普通高等教育“十二五”规划教材

大学计算机基础

——全国计算机等级考试二级 MS Office 高级应用教程

王 昆 李伟光 主编

北 京

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

内 容 简 介

本教程为普通高校大学计算机基础课程教学改革教材，并根据新版全

国计算机二级考试 MS Office 2010 高级应用考试大纲和微软办公软件专业应用能力测试全球标准体系 MOS 编写而成。

本书介绍了计算机基础知识，Windows 7 操作系统及 MS Office 2010组件中的 Word 2010、Excel 2010、PowerPoint 2010 高级应用及常用办公设备和办公软件的应用相关知识。本书重点在于 MS Office 2010 部分，并围绕实际应用办公软件操作过程中遇到的项目展开论述。本书图文并茂、实

例丰富，特色鲜明。另外，《大学计算机基础实验指导——全国计算机等级

考试二级 MS Office 高级应用指导》为本书的配套教材。 本书可作为高等院校计算机等级考试用书，也可作为微软 Office 技能

认证的参考用书，同时可以作为社会人士在办公自动化、管理、财经、信

息等计算机相关操作方面的参考用书。

图书在版编目（CIP）数据 大学计算机基础：全国计算机等级考试二级 MS Office 高级应用教程/王

昆，李伟光主编. —北京：科学出版社，2014 （普通高等教育“十二五”规划教材） ISBN 978-7-03-041164-8 Ⅰ. ①大… Ⅱ. ①王… ②李 Ⅲ. ①办公自动化-应用软件-水平考试-教

材 Ⅳ. ①TP317.1 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2014）第 130519 号

责任编辑：戴 薇 余梦洁 / 责任校对：马英菊 责任印制：吕春珉 / 封面设计：东方人华平面设计部

出版

北京东黄城根北街 16 号 邮政编码：100717

http://www.sciencep.com 北京双清印刷厂 印刷

科学出版社发行 各地新华书店经销 *11

2014 年 8 月第 一 版 2014 年 8 月第一次印刷

开本：787×1092 1/16 印张：20 1/2

字数：486 000 定价：39.00 元

（如有印装质量问题，我社负责调换）

销售部电话 010-62140850 编辑部电话 010-62135763-2038

版权所有，侵权必究 举报电话：010-64030229；010-64034315；13501151303

本书编委会

主 编 王 昆 李伟光

副主编 颜 萌 恽鸿峰 田纪亚 唐立新

主 审 张 勇

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

前 言

本书是根据教育部考试中心指定的《全国计算机等级考试二级 MS Office 高级应用考试大纲（2013 年版）》和美国微软公司推出的办公软件专业应用能力全球标准体系（MOS）中对计算机基础、Windows 7 和 MS Office 2010 高级应用的需求编写的。

本书的主要内容包括计算机基础知识、计算机中的信息表示、Windows 7 操作系统、文字处理软件 Word 2010、电子表格软件 Excel 2010、演示文稿制作软件 PowerPoint 和常用软件及办公设备的使用。本书语言简练，内容丰富，由浅入深，图文并茂，理论紧密结合实际，较为

详细地介绍了办公自动化所需的通用性操作技能和技术。本书几乎囊括了计算机二级考试所有

知识点和日常办公使用的全部知识，其作用在于通过学习和实训，使学生全面掌握相关技能，

并顺利通过考试。 本书可作为高等院校计算机等级考试用书，也可作为微软 Office 技能认证的参考用书，同

时可以作为社会人士在办公自动化、管理、财经、信息等计算机相关操作方面的参考用书。 本书第 1 章由王昆编写，第 2 章和第 7 章由李伟光编写，第 3 章由颜萌编写，第 4 章由恽

鸿峰编写，第 5 章由田纪亚编写，第 6 章由唐立新编写。全书由王昆、李伟光担任主编，张勇担任主审。

因时间仓促，作者水平有限，尽管经过了反复修改，但书中仍难免有疏漏和不足之处，望

广大读者批评指正，便于修订时更正。

编 者 2014 年 5 月

目 录

第 1 章 计算机基础 ········································································································ 1 1.1 概述 ·················································································································· 1

1.1.1 计算机的发展 ······························································································ 1

1.1.2 计算机的分类 ······························································································ 4

1.1.3 计算机的特点 ······························································································ 8

1.1.4 计算机的应用 ······························································································ 9

1.1.5 计算机的发展趋势 ······················································································ 10

1.2 计算机系统组成 ······························································································· 10 1.2.1 计算机硬件系统 ························································································· 11

1.2.2 计算机软件系统 ························································································· 16

1.3 微型计算机的使用 ··························································································· 18 1.3.1 微型计算机的开机和关机 ············································································· 19

1.3.2 鼠标与键盘的基本操作 ················································································ 19

1.4 多媒体技术基础 ······························································································· 22 1.4.1 多媒体及多媒体技术 ··················································································· 22

1.4.2 多媒体技术的特性及应用 ············································································· 23

1.4.3 多媒体系统的组成及关键技术 ······································································· 23

1.4.4 多媒体的数字化 ························································································· 24

1.5 计算机网络 ······································································································ 26 1.5.1 计算机网络基础 ························································································· 26

1.5.2 Internet 基础 ······························································································ 28

1.6 计算机病毒 ······································································································ 32 1.6.1 计算机病毒的特点 ······················································································ 32

1.6.2 计算机病毒的分类 ······················································································ 33

1.6.3 计算机感染病毒的常见症状及预防 ································································· 34

第 2 章 计算机中的信息表示 ························································································ 35 2.1 数据与信息 ······································································································ 35

2.1.1 数据与信息的区别 ······················································································ 35

2.1.2 数据的表示单位 ························································································· 35

2.2 数制 ················································································································ 37 2.2.1 数制的概念 ······························································································· 37

2.2.2 计算机中的常用数制 ··················································································· 37

2.2.3 数制转换 ·································································································· 39

2.3 字符编码 ········································································································· 41

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

iv

2.4 汉字编码 ········································································································· 43 2.4.1 国标码 ····································································································· 43

2.4.2 BIG 5 编码 ································································································ 45

2.4.3 GBK 编码 ································································································· 46

2.5 Unicode 编码 ···································································································· 46 2.6 数值编码 ········································································································· 47

2.6.1 整数 ········································································································ 47

2.6.2 实数 ········································································································ 49

第 3 章 Windows 7 操作系统 ························································································ 51 3.1 操作系统概述 ·································································································· 51

3.1.1 操作系统的基本概念 ··················································································· 51

3.1.2 常用操作系统介绍 ······················································································ 51

3.1.3 Windows 7 操作系统简介 ·············································································· 53

3.2 Windows 7 基本操作 ························································································ 53 3.2.1 Windows 7 的启动与退出 ·············································································· 53

3.2.2 Windows 7 菜单 ·························································································· 55

3.2.3 Windows 7 的窗口 ······················································································· 57

3.2.4 Windows 7 的对话框 ···················································································· 59

3.2.5 Windows 7 输入法的设置 ·············································································· 60

3.3 Windows 7 文件管理 ························································································ 61 3.3.1 常用的系统文件夹 ······················································································ 61

3.3.2 文件与文件夹操作 ······················································································ 64

3.3.3 Windows 7 的库 ·························································································· 67

3.4 Windows 7 程序管理 ························································································ 68 3.4.1 安装 Windows 应用程序 ··············································································· 68

3.4.2 启动 Windows 应用程序 ··············································································· 68

3.4.3 Windows 应用程序的切换 ············································································· 69

3.4.4 删除 Windows 应用程序 ··············································································· 69

3.4.5 让应用程序与 Windows 7 兼容 ······································································· 70

3.5 Windows 7 系统管理与维护 ·············································································· 71 3.5.1 系统优化 ·································································································· 71

3.5.2 磁盘管理 ·································································································· 73

3.5.3 账户管理和家长控制 ··················································································· 75

3.5.4 系统的备份与还原 ······················································································ 78

3.5.5 数据的备份与还原 ······················································································ 78

3.6 Windows 7 附件 ······························································································· 80 3.6.1 便签 ········································································································ 80

3.6.2 画图 ········································································································ 80

3.6.3 计算器 ····································································································· 82

目 录

v

3.6.4 写字板 ····································································································· 83

3.6.5 截图工具 ·································································································· 84

3.6.6 数学输入面板 ···························································································· 84

第 4 章 文字处理软件 Word 2010 ················································································· 86 4.1 Office 2010 概述 ······························································································· 86

4.1.1 Office 2010 主要组件的功能 ·········································································· 86

4.1.2 Office 2010 的新增功能 ················································································ 88

4.1.3 Office 2010 启动和退出 ················································································ 89

4.2 Word 2010 应用界面 ························································································· 90 4.2.1 Word 2010 界面介绍 ···················································································· 90

4.2.2 Word 2010 的多种视图 ················································································· 94

4.3 Word 2010 基本操作 ························································································· 95 4.3.1 创建文档 ·································································································· 95

4.3.2 输入文本 ·································································································· 97

4.3.3 保存文档 ·································································································· 99

4.3.4 选定文本内容 ··························································································· 102

4.3.5 复制与粘贴文本 ························································································ 103

4.3.6 删除与移动文本 ························································································ 104

4.3.7 查找与替换文本 ························································································ 105

4.3.8 拼写和语法检查 ························································································ 107

4.3.9 打印文档 ································································································· 108

4.4 Word 2010 文档格式化 ···················································································· 109 4.4.1 设置文本格式 ··························································································· 109

4.4.2 设置段落格式 ··························································································· 112

4.4.3 调整页面格式 ··························································································· 118

4.4.4 在文档中插入文本框 ·················································································· 121

4.4.5 使用文档主题 ··························································································· 122

4.4.6 插入文档封面 ··························································································· 123

4.5 插入艺术字 ····································································································· 124 4.6 插入图形 ········································································································ 125

4.6.1 插入剪贴画及图形 ····················································································· 126

4.6.2 设置图片的格式 ························································································ 126

4.6.3 插入 SmartArt 图形 ····················································································· 134

4.7 插入表格 ········································································································ 137 4.7.1 表格的创建 ······························································································ 137

4.7.2 表格的编辑 ······························································································ 138

4.7.3 表格与文本互换 ························································································ 141

4.7.4 Excel 工作表的数据链接到 Word 文档 ····························································· 142

4.8 长文档编辑 ····································································································· 143

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

vi

4.8.1 定义并使用样式 ························································································ 143

4.8.2 文档分页与分节 ························································································ 146

4.8.3 文档内容的分栏处理 ·················································································· 147

4.8.4 设置文档的页眉/页脚 ················································································· 147

4.8.5 插入脚注、尾注和题注 ··············································································· 150

4.8.6 创建文档目录 ··························································································· 151

4.9 文档的修订与共享 ·························································································· 152 4.9.1 审阅与修订文档 ························································································ 152

4.9.2 比较文档 ································································································· 154

4.9.3 文档的保护 ······························································································ 155

4.9.4 共享文档 ································································································· 157

4.10 邮件合并 ······································································································ 158 4.10.1 邮件合并的概念 ······················································································· 158

4.10.2 邮件合并的基本过程 ················································································· 158

4.10.3 使用邮件合并功能批量制作通知书 ······························································· 159

第 5 章 电子表格软件 Excel 2010 ················································································ 164 5.1 Excel 2010 基础知识 ························································································ 164

5.1.1 Excel 2010 工作界面 ··················································································· 164

5.1.2 工作表的格式化操作 ·················································································· 167

5.1.3 工作表的打印设置 ····················································································· 169

5.1.4 Excel 2010 的保存 ······················································································ 170

5.2 Excel 2010 数据录入 ························································································ 171 5.2.1 一般数据输入 ··························································································· 171

5.2.2 输入符号 ································································································· 172

5.2.3 添加批注 ································································································· 173

5.2.4 填充数据 ································································································· 173

5.2.5 数据的有效性 ··························································································· 177

5.3 Excel 2010 工作簿与工作表的操作 ··································································· 178 5.3.1 工作簿的基本操作 ····················································································· 178

5.3.2 工作簿模板的创建和使用 ············································································ 181

5.3.3 工作表的基本操作 ····················································································· 182

5.3.4 多张工作表同时进行操作 ············································································ 185

5.3.5 视图控制 ································································································· 186

5.4 Excel 2010 公式与函数 ···················································································· 189 5.4.1 公式操作的基本方法 ·················································································· 189

5.4.2 名称的定义与引用 ····················································································· 191

5.4.3 使用函数的基本方法 ·················································································· 193

5.4.4 常用函数简介 ··························································································· 195

5.5 在 Excel 2010 中创建图表 ················································································ 201

目 录

vii

5.5.1 迷你图的创建和编辑 ·················································································· 201

5.5.2 创建图表 ································································································· 202

5.5.3 编辑图表 ································································································· 205

5.5.4 修饰图表 ································································································· 209

5.6 Excel 2010 数据分析与处理 ············································································· 209 5.6.1 数据排序 ································································································· 210

5.6.2 数据筛选 ································································································· 211

5.6.3 合并计算 ································································································· 214

5.6.4 数据分类汇总与分级显示 ············································································ 215

5.6.5 数据透视表与数据透视图 ············································································ 218

5.6.6 数据模拟分析与运算 ·················································································· 222

5.7 Excel 2010 与其他程序的协同与共享 ······························································· 226 5.7.1 工作簿的共享、修订 ·················································································· 227

5.7.2 与其他应用程序共享数据 ············································································ 228

5.7.3 宏的简单应用 ··························································································· 235

第 6 章 演示文稿制作软件 PowerPoint 2010 ······························································· 239 6.1 PowerPoint 2010 概述 ······················································································ 239

6.1.1 PowerPoint 2010 基本功能 ············································································ 239

6.1.2 PowerPoint 2010 窗口 ·················································································· 239

6.1.3 PowerPoint 2010 的启动和退出 ······································································ 241

6.2 PowerPoint 2010 基本操作 ··············································································· 241 6.2.1 创建演示文稿 ··························································································· 241

6.2.2 保存演示文稿 ··························································································· 244

6.2.3 打开演示文稿 ··························································································· 245

6.2.4 关闭演示文稿 ··························································································· 245

6.2.5 幻灯片版式介绍 ························································································ 245

6.2.6 幻灯片的基本操作 ····················································································· 246

6.3 演示文稿的视图模式 ······················································································· 249 6.3.1 普通视图 ································································································· 249

6.3.2 幻灯片浏览视图 ························································································ 250

6.3.3 备注页视图 ······························································································ 250

6.3.4 阅读视图 ································································································· 251

6.4 演示文稿的外观设计 ······················································································· 252 6.4.1 主题 ······································································································· 252

6.4.2 背景 ······································································································· 254

6.4.3 幻灯片母版 ······························································································ 256

6.5 幻灯片中对象编辑 ·························································································· 259 6.5.1 文本 ······································································································· 259

6.5.2 表格 ······································································································· 260

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

viii

6.5.3 图像 ······································································································· 262

6.5.4 插图 ······································································································· 268

6.5.5 媒体 ······································································································· 272

6.6 幻灯片的超链接 ······························································································ 275 6.6.1 添加超链接 ······························································································ 275

6.6.2 编辑超链接 ······························································································ 278

6.7 幻灯片动画设置 ······························································································ 280 6.7.1 对象动画设置 ··························································································· 280

6.7.2 更多动画效果 ··························································································· 282

6.7.3 幻灯片切换效果设计 ·················································································· 283

6.8 幻灯片的放映和输出 ······················································································· 285 6.8.1 幻灯片放映设置 ························································································ 285

6.8.2 演示文稿的输出 ························································································ 287 第 7 章 常用软件及办公设备的应用 ············································································· 290

7.1 常用软件的应用 ······························································································ 290 7.1.1 安全杀毒软件 ··························································································· 290

7.1.2 下载工具软件 ··························································································· 293

7.1.3 文件压缩工具 ··························································································· 293

7.1.4 系统工具 ································································································· 294

7.1.5 备份还原工具 ··························································································· 296

7.1.6 阅读翻译软件 ··························································································· 301

7.1.7 虚拟机工具软件 ························································································ 306

7.2 常用办公设备的应用 ······················································································· 309 7.2.1 打印机 ···································································································· 309

7.2.2 复印机 ···································································································· 310

7.2.3 扫描仪 ···································································································· 311

7.2.4 投影仪 ···································································································· 312

7.2.5 传真机 ···································································································· 312

参考文献 ······················································································································· 314

第 1 章 计算机基础

计算机是 20 世纪最先进的科学技术发明之一，对人类的生产生活和社会活动产生了极其重要的影响。尽管迄今为止计算机仅仅经历了近 70 年的发展历程，但其应用领域已经从最初的军事科研应用扩展到社会的各个领域，已形成了规模巨大的计算机产业，带动了全球

范围的技术进步，由此引发了深刻的社会变革。现在计算机已经遍及学校、企事业单位，进

入寻常百姓家，成为信息社会中必不可少的工具。 计算机（Computer）是一种能够按照人的要求接受和存储信息，能够按照程序运行自动、

高速地进行海量数据的数值计算和逻辑计算的现代智能电子设备。 本章从计算机的基础知识讲起，介绍计算机的发展、分类、特点、应用及未来发展

趋势，同时讲解计算机的发展、计算机系统的组成、多媒体技术、计算机网络及计算机

病毒等知识。

1.1 概 述

1.1.1 计算机的发展

在科学技术发展的历史长河中，计算工具经历了由简单到复杂、从低级到高级的不同阶

段，例如从原始社会的“结绳记事”到中国古代的算盘等。它们在不同的历史时期发挥了各

自的作用，同时也孕育了计算机的设计思想和雏形。

1．机械计算机的发展

在电还没有产生的时候，机械计算机是工业革命的产物，比古老的算盘已经跨出了很大

的一步。 1642 年，法国数学家帕斯卡（Blaise Pascal）发明了世界上第一台机械式的加法计算器，

如图 1-1 所示。它是利用齿轮传动原理制成的机械计算机，通过手摇方式操作运算。它被认为是世界上第一台机械计算机。1971 年发明的一种程序设计语言—— PASCAL 语言，就是为了纪念帕斯卡这位先驱，使他的名字永远留在计算机的时代里。

1671 年，德国数学家莱布尼兹（G.W.Leibnitz）发明了世界上第一台能够进行加、减、乘、除四则运算的机械式计算机。

1822 年，英国数学家巴贝奇（Charles Babbage）设计了差分机和分析机，差分机如图 1-2所示，其设计理论非常超前，特别是利用卡片输入程序和数据的设计被早期电子计算机所采

用。可以说分析机是现代计算机的雏形。

2．电子计算机的研究

20 世纪初，随着机电工业的发展，出现了一些具有控制功能的电器元件，并逐步为计

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

2

算工具所采用。

图 1-1 机械式的加法计算器 图 1-2 差分机

1936 年，英国数学家图灵（Alan.M.Turing），如图 1-3 所示，发表了著名的《论可计算数及其在判定问题中的应用》一文，在这篇论文中，图灵给“可计算性”下了一个严格的数

学定义，并提出了一种用机器来模拟人们用纸笔进行数学运算过程的一种思想模型，通过这

种模型，可以制造一种十分简单但运算能力极强的计算装置，用来计算所有能想象到的可计

算函数，这就是著名的“图灵机”。图灵机被公认为现代计算机的原型，这台机器可以读入

一系列的 0 和 1，这些数字代表了解决某一问题所需的步骤，按这个步骤走下去，就可以解决某一特定问题。他的杰出贡献使他成为计算机界的第一人，人们为了纪念这位伟大的科学

家将计算机界的最高奖定名为“图灵奖”。图灵奖杯如图 1-4 所示。

图 1-3 图灵 图 1-4 图灵奖杯

1942 年，美国爱荷华州立学院的文森特·阿塔纳索夫（John Vincent Atanasoff）和他的学生贝利（Berry）采用二进制数 0 和 1，设计出了一台以电子管为元件并且能够利用电路执行逻辑运算的数字计算机，这台计算机被命名为“ABC 计算机”，即“Atanasoff-Berry Computer”，以纪念两人之间的合作。

3．电子计算机的诞生

研制电子计算机的想法产生于第二次世界大战期间。随着“二战”的爆发，战争带来了

第 1 章 计算机基础

3

强大的新式武器的计算需求，美国陆军机械部在马里兰州的阿伯丁设立了“弹道研究实验

室”，并拨款支持美国宾夕法尼亚大学电子工程系教授莫克利（John Mauchley）和他的研究生埃克特（John Presper Eckert）计划采用电子管建造一台通用电子计算机的计划，用来帮助军方计算弹道轨迹。

1946 年 2 月 14 日，世界上第一台“电子数值积分式计算机”（Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer，简称 ENIAC）诞生于美国的宾夕法尼亚大学，如图 1-5 所示，并于次日正式对外公布。

ENIAC 长 30.48 米，宽 1 米，占地面积约 170 平方米，有 30 个操作台，重达 30 吨，耗电量 150 千瓦，造价 48 万美元。它包含了 17468 个电子管，每秒执行 5000 次加法或者 400次乘法，是手工计算的 20 万倍。

图 1-5 ENIAC

ENIAC 诞生后，其本身还存在两大缺点：一是没有存储器，存储量太小，至多只能存储 20 个 10 位的十进制数；二是用布线接板进行程序控制，电路连线繁琐耗时，每进行一次新的计算，都要用几小时甚至

几天的时间重新连接线路，这完全抵消了计算机本身计算速度快所节省

的时间。 参与研发 ENIAC 的美籍匈牙利数学家冯·诺依曼（John Von

Neumann），如图 1-6 所示，为了解决这问题，在 1946 年提出了关于“存储程序”的改进方案。这个方案包含以下 3 点：

1）计算机中程序运行和处理所需的数据以二进制形式存放在计算机的存储器中。

2）程序和数据按执行顺序存放在存储器中，计算机在执行程序时，无需人工干预，能自动地、连续地执行程序，并得到预期结果，这就是存储程序的概念。

3）明确指出计算机应该由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备五部分组成。 人们把冯·诺依曼的这个理论称为冯·诺依曼体系结构，如图 1-7 所示。冯·诺依曼提

出的体系结构奠定了现代计算机结构理论，被誉为计算机发展史上的里程碑，从第一代电子

计算机到当前最先进的计算机都是采用冯·诺依曼体系结构，直到现在，各类计算机仍没有

完全突破冯·诺依曼结构的框架。冯·诺依曼被称为“计算机之父”。

图 1-6 冯·诺依曼

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

4

输

入

设

备 内存储器

控制器运算器 输

出

设

备

外存储器

CPU

图 1-7 冯·诺依曼体系结构

4．电子计算机的发展

自世界上第一台电子计算机诞生至今，计算机技术以前所未有的速度迅猛发展，一般根

据计算机所采用的物理器件，将计算机的发展分为 4 个阶段。 （1）第一代（1946～1959 年）：电子管计算机 硬件方面，逻辑元件采用的是真空电子管，主存储器采用汞延迟线，外存储器采用的是

穿孔卡带、纸带。软件方面采用的是机器语言、汇编语言。应用领域以军事和科学计算为主。

特点是体积大、功耗高、可靠性差、速度慢（一般为每秒数千次至数万次）、价格昂贵，但

为以后的计算机发展奠定了基础。 （2）第二代（1959～1964 年）：晶体管计算机 硬件方面，逻辑元件采用晶体管，主存储器采用磁芯存储器，外存储器采用的是磁带。

软件方面采用高级语言及其编译程序。应用领域以科学计算和事务处理为主，并开始进入工

业控制领域。特点是体积缩小、能耗降低、可靠性提高、运算速度提高（一般为每秒数十万

次，可高达三百万次）、性能比第一代计算机有很大的提高。 （3）第三代（1964～1970 年）：中、小规模集成电路 硬件方面，逻辑元件采用中、小规模集成电路（MSI、SSI），主存储器采用半导体存储器，

外存储器采用磁带、磁盘。软件方面出现了分时操作系统以及结构化、规模化程序设计方法。

特点是速度更快（一般为每秒数百万次至数千万次），而且可靠性有了显著提高，价格进一步

下降，产品走向了通用化、系列化和标准化。应用领域开始进入文字处理和图形图像处理领域。 （4）第四代（1970 年至今）：大规模和超大规模集成电路 硬件方面，逻辑元件采用大规模和超大规模集成电路（LSI 和 VLSI）。主存储器采用

半导体存储器，外存储器采用磁带、磁盘、光盘等大容量存储器。软件方面出现了数据

库管理系统、网络管理系统和面向对象语言等。特点是运算速度大幅度提高（一般为每

秒数几亿次至上万亿次），体积小，价格便宜，使用方便。1971 年世界上第一台微处理器在美国硅谷诞生，开创了微型计算机的新时代。应用领域从科学计算、事务管理、过程

控制逐步走向家庭。

1.1.2 计算机的分类

随着计算机技术的发展，计算机家族日渐庞大，种类繁多。我们可以从不同角度对计算

机进行分类。计算机的分类如图 1-8 所示。

第 1 章 计算机基础

5

服务器

工作站

微型机

小型机

大型机

巨型机

通用计算机 （按规模和处理能力）

专用计算机

数字计算机

（按应用范围）

模拟计算机

数模混合计算机

电子计算机 （按表示信息的方式）

图 1-8 计算机的分类

1．按信息的表示方式分类

（1）模拟式计算机 模拟式电子计算机是用连续变化的模拟向量即电压来表示信息，其基本运算部件是由运

算放大器构成的微分器、积分器、通用函数运算器等运算电路组成。模拟式电子计算机解题

速度快，单精度不高、信息不易存储、通用性差，它一般用于解微分方程或自动控制系统设

计中的参数模拟。 （2）数字式计算机 数字式电子计算机是用不连续的数字向量，即“0”和“1”来表示信息，其基本运算

部件是数字逻辑电路。数字式电子计算机的精度高、存储量大、通用性强，能胜任科学计

算、信息处理、实时控制、智能模拟等方面工作。人们通常所说的计算机就是指数字式电子

计算机。 （3）数模混合计算机 数字模拟混合式电子计算机是综合了数字和模拟两种计算机的长处设计出来的。它既能

处理数字量，又能处理模拟量。但是这种计算机结构复杂，设计困难，应用较少。

2．按应用范围分类

（1）专用计算机 专用计算机是为解决一个或一类特定问题而设计的计算机。它的硬件和软件的配置依据

解决特定问题的需要而定，并不求全。专用计算机功能单一，配有解决特定问题的固定程序，

能高速、可靠地解决特定问题。一般在过程控制中使用此类计算机。 （2）通用计算机 通用计算机是为了能够解决各种问题，具有较强的通用性而设计的计算机。它具有一定

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

6

的运算速度，有一定的存储容量，带有通用的外部设备，配备各种系统软件、应用软件。一

般的数字式电子计算机多属此类计算机。

3．按规模和处理能力分类

（1）巨型机（Super Computer） 巨型机通常是指目前运算速度最快、处理能力最强的计算机，也称为超级计算机。 巨型计算机实际上是一个巨大的计算机系统，主要用来承担重大的科学研究、国防尖端

技术和国民经济领域的大型计算课题及数据处理任务。如大范围天气预报，整理卫星照片，

原子核的探索，研究洲际导弹、宇宙飞船等，制定国民经济的发展计划，项目繁多，时间性

强，要综合考虑各种各样的因素，依靠巨型计算机能较顺利地完成。 2013 年 5 月发布的由中国国防科技大学研制的天河二号超级计算机系统，以峰值计算

速度每秒 5.49 亿亿次、持续计算速度每秒 3.39 亿亿次双精度浮点运算的优异性能成为全球最快超级计算机。如图 1-9 所示，天河二号超级计算机系统由 170 个机柜组成，包括 125 个计算机柜、8 个服务机柜、13 个通信机柜和 24 个存储机柜，占地面积约 720 平方米，内存总容量 1400 万亿字节，存储总容量 12400 万亿字节，最大运行功耗 17.8 兆瓦。天河二号运算 1 小时，相当于 13 亿人同时用计算器计算一千年，其存储总容量相当于存储每册 10 万字的图书 600 亿册。

图 1-9 天河二号

天河二号已应用于生物医药、新材料、工程设计与仿真分析、天气预报、智慧城市、电

子商务、云计算与大数据、数字媒体和动漫设计等多个领域，还将广泛应用于大科学、大工

程、信息化等领域，为经济社会转型升级提供重要支撑。 （2）大型机（Mainframe） 大型机，又称大型主机。大型机使用专用的处理器指令集、操作系统和应用软件。大型

机一词，最初是指装在非常大的带框铁盒子里的大型计算机系统，以同一些小的迷你机和微

型机区别开来。现在一般是指从 system/360 开始的一系列的 IBM 计算机。“大型机”一词也可以用来指由其他厂商，如 Amdahl，Hitachi Data Systems（HDS）制造的兼容的系统。

大型主机和巨型机的主要区别： 1）大型主机使用专用指令系统和操作系统，巨型机使用通用处理器及 UNIX 或类 UNIX

第 1 章 计算机基础

7

操作系统（如 Linux）。 2）大型主机长于非数值计算（数据处理），巨型机长于数值计算（科学计算）。 3）大型主机主要用于商业领域，如银行和电信，而巨型机用于尖端科学领域，特别是

国防领域。 4）大型主机大量使用冗余等技术确保其安全性及稳定性，所以内部结构通常有两套。

而巨型机使用大量处理器，通常由多个机柜组成。 5）为了确保兼容性，大型主机的部分技术较为保守。

（3）小型机（MiniComputer） 小型机是指采用 8～32 颗处理器，性能和价格介于 PC 服务器和大型主机之间的一种

高性能 64 位计算机。IBM System p6 550 小型机如图 1-10 所示。小型机具有高 RAS（Reliability、Availability、Serviceability，高可靠性、高可用性、高服务性）特性。它们的具体含义如下：

1）高可靠性（Reliability）：计算机能够持续运转，几乎不停机。 2）高可用性（Availability）：重要资源都有备份；能够检测到潜在要发生的问题，并且

能够转移其上正在运行的任务到其他资源，以减少停机时间，保持生产的持续运转；具有实

时在线维护和延迟性维护功能。 3）高服务性（Serviceability）：能够实时在线诊断，精确定位出根本问题所在，做到准

确无误的快速修复。 小型机一般为中小企事业单位或某一部门所用，例如高等院校的计算机中心可以以一台

小型机为主机，配以几十台甚至上百台终端机，以满足大量学生学习计算机的需要。

图 1-10 IBM System p6 550 小型机

（4）微型机（Personal Computer） 微型计算机简称“微型机”、“微机”，如图 1-11 所示。

它是由大规模集成电路组成的、体积较小的电子计算机。它

是以微处理器为基础，配以内存储器及输入输出（I/O）接口电路和相应的辅助电路而构成的裸机。其特点是体积小、灵

活性大、价格便宜、使用方便。把微型计算机集成在一个芯

片上即构成单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）。由微型计算机配以相应的外围设备（如打印机）及其他专用

电路、电源、面板、机架以及足够的软件构成的系统叫做微

型计算机系统（Microcomputer System）（即通常说的电脑）。 自 1981 年美国 IBM 公司推出第一代微型计算机 IBM-PC 以来，微型机以其执行结果精

确、处理速度快、性价比高、轻便小巧等特点迅速进入社会各个领域，且技术不断更新、产

品快速换代，从单纯的计算工具发展成为能够处理数字、符号、文字、语言、图形、图像、

图 1-11 微型计算机

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

8

音频、视频等多种信息的强大多媒体工具。如今的微型机产品无论从运算速度、多媒体功能、

软硬件支持还是易用性等方面都比早期产品有了很大飞跃。便携机更是以使用便捷、无线联

网等优势越来越多地受到移动办公人士的喜爱，一直保持着高速发展的态势。 （5）工作站（Workstation） 工作站是介于微型计算机和小型计算机之间的一种高档微型机，是一种以个人计算机和

分布式网络计算为基础，通常配有高档的处理器、高分辨率的大屏幕显示器和大容量的内存

储器和外存储器，具有较强的数据处理能力和高性能的图形功能的计算机。1980 年，美国Apollo 公司推出了世界上第一台工作站 DN-100。几十年来，工作站迅猛发展，现在已经成为专门用于处理某种特殊事务的一种独立的计算机系统。主要面向专业应用领域，具备强大

的数据运算与图形、图像处理能力，为满足工程设计、动画制作、科学研究、软件开发、金

融管理、信息服务、模拟仿真等专业领域而设计开发的高性能计算机。 （6）服务器（Server） 服务器，也称伺服器。服务器是网络环境中的高性能计算机，它侦听网络上的其他计算

机（客户机）提交的服务请求，并提供相应的服务，为此，服务器必须具有承担服务并且保

障服务的能力。服务器是网站的灵魂，是打开网站的必要载体，没有服务器的网站用户无法

浏览。 相对于普通 PC 来说，服务器的高性能主要体现在高速度的运算能力、长时间的可靠运

行、强大的外部数据吞吐能力等方面。服务器在稳定性、安全性、性能等方面都要求更高。

服务器的构成与微机基本相似，有处理器、硬盘、内存、系统总线等，但是 CPU、芯片组、内存、磁盘系统、网络等硬件和普通 PC 又有所不同。因为服务器是针对具体的网络应用特别制定的。

1.1.3 计算机的特点

计算机具有强大的生命力，它能够在短短几十年里在各个领域飞速地发展，带动社会的

变革，是由其本身具有的特点决定的。 （1）运算速度快 计算机的运算速度是指计算机在单位时间内执行指令的平均速度，可以用每秒完成的指令

条数来描述。计算机内部的电路组成，可以高速准确地完成各种算术运算。当今计算机系统的

运算速度最快已达到每秒亿亿次，微型机也可达每秒亿次以上，使大量复杂的科学计算问题得

以解决。例如原来卫星轨道的计算、大型水坝的计算、24 小时天气计算需要几年甚至几十年，而在现代社会里，用计算机只需几分钟就可完成。

（2）计算精确度高 科学技术的发展特别是尖端科学技术的发展，需要高度精确的计算。计算机控制的导弹

之所以能准确地击中预定的目标，是与计算机的精确计算分不开的。一般计算机可以有十几

位甚至几十位（二进制）有效数字，计算精度可由千分之几到百万分之几，是任何其他计算

工具所望尘莫及的。 （3）准确的逻辑判断能力 计算机不仅能进行精确的计算，还具有逻辑运算功能，能对信息进行比较和判断。计算

机实现“思考”是计算机科学界一直为之努力实现的，虽然现有的逻辑判断性“思考”还不

第 1 章 计算机基础

9

具备人类的思考能力，但在信息检索等方面，已经实现了常规应用。 （4）大容量的存储记忆能力 计算机内部的存储器具有记忆特性，可以存储大量的数字、文字、图像、视频、声音等

各种信息。其存储不仅表现在存储量大，还表现在存储时间长久。 （5）自动化运行 由于计算机具有存储记忆能力和逻辑判断能力，所以人们可以将预先编写好的程序组写

入计算机内存，在程序控制下，计算机能连续地、自动地工作，不需要人工干预。

1.1.4 计算机的应用

计算机问世初期主要是为了数值计算，随着计算机技术的迅猛发展，数据处理能力和逻

辑判断能力增强，计算机的应用已经遍及科学研究、军事技术和人们日常生活等各个方面。 （1）科学计算 科学计算也称数值计算，是指利用计算机解决科学研究和工程设计方面的数学计算问

题。应用计算机进行科学计算大大提高了科学研究的速度，如卫星运行轨迹预测、天气预报

预测等往往需要专家几天、几周甚至几个月才能完成的计算，用计算机运算可能只用几分钟

就能取得准确结果。 （2）数据处理 数据处理也称信息处理，是对原始数据进行收集、整理、分类、选择、存储、制表、检

索、输出等的加工过程。这个“数据”不仅包含纯的数字，还包含文字、图像、声音等信息。

数据处理是计算机应用最重要的一个方面，涉及范围十分广泛。如文档排版、图书检索、财

务管理等。 （3）过程控制 过程控制是指利用计算机对生产过程、制造过程或运行过程进行检测与控制，及时搜集

监测数据，按最佳值对进程进行调节控制。过程控制被广泛应用于工业环境控制，通过计算

机监测可以减少对人的潜在损害，同时可以保证产品质量。 （4）计算机辅助 计算机辅助是计算机应用较为广泛的一个领域，几乎现有的设计都可以让计算机全部或

部分实现。计算机辅助主要包括：计算机辅助设计（CAD）、计算机辅助教学（CAI）、计算机辅助制造（CAM）等。

（5）网络通信 计算机技术和数字通信技术发展相融合产生了计算机网络。计算机网络是由一些独立的

和具备信息交换能力的计算机互联构成，以实现资源共享的系统。计算机在网络方面的应用

使人类之间的交流跨越了时间和空间障碍。计算机网络已成为人类建立信息社会的物质基

础，它给我们的工作带来极大的方便和快捷，如在全国范围内的银行信用卡的使用，火车和

飞机票系统的使用等，可以在全球的互联网上进行浏览、检索信息、收发电子邮件、阅读书

报、玩网络游戏、选购商品、参与众多问题的讨论、实现远程医疗服务等。 （6）人工智能 人工智能（AI）是指使用计算机执行某些人类的智能活动。人工智能的主要内容是研究

如何让计算机来完成过去只有人才能做的智能的工作，核心目标是赋予计算机人脑一样的智

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

10

能。人工智能一直是计算机界不断摸索的一个领域，也一直是一个前沿领域。其主要研究内

容包括智能机器人、专家系统等。目前人工智能已经应用于机器人、医疗、计算机辅助教育

等诸多方面。 （7）多媒体应用 多媒体应用是指人们利用计算机实现文本、图形、图像、声音、视频、动画等多种信息综

合的表现形式。多媒体应用拓宽了计算机的应用范围，使之可以应用于商业、服务业、广告宣

传和家庭等各个方面。同时多媒体技术和人工智能技术的有机结合促进了虚拟现实技术的发展。

1.1.5 计算机的发展趋势

随着科技的进步，各种计算机技术、网络技术的飞速发展，计算机的发展已经进入到了

一个快速而崭新的时代，计算机已经从功能单一、体积巨大发展到了功能复杂、体积微小、

资源网络化等。那么未来计算机技术的发展又会沿着什么样的轨迹前进呢？ （1）巨型化 巨型化是指为了适应尖端科学技术的需要，发展高速度、大存储容量和功能强大的超级

计算机。随着人们对计算机的依赖性越来越强，人们对计算机的存储空间和运行速度等要求

会越来越高，尤其在军事和科研教育方面。此外计算机的功能也将更加多元化。 （2）微型化 随着微型处理器（CPU）的出现，计算机中开始使用微型处理器，使计算机体积缩小了，

成本降低了。另一方面，软件行业的飞速发展提高了计算机内部操作系统的便捷度，计算机

外部设备也趋于完善。计算机理论和技术上的不断完善促使微型计算机很快渗透到全社会的

各个行业和部门中，并成为人们生活和学习的必需品。近 70 年来，计算机的体积不断缩小，台式电脑、笔记本电脑、掌上电脑、平板电脑体积逐步微型化，为人们提供了便捷的服务。

因此，未来计算机仍会不断趋于微型化，体积将越来越小。 （3）网络化 互联网将世界各地的计算机连接在一起，从此进入了互联网时代。计算机网络化彻底改

变了人类世界，人们通过互联网进行沟通、交流、教育资源共享（文献查阅、远程教育等）、

信息查阅共享等，特别是无线网络的出现，极大地提高了人们使用网络的便捷性，未来计算

机将会进一步向网络化方面发展。 （4）智能化 计算机人工智能化是未来发展的必然趋势。现代计算机具有强大的功能和运行速度，但

与人脑相比，其智能化和逻辑能力仍有待提高。人类在不断探索如何让计算机能够更好地反

映人类思维，使计算机能够具有人类的逻辑思维判断能力，可以通过思考与人类沟通交流，

抛弃以往的依靠通过编码程序来运行计算机的方法，直接对计算机发出指令。

1.2 计算机系统组成

一个完整的计算机系统包括硬件系统和软件系统两大部分。硬件是组成计算机系统的各

种物理设备的总称，其各个组成部分如图 1-12 所示；软件是运行、管理、维护计算机而编制各种程序、数据、文档的集合。

第 1 章 计算机基础

11

用户自己开发的软件网上出版应用软件

浏览器

多媒体创作工具

图形图像处理软件

实时控制软件

调试程序

数据库管理系统套装软件软件包程序库

文件压缩程序

诊断程序

备份程序

卸载程序反病毒程序

应用软件

软件系统

系统软件

实用程序

（系统服务程序）

汇编程序

解释程序

编译程序语言处理程序

操作系统

外部设备

硬件系统

计算机系统

主机

外存储器（U 盘、硬盘、光盘等）

中央处理器内存储器总线输入输出接口

输入设备（键盘、鼠标、扫描仪、数码相机等）输出设备（显示器、打印机、绘图仪等）其他（网卡、调制解调器、声卡、显卡等）

图 1-12 计算机系统组成

1.2.1 计算机硬件系统

计算机硬件系统是指构成计算机的所有实体部件的集合，通常这些部件由电路和电子元

件等物理部件组成。直观地看，硬件系统是指构成计算机的一些看得见、摸得着的物理设备，

它是计算机软件运行的基础，也是计算机软件发挥作用、施展其技能的舞台。 计算机硬件系统的基本功能是接受计算机程序的控制来实现数据输入、运算、数据输

出等一系列根本性的操作。虽然计算机的制造技术从计算机出现到今天已经发生了极大的

变化，但在基本的硬件结构方面，一直沿袭着冯·诺依曼的传统框架，即计算机硬件系统

由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备五大部分构成。图 1-13 列出了一个计算机系统的基本硬件结构之间的关系。图中，实线代表数据流，虚线代表指令流，计算机各

部件之间的联系就是通过这两股信息流来实现的。原始数据和程序通过输入设备送入存储

器，在运算处理过程中，数据从存储器读入运算器进行运算，运算的结果存入存储器，必

要时再经输出设备输出。指令也以数据形式存于存储器中，运算时指令由存储器送入控制

器，由控制器控制各部件的工作。

1．运算器

运算器（Arithmetic Logic Unit，ALU）是对信息进行加工、运算的部件，其主要部件是算术逻辑单元。运算器主要功能是对二进制数进行算术运算（加、减、乘、除）、逻辑运算（与、

或、非）和位运算（移位、置位、复位）。运算器能实现的运算非常有限，而复杂运算可以通过

简单运算的组合实现。运算器具有惊人的运算速度，也正因为如此，计算机才具有高速的特点。

科

学出版社

职教技术出版中心

www.abook.cn

大学计算机基础

12

输出设备 输出

命令

控制器 运行命令

存数

取数

运算器

存储

命令输入命令

存数输入设备

原程序 数据

存储器

图 1-13 计算机主要设备之间的关系

运算器的性能指标是衡量整个计算机性能的重要因素之一，与运算器相关的性能指标包

括计算机的字长和运算速度。 字长是指计算机运算一次能处理的二进制数据的位数。作为存储数据，字长越长，则计

算机的运算精度就越高；作为存储指令，字长越长，则计算机的处理能力就越强。目前普通

的 Intel 公司和 AMD 公司的微处理器基本上都是 32 位和 64 位，这就意味着现有的微型计算机可以并行处理 32 位或 64 位二进制数的算术运算和逻辑运算。

运算速度是指计算机每秒钟所能执行的加法指令条数。常用百万次/秒（MIPS）来表示。这个指标更能直接地反映计算机的速度。

2．控制器

控制器（Control Unit，CU）是整个计算机的控制指挥中心，其功能是控制计算机各部件自动协调地工作。控制器负责从存储器中取出指令，然后进行指令的译码和分析，并产生

一系列控制信号。这些控制信号按照一定的时间顺序发往各部件，控制各部件协调工作，并

控制程序的执行顺序。 控制器是由指令寄存器（IR）、指令译码器（ID）、程序计数器（PC）、操作控制器（OC）

4 个部件组成。IR 用以保存当前执行或即将执行的指令代码；ID 用来解析和识别 IR 中所存放指令的性质和操作方法；OC 则根据 ID 的译码结果产生该指令执行过程中所需要的全部控制信号和时序信号；PC 总是保存下一条要执行的指令地址，从而使程序可以自动、持续地执行。

（1）机器指令 计算机根据人们预定的安排，自动地进行数据的快速计算和加工处理。人们预定的安排

是通过一连串指令（操作者的命令）来表达的，这个指令序列就称为程序。一个指令规定计

算机执行一个基本操作。一个程序规定计算机完成一个完整的任务。计算机所能识别的一组

不同指令的集合，称为该计算机的指令集合或指令系统。 计算机指令包括以下类型：数据处理指令（加、减、乘、除等）、数据传送指令、程序

控制指令、状态管理指令。整个内存被分成若干个存储单元，每个存储单元一般可存放 8 位二进制数（字节编址）。每个单元可以存放数据或程序代码。为了能有效地存取该单元内存

储的内容，每个单元都给出了一个唯一的编号来标识，即地址。 计算机是通过执行指令来处理各种数据的。为了指出数据的来源、操作结果的去向及所

执行的操作，一条指令必须包含操作码和操作数两部分。 1）操作码：用来表示该指令所要完成的操作（如加、减、乘、除、数据传送等），其长度

取决于指令系统中的指令条数。它具体说明了操作的性质及功能。一台计算机可能有几十条至

第 1 章 计算机基础

13

几百条指令，每一条指令都有一个相应的操作码，计算机通过识别该操作码来完成不同的操作。 2）操作数：用来描述该指令的操作对象，它或者直接给出操作数，或者指出操作数的

存储器地址或寄存器地址（即寄存器名）。 （2）指令的执行过程 计算机的工作过程就是按照控制器的控制信号自动、有序地执行指令。一条机器指令的

执行需要取出指令、分析指令、执行指令。大致过程如下： 1）取出指令：从存储单元地址等于当前程序计数器 PC 的内容的那个存储单元中读取当

前要执行的指令，并把它存放到指令寄存器 IR 中。 2）分析指令：指令寄存器中的操作码部分送指令译码器 ID，经译码器分析产生相应的

操作控制信号，送往各个执行部件。 3）执行指令：在控制信号的作用下，计算机各部分完成相应的操作，实现数据的处理

和结果的保存。 控制器和运算器的集合又称为中央处理单元（CPU）。随

着大规模集成电路技术的发展，通常将 CPU 及其附属部分以较小的尺寸寄存于一个大规模的芯片中，该芯片称为微处理

器（MPU），如图 1-14 所示。 主频是指 CPU 的时钟频率，是计算机的一个重要性能指

标，它的高低在一定程度上决定了计算机运算速度的高低。

主频以 GHz 为单位，一般来说，主频越高，运算速度越快。

3．存储器

存储器（Memory）的作用是存放数据和程序，供控制器和运算器执行程序和处理数据。存储器可以存储原始数据和处理过程中的数据以及最后的处理结果，存储器是计算机中数据

的存储、交换和传输中心，是计算机系统内部的数据仓库。 存储器分为内存储器和外存储器，也称为主存和辅存。其中内存可以直接被 CPU 访问，