【電力電子】04：Computer Simulation of Switching Converterspemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/W3news/實驗室課程網頁... · 2016-03-28 · (KVL) (KCL) ( ) 0 1 1 1 1 L v t v i C CR

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4. Computer Simulation of Switching Converters

Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

電力電子系統與晶片實驗室Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab.交通大學 • 電機控制工程研究所

台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機與控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼教授

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Contents

Introduction Challenges in Computer Simulation Simulation Process Open-Loop Large Signal Simulation Small-Signal Modeling Controller Design Closed-Loop Large-Signal System Behavior Switching Details Mechanics of Simulation Widely Used Circuit-Oriented Simulators

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Introduction

power input power processor

power outputload

control signals

controller

measurements

reference

viii iv

vo

Switching nature of power converters Modeling of power converters Modeling of power devices Modeling of power losses Dynamic & steady-state behaviors Computer simulation vs. hardware prototype

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Challenges in Computer Simulation

Modeling of power devices

Simulation may take a long time

Accurate models are not always available

Modeling of the (analog or digital) controller

Simulation of steady-state

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Simulation Process

OPEN-LOOP, LARGE-SIGNAL SIMULATION

SMALL-SIGNAL MODELING AND CONTROLLER DESIGN

CLOSED-LOOP, LARGE-SIGNAL SYSTEM BEHAVIOR

SWITCHING DETAILS

Switch-Mode Power Supplies - SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs,Christophe Basso, McGraw-Hill, Feb. 1, 2008.

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Open-Loop, Large-Signal Simulation

power input Power processor (each switching is represented, simple component models)

power outputload

Prespecified control signals

vi iiiv

vo

開關採用理想模型 (ideal switch model)

設定適當的工作點 (define the operating point)

模擬電路的穩態週期行為

決定主要功率元件的額定與峰值

選擇電路架構的依據

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Small-Signal (Linear) Model and Controller Design

△ input△ load

control signals

controller△ reference

Power processor (small-signal,

linearized) models

選擇適當的工作點非線性之開關以線性化之平均化之線性模型替代建立轉換器的小信號模型頻域響應分析控制器設計分析系統的穩定性與輸出阻抗

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Closed-Loop, Large-Signal System Behavior

power inputPower processor (each switching

is represented; simple switch models; saturation and pertinent

nonlinearities are included)

power outputload

control signals

controller

measurements

reference

閉迴路控制下的大信號模擬，例如POWER ON 模擬開關採用理想模型

電路中之saturation, limit, dead zone等非線性特性應納入模擬控制器可以等效之函數或電路替代

完整電路、數仟週期之模擬

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Switching Details

power input Power processor (some components represented in

detail; a few switching cycles)

power output

prespecified control signals

功率開關元件的模型建立

磁性元件的模型建立

緩震電路之設計

開關損失之分析

最惡劣情況元件峰值之決定

局部電路、少數週期之模擬

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Mechanics of Simulation

EQUATION SOLVERS

CIRCUIT-ORIENTED SIMULATORS

COMPARISON

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Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

TRAPEZOIDAL METHOD OF INTREGRATION

NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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Linear Differential Equations

oicL

LL vvdtdiLir

0Rv

dtdvCi ccL

(KVL)

(KCL)

)(0

1

11

1

tvLvi

CRC

LLr

dtdvdtdi

oic

L

L

c

L

Lvc

iL

rLvoi(t) RC

voiVd

ton toffTs

t0

Simplified equivalent circuit of a switch-mode, regulated DC power supply.

(a) (b)

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Solution of Linear Dynamic Equations

oic

L vtgvi

t

)(and)(x

)()()( tgtdt

td bAxx

0

1and11

1

L

CRC

LLrL

bA

)()()()()( tgtttdt

td bxAx

dgttt ttt )()()()()()( bxAxx

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Trapezoidal Method of Integration

t00 t

dtdx

)()( tbgtAx

)()( ttbgttAx

tt

tgtttgttttttttttttt bbxAxAxx 2121

dgttt ttt )()()()()()( bxAxx

tgtttgttttttttttt bbxAIxAI 212121

tgtttgttttttttttt bbxAIAIx 2121121

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Solution of the Linear Differential Equation

tgttgttt NMxx

AIAIM tt 21121

bAIN tt 21121

tgtttgttttttttttt bbxAIAIx 2121121

AAA )()( ttt

bbb )()( ttt

If A and B are independent of time:

Selection of the time step t plays a key role in computation accuracy!

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Nonlinear Differential Equations

tt ,xfx

t

ttdttt ,xfxx

tttttttttt ,,2

xfxfxx

Numerical Method:Simpsons-Rule, Newton-Raphson Iteration Procedure, Runge-Kutta Methods,

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Equation Solver: MATLAB Simulation

% Solution of the Circuit using Trapezoidal Method of Integrationclc, clg, clear% Input DataVd=8; L=5e-6; C=100e-6; rL=1e-3; R=1.0; fs=100e3; Vcontrol=0.75;Ts=1/fs; tmax=50Ts; deltat=Ts/50;%time=0: deltat : tmaxvst=time/Ts - fix (Time/Ts);%A=[-rL/L -1/L; 1/C -1/(C R)];b=[1/L 0]’;MN=inv(eye(2)-deltat/2 A);MN=MN (eye(2)+deltat/2 A);N=MN deltat/2 b%IL(1)=4.0; vC(1)=5.5;timelength=length(time);%For k=2 : timelengthx=M [iL(k-1) vC(k-1)]’+N (voi(k)+voi(k-1));iL(k)=x(1); vC(k)=x(2);end%plot (time, iL, time, vC)meta Example

vst

)1(s

s fT

vcontrol

0

0

voi

Tst

t

)(0

1

11

1

tvLvi

CRC

LLr

dtdvdtdi

oic

L

L

c

L

Lvc

iL

rLvoi(t) RC

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MATLAB Simulation Result of Low Frequency Behavior

iL

vc

0t

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4.54 53

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Real Signal

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Simulation Example of a Buck Converter

Rload

Ton=7.5 st0

(a)

(b)

Switch-control signal on off on off

)101( sf

Ts

s

(a) Circuit for simulation. (b) Switch control waveform.

Lvc

iL

rL

vd(t)C

(5H) (5m)(100F)

(8.0V)

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Circuit Simulation: SPICE Approach

vD

0

0

6 2

5

3 4

Diode

Model name= Power_diode

vCNTL

Rsnub=100

Csnub=0.1FSnubber

iL

L rL

C vc

RloadSW

Model name= Switch

Initial conditions: iL(O)=4AvC(O)=5.5V

PSpice Example*DIODE 2 1 POWER_DIODERsnub 1 5 100.0Csnub 5 2 0.1uF*SW 2 0 6 0 SWITCHVCNTL 6 0 PULSE (0V, 1V, 0s, 1ns, 7.5us, 10us)*L 1 3 5uH IC=4ArL 3 4 1mC 4 2 100uF IC=5.5VRLOAD 4 2 1.0*VD 1 0 8.0*.MODEL POWER_DIODE D (RS=0.01, CJ0=10pF).MODEL SWITCH VSWITCH (RON=0.01).TRAN 10us 500.0us 0s 0.2us uic.PROBE.END

1

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PSPICE Simulation Results

i(L)9.0

5.0

3.0

0 100s 200 s 300 s 400s 500s

v(4, 2)

time

Results of PSpice simulation: iL and vc.

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Simulation and Experimental Results

Simulation Experiment

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Simulation Options for Power Conversion Systems

Switching-Mode System

Average modeling Cycle by cycle

Analog Simulation(SPICE, SABER, etc.)

Discrete Simulation(MATLAB, ACSI, etc.)

LargeSignal DC

SmallSignal

AnalyticalExpressional

Voltage,CurrentStresses

Voltage,CurrentRipples

LargeSignal

Analog (SPICE,…)&Digital (MATLAB,…); Control Loop Design

Closed-Loop Response

Symbolic Analysis(MATHMATICA,MACSYMA, etc.)

‘Real’ or ‘Ideal’Devices

Analog Simulation

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Simulation of a Boost Converter

Sam Ben-Yaakov, "Simulation of Power Conversion Systems: From the State of the Art to Future Trends," pp. 13-24, PCIM Proc., Nuremberg, 1999.

The “real” device is replaced by an ideal “switch”.

200V

3.3

IN D4 L2 OUT

RL160

1m

C1

MUR860

30nH

SD

VinRg

Vgate

1nH

Lmain

50nH

LSW

IRFP460

0

M3

200V

3.3

IN D1 L1 OUT

RL160

1m

C1

30nH

SD

VinRg

Vgate

1nH

Lmain

50nH

LSW

Sbreak

0

R1

DbreakS1

0.3

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Behavioral Average-Model Representation of a Power Conversion System

Passive and Active Partsof Circuit

Duty-CycleGenerator

(DCG)

SIM-CircuitInteraction

Switching InductionModel (SIM)

V(a,b)

V(a,c)

a b

c

V(a,b)

V(a,c)

Constant

VE Error Signal

Don Doff ILDon

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Switch Inductor Modeling Techniques

(a) The switch inductor (b) Average switch inductor model

a c

b

Ia

L

Ib

IL = Ic

a

bc

GaGb Gc

ILEL L+–

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Simulation of a Boost PFC Converter

L1 L2 L3

R2

R3 R4

R5

R6R7 R8

R9

R10

C1 C2

C6

C5

C7

C8

C9

D1

IC1

IC2

+

+

–

–

–VREF

CURRENT-ERRORAMPLIFIER

VOLTAGE-ERRORAMPLIFIER

MULTIPLIER

PULSE-WIDTHMODULATOR

RAMP

ACINPUT

LOAD

Q

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Simulation of a Soft-Switching Boost PFC Converter

L1 L2 L3 L4 R1

R2

R3 R4

R5

R6R7 R8

R9

R10

C1 C3 C4

C6

C5

C7

C8

C9

D1

D2 D3

IC1

IC2

+

+

–

–

–VREF

CURRENT-ERRORAMPLIFIER

VOLTAGE-ERRORAMPLIFIER

MULTIPLIER

PULSE-WIDTHMODULATOR

RAMP

ACINPUT

LOAD

Q

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Equation Solver Oriented Simulators

MATLAB http://www.mathworks.com/

MathCAD http://www.mathcad.com/

Mathematica http://www.mathematica.com/

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General-Purpose Circuit-Oriented Simulators

Ansoft http://www.ansoft.de/ EMTP http://www.eeug.de/ SABER (Analogy) http://www.analogy.com/ PSPICE (OrCAD) http://www.orcad.com/ ICAP4 (Intusoft) http://www.intusoft.com/ PSIM http://www.powersimtech.com/ PowerDesigners http://www.powerdesigners.com/ Simplis http://www.transim.com/ SimPlorer http://www.simplorer.com/ CASPOC http://www.caspoc.com/ Electronics Workbench http://www.interactiv.com/

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Co-Simulation of a Motor Drive

Control System(analog, digital, DSP, FPGA etc.)

Powersupply

AC/DCConverter/

rectifier

AC/DCConverter/

inverterDClink

BLDCmotor

Mechanicalload

PSIM

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Ansoft: PExprt for Power Supply Design Simulation

High Frequency Ansoft DesignerHFSS

Signal Integrity SIwaveSpicelinkTPA

Electromechanical Maxwell 2DMaxwell 3DSIMPLORERPExprtRMxprt

Add-Ons AnsoftLinksFull-Wave SpiceOptimetricsParICsWinIQSIM

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NS Webench for LED Design

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TI Power Design Tools

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TI Analog eLAB™ Design Center

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SPICE-Based Analog Simulation ProgramTINA-TI™ Version 7.0 (Aug 21, 2008)

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TI SwitcherPro(TM) Online Design Creator and Management Software

http://focus.ti.com/en/download/aap/demos/switcherpro/switcherpro.html

1. Define a Design Based on the PWM IC

2. Select Components from a Database

3. Complete the Design to Make AnalysesFrequency Response Analysis

Calculated Effuiciency Analysis

PCB Layout Guide

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iSim - Intersil’s Interactive Web Design Simulation Toolhttp://web.transim.com/iSim/

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ISL6721 Flexible Single Ended Current Mode PWM Controller

ISL6721 Simulation Results

Frequency Response (Loop Gain)

Secondary Responses

Primary Responses

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PowerEsim

It’s on-line It’s for everyone Worldwide access 100% server side simulation

It’s FREE !!

http://www.powerEsim.com

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AEi: Power IC Model Library (http://www.aeng.com/)SPICE Models for the Power Electronics Designer

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Wolfram Computable Document Format (CDF) Player

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Operational Amplifier Gain-Bandwidth Characteristics

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Summary

電路模型化與電腦模擬在電力電子系統的分析與設計過程中，扮演著重要的角色。

模擬的目標應與模型化的層次配合。

CAD在高功率密度交換式電源轉器的分析、設計、與驗證過程中，將愈為重要。

善選使用的CAD輔助設計軟體，有助於快速完成電力電子的系統設計。

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References

[1] H. Jin, “Behavior-mode simulation of power electronic circuits,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp, 443-452, May 1997.

[2] D. Maksimovic, A. M. Stankovic, and V. J. Thottuvelil, and G. C. Verghese, “Modeling and simulation of power electronic converters,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 898-912, June 2001.

[3] Sam Ben-Yaakov, “Simulation of power conversion systems: from the state of the art to future trends,” pp. 13-24, PCIM Proc., Nuremberg,1999.

[4] V. Rajagopalan (Guest Editor), Special Issue on Computers in Power Electronics, Guest Editorial, p. 397, IEEE Trans. on PowerElectronics, vol. 12, no. 3, May 1997.

[5] Christophe Basso, Switch-Mode Power Supplies - SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs, McGraw-Hill, Feb. 1, 2008.

[6] Christophe P. Basso, Switch-Mode Power Supply SPICE Cookbook, McGraw-Hill Professional; 1st Ed., March 19, 2001.

[7] Steven M. Sandler, SMPS Simulation with Spice 3, McGraw-Hill., 2st Ed., 1996.

[8] Steven M. Sandler and Charles E. Hymowitz, SPICE Circuit Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Aug. 2006.

[9] Muhammad H. Rashid, SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power, Second Edition, CRC Press, Nov. 2005.

[10] G. Massobrio and P. Antognetti, Semiconductor Device Modeling with SPICE, McGraw-Hill., 1993.

[11] W. Banzhaf, Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis Using PSPICE, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1992.

[12] M. H. Rashid, SPICE for Circuits and Electronics Using PSPICE, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990.

[13] W. Banzhaf, Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis Using PSPICE, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1989.

[14] P. W. Tuinenga, SPICE: A Guide to Circuit Simulation & Analysis Using PSPICE, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1988.

[15] Power Specialist's App Note Book, Papers on Simulation, Modeling and More, Edited by Charles Hymowitz,http://www.intusoft.com/lit/psbook.zip

[16] Inline equations offer hysteresis switch in PSpice, Christophe Basso, On Semiconductor, EDN, August 16, 2001

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【電力電子】04：Computer Simulation of Switching Converterspemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/W3news/實驗室課程網頁... · 2016-03-28 · (KVL) (KCL) ( ) 0 1 1 1 1 L v t v i C CR