EarthMaterial

7/17/2019 EarthMaterial

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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 1

FI-6121 System Fisis

Bumi

Lecturer: Dr. Linus Pasasa

Earth Material


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Definitions

mineral-(1) a naturally occurring inorganic element or compoundhaving an orderly internal structure and characteristic

chemical composition, crystal form, and physical

properties.

(2) a naturally occurring solid that has a

specific chemical composition in a periodically repeating

arrangement of atoms.

rock- an aggregate of one or more minerals

atom-

element-a substance that cannot be broken down into other

substances by ordinary chemical means.

the smallest possible particle of an element that still

retains the properties of that element.


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Chemical Composition of the Earth


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Comosition o! the Crust

" Ei#ht elements $o%y#en $&'()* silicon$2+() aluminum* iron* calcium*

so,ium* otassium an, ma#nesium)!orm the ul o! the minerals in thecrust.

"/here are o0er no3n minerals

4 5 mineral is a natural occurrin# sustancethat is inor#anic* has ,enite chemicalcomosition* an, is crystalline


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7rou o! Minerals

" Silicate- most imortant #rou- e%amles4 8uart9* !el,sar $orthoclase* la#ioclase)* Mica

$Biotite Musco0ite)* amhiole* yro%ene* oli0ine

" Caronate- calcite" Sul,es- #alena yrite

" Sul!ates- #ysum

" ;%i,es- hematite

" Phoshate- aatite

"


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SilicatesThe Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron


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Silicates



Quartz



Orthoclase Feldspar



Muscovite Mica


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Hornblende



Olivine



Mineral Physical

characteristic" Color

" Strea

" Luster"



Earth Materials

>ocs area##re#ation o!minerals* usuallyma,e o! t3o ormore minerals



>ocs

"/hree ma?or roctyes4 I#neous

4 Se,imentary

4 Metamorhic



The Rock Cycle



I#neous >ocs

" I#neous rocs are rocs that !orm !rommolten material @ ma#ma

"/he molten roc is ma#ma 3hen it isstill 3ithin the earth an, La0a 3hen ite%ose, on the earthAs sur!ace

igneous - formed from fire

plutonic - formed at depth



I#neous >ocs

" I#neous $i#nus @ re)

" Forme, !rom the coolin# o! molten roc

$ma#mala0a)* a rocess calle,crystalli9ation.

4 Slo3 coolin# lar#er crystals ,ense roc

4 >ai, coolin#

small crystals li#hter roc


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"/3o classes o! i#neous rocs

4 intrusi0e: !orme, insi,e the Earth

4 e%trusi0e: !orme, at EarthAs sur!ace


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Lava coolsasExtrusive(volcanic )rock


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AA lava advancing over older Pahoihoi flow

(two varieties of basalt lava)


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Gabbro

Rhyolite porphyry

Andesite

Coarse grained

Porphyritic

Fine-grained

Texturesof IgneousRocks


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Properties of Igneous Rocks


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I#neous Intrusi0e >ocs" Cools slo3ly $thousan,s o! years)

" isile crystals

" E%amles

- #ranite - ,iorite -#aro


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I#neous E%trusi0e >ocs" Cools rai,ly - e%ose, to sur!ace

" =o 0isile crystals

" E%amles

- rhyolite - an,esite-asalt


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Igneous RocksBowen's Reaction Series

basalt

graniterhyolite

dioriteandesite

gabbro

IntrusiveExtrusive


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Some uniue roc tyes

Pumice $0esicular)

- sometimes so li#ht it oatsG;si,ian

4 #lassy* Hcur0e,A !racturin#

4 use, !or arro3hea,s y =ati0e

5mericans


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Obsidian (Basalt Glass)


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Granite and Rhyolite


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Basalt hand Specimen

Basaltthin section

B ltf


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Basalt fromperidotite

by partial melting


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Andesite from

basalt by

Fractional

Crystallization


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Typical Igneous Intrusions

Know: Batholith and Dike


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E%ose, Batholiths

Sierra Nevada, CA


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Sills an, Dies

Dike: rand Canyon, A!

ranite sill in schistDike: Coast "anges, BC


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Sills an, Dies


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I#neous E%trusi0e

Lan,scaes

olcanic nec an, ,ie:Shiroc* =M

olcanic cones* osi,iano3: Mono Craters* C5


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Sedimentary Rocks


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Sedimentary RocksDefinitions

deposition - the laying-down of rock-forming material by any

natural agent.

deposit - Earth material of any type that has accumulated

through the activities of water, wind, ice, or other

agents, such as precipitation.

depositional environment - the location in which deposition occurs


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eatherin# an, Mass

astin#" eatherin# is the rea,o3n o!

roc or chemical ,ecomosition o!

roc* thus t3o tyes o! 3eatherin#:Physical $Mechanical) an,Chemical

" Physical" Chemical


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Physical 3eatherin#

" Frost action

" Salt action

" Jnloa,in#

" Plants

" 5nimals

"


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Chemical 3eatherin#

" ;ther than the roc itsel!* 3ater isthe most imortant sustance

nee,e, !or chemical 3eatherin#"


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Mass astin#

"/he ,o3n3ar, mo0ement o! earthmaterial un,er the inuence o! #ra0ity

" Classie, ase, on material tye*0elocity* 3ater content

"/yes o! Mass astin#4 Fall

4 Flo3

4 Slum

4 Sli,e

4 Cree- this occurs imercetily

Theweatheringofgranite


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The weathering of graniteto sediment


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Weathered Granodiorite

Sdi R k


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Sedimentary RocksGrain Size: The Udden-Wentworth Scale


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Sedimentary RocksSiliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

conglomeratesandstone siltstone

breccia

graywacke

shale


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Sedimentary RocksCarbonates and evaporitess

Carbonates Evaporites


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Sedimentary RocksChemical Sedimentary Rocks

CarbonatesBioclastic Limestoneschalkcoquinacoraline limestone

Inorganic Limestonesoolitic limestonetravertinetufa

Evaporitesanhydrite

rock gypsumrock salt

coquina

chalk

ooliticlimestone

anhydrite

CaSO4

rock salt

NaCl


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Ooids in an Oolitic limestone


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Chert nodules in limestone

Sedi#entary


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Co#paction Ce#enting

Sedi#entary

"ocks

$or#ation

"elative A%undance %y

Type


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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 54Sandstone &larger grains'

Shale &(ine grains'

)i#estone &CaC*+

'


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here ,o Se,imentary

>ocs FormKTerrestrial

environments(non-marine)

>i0ers an, oo,lains$u0ial en0ironment)

Laes Deserts $aeolian

en0ironment)

Marineenvironments

Continental shel!

Continental sloean, rise $,ee

sea !ans) 5yssal lain

Beach an,arrier islan,s

Metamorphic Rocks


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Metamorphic Rocks


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Metamorphic Rocks

Unmetamorphosed-granite

Metamorphosed-Gneiss

M t hiR k


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Metamorphic RocksProgressive Metamorphism


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Quartzite


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Marble


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Metamorhic >ocs

neiss &%road (oliation'


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hich Type-


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hich Type-

Sedi#entary . li#estone and shale


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hat type-


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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 65hat type- /eta#orphic . A#itso0

neiss, reenland, *ldest known rocks


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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 66hat type-


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FI-6121 System Dr. Linus Pasasa p 67hat type- Sedi#entary . Sandstone in

1tah


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hat type-


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hat type- 23trusive Igneous ."eunion Island, S4 5aci(ic


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hat type-

/orro "ock, CA


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hat type-

Intrusive Igneous

/orro "ock, CADevil6s Tower, yo#ing

/he >oc Cycle


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/he >oc Cycle

!e"t #ee$ t%pi&'


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Soil" H5n, the Lor, 7o, !orme, man $3oman) o! ,ust

$soil) !rom the #roun,..an, out o! the #roun, theLor, 7o, !orme, e0ery east..ir,A

" Soil: ,enitions ,een,s on the el,

" Soil is the uer layer$s) o! the earth in3hich ne roc articles an, or#anic

material ro0i,e the asis !or lant li!e$inor#anic or#anic li0in# thin#s)


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hy ,iNerent Soils

" Fi0e ma?or en0ironmental !actors in soil!ormation

" S @ !$C>;P)/4 S @ soil4 F @ !unction

4 C @ climate

4 > @ relie! $too#rahy)4 ; @ or#anism $lants animals)

4 P @ arent materials


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Soil role

" Layerscolors in soil @ soil role

" Pe,on @ -D reresentation o! soil


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Soil Horizons

" Soil Prole

4 Di0i,e, into three 9ones or hori9ons" ;- accumulation o! ,ecayin# matter $inclu,e, in 5

hori9on)

" A- 9one o! Elu0iations

" B- 9one o! Illu0iation

" C- transition 9one et3een solum or true soil an,arent material

4 Solumor true soil is ma,e u o! 5 B hori9ons


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Soil Proerties

" Color 4 lac* #ray* ro3n* yello3* lue* #reen* re,*3hite

4 Blac in,icates the resence o! or#anic $humic)

matter i.e. !ertile soil4 >e, in,icates the resence o! iron comoun,s

"/e%ture4 Si9e o! in,i0i,ual #rains:

4#ra0el* san,* silt an, clay4 $#ra0el is not consi,ere, here)

4 loamy soil* silty clay*

clayey san,


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Soil Proerties

" Structure4 Crumy* #ranular*

4 locy* columnar*4 rismatic* an, laty


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Soil Proerties

" Chemistry

4


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Pe,o#enic >e#imes

" Lateri9ation $!erraliti9ation)

" Po,9oli9ation

" 7lei9ation

" Calcication

" Salini9ation


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Soil Classication

" Soil ;r,ers4 ;%isols 4 hea0y leachin# euatorialtroics

4 Jltosols- clay accumulation euatorialtroics

4 ertisols.. /roicssutroics4 5lsols.. 5ccumulation o! clay suhumi,s

4 So,osols- col, moist climates

4 Mollisols- suhumi,- semiari,..cherno9em..rairie

4 5ri,isols- ,ry climates

4

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