qhl@'kqYd@O;; ns; ugha gksxk

tks fd mldh izkjafHkd f'k{kk iw.kZ djus esa ck/kd gksA

dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ ;kstuk %

dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ dk mn~ns';

vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa }kjk lekt dh lqfo/kk fofgu ckfydkvksa dks



Sin

ceM

arch

200

2


xq.koRrk ;qDr f'k{kk nsuk gSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

¼Nk=kokl½ ;kstuk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds lg;ksx ls

2004 esa 'kq: dh xbZA ;g ;kstuk loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds

vUrxZr lapkfyr dh tkrh gS] ftlesa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM++h

gqbZ yMfd;k¡ tks ik¡poha d{kk ls igys ;k mlds ckn Ldwy

NksM+ pqdh gSa] dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA

vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fiNM++ ] vYila[;d o xjhch js[kk

ds uhps dh os ckfydk,¡ tks ?kj dh etcwfj;ksa] lkekftd

vlqj{kk ,oa iwokZxzgksa ;k vU; fdlh dkj.ko'k viuh ikWpoha rd

dh i<+kbZ ;k mlds ckn dh i<+kbZ ugha dj ldha vkSj f'k{kk ls

oafpr gSaA ,slh fd'kksfj;ksa dks i<+kus dh ;kstuk bl fo|ky; esa

gSA ;g ;kstuk fo'ks"kdj 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s gq, [k.M+ksa ds

fy, gS] bu [k.Mksa esa yM+fd;ksa dk lk{kjrk nj jk"Vªh; vkSlr

ls dkQh de rFkk tgk¡ tula[;k nwj&nwj clh gS] ftl otg

ls ;g bykds mPp izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys tkus dh ;kstuk ds

nk;js esa ugha vkrsA

v/;;u ds mn~ns'; %

¼1½ dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;ksas ds Hkouksa dh fLFkfr]

nSfud O;oLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu djukA

¼2½ ckfydkvksa dks iznku dh tkus okyh lqfo/kkvksa dk

ewY;kadu djukA

¼3½ d{kk NVaoh esa ¼l= 2013&14½ izos'k yh xbZ Nk=kvksa

ds Kku o Lrj dk ewY;kadu djukA

¼4½ d{kk lkroha esa ¼l= 2014&15½ ukekafdr Nk=kvksa dh

'kSf{kd izxfr dk ewY;kadu djukA

Oeej efpeues kesâ eflejuee yuee@keâ kesâ %eevehegje ceW mebÛeeefuele keâmletjyee

ieeBOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe (Úe$eeJeeme) keâe cetuÙeebkeâve

DeÛe&vee Dejesje

MeesOeÚe$ee, yejkeâleGuueen efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, Yeesheeue (ceOÙeØeosMe)

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW De.pe.pee. yeenguÙe Jeeues ceOÙeØeosMe kesâ efpeues Oeej ceW eflejuee yuee@keâ kesâ

%eevehegje ceW mebÛeeefuele keâmletjyee ieebOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe (Úe$eeJeeme) keâe GösMÙe meefnle ÛeÙeve keâj

Fmekeâe mece«e cetuÙeebkeâve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Fve efJeÅeeueÙeeW ceW keâ#eeer 6JeeR ceW DeOÙeÙevejled Úe$eeDeeW keâe keâ#ee

5JeeR kesâ DeeOeej hej 2013-14 ceW keâ#ee 7JeeR ceW DeOÙeÙevejled Úe$eeDeeW keâes keâ#ee 6JeeR kesâ DeeOeej hej

me$e 2014-15 ceW GheueefyOe hejer#eCe efueS~ efve<keâ<e& ceW heeÙee efkeâ keâmletjyee ieeBOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe

ceW ØeJesMe hetJe& hejer#ee keâe DeeÙeespeve veneR efkeâÙee peelee~ Ùes Úe$eeSB Deb«espeer Je ieefCele efJe<eÙe ceW DelÙeefOekeâ

keâcepeesj nQ~ Fve Úe$eeDeeW keâes Úe$eeJeeme ceW ceewefuekeâ Je DeOÙeÙeve nsleg heÙee&hle megefJeOeeSB oer ieF& nQ~ Fve

megefJeOeeDeeW mes Fve Úe$eeDeeW ceW heÌ{ves nsleg ®efÛe peeie=le ngF& nw~ Fvekeâer peerJeveMewueer Je JÙeefòeâlJe keâe efJekeâeme

ngDee nw, uesefkeâve efMe#ee kesâ Øeefle FveceW Dehesef#ele heefjCeece Øeehle veneR ngS nQ~


'kks/k midj.k % 'kks/kdrkZ us izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z esa fuEu

'kks/k midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS %

¼1½ izos'k iwoZ ijh{kk] ¼2½ miyfC/k ijh{k.k] ¼3½ iz'ukoyh

,oa ¼4½ voyksdu lwphA

vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu % vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu izkFkfed o

f}rh;d lkexzh ls fd;k x;k gSA

U;kn'kZ % e/;izns'k ds /kkj ftys ds frjyk CykWd ds

Kkuiqjk ¼Nk=kokl½ esa lapkfyr dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u dk egRo % izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa dLrwjck xk¡/kh

ckfydk fo|ky; ds ewY;kadu }kjk Hkou dh fLFkfr] nSfud

O;oLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu ckfydkvksa dks iznku dh tkus okyh

lqfo/kkvksa rFkk miyfC/k ijh{k.k }kjk Nk=kvksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj dh

oLrqfLFkfr Li"V gksxhA

¼v½ /kkj ftys esa lapkfyr dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

¼Nk=kokl½ dh lkekU; tkudkjh %

/kkj ftys ds frjyk CykWd ds Kkuiqjk esa dLrwjck xk¡/kh

ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ lapkfyr gks jgk gSA ;g eq[;ky;

ls 05 fd-eh- nwjh ij gSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

¼Nk=kokl½ esa 200 LFkkuksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA l=

2013&14 o l= 2014&15 esa 200 Nk=kvksa dk ukekadu gSA

/kkj ftys ds lHkh dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½

Lo;a fufeZr 'kkldh; Hkou esa lapkfyr gks jgs gSaA 'kks/kdrkZ ds

izFke lEidZ ¼l= 2013&14½ ds le; dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk

fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa 200 ¼100 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ rFkk f}rh;

lEidZ ¼l= 2014&15½ ds le; 195 ¼97-5 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡

Nk=kokl esa mifLFkr FkhA

Nk=kvksa dks nh tkus okyh vkfFkZd lqfo/kkvksa dk fooj.k%

Nk=kvksa dks nh tkus okyh vkfFkZd lqfo/kkvksa esa Hkkstu

laca/kh i;kZIr lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh tk jgh gaSA lqcg ,d le;

uk'rk] fnu ,oa jkr esa Hkkstu dh i;kZIr O;oLFkk gSA Nk=kokl

esa nw/k izfrfnu fn;k tkrk gSA ekSleh Qy miyC/k gksus ij

lIrkg esa ,d ;k nks ckj fn, tkrs gSaA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk

fo|ky; esa ekg esa ,d ckj 'kkldh; MkWDVj ;k ,-,u-,e- }kjk

LokLF; ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA l= izkjaHk gksus ij izR;sd Nk=k

dks fdrkcas o ys[ku lkexzh x.kos'k o cLrs vkfn fn, tkrs gSaA

blds vfrfjDr izfrekg@rhu ekg esa ys[ku lkexzh nh tkrh

gSA 'kSf{kd Lrj lq/kkjus gsrq mipkjkRed f'kf{kdkvksa dh O;oLFkk

dh xbZ gSA lqj{kk gsrq dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; esa

iw.kZdkfyd iq:"k pkSdhnkj dh O;oLFkk gSA Nk=kokl esa

lkQ&lQkbZ gsrq lQkbZ dehZ fu;qDr gaaSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk

fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa [ksy dk eSnku gS rFkk buMksj o

vkmVMksj [ksy lkexzh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

l= 2013&14 esaa d{kk NVoha o l= 2014&15 esaa d{kk

lkroha esa a v/;;ujr Nk=kvksa ds miyfC/k ijh{k.k dh

rqyukRed fLFkfr %

/kkj ftys esa lapkfyr dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

¼Nk=kokl½ esa l= 2013&14 eas d{kk NVoha esa 35 Nk=k,¡

ukekafdr Fkha] ftuesa ls 35 us miyfC/k ijh{k.k fn, rFkk l=

2014&15 esa d{kk lkroha esa 37 Nk=k,¡ ukekafdr Fkha] ftuesa ls

34 Nk=kvksa us miyfC/k ijh{k.k fn,A 34 Nk=k,¡ os Fkha] ftUgksaus

d{kk NVoha rFkk d{kk lkroha nksuksa esa miyfC/k ijh{k.k fn,A

l= 2013&14 esa d{kk NVoha esa 35 Nk=kvksa esa ls 11 ¼31-

42 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ rFkk l= 2014&15 esa d{kk lkroha esa 34 esa

ls 14 ¼41-17 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ rhuksa fo"k;ksa ¼fgUnh] vaxzst+h o

xf.kr½ esa mRrh.kZ FkhaA

l= 2013&14 ls l= 2014&15 esa Nk=kvksa ds mRrh.kZ

gksus dk izfr'kr vf/kd gSA

Nk=kvksa ds 'kSf{kd fodkl gsrq fd, tk jgs iz;klksa dk

fooj.k %

fo|ky; esa ckfydk izksQkby la/kkfjr dh xbZ gS] ftlesa

mudh ekgokj o okf"kZd xfrfof/k;ksa o 'kSf{kd izxfr dk fooj.k

fn;k x;k gSA 'kSf{kd fodkl gsrq mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk

dh xbZ gSA mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ds nkSjku vf/kdka'kr% x`gdk;Z

fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk ewY;kadu Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA dLrwjck

xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa vdknfed xfrfof/k;ksa

tSls izfr;ksfxrkvksa] ekfld ewY;kadu] frekgh] N%ekgh o okf"kZd

ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA l= lekIr gksus ij vizSy] ebZ o twu

ekg esa vkxkeh l= esa ckfydkvksa ds izos'k gsrq vfHkizsj.kkRed

f'kfoj o xzh"e dkfyu f'kfoj dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA

fu"d"kZ %

dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; funsZ'kkoyh ds vuqlkj

vf/kdre Nk=k,¡ 11 ls 14 o"kZ dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh

nwjLFk xk¡oksa dh gSA tgk¡ ek/;fed fo|ky; ikap fd-eh- ls

vf/kd nwjh ij gS] ukekafdr gSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

¼Nk=kokl½ ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyu gsrq ,d okMZu] ,d

lgk;d okMZu] ,d ys[kkiky] nks eq[; jlksbZ;k] 200 Nk=kvksa

ij N% lgk;d jlksbZ;k] ,d iw.kZdkyhu lqj{kkdehZ o nks

lQkbZdfeZ;ksa dh fu;qfDr gSA okMZu] lgk;d okMZu us jkT;

f'k{kk dsUnz Hkksiky o ftyk f'k{kk dsUnz ls izf'k{k.k izkIr fd, gSaA

xr o"kZ ,d eq[; jlksbZ;s dks jkT; f'k{kk dsUnz ls ik¡p fnu dk

izf'k{k.k fn;k x;k gSA Nk=kokl esa inLFk okMZu vf/kdka'kr%

'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa esa pkj dky[k.M ysrh gS A f'k{k.k ds le;

f'kf{kdk,¡ ,d lkFk 40&50 Nk=kvksa dks i<+krh gSaA ;g Nk=k,¡

i<+kbZ esa vR;kf/kd detksj gS vkSj vf/kd la[;k esa gksus ds

dkj.k f'kf{kdk,¡ mu ij O;fDrxr :i ls /;ku ugha ns ikrhA

blfy, mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk gksus ij Hkh visf{kr

ifj.kke izkIr ugha gks jgs gaSA izfro"kZ vizSy ekg esa vfHkizsj.kkRed

f'kfoj dk lapkyu dj ikydkas dks mudh ckfydkvksa dks

fo|ky; Hkstus gsrq vfHkizsfjr fd;k tkrk gS o ebZ ekg esa ,d

ekg dk xzh"edkyhu f'kfoj dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa

'kkykR;kxh o 'kkykvizos'kh ckfydkvksa dks f'k{kk dh eq[; /kkjk

ls tksM+us ds fy, iz;kl fd, tkrs gSaA dgha&dgha dLrwjck

xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa xzh"edkyhu f'kfoj dk

lapkyu ugha fd;k tkrk] D;ksafd funsZ'kkoyh ds vuqlkj blds

fy, 50 ckfydkvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA xzh"edkyhu f'kfoj esa


Hkkx ysus okyh vf/kdka'k ckfydk,¡ dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;

esa izos'k ysrh gSA ;fn vkoaVu LFkku fjDr ugha gks] rc 'ks"k

Nk=kvksa dks vU; 'kkldh; Nk=kokl esa izos'k fn;k tkrk gSA

dqN dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa vfHkizsj.kkRed

f'kfoj dk vk;kstu ugha fd;k tkrk gSA okMZu o lgk;d okMZu

vkfn xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj ikydksa ls lEidZ dj mUgsa viuh

ckfydkvksa dks fo|ky; Hkstus gsrq vfHkizsfjr djrh gaSA dLrwjck

xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; esa d{kk lkroha ¼l= 2014&15½ esa

v/;;ujr Nk=kvksa dk d{kk NVoh ds vk/kkj ij miyfC/k

ijh{k.k leku fo"k;ksa ¼fgUnh] vaxzsth o xf.kr½ ds fy, x,

vf/kdka'k Nk=k,¡ fgUnh fo"k; i<+us o fy[kus esa l{ke Fkha] ysfdu

vaxzsth o xf.kr fo"k;ksa esa mudk izn'kZu vlarks"ktud FkkA

miyfC/k ijh{k.kksa ds ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk esa ;g ik;k fd Nk=kvksa

dh 'kSf{kd izxfr fo'ks"kr% fgUnh fo"k; esa gqbZ gS] ysfdu vaxzsth

o xf.kr esa visf{kr izxfr ugha gqbZA

lq>ko %

¼1½ dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa izos'k

ds le; mudk ewy fo"k;ksa esa miyfC/k Lrj tkuus gsrq izos'k iwoZ

ijh{kk vko'; yh tkuh pkfg,A

¼2½ xf.kr o vaxzsth fo"k; esa v/;kiu gsrq f'kf{kdkvksa dks

fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼3½ iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk l?ku ekWuhVfjax o fujh{k.k

fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

¼4½ d{kk ikapoh ,oa vkBoha cksMZ ijh{kk yh tkuh pkfg,A

¼5½ f'k{kk foHkkxkas dh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuqRrh.kZ u djus dh

uhfr dks cnyuk pkfg,A

lanHkZ %

¼1½ vkj-bZ-,l-;w] Vh-,l-th- bZ-M+h-lh-vkbZ-,y- ¼2009½ *ûs'kuy

bosY;w'ku vkWQ d-xk-ck-fo- Ldhe % 12 izns'kksa ds lanHkZ esa** ,CLVªsDV~l

vkWQ fjlpZ LVM~hl bu ,fyesUVªh ,tqds'ku ¼2003&2009½] ifCy'kj

fjlpZ bosY;q,'ku ,.M LVM~hl ;wfuV VSDuhdy LiksVZ xzqi QkWj loZ

f'k{kk vfHk;ku bZ-Mh-lh-vkbZ-,y- ¼bafM;k½ fy-A

¼2½ ;kno eksuk ¼2010½ % *^mÙkjizns'k ds bykgkckn ftys esa

lapkfyr d-xk-ck-fo- & ,d rqyukRed v/;;u**] izkFkfed f'k{kd] jk-

'kS-v-iz-i-] vizSy 2010] i"B 25&35-

¼3½ 'kekZ }kjdk izlkn ¼2007½ % ^*dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk

fo|ky; dh ckfydkvksa ds Bgjko dh oLrqfLFkfr dk v/;;u ,oa

mipkj eqjSuk tksu ds lanHkZ esa**] 'kks/k izca/k] cjdrmYyk fo'ofo|ky;]

HkksikyA

(4) www.ssa.mp.gov.in(5) www.educationportal.mp.gov.in/KGBV(6) www.dhar.nic.in

MeesOe-he$e Yespeves mebyebOeer efveÙece

(1) MeesOe-he$e 1500-1700 MeyoeW mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~

(2) efnvoer SJeb ceje"er ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes ke=âefleosJe 10

(Kruti Dev 010) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW YespeW~

(3) Deb«espeer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e �eF&cme vÙet jesceve (Times New Roman),

SefjÙeue heâeW� (Arial) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� Ùee �ceeF�eâesmeeheä�

Je[&� ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~

(4) MeesOehe$e keâer efJeefOe - (1) Meer<e&keâ (2) Syem�^skeä� (3) keâer-Je[&dme

(4) ØemleeJevee/ØeJesMe (5) GösMÙe (6) MeesOe heefjkeâuhevee (7) MeesOe

ØeefJeefOe SJeb #es$e (8) meebefKÙekeâerÙe lekeâveerkeâ (9) efJeJesÛeve Ùee efJeMues<eCe

(10) megPeeJe (11) efve<keâ<e& SJeb (12) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer~

(5) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer Fme Øekeâej oW -

For Books :(1) Name of Writer, "Name of Book", Publication, Place ofPublication, Year of Publication, Page Number/numbers.For Journals :(2) Name of Writer, "Title of Article", Name of Journal,Volume ....., Issue ....., Page Numbers.Web references :http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/interpret/exhibits/hill/hill.html

(6) iegpejeleer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e njske=â<Cee (Harekrishna),

�sjeheâeW� Je®Ce (Terafont Varun), �sjeheâeW� DeekeâeMe (Terafont

Aaksah) ceW �eF&he keâjJeekeâj �hespeceskeâj 6.5� ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~

(7) MeesOehe$e keâer meeheä�keâe@heer efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ kesâ F&-cesue DeeF&[er

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Documents

e 2 0 2 R esearch Paper c n hi Vol - XV (1), March -S 2016 ...researchlink.co/wp-content/uploads/issues/144/17-Research-Paper.pdf · on the organization's performance. Lack of understanding