ekonomika da biznesi - Tbilisi State University

ekonomika da biznesi

maisi-ivnisi

MAY-JUNEМАЙ-ИЮНЬ

2012

ECONOMICS and BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ

ISSN 1987-5789

3

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi

da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé

ðåôåð

International refereed and reviewed scientifi c and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.

Äæàâàõèøâèëè

gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel

Published since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà

redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,

Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16

e-mail: [email protected]

3

saredaqcio kolegia

revaz gogoxiarevaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–korespon-

dentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil vladimer papava, avTandil

silagaZe, leo Ciqava.silagaZe, leo Ciqava.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri anan-iuri anan-

iaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, iaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua,

irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili,

qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo

sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe,

roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jger-roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jger-

enaia.enaia.

EDITORIAL BOARDEDITORIAL BOARD

Revaz GogokhiaRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-

tors of Economic Sciences: tors of Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-

sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈßÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß

Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.

×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè – Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà. Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.

Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Серго Санадзе, Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.

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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.

volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) univer-

sitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis

(germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaT-

edris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saber-

ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,

profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) uni-

versitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis

fakultetis dekani, profesori.

FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:

Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Eco-nomics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).

ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:

Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.

5

SinaarsiSinaarsi

saaRdgomo epistole ................................................................................11saaRdgomo epistole ................................................................................11

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili. revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili. realur da

potenciur SesaZleblobebs Soris gansxvavebis Se-

faseba ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis

misaRebad ..................................................................................................... 19

andreas nastanski, simon gelaSvili.andreas nastanski, simon gelaSvili. saxelmwifo val-

isa da inflaciis urTierTdamokidebulebis Teori-

uli da empiriuli kvleva (germanul enaze) .............. 31

revaz gogoxia.revaz gogoxia. ekonomika ekonomikuri kanonebis ga-

reSe?! .................................................................................................................... 41

demna kvaracxelia.demna kvaracxelia. solous naSTis modifikacia

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

gaTvaliswinebiT ....................................................................................... 53

Temur miminoSvili. Temur miminoSvili. saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTier-

Toba ekonomikuri krizisisa da postkrizisul peri-

odebSi ............................................................................................................ 77

nino abesaZe.nino abesaZe. inflaciis gaangariSebis meTodologi-

is srulyofisaTvis .............................................................................. 93

mikro-makroekonomikamikro-makroekonomika

SoTa SaburiSvili.SoTa SaburiSvili. socialuri mewarmeobis fenomeni

da inkluziuri biznesis modelebi ......................................101

rati abulaZe.rati abulaZe. kiberpolitikis safrTxeebi da

gamowvevebi........................................................................................................ 113

leila qadagiSvili.leila qadagiSvili.Eekonomikuri globalizaciis zo-

6

gierTi Tavisebureba ........................................................................ 123

marine tabataZe.marine tabataZe. qarTuli soflis

aRorZinebisaTvis .................................................................................. 129

Tamar lazariaSvili. Tamar lazariaSvili. ekonomikuri riskebi da sadaz-

Rveo politikis prioritetebi saqarTvelos agrosa-

sursaTo seqtorSi .............................................................................. 139

menejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

nugzar paiWaZe.nugzar paiWaZe. rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove xe-

lmZRvaneli ................................................................................................. 145

nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili.nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili. konfliqtis regu-

lirebis humanuri meTodebi .........................................................165

manana lobJaniZe.manana lobJaniZe. saswavlo migraciis tendenciebi da

kanonzomierebebi globalizaciis pirobebSi ............175

eTer sarjvelaZe. eTer sarjvelaZe. saqonlis xarisxi da konkurentu-

narianoba saqarTvelos bazarze .............................................185

demur siWinava.demur siWinava. informaciis arsis

sakiTxisaTvis .......................................................................................... 192

7

CONTENTSCONTENTS

Easter Epistle ................................................................................. 11

ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY

REVAZ GVELESIANI, GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. REVAZ GVELESIANI, GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. Assessment of Difference between Actual and Potential Possibilities for Economic and Political Decision-making ….................................................. 19ANDREAS NASTANSKY, SIMON GELASHVILI. ANDREAS NASTANSKY, SIMON GELASHVILI. Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Interdependence between Public Debt and Infl ation (in German) ....................……......................................... 31REVAZ GOGOKHIAREVAZ GOGOKHIA. Economy without Economic Laws?! .......41DEMNA KVARATSKHELIADEMNA KVARATSKHELIA. Modifi cation of the Solow Residual taking into account Economic Capacities of the State ………...…53TEMUR MIMINOSHVILI.TEMUR MIMINOSHVILI. Government-Business Relationship in Economic Crisis and Post-crisis Periods........................................ 77NINO ABESADZE.NINO ABESADZE. For Improving Infl ation Calculation Methodology ................................................................................. 93

MICRO-MACROECONOMICSMICRO-MACROECONOMICS

SHOTA SHABURISHVILI.SHOTA SHABURISHVILI. The Phenomenon of Social Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Business Models ……………….................................................. 101RATI ABULADZE.RATI ABULADZE. Dangers and Challenges of Cyberpolitics ........................................................................... 113

8

LEILA KADAGISHVILI.LEILA KADAGISHVILI. Some Peculiarities of Economic Globalization ............................................................................ 123MARINE TABATADZE. MARINE TABATADZE. For the Revival of Georgian village .......................................................................................... 129TAMAR LAZARIASHVILI.TAMAR LAZARIASHVILI. Economic Risks and Priorities of Insurance Policy in Agro-Products Sector of Georgia ……...… 139

MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISMMANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM

NUGZAR PAICHADZE.NUGZAR PAICHADZE. What a Modern Manager should be like …..................................................................................... 145NINO PARESASHVILI, MAIA NIKVASHVILI. NINO PARESASHVILI, MAIA NIKVASHVILI. Humane Methods of Confl ict Regulation ................................................................. 165MANANA LOBZHANIDZE.MANANA LOBZHANIDZE. Tendencies and Natural Characteristics of Educational Migration under Globalization ………………… 175ETER SARJVELADZE.ETER SARJVELADZE. Product Quality and Competitiveness on Georgian Market ..........................................................................185DEMUR SICHINAVA.DEMUR SICHINAVA. Regarding the Conceptof Information ............................................................................. 192

9

СОДЕРЖАНИЕСОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Пасхальное Эпистоле .................................................................. 11

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКАЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА

РЕВАЗ ГВЕЛЕСИАНИ, ГЕОРГИЙ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ.РЕВАЗ ГВЕЛЕСИАНИ, ГЕОРГИЙ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ. Оцен-ка различия между реальными и потенциальными возможностя-ми для принятия экономико-политических решений............... 19АНДРЕАС НАСТАНСКИ, СИМОН ГЕЛАШВИЛИ. АНДРЕАС НАСТАНСКИ, СИМОН ГЕЛАШВИЛИ. Теоретиче-ские и эмпирические исследования взаимоотношения государ-ственного долга и инфляции (на немецком языке)................... 31РЕВАЗ ГОГОХИЯ.РЕВАЗ ГОГОХИЯ. Экономика вне экономических законов?! ..41ДЕМНА КВАРАЦХЕЛИЯ.ДЕМНА КВАРАЦХЕЛИЯ. Модификация остатка Солоу с уче-том экономических способностей государства......................... 53ТЕМУР МИМИНОШВИЛИ.ТЕМУР МИМИНОШВИЛИ. Взаимоотношение государства и бизнеса в периодах экономического кризиса и посткризиса... 77НИНО АБЕСАДЗЕ.НИНО АБЕСАДЗЕ. Для усовершенствования методологий рас-чета инфляции.............................................................................. 93

МИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКАМИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА

ШОТА ШАБУРИШВИЛИ.ШОТА ШАБУРИШВИЛИ. Феномен социального предприни-мательства и модели инклюзивного бизнеса ........................................................................................ 101РАТИ АБУЛАДЗЕ. Опасности и вызовы киберполитики............................................................................ 113

10

ЛЕЙЛА КАДАГИШВИЛИ.ЛЕЙЛА КАДАГИШВИЛИ. Некоторые особенности экономи-ческой глобализации.................................................................. 123МАРИНЕ ТАБАТАДЗЕМАРИНЕ ТАБАТАДЗЕ.. Для возраждения грузинскойдеревни........................................................................................ 129ТАМАРА ЛАЗАРИАШВИЛИ.ТАМАРА ЛАЗАРИАШВИЛИ. Экономические риски и приорите-ты страховой политики в агропродовольственном секторе... 139

МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗММЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗМ

НУГЗАР ПАИЧАДЗЕНУГЗАР ПАИЧАДЗЕ. Каким должен быть современный руко-водитель...................................................................................... 145НИНО ПАРЕСАШВИЛИ, МАЙА НИКВАШВИЛИ.НИНО ПАРЕСАШВИЛИ, МАЙА НИКВАШВИЛИ. Гуманные методы регулирования конфликта............................................ 165МАНАНА ЛОБЖАНИДЗЕ.МАНАНА ЛОБЖАНИДЗЕ. Тенденции и закономерности учеб-ной миграции в условиях глобализации.................................. 175ЭТЕР САРДЖВЕЛАДЗЕ.ЭТЕР САРДЖВЕЛАДЗЕ. Качество и конкурентоспособность товара на рынке Грузии............................................................. 185ДЕМУР СИЧИНАВА.ДЕМУР СИЧИНАВА. К вопросу о сущности понятия информации................................................................................ 192

11

saaRdgomo saaRdgomo

epistoleepistole

saaRdgomo epistole

yovladsamRvdelono mRvdelmTavarno, RirsnoyovladsamRvdelono mRvdelmTavarno, Rirsno

moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, yovelnomoZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, yovelno

mkvidrno RvTivkurTxeuli iveriis miwisa damkvidrno RvTivkurTxeuli iveriis miwisa da

droebiT Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs gareT droebiT Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs gareT

mcxovrebno Cveno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!mcxovrebno Cveno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!

qriste aRdga!

maS, mtkiced ideqiT TavisuflebiT, romliTac qristem gag-

vaTavisufla da kvlav nuRa daidgamT monobis uRels (galat.

5.1.).

qriste aRdga!

sada ars sikvdilo sawerteli Seni?!

qriste aRdga!

sada ars jojoxeTo Zlevai Seni?!

dRes zeimobs ca da qveyana, xaroben kacni da angelozTa

dasni; ,,Cvenc SevideT saxlsa uflisasa... da yovelnive viSveb-

deT seriTa miT sarwmunoebisaTa” (wm. ioane oqropiri)

mainc ra aris Cveni aseTi sixarulis mizezi, ratomaa pase-

qi dResaswaulTa dResaswauli?!

mTeli kosmosis, xiluli da uxilavi samyaros Semomqmedi

da sicocxlis erTaderTi sawyisi aris yovladwmida sameba.

masSi, masTan da misiT arsebobs yoveli. igia maradiuli, ucvale-

beli da uZravi. danarCeni yvelaferi cocxali ki viTardeba,

moZraobs da dausruleblad miiswrafvis misken.

adamisa da evas codviT dacemis gamo mTeli kosmosi

xrwnilebas daeqvemdebara da samyaroSi Semovida sikvdili.

,,rogorc erTi kacis mier Semovida codva am qveynad, da cod-

vis mier – sikvdili, ise sikvdilic gadavida yvela kacSi mis

mier” (rom. 5.12) Zveli aRTqmis wmida da marTali adamianebic

gardacvalebis Semdeg samoTxeSi ver Sediodnen, radgan memkvi-

dreobiT miRebuli pirvelqmnili codviT damZimebulni RvTis

wiaRisTvis Seuferebelni iyvnen. ase rom, yvelasaTvis daixSo

sasufevelis kari.

12

uflis samarTali da kanonzomiereba iTxovda, rom am

codvis sapirwone gamosasyidi isev adamians aResrulebina;

xolo radgan kacTa Soris da, zogadad, qmnilebaTa Soris, aseTi

aravin iyo da verc gamoCndeboda, gminavda samyaro, jojoxeTi

da sikvdili ki zeimobda.

da ai, aResrula warmoudgeneli da Cveni gonebisaTvis

miuwvdomeli saidumlo, - kacobrivi xorci Seisxa yovladwmida

samebis meore hipostasma, - Ze RvTisam da beTlems bagasa Sina

moevlina wuTisofels, rom TviTon ucodvels etvirTa Cveni

codvebi, daemarcxebina boroti Zalebi da CvenTvis kvlav mara-

diuli netareba moeniWebina. ,,sityva gankacda, raTa Cven ganvRm-

rTobiliyaviT” (wm. aTanase didi).

amqveynad ufali Cveulebrivi adamianiviT moqmedebda; ami-

tomac srulad aravin icoda vin iyo igi. eSmaki mxolod wmind-

ans da RvTis rCeuls xedavda masSi; udabnoSi gasul iesos man

gamocda mouwyo da pirveli damarcxebac iwvnia.

macxovari Semdeg ukve TviTon devnis eSmaks, kurnavs Sepy-

robilebs, davrdomilebsa da keTrovnebs, Tvals uxels brmebs,

aRadgens mkvdrebs...

boroti suli SeZrwunebulia da grZnobs, rom advilad

ver moereva mas. amitomac misi nebisadmi nebayoflobiT damor-

Cilebul da gaukeTurebul adamianebs iyenebs Tavisi miznis

gansaxorcieleblad.

da ai, iuda..., sinedrioni..., pilates samsjavro, jvarcma da

Ze kacisas adamianuri tkiviliT savse ukanaskneli aRmonaTqvami:

,,eli, eli, lama sabaqTani”, ,,ufalo, ufalo, raisaTvis damiteve

me”.

TiTqos aRsrulda farisevelTa da jojoxeTis ZalTa

wadili, - mokvda ieso; misi suli da sxeuli erTmaneTs gane-

Sora, magram swored am dros moxda umTavresi da umniSvnelo-

vanesi movlena, - qvesknelSi STavida samyaros Semomqmedi! eS-

maki hgonebda, rom sxva adamianTa msgavsad STanTqavda jvarc-

mul iesos, magram Tavad aRmoCnda Zleuli. qriste macxovarma,

romelSic saRvTo buneba adamianur bunebasTan iyo SeerTe-

buli, Semusra jojoxeTis bWeni, daamxo misi Zliereba, daTrguna

sikvdili da iq myofi marTalTa sulni caTa sasufevelSi aiy-

vana.

qristem ,,Zlevai sakvirveli” moimoqmeda. eSmaks yov-

liTurT sZlia da adamians mianiWa sikvdilze gamarjvebis Ses-

aZlebloba, magram igi yvelam pirovnulad unda moipovos.

13

gavixsenoT uflis sityvebi: ,,mamao, ganadide Ze Seni, raTa

Zemanca Senman gadidos Sen. raki mieci xelmwifeba yvela xor-

cielze..., misces saukuno sicocxle” (ioane 17,1,2).

amitomacaa es dRe kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani dResaswauli CvenTvis da saerTod, qristianuli sam-

yarosaTvis.

mkvdreTiT aRdgomili ufali suliwmidis gardamosvli-

sas afuZnebs wmida eklesias – Tavis mistikur sxeuls, romlis

erTi nawili cxonebaSi myof marTalTa sulebisagan Sedgeba da

mas mozeime eklesia hqvia, xolo meore nawili am qveynad mcx-

ovreb qristianTa krebuls warmoadgens da mebrZoli eklesia

ewodeba, radgan TiToeulma misma wevrma codvasTan brZoliT

unda moipovos gadarCena da maradiuli sicocxle.

,,sasufeveli caTa iiZulebis” – brZanebs saxareba. es br-

Zola, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar TavTan gvmarTebs, - Cvens

egoizmTan da ampartavnebasTan, rac aris yvelaze didi da sa-

SiSi nestari Cveni sulisa. Cveni guli, romelic savsea codviT

da codviTi midrekilebebiT, WuWyisgan unda gavaTavisufloT

da davubrundeT sakuTar Tavs, - Cvens namdvil ,,mes”. amas ki,

rogorc gvaswavlis ufali, mivaRwevT, Tu SeviyvarebT moyvass,

viTarca sakuTar Tavs.

maS, Seiyvare moyvasi da amiT Seiyvareb Semomqmeds. Seni

sikeTe gagiRebs samoTxis kars, Tavmdabloba Segiyvans uflis

savaneSi, siyvaruli ki wargadgens SemoqmedTan, - wm. mamebis es

rCeva Cveni cxovrebis kanonad unda vaqcioT.

am gzaze Seuracxyofac Segvxvdeba da ciliswamebac, dac-

invac da damdablebac, dacemac da aRdgomac. ar unda SegveS-

indes, es yvelaferi Cveni ampartavnebis wamalia, mware, magram

ganmakurnebeli wamali.

magram kacobriobis nawili ase sulac ar fiqrobs, radgan

ar sjeraT RmerTis da maradiuli cxovrebis.

uRmerToTa nawili sicocxlis azrs mxolod amqveyniuri

keTildReobis sxvisTvis SeqmnaSi xedavs; sxvani – Svilebis

yolaSi, radgan momavals aniWeben did mniSvnelobas, magram maT

ara aqvT pasuxi Tundac iseT martiv kiTxvebze, rogoricaa mag:

ra azri aqvs gamravlebisaTvis zrunvas, Tu STamomavloba Sen-

Tan erTad araraobad unda iqces? miT umetes, ra azri aqvs

progress, kacobriobisaTvis zrunvas, Tu Cveni monapovari mox-

mardeba maT, vinc xval aRar iarsebebs?

es adamianebi garkveulwilad sxvisTvis cxovroben, magram

saaRdgomo epistole

14

maTi yofis mizans aseT azrovneba sruliad aufasurebs.

isini gacilebiT dasafasebelni arian, vidre ,,logikurad”

moazrovneni, romelnic miiCneven, rom yvelaferi unda gaakeTon

sakuTari bednierebisaTvis da aseve bednierad daamTavron cx-

ovreba aq, radgan maTTvis imqveynad araferi ar arsebobs.

es aris yvelaze primitiuli damokidebuleba sicocx-

lisadmi da raoden samwuxaroa, rom Cvens droSi msoflioSi

swored amgvari ganwyobisaTvis xdeba xelis Sewyoba.

minda Tqveni yuradReba SevaCero am movlenaze, rom ufro

naTlad gaverkvioT ra viTarebaSi gviwevs cxovreba.

sazogadoebrivi yofisadmi ,,axali midgoma” jer gamoix-

ata imiT, rom Seecadnen, adamianisaTvis daeviwyebinaT codvis

gancda da amoqmedda aseTi principi: nebismieri qmedeba misaRe-

bia, Tu igi ar zRudavs sxvis Tavisuflebas. mag: sxvisi uzneoba

Tu me arafers miSavebs, es qmedeba uaryofiTi aRar aris...

da daiwyo amgvari azrovnebis yvelgan damkvidreba, rac

aris ajanyeba zneobisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg.

Tavisufleba da zneobrioba bunebiTia adamianisaTvis.

romelime maRganis ugulebelyofa iwvevs pirovnebis da aseve

sazogadoebis damaxinjebas.

sekularizaciis mimdevrebma win wamowies ra cru Tavisu-

flebis idea, zneoba saerTod CamoaSores mas da bolos ukve

aseTi principic wamoayenes: rac msurs, yvelaferi bunebrivia,

dasaSvebi da misaRebia!

es niSnavs, rom borotebac misaRebia da amaSi cudi arafe-

ria!

aseTi cxovrebis filosofia erT mniSvnelobas aniWebs

yvela ideas da Sexedulebas, RirebulebaTa yvela sistemas da

adamians nebismieri arCevanis gamarTlebas sTavazobs.

sayovelTao WeSmariteba aRar arsebobs, arsebobs mxolod

individualuri ,,WeSmaritebebi”. maT Soris ki warmatebulia is

mimarTuleba, romelic mxardaWerilia informaciuli manqanisa-

gan da kargad aris reklamirebuli.

TeologTa SexedulebiT, fexs ikidebs vulgaruli az-

rovneba, romelic adamianSi mxolod cxoveluri instiqtebis

win wamowevas emsaxureba.

es aris WeSmariti Tavisuflebis sruli antipodi. es

aris codvis da eSmakis iseTi batonoba, romlis msgavsic ar

axsovs kacTa modgmas!

amgvari azrovnebis wessa da damokidebulebas propagan-

15

das uweven yvelgan da maT Soris saqarTveloSic.

rogorc Cans, am ,,axali ideologiis” gamovlineba da

gamoxatulebaa 100 000 qarTvelis wamebis uwmides adgilze

buda-baris aSeneba, aseve qalaqis centrSi codvis saxlebis, -

kazinosa (Tanac sapatriarqos gverdiT) da totalizatoris...

gaxsna, sodom-gomoris codvis CamdenTa da maTi msgavsi sxva

,,gmirebis” popularizacia.

eklesias, romelic mis wevrTa pirovnuli naklulevanebis

miuxedavad, yovlad wmindaa da sruliad ucdomeli, qristes mc-

nebisamebr, yvela uyvars da cdilobs daexmaros maT, magram es

siyvaruli sulac ar niSnavs codvasTan Semgueblobas. piriqiT,

Cveni rwmena moiTxovs, rom codva moviZuloT da vebrZoloT mas,

xolo adamiani gavafrTxiloT da davicvaT.

aseTi dawesebulebebi bevr civilizebul da demokra-

tiul qveyanaSi jerjerobiT akrZalulia, xolo sadac daS-

vebulia, maT kanoniT mkacrad gansazRvruli mdebareoba aqvT

– mocilebulni arian saswavlo da religiur dawesebulebebs,

qalaqis centrs, sazogadoebis dasvenebisa da kulturuli Tav-

Seyris adgilebs.

minda kmayofilebiT aRvniSno, rom miuxedavad didi mcde-

lobisa da mravali xelSemwyobi faqtorisa, axalgazrdebis

didma nawilma da Cvenma xalxma gauZlo am sacdurs da zneo-

bisa da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis damcvelad darCa.

Cveni valia, xeli SevuwyoT mtkice ojaxisa da Zlieri

saxelmwifos Seqmnas, amitomac gvsurs, rom gamovTqvaT Cveni

zogierTi mosazreba:

miuxedavad qveynis garkveuli winsvlisa, mosaxleobis

didi nawili socialurad kvlavac daucvel fenas warmoad-

gens; dabalia erovnuli warmoebisa da mcire da saSualo bi-

znesis maCvenebeli; bazarze dominirebs importuli saqoneli;

ararealuradaa gazrdili gadasaxadebi, maT Soris komunaluri,

Semosavlis wyaro ki, dabalanazRaurebadia.

saWiroa iseTi kanonebis miReba, romelic Seamcirebs gad-

asaxadebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobis sferoSi, raTa

igi gaxdes dainteresebis sagani. friad sasurvelia, daxmareba

gaewios glexur meurneobas, rom maT SeZlon miwis damuSaveba,

Teslis, sasuqisa da sxva Sesawamli saSualebebis SeZena, ekolo-

giurad sufTa produqciis moyvana da gadamuSaveba. sarealiza-

cio bazris mopoveba ki, vfiqrobT, saxelmwifos ar gauWirdeba,

masze msoflioSi moTxovna didia.

saaRdgomo epistole

16

Tu es ganxorcielda, mokle droSi SesamCnevi iqneba wins-

vla da xalxs daubrundeba Sromis survili.

xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani, ra Tqma

unda, unda iyos jandacvis sfero.

eqimoba RvTivkurTxeuli da kacobriobis istoriis man-

Zilze erT-erTi yvelaze keTilSobiluri saqmianobaa. dResac

msoflioSi igi yvelaze sapatio da maRalanazRaurebadi pro-

fesiaa. xolo iq, sadac eqims ar uWiravs saTanado adgili da

ara aqvs dafaseba, pacients ekargeba misdami ndoba, ris Sed-

egadac pirvel rigSi zaraldeba ara eqimi, aramed avadmyofi

da sabolood mTeli sazogadoeba; amitom, vfiqrobT, jandacvis

prioritetad unda darCes eqimis kvalifikaciis amaRleba, maTi

prestiJis dacva da axalgazrda maRalprofesiuli kadris aRz-

rda.

avadmyofis mkurnaloba asevea damokidebuli efeqturi

da usafrTxo medikamentebis gamoyenebaze, vinaidan uvargisi da

falsificirebuli wamali SeiZleba sawamlavad eqces mas. ami-

tom sagangebo yuradReba unda mieqces qveyanaSi Semotanili Tu

adgilobrivi warmoebis preparatis xarisxs.

friad sasurvelia saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli zrunvis

sagani gaxdes Cvilobis asakSi bavSvisa da dedis erTad yofnis

xelSewyoba da dedisaTvis xelfasiani Svebulebis Tundac eqvs

Tvemde gazrda.

dRes seriozulad zrunaven daavadebaTa profilaqtikasa

da maT adreul gamovlenaze, rac Zalian sworia da aucile-

beli. amasTan, mimaCnia, rom cxovrebis jansaRi wesis propagan-

da unda gagrZeldes jandacvis sferosa da eklesias Soris

mWidro TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, rac, vfiqrobT, ufro efeq-

turi iqneba.

didi yuradReba unda mieqces patimarTa janmrTelobis

mdgomareobasac, radgan cixeebSi arsebobs mravali xelSemwyobi

faqtori iseTi socialurad saSiSi daavadebebis mZime formebis

gavrcelebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tundac tuberkulozi.

aucilebelia specialuri samsaxurebis mobilizeba da

maTi ntegrirebuli saqmianoba, rom sworad gatarebuli pro-

filaqtikuri da samkurnalo RonisZiebebiT Tavidan avicil-

oT cixeebSi rogorc am daavadebebis, ise C hepatitis, Sidsis da sxvaTa gavrceleba, xolo ukve daavadebulebSi – drouli

mkurnaloba.

Cveni tkivilia, rom saqarTvelos penitenciarul dawese-

17

bulebebSi Zalian bevri patimaria, maT Soris didia aras-

rulwlovanTa da qalTa raodenoba. vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania

sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis

saministrosTan arsebuli vadaze adre gaTavisuflebis mud-

mivmoqmedi komisiebis ufro aqtiuri saqmianoba. amasTan, iqneb

vizrunoT sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis, mimagrebis

da sxva alternatiuli sasjelebis amoqmedebaze im patimarTa

mimarT, romelnic saSiS damnaSaveebs ar warmoadgenen.

kargi iqneba, cixeebSi Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi, sadac

isini SeZleben Tavisi niWisa da SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas.

realizebuli adamiani ki sazogadoebisaTvis nakleb saSiSia.

aucilebelia amoqmeddes kanoni sasjelis gadavadebis

Sesaxeb, rac niSnavs, rom samedicino komisiis daskvnis safuZ-

velze, mZime an ukurnebeli seniT daavadebul patimrebs ufle-

ba mieceT, datovon sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebuleba da gamo-

janmrTelebamde darCnen da imkurnalon ojaxur garemoSi ax-

loblebis mzrunvelobis qveS. patimrebsa da sneulebze zrunva

RvTis mcnebis aRsruleba da erT-erTi mTavari saTnoebaa.

xSirad uTqvamT: xom SeeZlo ufals, adamianebi sikeTisak-

en ise miemarTa, rom isini codviT ar dacemuliyvnen da amdeni

gansacdelic aRar gadaetanaT?

RmerTi sulia, - wers pavle mociquli, - da sadac uflis

sulia, iq Tavisuflebaa” (II kor.3,17).

adamianis sidiade swored imaSia, rom igi TavisuflebisT-

visaa dabadebuli da miniWebuli aqvs arCevanis SesaZlebloba

keTilsa da borots, siwmidesa da codvas, sikvdilsa da mara-

diulobas Soris.

Tavisuflebis mTavari arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ama Tu

im pirovnebam Tavisi surviliT, gacnobierebulad, siyvaruliT

daumorCilos Tavisi neba RvTis nebas, raTa moxdes Zaldautane-

beli SeerTeba da sruli daqvemdebareba misdami, risi Sedegic

aris SemoqmedTan msgavsebis miRweva, anu madlismieri ganRmr-

Toba.

romeli miwieri keTildReoba SeiZleba Seedaros imas,

rasac ufali Tavis morwmuneT umzadebs?!

,,saerTod, yvela adamianis suli bunebiT qristiania” –

wers II-III-saukuneebis cnobili mwerali tertuliane.

ase rom, TiToeul Cvengans SeuZlia gaxdes morwmune da

WeSmariti RvTis madidebeli, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, adamiani ar

gaiukuRmarTebs bunebas da Tavisi pirovnuli arCevaniT ar

saaRdgomo epistole

18

daeqvemdebareba codvas.

WeSmariti rwmenis mopovebisaTvis ki aucilebeli pirobaa

sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba. sulis, gulisa da gonebis ganwmenda,

wminda werilisa da saRvTismetyvelo literaturis kiTxva da

damxarebisTvis uflis winaSe locva.

Zveli naTqvamia: msgavsi msgavss Sehxaris da Seicnobso.

bunebrivia, sadac sibnelea, iq sinaTle ver iqneba, sadac

WuWyi budobs, iq sisufTaveze laparaki zedmetia. amitomac WeS-

mariti rwmena ver iarsebebs uzneobisa da codvis garemoSi.

xolo adamiani, vinc gulwrfelad eZiebs samyarosa da

Tavisi arsebobis mizezsa da mizans, visac mTeli arsebiT surs,

WeSmaritebis Secnoba, adre Tu gvian, mainc ipovis ufals da

gaacnobierebs, rom misi cxovreba gabrwyinebuli unda iyos aR-

dgomis naTliT da qristeSi maradiuli netarebis damkvidrebis

sasoebiT; rom adamianis amqveyniuri cxovrebis umTavresi mi-

zani sasufevlis mopovebaa, danarCeni yvelaferi, - samSoblo,

ojaxi, Svilebi, axloblebi, megobrebi da yovelive amqveyniuri

moRvaweoba am mizniT unda iyos warmarTuli. ufali brZanebs

– me var ani da hae, dasabami da dasasruli (gamocx. 1.8); me var

aRdgoma da sicocxle. visac hswams Cemi, kidec, rom mokvdes,

icocxlebs (in. 11,25). Cemo suliero Svilebo, afxazno, osno,

ukrainelno, qarTvelno, berZenno, asirielno, azerbaijanelno,

rusno, somexno da qurTno, udinno, iezidno da sxvano, saqarT-

velos farglebs gareT mcxovrebno Cveno sayvarelo Taname-

mamuleno, Cven gvwams, rom qristem miiRo sikvdili imisaTvis,

rom CvenSi momkvdariyo codva. maS, movkvdeT codvisTvis, raTa

CvenSic gacocxldes qriste!

qriste aRdga! WeSmaritad aRdga!

ilia IIilia II

sruliad saqarTvelossruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqikaTolikos-patriarqi

aRdgoma qristesiaRdgoma qristesi

Tbilisi, 2012 weli Tbilisi, 2012 weli

19

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

revaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani

Tsu-is sruli profesori, Tsu-is sruli profesori,

ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneliekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli

giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili

ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris doqtorantiekonomikuri politikis kaTedris doqtoranti

ekonomikuri politikis, rogorc mecnieruli discip-

linis Semecnebis sagania praqtikuli ekonomikuri poli-

tika. erTi mxriv, man unda daaxasiaTos da gansazRvros

praqtikuli ekonomikuri politika, meore mxriv, unda Sead-

ginos prognozebi ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetile-

bebis gamtarebelTa qcevebis Sesaxeb. amgvari Zalisxmeva

gamiznulia ekonomikuri politikis pozitiuri Teoriis

Seqmnasa da mis empiriul uzrunvelyofaze. ekonomikuri

politika gulisxmobs ekonomikuri Teoriis gamoyenebas

imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogorc vlindeba neba politikur da

administraciul sferoebSi; es imas niSnavs, rom amiT da-

xasiaTebulia ,,sazogadoebrivi arCevanis~ anda politikis

ekonomikuri Teoriis kvlevis procesi.1 sabolood, ekonomikur-politikuri problemebis

mecnieruli analizi unda emsaxurebodes praqtikuli eko-

nomikuri politikis (ekonomikur-politikuri rCevebis)

momzadebas. ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis

safuZvlebi gasagebi gaxdeba racionalurobis, rogorc me-

Toduri normis daxmarebiT. amasTan aRniSnuli amocanis

gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia arsebobdes Sesabamisi

codna da meTodebi, rac mimarTulia:

praqtikuli ekonomikuri politikis mizandasaxu-

1 ix. BUCHANAN, J. M. (1987), The Constitution of Economic Policy. American Eco-nomic Review 77, s. 243-250.

realur da potenciur SesaZleblobebs realur da potenciur SesaZleblobebs

Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba ekonomikur-Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba ekonomikur-

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebadpolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad

20

lobaTa Sinaarsis axsnasa da maT identificirebaze, ram-

denadac isini SesaZloa ise arian ekonomikurad urTierT-

dakavSirebuli, rom amis deklarireba ar momxdara; mizandasaxulobaTa Soris SesaZlo mimarTebebze,

romlebic an logikur kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan, anda

maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis safuZveli ekonomikur

movlenaTa Soris arsebuli faqtobrivi urTierTmimarTe-

bebia;

imaze, Tu rogor funqcionirebs ekonomika, roca masSi ekonomikur-politikuri mizandasaxulobis mqone in-

tervenciebi xorcieldeba; gadawyvetilebis logikasTan dakavSirebul moq-

medebis wesze, romelic ekonomikur-politikuri probleme-

bis racionaluri gadawyvetis mizniT gamoiyeneba. intervenciis Sesaxeb ekonomikur-politikuri moZ-

Rvrebis mTavari sakiTxi swored is aris, Tu rogor unda

iqnes gamoyenebuli amgvari codna da meTodebi im ekono-

mikur-politikur procesSi, romelic arsebiTad racio-

nalurobiT xasiaTdeba. konkretuli ekonomikur-politi-

kuri problemis gadaWra swored maTma gamoyenebam unda

gaadvilos. amasTan, safuZvels moklebulia pretenzia imis

Taobaze, rom TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos mecnierulad de-

terminebuli politikis Camoyalibeba. amgvari mcdeloba

im SemTxvevaSic ki marcxiT mTavrdeba, roca ekonomikur-

politikur mrCevelebs TavianTi adresatebi, anda ekono-

mikuri politikis gamtareblebi politikuri sistemebidan

da SesaZlo sakuTari interesebidan ganyenebul persone-

bad warmoudgeniaT. aseTi Sexeduleba farTod aris gavr-

celebuli, magram igi an demokratiuli procesis mcdar

gagebas emyareba, anda mTlianad mowyvetilia ekonomikur-

politikur ideaTa da SexedulebaTa formirebis realur

process. amitomac, aucilebelia, cal-calke ganvixiloT,

rogorc demokratiuli procesi da gadawyvetilebis wmin-

da logikuri sazRvrebi, aseve ekonomikur-politikuri

rCevebis realizebis pirobebi.

ekonomikuri politikis, rogorc intervenciis Ses-

axeb Teoriis mTavari wanamZRvari is aris, rom SesaZlebe-

lia ekonomikur movlenebze mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba.

revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili

21


CvenTvis cnobilia Tu rogor funqcionireben sabazro-

ekonomikuri sistemebi da rogor yalibdeba ekonomikur-

politikuri moqmedebis moTxovnileba (saWiroeba). naTelia

isic, rom aseT sistemaTa marTvis SesaZleblobebi Zalze

SezRudulia, rac ganpirobebulia wesrigTan dakavSire-

buli mიzezebiT. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba marTvis im

mcdelobebs, rაc orientirebuliა sabazro procesis konk-retul Sedegebze, rasac adasturebs rogorc stabilize-

bis politikis, aseve ganawilebis politikis SemTxvevebi.

marTvis SesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebs TviTon saba-

zro-ekonomikuri sistemis struqtura adgens. rogorc

viciT, sabazro sistemis struqtura aris kompleqsuri

da evolutoruli (Ria). igi emyareba TviTkoordinacias

- sabazro moqmedebebis meSveobiT, xolo TviTkontrols

- konkurenciis safuZvelze. sabazro-ekonomikuri sistema,

rogorc daugegmavi wesrigi, warmoadgens koordinirebis

Sedegs; saqme exeba iseT koordinirebas, romelic Sromis

danawilebaze agebul ekonomikaSi im individebsa da me-

warmeebs Soris myardeba, sakuTari, kerZo miznebis ganxor-

cielebas rom eswrafvian. magram, sxvadasxva saxeobis wes-rigi, rogorc aseTebi, ar emsaxureba konkretul miznebs.

wminda sabazro ekonomikuri tipis wesrigidan regu-

lirebad sabazro ekonomikis tipad gardaqmnis mcdeloba

imas niSnavs, rom daugegmavi wesrigi Camoayalibo poli-

tikurad gansazRvruli miznebiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs

ori ZiriTadi problema:1

roca sabazro koordinaciis processa da Sede-gebs marTvis RonisZiebaTa safuZvelze veswrafviT, es ar-

sebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara daugegmavi wesrigisaTvis

garkveuli miznebis winaswar dasaxva. amgvari miznebi ar

Seesabameba mocemuli wesrigis xasiaTs; amitomac mosa-

lodnelia, rom isini sistemis mxridan iseT reaqciebs gam-

oiwvevs, romelTa winaswar ganWvreta da gaTvaliswineba

SeuZlebelia;

marTvis RonisZiebaTa mizanmimarTuli gamoyenebi-saTvis aucilebeli iqneboda mosalodneli Sedegebis wi-

naswari codna. magram saqme is aris, rom evolutoruli

1 ix. STREIT M. (2005), Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Aufl ., Stuttgart, s. 219.

22

sabazro movlenebi, maTi kompleqsuri bunebidan gamom-

dinare, ar daiyvaneba damajerebel da sando kanonzom-

ierebebze, rac SesaZlebelia zogierT sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaSi. igive unda iTqvas mizez-Sedegobriv kavSire-

bzec, rasac unda daemyaros marTvis RonisZiebebi.

im pirobebidan, romlebsac wesrigis Teoria ayenebs,

marTvis uamravi mcdelobis mimarT dasabuTebuli eWvi

Cndeba. amitomac mniSvnelovania:

marTvis mcdelobebis logikuri struqturebis da-muSaveba da maTi elementebis Sesaxeb diskusia;

iseTi pirobebis Tu SezRudvebis gaanalizeba, rom-lebic unda Seesabamebodes gansxvavebuli intervenciis

kategoriebs;im meTodebisa da kriteriumebis ganxilva, romlebic

marTvis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis

momzadebis procesSi gamoiyeneba.

ekonomikur-politikuri problemebisaTvis arsebiTi,

ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebaa realobasa da sasurvel so-

cioekonomikur mdgomareobas Tu ganviTarebis perspeqti-

vas Soris gansxvaveba. magram, imis Sefaseba Tu ra aris

sasurveli da ras niSnavs misgan gadaxveva – normatiuli

sakiTxia. masze SesaZlo pasuxebs is Sefasebebi moicavs, rac saboloo angariSiT, unda gaiziaron sazogadoebis wevrebma. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis arsebobas

safrTxe Seeqmneba. saqme exeba koleqtiur miznebs, rom-

lebic individualuri an koleqtiuri masStabiT fasde-

ba. rac Seexeba koleqtiur masStabebs, is absoluturad

SeuTavsebelia sabazro-ekonomikur wesrigTan. Sefasebe-

bis Camoyalibeba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca

Sefasebis masStabebi anda miznebi maqsimalurad opera-

cionalurad ariს formulirebuli.

ekonomikur-politikur gadawyvetilebebs, ro gorc

wesi, rTuli logikuri struqtura gaaCnia, rac ganpirobe-

bulia socialuri movlenebis urTierTkavSiriT. es uka-

naskneli gamoixateba imiT, rom ekonomikur-politikuri

moqmedebebi axdens rogorc moklevadian da grZelvadian,

aseve gverdiT zemoqmedebasac, romelTa gaTvaliswineba

aucilebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. amasTan, aseT


23


gadawyvetilebebs Tan axlavs erTgvari gaurkvevloba imis

Taobaze, sworad aris Tu ara gaanalizebuli ekonomikur-

politikuri sawyisi mdgomareoba da aris Tu ara gaTval-

iswinebuli ganxiluli moqmedebebis mosalodneli Sede-

gebi. amas, rogorc wesi, emateba isic, rom ara marto erTi

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi cdilobs ekonomikur movlenaze

zemoqmedebis moxdenas, aramed am procesSi CarTulia uam-

ravi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi. amgvari gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze aseve zegavlenas axdenen is pirebi da orga-

nizaciebi, romlebsac ar aqvT saTanado ekonomikur-poli-

tikuri kompetencia. garda amisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT

isic, rom gadawyvetilebaze zegavlenis moxdenas kerZo

ekonomikuri subieqtebic cdiloben. es imas niSnavs, rom

racionaluri ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miReba mniSvnelovan danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

gadawyvetilebaTa logikuri struqtura gadawyvetilebis

Sesaxeb Teoriis sagania. mas SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva

gadawyvetilebis ekonomikur-Teoriuli problemis Se-

fasebisa da gadaWris saqmeSi.

SezRuduli ekonomikuri codnis safuZvelze ver

davadgenT ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan normebs, romlebic

migviTiTebda Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, raTa Tavidan

aviciloT gansxvaveba maT Soris: rac aris da rac unda

iyos. codnis deficiti, saTanado reaqciebisaTvis saWiro

dro, gaurkvevloba, SezRuduli ekonomikuri perspeqtiva,

ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis mudmivi cvlileba, imis wi-

naswar ganWvretis SeuZlebloba Tu rogor warimarTeba

politikuri nebis formirebis procesi – mniSvnelovani

argumentebia imisaTvis, rom ekonomikur-politikuri moZ-

Rvreba intervenciis Sesaxeb mxolod normatiul teqno-

logiad ar miviCnioT.

zemoaRniSnuli siZneleebi ekonomikis politikosisa

da misi mrCevelisagan, garda im codnisa, Tu rogor unda

warimarTos ekonomikis marTva, moqmedebis politikuri

da organizaciuli CarCoebis argumentirebul codnasac

moiTxovs. amasTan, intervenciis Sesaxeb moZRvrebam unda

daakmayofilos is pretenziebi, romlebsac ekonomikur

politikas, rogorc “marTvis xelovnebis Teorias” uyen-

24

eben xolme. magram, codnis sazRvrebis gacnobierebasTan

erTad, aucilebelia, rom ekonomikis politikosma icodes

is teqnologiuri elementebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia

mizansa da saSualebas Soris kavSiris sistemur gaaz-

rebasTan. teqnologiuri OmoTxovnebi azrovnebis disci-

plinasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs agvarebს da Tavidan

gvacilebs dausabuTebelsa da araswor msjelobebs. kon-

stituciuri codnis deficitis gacnobiereba, sabazro

ekonomikuri wesrigis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebasTan

erTad, ekonomikuri politikis sferoSi gvicavs jer-erTi

imiT, rom gadaWarbebiT ar SevafasoT politikis zegav-

lena ekonomikuri movlenebis Camoyalibebis procesze.

meorec, igi Tavidan gvaSorebs moqmedebis iseT Sedegebs, sistemis gauaresebas rom iwveven.

ekonomikuri politikis problema Cndeba maSin, roca

xdeba sasurveli sociopolitikuri mdgomareobidan

Tu ganviTarebidan gadaxveva da imis gacnobiereba, rom

aucilebelia misi gamosworeba. masSi gamoxatulia Se-

fasebiTi mimarTeba, rac ukve cxadi unda iyos ekonomikuri

politikis ZiriTadi amocanebis sferodan gamomdinare.

Sefasebebi, rogorc Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rac aris,

magram rac unda iyos – survilebs efuZneba da amitom

isini SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT an ar miviRoT. sruliad

sxvagvaradaa agebuli pozitiuri ekonomikuri Sexedule-

bebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi funqciur urTierTdamokide-

bulebebsa da qcevis formebs gviCvenebს. marTalia, isini

ar gamoxataven subieqtur mrwamss, magram mainc aucile-

belia maTi namdvilobisa da saimedoobis intersubieq-

turi gadamowmeba. sabolood unda moxdes maTi empiriuli

Semowmebac. gadamowmebasa da Sefasebis Tavisuflebas So-

ris, rogorc naCvenebi iqneba, arsebobs uSualo kavSiri.

Tu Sefasebis Tavisuflebas mecnierulobis kriteriumad1

vaqcevT, maSin aqedan SeiZleboda is daskvna gamogvetana,

rom TiTqos SeuZlebeli iyos ekonomikuri politikis

mecnieruli analizi. magram saqme is aris, rom ekonomi-

kuri politikis SemTxvevaSi normatiuli, e.i. Sefasebis

1 ix. WEBER M. (1921), Wirstchaft und Gesellschaft, 5. rev. Aufl ., Studienausg., Nachdruck, Tuebingen, 2002, s. 28.


25


implicirebuli (momcveli) elementebi mtkicedaa dakav-

Sirebuli pozitiur ekonomikur elementebTan. amitomac, mizanSewonili iqneba sakiTxi davsvaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ramdenad urTierTTavsebadia Sefaseba da mecnieruloba.

amasTan, es dasabuTebuli unda iyos kritikuli racional-

izmis poziciidan gamomdinare, rogorc igi, uwinares yov-

lisa, k. poperisa da h. albertis mieraa warmodgenili.1

ekonomikur-politikuri analizis amosavali

wertilia gansxvaveba arsebulsa da mas Soris, rac unda

arsebobdes. amrigad, Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rac unda

iyos, SesaZloa gamoviyenoT, raTa dakvirvebad ekonomikur

mdgomareobaTa da ganviTarebaTa Sesaxeb Sefasebebi maTi

daxmarebiT warvmarToT. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia

gaCndes rekomendaciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor

unda aviciloT Tavidan gansxvavebebi arsebulsa da mas

Soris, rac unda arsebobdes. gvxvdeba faqtobrivi movle-

nebi, romelTa Semowmeba nebismier adamians SuZlia; aseve

arsebobს sasurveli movlenebi, romlebic Sordeba amgvar

Semowmebas; swored maTi Sedarebis safuZvelze yalibdeba

rogorc Sefasebebis, aseve rekomendaciebis Sinaarsi. nor-

matiuli Sexedulebebi subieqtur survilebs gamoxatavს, amitom, Semowmebis Sedegi ar SeiZleba “sworad” an “mc-

darad” miviCnioT. SesaZlebelia, rom vinmem isini TavisT-

vis misaRebad CaTvalos an uaryos kidec.

ekonomikur-Teoriuli mosazrebebi yovelTvis im

gansxvavebis safuZvelze yalibdeba, ekonomikuri pro-

cesebis Sesaxeb varaudze damyarebul codnasa da faq-

tobriv procesebs Soris rom arsebobs. magram, ramdena-dac rogorc varaudze damyarebuli moCvenebiTi codna,

aseve faqtobrivi procesebi arsebulis Sesaxeb Sexed-

ulebebis meSveobiT mtkicebaTa formiT gadmoicema, saqme

gvaqvs pozitiur SexedulebebTan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar-

sebobs realuri fenomenebis Sesaxeb enobrivi erTianoba,

romelTa safuZvelzec xdeba dakvirvebis Sesabamisi ve-

lis konstituireba (formireba), maSin arsebiTad SesaZle-

1ix. POPPER, K.R. (1962), Die Logik der Sozialwissenschaften. Koelner Zeitschrift fuer Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 14, s. 233-248; ALBERT, H. (1978), Traktat ueber rationale Praxis, Tuebingen

26

belia amgvari Sexedulebebis gadamowmeba. saamisod ki

aucilebelia imis dadgena, Tu romeli movlenebi iqnebo-

da SesabamisobaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Sesaxeb

varaudze damyarebul codnasTan, anu Teoriuli axsnis

mcdelobasTan. aseTi ram xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca dak-

virvebadi - rogorc mizezobrivad SesamCnevi – movlen-

ebidan savaraudo mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTdamokideb-

ulebebis (hipoTeza) safuZvelze iseTi movlenebis Ses-

axeb keTdeba daskvna, romlebic unda arsebuliyო, Tu zemoT dasaxelebul damokidebulebas kanonieri Zala

eqneboda. am gziT formirebuli Sexedulebebi, romelTa

struqtura aris ,,Tu…- maSin - Sexedulebebi’’, empiriuli

gadamowmebisas SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi movides faqto-

briv movlenebTan.

ekonomikuri Teoriebi marcxs ara marto logikis

kanonebTan mიmarTebiთ ganicdiს, aramed empiriaSic, roca saqme exeba realobis mimarT maTi mecnieruli preten-

ziebis dasabuTebas. meore mxriv, xdeba imis dakonkreteba,

rom empiriuli Semowmeba sxva araferia, Tu ara falsi-

ficirebis meToduri principis gamoyeneba, anu sistemuri uaryofis mcdeloba. amis gamo adgili aqvs empiriuli

Semowmebis simZimis centris gadatanas iseTi movlenebis

Ziebaze, romelTa dadgoma gamoricxuli iyo navaraudev

kauzalobaTa SesaZlo Tanamimdevrobidan. es amave dros

imis gamoxatulebaa, rom moxdes mosalodneli Secdomis

gardaqmna kritikul Tvalsazrisad. uaryofis mcdelo-

bis marcxiT dasruleba niSnavs ara imas, rom Sesabamisi

hipoTeza ar dadasturda, aramed imas, rom jer kidev ar

momxdara misi uaryofa.

SeiZleba imis warmodgenac, rom empiriuli Semow-

mebisas aqcenti iseT viTarebaTa Ziebaze keTdebodes,

romlebic navaraudevi kanonzomierebebiT daSvebul Sede-

gebs ganekuTvneba. magram, advilad SeiZleba, rom aseTi

verificirebisas (mtkicebisas) mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes

uaryofis SesaZleblobebi da Semecneba erT mdgomareoba-

Si aRmoCndes. es ki xels Seuwyobda dogmaturi poziciis

Camoyalibebas. magram, meore mxriv, Tu aqcenti savaraudo

kauzalobaTa mcdarobaze gakeTdeboda, ufro male mi-


27


vaRwevdiT mecnierul progress, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca

axsnis winandel mcdelobaTa gaumjobesebasa da Secvlas

veswrafviT. am miznisaTvis ufro Sesaferisia ara veri-

ficirebis, aramed falsificirebis (empiriuli uaryofis)

principi.

orive meTodur princips – rogorc falsificire-

bas, aseve SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tavisuflebas

– normatiuli Sinaarsi aqvs, vinaidan isini rekomendaciebs

moicavს imis Taobaze:

Tu rogor unda veswrafvodeT realobis Sesaxeb mecnierul codnas (empiriuli uaryofa);

romeli mtkicebebi ar unda gaviTvaliswinoT in-tersubieqturi Semowmebis interesebidan gamomdinare (Se-

fasebebi).

aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom uaryofis meTodi

TiTqos ar iZleodes realobis Sesaxeb mecnieruli cod-

nis SesaZleblobas. ubralod keTdeba varaudi imis Tao-

baze, rom aseTi ram orive meToduri principis safuZvelze

miiRweva. Sefasebebis neitralizeba, rogorc vnaxavT, ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqosda SesaZlebeli ar iyos misi Se-

fasebisagan damoukidebeli da mecnieruli analizi.

Sefasebis Tavisuflebaze xSirad mcdari warmod-

gena aqvT sazogadod ekonomikur mecnierebebSi da gansa-

kuTrebiT – ekonomikur politikaSi. amgvari gaugebroba

uSualo kavSirSia axsnis mcdelobasTan. saqme is aris,

rom socioekonomikuri realobis dakvirvebad kanonzom-

ierebaTa dadgenis yovel mcdelobas SefasebiTi bunebis

mqone subieqturi arCevani da interesi gansazRvravs.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ekonomikis funqcionireba

Sefasebisagan Tavisufali iyos? – am kiTxvaze, albaT, da-makmayofilebel pasuxs iZleva g. mirdali: ,,faqtebi my-

isierad rodi iqcevა cnebebad da Teoriebad; maT gareSe

ki mecnieruli faqtebis nacvlad qaosi daisadgurebda.

yoveli mecnieruli naSromi aucileblad moicavs aprio-

rul elements. jer kiTxvebi unda daisvas, Semdeg ki ma-

Tze pasuxis gacemas SevecadoT. TiToeuli kiTxva samya-

rosadmi Cveni interesis gamoxatvaa. isini arsebiTad sxva

28

araferia Tu ara Sefasebebi”.1 meore mxriv, sakvlevi prob-

lemis Semfasebluri arCevani imTaviTve rodi gamoricx-

avs mecnieruli, intersubieqturad Semowmebadi analizis

SesaZleblobas. magram, miuxedavad amisa, miRebuli Sede-

gebis kritikuli ganxilva unda moxdes da ara mecnieris

pirovnuli poziciisa, ramac SesaZloa zegavlena iqonios

problemis arCevaze.

meore gaugebroba warmoiSoba maSin, roca ar iTval-

iswineben im gansxvavebas, romelic Semfaseblur daskvnebsa

da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebs Soris arsebobs.

amis gauTvaliswinebloba iseT interpretacias iwvevs, rom

TiTqosda, gamoricxuli iyos Sefasebebisa da ekonomikuri

miznebis mecnieruli ganxilva. sinamdvileSi es mxolod

Semfasebluri daskvnebis, rogorc mecnieruli Zalisxme-

vis miznis formulirebas exeba. RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb

Sexedulebebi SefasebiTi msjelobebidan absoluturad

Tavisufali unda iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri

politikis mecnieruli programa am sferoSi arsebul Se-

fasebebTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba Semdegnairad dakonkret-

des:

SesaZlebelia SefasebaTa axsna (1), maTi urTierTmi-marTebebis Semowmeba (2), da im kombinaciebis urTierTSe-

dareba (3), romlebic drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi sxva-

dasxva jgufisa da sazogadoebis mier yalibdeba;

Sefasebebi, romelTa gamovlena SesaZlebelia Sexed-ulebebis Rrma analizis gziT (ideologiis kritika); ar

aris gamoricxuli, rom moqmedebebi da Sexedulebebi sa-

gangebo mizniT yalibdebodes; saqme exeba adresatze zemo-

qmedebis moxdenis mizans. TiTqosda, amgvari Sexedulebebi

intersubieqturad Semowmebad safuZvlebs emyarebodes;

dabolos, SesaZlebelia aRiweros, aixsnas da moxdes imis prognozireba, Tu rogoria an rogori iqneba

calkeuli pirisa Tu jgufis Semfasebluri qceva da maTi

urTierTqmedeba.

amrigad, Cven SegviZlia SefasebaTa mecnieruli

dadgena da gaanalizeba, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTmi-

1ix. MYRDAL, G. (1969), Objektivitaet in der Sozialforschung, 2. Aufl ., Frank-furt am Main 1971, s.13


29


marTebebis Semowmeba, magram dauSvebelia maTi miCneva

“swor” an “mcdar” Sefasebebad.

es, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom mecnieri SeiZleba pirovnulad mxars uWerdes garkveul norma-

tiul pozicias. aseve ar aris gamoricxuli SefasebiTi

msjelobebi mecnierulad Ria da sajaro faqtebis Sesax-

eb. Tu normad miviRebT imas, rom aucilebelia intersub-

ieqturad Semowmebadi SefasebiTi msjelobebis (ideolo-

giebis) Tavidan aSoreba, maSin mkafiod unda gvqondes

gacnobierebuli Sexedulebebis SefasebiTi nawili (Ri-

rebulebis transparentobis postulati). magram, am moTx-

ovnis Sesruleba Zalze Znelia imis gamo, rom metyveleb-

is elementebs xSirad viyenebT xolme Sefasebis mizniT.

yovel SemTxvevaSi amgvar daskvnebs mecnieruli xasiaTi

sulac ar eniWeba imis gamo, rom maს SeiZleba iseTi vinme

iyenebdes, vinc isedac mecnierul saqmianobas eweva. ma-

gram arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom mecnieri, Tavisi saqmi-

anobis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, garkveul SefasebiT

daskvnebs, sxva aseTive SexedulebebTan SedarebiT, ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdes.

Sefasebis problematikis Taobaze Semdgomi gauge-

broba teqnolgiur informacias ukavSirdeba. adre ganxi-

luli SemTxvevebisagan gansხvavebiT, igi gadaWarbebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebs Sefasebisgan Tavisufali, mecnier-

uli analizis SesaZleblobas. aseTi analizis safuZve-

lia teqnologiuri informaciebi, rაc sxva araferia, Tu

ara im ZalisxmevaTa Sedegi ekonomikur kanonzomierebaTa

wvdomas rom eswrafviს. ekonomikis politikoss swored

amgvari savaraudo kanonzomierebebi ainteresebs, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic:ukve axsnil movlenebTan aris mimarTebaSi; swored

im movlenebTan, pirdapiri an iribi kavSiri rom aqvს ekonomikur-politikur miznebTan;

anda mizezobrivad winaswar gansazRvruli movle-nebis saxeobas moicavს, romelsac ekonomikis politikosi

an gaiTvaliswinebs an ara.

aseTi kanonzomierebebi moqmedebis ekonomikur-poli-

tikuri SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdiს.

30

amisaTvis ki mxolod tavtologiuri transformaciaa

saWiro.1 amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba sakiTxi imis

Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoiyureba ekonomikur-politikurad

formirebadi movlenebi. swored amis safuZvelze moxdeba

zemoqmedebis im faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba, romlebic ar

monawileoben amgvar formirebaSi da gamoikveTeba sasur-

veli movlenebi. maTi prognozireba mTavar miznamde misv-

lis saSualebaa, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara garkveu-

li movlenebis axsna. zogjer arasworad esmiT xolme

tavtologiuri transformaciis Sedegi, rac SefasebisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisuflebis principis darRvevas

niSnavs.

Assessment of Difference between Actual and Potential Possibilities for Economic and Political Decision-making

R. GvelesianiG. Gaprindashvili

The difference between actual and desirable socio-economic condi-tions and the perspective of development is constitutive (essential) for eco-nomic and political problems. But to evaluate what is desirable and what the deviation from it means is a normative issue. Possible answers to this issue are included in the evaluations which should be fi nally shared by members of the society. Otherwise, existence of the society will be endangered. The point is that collective goals are evaluated in individual or collective scales. As for collective scales, they are completely incompatible with market and economic order. Making assessment is only possible when the scales or goals of assessments are formulated maximally operationally.

1ix. ALBERT, H. (1963b), Wertfreiheit als methodische Prinzip – Zur Frage der Notwendigkeit einer normativen Sozialwissenschaft; wiederabgedruckt in ders.: Aufklaerung und Steuerung – Aufsaetze zur Sozialphilosophie und zur Wissen-schaftslehre der Sozialwissenschaften, Hamburg 1976, s.177.


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THEORIE UND EMPIRIE ZUM ZUSAMMENHANG ZWI-THEORIE UND EMPIRIE ZUM ZUSAMMENHANG ZWI-SCHEN STAATSVERSCHULDUNG UND INFLATIONSCHEN STAATSVERSCHULDUNG UND INFLATION

Dr. Andreas Nastansky - Dr. Andreas Nastansky - Universität Potsdam Universität Potsdam

Prof. Dr. Simon Gelaschwili - Prof. Dr. Simon Gelaschwili - Iv. Djavachischvili Staatliche Iv. Djavachischvili Staatliche

Universität Tbilissi Universität Tbilissi

1. EinleitungDie Nationalstaaten haben gemeinsam mit den Zentralbanken das

Finanzsystem während der Finanz- und Bankenkrise der Jahre 2008/09 gestützt und stabilisiert.1 Anschließend wurde die Wirtschaftskrise durch Konjunkturprogramme gemildert. Dies führte zu einer Beschleunigung der Staatsschulden weltweit. Das hohe Schuldenniveau nicht nur in den Euro-Krisenstaaten und die starke Ausweitung der Bilanzsumme der Europä-ischen Zentralbank (EZB) infolge der unkonventionellen geldpolitischen Maßnahmen begründen die Befürchtung von Schulden restrukturierungen durch Staatsinsolvenzen. Eine Alternative dazu ist die Infl ationierung der Staatsverschuldung. Während Ausgabenkürzungen und Steuererhöhungen mit heftigem Widerstand von Interessengruppen und weiten Teilen der Be-völkerung einhergehen, stellt die Infl ation eine verführerische Lösung des Schuldenproblems dar. Wie Reinhart/Rogoff (2009) darlegen, versuchten Regierungen weltweit, Staatsschulden in eigener Währung durch Infl ation zu entwerten.2 Es stellt sich die Frage, ob das „Infl ationsgespenst“ zurück-kehrt? Diese Befürchtung wird durch die Krise um Griechenland noch ver-stärkt, da die wirtschaftlich stabileren Nationen die von der Krise bedrohten Länder unterstützen und dazu weitere Schulden aufnehmen müssen.

Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation stehen über unterschiedliche Über-tragungswege in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Die Geld-politik der Zentralbanken übt zudem einen großen Einfl uss auf dieses Zu-1 Nastansky, A./ Gelaschwili, S., Determinanten der Entwicklung der Krise am US-Immobilienmarkt zur globalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, in: ECONOMICS and BUSINESS, Nr. 1 (2010), s. 67-80.2 Reinhart, C.M./ Rogoff, K.S., This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton 2009.

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Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili sammenspiel aus. Staatliche Defi zite können zu Infl ation führen, wenn die Geldmenge ausgeweitet wird. Die Relevanz ergibt sich nicht zuletzt aus der seit der europäischen Staatsschuldenkrise wieder bedeutsamer gewordenen Problematik der Folgen staatlicher Verschuldung und einer expansiven Geldpolitik für die Entwicklung der Verbraucherpreise.

2.2.Empirie Staatsverschuldung und Infl ationDer Zusammenhang zwischen Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation ist

in der empirischen Forschung der letzten Jahre in zahlreichen Studien und unter verschiedenen Fragestellungen behandelt worden. Der Schwerpunkt wurde auf die ökonometrischen Modellierungen der Auswirkungen der Staatsverschuldung auf das Zinsniveau, den Output und die Infl ation ge-setzt. Die Autoren gelangen teilweise zu widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen, ob die Monetarisierung der Staatsschuld zu realen Effekten und zu Infl ation führt.

Nach Giannitsarou/Scott (2006) konnte in den Industriestaaten seit den 1960er Jahren kein signifi kanter Zusammenhang zwischen Staatsver-schuldung und Infl ation ermittelt werden.1 In den Schwellenländern fan-den Catao/Terrones (2005) für den Zeitraum 1960-2000 hingegen einen deutlichen Einfl uss der Staatsdefi zite auf die Infl ation.2 In den entwickelten Ländern tragen unabhängige Zentralbanken und eine hohe Reputation bei den Kapitalmarktakteuren zu einer stabilen Finanzlage bei, sodass staatli-che Defi zite nicht in hohen Infl ationsraten münden. Taghavi (2000) unter-suchte den Zusammenhang zwischen Infl ation und realer Schuldenquote für Deutschland, Italien, Frankreich und Großbritannien im Zeitraum 1970-1997.3 Für keines der Länder konnte eine Kointegrationsbeziehung nachge-wiesen werden. Jedoch war in allen vier Staaten die öffentliche Schulden-quote Granger-kausal zur Infl ation mit einer Zeitverzögerung von 3 und 5 Jahren. Mithilfe von Impuls-Antwort- Funktionen zeigte Taghavi, dass eine plötzliche Erhöhung der realen Schuldenquote signifi kante Reaktionen der Infl ation nach sich zogen. Richtung und Stärke der Antwort differenzierten teils erheblich. Demgegenüber konnten Seccareccia/Sood (1999) für die 1 Giannitsarou, C./ Scott, A., Infl ation Implications of Rising Government Debt, in: NBER Working Paper Series, No. 12654 (2006).2 Catao, L./ Terrones, M.E., Fiscal Defi cits and Infl ation, in: Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 52 (2005), s. 529-554.3 Taghavi, M., Debt, growth and infl ation in large European economies: a vector auto-regression analysis, in: Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol. 10 (2000), s. 159-173.

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G7-Staaten (ohne Japan) keine Granger-Kausalität des Budgetdefi zits für die Infl ation nachweisen.1 Bleaney (1996) führte eine Korrelationsanalyse des öffentlichen Schuldenstands mit der Infl ation durch.2 Er ermittelte eine schwache positive durchschnittliche Korrelation von 0,36 zwischen beiden Variablen in fünfzehn OECD-Ländern für den Zeitraum 1973-1982. Für einen späteren Zeitraum 1983-1989 wurde mit -0,19 eine schwach negative durchschnittliche Korrelation für dieselben Länder berechnet. Nastansky/Mehnert (2012) ermitteln für Deutschland seit 1991 eine Kointegrations-beziehung und einen signifi kant positiven Einfl uss der nominalen Staatsver-schuldung auf die Verbraucherpreisentwicklung.3 Wenn die Verschuldung des Staates um 10% wächst, dann steigt der VPI im Mittel um 2%. Die Zerlegung der kointegrierten Zeitreihen in transitorische und permanente Komponenten unter Berücksichtigung der Gleichgewichtsfehler mittels der multivariaten Beveridge-Nelson-Dekomposition offenbarte, dass von den nominalen Staats schulden auch im Konjunkturverlauf ein infl ationärer Ef-fekt ausgeht.

Junius/Tödtmann (2010) analysieren auf Basis einer Simulations-rechnung die Effekte alternativer Infl ationsraten auf die Staatsschulden-quote der Europäischen Währungsunion (EWU).4 Demnach hat ein dau-erhaft moderater Anstieg der Infl ationsrate (von 2% auf 4%) nur geringe Auswirkungen auf die Staatsschuldenquote (-10 Prozentpunkte). Mit dem Anziehen der Risikoprämien (Realzinsen) geht dieser Vorteil langfristig wieder verloren. Ferner identifi zierten sie anhand verschiedener Kriterien Griechenland, Portugal, Irland uns Spanien als Länder in der Euro-Zone mit den größten Infl ationierungsanreizen. Demgegenüber würden höhere Infl a-tionsraten in Deutschland nur eine relativ schwache fi skalische Entlastung hervorrufen. Mehnert/Nastansky (2012) zeigen für Deutschland, dass im Zeitraum 1991-2010 von den Verbraucherpreisen langfristig ein erhöhen-

1 Seccareccia, M./ Sood, A., Government Debt Monetization and Infl ation: a Some-what Jaundiced View, in: University of Ottawa Working Paper Series, No. 9903 (1999).2 Bleaney, M., Infl ation and Public Debt, in: Australian Economic Papers, vol. 35 (1996), s. 141-155.3 Mehnert, A./ Nastansky, A., Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation - Eine empirische Analyse für Deutschland, in: Potsdamer Schriften zu Statistik und Wirtschaft, Nr. 2 (2012).4 Junius, K./ Tödtmann, K., Infl ation und Staatsverschuldung, in: Ifo Schnelldienst, vol. 63 (2010), s. 16-26.

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der Einfl uss auf die nominale Staatsverschuldung ausgeht. Die kurzfristigen Veränderungen des VPI wirken hingegen dämpfend auf das Wachstum der Staatsverschuldung ein. In der kurzen Frist profi tiert der Staat von höheren Infl ationsraten. Während mittel- bis langfristig ein Gleichlauf beider Va-riablen zu beobachten ist. Umgekehrt hängt die Entwicklung der Verbrau-cherpreise signifi kant positiv von der Staatsverschuldung ab. Beide Größen stehen in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Damit geht einer-seits von der Verschuldung des Staates ein infl ationärer Effekt aus. Ande-rerseits wird die Verschuldungssituation des Staates von der Verbraucher-preis entwicklung determiniert. Darüber hinaus wurde in den Niveaus ein stabiler Zusammenhang zwischen Geldmengen- und Preisentwicklung in Deutschland seit 1991 ermittelt.

3.3.Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation: Theoretische AspekteNach Sichtweise der klassisch-neoklassichen Theorie führen Staats-

ausgaben über Kredit fi nanzierung nicht zu einem höheren Output. Es kommt lediglich zu einer Verlagerung der Nachfrage vom privaten Sektor hin zum Staat. Die Defi zitfi nanzierung ist mit kompensierenden Verhaltensweisen der Wirtschaftssubjekte verbunden. Bei Vollbeschäftigung

werden vor allem die Bautätigkeit und Investitionen der Unterneh-men infolge eines höheren Zinsniveaus verdrängt (zinsinduziertes crow-ding-out). Die zusätzliche staatliche Nachfrage am Kreditmarkt führt bei gegebenem privatem Sparaufkommen zu einer Überschussnachfrage nach Kredit und übt Druck auf den Preis des Kapitals (Zins) aus. Unternehmen können weniger Kredite für Investitionen aufnehmen bzw. müssen einen höheren Zins bezahlen, da die private Kreditnachfrage durch die staatliche teilweise verdrängt wird. Wenig rentable Investitionen können so unterblei-ben. Langfristig wird der private Kapitalstock durch öffentliche Schulden ersetzt. Hinzu treten verzerrende Effekte und Effi zienzverluste als Folge der Erhebung von zusätzlichen Steuern zur Finanzierung der zukünftigen Zins- und Tilgungsleistungen.

Entsprechend dem Äquivalenttheorem von Ricardo führen kredit-fi nanzierte Staatsausgaben nicht zu realen Effekten und damit auch nicht zu einer höheren Infl ation. Agieren die Wirtschaftssubjekte vorausschau-end, ist die heutige staatliche Kreditaufnahme mit höheren Steuern in der Zukunft gleichzusetzen. Damit ist die Staatsverschuldung äquivalent zu künftigen Steuern. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Ersparnis bleibt unverändert, da die Zunahme der privaten Ersparnis die Verringerung der staatlichen

Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili

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Ersparnis ausgleicht. Demgegenüber unterstellt die keynesianische Theorie, dass von

der Staatsverschuldung ein expansiver Effekt auf die gesamtwirtschaftli-che Nachfrage ausgeht. Kurzfristig wird die konjunkturelle Entwicklung wesentlich durch die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage deter miniert. In rezessiven Phasen trägt die kreditfi nanzierte expansive Fiskalpolitik zur Auslastung der Produktionspotenzials bei. Die Wirtschaftssubjekte kön-nen die höheren Einkommen für zusätzliche Konsumausgaben verwenden. Demnach sollten in Rezessions phasen Budgetdefi zite bewusst hingenom-men werden. Über den Konjunkturzyklus hinweg stehen den Defi ziten im Idealfall Überschüsse in konjunkturellen Hochphasen gegenüber. Aus sta-bilisierungspolitischen Gründen sollen die zyklischen Schwanken der Wirt-schaftsentwicklung geglättet werden. Mittel- bis langfristig ziehen jedoch die Verbraucherpreise an.

Die Finanzierung von Staatsausgaben durch Kreditaufnahme (Staats-verschuldung) bei der Zentralbank führt nach der monetaristischen Sicht-weise zu einer Ausweitung der Geldmenge und entsprechend der Quanti-tätstheorie steigt mittel- bis langfristig das Preisniveau.

3.1. Transmission von der Staatsverschuldung zur Infl ationDie Staatsverschuldung und die Preisentwicklung auf dem Güter-

markt (Infl ation) stehen über unterschiedliche Transmissionswege in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Bei der Analyse der Transmission der Staatsverschuldung auf die Infl ation muss die Wirkung auf die Geld-menge und die Rolle der Notenbank untersucht werden. Die Finanzierung von Staatsausgaben durch Kreditaufnahme (Staatsverschuldung) bei der Zentralbank führt zu einer Ausweitung der Geldmenge. In diesem Fall wird die Kreditierung auch als Schöpfungskredit bezeichnet. Die Zentralbank bezahlt den Staat mit dem von ihr geschaffenen Geld. Der Staat gibt das Zentralbankengeld im Austausch für Güter und Dienstleistungen an den privaten Sektor weiter. Die Übertragungswege von der Staatsverschuldung hin zur Infl ation gehen über die Geldpolitik der Zentralbanken und die Out-putnachfrage des Staates

direkt durch Ankauf von Staatsschuldtiteln durch die Zentralbank oder

indirekt durch die Nachfrage nach Staatsschuldtitel durch die pri-vaten Haushalte bei gleichzeitiger expansiver Geldpolitik, um die Zinser-höhung zu sterilisieren.

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indirekt durch Kredite bzw. der Nachfrage nach Staatsschuldtitel durch die Geschäfts banken.

über die Infl ationserwartungen der Wirtschaftssubjekte.Eine Erhöhung der Staatsausgaben durch Verschuldung stimuliert

kurzfristig die gesamt wirtschaftliche Nachfrage.Diese fünf Faktoren münden mittel- bis langfristig in steigenden

Verbraucherpreisen. Das Resultat der schuldenfi nanzierten expansiven Fis-kalpolitik sind höhere Verbraucherpreise und eine Ausweitung des Outputs in der kurzen Frist. Output und Beschäftigung nehmen zu. In diesem Fall trat eine nachfrageinduzierte Infl ation ein, d.h. die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage stieg schneller als das Produktionspotenzial der Volkswirtschaft. Wird die Staatsausgabenerhöhung noch von einer expansiven Geldpolitik begleitet, kann der Preisauftrieb noch stärker ausfallen. Bei prinzipiell feh-lender Geldillusion werden mittel- bis langfristig die Reallohnsenkungen durch Lohnforderungen kompensiert und der Preisauftrieb beschleunigt sich. In den ersten drei Punkten schafft die Notenbank Geld, d.h. sie erhöht die zirkulierende Geldmenge. Wächst die Geldmenge schneller als die ge-samtwirtschaftliche Produktion erzeugt dies zusätzlich Druck auf die Ver-braucherpreise und ein infl ationärer Prozess setzt ein.

Bei der Übertragungsmöglichkeit spielen die Liquidität des Banken-sektors und der institutionelle Rahmen eine wichtige Rolle. Der Liquidi-tätsstatus des Bankensektors beeinfl usst den crowding-out. Ist die Liquidi-tätslage der Geschäftsbanken kritisch, kann die zusätzliche staatliche Nach-frage am Kreditmarkt Verdrängungseffekte bei privaten Kreditnachfragern hervorrufen. Die Gefahr, dass von der Staatsverschuldung eine Infl ation ausgeht, ist umso geringer, je unabhängiger der Status der Zentralbank ist. Allerdings tendieren Regierungen bei hoher Staatsverschuldung vielfach zu einer subtilen Form der Beeinfl ussung der Öffentlichkeit und damit auch der Notenbank. Mit der Begründung der Unterstützung der Konjunktur oder Reduktion der Arbeitslosigkeit fordern sie eine expansive Geldpolitik bei Inkaufnahme von „etwas mehr“ Infl ation und üben Druck auf die Zentral-banken aus.

Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation ergeben sich nicht nur über die Geldmenge und die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage. Auch die Wirkung der Staatsdefi zite auf die Infl ationserwartun-gen der Wirtschaftssubjekte kann Einfl uss auf die spätere tatsächliche Prei-sentwicklung nehmen. Führt eine hohe Neuverschuldung oder ein hoher


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Schuldenstand zu langfristig steigenden Infl ationserwartungen, kann dies Druck auf die Nominallohnforderungen der Wirtschaftssubjekte erzeugen und infl ationäre Entwicklung begründen. Für die Zentralbanken ergibt sich über diesen Kanal eine Verbindung zwischen Fiskalpolitik und Geldpolitik. Die Notenbanken sind bestrebt die langfristigen Infl ations erwartungen zu beeinfl ussen. Eine auf Preisniveaustabilität ausgerichtete Geldpolitik hängt von der Verschuldung der öffentlichen Haushalte ab. Bei hohem Schulden-stand und hohen Nominalzinsen wird die Verankerung des Infl ationsziels in den Infl ationserwartungen der Wirtschaftssubjekte erschwert.

3.2. Transmission von der Infl ation zur StaatsverschuldungDie Übertragungswege von der Infl ation hin zur Staatsverschuldung

bestehen ausdem Geldschöpfungsgewinn als Teil des Notenbankgewinns. der kurzfristigen Stimulierung des Wirtschaftswachstums durch

die expansive Geldpolitik. (Die Staatseinnahmen steigen und die Ausgaben sinken.)

ebenso ein progressives Steuersystem führt bei höherer Infl ation bereits ohne Realwachstum zu höheren Steuereinnahmen.

der Entwertung des nominalen Staatsschuldbestands durch Infl ati-on (Infl ationssteuer).

Diese vier Faktoren reduzieren kurz- bis mittelfristig die Staatsver-schuldung. Durch eine expansive Geldpolitik und hohe Infl ationsraten kann der Notenbankgewinn gesteigert werden. Dieser entsteht im Wesentlichen durch einen Zinsüberschuss der Aktiva über die Passiva in der Zentral-bankbilanz und durch die Erträge aus der Geldschöpfung (Seignorage). Die Geldschöpfung stellt eine günstige Finanzierungsquelle für die Staatsde-fi zite dar. In Ländern mit hohen Infl ationsraten kommt dem Geldschöp-fungsgewinn für die Staatseinnahmen größere Bedeutung zu. Als staatliche Institution sind die Zentralbanken verpfl ichtet einen Teil des Notenbank-gewinns an den Staat auszuschütten, wodurch die Verschuldung bzw. die Neuverschuldung gesenkt wird. Die Reaktion der realen Geldhaltung der Wirtschaftssubjekte auf die Infl ation determiniert den Geldschöpfungsge-winn.

Das Wachstum wirkt sich auch positiv auf die Steuereinnahmen so-wie die Einnahmen der Sozialversicherung aus. Auf der Ausgabenseite sin-ken die Lohnersatzleistungen und die Aufwendungen für Arbeitslose. Das Problem dieses Szenarios ist, dass es nur für einen relativ kurzen Zeitraum

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Gültigkeit hat, sofern die Geldpolitik keinen dauerhaften Einfl uss auf die Realwirtschaft ausübt.

Eine andere Möglichkeit für den Staat auf der Einnahmenseite von der Infl ation zu profi tieren, ist die kalte Progression. In einem progressiven Steuersystem ohne automatische Anpassung der Freibeträge und Progres-sionsstufen führt die Anpassung der Löhne und Gehälter an das gestiegene Preisniveau zu höheren durchschnittlichen Steuersätzen. Bei niedriger In-fl ationsrate sind die Mehreinnahmen überschaubar. Bei höheren Infl ations-raten können Verzerrungen durch die hohe Steuerbelastung real zu einem Einnahmerückgang führen.

Dauerhaft ist die Staatsverschuldung tragbar, solange die Schulden langsamer wachsen als das nominale Bruttoinlandsprodukt. Eine schädliche Wirkung entsteht im umgekehrten Fall, denn dann steigt auch die (nomina-le) Staatsschuldenquote an. Als Folge wachsen die Zinszahlungen schneller als die Steuereinnahmen. Die Infl ation kann dem Staat helfen, die eigenen Schulden zu entwerten. Hohe Preissteigerungsraten senken bei gegebenem Nominalwert den realen Wert der Staatsschuld. Die Infl ation entfaltet ihre Wirkung auf das Wachstum des nominalen BIP. Bei einem gegebenen re-alen Wachstum wächst hingegen, durch eine hohe Infl ation, das nominale Bruttoinlandsprodukt stärker. Bei unverändertem Nominalwert der Staats-schuld sinkt die Staatsschuldenquote. Demnach kann Infl ation als Steuer (Infl ationssteuer) auf die reale Geldhaltung mit der Infl ationsrate als Steu-ersatz aufgefasst werden. Die Verzinsung der Staatsschuldtitel passt sich nur mit Verzögerung an die höheren Preissteigerungsraten an, sodass die Gläubiger des Staates reale Wertverluste tragen müssen. Erst bei der Ver-längerung der Staatsschuld bzw. bei neuen Schulden kann eine höhere Ver-zinsung durchgesetzt werden.

Seignorage und Infl ationssteuer sind eng miteinander verbunden. Die Geldschöpfung führt zu einer Zunahme der Geldmenge und mit Ver-zögerung zur Infl ation. Letztere trägt wiederum über die Infl ationssteuer zu einer Senkung der realen Staatsverschuldung bei. Wenn die Infl ationsrate steigt, werden die Käufer neuer Staatsanleihen jedoch höhere Nominalzins-forderungen verlangen. Auch werden sie tendenziell kürzere Laufzeiten be-vorzugen. Bleibt der Verschuldungsprozess instabil, wird der Staat (bzw. die Zentralbank) die Geldmenge ausweiten und die Infl ation weiter forcie-ren. Dies führt zu noch höheren Nominalzinsforderungen, die eine weitere Steigerung der Infl ation erforderlich machen. Am Ende dieses Prozesses könnte eine Hyperinfl ation stehen.


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4. FazitStaatsverschuldung und Infl ation stehen über verschiedene Kanäle

in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Über die Geldmenge kann die Verschuldung des Staates auf die Verbraucherpreise und damit auf die Infl ationsentwicklung einwirken. Dabei spielt es eine wichtige Rolle, bei wem sich der Staat verschuldet und wie die Anleger die Staatsschuldtitel bewerten. Ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Bewertung von Staatsanleihen ist das Vertrauen in die Bonität des Staates, d.h. in dessen Zahlungsfähigkeit und Zahlungswilligkeit. Dies wird aktuell am Beispiel Griechenlands sicht-bar. Ein als nicht tragfähig eingeschätzter Schuldenstand kann in den Ver-lust der Kreditwürdigkeit münden und den Zugang zu den Kapitalmärkten abschneiden.

Die Notenbanken in den hoch verschuldeten Währungsräumen haben seit 2008 massiv Staatsschuldtitel erworben, um deren Renditen und somit die Refi nanzierungskosten der Staaten zu senken. Die Kapitalmarktzinsen wurden in vielen Ländern erfolgreich unterhalb der Preissteigerungsrate ge-halten. Die Realzinsen verharren in einem negativen Bereich und tragen zur realen Entschuldung der Staaten bei.

Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Interdependence between Public Debt and Infl ation

A. Nastansky, A. Nastansky,

S. Gelashvili S. GelashviliThis article reviews theoretical and empirical aspects of interaction

mechanism between public debt and infl ation. On the current stage, the im-portance of this issue is conditioned by the consequences of the infl uence of state debt and expansionist monetary policy on the change in consumer prices. This interdependence became stronger in terms of debt crisis in most European countries. Therefore, the analysis is focused on deciding the fol-lowing issues: How big is the infl uence of infl ation on growing state debt? How does the infl ation affect the state debt? And what is the role of the central banks’ monetary policy regarding this effect?

Based on the empirical research on the indicators of interdependence between state debt and infl ation the article also shows the basic transmis-sion mechanism. The defi nite factors, determining transmission of infl ation on the state debt through monetary policy are discussed.

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saxelmwifo valisa da inflaciis urTierT- saxelmwifo valisa da inflaciis urTierT-

damokidebulebis Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevadamokidebulebis Teoriuli da empiriuli kvleva

a. nastanski, a. nastanski,

s. gelaSvili s. gelaSvili

statiaSi ganxilulia saxelmwifo valisa da

inflaciis urTierTzemoqmedebis meqanizmis Teoriuli

da empiriuli aspeqtebi. Tanamedrove etapze am Temis

aqtualuroba ganpirobebulia saxelmwifo valisa

da eqspansionisturi fulad-sakredito politikis

samomxmareblo fasebis cvlilebaze gavlenis Sedegebis

mniSvnelobiT. es urTierTdamokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT

gaZlierda evropis umetesi qveynebis savalo krizisis

pirobebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, analizi fokusirebulia

Semdegi amocanebis gadawyvetaze: ra sididiT axdens

gavlenas inflacia mzard saxelmwifo valze, ra efeqti

aqvs inflacias saxelmwifo valTan mimarTebiT da amasTan

dakavSirebiT, rogoria centraluri bankebis fulad-

sakredito politikis roli.

statiaSi naCvenebia, rom saxelmwifo biujetis

deficitma SeiZleba gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani inflaciuri

procesi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu fulis masis emisia ufro

da ufro Zviri ujdeba mTavrobas. aqve, saxelmwifo valsa

da inflacias Soris kavSiris maCvenebelTa empiriuli

kvlevis safuZvelze naCvenebia transmisiis ZiriTadi

meqanizmi. ganxilulia aseve is konkretuli faqtorebi, rac

ganapirobebs saxelmwifo valis inflaciaze transmisias

fulad-sakredito politikis saSualebiT.


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revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori doqtori, profesori

ekonomikuri Teoria fundamenturi mecnierebaa,

romelsac safuZvlad sameurneo praqtikis Teoriuli

ganzogadeba udevs. es ukanaskneli ki sxva araferia Tu

ara imavdroulad mTeli sazogadoebis materialuri da

sulieri moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis dakmayofile-

ba-realizaciaze mimarTuli adamianTa socialur-ekono-

mikuri saqmianoba. es zogadad, ufro konkretulad ki _

ekonomikuri Teoriis amocanaa TiToeul qveyanaSi re-

alurad mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis da

movlenebis gamokvleva. Sesabamisad, didia ekonomikuri

Teoriis zegavlena ekonomikuri sistemis optimaluri

funqcionirebis mimarTulebiT miRebul gadawyvetileba-

Ta ganxorcielebaSi. ufro metic, ama Tu im ekonomikuri

Teoriis praqtikulma ganxorcielebam SeiZleba xeli

Seuwyos an piriqiT, Seaferxos qveynis socialur-ekono-

mikuri ganviTareba. amitom, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs ekonomikuri mecnierebis mier Camoyalibebuli

mravali kategoriis, cnebis, kanonis gonivrul gamoyen-

ebas ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.

sayovelTao faqtia, rom warmoeba yovelTvis ar-

ealizebs mis monawileTa gadawyvetilebebs imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra, ramdeni da rogor iqnes warmoebuli. Tumca, es

gadawyvetilebebi SezRudulia arsebuli konkretuli

SesaZleblobebiT, rac orad xasiaTs atarebs _ teqnolo-

giurs (romelic asaxavs warmoebis faqtorTa sididesa

da Sedgenilobas) da ekonomikurs (romelic asaxavs Se-

mosavlianobis dones warmoebis Sedegebis realizaci-

ekonomika ekonomikuri ekonomika ekonomikuri

kanonebis gareSe?!kanonebis gareSe?!

42


idan). teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri SezRudulobis

aseTi gamijvna da imavdroulad urTierTkavSiriT Ses-

wavla, SesaZleblobas iZleva gavigoT is ekonomikuri

meqanizmi, romelic gansazRvravs mwarmoebelTa qcevas

sabazro meurneobis sistemaSi.1

am procesSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs warmoebis

ekonomikuri organizacia, romlis arsia is, rom yvela

dargsa da doneze misi efeqtianobis Sefasebis krite-

riumia Sedegebis Sefardeba danaxarjebis sididesTan.

ekonomikurad efeqtiania warmoeba, romliTac maqsi-

maluri Sedegi miiReba minimaluri danaxarjebiT. Sesa-

bamisad, idealurad efeqtianma ekonomikam optimalurad

unda Seaxamos sazogadoebrivi warmoebis danaxarjebi,

Sedegebi da moTxovnilebebi. mxolod aseTi principe-

biT funqcionirebad ekonomikas SeuZlia maqsimalurad

daakmayofilos sazogadoebis materialuri (da Tu gne-

bavT _ sulieri) moTxovnilebebi, ganuwyvetliv sruly-

os warmoebis procesi da Seuferxeblad gauxsnas gza

axal teqnologiebs, teqnologiuri warmoebis wesebs,

rac saqarTvelos Tanamedrove ekonomikisaTvis mxolod

ocnebis donezea Tua ... ufro uaresi _ ocwliani sa-

bazro gardaqmnis periodis safuZvelze, dabejiTebiT

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi ar aris Seqm-

nili realuri sabazro ekonomikis safuZvlebi, rom daw-

yebuliyo stabilizaciis procesi da ekonomikuri gan-

viTareba upiratesad sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT

warmarTuliyo.

sabazro ekonomikis sistemis safuZveli da mas-

timulirebeli faqtoria warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo

sakuTreba, xolo misi funqcionirebis mTavari meqaniz-

mi _ saqonelmwarmoebelTa Soris konkurencia. es ide-

alurad, faqtobrivad ki, ra xdeba? _ kerZo sakuTrebis

tradicia CvenTan sruliad dakarguli iyo, mosaxleobis

1 Современная экономика. Под. ред. дэн, профессора О.Ю. Мамедова, М., 2010, с. 30.

43


ZiriTad masas ar hqonda raime mniSvnelovani sakuTreba,

faqtobrivad, dominirebda formiT sazogadoebrivi, ma-

gram SinaarsiT saxelmwifo-biurokratiuli sakuTreba.

yovelive amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, didi siZneleebi

Seuqmna gardamaval periodSi realuri kerZo mesakuTre-

obis institutis Camoyalibebas da sakuTrebis obieq-

turi funqciebis realur ganxorcielebas iman, rom es

procesi daemTxva (ufro zustad Tu vityviT, gadaexlar-

Ta) kapitalis pirvandeli dagrovebis velur praqtikas.

aqedan cxadia Crdilovani struqturebis gaaqtiureba,

rasac mohyva `garecxili” fulis dagroveba, biurokra-

tiuli samTavrobo struqturebis gaaqtiureba dauoke-

beli surviliT _ moexdinaT danakargebis kompensire-

ba (an Semcireba mainc), Tundac ukiduresad miuRebeli,

aSkarad mZarcveluri gzebiTa da meTodebiT. sxvanairad

rom vTaqvaT, sakuTrebiT urTierTobaTa gardaqmna xor-

cieldeboda saxelmwifoebrivi ZalauflebiTi diqtatis

pirobebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSi privati-

zebis Sedegebis Sefasebisas, ekonomikuri Teoriis Tval-

sazrisiT, es procesi unda gavigoT ara rogorc upirate-

sad socialuri, e.i. dakavSirebuli ara idealuri mod-

elis realizaciasTan, aramed rogorc Sedegi realuri

politikuri brZolisa sxvadasxva jgufis interesebs

Soris, romelTagan postsocialisturi reformis saw-

yis etapebze, bevri flobda ufro did resursebs, vinem

saxelmwifo xelisufleba.

aRniSnul process, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, xeli

Seuwyo imanac, rom marqsistuli politikuri ekonomiis

uaryofis Semdeg, qarTuli da saerTod postsabWouri

ekonomikuri mecniereba aRmoCnda gzajvaredinze _ ra

aeRo safuZvlad _ dasavluri subieqtivizmi Tavisi

maTematikuri, ekonometrikuli safuZvlebiT, obieqtur

ekonomikur kanonebze damyarebuli klasikuri Teoriebi,

Tu sxva ram mesame. amasTan dakavSirebiT, metad sayura-

dReboa mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom `... ekonomikuri

44


Teoriebi umTavresad Seqmnilia sabazro ekonomikisaTvis,

aSkaraa, isini ver iqneboda gamosadegi sabazro ekonomi-

kaze gadasvlis Teoriuli gaazrebisaTvis. amitom, nebi-

smieri msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom sabazro ekonomikaze

gadasvlis procesSi, magaliTad, monetarizmis gamoyeneba

ufro gamarTlebulia Tu keinzianizmis, ubralod mok-

lebulia jansaR azrs, radganac esenia sabazro ekono-

mikis Teoriebi da ar iTvaliswinebs iseT situacias,

sadac jer kidev ar aris sabazro ekonomika da, ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi, is mxolod Seqmnis procesSia”.1

rac Seexeba èkonomiksis” momravlebul saxelmZR-

vaneloebs, aseve menqius èkonomikis principebs” Tu sxva

wignebs, sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali periodisaTvis

gzis maCveneblad ver gamodgeba maTi arsebiTad poziti-

uri (da ara _ normatiuli) xasiaTis gamo. ekonomikse-

biT, faqtobrivad, daiwyo ekonomikuri Teoriis gadarTva

sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri procesebis kvlevidan `niv-

Tobriv” kavSirurTierTobaTa kvlevaze, ama Tu im al-

ternatiuli miznis misaRwevad SezRuduli ekonomikuri

resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, aseve firmebSi

warmoebul Sromis produqtTa gasaRebis organizaciaze.

Tumca, aris azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri Teoria

da ekonomiksi erTimeores ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed _

avseben, wyveten ra saerTo da SedarebiT damoukideb-

el amocanebs. ekonomiksi amuSavebs versiebs, romelSic

sWarbobs aRwarmoebiTi da raodenobriv-operaciuli

midgomebi, e.i. aRwers da xsnis sagans, ekonomiksi ada-

mians ayenebs Semcnobelis, damkvirveblisa da uSualo

Semqmnelis mdgomareobaSi. ekonomiksi Taviseburi in-

Jineriaa, romelic emsaxureba sameurneo da socialur

samyaros. Tumca, maTematikurma principebma da xerxebma

misgan gamodevna sameurneo procesebis filosofiur-

ekonomikuri gansja da gaazreba. ufro metic, XX-XXI

saukuneebis mijnaze ekonomikurma mecnierebam Rrma

1v. papava. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi, Tb., 2011, gv. 82.

45


krizisi ganicada: man damajerebeli pasuxi ver gasca

sameurneo praqtikis aqtualur moTxovnebs, ver SeimuSa-

va mecnieruli paradigmebi da efeqtiani rekomendaciebi

XX saukunis mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis

gadasaWrelad. marTalia, ekonomikuri Teoria rogorc

ganviTarebadi mecniereba, gaivlis dacemisa da aRmav-

lobis garkveul stadiebs, magram is, rom Tanamedrove

ekonomikuri azri aris sxvadasxva mimarTulebis, mimdin-

areobisa da skolebis rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi sistema,

romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad xsnis ekonomikur

movlenebsa da procesebs, garkveulwilad mianiSnebs mis

met-naklebad krizisul mdgomareobaze. amasTan, aRsaniS-

navia, rom ekonomikuri Teoriis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis

mwvave kritikiT gamoirCeva instituciur-sociologiuri

mimdinareoba (j. gelbreiTi, r. aroni, f. peru, v. iufmani

da sxv.), romelic ekonomikas ganixilavs, rogoc sxva-

dasxva isntitutis (sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, saxelm-

wifo) urTierTqmedebis erTobliobad. misi mimdevrebis

azriT, subieqtTa qmedebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

samarTlebriv normebs, moralur-eTikur, fsiqologiur

da sxva Taviseburebas. am mimdinareobis rolis ga-

Zlierebaze migvaniSnebs moTxovna _ gaZlierdes axali

midgomebi ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis sfero-

Si, maqsimalurad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli mosaxleo-

bis gazrdili socialuri moTxovnilebebi, gamoinaxos

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos funqcionirebis axali gzebi

da mimarTulebebi.

Zveli mecnieruli maragis gadaazrebis, gamokvleve-

bisadmi axleburi midgomis, axal mimarTulebaTa Camoy-

aliebisadmi swrafva damaxasiaTebelia postsocialis-

turi sivrcis qveynebis, maT Soris _ saqarTvelosTvisac.1

Tanac, misasalmebelia isic, rom aRniSnul process Tan

1ix. v. papava. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekono-

mika, Tb., 2005; nekroekonomikis zombireba, Tb., 2010; aratradiciuli

ekonomiksi, Tb., 2011 da sxv.

46


axlavs dasavluri ekonomikuri mecnierebis winaSe sru-

li qedmoxris TandaTanobiT daZleva, ufro metic _

xvalindel dReze `misi gaazrebis” mcdeloba.

rac Seexeba sabWoTa sistemis ekonomikur Teo-

rias, is dasavlurisgan gamoirCeoda imiT, rom sistemu-

rad swavlobda ekonomikur kategoriebs da kanonebs da

am mxriv udavod mniSvnelvani miRwevebi hqonda, Tumca,

sameurneo praqtika, mis moTxovnebs, rogorc wesi, ugule-

belyofda, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba sabWouri

socializmis kraxi. magram, samwuxaro aRniSnuli kraxi

ki ar aris, aramed is, rom sabWoTa ekonomikis es si-

namdvile sazmcodneTa garkveuli nawilis mier fasdeba

rogorc meurneobaSi ekonomikuri kanonebis ar arsebo-

bis an kidev arsaWiroebis maCvenebeli. aseTi Sexeduleba

yovelgvar realobas moklebulia da ama Tu im qveynis

ekonomikas, rogori ganviTarebulic ar unda iyos, qaosi-

sa da sistemuri krizisis Waobisken eqaCeba. marTlac, is,

rac mouvida sabWoTa ekonomikas, obieqturi ekonomikuri

kanonebis moTxovnaTa ugulebelyofis realuri gamoZax-

ilia da daskvnac erTaderTi SeiZleba iyos: sameurneo

gadawyvetilebaTa miReba warmoebis faqtobriv danaxar-

jebsa da ekonomikur ukugebas Soris kavSiris gareSe,

qveyanaSi gardauval socialur-ekonomikur kriziss gam-

oiwvevs.

yovelive aRniSnulidan is daskvna gamodis, rom sa-

bazro ekonomikis formireba da sabazro urTierTobaTa

mTeli speqtris realurad ganviTareba postsocial-

istur qveynebsa da maT Soris gansakuTrebiT saqarT-

veloSi, obieqturad ganapirobebs ekonomikur urTier-

TobaTa mTeli sistemisa da misi gamovlenis formeb-

is Zireuli ganaxlebis aucileblobas. imisaTvis, rom

damkvidrdes meurneobriobis axali formebi da mas

miesadagos mewarmeTa saqmianoba, rom am pirobebSi maT

SeZlon TavianTi ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebisa da in-

teresebis gafarToebuli aRwarmoeba, TiToeulma meurne

47


subieqtma unda icodes da gaiTvaliswinos ekonomikur

kanonTa obieqturi moTxovnebi. saqme isaa, rom veranairi

sameurneo Tu antisameurneo politikis ganxorcielebiT,

ekonomikuri kanonebis mospoba Tu gauqmeba SeuZlebelia,

is potenciurad mainc arsebobs da elodeba praqtikuli

ganxorcielebisaTvis adekvaturi niadagis Seqmnas, raTa

Semdgom ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis macocxle-

beli arteriis roli Seasrulos. sawinaaRmdego SemTx-

vevaSi, ekonomikuri kolafsi gardauvalia, ramdenadac

ekonomika ar SeiZleba funqcionirebdes ekonomikuri

kanonebis gareSe.

Cven amiT ekonomikur kanonTa gafetiSebas ki ar

vaxdenT, aramed piriqiT, xazs vusvamT imas, rom ekono-

mikur kanonTa sistema pirdapir ki ar Sedis qveynis

sameurneo meqanizmSi, aramed aisaxeba masSi, anu ekono-

mikuri kanonebi da kategoriebi gamoiyeneba sameurneo

meqanizmis sistemaSi iseTi berketebisa da stimulebis

saxiT, rogoricaa: Rirebuleba, fasi, mogeba, Sroma, xel-

fasi da a.S.

amasTan, zogadad ekonomikuri kanonebis moqmedebis

meqanizmze msjelobisas, aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi mi-

viRoT maTi moqmedebis formaTa cvlileba-srulyofis

procesi. materialuri warmoebis ganviTareba da amis sa-

fuZvelze adamianTa ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebisa da

interesebis cvlileba, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikur kanonTa

moZraobis formaTa progresul cvlilebas ganapirobebs.

warmoebisa da sakuTrebiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis

kvalobaze viTardeba axali winaaRmdegobebi kanonebis

moqmedebisa da gamovlenis formebs Soris, rac kvla-

vac axal doneze moiTxovs mis gegmazomier gadawyvetas.

ekonomikuri kanoni rogorc aseTi _ kanoni-SesaZleblo-

ba da misi gamovlenis forma _ kanoni - sinamdvile,

sruliad araigiveobrivia da kanoni, saboloo angariSiT,

vlindeba rogorc tendencia.

48


aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom Tu ekonomikuri kategoria

konkretul ekonomikur urTierTobaTa arsia, ekonomikuri

kanoni am arsTa (urTierTobaTa) erToblioba, sistemaa.

ekonomikur kanonTa aseTnair gagebas, TeoriulTan er-

Tad, didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. saqme isaa, rom

ekonomikuri kanonebi moqmedebs mxolod maSin, Tu Seqm-

nilia pirobebi, rasac kanonTa moqmedeba da praqtikuli

gamoyeneba moiTxovs. aq ueWvelad saxezea ekonomikur

kanonTa moqmedebisa da gamoyenebis meqanizmTa Soris

dialeqtikuri, anu mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTkavSiri:

moqmedebis meqanizmi obieqturia, gamoyenebis meqanizmi

_ subieqturi, ramdenadac kanonebis moTxovnaTa real-

izacia SeuZlebelia adamianTa saqmianobis gareSe.1 am

realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikur kanonTa sistema

sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri progresis, uwyveti

ganviTarebis sayovelTao fenomenia. yovelive aRniSnul-

Tan erTad, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom saba-

zro ekonomikis kanonebi, Tavisi obieqturi moTxovnebiT,

erTnairia yvela qveynisaTvis, Tumca, misi praqtikulad

gamoyenebis formebi da meTodebi gansxvavebulia, rac

ganisazRvreba ama Tu im qveyanaSi mwarmoebluri Zalebi-

sa da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis doniT.

ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv dRevandel saqarTvelo-

Si? _ uaRresad aradamakmayofilebeli, gadauWarbeblad

SeiZleba iTqvas, katastrofuli. Sesabamisad, sabazro

ekonomikis mSeneblobasa Tu saerTod qveynis ekonomikis

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi volentari-

stulad, meurneobis funqcionirebis obieqtur moTxovna-

Ta gauTvaliswineblad ̀ wydeba“. amis mizezi, obieqturic

da subieqturic, bevria, magram yvelaze mTavaria is, rom

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba-mSeneblobis

mcdelobis periodSi ekonomika, faqtobrivad, politikis

1Иохин В.Я. Экономическая теория, учебник, М., 2004, с. 62-63.

49


mZevali gaxda da igi mis marwuxebSi moeqca. amiT, rogorc

ekonomikis, aseve politikis diskreditacia moxda.1

saqarTveloSi permanentulad mimdinare ekonomiku-

ri reformebis arsebiTi xarvezia adekvaturi strategi-

is ar arseboba da Sesabamisad, Sedegebis winaswarganu-

sazRvreloba. amitomac, ekonomikuri reforma saerTod,

da pirvel rigSi, gansaxelmwifoebriveba da privatizeba

TviTmiznad iqca da ara socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqm-

nebis saSualebad, anu, rac igivea, reformatorebisaTvis

sabazro sistemis Seqmna gaxda mizani, Tumca, sabazro re-

formebi unda ganixilebodes qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da

socialuri gardaqmnebis saSualebad. amasTan, dReisaT-

vis saqarTveloSi funqcionirebadi kvaziekonomika ara

mxolod sistemuri sabazro reformaciis, aramed refor-

mis morig etapze biurokratiuli renesansis reformis

Sedegia, romlis msvlelobaSic politikuri Zalaufle-

ba da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba (yovlisSemZle fulis

saxiT) urTierTs mizanswrafulad Seerwya. e.i. warmoiS-

va monopoliur-biurokratiuli kapitalizmi, romelSic

kapitali, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelm-

wifo-biurokratiul struqturebTan, arakonkurentuli

formiT mogvevlina. aseT sistemaSi erovnuli resurse-

bi sxvadasxva meqanizmiT gadanawildeba ara ekonomiku-

ri ganviTarebis miznebisaTvis, aramed monopoliur-bi-

urokratiuli jgufebis sasargeblod. Sedegic saxezea:

XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze mTavrobam ganaxorciela

saxelmwifo qonebis totaluri privatizeba: gayida met-

naklebad mniSvnelovani yvela saxelmwifo aqtivi, TiT-

qmis yvela strategiuli obieqtis CaTvliT, rac Seqm-

nili iyo winamorbedi Taobebis mier. amasTan, aRebul

iqna udidesi vali da qveyana 11 mlrd-ze meti dolaris

`tyveobaSia“ (maT Soris 8,6 mlrd dolari sagareo va-

lia), rac astronomiuli sididea patara qveynisaTvis. es

1gogoxia r. vidre sruli ekonomikuri katastrofa ar momxdara.

Jurn. `socialuri ekonomika“, 2006, #4, gv. 86.

50


maSin, roca realur ekonomikaSi fuli ar Cadebula, rac

momavalSi mogebas mogvitanda. rac mTavaria, saqarTve-

loSi `sabazro reformebma“ gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi

warmoebis da Sesabamisad, cxovrebis donis katastrofu-

li dacema, jandacvis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis

_ mTeli soacialuri sferos degradacia.

yovelive aRniSnuli, saqarTveloSi mcxvrebi, yvela

saRad moazrovne adamianisaTvis naTelia, rasac ucxo-

el eqspertTa dasturi ar sWirdeba. da mainc, gverds

ver avuvliT maT mosazrebasac. magaliTad, kolumbiis

universitetis mier axlaxan Catarebuli kvleviT,1 sa-

qarTvelo msoflios erT-erTi uRaribesi qveyanaa, sadac

mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp 149 lars Sedagens, rac

`saqstatis“ monacemebiT, saSualo pensiis mxolod 50-

70%-ia. aRniSnuli maCvenebliT saqarTvelos CamorCeba

TviT angolas, bocvanas, gabons, kosta rikas, domenikis

respublikas da sxvebs.

imave kolumbiis universitetis eqspertebma ga-

moaqveynes `msoflio bednierebis reitingi“ (gaanalize-

bulia 33 maCvenebeli: samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, koruf-

cia, socdacva, jandacva, demografiuli maCveneblebi da

sxv.): yvelaze bednierebi aRmoCdnen danielebi, finelebi,

norvegielebi, holandielebi da kanadelebi. rac Seexeba

saqarTvelos, igi yofil ssrk-is qveynebs Soris boloa,

xolo 155 qveynidan _ 146-e adgilzea. Cvenze winaa: avRa-

neTi, somali, ruanda da a.S.

amrigad, marTalia, uarvyaviT sabWouri socializmi,

magram ver SevqmeniT raime politikurad da socialu-

rad Rirebuli axali sistema _ rac gvaqvs, yovelgvar

saSinelebaTa konglomeratia, rasac Znelia raime siste-

ma uwodo. msgavs Sefasebebs, arc Tu iSviaTad, vxvdebiT

saerTaSoriso eqspertTa mxridanac. magaliTad, germa-

nelTa mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT

evropaSi reformebis dapirebebi da maTi perspeqtivebi

1ix. gaz. àxali Taoba”, 2012 wlis 13 aprili.

51


iseve gaqra, rogorc komunisturi memkvidreobis laqebi.

vakuumi ki Seuvsebeli darCa... mTeli egreT wodebuli

yofili sabWoTa evropa ara mxolod SeCerda ganviTa-

rebis mxriv, aramed ukanac midis. specialistebi aRniS-

naven, rom ukraina da saqarTvelo,ukraina da saqarTvelo, romelTaganac, pirvel

rigSi, elodnen warmatebas, saerTod gadavidnen progre-

sis gzidan da egreT wodebuli samarcxvino demokratia

moipoves... am regionis qveynebma ver Seqmnes verc mtkice

politikuri sistema, verc normaluri sabazro ekono-

mika, verc saxelmwifo administraciuli mmarTveloba

axali drois Sesabamisad... samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa,

romelic didi daJinebiT akakunebs evrokavSiris karze,

bazrisaken mimaval gzaze Zalze susti maCveneblebis de-

monstrirebiT Semoifargleba. rogorc Cans, am qveynebSi

sabazro urTierTobebisadmi ndoba jerac ara aqvT. mim-

dinareobs politikuri cxovrebis polarizacia, opozi-

ciurad ganwyobil blokebs Soris dapirispierebebi. da

am qveynebSi sul ufro xSirad gaigonebT varauds, rom

evrokavSiris wevroba sulac araa garantia, rom erT mS-

venier dRes qveyana CamorCenil warsulSi ar aRmoCndes...

aRmosavleT evropaSi igive problemebia, rac arabul re-

gionSi: siRatake, siZvire, umuSevroba, inflacia. arada, iq

xom dasavlur Targebze apirebdnen cxovrebis gadakeTe-

bas, es Targi ar gamodga. siRatakidan kvlav siRatakeSi?

iqneb revolucionerebma raime gza SemogvTavazon?...1

axali gzis Sesaxeb amjerad verafers getyviT, ma-

gram is ki faqtia, rom sabazro ekonomikis kurss, kaco-

briobis (da miT umetes saqarTvelos) ganviTarebis am

etapze, alternativa ara aqvs, mis gareSe Cven ver SevalT

maRalganviTarebul qveyanaTa samyaroSi. amitom, upriania,

wina planze wamovwioT ganviTarebul qveynebSi sakmaod

aprobirebuli sakiTxi saxlmwifos ekonomikuri funq-

ciebis Sesaxeb: Sereuli ekonomikis fuqncionirebis sa-

1 saqarTvelo da msoflio, 2012 wlis 4-10 aprili, #13, gv. 22;

Alarab Online

52


marTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmna, makroekonomikuri sta-

bilizebis programis gansazRvra, ekonomikuri refor-

misaTvis strategiuli mimarTulebis micema, romelic

etapobrivad ganxorcieldeba da romelSic, prioriteti,

pirvel rigSi, soflis meurneobis upirates ganviTarebas

miecema, ekonomikis demonopolizacia da konkurentuli

bazris Seqmna da a.S.

dasasrul, yovelive aRniSnulma realuri niadagi

unda Seqmnas imisaTvis, rom qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis yvela arsebiTi problema wydebodes ekonomikuri

kanonebis moTxovnaTa mecnieruli gaazrebis da praqti-

kuli realizaciis safuZvelze. amis gareSe ekonomikis

normaluri, optimaluri funqcionireba SeuZlebelia,

iseve rogorc ekonomikuri kanonebis moTxovnaTa reali-

zacia _ nekroekonomikis pirobebSi.

Economy without Economic Laws?!

R. GogokhiaR. Gogokhia

The article highlights the fact, that all essential problems of socio-economic development of any country should be solved based on scien-tifi c consideration and practical realization of demands of economic laws. Thus, the task of economic policy is to create real basis for functioning of economic laws. As proved by the modern crisis, it’s possible for the econ-omy to function normally without such basis, as well as it’s impossible to realize demands of economic laws in conditions of necroeconomics.

The point is that it’s impossible to eliminate or abolish economic laws with any economic or anti-economic policy, it potentially still exists and is waiting for creation of adequate basis for practical realization so that it can become life-giving artery of the further economic growth and development. Otherwise, economic collapse is unavoidable as economy can’t function without economic laws.

53


solous naSTis modifikacia saxelmwifos solous naSTis modifikacia saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiTekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT

demna kvaracxelia

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

samecniero-ekonomikur literaturaSi

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikuri

zrdis wyaroebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempis

gansazRvras faqtoruli analizis safuZvelze.

aRniSnuli kvlevebis saboloo mizania

ekonomikuri zrdis tempis cvlilebis, m.S. misi

dacemis mizezebis dadgena, misi aRmosafxvreli an

gamaneitralebeli RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba da

sawarmoo funqciis gaumjobesebis gzebis dasaxva.

ekonomikuri zrdis wyaroebis faqtoruli

analizis modeli, anu warmoebis moculobis

zrdis tempSi warmoebis faqtorebisa (Sromisa da

kapitalis) da warmoebis faqtorTa erToblivi

mwarmoeblurobis (teqnologiuri progresis)

wvlilis gaangariSebis xerxi SeimuSava r. soloum1 .

warmoebis faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis

wvlili warmoebis moculobis zrdis tempSi man

gansazRvra narCeni principiT. solous mier

warmoebis faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis

wvlilis gamoTvlis, anu solous naSTis

gaangariSebis xerxi dawvrilebiT aRwerilia

1 Robert M. Solow, Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function, Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1957, pp. 312-320.

54

demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia

makroekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi1 . ekonomikuri

zrdis faqtorebis wvlilis Sesaxeb fundamenturi

gamokvleva aqvs Sesrulebuli e. denisonsac2.

aRniSnul kvlevebSi, ekonomikuri zrdis

wyaroebis wvlilis gaangariSebisas, gamokveTili

ar aris warmoebis iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtori,

rogoricaa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari, rac

ganapirobebs solous naSTis xelovnur amaRlebas

da misi rolis gadaWarbebul Sefasebas.

Sesabamisad, warmodgenili statiis mizania

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris rolis win

wamoweva, rac gansazRvravs mocemuli statiis

aqtualurobas.

solous modelSi, sawarmoo funqcias

gaaCnia Semdegi saxe:

(1)

sadac: Y produqciis gamoSvebis moculobaa, K _

produqciis warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli

kapitalis maragi RirebulebiT formaSi, L _ kac-

saaTebiT gamoxatuli Sromis raodenoba (solous

modelSi cxadi saxiT figurirebs warmoebis

mxolod es ori faqtori), xolo T _ teqnologiis

donis, anu faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis

maCvenebelia. e.i. warmoebis moculoba

1 . , . .

. ., 1996, c. 603-605; Mankiw N. G. macroe-conomics, fifth edition, 2001, pp. 229-233 da a.S. 2 Edvard Denison, Trends in American Economic Growth, 1929-1982. Washigton, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985, 141 p.

55


ganisazRvreba, rogorc TiToeuli faqtoriT, aseve

maTi erToblivi mwarmoeblurobiT. aris Cveulebrivi neoklasikuri sawarmoo funqcia,

romelic damokidebulia kapitalisa da Sromis

moculobaze. (1) gantolebis Tanaxmad T-s cvlileba ganapirobebs Sromisa da kapitalis

zRvruli produqtebis Tanabar cvlilebas1.

(1) gantolebis safuZvelze produqciis

warmoebis moculobis nazrdi SeiZleba

gamovsaxoT Sromisa da kapitalis nazrdiT _

da da teqnologiis donis cvlilebiT, anu _ ,

e.i.:

(2)

sadac, kapitalis zRvruli produqtia,

xolo ki _ Sromis zRvruli produqti.

Sesabamisad, (2) gantolebaSi pirveli Sesakrebi

warmoadgens kapitalis maragis, meore Sesakrebi –

SromiTi danaxarjebis, xolo mesame Sesakrebi _

teqnologiis donis cvlilebis Sedegad miRebul

produqciis gamoSvebis nazrds.

(2) gantolebis gardaqmniT vRebulobT:

(3)

Mme-3 gantolebaSi aris warmoebis

moculobis cvlilebis tempi, –kapitalis

1 . , . .

. ., 1996, c. 603-605.

56


gamoyenebis cvlilebis tempi, _ Sromis

gamoyenebis cvlilebis tempi, xolo ki _

teqnologiis donis cvlilebis tempi. Tanafardoba

tolia erTis, vinaidan (1) gantolebis

Tanaxmad solous ekonomikuri zrdis

modelSi ekonomika funqcionirebs srulyofili

konkurenciis pirobebSi, ris Sedegadac kapitalis

zRvruli produqti misi gamoyenebis realuri

fasis tolia, xolo Sromis zRvruli produqti ki

_ realuri xelfasisa. amitom

warmoadgens kapitalis wils, xolo

Sromis wils warmoebuli produqciis moculobaSi.

amasTan, vinaidan solous ekonomikuri zrdis

modelSi, sawarmoo funqcias axasiaTebs

masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis Tviseba, amitom

eileris Teoremis Tanaxmad, warmoebul

produqciaSi am ori faqtoris wilTa jami erTis

tolia1, anu:

(4)

sadac, aris kapitalze Semosavlis,

xolo ki _ SromiTi Semosavlebis wili

saerTo SemosavlebSi.

1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, p.231.

57


me-4 gantolebis Tanaxmad, -s ucvlelobisas, ekonomikur zrdis done 1 gani-

sazRvreba kapitalis moculobis, Sromis

raodenobisa da faqtorTa erToblivi

mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebiT.

teqnologiuri progresis, anu faqtorTa

erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdis wvlili

ekonomikur zrdaSi ganisazRvreba iribad, anu

narCeni principiT, rogorc sxvaoba warmoebis

moculobis zrdis tempsa da mis im Semadgenlebs

Soris, romelic modis kapitalisa da Sromis

wilad:

(5) ekonomikur zrdaSi faqtorTa erToblivi

mwarmoeblurobis zrdis wvlils _ , agreTve

uwodeben solous naSTs..

solous naSTis gansazRvrisas arsebiTi

mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTo SemosavlebSi Sromasa

da kapitalze Semosavlebis wilebis gaangariSebas,

rac uwinares yovlisa, moiTxovs SromiTi

Semosavlebis, kapitalze Semosavlebisa da

1 solous naSromSi yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvile-

bulia dabandebuli Sromis erTeulze produqciis

gamoSvebis zrdis tempze (ix.: Robert M. Solow, `Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function`, Review of Econom-ics and Statistics, August 1957, p. 313), magram, Cveni kvlevis

miznidan gamomdinare, aseTi wiaRsvla aucilebeli ar

aris, amitom ekonomikuri zrdis tempis cvlilebas-

Tan dakavSirebul maCveneblebs ganvixilavT mTeli

ekonomikis masStabiT.

58


erToblivi Semosavlebis gansazRvras. SromiT

SemosavlebSi aRiricxeba daqiravebul muSakTa

xelfasebi da masTan gaTanabrebuli Semosavlebi,

mag.: premiebi. kapitalze Semosavali aris

korporaciuli Semosavlebis, rentuli

Semosavlebis, wminda procentebis da amortizaciis

jami. erToblivi (saerTo) Semosavlebi ki Seadgens

Sromaze da kapitalze Semosavlebis jams.

Semosavlebis am meTodiT gaangariSebisas

gamoiricxeba TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreTa

Semosavlebi, vinaidan igi moicavs rogorc SromiT,

agreTve sakuTrebidan, anu kapitalze Semosavlebs

da maTi gamijvna Znelia1.

rogorc vxedavT, saerTo Semosavlis

gaangariSebisas, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba biznesze

iribi gadasaxdebic, vinaidan is ar miekuTvneba arc

SromiT da arc kapitalze Semosavlebs.

Mmiuxedavad amisa, maTi CarTva erTobliv

SemosavlebSi saSualebas mogvcems, ekonomikuri

zrdis danarCeni wyaroebis (Sromis, kapitalisa da

faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis cvlileba)

msgavsad, ganisazRvros saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis wvlili

ekonomikuri zrdis tempSi.

PqarTvelma mecnierma, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-

korespondentma, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

doqtorma vl. Ppapavam daasabuTa, rom saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unari warmoebis mexuTe faqtoria, ris

gamoc man saxelmwifos garkveuli Semosavali

1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, p. 73.

59


unda moutanos. es is Semosavalia, romelsac

amJamad biznesze irib gadasaxads uwodeben.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris warmoebis

faqtorad aRiareba, Tavis mxriv, biznesze irib

gadasaxadebs, samewarmeo mogebis analogiiT,

saxelmwifo mogebis statusis miRebis uflebas

aZlevs1.

`faqtorul Semosavlad biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebis miCnevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb wamoiWras, rom saxelmwifo

ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod pirdapir

gadasaxadebsac iRebs. sinamdvileSi es ukanaskneli

sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebis SemadgenlobaSi

Sedis da roca saxelmwifos xelSi gadadis,

maTgan mxolod mas Semdgom gamoiqviTeba.

pirdapirisgan gansxvavebiT, iribi gadasaxadebi

zemoT ganxiluli momsaxurebis sanacvlod

saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi uSualod eqceva;

biznesze iribi gadasaxadebi sxva faqtorul

SemosavlebTan erTad pirveladi Semosavlebia,

pirdapiri gadasaxadebi ki warmoebuli~2.

amrigad, produqciis warmoebis moculobis

nazrdis, agreTve ekonomikuri zrdis tempisa da

solous naSTis gansazRvris mizniT, zemoT

aRweril analizSi mizanSewonilia Sromisa da

kapitalis damatebiT CavrToT warmoebis iseTi

1 vladimer Ppapava. postkomunisturi gardamavali

periodis makroekonomika. Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba. Tb., 2005.Ggv. 100-101. 2 vladimer Ppapava. postkomunisturi gardamavali

periodis makroekonomika. Tbilisis universitetis ga-

momcemloba. Tb., 2005. Ggv.:101-102.

60


faqtori, rogoricaa saxelmwofos ekonomikuri

unari, anu saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli, rac

aRniSnuli analizisaTvis ufro realuri saxis

miniWebis saSualebas iZleva, anu (2) gantoleba

miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

(6)

sadac, aris saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

`moculobis~ nazrdi, xolo _ damatebiT

warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris damatebiTi erTeulis

gamoyenebis Sedegad (anu saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

rolis pirobiTad erTi erTeuliT gadidebis

Sedegad).

saerTod, ekonomikur literaturaSi G asoTi aRniSnaven saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs, romelic

moicavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo

raodenobas, romelsac iZenen centraluri

mTavroba da adgilobrivi marTvis organoebi1, anu

G-Ti aRniSnulia mSp-is SemadgenlobaSi

aRricxuli danaxarjebis erT-erTi komponenti.

MMmocemuli statiis farglebSi G gulisxmobs

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculobas~, anu

saxelmwifos maregulirebel funqciis

`moculobas~.

MTuki me-6 gantolebas gardavqmniT (2) gan-

tolebis analogiurad, maSin is Semdeg saxes Sei-

Zens:


61


(7)

sadac, warmoadgens saxelmwifos eko-

nomikuri unaris xvedriT wils warmoebuli pro-

duqciis moculobaSi, xxolo warmoadgens sax-

elmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~

cvlilebis temps.

ssaxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculo-

bis~ cvlilebis tempis raodenobriv gazomvas ar-

Tulebs saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `mocu-

lobis~ sazomi erTeulis ararseboba, aamitom miv-

marTavT mis irib Sefasebas. e. i. saxelmwifos eko-

nomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis temps

iribad SevafasebT saxelmwifos mier am unaris

ganxorcielebis sanacvlod miRebuli Semosavlis,

anu biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis cvlilebis tem-

pis mixedviT, rac misi raodenobrivi Sefasebis

saSualebas mogvcems. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tem-

pis aseTi Sefaseba dazRveuli ar aris cTomilebe-

bisagan, vinaidan saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

`moculobis~ cvlilebis tempi da biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebuli Se-

mosavlis moculobis cvlilebis tempi SeuZlebe-

lia yovelTvis erTmaneTs daemTxves. mag.: mosa-

lodnelia SemTxveva, rodesac SeiZleba saxelmwi-

fos ekonomikuri roli ekonomikaSi Semcirdes, ma-

gram biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli

Semosavlebi gaizardos ekonomikuri zrdis maRali

tempebis Sedegad an piriqiT, mosalodnelia, rom

62


saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis zrdis pirobebSi

Semcirdes an ucvleli darCes saxelmwifos mier

biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semo-

savlebi. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi SemTxvevebi gamo-

naklisad unda miviCnioT da ara kanonzomierebad,

vinaidan, magaliTad, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali

tempebi, aucileblad ganapirobebs saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris (rolis) `moculobis~ zrdas:

socialuri garemos cvlilebis, axali institu-

cionaluri struqturebis formirebis, komunika-

ciebisa da sxva infrastruqturis ganviTarebis

aucileblobis Sedegad, anu mTeli qveynis masSta-

biT ekonomikis efeqtiani organizaciis uzrunve-

lyofis mizniT. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempe-

bis pirobebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

(rolis) `moculobis~ zrda agreTve ganpirobebu-

lia saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciis

zrdiT. ekonomikuri zrda da bazris tevadobis

gafarToeba, uamrav dadebiT SedegTan erTad, xSi-

rad ganapirobebs sxvadasxva uaryofiT movlenas,

kerZod inflaciis maRal dones da nameti Semo-

savlebis mkveTrad uTanasworo ganawilebas, fi-

nansuri bazrebis `gadaxurebas~ da a. S.. maTi Ta-

vidan acileba an Serbileba-aRmofxvra da ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis arsebuli tempis SenarCuneba,

moiTxovs saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciis

zrdas. A

amgvarad, SesaZloa moklevadian periodSi

warmoiSvas disbalansi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempsa da biz-

nesze iribi gadasaxedebisagan miRebuli Semosav-

lebis moculobis cvlilebis temps Soris, magram

mna kvaracxelia

63


didi albaTobiT mosalodnelia maT Soris Sesaba-

misobis aRdgena grZelvadian periodSi1.

vinaidan (rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT) saxelmwi-

fos ekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT modifi-

cirebul kobi-duglasis sawarmoo funqciasac axa-

siaTebs masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis Tviseba, ami-

tom eileris Teoremis Tanaxmad, warmoebul pro-

duqciaSi am sami faqtoris (kapitalis, Sromisa da

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris) wilTa jami er-

Tis tolia, anu:

(8) 1 Aaqve unda mivuTiToT, rom saxelmwifos ekonomiku-

ri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempsa da biz-

nesze iribi gadasaxedebisagan miRebuli Semosavlebis

moculobis cvlilebis temps Soris Sesabamisobis

aRdgenis Sesaxeb Cveni zemoaRniSnuli msjeloba

emyareba daSvebas _ bbiznesze iribi gadasaxadebis ga-

nakveTebis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli ganakve-

Tebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, misi Sem-

cirebisas, Seicvleba Tanafardoba saxelmwifos eko-

nomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempsa da

biznesze iribi gadasaxedebisagan miRebuli Semosav-

lebis moculobis cvlilebis temps Soris, anu aseT

SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris `moculobis~ ucvlelad SenarCunebisas an

mcirediT gadidebisas, biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis-

gan miRebuli Semosavlebis cvlilebis tempi gaxdeba

uaryofiTi sidide. amasTan, axali sagadasaxado ga-

nakveTebis grZelvadian periodSi ucvlelad SenarCu-

nebis SemTxvevaSi, isev aRdgeba maT Soris arsebuli

Tanafardoba, anu aRdgeba Tavdapirveli Sesabami-

osoba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~

cvlilebis tempsa da biznesze iribi gadasaxedebisa-

gan miRebuli Semosavlebis moculobis cvlilebis

temps Soris.

64


sadac, dda aris kapitalsa da Sromaze Semosav-

lebis wili saerTo SemosavlebSi, xolo

ki – biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwi-

fos mier miRebuli Semosavlebis wili saerTo Se-

mosavlebSi (saerTo SemosavlebSi kapitalsa da

Sromaze Semosavlebis damatebiT, mocemul

SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia biznesze iribi ga-

dasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebuli Semo-

savlebic).

me-8 gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom roca da ucvlelia, warmoebis cvlilebis tempi damo-

kidebulia: kapitalis danaxarjebis cvlilebis

tempze SromiTi danaxarjebis cvlilebis

tempze saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `mo-

culobis~ cvlilebis tempze da faqtorTa

erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebis tempze.

me-8 gantolebis gardaqmniT miviRebT:

(9) Ame-9 gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT gaangariSe-

buli solous naSTi, anu faqtorTa erToblivi

mwarmoeblurobis zrdis wvlili ekonomikur

zrdaSi, ganisazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba warmoebis

moculobis zrdis tempsa da am ukanasknelis ganm-

sazRvrel im komponentebs Soris, romelic modis

kapitalis, Sromisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris wilad.

65


GimisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT zemoT Catare-

buli analizis marTebulobaSi, ganvaxorcieloT

kobi-duglasis standartuli sawarmoo funqciis1 :

modificireba saxelmwifos ekono-

mikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT, ris Sedegadac mi-

viRebT:

TavisTavad cxadia, rom me-10 gantoleba, ko-

bi-duglasis standartuli sawarmoo funqciis

msgavsad, akmayofilebs masStabidan mudmivi ukuge-

bis Tvisebas. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tuki

Sromisa da kapitalis raodenobas da saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris `moculobas~ gavamravlebT

romeliRac mudmiv ricxvze, vTqvaT _ Z-ze, ris Se-degadac vnaxavT, rom imave proporciiT gaizrdeba

produqciis gamoSvebis moculobac.

Mmocemuli gantolebis sust mxares war-

moadgens is, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos ekono-

mikuri unaris `moculobis~ rogorc pirdapiri,

agreTve iribi raodenobrivi Sefaseba. Mmiuxedavad

amisa, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris, rogorc

warmoebis erT-erTi faqtoris roli kobi-

duglasis sawarmoo funqciaSi maTematikurad swo-

rad aris formulirebuli (me-10 gantoleba), rac

Tavis mxriv adasturebs saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris gaTvaliswinebiT solous naSTis gam-

sazRvreli me-9 gantolebis marTebulobas.


66


pol duglasma, Sesabamisi statistikuri mo-

nacemebis analizis safuZvelze, daaskvna, rom Tu

warmoebis faqtorebi Rebuloben TavianT zRvrul

produqtebs, maSin erTobliv SemosavalSi kapita-

lisa da Sromis wili, Sesabamisad _ Sromaze Se-

mosavlis kapitalze SemosavalTan Tanafardoba

mudmivia1, anu: (11)

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris gaTvalis-

winebiT modificirebuli kobi-duglasis sawarmoo

funqcia: TavisTavad

gulisxmobs imas, rom kapitalisa da Sromis wili

saerTo SemosavalSi (romelic gaangariSebulia

saxelmwifos mier biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan

miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTvaliswinebiT) SeiZleba

Seicvalos saxelmwifos mier biznesze iribi gada-

saxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlis wilis cvlile-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT (biznesze iribi gadasaxade-

bisgan miRebuli Semosavlis wilis sididis arse-

biTi cvlileba SesaZloa mxolod sagadasaxado

ganakveTebis cvlilebisas). mocemul SemTxvevaSi,

sainteresoa, Seicvleba Tu ara maTi Tanafardoba,

anu _ aRniSnuli gantolebis da parametrebs

Soris Tanafardoba: .

aRniSnuli Tanafardoba ar Seicvleba, vi-

naidan erTobliv SemosavlebSi saxelmwifos wi-

lis cvlileba, magaliTad _ Semcireba, gamoiwvevs

kapitalisa da Sromis wilebis proporciul zrdas

1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, pp.71-73.

67


ise, rom maT Soris Tanafardoba ucvleli rCeba.

es gamowveulia imiT, rom pol duglasis Tanaxmad,

saxelmwifos mier miRebuli Semosavlebis (biz-

nesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan) gareSe gaangariSe-

bul erTobliv SemosavalSi kapitalisa da Sromis

wili praqtikulad ucvlelia. maTi wili ucvleli

iqneba sawarmoo funqciis zemoaRniSnuli modifi-

kaciis SemTxvevaSic, Tuki ucvlelad SenarCundeba

saxelmwifos wilic. amasTan, Tuki saxelmwifos

wili Seicvleba, maSin sapirispiro mimarTulebiT

Tanabrad Seicvleba Sromisa da kapitalis wilebi

ise, rom maT Soris Tanafardoba ucvleli dar-

Ceba, rasac ganapirobebs is faqti, rom biznesze

iribi gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlebis ga-

reSe gaangariSebul erTobliv SemosavalSi kapi-

talisa da Sromis wili praqtikulad ucvlelia.

amasTan, erTobliv SemosavalSi biznesze

iribi gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebu-

li Semosavlebis wilis Sesaxeb saintereso

daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magali-

Tad, aSS-is mSp-isa da biznesze iribi gadasaxade-

bis Tanafardoba. qvemoT cxrilSi mogvyavs monace-

mebi aSS-Si, 1950-1988 wlebSi, mSp-isa da biznesze

iribi gadasaxadebis moculobisa 1 da amis safuZ-

velze gaangariSebuli saxelmwifos mogebis wilis

Sesaxeb.

1 . ., . . “ ”, . 1. ., 1992.

68


mSp, biznesze iribi gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mogeba aSS-Si _ 1950-1988ww

2002 wlis monacemebi aRebulia: m. Ciqobava, n. kakulia. makroekonomika. Tb., 2009. gv. 42.

wlebi

mSp

mlrd

dolari

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

mSp

288,3

333,4

351,6

371,6

372,5

533,8

574,6

606,9

649,8

705,1

biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebi

24,6

28,9

30,9

34,1

33,7

47,1

51,9

55,2

58,3

62,5

biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebis

wili mSp-Si,

%-biT

8,5

8,7

8,9

9,2

9,1

8,8

9,0

9,1

9,0

8,9

wlebi

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1979

1986

1987

1988

20021

mSp

1102,

7

1212,8

1359,3

1472,8

1598,4

2508,2

4240,3

4526,7

4861,8

10437

biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebi

107,0

110,7

118,5

131,9

147,5

195,1

347,3

368,0

392,7

695

biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebis

wili mSp-Si, %-

biT

9,7

9,1

8,7

9,0

9,2

7,8

8,2

8,1

8,1

6,7

69


cxrilidan Cans, rom 1950-1988 wlebSi

saxelmwifos mier biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan

miRebuli Semosavlis, anu saxelmwifo mogebis

wili mSp-is safuZvelze gaangariSebul erTobliv

SemosavalSi (romelic zemoT gaangariSebul

erTobliv Semosavals aRemateba TviTdasaqmebul

mesakuTreTa Semosavlebis sididiT), Tuki

mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT 1971 da 1979 wlebs,

icvleba metad mcire diapazonSi: 8,1-9,3%-is

farglebSi. Ees niSnavs imas, rom aRniSnul

periodSi, biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisagan

saxelmwifo Semosavlebis wili erTobliv

SemosavalSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos mudmiv sidided.

misi saSualowliuri sidide, romelic Cvens mier

gansazRvrulia saSualo ariTmetikulis

gaangariSebis safuZvelze, aRniSnul periodSi,

Seadgens daaxloebiT 8,7%-s (gaangariSeba

ganxorcielebulia 1950-1988 wlebis yvela wlis

monacemis gaTvaliswinebiT). Semdgom periodSi

saxelmwifo mogebis wili aSkarad Semcirebulia,

rasac adasturebs is, rom 2002 wlisaTvis igi 6,7%-

is tolia, rac, Cveni azriT, ganpirobebulia

ekonomikis deregulirebasTan dakavSirebuli

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemcirebiT. miuxedavad

amisa, zemoaRniSnuli monacemebis analizis

safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom grZelvadian

periodSi, romelic xasiaTdeba stabiluri

sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT, saxelmwifos wili

erTobliv SemosavalSi praqtikulad ar icvleba

(cvlilebis diapazoni iqneba metismetad mcire).

aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom

Sromisa da kapitalis wilebis Tanafardobis, anu

70


ucvlelobis mizezis axsnis SesaZleblobas

iZleva ekonomikuri zrdis solous modeli,

romlis Tanaxmadac `mosaxleobis raodenobis,

vTqvaT n%-iT zrdisas, investiciebis moculobac

unda gaizardos n%-iT, raTa ucvlel doneze

SenarCundes Sromis kapitalSeiaraReba, anu

Sromac da kapitalic solous ekonomikuri zrdis

modelis Tanaxmad, izrdeba erTi da imave tempiT~1.

masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis Tvisebis Tanaxmad, es

uzrunvelyofs mSp-is imave tempebiT zrdas da mSp-

Si maTi Tavdapirveli wilebis SenarCunebas.

solous naSTis zemoaRniSnuli

modifikaciis SedarebiT sust mxares, saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis

tempis irib SefasebasTan erTad, warmoadgens isic,

rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod

miRebul SemosavlebSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris

pirdapir gadasaxadebi im motiviT, rom es

ukanaskneli sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebis

(Sromisa da kapitalis) SemadgenlobaSi Sedis da

aRniSnuli faqtoruli Semosavlebisgan

gamoqviTvis Semdeg, gadadis saxelmwifos

gankargulebaSi. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom pirdapiri

gadasaxadebic saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

sanacvlod miRebul Semosavlebia. im faqtidan

gamomdinare, rom pirdapiri gadasaxadebi sxva

faqtoruli Semosavlebisgan gamoqviTvis Semdeg

gadadis saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi, ar SeiZleba

imis Tqma, rom aRniSnuli gadasaxadebisgan

1 . , . .

. ., 1996, c. 613.

71


miRebuli Semosavlebi saxelmwifos ekonomikur

unarTan mimarTebiT neitraluria. sxva faqtoruli

Semosavlebidan (xelfasi, korporaciuli mogeba,

procenti, dividendi da a.S) Ppirdapiri

gadasaxadebis gamoqviTvis safuZveli isaa, rom

saxelmwifo gansazRvrul rols asrulebs adamian-

kapitalis ganviTarebaSi, investiciebis

dabandebisaTvis da kapitalis maragebis

formirebisaTvis aucilebeli garemo pirobebis

SeqmnaSi da a.S. nebismier SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom

rogorc biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis, agreTve

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis saxiT saxelmwifos mier

miRebuli Tanxebi ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod

miRebuli Semosavlebia.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom saxelmwifos mier

ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod miRebul

SemosavlebSi biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis

damatebiT, pirdapiri gadasaxadebis CarTva,

moiTxovs SromiTi Semosavlebisa da kapitalze

Semosavlebis Semcirebas maTgan daricxuli

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis moculobiT. amasTan,

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis Sesabamisi TanxiT

gaizrdeba saxelmwifos mier miRebuli

Semosavlebi. erToblivi (saerTo) Semosavlebi ki,

romelic Seadgens Sromaze, kapitalze da

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod

miRebuli Semosavlebis jams, ucvleli darCeba.

Semosavlebis am meTodiT gaangariSebis

SemTxvevaSic, ra Tqma unda, gamoiricxeba

TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreTa Semosavlebi.

72


Aam SemTxvevaSi warmoebis moculobis

cvlilebis tempis ganmsazRvrel me-8 gantolebas

eqneba Semdegi saxe:

(12)

sadac, 1 kapitalze Semosavlebidan

Sesabamisi pirdapiri gadasaxadebis gadaxdis

Semdeg darCenili Semosavlebis wilia erTobliv

SemosavlebSi, 1 aris SromiTi Semosavlebidan

Sesabamisi pirdapiri gadasaxadebis gadaxdis

Semdeg darCenili Semosavlebis wili imave

SemosavlebSi, xolo aris saxelmwifo

Semosavlebis, anu rogorc biznesze iribi

gadasaxadebisgan, agreTve pirdapiri

gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebuli

Semosavlebis wili erTobliv SemosavlebSi.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom pirdapiri gadasaxadebis

gadaxdis Semdeg mcirdeba Sromasa da kapitalze

Semosavlebis wili erTobliv SemosavlebSi,

romelic kompensirdeba saxelmwifo Semosavlebis

wilis Sesabamisi zrdiT. aris saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempi,

romelic am SemTxvevaSic Sefasebulia iribad _

saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri unaris

ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis,

anu biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisa da pirdapiri

gadasaxadebis mTliani moculobis cvlilebis

tempis mixedviT.

Mme-12 gantolebidan aSkaraa, rom

ekonomikuri zrdis tempis formirebaSi, me-8

gantolebiT gansazRvrulTan SedarebiT,

73


Semcirebulia Sromisa da kapitalis wvlili,

xolo amaRlebulia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris wvlili. Aam ukanasknelis zrdam wesiT

unda moaxdinos Sromisa da kapitalis wvlilis

Semcirebis zusti kompensireba, Tumca, arc isaa

gamoricxuli, rom misi mniSvneloba, saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis

xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, meti an naklebi

aRmoCndes. e.i. SesaZloa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebasTan SedarebiT

mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos cvlilebis xasiaTi,

rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom am ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

`moculobis~ cvlilebis tempis Sefasebisas,

biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis damatebiT

gaiTvaliswineba pirdapiri gadasaxadebisgan

miRebuli Semosavlebic. amitom, ekonomikuri

zrdis tempis formirebaSi saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri unaris wvlilis cvlilebis dadgena

ufro zust maTematikur formulirebas an

Sesabamis empiriul monacemebze dakvirvebas

moiTxovs.

Mme-11 gantolebidan gamomdinare, solous

naSTis gasaangariSebuli formula SeiZens Semdeg

saxes:

(13)

faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis

cvlilebis wvlili ekonomikuri zrdis tempSi, me-

9 gantolebiT gansazRvrulTan SedarebiT meti

74


iqneba Tu naklebi (an srulebiTac identuri),

damokidebulia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

wvlilis cvlilebis xasiaTze, razec zemoT

gvqonda msjeloba.

Kkobi-duglasis Cven mier zemoT

modificirebuli sawarmoo funqcias, anu me-10

gantolebas, Tuki gardavqmniT pirdapiri

gadasaxadebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic

miRebulia saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi biznesze

iribi gadasaxadebis damatebiT, maSin:

(14) Mcxadia, rom me-14 gantolebac, kobi-

duglasis standartuli sawarmoo funqciis

msgavsad, akmayofilebs masStabidan mudmivi

ukugebis Tvisebas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, saerTo

SemosavlebSi Sromisa da kapitalis wilebis

Tanafardobis mudmivobis aucilebeli pirobaa

Sromasa da kapitalze Semosavlebze dadgenili

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis ucvleloba

an Tanabari cvlileba, xolo Tuki aRniSnuli

gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis cvlilebaSi dairRveva

sinqronuloba, maSin Tanafardobac Seicvleba.

Ddabolos, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

gaTvaliswinebiT solous naSTis modifikacia,

SesaZleblobas mogvcems, ufro mkafiod

ganvsazRvroT teqnologiuri progresis wvlili

faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi (am

mizanis misaRwevad, Cveni azriT, me-13 gantolebas

aSkara upiratesoba gaaCnia me-9 gantolebasTan

SedarebiT). faqtorTa erToblivi

mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebis mizezebs Soris

umniSvnelovanesia teqnologiuri progresi, Tumca,

arsebiT rols asrulebs saxelmwifo

75


regulirebac. ase, magaliTad, ganaTlebis sferoSi

saxelmwifos danaxarjebis zrda gamoiwvevs

adamian-kapitalis xarisxis amaRlebas, Sesabamisad

gaizrdeba Sromis mwarmoebluroba da produqciis

warmoebis moculoba, rac aramodificirebuli

solous naSTis gaangariSebis SemTxvevaSi, aisaxeba

faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi da

ganapirobebs realurTan SedarebiT teqnologiuri

progresis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebas.

modificirebuli solous naSTis SemTxvevaSi,

saxelmwifo regulirebis Sedegad, Sromis

mwarmoeblurobisa da warmoebis moculobis zrda

aisaxeba saxelmwifos wvlilis zrdaSi, rac

faqtorTa erTobliv mwarmoeblurobaSi ufro

mkafiod warmoaCens teqnologiuri progresis

wvlils.

Modification of Solow Residual Regarding the

Economic Capacities of the State

Demna Kvaratskhelia

Article provides modification of the formula for calculation of Solow residual and Cobb-Douglas production function regarding economic capacities of the state.

Standard formula for calculation of Solow residual:

after modification is as follows:

, where Y – is production

quantity; K – capital reserves; L – labor costs and G1 – “quantity” of

economic capacities of the state. In addition, is the rate of produc-

76


tion increment; pace of capital costs increment; - labor input in-

crement rate; rate of state economic capacities increment, which

is evaluated indirectly based on the pace of change of the total direct and indirect taxes for revenues gained in result of the economic capac-ities of the state, i.e. business, and is Solow residual; 1 - is the

share of incomes remained after payment of direct taxes from the capi-tal revenues in the aggregate incomes and 1 - share of labor incomes remained after payment of direct taxes in the same revenues.

Cobb-Douglass modified function is as follows: which, similar to the standard Cobb-

Douglass production function satisfies the property of constant return of scale.

Article justifies that modification of Solow residual would al-low similar to the other sources of economic growth (change of ag-gregate productivity of labor, capital and factors), determination of the share of change of “quantity of state economic capacities in the eco-nomic growth rate and, what is most important, such modification al-lows more clear assessment of the contribution of technological progress in growth of aggregate productivity of the factors.

77


saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba

ekonomikuri krizisisa da postkrizisul ekonomikuri krizisisa da postkrizisul

periodebSiperiodebSi

Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili

sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis

saxelobis qarTuli universitetis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtorantidoqtoranti

saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba gansa-

kuTrebul aqtualurobas iZens ekonomikuri krizise-

bis dros. aSS-is mTavrobis antikrizisuli politika

hipoTekuri bazris krizisis periodSi, romelic mogvi-

anebiT, globalur finansur-ekonomikur krizisSi gada-

izarda, imis naTeli magaliTia, rom ekonomikuri liber-

alizmis iseT klasikur qveyanaSiac ki, rogoricaa aSS,

kerZo bizness ar SeuZlia mwvave krizisidan Tavis daR-

weva saxelmwifos aqtiuri mxardaWeris gareSe. aRniS-

nulidan gamomdinare, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT

aSS-is da industriulad ganviTarebuli zogierTi sxva

qevynis mTavrobebis antikrizisul qmedebebs 2007–2008 wlebis globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pi-

robebSi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom „sabazro funda-

mentalizmis“ principi imdenad Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli

aSS–is politikuri da ekonomikuri mmarTveli elitis

cnobierebaSi, rom krizisis sawyis etapze mTavroba agr-

Zelebda am principze damyarebul politikas. kerZod, igi

miiCnevda, rom bazris moTamaSeebs ar unda moxsnodaT

sakuTari saqmianobis Sedegebis mimarT finansuri pasux-

ismgebloba. am midgomidan gamomdinare, erTderT umsx-

viles finansur korporacias - „Lehman Brothers”, gakotre-bis „neba daerTo“. movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam

aCvena sakiTxisadmi msgavsi damokidebulebis mcdaroba.

78


finansur bazarze gaCnda panikis pirveli niSnebi, ramac

kidev ufro gaamwvava krizisuli situacia. movlenaTa

ganviTarebis Semdgomi msvleloba xasiaTdeboda finan-

suri bazris mimarT aSS–is mTavrobis damokidebulebis

mkveTri SecvliT, rac gamoixata intervencionistuli an-

tikrizisuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi.

aSS-is mTavrobis antikrizisul politikaSi Ses-

aZlebelia ramdenime etapis gamoyofa. pirveli etapia

2007 wlis meore naxevari, rac xasiaTdeboda mTavro-

bis SedarebiT gaubedavi nabijebiT ipoTekuri bazris

krizisis Sedegebis Sesarbileblad. meore etapi iyo 2008

wlis pirveli naxevari, rodesac saxelmwifom gaaaqtiu-

ra sakuTari antikrizisuli RionisZiebebi. mesame eta-

pad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2008 wlis seqtember-noemberi,

anu krizisis yvelaze mwvave stadiaze saxelmwifos mier

ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. dabolos, meoTxe etapi,

romelmac moicva aSS–is axali prezidentis b. obamas

mier gatarebuli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebi.

antikrizisuli politikis pirvel da meore etape-

bze mTavrobis mier gamoyenebuli instrumentebi emyare-

boda tradiciul institutebsa da meTodebs. kerZod,

saxelmwifo, finansTa saministros saxiT, xels uwyobda

da exmareboda bazris subieqtebs ipoTekuri bazris kriz-

isTan brZolaSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT

2007 wlis Semodgomaze, imJamindel finansTa ministris

g. polsonis gegmis farglebSi (gegma iTvalsiwinebda

finansuri sistemis institutebisaTvis 700 mlrd dola-

riani damxarebis gawevas), e.w. FHASECURE programis amoq-medebas, romliTac ipoTekuri davalianebiT datvirTuli

sacxovrebeli saxlebis mflobelebs 2008 wlis bolomde

miecaT kreditebis refinansirebis SesaZlebloba. 2008

wlis dasawyisSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pi-

robebSi, federalurma sarezervo sistemam (fedma) gaaaq-

tiura monetaristuli politika da 2008 wlis 28 ianvars

79


miiRo eqstraordinaruli gadawyvetileba saprocento

ganakveTis 0,75 punqtiT, anu wliur 3,5%–mde Semcirebis Sesaxeb. ori dRis Semdeg ki, kidev 0,5%-iT Seamcira sap-

rocento ganakveTi. es procesi SemgomSic gagrZelda da

2008 wlis maisSi sabaziso saprocento ganakveTi 2%–mde Semcirda.1 aRniSnuli imaze migvaniSnebs, rom aSS–is mon-etaristuli xelisufleba am periodSi biznesis gaaqti-

urebas ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWebda, vidre inflaci-

is tempebis gazrdis muqaras.

antikrizisuli politikis mTavari elementi iyo

kerZo biznesisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis gaweva. 2008

wlis TebervalSi kongresma daamtkica ekonomikis san-

aciis programa da am mizniT gamohyo 167 mlrd dolari.

117 mln saojaxo meurneobam miiRo sagadasaxado SeRa-

vaTi: 600& - erT pirze, 1200& - ojaxur wyvilze da 300&

- yovel bavSvze.2 es damxareba ZiriTadad orientirebu-

li iyo moTxovnis waxalisebaze, romelsac Tavis mxriv

unda gamoewvia ekonomikuri zrdis daCqareba. 2008 wlis

mart-ivlisis monakveTSi mTavrobis ZiriTadi ekonomi-

kuri RonisZiebebi mimarTuli iyo likvidobis deficitis

aRmofxvrisa da finansur bazrebze panikis Tavidan ac-

ilebisaken. mTavroba uSualod monawileobda finansuri

kompaniis - Bear Stearns gadarCenaSi, romelic saswrafod

iyida kompania J.P Morgan-ma, rosTvisac am ukanasknelma

saxelmwifosgan miiRo 30 mlrd dolaris krediti. 2008

wlis martSi fedma daiwyo moklevadiani sagangebo kredi-

tis gacema im bankebsa da finansur kompaniebze, romlebic

axorcielebdnen sasesxo dabandebebs ipoTekasTan dakav-

Sirebul warmoebul fasian qaRaldebSi. am programis

dasafinanseblad fedma gamoyo 400 mlrd dolari, anu

sakuTari rezervebis daaxloebiT naxevari. 2008 wlis 30

ivniss kongresma daamtkica axali kanoni - ,,The Housing 1 В. Супян. Кризис в США: экономический контекст. Вестник института Кенана в России. Вып. 15, М., 2009, с. 22.2 iqve, gv. 25.

80


and Economic Recovery Act of 2008”, romelic iTvaliswinebda

ipoTekuri davalianebis mqone ojaxebze 300 mlrd dola-

ris gacemas. am kanoniT ganxorcielda mxardaWera umniS-

vnelovanes finansur kompaniebze - ,,Fannie Mae” da ,,Fredie Mac”. amave kanoniT finansTa saministros mieca ufleba 18

Tvis manZilze aRniSnuli kompaniebisaTvis gaexsna ulim-

ito sakredito xazi.

2008 wlis Semodgomaze finansuri krizisi simwvavis

axal fazaSi Sevida, ris gamoc saxelmwifo iZulebuli

gaxda gaeaqtiurebina finansuri institutebisaTvis mx-

ardaWera. dekembris Sua ricxvebSi gakotrebis piras aR-

moCnda safinanso riskebis dazRvevis sferos gigantic -

,,American International Group” (AIG). mis gadasarCenad fedma saswrafod gamohyo 85 mlrd dolari. 2008 wlis seqtem-

berSi finansTa ministrma polsonma kongress warudgina

e.w. „toqsikuri aqtivebis“ problemis Serbilebisaken mi-

marTuli gegma saxelwodebiT - Trouble Asset Relief Program (TARP), iTvaliswinebda krizisSi myofi safinanso in-

stitutebidan 700 mlrd dolaris Rirebulebis „cudi“

fasiani qaRaldebis gamosyidvas. mTlianobaSi polso-

nis gegma niSnavda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politi-

kis Zireul Secvlas kerZo institutebTan mimarTebiT

da regulirebis aratradiciuli meTodebis gamoyenebaze

gadasvlas.

polsonis gegmaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava banke-

bis rekapitalizaciis RonisZiebebs, romlis aucileblo-

ba warmoSva finansuri institutebis, maT Soris bankebis

kapitalis araadekvaturma Sefasebam. 2008 wlis noemberSi

finansTa saministrom ganacxada TARP-is gadaxedvis Ses-axeb da saxelmwifosaTvis xmis uflebis armqone aqcie-

bis gadacemis sanacvlod, finansur institutebs SesTava-

za 125 mlrd dolaris finansuri daxmareba. daaxloebiT

imave raodenobis Tanxa gamoiyo ufro wvrili finansuri

institutebis dasaxmareblad.

81


2008 wlis 7 noembers saxelmwifo struqturis – Federal Housing Finance Agency direqtorma ganacxada, rom

meurveobas gauwevda (concervationship) kompaniebs - ,,Fannie Mae” da ,,Fredie Mac”, ris Sesaxebac fedis xelmZRvanelma

b. bernankem gaakeTa komentari, rom amgvari meurveo-

ba ganixileba, rogorc „taim-auti“ im mizniT, raTa gad-

aixedos finansuri Suamavlebis roli misi srulyofis

TvalsazrisiT.

antikrizisul RonisZiebaTa intesificireba daukav-

Sirda aSS-is prezidentad b. obamas arCevas. misma admin-

istraciam wamyvani finansuri institutebis mxardaWeris

mizniT, gazarda saxelmwifos xvedriTi wona Citygroup-is aqcionerul kapitalSi da 2009 wlis ivnisis bolos

saxelmwifo ukve flobda am kompaniis aqciebis 34%-s.1

isargebla ra am situaciiT, aSS-is mTavrobam aiZula es

kompania daeqiravebina damoukidebeli eqspertebi korpo-

raciuli menejmentis xarisxis Sesafaseblad. amave peri-

odSi grZeldeboda mZime finansuri mdgomareobis mqonde

kompaniebis daxmarebis praqtika. kerZod, miRebuli iqna

AIG-is finansuri daxmarebis paketi, romliTac kompaniebs

damatebiT gamoeyo 180 mlrd dolari. unda SevniSnoT,

rome ეs iyo kerZo kompaniisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmarebis

uprecedento SemTxveva Tanxis moculobis TvalsazrisiT.

aRniSnulis sanacvlod aSS–is mTavrobis pirdapir gan-

kargvaSi moeqca aRniSnuli kompaniis aqciebis 79,9%, anu

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amJamad AIG sadazRveo kompanias

mTvaroba akontrolebs. aSS-is mTavrobam sakuTar kon-

trols dauqvemdebara da faqtobrivad nacionalizacia

Cautara or umsxviles ipoTekur kompanias - ,,Fannie Mae” da ,,Fredie Mac”. es iyo axali movlena aSS-is ekonomikur

istoriaSi da mas ewoda „rbili privatizeba“.

aSS–is finansTa saministro agrZelebda bankebidan

1 К. Корищенко, И. Соловьёва. Новые вызовы в регулировании финансового сектора в условиях кризиса, журн. «Вопросы экономики», 2010, №4, с. 106.

82


„cudi“ aqtivebis Camoweras, romlis moculobac, sxva-

dasxva SefasebiT, 59 mlrd dolaridan 1 trln dolars

Seadgenda. am uzarmazari Tanxebis CamoweriT mTavroba

imedovnebda, rom bankebi da sxva finansuri institutebi

ganaaxlebdnen kerZo seqtorze kreditebis gacemas.

2009 wlis 25 marts fedma gamoacxada samomxmare-

blo dakreditebis axali programa da Seqmna specialuri

fondi - Term Asset Backed Securities Lending Facility, romelSic

federaluri biujetidan gadaircixa 200 mln dolari.

aRniSnuli fondis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda mcire

biznesisa da momxmareblebisaTvis kreditebze xelmis-

awvdomobis gazrda.

mTavrobis mier gatarebulma aqtiurma da araor-

dinarulma safinanso ekonomikurma RonisZiebebma Tavisi

Sedegi gamoiRo. rigma bankebma ukve 2010 wlis dasaw-

yisSi ganacxades, rom mzad arian axali aqciebis gayidvi-

dan miRebuli miliardobiT dolaris xarjze daabrunon

mTavrobisagan miRebuli sesxebi. obamas mTavrobis axal-

ma finansTa ministrma T. gaitnerma ganacxada, rom TARP-is farglebSi gacemuli da ukandabrunebuli Tanxebi

ZiriTadad moxmardeboda wvrili safinanso institute-

bisaTvis finanasuri damxarebis gawevas.

finansur daxmarebsaTan erTadб federaluri da

Statebis xelisuflebis Sesabamisi struqturebi dawvr-

ilebiT swavlobdnen sxvadasxva finansuri institutis

wvlils finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis warmoSobaSi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom b. obamas adminis-

traciis antikrizisuli programa mxolod finansuri

RonisZiebebiT ar Semoifargleboda, masSi gaTval-

siwinebuli iyo qveynis socialurdekonomikuri stabi-

lurobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebel RonisZiebaTa

farTo wre. kerZod, saxelmwifo investiciebis gafar-

Toeba ganaTlebaSi, jandacvaSi, socialur dazRvevaSi,

infrastruqturasa da ekologiaSi, aseve mosaxleobis

83


yvelaze daucveli kategoriisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva.

swored am konteqstiT unda iqnes ganxiluli kongresis

mier miRebuli ekonomikis aRdgenisa da amerikaSi re-

investirebis kanoni (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009), romlis ZiriTadi mizania moTxovnis stimulireba

da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. am mizniT kongresma

gamohyo 787 mlrd dolari.

b. obamas xelisuflebis mier xazgasmiT iqna de-

klarirebuli saxelmwifo da biznesstruqturebSi gam-

Wirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis uprecendentod

maRali donis miRwevis aucilebloba, rasac, erTi mxriv,

xeli unda Seewyo kerZo biznesis sagadasaxado bazis

maqsimaluri transparentulobisaTvis, meore mxriv ki,

kerZo biznesidan miRebuli Tanxebis miznobriv da efeq-

tian gamoyenebaze qmediTi sazogadoebrivi kontrolis

ganxorcielebisaTvis.

b. obamas administraciis antikrizisul gegmasa da

postkrizisuli ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi

gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs finansuri bazris reg-

ulirebis sxvadasxva aspeqts. aSS-is ipoTekur bazarze

warmoSobilma krizisma, mogvianebiT misma gadazrdam

globalur-ekonomikur krizisSi, TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom

regulirebis Zveli sistema, romelic manamde gamoiyen-

eboda aSS-sa da rig sxva industriulad ganviTarebul

qveynaSi, veRar pasuxobda Tanamedrove realobaTa moTx-

ovnebs. Sesabamisad, garkveuli reformebi daiwyo am mi-

marTulebiT, romlis pirvel nabijadac SeiZleba CaiTva-

los 2009 wlis maisSi miRebuli TaRliTobis winaaRm-

deg da misi Sedegebis daZlevisaken mimarTuli kanoni.

2009 wlis 17 ivniss miRebuli iqna finansuri bazrebis

likvidobis reformirebis programa, romelic moicavda

Semdeg xuT mimarTulebas:

1. finansuri kompaniebis regulirebisa da kontro-

lis gamkacreba. Camoyalibda axali makontrolebeli

84


organo d finansuri momsaxurebis gawevaze kontrolis

sabWo (Financial Services Oversight Council). mis mTavar amo-

canebad ganisazRvra: potenciurad saxifaTo riskebis

gamovlena; maregulirebel organoTa Soris koordini-

rebis gaumjobeseba; yvela finansuri kompaniisagan in-

formaciis savaldebulo wesiT miReba. zemoaRniSnuli

programis farglebSi aseve navaraudevia fedisaTvis ax-

ali uflebamosilebis miniWeba, romelic mas gadaaqcevs

yvela finansuri institutis mTavar maregulirebel or-

ganod. gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, erovnuli sabanko

regulatoris (National Bank Supervisor, romelsac mieniWeba

prudenciuli regulirebis funqcia) da finansTa samin-

istros struqturaSi dazRvevis erovnuli ofisis Seqmna (Offi ce of National Insurance), romlis analogi aqamde aSS-is

praqtikaSi ar yofila;

finansuri bazrebis yovlismomcveli regulire-2.

bisa da zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba. kerZod, seku-

ritizaciis bazrebis regulirebis srulyofa da arasa-

birJo derivativebis bazris efeqtiani regulireba;

finansur bazrebze momxmareblebisa da inves-3.

torebis uflebaTa dacvis instituciuri gaZliereba, ra

mizniTac erTiani federaluri maregulirebeli organos

saxiT iqmneba finansur bazrebze momxmarebelTa ufle-

bebis dacvis saagento (Consumer Financial Protection Agency – CFPA);

sistemuri riskebis gaZlierebis pirobebSi saxelm-4.

wifosaTvis finansuri krizisis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

sagangebo saSualebebis gamoyenebis uflebis miniWeba;

regulirebis saerTaSoriso standartebis amaR-5.

leba da am sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ga-

farToeba. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-

nia 2009 wlis aprilSi londonSi „didi oceulis“ (G20) samitze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, rac iTvaliswinebs:

kapitalis sakmarisobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovne-

85


bis saerTaSoriso sistemis srulyofas;

globalur-finansur bazrebze zedamxedvelobis, pirvel rigSi, derivativebis bazrebis kontrolis stan-

dartizacias da srulyofas;

saerTaSoriso finansur kompaniebze zedamxed-velobis meqanizmebis daxvewas;

prudenciuli zedamxedvelobis gamkacrebas likvi-dobis krizisebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, anu e.w. „fin-

ansuri baliSebis“ Seqmnas;

regulirebis sferos gafarToebas masSi HEG fon-debis CarTviT;

saerTaSoriso doneze kompaniebis marTvis axali sistemebis danergvas, romelic moicavs „top menejerTa“

Sromis anazRaurebis axal wesebs.

b. obamam aSS-is erovnul mecnierebaTa akademiis

yovelwliur sxdomaze gamosvlisas ganacxada, rom

Tanamedrove gamowvevaTa globaluri xasiaTi dRis

wesrigSi ayenebs finansuri sferos regulirebaSi

amerikuli gamocdilebis sxva qveynebis mxridan gaziarebis

aucileblobas, rac praqtikuli aspeqtiT gulisxmobs

antikrizisul RonisZiebebze saxelmwifos biujetidan

mniSvnelovani Tanxebis gamoyofas da finansuri

regulirebis maRali standartebis danergvas.1

aSS-is mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli

antikrizisuli politikis ganxilvasTan erTad

sainteresoa am sferoSi sxva industriul qveynebSi

dagrovili gamocdilebis analizic. kerZod, inglisis

centralurma bankma, erT-erTi umsxvilesi britanuli

komerciuli bankis Northern Rock gakotrebis Semdeg, daiwyo ramdenime mimarTulebiT antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis

gatareba d 2008 wels man finansTa saministrosTan

erToblivad gamohyo 500 mlrd girvanqa sterlingi

1 Remarks by President at the National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting. The White Shouse. Offi ce of the Press Secretary. April 27, 2009. http://www.scientifi c.ru)

86


komerciuli bankebis sagarantio uzrunvelyofasa da

bankebis rekapitalizaciaze. amis Sedegad didi britane-

Tis saxelmwifo valis moculoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda

mSpds 224%-dan (1990 weli) 466%- mde (2009 weli).1 2009

wlis 5 martidan inglisis bankma ganaxorciela axali

RonisZieba - sakuTari rezervebis xarjze komerciuli

bankebis aqtivebis Sesyidva, risTvisac gamohyo 75 mlrd

girvanqa sterlingi. aseve umniSvnelovanesi RonisZieba

iyo didi britaneTis mTavrobis mier qveynis erT-erTi

umsxvilesi bankis - ,,Brandford & Binley” nacionalizacia.

germaniis centralurma bankma (bundesbankma) kriz-

isis dros sxvadasxva kerZo kompaniisa da mosaxleo-

bis dasaxmareblad gamohyo daaxloebiT 1 trln evro.

swored am Tanxidan iqna garantirebuli mosaxleobis

mimdinare da sadepozito Senatanebis mTeli 100%. mcire

da saSualo biznesis dasaxmareblad, germaniis mTavro-

bam miznobrivad gamoyo 82 mlrd evro. 2009 wlis dekem-

berSi ki Seiqmna stabilizaciis fondi 480 mlrd evros,

anu qveynis ori wlis biujetis moculobiT. am fondSi

Senatanebis 65% gaiRo federalurma, 35% ki - miwebis biu-

jetebma.2 germaniis mTavroba aseve finansurad daexmara

qveynis erTderT umsxviles sakredito dawesebulebas

,,Hypo Real Estate”. beniluqsis qveynebis mTavrobebma Tavi-

anTi finansuri resursebi gaaerTianes didi belgiuri

bankis Fortis-is gakotrebisagan gadasarCenad da a.S.aqtiuri antikrizisuli RonisZiebebi tardeboda

iaponiaSic. kerZod, qveynis mTavrobam, iaponiis centralur

bankTan erTad, krizisis dros miiRo erovnuli ekono-

mikis sistemaSemqmneli kompaniebis, finansuri seqtoris,

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis, mosaxleobis finansur-

ekonomikuri mxardaWeris RonisZiebaTa paketi, romlis

farglebSic gamoyofili iqna 5,5 trln ieni. mTavrobisa

1 www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2009/0192 Кошаров А. Сумленный С. Союз для хорошей погоды. «Эксперт», 2010, №19, с. 26.

87


da centraluri bankis mier kerZo seqtorisaTvis fi-

nansuri daxmarebis gamo, 2010 wlis 31 marts iaponiis

saxelmwifo valma Seadgina 9,6 trln dolari, anu qveynis

mSp-is 225%. 1

krizisis pirobebSi saxelmwifos rolis mniSvnelo-

vani gaaqtiureba da biznesisadmi aqtiuri mxardaWera

ar SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes rogorc calsaxad dadebiTi

movlena. aucilebelia davinaxoT rigi problema da sa-

frTxe, rac am procesTanaa dakavSirebuli.

ramdenime mwvave problemaze ufro dawvrilebiT

SevCerdebiT. erT-erTi maTgania lobizmis gaZlierebis

safrTxe. ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazre-

ba, rom krizisisa da postkrizisul periodebSi aSS-is

mTavroba lobistTa Zlieri zegavlenis qveS aRmoCnda.

ase, magaliTad, saavtomobilo gaerTianebulma komitetma

ganacxada, rom Tu mTavroba finansurad ar daexmare-

boda am dargs, es gamoiwvevda qveynis masStabiT 14 mln

samuSao adgilis dakargvas. Tumca, eqspertebis gaan-

gariSebiT, samuSao adgilebis danakargi ar SeiZleboda

yofiliyo 2 mlnze meti.

Semdegi problema dakavSirebulia e.w. „arakeTilsin-

disieri qcevis efeqtis“ (moral hazard) warmoSobasTan.

misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifo rodesac sakuTar Tavze

iRebs kompaniebis gadaWarbebulad riskiani operaciebis

Sedegad miRebul zarals, amiT kompaniebs uCens msgavsi

moqmedebis gameorebis survils. isini imedovneben, rom

saxelmwifo yovelTvis aanazRaurebs maT danakargebs.

damnaSavis mier zaralis anazRaurebis arsebuli wesi

kidev ufro aRrmavebs am winaaRmdegobas. kerZod, zaralis

nebismieri sidide, romelic ekonomikuri agentis qoneba-

ze metia, misTvis mxolod virtualuri cnebaa. realurad

igi verasdros gadaixdis imaze mets, ra qonebac gaaCnia.

Sesabamisad, sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobis miRma misi aq-

1 Зотин А. , Великий делеверидж. «Финансы», 2010, №10, с. 36.

88


tivoba xSirad ar aris frTxili, mozomili da riskebsac

naklebi yuradReba eTmoba. rodesac garkveul momentSi

bazarze dgeba „gankiTxvis Jami“ d krizisis saxiT, ekono-

mikuri agentebi sasowarkveTaSi vardebian, saxelmwifo-

saken iSveren xels da misi daSantaJebis mcdelobasac

ar eridebian. aseT SemTxvevebSi ekonomikuri agentebis

qcevis meqanizms unda gansazRvravdes finansuri bazris

calkeul produqtebze SeuzRudavi kontraqtebis kano-

niT akrZalva. im SemTxvevaSi, roca ekonomikuri agentebis

qoneba maT mier ganxorcielebuli operaciebis riskis

xarisxis Tanazomadia, am ekonomikuri subieqtebis mimarT

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes e.w. ex post midgoma, romelic

gulisxmobs miyenebuli zaralis sruli moculobiT

iZulebiT anazRaurebas. es principi gansakuTrebiT efeq-

tiani SeiZleba aRmoCndes mmarTvelTa umaRlesi katego-

riis (e.w. „topmenejerebis“) mimarT.

ekonomistTa erTsulovani SefasebiT, global-

uri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis erTderTi seriozu-

li mizezi iyo korporaciuli marTvis dabali xarisxi.

topmenejerebi sakmarisad ar iTvaliswinebdnen mosal-

odnel riskebs da xSirad moqmedebdnen yovelgvari wi-

naswari analizis gareSe. globalizaciam da finansuri

inovaciebis masobrivma gamoyenebam mniSnelovnad gazarda

finansur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi. amJamad

dRis wesrigSi aqtualurad dgas korporaciuli marTvis

axali paradigmis Seqmnis amocana, romelSic kompanie-

bis mogebis maqsimizeba da kapitalizaciis swrafi zr-

didan menejerTa aqtiuroba gadainacvlebs grZelvadiani

strategiuli amocanebis gadawyevtaze da am ukanasknels

miebmeba mmarTvelTa stimulirebis meqanizmi. axal para-

digmaSi aseve aisaxeba topmenejerTa pasuxismgebloba im

danakargebze, rac kompaniebma SeiZleba ganicados mene-

jerTa mxridan zedmetad riskiani operaciebis ganxor-

cielebis an saqmiani eTikis darRvevis gamo. mniSvnelovan

89


bonusebs mxolod is menejerebi unda iRebdnen, romelTa

mmarTvelobaSi myofi kompaniebis aqcionerebi xangrZli-

vi drois manZilze stabilur dividendebs iReben. sax-

lemwifom efeqtiani kontroli unda daawesos kompanie-

bis SigniT interesTa konfliqtze. dauSvebelia erTi

da igive kompania konsaltingsac axorcielebdes da au-

ditsac an erTi kompaniis menejeri iyos meore kompaniis

mmarTvelTa sabWoSi da iq gasamrjelos iRebdes.

amrigad, Tezisuri saxiT, krizisul periodSi

saxelmwifos aqtiurobis gaZlierebasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi (riskebi) ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

krizisamdeli araefeqtiani struqturebis konser-vaciis riski;

konkurentunarianobis daqveiTebis riski;aqtivebis mniSvnelovani nawilis saxelmwifos

xelSi gadasvliT gamowveuli marTvis efeqtianobis

daqveiTebis riski;

krizisidan droSi gawelili da duned gamosvlis riski;

saxelmwifo xarjebis araracionaluri xarjvisa da korufciis gaZlierebis riski;

lobirebis gaZlierebis riski;arakeTilsindisieri qcevis gaZlierebis riski;„status kvos“ SenarCunebisa da modernizaciaze

uaris Tqmis survilis gaZlierebis riski (“business as usual”);

didi saxelmwifos (big government) ideologiisa da

praqtikis reanimaciis riski.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

daibados kiTxva - Tuki aseT riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli

krizisul periodebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Carevis

gaZliereba, ratom aqvs mas adgili? - saqme isaa, rom

aseT situaciebSi Caurevloba kidev ufro mZime Sedege-

bis momtani iqneboda.

90


krizisis dros qveynis mTavrobebi upiratesad ex-

marebian msxvil kompaniebs swored imis gamo, rom isini

metismetad didebi arian imisaTvis, rom gakotrdnen („too big to fail“). aq sidideSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod maTi

moculoba, aramed maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an

gaweuli momsaxurebis xasiaTi, mniSvneloba da maTi dax-

urviT gamowveuli socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi.

maSasadame, saxelmwifos mier e.w. „brijdmenejmen-

tis“ politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic gulisxmobs

saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT erovnuli ekonomikis kriz-

isidan gamoyvanas da postkrizisuli ganviTarebis daw-

yebas, obieqturi aucileblobaa. amasTanave, isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom saWiroa am sakiTxisadmi dabalansebuli

midgoma, rac gulisxmobs sabazro ekonomikis regulire-

bis formebisa da meTodebis srulyofa-daxvewas da ara

ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos pirdapir an/da

uSualo monawileobas.

Teoriuli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, uaRre-

sad rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da mniSvnelovania kriz-

isidan gamosvlisa da postkrizisul sawyis periodSi

saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba. postkrizisuli

ganviTareba moiTxovs ara mxolod axali, ufro efeq-

tiani firmebis funqcionirebas, aramed Zvelis, SedarebiT

CamorCenilis da araefeqtianis asparezidan gaqrobas.

Tuki am ukanasknelTa mimarT saxelmwifos mxridan gagr-

Zeldeba Zveli politika, anu isini kvlav miiReben uxv fi-

nansur daxmarebas, SesaZlebelia maTi arsebobis xelov-

nuri SenarCuneba, rac Seasustebs jansaR konkurencias

da xels SeuSlis ekonomikur progress. amgvar mdgo-

mareobas prof. v. papava ekonomikis zombirebas uwodebs

da aRniSnavs: „zombi d ekonomika, rogorc aseTi, finansur

krizisSi iRebs saTaves. rogorc cnobilia, stagnaciis

pirobebSi ekonomikas SedarebiT xangrZlivi periodis

ganmavlobaSi warmoebisa da vaWrobis uZraoba axasiaTebs,

91


rasac Tan sdevs umuSevarTa ricxvis zrda, xelfasisa da

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Semcireba. aseT pirobebSi,

rogorc wesi, mTavrobisagan moiTxoven ekonomikis aseTi

mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas, is ki sabanko sistemis (sa-

banko krizisis Tavidan asacileblad) da mTeli ekonomi-

kis funqcionirebis SenarCunebas sabiujeto dafinansebis

gziT cdilobs. finansuri krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg

ekonomika memkvidreobad iRebs mis arasicocxlisunarian

nawils, romelic cdilobs saxelmwifos mxridan is fi-

nansuri mxardaWeris sistema SeinarCunos, romliTac igi

stagnaciis pirobebSi sargeblobda. Sedegad SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom zombi d ekonomika finansuri krizisis

memkvidreobas warmoadgens.“1

postkrizisul periodSi saxelmwifosa da kerZo

biznesis urTierTobis aseve mniSvnelovani aspeqtia

mTavrobis damokidebuleba mcire da saSualo biznesis

mimarT. dRemdis, TiTqmis sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli,

rom mcire biznesi warmoadgens kapitalisturi ekonomi-

kis inovaciurobisa da dinamizmis ZiriTad wyaros („small is beautiful”). krizisma gviCvena, rom CvenTvis ukve cnobili

mizezebis gamo, saxelmwifos mTavari yuradReba did bi-

znesze iqna fokusirebuli. postkrizisul periodSi Tuki

es praqtika gagrZelda, gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri progresis

Semaferxebeli paradigmis gaCenas, risi pirveli niSnebic

ukve saxezea. kerZod, giganturi kompaniebis mxridan mod-

ernizaciis mcdeloba absoluturad Seusabamo aRmoCnda

saxelmwifos mier krizisis periodSi maTTvis gaweul

finansuri daxmarebis moculobisTan.

amrigad, krizisisa da postkrizisul periodebSi

saxelmwifos rolis gaaqtiureba ekonomikur procesSi

obieqturi aucileblobaa, xolo devizi - „droa gamo-

vacxadoT krizisze gamarjveba da uari vTqvaT mastimu-

lirebel politikaze“, mcdaria da uaryofiTi Sedege-

1 v. papava. nekroekonomikis zombireba. Tb., 2010, gv. 17-18.

92


bis momtani. amasTanave, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis

gaZliereba gagebuli unda iqnes ara rogorc ekonomi-

kur procesebSi pirdapiri Careva - kerZo biznesisa da

zogadad kerZo iniciativis SezRudva, aramed rogorc

misi stimulireba, saxelmwifos mier xelsayreli mak-

roekonomikuri garemos Camoyalibeba Sesabamisi finan-

sur-ekonomikuri, organizaciuldadministraciuli da sa-

marTlebrivi berketebis gamoyenebiT.

Government-Business Relationship in Economic Crisis and Post-Government-Business Relationship in Economic Crisis and Post-crisis Periodscrisis Periods

T. MiminoshviliT. Miminoshvili

The article describes various directions of economic activities car-ried out by the state in the fi nancial and economic crisis and post-crisis period. For this purpose the cases of the USA and some other countries are discussed.

A number of anti-crisis directions of macroeconomic management are discussed, including “soft nationalization” of commercial banks and insurance companies; direct fi nancial assistance from the state budget, al-location of so called “toxic” assets, etc.

The article illustrates the problems that accompany high economic activeness of a state during the post-crisis period and suggests several rec-ommendations in order to solve and overcome these problems.

93


inflaciis gaangariSebis meTodologiis inflaciis gaangariSebis meTodologiis

srulyofisaTvissrulyofisaTvis

nino abesaZe nino abesaZe

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

iv.javaxiSvilissaxelobis iv.javaxiSvilissaxelobis

Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri saer-

TaSoriso savaluto fondis teqnikuri daxmarebis proeq-

tis farglebSi da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis safuZvelze,

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss 1992 wlidan angariSobs.

is erTaderTi maCvenebelia, romelic qveyanaSi samomxmare-

blo fasebis saerTo donis cvlilebas zomavs. „ev-

rostatis“ rekomendaciiT xdeba samomxmareblo kalaTis

CarTva inflaciis donis dasadgenad, radgan igi kargad

asaxavs mosaxleobis danaxarjebis uaxles struqturas,

rac ufro saimedos xdis samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss

- inflaciis maCvenebels.

samomxmareblo kalaTa Sedgenilia Sinameurneobe-

bis integrirebuli gamokvlevidan miRebuli moxmarebis

struqturis safuZvelze. moxmarebis proporciulad Ti-

Toeul saqonels da momsaxurebas miniWebuli aqvs Sesa-

bamisi xvedriTi wona. samomxmareblo kalaTa Seicavs im

saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelTa moxmareba yvelaze

xSiria saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebis mier. 2012 wlis

ianvridan ganaxlebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa erovnul

angariSTa sistemiT gansazRvrul moxmarebis struqtu-

ras daefuZna. erovnuli angariSebidan miRebuli wonebis

gamoyeneba samomxmareblo kalaTis formirebis procesSi,

erT-erTi arsebiTi rekomendaciaa, romelsac ,,evrostati”

evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs sTavazobs.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba yov-

elTviuri periodulobiT saqarTvelos xuT qalaqSi: Tbi-

94

nino abesaZenino abesaZe

lisSi, baTumSi, gorSi, quTaissa da TelavSi.

indeqsis gaangariSebisaTvis arsebobs Sesadarisobis

kriteriumebi, rac rogorc wesi, daculia samuSaos yovel

etapze. kerZod: fiqsirebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa; fiq-

sirebuli dro fasebis registraciisaTvis; vaWrobisa da

momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli obieqtebi, saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis xvedriTi wonebi.

samomxmareblo fasebi registrirdeba yoveli Tvis

10-dan 20 ricxvis CaTvliT, sacalo vaWrobis da momsax-

urebis obieqtebze, romelTa mTliani raodenoba aRwevs

1300-s.1

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) moicavs 12

sasaqonlo jgufs, saerTaSoriso klasifikatoris (COICOP) Sesabamisad. fasebis individualuri indeqsebis bazaze ga-

iangariSeba fasebis agregirebuli indeqsebi TiToeuli

sasaqonlo jgufisaTvis, rogorc TiToeuli qalaqisaTvis,

aseve mTlianad qveynisaTvis. 2012 wlidan indeqsi 4 Ziri-

Tad WriliT gamoqveyndeba: wina TvesTan, wina wlis Sesa-

bamis TvesTan, 12 Tvis saSualo da grZelvadian bazasTan

SedarebiT.

monacemTa baza mosaxleobis mier gaweuli samomx-

mareblo xarjebis Sesaxeb, miiReba socialuri statisti-

kis sammarTvelos Sinameurneobebis kvlevebis ganyofileb-

is mier Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze. mosaxleobis

xarjebis struqtura, romelic dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba, mi-

iReba 7000-mde Sinameurneobis gamokvlebis safuZvelze.2

rogoria ganaxlebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa?

2012 wels ganxorcielda pozitiuri Zvrebi samomx-

mareblo kalaTis formirebis nawilSi. kerZod, moxda

mTeli rigi axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gaTval-

iswineba. amJamad samomxmareblo kalaTa Sedgeba 288

samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebisgan, romelTac

miniWebuli aqvs Sesabamisi xvedriTi wona, mTliani mox-

1.zogadi ganmartebebi inflaciis meTodologiasa da samomx-

mareblo kalaTaze. www.geostat.ge 2 iqve.

95


marebis proporciulad.

2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTasTan SedarebiT,

ganaxlebul samomxmareblo kalaTaSi, CarTul iqna 42

dasaxelebis saqoneli (momsaxureba). maT Soris: gayinuli

qaTmis xorci, pilmeni (naxevarfabrikati), Sebolili Zexvi,

pasterizebuli rZe, iogurti, koniaki, ZiZis momsaxurebis

Rirebuleba, axali msubuqi avtomobili, gazis sawvavi, av-

tomobilis zeTisa da filtris Secvla da a.S. 2010 wlis

samomxmareblo kalaTidan amoRebul iqna 20 dasaxelebis

saqoneli (momsaxureba). maT Soris: bali da alubali, bi-

nis gayidvis Rirebuleba, samSeneblo bloki, merqan-bur-

buSelis fila, sawoli, xaliCa, a.S.

2012 wlisa da 2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTis

SedarebiTma analizma cxadyo, rom ganaxlebul samomx-

mareblo kalaTa pozitiuria 2010 wlis kalaTasTan Se-

darebiT. kerZod:

Tu 2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTa moicavda

mxolod regionis qalaqebis danaxarjebis struqturas da

qalaqis xvedriTi wona gansazRvruli iyo mosaxleobis

raodenobis mixedviT, 2012 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTa

moicavs mTliani regionis danaxarjebis struqturas da

regionis wona gansazRvrulia regionSi gaweuli danaxar-

jis moculobis mixedviT.

2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTaSi gamoyenebulia

Sinameurneobebis integrirebuli gamokvlevis 2007-2009

wlebis monacemebi. 2012wlis samomxmareblo kalaTaSi ki

_ erovnul angariSTa sistemis 2010 wlis monacemebi.

Zvel samomxmareblo kalaTaSi sakvlevi obieqtebi

SeirCeoda interviuerTa mier, adgilmdebareobis mixedviT,

moculi iyo qalaqis yvela raioni da yvela tipis savaWro

obieqti. 2012 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTis daTvlisas,

sakvlevi obieqtebis SerCeva ganxorcielda obieqtebis

brunvebis moculobebis mixedviT (biznesstatistikidan

miRebuli informacis safuZvelze), moculia qalaqis yve-

la raioni da yvela tipis savaWro obieqti;

96


gaumjobesda fasebis registraciis teqnikuri

nawili. savaWro obieqtebSi monacemTa Segrovebis savele

samuSaoebi xorcieldeba saangariSo Tvis 10-20 ricxvebis

ganmavlobaSi, 20 interviueris mier. 2010 wels es

xorcieldeboda qaRaldis kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT, xolo

2012 wels portatuli kompiuterebis gamoyenebiT, romleb-

Sic eleqtronulad Seitaneba informacia da monacemTa

baza Sesabamis drois vadebSi waredgineba saTavo ofiss.

portatuli kompiuterebis gamoyenebam realurad Seqmna

winapiroba pirveladi informaciis skanirebul bazebze

gadasasvlelad, rac igegmeba axlo momavalSi saqarT-

veloSi.

2010 wels, elemetaruli indeqsi iangariSeboda sa-

Sualo ariTmetikuli formulis gamoyenebiT, rasac Tan

axlda xarvezebi - konkretuli produqtisaTvis xvedriTi

wonis ganisazRvreboda farulad, fasis sididis mixedviT.

2012 wlidan, elementaruli indeqsi iangariSeba saSualo

geometriuli formulis gamoyenebiT. mas gaaCnia upirate-

soba, radgan wonebis miniWeba moxdeba mizanmimarTulad

an gamoiyeneba Tanabari wonebi.

oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, pozitiuri Zvre-

bi SeiniSneba mosaxleobis xarjebis nawilSic. (gamom-

dinare iqidan rom 2012 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTa

moicavs mTliani regionis danaxarjebis struqturas.)

40,1%-dan - 30,3%-mde Semcirda sursaTze mosaxleobis

mier gaweuli xarjebis moculoba da gaizarda iseTi

kategoriis momsaxurebaze, rogoricaa: ganaTleba (6,1%),

transporti (12,8%), dasveneba, garToba da kultura (6,8%),

kavSirgabmuloba(5,6%) da a.S. aRniSnuli pozitiuri cv-

lilebebi warmodgenilia pirvel diagramaze.

gaumjobesda samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis

gaangariSebis programuli produqti. dReisaTvis

programa warmatebiT asrulebs sezonur produqciasa

da droebiT ararsebul produqtebze fasebis cvlilebis

gaangariSebebs.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gasaan gariSeblad

gayidvaSi droebiT ararsebuli da sezonuri saqonlis

97


im kategoriebze, romlebic mkveTri sezonuri xasiaTiT

gamoirCeva gamoiyeneba pirobiTi fasis, anu imputaciis

meTodi. gaangariSebis mizania im uzustobebis minimumamde

dayvana, romelic tradiciulad arsebobs rogorc

saqarTveloSi, aseve msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi,

gayidvaSi droebiT ararsebul an sezonur saqonelze

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebis dros.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis

mier sezonur saqonelze fasis gaangariSebisaTvis

rekomendebuli imputaciis meTodi 2010 wlis 1 ianvridan

srulad dainerga saqarTvelos statistikis praqtikaSi.

mosaxleobis xarjebis struqtura

diagrama1

D

rac Seexeba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaan-

gariSebis meTodologias, igi gaiangariSeba laspeiresis

indeqsis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad mosaxleobis xarjebisa

da samomxmareblo kalaTis 3 weliwadSi erTxel ganax-

lebiT.

rogoria inflaciis done da dinamika saqarTvelo-

Si?

oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, 2012 wlis

martSi, 2011 wlis martTan SedarebiT, inflaciis donem

98


saqarTveloSi 2,2% Seadgina. qvemoT mocemul cxrilsa

da diagramaze warmodgenilia samomxmareblo kalaTaSi

Semavali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis jgufebis fasebis

procentuli cvlileba da Sesabamisi wvlili inflaciis

mTlian maCvenebelSi.

Ddiagrama 2

1 es da sxva diagramebi agebulia ,,saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze.

procentuli cvli-

leba 2012 wels, wina

welTan SedarebiT

jgufebis wvlili 2012

wels, wina welTan Se-

darebiT sul - 2,2%)

12–Tvian periodSi aRniSnuli maCveneblis formire-

baze ZiriTadi gavlena iqonia fasebis cvlilebam Sem-

deg jgufebze:

• sursaTi da ualkoholo sasmelebi: mocemul

periodSi fasebi Semcirda 7,5 %-iT da jgufis wvlilma

wliuri inflaciis saerTo maCvenebelSi _ 3,6 procentuli

punqti Seadgina. fasebis klebis maRali maCveneblebi

dafiqsirda Semdeg qvejgufebze: xili da yurZeni (34,3%),

bostneuli, baRCeuli, kartofili da sxva bolqvovanebi

(17,8%), Saqari da sxva tkbileuli (14,4%). fasebi gaizarda

xorcsa da xorcis produqtebis qvejgufze (10,9%).

• transporti: fasebi gaizarda 11,9%-iT. Sesa-

99


bamisad, jgufis wvlilma wliuri inflaciis maCvenebelSi

1,2 procentuli punqti Seadgina. aRniSnul jgufSi fase-

bis mniSvnelovani mateba dafiqsirda satransporto

qvejgufze (19,3%) da piradi satransporto saSualebebis

eqspluataciis qvejgufze (4,1%).

pozitiuria wina wlis Sesabamis TvesTan samomx-

mareblo fasebis indeqsebis dinamika (2010-2012w.w.)

wina wlis Sesabamis TvesTan samomxmareblo fase-

bis indeqsebis dinamika (2010-2012 w.w.)

diagrama 3

dReisaTvis samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaan-

gariSebisas gaTvaliswinebulia:

1. moklevadiani indeqsebis gaangariSeba (Str - Short Term Index ) qalaqebis WriliT;

2. imputirebuli indeqsebi. imputacia xorcieldeba

moklevadiani indeqsebis gaangariSebisas (Str Imputation) qalaqebis WriliT;

3. grZelvadiani indeqsebis daTvla (Ltr - Long Term In-dex) qalaqebis WriliT;

4. jgufebis grZelvadiani indeqsebis gaangariSeba

qalaqebis WriliT;

5. jgufebis moklevadiani indeqsebis gaangariSeba

qalaqebis WriliT;

6. sfi-s gaangariSeba erovnul doneze.

100


dResdReobiT kvlav seriozul problemad rCeba

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsSi uZravi qonebis gaTval-

iswineba. amis ZiriTadi mizezi uZravi qonebis arasruli

mocviT statistikuri aRricxvaa. amJamad saqarTvelos

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri amuSavebs uZravi qone-

bis aRricxvisa da samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsSi misi

gaTvaliswinebis meTodikas. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2012

wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi igegmeba samomxmareblo kala-

Tis ganaxleba yovelwliurad. es udavod seriozuli win-

gadadgmuli nabiji, rac Seqmnis myar safuZvels samomx-

mareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebis meTodologiis

daxvewisa da Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis.

For Improving Infl ation Calculation MethodologyFor Improving Infl ation Calculation Methodology

N. AbesadzeN. Abesadze

The article discusses methodological issues regarding practice of calculating consumer price index and improvement of the calculation meth-odology according to the recommendations of “Eurostat”. For this purpose, the article provides detailed overview of the new consumer basket and the positive changes having been implemented in Georgia regarding infl ation calculation since January, 2012. The new consumer basket refl ects the latest structure of expenditures of the population really well. It makes consumer price index - infl ation indicator more reliable.

101

mikro-makroekonomika

SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili


iv. javaxiSvilis iv. javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesorisaxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi socialuri mewarmeoba Se-

darebiT axali cnebaa da aqtiurad mimdinareobs diskusia

mis zust gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, ekonomi-

kaSi am axali seqtoris rolis Sesaxeb. Tumca, dasavleT-

Si es termini ukve imdenad moduria, rom yvela mewarme

cdilobs sakuTari biznesi socialur mewarmeobas dau-

kavSiros. am saxelwodebaSi moqceva maTTvis donori or-

ganizaciebidan dafinansebis miRebis Sansis gazrdasTan

asocirdeba. donorebisaTvis ki socialuri mewarmeobis

mxardaWera dabandebebis ekonomikuri da socialuri efeq-

tianobis amaRlebis saSualebaa. saqme iqamde mivida, rom

specialistebi garkveul safrTxesac ki xedaven, radgan

`socialuri mewarmeobis~ popularobam da farTod gavr-

celebam SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi misi ara mxolod

rogorc terminis, aramed rogorc movlenis devalvacia

gamoiwvios.

popularobis miuxedavad, socialuri mewarmoba jer

kidev dakavSirebulia terminologiur gaurkvevlobasTan.

am problemis gadasaWrelad mkvlevarebi ubrundebi-

an TviT `mewarmeobis~ bunebas. Jan batist seis, jozef

Sumpeteris da piter drukeris naSromebze dayrdnobiT

isini askvnian, rom mewarmis qcevis Taviseburebebi, rac

mas Cveulebrivi menejerisagan ganasxvavebs, universalu-

ria. socialuri problemebis gadaWris sicocxlisunar-

socialuri mewarmeobis fenomeni socialuri mewarmeobis fenomeni

da inkluziuri biznesis modelebida inkluziuri biznesis modelebi

102


ian gzebs safuZvlad SeiZleba daedos iseTive elementebi,

rac warmatebuls xdis biznesinovaciebs. nebismieri me-

warme nacvlad imisa, rom daelodos vinmes an Seecados

mTavroba daarwmunos problemis mogvarebaSi, Tavad qmnis

produqts (momsaxurebas) am problemis gadasaWrelad. es

gadawyvetileba misi mxridan ganixileba rogorc same-

warmeo aqtiurobis gansakuTrebuli forma. amitom, SemTx-

veviTi araa, rom bolo wlebSi termini _ `mewarmeoba~,

sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac msjeloben

socialuri problemebis gadaWraze, xolo termini _ `so-

cialuri~, sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi _ `socialuri mewarmeoba~,

gansazRvravs am saqmianobis arss. amgvarad, socialur me-

warmeobaSi moiazreba _ socialuri misia, saqmiani disci-

plina, inovaciuri midgomebi da mdgradoba.1

socialuri mewarmeoba moicavs rogorc komerciul,

aseve arakomerciul sferos. marTalia, mas gaaCnia rogorc

mogebaze orientirebuli, aseve aramomgebiani seqtorisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi, magram is arsebobs da

viTardeba sakuTari kanonebis mixedviT.

Tu sqematurad warmovidgenT (ix.sqema), rom mewarmeo-

ba aris samkuTxedi, xolo socialuri saqmianoba wre, maTi

gaerTianebiT miviRebT axal samganzomilebian figuras

_ konuss, romliTac SeiZleba aRvniSnoT socialuri me-

warmeoba. am figuras sruliad gansxvavebuli parametrebi

da ganlageba gaaCnia socialur-ekonomikur sivrceSi, vi-

dre samkuTxeds (mewarmeobas) da wres (socialur saqmi-

anobas).

+ =

1 Alter, S. K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007.

mewarmeoba

socialuri

saqmianoba

socialuri

mewarmeoba

103


rodesac mewarmeobazea msjeloba, calsaxaa, rom

mTavari mizani mogebis miRebaa. swored es gansazRvravs

mewarmeebis motivacias da qcevis logikas. socialuri

mewarmeoba gancalkevebulia rogorc komerciuli, aseve

arakomerciuli sferoebisagan. marTalia, moqmedi pirebi

SeiZleba igive iyos, magram maT gaaCniaT gansxvavebuli

miznebi, faseulobaTa sistema, qcevis logika da motiva-

cia. urTierTkavSirebis sistema orientirebulia sazoga-

doebriv sargebelsa da socialuri problemebis gadaw-

yvetaze. aq mTavaria ara mxolod ekonomikuri efeqtianoba,

aramed TiToeuli monawilis wvlili sazogadoebisaTvis

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi _ rac ufro meti

sargebeli moaqvs fizikur an iuridiul pirs sazogadoe-

bisaTvis, miT met resurss, investicias da dakveTas iRebs.

am dros mogebuli rCeba ara mxolod sawarmo, visi Se-

mosavlebic izrdeba, aramed mTlianad sazogadoeba.

socialuri mewarmeobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

maxasiaTebelia inovaciuroba, raSic igulisxmeba, erTi

mxriv, orientacia socialur gardaqmnebze, romelic uz-

runvelyofs ama Tu im socialuri problemis axlebur

gadawyvetas; meore mxriv, esaa ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi,

ramdenadac socialuri miznebis miRweva xdeba sameurneo

siaxleebze dayrdnobiT _ ekonomikuri da socialuri

resursebis gansakuTrebuli kombinaciiT, rac adre aseTi

saxiT ar gamoiyeneboda. am SemTxvevaSi sakvanZo roli

aqvs socialur mewarmes, romelic aRmoaCens mniSvnelovan

socialur problemas da poulobs originalur meTods

mis gadasawyvetad. Tu midgoma gaamarTlebs, iwyeba zrunva

am meTodis ufro farTod danergvaze. aseTi inovaciuri

socialuri mewarmis TvalsaCino magaliTia muhamed iu-

nusi (Muhammad Yunus). igi 2006 wels nobelis mSvidobis

premiis laureati gaxda. es jildo mas mieniWa mikrosafi-

nanso sistemis Seqmnisa da realizaciisaTvis. es sistema

pirvelad gamoiyenes bangladeSSi, sadac muhamed iunusma

104


daafuZna banki (Grameen Bank), romelic Tavdebis moTxovnis

gareSe gascems mcire zomis sesxebs xelmokle mosaxleo-

bisaTvis. amis Semdeg mikrosesxebis gacemis aseTi prin-

cipi sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda. aman Raribi qveynebis

macxovreblebs saSualeba misca esargeblaT sabanko mom-

saxurebiT, raTa ewarmoebinaT sakuTari saqme da daemarcx-

ebinaT siRatake.

socialuri mewarmeobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebe-

lia gavrcelebis masStaburoba da sazogadoebrivi cvli-

lebebis tiraJirebis unari, ramac unda uzrunvelyos gac-

ilebiT meti progresi, rasac sawyisi idea iTvaliswinebda.

msoflioSi arsebobs milionobiT organizacia, romelTa

magaliTi mibaZvas imsaxurebs. maTi nawili dakavebulia

socialuri momsaxurebis gaweviT da didi sargebloba

moaqvs sazogadoebisaTvis, magram yvela es organizacia

rodi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT socialur mewarmeobas. am ti-

pis organizaciebi (magaliTad, skola, romelSic swavlo-

ben garkveuli fizikuri naklis mqone bavSvebi) arasodes

ar scdeba Tavisi saqmianobis sferos da SezRudulia mas-

StabiT. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba verasodes moeswreba

sistemur cvlilebebs da problema ar gadawydeba. Tu

karnegi aaSenebda mxolod erT biblioTekas da ar Seqm-

nida sajaro biblioTekebis qsels, milionobiT amerikeli

ver SesZlebda informaciis da codnis miRebas. karnegis

ideaa biblioTekebis saerTo erovnuli sistemis Seqmna,

rac mas socialur mewarmed aqcevs.1 igive SeiZleba iTqvas

muhamed iunusis mikrosafinanso sistemaze romelic mTel

msoflioSi gavrcelda.

amrigad, socialuri mewarmeoba xasiaTdeba Semdegi

ZiriTadi niSnebiT:

_ socialuri zemoqmedeba _ gamiznulia socialuri

da garemos problemebis mogvarebaze an Semsubuqebaze;

_ inovaciuroba _ axali, unikaluri midgomebis 1 Сестренский О., Социальное предпринимательство: сила новых идей, Деньги и благотворительность, 2008, № 3(68) c. 23.

105


gamoyenebiT socialuri progresis miRweva;

_ komercializacia da finansuri mdgradoba _ so-

cialuri problemebis mogvareba samewarmeo saqmianobis

procesSi;

_ masStaburoba da tiraJirebis unari _ socialuri

sawarmos saqmianobis modelis gafarToebis SesaZleblo-

ba erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze.

socialuri mewarmeobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

mimarTulebaa inkluziuri biznesi. mewarmeobis es mod-

eli emyareba xelmokle mosaxleobas da iTvaliswinebs

maT CarTvas Rirebulebis Seqmnis jaWvSi momxmareblis,

mwarmoeblis, dasaqmebulis an mimwodeblis saxiT. es mod-

eli dabali Semosavlis mqone mosaxleobas urTierTsar-

geblianobis principiT akavSirebs biznesTan. am dros, me-

warmis sargebeli momxmarebelTa wris gafarToeba, axali

da iafi samuSao Zalis daqiraveba, produqciis miwodebis

da realizaciis arxebis gaZlierebaa. xelmokle mosax-

leobas ki saSualeba eZleva daikmayofilos ZiriTadi

saWiroebebi, moipovos myari Semosavali, miiRos ganaTle-

ba, gazardos mwarmoebluroba. garda amisa, biznesis es

modeli SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes bunebrivi resursebis

racionalur gamoyenebas da garemoze zrunvas.

xelmokle mosaxleobis monawileobiT samewarmeo

saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba Zalze momgebiani aR-

moCndes da inovaciebiT, samuSao Zalis mwarmoeblurobis

amaRlebiT, bazrebis gafarToebiT mdgrad ganviTarebas

Cauyaros safuZveli. Vitmark-i ukrainaSi swored aseTi maga-

liTia. ramdenime wlis win xelmokle ukrainelebisaTvis

maRali xarisxis xilis wveni did fufunebas warmoadgen-

da. Vitmark-ma ukrainis sam qalaqSi gaxsna wvenebis qarxana

da daiwyo produqciis dabali fasiT gayidva. sawarmoSi

dasaqmebulia adgilobrivi dabalSemosavliani mosaxleo-

ba, xolo xils adgilobrivi glexebisgan iZenen. SeTava-

zebuli xelfasi saSualo adgilobriv xelfasze erTi

106


mesamediT maRalia. garda amisa, glexebs regularulad

utardeba treningebi, raTa SeZlon produqciis xarisxis

gaumjobeseba da mwarmoeblurobis amaRleba. amave dros,

Vitmark-ma imisaTvis rom gasuliyo dabali Semosavlis

mqone momxmarebelze, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba SefuT-

vis gamartivebas miaqcia, rac garemoze uaryofiT zemoq-

medebasac amcirebs. dabali Semosavlebis bazarze axali

konkurentebis gamoCenis miuxedavad Vitmark-is gayidvebi

ukrainis bazris dabali fasis segmentis 30%-s Seadgens.

kompaniis sabazro wili bazarze 10 weliwadSi 7-dan 22%-

mde gaizarda.1

dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/4-ze meti yoveldRiurad

2 dolarze nakleb Semosavals iRebs, daaxloebiT 1/5-s

eleqtroenergiaze, xolo 2/3-s internetze ar miuwvdeba

xeli. amasTan, xelmokle mosaxleobas gaaCnia didi po-

tenciali moxmarebis, warmoebis, inovaciebis, samewarmeo

aqtivobis kuTxiT, romelic TiTqmis ar realizdeba. Se-

mosavlebis piramidis yvelaze dabal nawilSi (dRiuri

Semosavali 8 dolars qveviT) myofi 4 mlrd adamianis

erToblivi Semosavali 5 trln dolars aRemateba, rac

iaponiis erovnul Semosavals SeiZleba SevadaroT. xe-

lmokle mosaxleobas SeuZlia da mzad aris imisaTvis,

rom gadaixados saqonlis da momsaxurebis fasi, Tumca,

xSirad iCagreba `siRaribis jarimis~ gamo. zogjer maT

pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisaTvis ufro metis gadaxda

uwevT, vidre mdidrebs. jakartis, manilis, nairubis Raribi

ubnebis macxovreblebi 5-10-jer met fass ixdian wyalSi, vi-

dre am qalaqis mdidari ubnebi, da kidev ufro mets vidre

londonis an niu-iorkis mcxovrebni. `siRaribis jarima~

moqmedebs kreditebis, eleqtroenergiis da jandacvis sf-

eroSic. biznesis modelebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs sa-

marTlian fass an axal produqcias Raribi mosaxleobis

1BUSINESS SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY– How inclusive business models create opportunities for all in Emerging Europe and Central Asia, United Nations Devel-opment Programme, p. 15-16.

107


cxovrebis donis asamaRleblad, SeiZleba sakmaod momge-

biani aRmoCdes. magaliTad, mikrosesxebis sferoSi mTel

rig organizaciebs, romelic dabalSemosavlian mosax-

leobazea gaTvlili, msxvil bankebze didad maRali moge-

bis norma gaaCnia.

inkluziuri biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT

rogorc SesaZleblobebi, aseve sirTuleebi Zalze bevr-

ia. soflis dasaxlebebi da qalaqis Raribi ubnebi bizne-

sis warmoebisaTvis ar warmoadgens xelsayrel adgils.

ar aris ganviTarebuli an saerTod ar arsebobs saWiro

infrastruqtura, Raribebis samyaroSi ar moqmedebs fi-

nansuri sistema, ekonomika bartersa da naRd angariSs-

worebas efuZneba. saimedo samarTldamcavi da iuridiu-

li sistemis ar arsebobis gamo garigebebi araformalur

xasiaTs atarebs. bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi kompaniebis

umravlesobas ar gaaCnia SesaZlebloba biznesi Cveuli,

standartuli scenariT warmarTos.

SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, rom-

lis gamoc mewarmeebi eridebian xelmokle mosaxleobasTan

saqmis daWeras:

_ SezRuduli informacia bazrebis Sesaxeb. me-

warmeebma Zalian cota ician Raribebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris

_ samomxmareblo miswrafebebi, finansuri SesaZleblobebi,

maTi rogorc daqiravebuli muSakis, mwarmoeblis, mewarmis

maxasiaTeblebi;

_ araefeqtiani regulireba. dabalSemosavliani

mosaxleobis bazrebze xSirad ar arsebobs maregulire-

beli meqanizmebi, rac biznesis funqcionirebas usafrTxos

gaxdida. ar aris uzrunvelyofili samarTlebrivi norme-

bis da xelSekrulebis pirobebis dacva;

_ ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura. transportiT,

wyliT, eleqtroenergiiT da kavSirgabmulobiT uzrunve-

lyofis sistemis ganuviTarebloba;

_ codnis da gamocdilebis ukmarisoba. dabalSe-

108


mosavlianma momxmarebelma SesaZloa ar icodes sxvadasxa

produqtis upiratesobebi an misi gamoyeneba, ar gaaCdes

saTanado kvalifikacia sawarmoo procesSi CasarTavad.

_ SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba finansur momsaxure-

baze. sabanko kreditis SezRuduloba mkveTrad amcirebs

dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs ganax-

orcielos investiciebi an msxvili Sesyidvebi. sabanko an-

gariSsworebis sistemis xelmiuwvdomloba zrdis garige-

bis ganxorcielebis danaxarjebs da risks.

miuxedavad aRniSnuli sirTuleebisa, dabalSemosav-

liani mosaxleobis bazarze momuSave kompaniebis ricxvi

izrdeba. mewarmeebi Tavs arTmeven problemebs misi gver-

dis avliT an mogvarebiT. amisaTvis isini mimarTaven xuT

ZiriTad strategias: produqtis da procesebis adaptacia,

investiciebi sabazro barierebis dasaZlevad, dabalSe-

mosavliani mosaxleobis Zlieri mxareebiT sargebloba,

strategiuli aliansebis formireba da dialogi mTav-

robasTan politikis SemuSavebis sakiTxebze. ra Tqma unda,

es strategiebi unda Seesabamebodes adgilobriv pirobebs

da sawarmos miznebs. amasTan, aucilebeli komponenti Tav-

ad mewarmis intuicia da analitikuri azrovnebis unaria.

produqtis da procesebis adaptacia gulisxmobs sa-

bazro barierebis gadalaxvas axali teqnologiebis da

biznesprocesebis reorganizebis gziT. Tanamedrove sain-

formacio teqnologiebi iZleva aseTi adaptaciis saSu-

alebas, maT Soris _ mobiluri bankingi, smartbaraTebi,

telemedicina, romlis daxmarebiTac SesaZlebelia dis-

tanciuri momsaxureba. mobilurma bankingma SesaZlebeli

gaxada ofisebis da bankomatebis (infrastruqtura, romel-

ic iSviaTia Rarib dasaxlebebSi) gareSe ganxorcieldes

finansuri momsaxureba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mobiluri

telefoni momxmarebels saSualebas aZlevs ganaxorcie-

los fuladi gadaricxvebi, aanazRauros SeZenili saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, dafaros kreditis

109


Tanxa. inovaciuri teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva Sem-

cirdes bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba da gaizardos

mwarmoebluroba.

investiciebi sabazro barierebis dasaZlevad Sei-

Zleba ganxorcieldes rogorc sakuTari resursebiT, aseve

TanadafinansebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom bazris Cavardnis

daZleva, rogorc wesi, mTavrobis saqmianobis sferod miiC-

neva, xSirad inkluziuri biznesis modeliT momuSave kom-

paniebi Tavad wyveten aseT amocanebs. aseTma investiciebma

SeiZleba uzrunvelyos rogorc sazogadoebrivi, aseve ker-

Zo upiratesobebi. magaliTad, TanamSromlebis swavlebiT

sawarmo amaRlebs kadrebis kvalifikacias da imyarebs sa-

kuTar poziciebs, amasTan, kvalificiur kadrebs ufleba

aqvT gadavidnen sxva kompaniebSi samuSaod, riTac mTli-

anad sazogadoeba sargeblobs. damatebiTi socialuri

sargeblis arseboba sxva dainteresebuli institutebis

mxridan Tanadafinansebis perspeqtivebs warmoSobs. aseTi

institutebi, maT Soris donorebi, mecenatebi, arakomer-

ciuli socialuri sainvesticio fondebi, mTavroba, kerZo

seqtors saSualebas aZlevs TanadafinansebiT (grantebi,

subsidiebi, SeRavaTiani kreditebi) Seqmnas socialuri

produqti.

dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis Zlieri mxareebis

gamoyeneba, maTi biznesSi uSualo CarTviT an social-

uri qselebis meSveobiT, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli

strategiaa.1 rogorc wesi, dabalSemosavliani adamianebi

inkluziuri biznesis modeliT momuSave sawarmos sakvanZo

partniorebia. xelmokle mosaxleobis mizidviT da maTi

socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT kompaniebs, danaxarjebis

Semcirebis garda, SeuZliaT aimaRlon bazris xelmisawv-

domoba, ndoba da gamWvirvaleba. xelmokle mosaxleobis

bazrebze biznesis warmatebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia adg-

1J. Nelson, E. Ishikawa, A. Geaneotes, Developing Inclusive Business Models, Harvard Kennedy School and International Finance Corporation, 2009.

110


ilobrivi bazris Taviseburebebis codna da ndoba. amis

miRweva ki SesaZlebelia xelmokle mosaxleobis aqtiuri

CarTviT biznesSi, iqneba es bazris Sesaxeb informaciis

Segroveba, produqtis awyoba da SekeTeba, momarageba Tu

swavleba. garda amisa, xSirad Tavad xelmokle adamianebs

uCdeba inovaciuri ideebi axali saqonlis an momsaxure-

bis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic ukeT daakmayofi-

lebs Raribi mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebs.

strategiuli aliansebis formirebiT inkluziur bi-

zness SeuZlia miiRos is resursebi da SesaZleblobebi,

romelic sawarmos damoukideblad ar gaaCnia. aseTi Tan-

amSromloba saerTo miznis mqone sawarmoebis resurse-

bis gaerTianebas emyareba. aliansma SeiZleba sxvadasxva

saxe miiRos: dapatentebul teqnologiebze licenziebis

gacvla, sawarmoo simZlavreebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, kv-

levebis erToblivi dafinanseba, partnioris produqciis

gasaReba sakuTari qselebis meSveobiT da a.S. strategiu-

li aliansebi iqmneba rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia dabalSe-

mosavliani mosaxleobis bazrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

sirTuleebze da inkluziuri biznesis ganviTarebis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi strategiaa.

dialogi mTavrobasTan politikis SemuSavebis

sakiTxebze umniSvnelovanesi elementia xelmokle mosax-

leobasTan biznesis warmoebisas. yvela is problema,

romelsac biznesi awydeba dabalSemosavliani mosaxleo-

bis bazrebze saqmianobisas, met-naklebad dakavSirebulia

saxelmwifo politikasTan. xSir SemTxevaSi sawarmo naxu-

lobs SemoqmedebiT gzebs, raTa daZlios bazarze arsebuli

problemebi, magaliTad, axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT,

ganaTlebaSi da TanamSromlebis kvalifikaciis amaRle-

baSi investirebiT, strategiuli aliansebis formirebiT.

biznesis zogierT mimarTulebaSi sabazro sirTuleebis

daZleva kerZo iniciativebiT SeuZlebelia, amitom maTi

strategia mTavrobasTan dialogia. es rTuli da xangZli-

111


vi procesia, romelSi monawileobiTac bizness SeuZlia

mTavrobas miawodos sasargeblo informacia arsebul

problemebsa da maTi gadaWris SesaZlo gzebze. xSirad

aseT dialogs SeiZleba maregulirebeli normebis gam-

yarebac mohyves, rac xelmokle mosaxleobis bazrebze bi-

znesis warmoebas gaamartivebs.

socialuri mewarmeobis rolis da funqcionirebis

meqanizmis Sesaxeb informacia saqarTveloSi uknaskneli

wlebis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadad ucxoeli donorebis wy-

alobiT gavrcelda. rogorc ekonomikis axali seqtori

is saqarTveloSi Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia. amaze miu-

TiTebs is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba jer-

jerobiT ar icnobs cnebebs _ „socialuri mewarmeoba“ da

„inkluziuri biznesi~, Sesabamisad, arc gansakuTrebuli

specifikuri regulaciebi da wesebi ar aris gansazRvru-

li aseTi organizaciuli warmonaqmnebis saqmianobis Ses-

axeb. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iZl-

eva imis SesaZleblobas, rom dainteresebulma subieqtma

daafuZnos iseTi warmonaqmnebi, romelic Tavisi arsiT

SeiZleba ZiriTadad akmayofilebdes socialuri sawar-

mosaTvis damaxasiaTebel kriteriumebs.1

ganviTarebul qveynebSi socialuri mewarmeobis

aRmavloba ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis warmatebuli

wevrebis socialuri aqtiurobis, pasuxismgeblobis zrdiT,

socialurad orientirebuli faseulobebis gavrcelebiT,

samewarmeo praqtikis da socialuri misiis warmatebuli

kombinaciis kritikuli masis gaCeniT. amitom, saqarTvelos

ekonomikaSi mimdinare dadebiTi Zvrebi TavisTavad emsax-

ureba socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebas. Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT qarTuli warmatebuli sawarmoebisTvis damaxa-

siaTebel socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mzard tendencias,

qarTvelebis miswrafebas swrafad auwyon fexi msofli-

1faniaSvili l., murRulia S., socialuri mewarmeobis regulireba saqarT-

velos kanonmdeblobaSi, strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis cen-

tri, Tbilisi 2010.

112


oSi mimdinare pozitiur tendenciebs, aseve imas, rom so-

cialuri mewarmeobis mxardaWera iseTive respeqtabelu-

ria rogorc qvelmoqmedeba, amavdroulad ufro Taname-

drove da efeqtiani, socialur mewarmeobas da inkluziur

bizness saqarTveloSi kargi perspeqtiva gaaCnia.

The Phenomenon of Social Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Business Models

Sh. ShaburishviliSh. Shaburishvili

Social entrepreneurship includes for-profi t as well as non-profi t en-terprises, consequently, it has elements characteristic for both profi t-ori-ented and non-profi t oriented sectors. Though, it exists and is developing according to its own laws. The information about the role and functions of social enterprises has spread in Georgia in resent years due to foreign donors. It is a new sector of Georgia’s economy just beginning to emerge. For development of social entrepreneurship it is necessary to know more about successful examples and share information on national as well as on international level.

Inclusive business models are based on the people with low incomes and focuses on including them in the value chain creation procces as con-sumers, manufacturers, employed or suppliers. This model promotes coop-eration between the people with low incomes and the business for mutual benefi t. In this case, benefi t of entrepreneur is the increase in the number of its consumers, hiring new and cheap labour force. As for the people with low incomes, it gives them possibility to satisfy basic needs, have steady income, higher productivity. In addition, the models might be designed so that they include rational usage of natural resources and caring for nature.

113


rati abulaZerati abulaZe


ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tsu-is mowveuli profesoriTsu-is mowveuli profesori

axali aTaswleulis dasawyisi transformaciis

periodia masobrivi politikidan kiberpolitikaze

gadasvlisTvis. XX saukuneSi bazirebuli politikisa da

politikuri institutebis faseuli fundamenti, interfeisi

da parametrebi kiberepoqaSi modificirdeba da transfor-

mirdeba. politika TandaTan kargavs adamianur bunebas da

xdeba eleqtronuli.

politika, rogorc organizaciis gegma an moqmedebis

kursi, umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis instruqcia,1 informaciul

komunikaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT socialuri po-

litikis efeqtianobis amaRlebis, politikuri procesebis

marTvis optimizaciis, kiberkonfliqtebis marTvis, socialu-

ri urTierTobebis, socialuri proTezirebisa da kontro-

lirebad sazogadoebaze manipulirebis, sazogadoebaSi po-

litikuri komponentebis xarisxis amaRlebis SesaZleblo-

bas iZleva, rac gavlenas axdens qveynis kiberusafrTxoebaze,

politikur elitaze, sazogadoebis statusze.

dReisaTvis politikis ganxorcilebasa da transfor-

maciaze gavlenas axdens socialuri pirobebi, politikuri

procesebis dinebis masStabebi, politikuri brZola da po-

litikuri saqmianobis stili,2 kibersafrTxeebi, informaciu-

li usafrTxoeba, informaciuli teqnologiebi da informa-

ciuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba.

politikaSi informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologie-

bis danergviT, gavrcelebiTa da ganviTarebiT xdeba moqala-

qeebisa da politikuri liderebis interpersonaluri komu-

nikaciis gaqroba; ukukavSiris sistemebi igeba kiborgebze

1 Balcha Reba . State of Cyber Security in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency. June 2005. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/contributions/Ethiopia_Reba_paper.pdf 2 http://www.cyberpolitics.ru/content/view/395/34/

kiberpolitikis safrTxeebi da kiberpolitikis safrTxeebi da

gamowvevebigamowvevebi

114


(sqesisa da asakis armqone an gamogonili personaJi); saxel-

mwifos struqturebis urTierToba xorcieldeba avtomo-

pasuxiT an xmovani momsaxurebis meSveobiT; geografiuli

mobilobis zrdis Sedegad warsuls bardeba gansazRvruli

teritoriidan xelisuflebis organos warmomadgenlis ar-

Ceva; globaluri qseli afarTovebs informaciul sistemebs

Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas; yvela qveynisaTvis saer-

To xdeba kiberproblemebi.

kiberpolitika ufro zneobrivi movlenaa, vidre poli-

tikis adreuli forma, romelic kacobriobis cxovrebis ga-

nuyofeli nawili xdeba. Tanamedrove informaciul-komuni-

kaciuri teqnologiebis ama Tu im saxiT SeRweva dedamiwis

nebismier kuTxeSi mcxovrebi TiToeuli adamianis yovel-

dRiur cxovrebaSi Caketvisa da izolirebis SesaZleblobas

ar iZleva globaluri civilizaciisa da kiberpolitikis

sxvadasxva formisgan.1

kiberpolitikaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs so-

cialuri qselebi (Facebook, Twitter da sxva), blogosfero, ki-

beraqtivistebis kiberaqciebi rogorc (dez)informaciuli

iaraRi.2

kiberpolitika gansazRvravs saxelmwifos, moqalaqee-

bisa da biznesisTvis adaptirebuli moTxovnebs da saxelw-

mifo momsaxurebisa da mravalarxiani servisis miwodebis

gaumjobesebis cvlilebebis katalizatoria.

kiberpolitika moicavs qveynis politikas; saxelmwi-

fos informaciul resursebs, rogorc Rirebul ekonomikur

aqtivsa da ekonomikis mastimulirebels; informaciis marT-

vas; politikur Setyobinebebs, tenikur politikasa da marT-

vas; wyobilebis (reJimis) dacvasa da ganxorcielebas.

kiberpolitika axal politikur sferoSi warmodgeni-

lia winaaRmdegobrivi mimarTulebebiT, romlis safuZvel-

zec formirdeba XXI saukunis politika. maTgan aRsaniSna-

via: 1

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi - eleqtronuli mTavroba;

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi - kiberkon-fliqtebis marTva internetiT;

politikuri monawileobis sferoSi - eleqtronuli xmis micema da TviTorganizaciis qseluri formebi (magali-

1http://www.cyberpolitics.ru/content/view/395/34/ 2http://www.centpapiers.com/cyber-guerres/34642

115


Tad, daxmareba socialuri qseliT);

politikuri komunikaciis mimarTulebiT - informa-ciuli politikisa da axali masobrivi informaciis saSua-

lebebis marTva;

Siga usafrTxoebis sferoSi - devna da TvalTvali moqalaqeebze.

ramdenadac msoflio damokidebuli xdeba kompiute-

rul qselebze, imdenad sul ufro saSiSi xdeba kiberTa-

vdasxmebi da kiberterorizmi.1 kibersivrceSi cifruli re-

volucia Camoyalibda usafrTxoebis Sesabamisi sicocxli-

sunariani struqturis gareSe, Sesabamisad kiberinfrastru-

qtura gaxda kiberSetevebis samizne da misdami mgrZnobia-

re.2

kiberusafrTxoebis amocana riskfaqtorebis farTo

speqtris Semcirebis efeqtiani gadawyvetaa. kiberpolitikam

da strategiam unda iTamaSos pirdapiri Tu iribi roli

imgvarad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos safrTxeebis Semcireba, in-

formaciuli usafrTxoeba, daucvelobisa da arasasurveli

Sedegebis Tavidan acileba.

dReisaTvis kiberpolitika ganixileba rogorc yovel-

gvari informaciuli usafrTxoebis dagegmvis, konstruire-

bisa da gavrcelebis bazisi. informaciuli usafrTxoebis

programis Seqmna iwyeba usafrTxoebis politikis, standar-

tebisa da instruqciebis organizaciiT. kiberpolitika ar

karnaxobs teqnikisa da programuli uzrunvelyofis Sesaba-

mis operaciebs, es informacia ganTavsebulia standartebSi,

procedurebSi, momxmarebelTa saxelmZRvanelo instruqcie-

bsa da sistemis dokumentaciebSi.

globaluri konsaltinguli kompaniis Booz Allen Hamil-ton-is angariSiT, sul ufro izrdeba kiberSetevis safrTxee-

bi cifrul infrastruqturaze, strategiul seqtorebze, maT

Soris navTobis, gazis, finansur da satransporto siste-

mebze.3

1Balcha Reba . State of Cyber Security in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency. June 2005. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/contributions/Ethio-pia_Reba_paper.pdf 2Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Summit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US- Led_Cybersecurity_Summit.pdf 3 Booz Allen Hamilton . Annual Report 2009. http://www.boozallen.com/media/fi le/Booz_Allen_Hamilton_Annual_Report_2009.pdf

116


kiberusafrTxoeba arTulebs erovnuli strategiis

SemuSavebas, raSic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes safrTxee-

bis veqtorebi da Semsruleblebi. kiberpolitikam unda gan-

sazRvros is saxelmwifo uwyeba, infrastruqtura da mar-

Tvis jgufi, romelic centralur rols iTamaSebs iseTi

sferoebis strategiul ganviTarebaSi, rogoricaa e-mTavro-

bis politikuri da institucionaluri konteqsti, kompiu-

terizaciisa da internetizaciis politika, kompiuteruli

qselebis operaciebi, kompiuteruli qselebis eqspluatacia,

Seteva kompiuterul qselebze da kompiuteruli qselebis

dacva.1

qveynebma kiberusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis

mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon Semdegi mimarTulebebi: 2 kiberu-

safrTxoebis politika; wvdomis eleqtronuli kontroli;

usafrTxoebis personali; fizikuri da ekologiuri usa-

frTxoeba; kiberusafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT moqalaqeebis

cnobierebis amaRleba da treningebi; monitoringi da inci-

dentebze reagireba; avariisSemdgomi aRdgena da uwyvetobis

uzrunvelyofa; sistemis ganviTareba; konfiguraciis marT-

va; riskis marTva.

dReisaTvis cifruli infrastruqtura (qselebi da

kompiuterebi) ganixileba, rogorc strategiuli naciona-

luri aqtivi, romlis dacvac nacionaluri usafrTxoebis

prioritetia.3

saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Ti-

Toeulma subieqtma kiberriskebis marTvisaTvis unda Seimu-

Saos da ganaxorcielos kiberusafrTxoebis kompleqsuri

gegma, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Semdegi faqtorebi:

iurisdiqciis sidide da sirTule; teqnologiis gamoyenebis

mravalferovneba; gansxvavebebi kiberusafrTxoebis doneeb-

sa da teqnologiuri codnaSi; personalisa da resursebis

SezRudva; kadrebis denadoba; kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis

1 Steven R. Chabinsky . Cybersecurity Strategy: A Primer for Policy Makers and Those on the Front Line. Journal of National Security Law&Policy, Vol. 4.27, 2010 . http://www.jnslp.com/read/vol4no1/04_Chabinsky.pdf 2U.S. Department of Homeland and Security. Homeland and Security Grant Program. Supplemental Resource: Cyber Security Guidance. February 2008. http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/Pages/FinanceAndLogistics/Grants/PDF/fy08_hsgp_guide_cyber.pdf3United States, Executive Offi ce of the President, The White House,.Remarks by the President on Securing Our Nation’s Cyber Infrastructure, May 29, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_offi ce/Remarks-by-the-Presidenton-Securing-Our-Nations-Cyber-Infrastructure /

117


uzrunvelyofis nacionaluri strategia da nacionaluri

infrastruqturis dacvis gegma; aSS-is DHS (Department of Ho-meland and Security)1 departamentis nacionaluri usafrTxoe-

bis Tavdacvis gegmiT (NIPP National Infrastructure Protection Plan)2 aSS-is ekonomika da nacionaluri usafrTxoeba didadaa da-

mokidebuli kiberinfrastruqturaze, romelic ers arsebiT

momsaxurebas uwevs biznesprocesebis mxardaWeriTa da mni-

Svnelovani procesebis kontrolis daxmarebiT.3

kiberpolitikis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi

avstraliis mTavrobis kiberusafrTxoeba, romlis saxelmZR-

vanelo principebia:4 nacionaluri xelmZRvaneloba; saerTo

valdebulebebi (yvela internet-moqalaqem unda daicvas sa-

kuTari sistema); partnioroba (mTavrobis, kerZo seqtorisa

da farTo sazogadoebis partnioruli midgoma); aqtiuri sa-

erTaSoriso valdebulebebi (internetis transnacionaluri

xasiaTis saWiroebs koordinirebul globalur qmedebas);

riskebis marTva; qveynis Rirebulebebisa da faseulobebis

dacva.

aseTi principebisa da balansis dacva yvela

Tanamedrove demokratiis mudmiv amocanas warmoadgens,

romelic iswrafvis momavali rTuli kiberusafrTxoebis

gamowvevebis gadaWrisken.

msoflio sazogadoeba sul ufro awydeba kiberdana-

Saulebis masStabebis zrdas, sirTuleebsa da warmatebiT

Cadenil danaSaulebs. rogorc izrdeba eleqtronuli in-

formaciis, transaqciebis, garigebebisa da biznesaqtivobe-

bis raodenoba da faseuloba, globaluri bazris Tanabrad

misawvdomoba saqonelTan, momsaxurebas da biznesorganiza-

ciebTan, aseve Zlierdeba damnaSaveebisa da kiberkriminale-

bis boroti zraxvebi.

kiberdanaSaulis speqtri farToa da moicavs: mavne

kodebs, arasasurvel programebs, SpionaJs, kibervandalizms,

sakredito baraTebis moparvas, spams, insaiderul Setevebs,

fiSings, DOS da DDOS Setevebs.5 1 http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm 2 http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf 3U.S. Department of Homeland and Security. Homeland and Security Grant Program. Supplemental Resource: Cyber Security Guidance. February 2008. http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/Pages/FinanceAndLogistics/Grants/PDF/fy08_hsgp_guide_cyber.pdf4Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, Cyber Security. http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/CyberSecurity_CyberSecurity 5 http://www.arcsight.com/collateral/whitepapers/2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_

118


2006 wels eqspertebis mier aRricxulia daaxloebiT

3 mln danaSauli.1 2007 wels kiberSeteva ganxorcielda 70

qveynis 1 mln-ze met kompiuterze.2 mxolod aSS-Si internet-

momxmareblebis danakargebma Seadgina 240 mln dolari (rac

21%-iT metia wina welTan SedarebiT).3 dReisaTvis internet-

danaSaulebis centrSi (the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) yovelTviurad 25000 saCivari Sedis.4

kibersafrTxeebi gaxda ufro gamocdili, rTuli,

idumali da saSiSi, rac xSirad Seufasebeli Sedegebisaa.

magaliTad, kiberqurdobis Seufasebeli precendentia axlo

aRmosavleTis samxedro bazaze aSS-is Tavdacvis saministros

kompiuteruli qselebis dazaraleba inficirebuli

fleSis nouTbuqze mierTebiT, romelic klasificirebuli

iqna yvelaze mniSvnelovan dartymad amerikul samxedro

kompiuterebze (2008w).5 aseve Seufasebelia safrangeTSi,

energetikuli koncernis kvleviTi centridan portatuli

kompiuterebis gataceba, romlebSic birTvul iaraRTan

dakavSirebuli kvlevebi da sxva saidumlo masalebi

inaxeboda (2010w).6

sul ufro mzardia saxelmwifoebisa da arasaxelmwi-

fo subieqtebis raodenoba, romelic qmnis safrTxes, iparavs,

cvlis an anadgurebs informacias da Sesabamisad iwvevs

sistemebis kritikul avarias. sxvaoba tradiciuli krimina-

lis CamdenebsaA (hakerebi, teroristebi, organizebuli krimi-

naluri qseli, samrewvelo SpionaJi) da ucxour dazvervas

Soris xdeba sul ufro bundovani. internetis usazRvro

da anonimuri Tvisebebis gamo, rTulia kiberSetevis wyaros

Study_August.pdf 1 http://www.ifap.ru/pi/10/ 2 Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Sum-mit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US-Led_Cyberse-curity_Summit.pdf 3 Laudon K.C., Traver C.G. E-commerce . fi fth edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey. 2009.4 http://scamfraudalert.net/2011/02/27/fbi-2010-cybercrime-statistics/ 5 William J. Lynn III The Pentagon’s Cyberstrategy . Roreign Affairs. September/October 2010 . http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/defending-a-new-domain 6 http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/msofl io/155073-safrangethis-kvlevithi-centri-dan-saidumlo-masalebi-gaitaces.html

119


gaSifvra.1

aSS-is FBI Tavisi msxvili biujetidan, wliurad xarja-

vs 9.75 mln dolars (2010 w), rom daexmaros sakomunikacio

kompaniebs teqnikuri moTxovnebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanaze,

xolo 9 mln dolari mimarTulia eleqtronuli momsaxu-

rebis sferoSi eWvmitanilTa moZiebaze.2 mTlianobaSi pro-

gramebis, momsaxurebisa da aparatuli saSualebebis usafr-

Txoebaze aSS saSualod xarjavs 100 miliarddolariani biujetis 10%-s. 1

analitikuri kompania Gartner kvleviT, msoflio xarjebma

informaciuli teqnologiebze 2009 wels miaRwia 3.2 trln

dolars, rac 6%-iT dabalia 2008 wlis xarjebTan SedarebiT

(3.4 trln dolari iyo).3

kiberSetevis SemTxvevaSi usafrTxoebis paradigma bun-

dovania da zusti gaSifvris albaToba ki dabali. rTulia

imis garkveva, Tu vin iRebs kiberSetevaze pasuxismgeblobas,

sad aris ganTavsebuli da visi saxeliT warmoebs operacie-

bi (Tu es SesaZlebelia, metad Sromatevadia), xolo Tavda-

msxmelze sapasuxo reagirebis variantebi ki SezRuduli. 4

aSS-Si erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikisadmi ki-

beromis safrTxeebis masStabebis gamo, pentagonma qselebis

garSemo aaSena Sreebiani saimedo Tavdacva da gaxsna kiber-

dacvasTan integrirebuli amerikuli samxedro operaciebis

kiberxelmZRvanelobis centri. aseve pentagoni muSaobs aSS-

isa da misi àxlo~ mekavSire qveynebis samTavrobo qsele-

bisa da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani infrastruqturis da-

cvaze, dacvis sxvadasxva iniciativis saerTaSoriso doneze

danergvasa da gavrcelebaze,5 rac mniSvnelovani faria ise-

Ti qveynebis usafrTxoebisaTvis, romelTa cifruli sivrce

Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia da ganicdis specialistebis, re-

sursebisa da usafrTxoebis strategiis deficits.

1Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, Cyber Security, http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/CyberSecurity_CyberSecurity 2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2010/09/100926_us_internet_wiretap.shtml3http://www.rosbalt.ru/2009/07/09/653809.html 4 Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Summit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US-Led_Cybersecurity_Summit.pdf 5William J. Lynn III The Pentagon’s Cyberstrategy . Roreign Affairs. September/October 2010 . http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/defending-a-new-domain

120


unificirebuli xdeba saerTaSoriso midgomebi kiber-

brZolis prevenciebSi. kerZod: satelekomunikacio obieqte-

bze msxvili teroristuli Tavdasxmebis, teqnologiuri ka-

tastrofis an sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis SemTxvevisTvis

SemuSavebuli iqna axali sistema _ Domain Name System Security Extensions, romelic msoflio qselis gadatvirTvis SesaZle-

blobas iZleva, xolo misi gasaRebi kodebi Canergilia 6

plastikur baraTSi, mikrosqemis formiT, romelsac ndobiT

aRWurvili pirebi floben.1 aseve mniSvnelovania birTvuli

usafrTxoebis samitis modeliT (2010 w) SemuSavebuli ki-

berbrZolis prevenciebi, romelic moicavs: qveynebs Soris

TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas saerTaSoriso kiberusafr-

Txoebaze reagirebisTvis; dasaSvebi legitimuri Tavdacvi-

sa da TavdasxmiTi RonisZiebebs; SeTanxmebas inicirebuli

Tavdasxmebis Semowmebeli sabrZolo danayofis Seqmnaze;

kiberdacvis struqturis standartizaciasa da srulyofas

ZiriTadi infrastruqturis obieqtebis dacvis mizniT. 2

dasasrul, kiberpolitikis analizis safuZvelze Sei-

Zleba davaskvnaT:

rogorc globalur, aseve erovnul strategiul in-frastruqturaSi kiberpolitika SemuSavebuli unda iqnes

sxvadasxva tipis midgomiT, radgan yvela sferosTvis er-

Tiani midgoma misaRebi ar iqneba. TiToeulma saxelmwifom

kerZo operatorma Tavisi qseli unda akontrolos SeWrisa

da saziano kodebis dacvisaTvis;3

kiberpolitikis mamoZravebeli politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da kerZo seqtoris survili da aqtivizeba

unda iyos da ara administrireba;

kiberpolitikam safrTxe ar unda Seuqmnas yvela im maxasiaTebels, romliTac interneti gaxda war-

matebuli (gaxsniloba, decentralizacia, TviTregulireba

da momxmareblis mier kontrolireba, inovaciis mxardaWera,

sityvisa da azris gamoxatvisa da gaziarebis Tavisufleba,

eleqtronuli komercia da sxva) da romelic erTnairad ga-1 http://topnews.ru/news_id_37159.html 2 Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Summit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US-Led_Cybersecurity_Summit.pdf 3 Nojeim G. T., Cybersecurity: Preventing Terrorist Attacks and Protecting Privacy in Cyberspace. Centre for Democracy & Technology, November 17, 2009. http://www.cdt.org/fi les/pdfs/20091117_senate_cybersec_testimony.pdf

121


moiyeneba yvela ZiriTadi infrastruqturis mimarT;

qveynaSi unda Seiqmnas kiberpolitikis iseTi stra-tegia, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba internetis Riao-

ba, decentralizacia, qveynis gamWvirvaloba, angariSvaldebu-

lebianoba, moqalaqeebis CarTuloba marTvaSi, usafrTxoebis

dacvaSi, aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes piradi cxovre-

bis xelSeuxebloba, sityvis Tavisufleba, moxmarebis kon-

trolireba da novatoruli maxasiaTeblebi;

kiberusafrTxoebis politikasTan urTierTdamoki-debulebaSi unda iqnes moyvanili qveynis cifrovizaciis

tendencia, marTvis avtomatizacia da urTierTqmedeba; 1

saxelmwifo organoebma sasurveli usafr-Txoebis miRwevisa da informaciuli usafrTxoebis stra-

tegiuli gegmis formireba-srulyofisa da mzadyofnis

uzrunvelyofisTvis unda awarmoos 4 nacionaluri qmedeba:

prevencia, dacva, pasuxi da aRdgena;2

kiberSetevebisa da kiberterorizmis safrTxebis, mTlianad informaciuli usafrTxoebis garantirebulo-

bisaTvis qveynebma fokusireba unda moaxdinon konkretul

sferoebze. kibersafrTxeebis eqskalaciisaTvis saWiroa

usafrTxoebis yovelmxrivi analizi, Sefasebebi da meqaniz-

mebi SesaZlo kritikuli situaciis dadgomisTvis.3

kiberSetevebis prevenciebisaTvis qveynis naciona-luri Zalebi arasakmarisia, amitom saWiroa Camoyalibdes

globaluri usafrTxo sivrce, calkeuli qveynis kiberu-

safrTxoeba da saerTaSoriso politikiT inicirebuli

calkeuli qveynis kanonmdebloba;

marTalia, yvela qveynisaTvis saerToa kiberpro-blemebi, magram mzadyofna, dacva da prevenciebi gansxvave-

bulia. aseve gansxvavebulia kiberpolitikisa da kibersivr-

cis reputacia. amitom, TiToeulma qveyanam unda SeimuSaos

1 Steven R. Chabinsky . Cybersecurity Strategy: A Primer for Policy Makers and Those on the Front Line. Journal of National Security Law&Policy, Vol. 4.27, 2010 . http://www.jnslp.com/read/vol4no1/04_Chabinsky.pdf 2U.S. Department of Homeland and Security. Homeland and Security Grant Program. Supplemental Resource: Cyber Security Guidance. February 2008. http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/Pages/FinanceAndLogistics/Grants/PDF/fy08_hsgp_guide_cyber.pdf3 The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Economic Wellbeing for All – An Agenda for Business. Quarterly Newsletter from CII (Southern Region). January - April 2010. http://www.ciionline.org/webcms/Upload/Deccan%20-%20April%202010.pdf

122


sakuTari, adekvaturi, specifikuri kiberpolitika da kibe-

rusafrTxoebis gegma, romelic unda Seicavdes sasurveli

usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis miRwevisTvis informaciuli

usafrTxoebis gegmis ganviTarebas;

informaciuli usafrTxoebis prevencia saWiroebs kompiuterebisa da informaciuli usafrTxoebis marTvis

farTo speqtrs da masTan dakavSirebul sistemebs, rogori-

caa kiberpolitikis instrumentebi, kerZo da samoqalaqo se-

qtoris swavleba/treningebi, cnobierebis amaRleba da sxva;

kiberpolitikis usafrTxoebis prevencia ar unda Seicavdes sazogadoebisa da kerZo seqtoris TvalTvals,

monitorings da srulad unda iqnes daculi moqalaqeTa

Tavisufleba da kerZo cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba;

dabolos, sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba da keTildRe-oba saWiroebs mTavrobis gegmian moqmedebas, rac miiRweva

pasuxismgeblobis marTviT, farTo iurisdiqciiT, adekvaturi

samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebiT da kiberpolitikisa

da kiberusafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSavebiT.

Dangers and Challenges of CyberpoliticsDangers and Challenges of Cyberpolitics

R. AbuladzeR. AbuladzeApplication of information and communication technologies in

politics resulted in the increase of effi ciency of social politics, optimization of administering political processes, management of cyber confl icts, social relationships, manipulation on controlled society, the quality of political components in society. All this infl uences the country’s cyber safety, political elite, social status.

Cyber politics determines the requirements adapted to the state, population and business and serves as a catalyst of changes of improvements in state service and supply of multichannel service.

Cyberpolitics includes the state policy, information resources of the country as valuable economic assets and stimulator of economics, information management, political messages, technical politics and administration, protecting and implementing of structure (regime).

The main challenge of modern politics is cyber safety. Cyber dangers are experienced, diffi cult, secret and dangerous, frequently followed by unforeseen results. In cases of cyber attacks, the paradigm of safety is unclear and probability of exact ciphering is low. The article provides the system of defi nite actions for reducing the risks in cyberpolicy.

123


leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili


iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asistent-profesori iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asistent-profesori

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa kacobriobis gan-

viTarebis axali etapi – globalizacia, rac fragmentaciis

sawinaaRmdego procesad Camoyalibda. Tu Tavdapirvelad

globalizacia wminda ekonomikuri Sinaarsis termini iyo,

sul ramdenime weliwadSi man farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva. ekono-

mikuris garda, globalizacias politikuri, teqnikuri, so-

cialuri, ekologiuri, kulturuli da sxva aspeqtebic aqvs.

am gagebiT globalizacia metad rTuli, urTierTdakav-

Sirebuli da urTierTgadajaWvuli procesebis kompleq-

sia da farTo gagebiT sxvadasxva mecnierebis Seswavlis

obieqtia.

arsebobs azri, rom internacionalizacia globalizaci-

is procesis ganviTarebis obieqtur safuZvels da msof-

lio ekonomikis ganviTarebis procesSi globalizaciis

winamorbed etaps warmoadgens. swored internacional-

izaciis etapze mimdinare procesebSi (saqonliT da momsax-

urebiT vaWroba, kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba da a.S.)

dagrovilma raodenobrivma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia msof-

lio ekonomikis axal, ufro mTlian, erTian TvisebriobaSi

– globalur ekonomikur sistemaSi gadasvla.

globalizacia iwvevs regionuli integraciuli proces-

ebis intensifikacias, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri sisteme-

bis gaxsnilobas, savaWro da safinanso operaciebis norme-

bis da wesebis universalizacias, bazrebis regulirebis da

kontrolis unifikacias da a.S.

namdvili globaluri bazris Seqmnas SeiZleba

aTwleulebic ki dasWirdes. mravali politikuri mizezis

gamo kapitalis moZraobisa da vaWrobis reJimebis univer-

ekonomikuri globalizaciis ekonomikuri globalizaciis

zogierTi Tavisebureba zogierTi Tavisebureba

124


salizaciam jer kidev ver Seqmna erTgvarovani sameurneo

garemo, Cveni planetisaTvis erTiani ekonomikuri sivrce.

Mmsoflios 200–ze meti saxelmwifo araTanabrad viTarde-

ba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis naxevarze mets ki

ganviTareba Tanamedrove gagebiT arc Sexebia, isini Caketil

ekonomikur sivrceSi cxovroben.

globalizacias hyavs momxreebic da mowinaaRmdegeebic.

momxreebi mis dadebiT mxareebze amaxvileben yuradRebas,

mowinaaRmdegeni ki – uaryofiTze. momxreebi amtkiceben,

rom globalizacias mTeli msoflios ekonomikisaTvis

sargeblis micemis uzarmazari potenciali aqvs1. vaWrobaze

SezRudvebis moxsnam da konkurenciis gamZafrebam calkeu-

li qveynebi da kompaniebi iZulebuli gaxada globalurad

eazrovnaT, globalurad daegegmaT da globalurad emoqme-

daT. axali teqnologiebi, rac globalizaciis mamoZrave-

beli Zalaa, swrafad vrceldeba da qveynebi, romlebic am

teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT awarmoeben axal saqonels da

momsaxurebas sabazaro konkurenciaSi imarjveben da li-

derebic xdebian.

globalizaciis dadebiTi mxareebi udavod bevria,

romelTa Soris unda aRiniSnos Semdegi:

Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebisa da special-izaciis gaRrmaveba. globalizaciis pirobebSi ufro efeq-

tianad nawildeba resursebi da saxsrebi, rac xels uwyobs

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis gaumjobese-

bas;

ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebs eZlevaT saSualeba miiRon pirdapiri investiciebi,

romliTac iqmneba axali samuSao adgilebi da garkveul-

wilad izrdeba mosaxleobis Semosavlebi;

vaWrobis ganviTareba da ucxouri investiciebis zrda amaRlebs da ganamtkicebs saSualo klasis socilur

mobilobas;

globalizaciis Sedegad urTierT xelsayreli vaWrobidan mogebuli rCeba yvela mxare, maT Soris calkeu-

li pirebi, firmebi, korporaciebi, qveynebi, savaWro kavSirebi

da mTeli kontinentic ki;

globalizacia qmnis seriozul safuZvels kacobri-1 Дж. Сломан, Кевин Хайнз. Экономика для бизнеса (полный курс МВА) М., ЭКСМО, 2010, с.661.

125


obis sayovelTao problemebis, upirveles yovlisa, ekolo-

giuri problemis gadawyvetisaTvis, rac ganpirobebulia

msoflio Tanamegobrobis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebiT da mo-

qmedebaTa koordinaciiT sxvadasxva sferoSi.

globalizaciis procesi msoflio ekonomikaSi araerT-

gvarovnad aRiqmeba. misdami gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba

gaaCnia ara mxolod mecnierebs, aramed sxvadasxva qveynis

mosaxleobas. mas miesalmebian ganviTarebuli qveynebi,

xolo ganviTarebad qveynebSi sifrTxiliT ekidebian. es

ganpirobebuli imiT, rom globalizaciis upiratesobebi

msoflioSi araTanabrad nawildeba. sikeTis arasamar-

Tliani ganawileba warmoSobs konfliqtebs regionul

da nacionalur doneebze. swrafad ganviTarebadi qveynebi

erTvebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis wreSi, xolo

Raribi qveynebi sul ufro CamorCebian maT. gamomdinare

aqedan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ”globalizaciis yvela kargi

mxarec yovelTvis ar moergeba erovnul saxelmwifoebriv

interesebs. amitom ufro logikurad miviCnevT, rom su-

verenulma saxelmwifom individualurad (sakuTar isto-

riul tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi) globalizaciasTan adap-

tirebis strategia SeimuSaos1~.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi globalizacia iwvevs: regionu-

li integraciuli procesebis intensifikacias, saxelmwifo-

Ta ekonomikuri sistemebis gaxsnilobas, nebismier bazarze

uproblemo monawileobas, savaWro da safinanso operacie-

bis normebisa da wesebis universalizacias, bazrebis regu-

lirebisa da kontrolis unifikacias da a.S. realurad

msoflio iZens saerTo standartebs.

saqarTvelo istoriulad aziisa da evropis gasayarze

mdebareobs, ris gamoc is saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

bis aRdgenis Semdeg swrafad CaerTo msoflio globalur

procesebSi. dReisaTvis is warmoadgens swrafad ganviTare-

bad demokratiul saxelmwifos, romelic miiltvis terito-

riuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa da ekonomikurad gaZliere-

bisken. amisaTvis ki qveyanas sWirdeba evrokavSirSi inte-

gracia da globalizaciis gamowvevebisaTvis mdgradobis

SenarCuneba. aseT pirobebSi icvleba erovnuli ekonomikis

1n. WiTanava, globalizacia da saqarTvelos socialur –ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis problemebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mec-

nierebaTa akademia, Sromebis krebuli, #8, Tb. 2010, gv. 88.

126


roli da adgili da wina planze gamodis erovnuli ekono-

mikis sagareo Semadgeneli.

ukanasknel wlebSi msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri

procesebis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze dadebiTi zegavlenis

magaliTebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes Semdegi:

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobidan 2008 wels saqarT-velosTvis 4.5 mlrd aSS dolaris moculobis daxmareba

gamoiyo, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada dagveZlia ruseT-

saqarTvelos omisa da globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis

negatiuri Sedegebi;

ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis miRweva. mSp-is moculoba ukanasknel wlebSi saSualod 7-8 %-iT gaizarda.

2007 wels am maCvenebelma 12, 3% Seadgina, marTalia ruseT-

saqarTvelos omisa da globaluri krizisis gavlenis Sed-

egad 2009 wels mSp-is moculoba wina welTan SedarebiT

3,8-iT Semcirda, Tumca 2011 wels zrdam 7% Seadgina;

masStaburi regionuli proeqtebis realizacia (transnacionaluri proeqtebi energetikisa da transpor-

tis sferoSi), romelSic saqarTvelo monawileobs, samuSao

adgilebis Seqmnis, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisa da konkuren-

tunarinobis gaZlierebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. qveynis

teritoriaze mniSvnelovani satransporto, satranzito ma-

gistralebis mSeneblobam uzrunvelyo ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis daCqareba. globalizaciis sanimuSo magaliTebia

”baqo-sufsis”, ”baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis” navTobsadenis mSen-

ebloba;

dainerga komunikaciis Tanamedrove uaxlesi teq-nologiebi, gaizarda informaciis gavrcelebis siCqare,

farTod dainerga interneti rogorc biznesis, aseve sa-

zogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxva sferoebSi, ramac, erTi mxriv,

gaamartiva samewarmeo saqmianoba da meore mxriv, msoflios

mieca saSualeba gaecnos saqarTvelos kulturas, istorias

da geografias, ramac, saboloo angariSiT Seqmna turis-

tuli biznesis ganviTarebis pirobebi. 2011 wels qveyanaSi

2 820 185 turisti Semovida;

globalizaciisa da ekonomikuri integraciis erT-erTi prioritetuli mxarea ucxouri pirdapiri investicie-

bis Semodineba saqarTveloSi, ramac 2006 wels Seadgina

1.1 mlrd dolari, 2007 wels _ 2.0 mlrd, xolo 2011 wels

_ 1 mlrd dolari. gaizarda investori qveynebis geogra-

127


fia. 2011 wels mTeli ucxouri investiciebis 21,8% modioda

niderlandebze, 10,2%-daniaze, 9,6%-saerTaSoriso organiza-

ciebze, 7,8%-TurqeTze, 5,3%- ruseTze da a.S;

zogadad globalizaciis da konkretulad ekono-mikuri integraciis mkafio magaliTs warmoadgens saqarT-

velos sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamika da

struqtura. importis maCvenebeli 2006 wlis 3,6 mlrd

dolaridan, 2011 wlisaTvis gaizarda 7,1 mlrd dolaramde,

xolo eqsportis, Sesabamisad _ 936 aTasi dolaridan - 2,2

mln dolaramde. gafarTovda sagareo vaWrobis geografi-

uli areali. 2011 wlisaTvis savaWro partniori qveynebis

raodenobam istoriul maqsimums _ 147-s miaRwia. saqarT-

velos savaWro brunvaSi 16,2% modis TurqeTze, 11,2%- azer-

baijanze, 9,2%- ukrainaze, 6,0%- CineTze, 5,7%-germaniaze, 4,6%-

ruseTze, 4,2% aSS-ze da a.S1.

globalizacias uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs:

globalizaciis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi rTuldeba qveynis erovnuli TviTmyofadoba, kulturaTa originalo-

bis SenarCuneba. izrdeba mcire zomis qveynebze msxvili su-

per-saxelmwifoebis politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro

gavlena, rac aseve damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove saqarT-

velosTvis;

globalizacia iwvevs samuSao Zalis migraciis zr-das ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebul qveynebSi. am

process xels uwyobs satransporto saSualebebisa da teq-

nologiebis ganviTareba. dRes msoflioSi 300 mln-mde mi-

grantia. saqarTveloc ver ascda am process. eqspertuli

SefasebebiT qveynidan imigrirebulia 1 mln-ze meti ada-

miani. sazRvargareT wasvlis msurvelTa ricxvi kvlavac

maRalia, radgan TavianT qveyanaSi ara aqvT profesiuli da

socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba;

globalizaciam da gansakuTrebiT msoflio ekono-mikurma integraciam gazarda umuSevrobis done. axali

teqnologiebis da teqnikuri miRwevebis danergvam mniS-

vnelovnad gazarda Sromis mwarmoebluroba da fizikuri

Sroma Caanacvla manqanuri da eleqtronuli momsaxure-

1 aRniSnuli maCveneblebis Sesaxeb informacia ganTavsebulia veb-

gverdze http//www.geostat.ge 2011

128


biT. amave dros gardamaval etapze ver moxerxda realuri

seqtoris, gansakuTrebiT agraruli seqtoris ganviTareba,

ramac mosaxleobis didi nawili samuSao adgilis gareSe

datova. 2004 wels, oficialuri statistikiT, saqarTveloSi

umuSevrobis done Seadgenda 12,6%, xolo 2011 wlisaTvis

igi 16,3 %-mde gaizarda;

globalizaciis yvelaze negatiur mxared unda CaiT-valos erT romelime msxvil qveyanaSi dawyebuli ekonomi-

kuri da finansuri krizisis swrafad gavrceleba msof-

lios sxva qveynebSi. amis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs, maT

Soris jer kidev bolomde dauZleveli ekonomikuri da

finansuri krizisi, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara aSS-Si da

swrafad moedo mTel msoflios.

G globalizaciis aRniSnuli da sxva negatiuri maxa-

siaTeblebis miuxedavad, kacobrioba mas rogorc obieq-

tur realobas, gverds ver auvlis. Tanac, misi pozitiuri

mxare gacilebiT masStaburia da mTavari amocana swored

misi Semdgomi ganviTareba da gaRrmavebaa. swored global-

izaciis dadebiTi mxareebis optimaluri gamoyenebiT unda

iqnes miRweuli saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaR-

leba da misi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi integrirebis

xarisxis zrda.

Some Peculiarities of Economic Globalization Some Peculiarities of Economic Globalization

L. Kadagishvili L. Kadagishvili

The paper discusses the peculiarities of economic globalization. It is noted that economic globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. The examples of positive and negative infl uence of the global processes on Georgia’s economy in recent years are analyzed. It is concluded that in spite of some negative sides of globalization, its positive side is much greater and the main task now is to further develop and deepen these directions. The positive sides of globalization are the factors which should be used optimally for increasing competitiveness of the country and achieving higher level of international integration.

129


marina tabataZemarina tabataZe Tsu-is profesori, ekonomikis doqtori Tsu-is profesori, ekonomikis doqtori

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetad

agraruli seqtori ganixileba, rac realurad arsebul

sawarmoo potencials, mosaxleobis yofacxovrebis

istoriul tradiciebs da sameurneo saqmianobis

garkveul Cvevebs ukavSirdeba. postsabWoTa periodis

transformaciul procesebTan dakavSirebulma ekonomikis

dargobrivi struqturis rRvevam da sawarmoo procesebis

moSlam yvelaze mZime Sedegebi soflad iqonia da sasoflo-

sameurneo warmoebis sruli kraxi gamoiwvia. tradiciuli

bazrebis dakargvam da Cveni produqciis dabalma xarisxma

misi sasaqonlo done minimumamde Seamcira, Siga bazrebze

dominirebadi ki importuli sursaTi gaxada. mniSvnelovnad

Semcirda soflis meurneobis wili qveynis ekonomikaSi (90-

iani wlebis mSp-is 30%-dan, 2005 wlis - 15% da 2010 wlis

7%-mde), sursaTis importma 780 mln.dolari, eqsportma ki

143 mln. dolari Seadgina.1 es dargi jer-jerobiT biznes-

partniorebisaTvis interesmoklebuli da investorebisaTvis

aramimzidveli rCeba (soflis meurneobaze mTliani ucxouri

investiciebis mxolod 1% modis).

cxovrebis dabalma donem moxmarebis mcire

masStabi ganapiroba, ramac investiciebis koncentrireba

Siga bazarze orientirebuli ekonomikis nacvlad,

dRes eqsportSemcvel warmoebaSi moaxdina. ruseTisa

da TurqeTis bazrebis mniSvnelovani SezRudvis gamo,

qarTuli agraruli seqtorisaTvis yvelaze aqtualuri

evrokavSirTan savaWro partnioroba gaxda, gansakuTrebiT,

saqarTvelosaTvis preferenciebis zogadi sistemiT (GSP+) sargeblobis uflebis miniWebisa da evropis samezoblo

politikaSi (ENP) CarTvis Semdeg, rac evrokavSiris qveynebTan

yovlismomcvel vaWrobaze gadasvlas iTvaliswinebs da

qarTuli soflis qarTuli soflis aRorZinebisaTvisaRorZinebisaTvis

1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, www.geostat.ge

130

marina tabataZemarina tabataZe

rasac arakorufciuli preferenciebis gamoyenebis

Sedegad investiciebis zrda unda mohyves.

qveynis ekonomikuri modelis SerCeva upirvelesad

strategiuli mniSvnelobis dargebis aRorZinebas da

maTdami upiratesi xelSewyobis sistemis gamoyenebas unda

iTvaliswinebdes.. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania swored

soflis meurneoba, misi reabilitaciis antikrizisuli

programa aucileblad moiTxovs dargSi arsebuli

problemebis kvlevas, maT ranJirebasa da sareabilitacio

RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas.

soflad ekonomikuri aqtivobis saxelmwifo

mxardaWera biznesgaremos gaumjobesebasa da samewarmeo

saqmianobis liberalizacias moiTxovs, rac

aucileblad unda aisaxos regionul programebsa

da saxelmwifo ganviTarebis erTian strategiaSi.

satranzito geopolitika saqarTvelos obieqturad aniWebs

agrobiznes-platformis funqcias mezobeli da partniori

qveynebisaTvis, rac Ria ekonomikis liberalur midgomebTan

erTad, Tavisufali sawarmoo-savaWro subieqtebis Seqmnas

da specialuri regulaciebis SemoRebas iTvaliswinebs.

radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovs dargis

ganviTarebis sakiTxisadmi saxelmwifo midgoma, igi

TiToeuli regionis specifikis, maTi araerTgvarovani

sastarto doneebis da ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli

potencialis mixedviT unda iyos diferencirebuli.

soflis meurneobis upiratesi ganviTarebis saxelmwifo

mxardaWera unda ganxorcieldes rogorc finansuri

meqanizmebis (diferencirebuli transferebi, grantebi da

subsidiebi, individualuri mxardaWeris koeficientebi,

SeRavaTiani kreditebi), ise administraciuli berketebis

gamoyenebiT (infrastruqturuli kooperaciebis da

logistikuri centrebis saqmianobis reglamentacia,

agraruli mimarTulebiT marTvis adgilobrivi rgolebis

saqmianobis gaaqtiureba da sxva).

agraruli seqtoris ganviTareba uSualod

ukavSirdeba sabiujeto sistemis optimizacias, rac

fiskalur decentralizacias, adgilobrivi Semosavlebis

damoukideblad gankargvasa da fermerTa mimarT

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTvaliswinebs,

Tanamedrove sabiujeto mowyoba ki, realurad, amwvavebs

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, www.geostat.ge

131


biujetis vertikalur daubalanseblobas, misi seqtoruli

da teritoriuli struqturebis ararseboba arTulebs

regionebTan asocirebuli agraruli subieqtebis

informirebas saxelmwifo asignebebisa da transferebis

Sesaxeb, es ki xels uSlis maT sakuTari saqmianobis

dagegmvaSi.

samewarmeo urTierTobebSi uaRresad centralizebulia

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi, regionuli

institutebis, saxelmwifo rwmunebulis administraciisa

da aRmasrulebebeli sistemis adgilobrivi organoebis

funqciebSi ar Sedis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis regulireba,

amaTan, araerTgvarovania sxvadasxva uwyebis teritoriuli

organoebis funqcionirebis sivrcobrivi sazRvrebi, rac

arTulebs regionuli marTvis struqturebis koordinacias

da erTmaneTTan komunikacias. am problemebis mogvareba

optimaluri teritoriuli proporciebis Camoyalibebas da

regionTaSorisi kavSirebis damyarebas, TviTmmarTvelobis

struqturebis swor funqciur regulirebas, ekonomikuri

samsaxurebis saqmianobis meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas da

calkeuli dargis gaZRolis organizaciuli qvesistemebis

Seqmnas moiTxovs. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi

prioritetulad marTvis korporaciul meTodebze

gadasvla miiCneva, igi aucileblad unda daemyaros

fermerebsa da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTkomunikacias

prioritetebis gansazRvris, reformebis SemuSavebisa

da maTi ganxorcielebis monitoringis procesebSi.

qarTuli soflis aRorZinebaSi kooperaciis mniSvnelobaze

saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs profesor paata koRuaSvils,

igi aSS-s, israelis, baltiispireTis qveynebis gamocdilebis

safuZvelze socialur pasuxismgeblobis principebze

orientirebul samewarmeo formebs ganixilavs soflis

meurneobis, misi momsaxure dargebis swrafi reabilitaciis

da samewarmeo aqtivobis mobilizebis ZiriTad formad.1

prof e.xaraiSvili miiCnevs,rom agraruli seqtoris

reforma gadaudeblad moiTxovs miwis wvril mesakuTreTa

nebayoflobiTi kooperaciuli gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebas

da maT integracias gadamamuSavebel dargebTan.

kooperaciul sawyisebze arsebul saTemo organizaciebs

didi roli eniWeba USAID-is socialuri programebis

1koRuaSvili p. rogor avaRorZinoT qarTuli sofeli, Jurn.

„biznesi da kanonmdebloba,“N7-8, 2010.

132


ganxorcielebaSic.1 kooperirebas sawarmoo aqtiurobasTan

erTad SeuZlia pozitiuri wvlilis Setana fermerebsa da

gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebs Soris arsebuli interesTa

konfliqtis daZlevaSic, rac dReisaTvis erT-erTi mwvave

problemaa agrarul seqtorSi. migvaCnia, rom kooperacia,

rogorc vertikaluri integraciis forma obieqturi

aucileblobaa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze.

axal ekonomikur garemosTan agraruli seqtoris

adaptireba instituciur da finansur cvlilebebs

moiTxovs, ramac sameurneo aqtivobaSi municipaluri

erTeulebis CarTva unda uzrunvelyos, am poziciidan,

sabazro meqanizmebis sinTezirebis yvelaze konkurentul

instituciad klasteruli struqturebi ganixileba, romelic

samewarmeo, marketinguli, sainformacio, infrastruqturuli

erTeulebis konglomeraciiT zrdis sainvesticio aqtiurobas

da qmnis damatebiT samuSao adgilebs. didi mniSvneloba

aqvs aseTi kompaniebis saqmianobis koordinacias regionuli

struqturebis mier, maTi mxridan finansur da sakredito

mxardaWeras.

soflis meurneobaSi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxi

arsebuli savargulebis gamoyenebis intensifikaciaa, rac

miwebis privatizaciis dasrulebas, teritoriis swor

organizacias da amortizebuli savargulebis reabilitacias

moiTxovs. mecnierulad dasabuTebulma miwaTmowyobam da

sworma Teslbrunvam, agroqimiurma da melioraciulma

RonisZiebebma maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos

damuSavebuli savargulebis farTobisa da nayofierebis

zrda. saqarTvelos problema mciremiwianobasTan erTad,

teritoriis araswori organizaciaa, miuxedavad upiratesad

industriuli xasiaTisa, evrokavSiris qveynebi sasoflo-

sameurneo sivrcis maRali doniT xasiaTdebian - teritoriis

90%, CvenTan ki igi 60%-mdea. ramdenadac eqstensiuri

miwaTsargeblobis resursebi, praqtikulad, amowurulia,

agraruli sasaqonlo produqciis warmoeba meurneobis

gaZRolis intensiur meTodebze unda iyos orientirebuli,

rac saseleqcio muSaobis gaaqtiurebas, sanerge meurneobis

ganviTarebas, Tanamedrove agrobiologiuri meTodebisa

da informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs,

mecxoveleobis sferoSi ZiriTad amocanad kvlav rCeba

1xaraiSvili e. zviadaZe e. nedli xilis evropuli bazari da warmoebis

potenciali saqarTveloSi, Jurn. “ekonomika da biznesi,“N#2, 2011.

133


saqonlis produqtiulobis zrdis xelSewyoba da

importSemcvleli ganviTarebis strategiaze orientacia,

sanaSene fermebisa da sakvebwarmoebis organizeba.

agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis strategiul

mniSvnelobas iZens momsaxurebis servis-centrebi

da logistikuri struqturebi, maTSi produqciis

Senaxvis, daxarisxebis, sacalo da sabiTumo vaWrobis,

laboratoriuli kvlevisa da sasawyobo struqturebis

gaerTianeba. logistikurma da infrastruqturulma

centrebma srulyofili administraciuli meqanizmebiT da

liberaluri urTierTobebiT xeli unda Seuwyos eqsportis

zrdas da bazrebis diversifikacias. es procesi moiTxovs

evropuli teqnikuri da sanitaruli standartebis, xarisxis

marTvis, Sesabamisobis sertificirebis sistemebis danergvas,

sabaJo kontrolisa da satarifo barierebis Semcirebas,

sabaJo procedurebis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo

normativebis harmonizacias, antimonopoliuri meqanizmebis

amoqmedebas. Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba sakmaod

mniSvnwelovani motivaciaa qarTuli agraruli produqciis

eqsportirebisa da biznes-platformis Seqmnis proeqtis

realizaciisaTvis. arsebuli potencialis da samewarmeo

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT zogierT adgilobriv

saqonels SeuZlia msoflio brendad iqces, rac

radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovs rogorc dargis

instituciur regulirebaSi, ise gaZRolis meTodebsa da

teqnollogiur procesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania

Rvinis turizmis ganviTareba, qvevris Rvinis brendis Seqmna da

misi popularizacia, miwaTmoqmedebis tradiciuli dargebis,

gansakuTrebiT ki memarcvleobis, meCaieobis, mecitruseobisa

da mebostneobis reabilitacia. seqtoris ganviTarebas

mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels Tavisufali agrozonebis

Seqmna liberaluri sagadasaxado da saangariSsworebo

regulaciebiT.

Tanamedrove realobaSi yvelaze mwvave problemad

siRaribis daZleva rCeba, gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac qveynis

Raribi mosaxleobis 55% cxovrobs, amasTan es maCvenebeli,

qalaqisagan gansxvavebiT, zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba

da dReisaTvis RaribTa wili soflis mosaxleobaSi 7%-

iT aRemateba imave maCvenebels qalaqad, aseTi tendencia

soflis meurneobis stagnaciis da sameurneo resursebis

mwvave deficitis mniSvnelovani determinantia. siRaribis

maRali maCvenebeli soflad Sromisunariani asakis

134


mosaxleobis mkveTri Semcirebis da ekonomikis struqturuli

deformaciebis Sedegia, kerZod, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis

75% mxolod ekonomikuri koniunqturis cvlilebebiTaa

gamowveuli. soflis meurneoba Zalian Sromatevadi,

Sesabamisad, yvelaze meti samuSao adgilis warmomqmneli

da damsaqmebeli sferoa (amaze miuTiTebs is, rom 2011 wels

soflad qveynis mosaxleobis - 47%, xolo dasaqmebulTa

_ 63% cxovrobda), magram, es dargi saSualo ekonomikur

doneze orjer naklebi SemosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba, rac,

Tavis mxriv, agrarul seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa gaRaribebas

da socialurad daucvelobas iwvevs, marTalia, siRaribis

daZleva saxelmwifo prioritetad aris aRiarebuli,

magram, realurad ar arsebobs soflad mkafiod

Camoyalibebuli dasaqmebis politika, igi aucileblad

moiTxovs biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis sistematizebas,

satransfero politikis srulyofas, dasaqmebis sferoSi

maqsimalurad moqnil regulaciebs da socialuri daxmarebis

miznobrivi programebis dafinansebis zrdas regionebSi.

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis Tanamedrove problemebze

mniSvnelovani gamokvleva aqvs prof.e. meqvabiSvils

da prof.i.arCvaZes. is faqti, rom soflis meurneobis

produqciis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili

mosaxleobis fulad SemosavlebSi mxolod 6%-ia, maTi

azriT aixsneba imiT, rom Zalian dabalia Sinameurneobebis

mier warmoebuli produqciis dasaqonlianebis done-18%(1989

w.-82%), saxezea paradoqsi -- administraciul-mbrZaneblur

sistemaSi piradi damxmare meurneobebSi ufro metad

iyo bazarze orientirebuli, vidre dRes, „saqme gvaqvs

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis naturalizaciasTan, rac misi

degradirebis maCvenebelia“.1

TviTdasaqmebis maRali done da meurneobriobis

eqstensiuri forma agrarul regionebSi Semosavlebis

simcires da mis araTanabar teritoriul ganawilebas

ganapirobebs. mag. miuxedavad imisa, rom samcxe-javaxeTSi,

guriasa da samegreloSi oficialurad registrirebulia

umuSevrobis yvelaze dabali done, swored guriaSi, samcxe-

javaxeTSi da qvemo qarTlSi dafiqsirda Semosavlebis

yvelaze cudi maCvenebeli rogorc absolutur

1arCvaZe i. meqvabiSvili e. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis

Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Jurn.

„ekonomika da biznesi“,N#6, 2010.

135


gamosaxulebaSi, ise zrdis tempebis mixedviT. soflad

arsebuli finansuri resursebis mwvave deficiti aferxebs

dargis reabilitaciis process, dReisaTvis soflis

mcxovrebTa 36% ver amuSavebs savargulebs, 52%-s ki ar hyavs

Sinauri pirutyvi, rac Semosavlebis mcire diversificirebis

gamo cud socialur garemos da cxovrebis dabal dones

ganapirobebs.

am viTarebaSi socialuri transferebi (ZiriTadad--

pensiebi) adgilobrivi SinameurneobebisaTvis Semosavlebis

ZiriTad wyarod iqca (55%). soflis mosaxleobis socialur-

ekonomikur problemebs amwvavebs regionebSi arsebuli

susti infrastruqtura da mZime sayofacxovrebo

pirobebi, rasac mwir sabiujeto uzrunvelyofasTan erTad,

araswori administrirebac ganapirobebs, sareabilitacio

infrastruqturuli obieqtebis SerCeva xSirad ar xdeba

instituciurad dasabuTebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT da

subieqtur xasiaTs atarebs.

agraruli seqtoris umniSvnelovanesi problema

Sromis dabali mwarmoeblurobaa, 1990-20101 w.w. igi

saqarTveloSi Svidjer Semcirda, amis ZiriTadi mizezi

amortizebuli teqnikuri baza, moZvelebuli teqnologiuri

procesebi da warmoebis gaZRolis aramecnieruli

sistemebi rCeba, investiciebis ararsebobasTan erTad, am

viTarebas fermerTa susti motivacia, agrarul seqtorSi

inovaciebis maRalriskianoba da ukugebis xangrZlivi

periodi gansazRvravs, praqtikulad, ar arsebobs regionebSi

sainovacio politikis makoordinirebeli sistema,

beCmarkingisa da statistikis meqanizmebi, inovaciebis

maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli

baza, dabalia regionuli xelisuflebisa da finansuri

institutebis daintereseba sainovacio saqmianobis finansur

mxardaWeraSi. 2008 wels SemuSavebuli soflis meurneobis

ganviTarebis strategiuli gegma ar iTvaliswinebs sainovacio

politikis komponentebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom swored es

dargi ganicdis yvelaze metad inovaciebis deficits da

msoflio teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebasTan erTad,

aucileblad moiTxovs dargis inovaciuri ganviTarebis

gegmis SemuSavebas. teqnologiebis transferi sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis xarisxis swori indikatoria, saqarTvelo ki

araTu agraruli inovaciebis, aramed, zogadad, inovaciebis

dafinansebiT mosaxleobis erT sulze msoflioSi 150-e

adgilzea, riTac nepalsa da seiSelis kunZulebs utoldeba

136


da 500-jer CamorCeba fineTs. soflis meurneobaSi

inovaciuri procesebi aucileblad moiTxovs adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier maT regionul

koordinacias, dargobrivi inovaciuri proeqtebis Sedgenas,

maTi dafinansebis mizniT sabanko seqtoris gaaqtiurebas

da specializebuli regionuli safinanso institutebis

Seqmnas.

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasTan uSualo kavSirSia

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis bazris xelmisawvdomobis

uzrunvelyofa. sursaTis fasebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT

mtkivneulia sazogadoebisaTvis, ramdenadac araadekvaturi

samomxmareblo fasebi yvelaze metad amZimebs socialur

garemos. bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi sursaTze

fasebi 166%-iT gaizarda, rasac, Teoriulad, agraruli

seqtoris upiratesi ganviTarebis motivireba unda

moexdina, realurad ki, permanentulad mcirdeba sasoflo-

sameurneo warmoebis moculoba da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli

produqciis wilic sasursaTo bazrebze, soflis meurneobis

saqonlianobis done 15%-mde Semcirda da igi mTlianad

Caanacvla importulma sursaTma. daeca produqciis

warmoeba yvela ZiriTad sasaqonlo jgufSi, 2006-2010 w.w.

mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT 5-10 kg-iT Semcirda

xorblis, xilis, yurZnis, xorcis warmoeba, amasTan, gaizarda

sabazro fasebi yvela saxis sasaqonlo jgufSi, Semcirda

naTesi farTobebi da warmoebis moculoba strategiul

produqtebze, mniSvnelovnad gauaresda TviTuzrunvelyofis

maCvenebelic. magram, qveyanaSi siRaribis maRali

maCveneblis gamo, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis Siga

bazarze orientacia dReisaTvis, praqtikulad wamgebiania,

Sesabamisad, investirebis ZirTad orientirad saeqsporto

dargebis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso bazrebze qarTuli

produqciis pozicionireba unda gaxdes.

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva

uSualod ukavSirdeba garkveul instituciur cvlilebebs,

radganac wvrili meurneobebi jerjerobiT konkurencias

ver uweven sxva subieqtebs da marginalizebuli arian

sabazro sistemaSi. saWiroa Camoyalibdes sakontraqto

urTierTobis da saSuamavlo struqturebi, romlebic

uzrunvelyofs fermerTa produqciis garantirebul

Sesyidva-realizacias. agrarul seqtorSi unda amoqmeddes

mcire mewarmeobis xelSewyobis saxelmwifo programa, rac

biznes-operatorebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis preferenciebs

137


gaiTvaliswinebs. aucilebelia tradiciuli saojaxo

soflis meurneobis paralelurad, Seiqmnas modernizebuli

da Tavisufal samewarmeo principebze dafuZnebuli

sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebisa da pirveladi

gadamuSavebis kooperirebuli firmebi, logistikuri da

saSuamavlo centrebi.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs adgilobrivi

saqonlis saerTaSoriso bazrebze gasvlis saxelmwifo

mxaedaWeris strategiis SemuSaveba, ramac Sida bazris

dacvasTan erTad, sagareo bazrebis marketinguli kvleva

da masze sakuTari segmentebis mopoveba unda gansazRvros,

es SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod ekologiurad sufTa,

saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesaferisi produqciis

warmoebiT, misi sasaqonlo saxis srulyofiT, am mizniT

aucilebelia licenziebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis

samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa, bazarze mwarmoeblis qcevis

saerTaSoriso normebis danergva, saeqsporto produqciis

Sesaxeb informaciis farTod gavrceleba da saTanado

reklamireba, am procesebSi cnobili sasaqonlo birJebis

CarTva, msoflio bazrebis koniunqturis Seswavla

da erovnuli agraruli produqciis warmoebis maT

moTxovnebze orientireba.

did mniSvnelobas iZens soflis meurneobisaTvis

kvalificiuri specialistebis momzadebis, niadagmcodneobis,

mikrobiologiis, zooveterinariis, mcenareTa dacvisa da

sxva dargobrivi mecnierebebis ganviTarebis, msoflio

gamocdilebis Seswavlis, fermerTa profesiuli momzadebis,

saerTaSoriso saswavlo da sakonsultacio programebSi

adgilobrivi mewarmeebis monawileobis sakiTxi..

saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiT ramodenime saintereso

proeqti Sedga, keZod, evraziis partniorobis fondis mier

ganxorcielebuli saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis

mefutkreTa TanamSromlobis proeqti, asociacia“elkanas“

mier organizebuli evrokavSiris biofermerebTan

adgilobrivi agromewarmeebis daaxloebis proeqti, kavkasiis

garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis - CENN,

NACRES mier saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraobasTan erTad

sasoflo-sameurneo anarCenebisa da genmodificirebuli

organizmebis gamoyenebis proeqti, Rvinis warmoebisa da

eqsportis ganviTarebis mizniT specialistTa gacvlis

mimdinare programa da sxva. saWiroa swavlebis

sferoSi saqmianobis meti koordinacia da saerTaSoriso

138


regulaciebis gamoyeneba. saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo

mewarmeobis didi gamocdilebis miuxedavad, aucilebelia

inovaciuri teqnologiebis, Sromis swori organizaciisa da

menejmentis Tanamedrove meTodebis danergva, progresuli

siaxleebis adaptireba.

agraruli sferos aRmavloba masSi dasaqmebis met

motivacias moiTxovs, am mizniT fermeruli meurneobebisaTvis

specialuri preferenciebis SemoRebasTan erTad, saWiroa

dasaqmebis mkafiod gansazRvruli saxelmwifo politikis

SemuSaveba, soflad sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobeseba

da farTomasStabiani socialuri daxmarebis programebis

amoqmedeba.

soflis meurneobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

erovnuli tradiciebis dacvisa da mosaxleobisaTvis

sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqmea, misi orientiri TviTkmari

glexuri meurneobis nacvlad, saeqsporto produqciis

warmoeba unda gaxdes, amis SesaZlebloba qveyanas gaaCnia,

saWiroa xelisuflebis neba ganviTarebis swori

strategiis gansazRvriT, resursebis mobilizebiT da

mewarmeebisaTvis saTanado motivaciebis SeqmniT xeli

Seuwyos dargis reabilitaciis process.

For the Revival of Georgian villageFor the Revival of Georgian village

M. TabatadzeM. Tabatadze

Development of agriculture is of vital importance for keeping Georgian national traditions and generally for Georgian population. Therefore, assistance of the agriculture from the state requires both fi nancial mechanisms (fi scal decentralization, independence in distributing local incomes, reduction of taxes for farmers, allocation of preferential loans, providing differential transfers, grants and subsidies, establishing specialized regional fi nancial institutions) and administrative mechanisms (antimonopoly regulations, creating clusters, involving municipalities in agricultural activities, infrastructural cooperation networks and logistic centers).

It is of a vital importance to develop a national strategy for exporting local production to international markets, study the world market and be oriented to its requirements. Entering international market is only possible with ecologically clean products that meet international standards. This can be achieved by establishing certifi cation systems, harmonizing the customs procedures, reduction of customs duties and cooperating with international commodities exchanges.

139


Tamar lazariaSvili Tamar lazariaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

asistent asistent -profesoriprofesori

dRes ekonomikaSi mravali saxeobis riski arsebobs,

rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneb-

lebze. ekonomikuri riskebis efeqtiani marTva am riske-

bis Semcirebis garantiaa. aRniSnul procesSi gadamwy-

veti roli ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo politikis

SemuSavebam unda uzrunvelyos.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare sadazRvevo procesebiT,

maT Soris ekonomikuri riskebis dazRveviT, dainterese-

bulia msoflios sadazRvevo, gadazRvevis da sabrokero

kompaniebi. dRes, rogorc arasdros, ekonomikur sistemas

sxvadasxva riski emuqreba.Aamitom, qveynis ekonomikuri

politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili sadazRvevo

politika unda iyos. amasTan, qveyanam rom realurad ga-

ataros es politika, aucilebelia Sesabamisi kanonmde-

blobis arseboba. ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo po-

litikis praqtikuli realizacia xels Seuwyobs qveynis

CarTvas Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebaSi, sabazro

urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi, monawileobas vaWrobis

msoflio organizaciasa da a. S. maSasadame, qveynis Siga

bazarze mravalferovani ekonomikuri riskebis pirobeb-

Si, sadazRvevo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba

da Sesabamisi politikis Tanamimdevruli gatareba, saer-

TaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis umniSvnelovanes

winapirobas warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri

riskebis Tavidan acilebis minimumamde dayvanis saSua-

lebaa. saqarTvelosaTvis agraruli seqtori strategiu-

li mniSvnelobisaa. mecnierulad dasabuTebulia,1 rom Tu 1 e. xaraiSvili, konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi

saqarTvelos agro-sasursaTo seqtorSi, Tb., 2011, gv.5.

ekonomikuri riskebi da sadazRvevo ekonomikuri riskebi da sadazRvevo

politikis prioritetebipolitikis prioritetebi

saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi

140

Tamar lazariaSviliTamar lazariaSvili

sakuTari warmoebis sasursaTo produqtebze moxmarebis

norma 30% mde Semcirda, qveyana sasursaTo usafrTxoe-

bisa da politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis saSiS-

roebis winaSe dgas. saqarTvelos sasursaTo seqtori

dReisaTvis ver uzrunvelyofs im raodenobis produ-

qtebis warmoebas, rac daakmayofilebda mosaxleobis

rogorc kvebis fiziologiuri normebiT gaTvaliswine-

bul, aseve gadaxdisunarian moTxovnasac. ETu saqarTve-

los mosaxleobas 4,4 mln-ad miviCnevT, eqspertuli gaTv-

lebiT, agrarul bazars moTxovnasTan SedarebiT 49%-iT

naklebi adgilobrivi warmoebis produqtebi miewodeba.

2010 wels, 2003 welTan SedarebiT, Semcirebulia umetesi

produqtebis moxmarebis done, dabalia TviTuzrunvelyo-

fis maCveneblebi strategiuli mniSvnelobis produqte-

bze. qveyanaSi sursaTis deficiti ar aRiniSneba, radgan

balansis Sevseba importuli produqtebiT xdeba. E2010

wlis monacemebiT, importis moculoba daaxloebiT 4_

jer aRemateba eqsports.1

agrosasursaTo seqtorSi risk-faqtorebi xuT jgu-

fad aris ganawilebuli2: 1. sakredito resursebis simci-

re-37,1%; 2. infrastruqturis ganuviTarebloba-20,4%; 3.

sagadasaxado sistema-18,2%; 4. importi-17,0%, 5. erovnuli

valutis kursis cvalebadoba-7,3%.

strategiuli da konkurentuli sasursaTo pro-

duqtebis warmoebaze, aseve inovaciur produqtebsa da

teqnologiebze kreditebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi

mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia. dasabuTebuli sadazRvevo

politikis gareSe, sasoflo-sameurneo seqtori naklebad

mimzidvelia investorebisTvis. dRes seqtoris wili mT-

lian sabanko sesxebze 1%-dan 2%-mde meryeobs, amasTanave,

Zalian mcirea ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis wili

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi: 2007 wels - 0.8%, 2008

wels - 0.5%, 2009 wels -1.2%.3 aseTi monacemebi maRali

riskis maCvenebelia. agrosasursaTo seqtorSi mniSvne-

lovan riskad unda miviCnioT, erTi mxriv, farTobebis

1http:geostat.ge2ix. e. xaraiSvilis dasax. naSromi gv.1093mewarmeobis mxardaWeris saerTaSoriso centri, biznesgaremos

gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi, kvlevis masalebi, 2008, Ggv. 23.

141


simcire da meore mxriv, sakuTrebis formebis pola-

rizacia. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo

miwis mTliani farTobis 25%, xolo ijariT gacemuli

miwebis raodenoba Seadgens: kerZo pirebisagan _ 6, xolo

saxelmwifosagan _ 191 ha-s. dReisaTvis soflis meurneo-

bis seqtorSi dasaqmebulia qveynis ekonomikurad aqtiu-

ri mosaxleobis 3/5-ze meti, mSp-Si soflis meurneobis

wili 8,9%-ia, fermerTa raodenoba-2500 aTasi, saSualod

erTi fermeri flobs 1 ha miwis farTobs, fermerTa 82%

produqts TviTmoxmarebisaTvis awarmoebs. agrosasursa-

To produqtebs ZiriTadad awarmoebs 129 498 meurneoba.

meurneobis tipis 99% ki ojaxuri xasiaTisaa.1

MsaqarTveloSi sami tipis fermeruli meurneoba

funqcionirebs:2 1. mcire masStabis, romlebic produqtebs

mxolod sakuTari moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad

awarmoeben; 2. saSualo masStabis, romlebic produqtebs

sakuTari da bazris moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad

awarmoeben; 3. msxvilmasStabiani, romlebic produqtebs

mxolod gasayidad awarmoeben. dasaxelebuli meurneo-

bebidan pirveli da meore jgufis fermeruli meurne-

obebi maRali riskfaqtorebis matarebelia, rac upirve-

les yovlisa maTi wvrilmasStaburobiT aixsneba.. dRes

saqarTveloSi erT Sinameurneobas sakuTrebaSi saSua-

lod 1,3 ha. miwa aqvs. aRniSnuli farTobi Tavis mxriv 2-3

miwis nakveTisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeulis far-

Tobi 0,4-0,5 ha-s ar aRemateba.AaseTi wvrili fermeruli

meurneobebis xv. wona meurneobaTa saerTo raodenobaSi

98,4 %-s Seadgens.3 saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtor-

Si riskebis zrdis xelSemwyobi faqtoria arasasurveli

biznesgaremo da finansuri resursebis SezRuduloba.

saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis

mier ganxorcielebuli biznes-garemos kvlevis mixed-

viT, gamokiTxuli 1000 sawarmodan mxolod 344-ma SeZlo

damatebiTi finansuri resursebis mozidva, maSin rode-

sac Seswavlil sawarmoTa 58% gayidvebis zrdis Zi-

riTad SesaZleblobad finansuri resursebis mozidvas

1 http:geostat.ge2ix. e. xaraiSvilis dasax. naSromi, gv.101.3http:geostat.ge

142


asaxelebs. Mmdgomareobas arTulebs isic, rom bolo

periodSi sawarmoTa 73,2%_is Semosavlebi Semcirebulia,

maTgan 29,6%_Si sagrZnoblad. imave odenobis Semosavle-

bi mxolod sawarmoTa 19,6%_s darCa.1Aagrarul seqtor-

Si warmoebis moculobisa da Sesabamisad Semosavlebis

klebis tendencias masStabidan dabali ukugebis riske-

bic emateba. finansuri riskebis Sefasebis dros gasaTva-

liswinebelia, rom agrarul seqtors ar aqvs Ffinansu-

ri mdgomareobis cvlilebaze swrafi reagirebis unari.

fermerul meurneobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamci-

ros warmoebaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi bazris Secvlili

koniuqturidan gamomdinare, radgan sxva dargebisagan

gansxvavebiT, soflis meurneoba ara marto warmoebis,

aramed cxovrebis sferoc aris. Aamave dros, Tu fermeri

tovebs fermas, misi miwa gadadis sxva fermeris xelSi

da bazarze soflis meurneobis produqtebis miwodeba

SenarCunebulia.

agrarul seqtorSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

unda mieqces riskebis marTvas. Sesabamisad, sadazRvevo

politikis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba unda iyos

„soflis meurneobis dazRveva da dakrediteba”. saqar-

TvelosaTvis strategiuli produqtebia: Txili, Rvino,

Rvinis Zmari, kakali, naturaluri Tafli, bostneuli, xili,

sunelebi. sazamTro, komSi, dafnis foToli. dasaxelebul

produqtebze dabalansebuli moTxovna-miwodebis formi-

rebaSi mniSvnelovania mikroekonomikuri konkurentuli

riskebis Sefaseba-analizi, maTgan gasaTvaliswinebelia:

sakuTrebis forma, firmis wili bazarze, firmis finan-

suri mdgomareoba, bunebrivi faqtorebiT gamowveuli

riskebi, mosaxleobis Semosavlebi, siRaribis done, inve-

sticiuri mimzidveloba, sakadro potenciali, inovaciuri

potenciali, warmoebis organizacia da sxva. mikroekono-

mikur risk-faqtorTa Soris, aseve, calke unda Sefasdes

agraruli sasursaTo seqtoris monaTesave da mxardam-

Weri seqtorebis finansuri, sakredito da konkurentuli

riskebi.

saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSemSleli

ZiriTadi safrTxeebisa da riskebis gamomwvevi faqtore-1 http:geostat.ge

143


bi Tanamedrove etapze Semdegia:

ekonomikis sferoSi CamorCena msoflioSi umrav-1.

lesi, maT Soris, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis donesTan

SedarebiT;

ekonomikis realuri seqtoris dabali wili; 2.

ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis simcire da misi 3.

araefeqtianoba;

soflis meurneobis mZime mdgomareoba; 4.

umuSevrobis problema; 5.

socialuri danaxarjebis dabali wili mSp-sa da 6.

saxelmwifo biujetSi da sxv.

Aაgraruli seqtoris dazRvevis ganviTarebis ba-

rierebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime problema arsebobs:

fermerul meurneobaTa wvrilmasStaburoba, fiskaluri

politikis Seusabamoba fermerTa saWiroebebTan, grZel-

vadiani kreditebis deficiti, maRali saprocento gana-

kveTi, sasoflo-sameurneo dazRveva, ganuviTarebeli in-

frastruqtra da arastabiluri logistika, ekonomikuri

erTeulebis araswori marTva, fermerebis codnis SezRu-

duloba, dabali sadazRvevo kultura, fermerebisaTvis

arasaxarbielo dazRvevis pirobebi da sasoflo-sameu-

rneo dazRvevis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifo

programis ararseboba.

E saqarTveloSi agrosasursaTo warmoebaშi sadaz-Rvevo politikis mimarTulebebi Camouyalibebelia. Aაm sferoSi ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo bazris gan-

viTareba moiTxovs:

firmebisa da kompaniebis muSakebis, aseve, mosax-leobis ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas sadazRvevo pro-

gramebisa da misi struqturebis Sesaxeb;

ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo sistemis regu-lirebis gaZlierebas;

maRali ekonomikuri riskebis SemTxvevaSi saxelm-wifo dazRvevis programebisaTvis savaldebulo xasia-

Tis micemas;

ekonomikuri riskebis Sesaxeb informaciis sru-lyofilad da operatiulad miwodebas arsebuli sadaz-

Rvevo produqtebis mixedviT.

agrosasursaTo seqtorSi ekonomikuri riskebis

144


Sesamcireblad saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani roli unda

Seasrulos sasoflo-sameurneo dazRvevis sistemis Ca-

moyalibebaSi ara marto finansuri monawileobiT, ara-

med, sawyis etapze, dasazRvevi produqciis saxeobisa da

raodenobis gansazRvraSi. am tipis dazRveva savalde-

bulo unda iyos. kreditis xelmisawvdomobა SesaZlebe-

lia agrosakredito specializebuli sistemis SeqmniT,

romlis sawesdebo kapitalis formirebaSi, saxelmwifo-

sTan erTad, kerZo seqtoric miiRebs monawileobas. ami-saTvis, თavis mxriv, aucilebelia agrowarmoebis momsa-

xure dargebis monopoliuri mdgomareobis Secvla da

mTavrobis saTanado mxardaWera, erovnuli bazris dacva,

agrokreditis sistemis Camoyalibeba, sajaro momsaxu-

rebis struqturebis Seqmna, miwis konsolidacia, efeqtia-

ni sagadasaxado, sadazRvevo, safinanso da sainvesticio

politikis SemuSaveba.

Economic Risks and Priorities of InsuranceEconomic Risks and Priorities of InsurancePolicy in Agro-Products Sector of GeorgiaPolicy in Agro-Products Sector of Georgia

T. LazariashviliT. Lazariashvili

The Article provides analysis of economic risks in Agro-products sector of Georgia, discusses the factors which cause the risks and demon-strates the results of negative impact of these risks on production. Based on the analysis, it reveals 5 groups of risk-factors mostly spread in agro-products sector. These are: 1. Scarcity of credit resources – 37,1%; 2. Undeveloped infrastructure – 20,4%; 3. Tax system – 18,2%.; 4. Import-17,0%; 5. Volatility of national exchange rate – 7,3%. The ways for reduc-ing the impact of risks over production are suggested.

Revealing microeconomic risks and defi ning priorities of relevant insurance policy are considered to be an important action for achieving balanced demand and supply on agro product market. The directions for development of insurance market for economic risks are proposed.

145

menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi

rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove xelmZRvanelixelmZRvaneli

nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe

iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuliiv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli

profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriprofesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da winsvlaSi didi

roli akisria yvela donis xelmZRvanels. gansakuTrebiT

didia maTi roli sazogadoebis pirveladi organizacieb-

is (sawarmoebis, firmebisa da a S) efeqtian funqcionireba-

Si. swored mocemul problemazea Sesrulebuli winamde-

bare statia. masSi, ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebuli

Sesabamisi Sromebis1 Seswavlisa da analizis safuZvelze,

mocemuli da daxasiaTebulia Tanamedrove xelmZRvanelis

maxasiaTeblebi, muSaobis efeqtianobis faqtorebi da av-

toriseuli Sexeduleba maT (xelmZRvanelTa) saqmianobaSi

arsebul problemebsa da naklovan mxareebze.

xelmZRvanelia piri, romelic warmarTavs da koor-

dinacias uwevs misdami daqvemdebarebul Semsruleblebs,

romlebic, dadgeneli uflebamosilebis farglebSi, as-

ruleben yvela mis gankargulebas. Ddidia xelmZRvanelis

roli kadrebis marTvisas. Aam SemTxvevaSi igi gvevlineba

rogorc TanamSromelTa damrigebeli (moZRvari), maswav-

lebeli, avtoriteti, ideologi. xelmZRvaneli ramdenad

aqtiuri, mizanswrafuli da moqnilia adamianebTan urTer-

TobaSi, imdenad warmatebulia misdami rwmunebuli orga-

nizacia konkurenciul brZolaSi. xelmZRvanelTa muSao-

bis mTavari kriteriumia SromiTi koleqtivis saqmianobis

Sedegi, mis wevrTa dakmayofilebuloba da motivirebulo-

1Армстронг М. Стратегическое управление человеческими ресурсами. Пере-вод с английского. М., 2007;Десслер Г. Управление персоналом. Перевод с английского. М.,1997; Веснин В. Управление персоналом.М. 2008; Пугачев В. Руководство персоналом организации. М.,2000 და სხვ.

146


ba. specialist_mkvlevarTa azriT, xelmZRvanelis muSao-

bis efeqtianobis amaRlebis ZiriTadi faqtorebia: misi

moqmedebis strategiuli, taqtikuri da operatiuli (maT

Soris samuSao dRis) gegmis arseboba; daqvemdebarebulTa

potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis codna da un-

ari, maTdami ndobis arseboba; miTiTebebis micemis magier

amocanebis dasmis unari; daqvemdebarebulTa kargi codna,

maTTan Ria saubris survilis arseboba; sxvadasxva saqmi-

dan prioritetulis gansazRvris unari da sxv. Tavisi funqciis warmatebiT Sesasruleblad xelmZ-

Rvaneli unda flobdes amisTvis aucilebel mraval sx-

vadasxva Tvisebas. zogierTi mkvlevari asaxelebs 200- ze

met aseT Tvisebas.11 specialistTa umetesoba am Tvisebebs

yofs 3 jgufad: profesiuli, pirovnuli da saqmiani. cxadia,

aRniSnuli Tvisebebisadmi moTxovnebi sxvadasxvaa marTvis

sxvadasxva donis xelmZRvanelisaTvis. dabal doneze xe-

lmZRvanelisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania gabeduloba, komu-

nikabeluroba, zogjer agresiulobac ki; saSualo doneze

ki_adamianebTan urTierTobis maRali xarisxiT codna da

konceptualuroba, xolo marTvis maRali donis xelmZR-

vanelisaTvis saWiro aucilebeli Tvisebebidan yvelaze

mniSvnelovania strategiuli azrovnebis, arsebuli situ-

aciis Sefasebisa da axali amocanebis dasmis, gardaqmnis

ganxorcielebisa da daqvemdebarebulTa SemoqmedebiTi

procesis organizebis unari. amasTan erTad, imis gamo, rom

marTvis nebismieri donis xelmZRvaneli pasuxs agebs ara

marto muSaobis mimdinare, aramed momaval Sedegze, mas

unda hqondes momavlis xedvis kargi unari. amasTan, marT-

vis rac ufro maRal doneze imyofeba, ufro xangrZlivi

periodis.22

dRes saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelmZR-

vanelTa mniSvnelovani nawili Tavisi saqmis kargi mcodne

da profesionalia, samwuxarod, adamianuri resursebis

1 Веснин В. Управление персоналом. М., 2008, с. 457.2 წინამდებარე სტატიაში ძირითადად მსჯელობაა მართვის მაღალი დონის ხელმძღვანელებზე, ე. წ. ტოპ-მენეჯერებზე.

147


marTva dabal donezea. Aamis mTavari mizezia xelmZR-

vanelTa mier adamianebTan urTierTobis fsiqologiis

arcodna. სocialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ada-

mianuri resusebis marTvis mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovan

gavlenas axdens SromiTi koleqtivis TanamSromlebs So-

ris loialurobis done. samwuxarod, xSiria faqti, roca

organizaciis administracias ar esmis “loialurobis~

cnebis mniSvneloba da, cxadia, arc icis rogor miaRwios

koleqtivSi mis maRal dones. sinamdvileSi, xsenebuli

cneba momdinareobs inglisuri sityva “Loyal”-gan da niS-navs koreqtulobas, koreqtul urTierTobas vinmesTan

an raimesTan, maT Soris kanonTan, xelmZRvanelobasTan da

a.S.

TanamSromelTa Soris loialurobaze damokidebu-

lia bevri: organizaciis (firmis da a.S.) warmateba, biznes-

Si misi lideruli poziciebi, kompaniisadmi TanamSromelTა keTilsasurveli damokidebuleba, rac ganapirobebs

sakadro stabilurobas. Secdomaa imis varaudi, rom Tana-

mSromelTa maRali loialuroba SeiZleba miRწeul iqnes

mxolod maRali xelfasiT. სaqme isaa, rom maRali xelfasi

TanamSromlebs gansazRvruli zomiT aCerebs sawarmoSi, ma-

gram didi xniT ara. Tu sawarmoSi dabalia administraci-

is loiluroba TanamSromlebisadmi, es ukanasknelni kar-

gaven ndobas TavianTi xelmZRvanelebisadmi da pirveli

SesaZleblobisTanave mzad arian samuSaod gadavidnen

sxva, maTTvis ufro keTilsasurvel organizaciaSi. cxadia,

loialuroba unda iyos ormxrivi (nacvalgebiTi). im or-

ganizaciebSi, sadac TanamSromelTa maRal loialurobas

Tan axlavs administraciis mxridan maTdami pativiscema,

sadac TanamSromlebma mkafiod ician TavianTi movaleobe-

bi da pasuxismgebloba, sadac muSakTa dasja da waxalise-

ba samarTliania, sadac TanamSromlebi grZnoben TavianT

pasuxismgeblobas da mniSvnelobas socialurad aucile-

beli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi da amayoben

maT mier gamoSvebuli produqciis maRali xarisxis gamo,

yovelTvis maRalia adamianTa saqmianobis saboloo Sede-

148


gebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi pativs scemen TavianT

xelmZRvanelebs da mzad arian imuSaon optimaluri sa-

Sualo xelfasisas. praqtikiT dadasturebulia, rom aseTi

TanamSromlebi muSaoben meti ukugebiT, vidre amas adgili

aqvs sawarmoebSi ufro maRali xelfasiT muSaobisas, ma-

gram administraciis mxridan dabali loialurobisas.

sazogadoebaSi, maT Soris organizaciebSi, maRali

loialurobis miRwevaSi didia saxelmwifos roli. magal-

iTad, aSS- Si saxelmwifo politikis- “kanoni erTnairia

yvelasaTvis,~ meSveobiT A propagandas uweven maRal mor-

alur Rirebulebebs, patriotizms, pasuxismgeblobas, mizan-

swrafulobas, karierul zrdas. aSS- Si 1930- ani wlebidan

muSaobs programa-“fsiqologia adamianebisaTvis~-semin-

arebis, kursebisa da treningebis saxiT rogorc biznesSi,

aseve cxovrebaSi saerTod. Yyovelive es xels uwyobs ada-

mianebs Soris normaluri da keTilsasurveli urTierTo-

bis damyarebas.

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi

mocemul sakiTxze, gansazRvruli xarisxiT, igive midgoma

iyo. saxelmwifos rols faqtobrivad asrulebda mmarT-

veli partia, romelic partorgebis, “komsorgebisa~ da sx-

vaTa saxiT adamianebs mouwodebda patriotizms, muSao-

bisadmi siyvaruls da erTgulebas iseTi faseulobebi-

sadmi, rogoricaa: patiosneba, mowesrigebuloba da sxv.

samwuxarod, yovelive amas axlda didi naklovaneba, rac

ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi e. w. “war-

matebis fsiqologiis~ararsebobiT, anu adamianebTan xe-

lmZRvanelebis urTierToba ar emyareboda adamianis

fsiqologiisa da adamianuri moralis Rrma codnas. dRes

Cvens qveyanaSi, samwuxarod, uaresi mdgomareobaa. Aarc

saxelmwifos da arc ideologiur organizaciebs ada-

mianTa “morali~ naklebad an saerTod ar ainteresebs.

Aamitom, warmoebaSi (biznesSi) adamianTa “aRmzrdelis~

roli mTlianad dakisrebuli aqvs organizaciis xelmZ-

Rvanelobas. Ddid koleqtivebSi. sadac pirvel xelmZR-

vanels umetesad dro ar yofnis TanamSromlebTan aRmz-

149


rdelobiTi muSaobisaTvis, am funqcias, rogorc wesi, as-

rulebs profesionali sakadro fsiqologi_kadrebis me-

nejeri.

xelmZRvanelisaTvis zogadad da, gansakuTrebiT ka-

drebis menejerisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis

fsiqologiis codnas. dRes bevri Tavisi uSualo saqmis

maRali profesionalia, maRali xarisxiT esmis rogoraa

mowyobili esa Tu is samuSao aparati, avtomanqana da sxv., magram maTgan didma nawilma katastrofulad cota icis

da esmis _rogoraa agebuli adamiani, ra aris adamianis

grZnobebi, emociebi da ambiciebi, ratom iqcevian adamianebi

erTnair pirobebSi gansxvavebulad, rogoraa agebuli

adamianis fsiqika mTlianobaSi da saerTod ra aris igi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove xelmZRvanelTa umete-

sobis, gansakuTrebiT kadrebis ganyofilebaTa ufrose-

bisa da sakadro menejerebis muSaobaSi naklovanebaTa

ZiriTadi mizezia adamianis fsiqologiisa da admianuri

urTierTobis elementaruli codnis uqonloba. dRes bi-

znesis sferoSi ufrosi Taobis samamulo fsiqologebi

cotaa. Aaxalgazrda fsiqologTa didi nawili ki jer

kidev “moumwifebelia~ rogorc cxovrebiseulი, aseve so-cialur fsiqologiaSi mcire praqtikuli gamocdilebis

gamo. saTanado analiziT irkveva, rom SromiT koleqtivSi

arsebul naklovanebaTa da, upirveles yovlisa, “cxovre-

biseuli ubedurebis~ mTavari mizezi adamianuri urTier-

Tobis sworad warmarTvisa da fsiqologiuri kulturis

arcodnaSia.

fsiqologiuri kultura –esaa adamianis qcevisa da

misi Sinagani kulturis erTianoba. cxadia, adamianis qce-

vis kulturis safuZvelia misi Sinagani kultura. Ees

ukanaskneli ki, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia ada-

mianis sulierebasTan. rac ufro maRalia suliereba, miT

maRalia Sinagani kultura. Uunda gvaxsovdes, rom fsiqo-

logia erTianobaSi aris fizikis, qimiis, maTematikisa da

astrologiis sferoSi religiuri, filosofiuri da mec-

nieruli codnis sinTezi. rac Seexeba Sinagan kulturas

150


zogadad, igi SesabamisobaSia religiisa da filosofiis

e.w. “oqros wesTan~: moepyari irgvliv myofT ise, rogorc

Sen gsurs mogeqcnen, an kidev- rasac Txoulob qvemdgome-

bisagan, moiTxove Senganac~. Aaqedan gamomdinare, xelmZR-

vaneli unda iyos maqsimalurad samarTliani daqvemdebare-

bul pirTa waxalisebisas, maTi kritikisa da dasjisas.

kiTxvaze _ xelmZRvanelma ra mniSvnelovani daskvne-

bi unda gamoitanos adamianisa da adamianuri urTierTobis

fsiqologiidan, Mmokle pasuxi aseTia: xelmZRvanelisaT-

vis, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania ganasxvavos Tana-

mSromlebi temperamentis mixedviT, icodes vinaa xoler-

ikosi, flegmatikosi da vinaa melanxoliki an singvinis-

ti. temperamenti adamianis nervuli sistemis Tvisebaa,

romliTac xasiaTdeba adamianis gamZleoba (amtanoba) da

simtkice fiziologiuri an sxva saxeobis datvirTvisadmi.

sxvadasxva adamianis temperamentSi gansxvavebis Seswavla

SeiZleba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT, rogoricaa:

qceva, sityvis tembri (simaRle), momTmenianoba, sificxe da

sxv. Aan saTanado specilistis (specialistebis) mier tem-

peramentze testirebis CatarebiT. Yyovelive es saWiroa

TanamSromelTaTvis, maT Soris, axalmiRebulTaTvis Tana-

mdebobisa da movaleobaTa sworad SesarCevad. magaliTad,

ar SeiZleba xolerikis daniSvna xelmZRvanelis mZRolad,

radganac misi saqmianoba dakavSirebulia xSir TaTbirTan

da mZRols uxdeba manqanaSi didxans lodini da usaqmod

yofna. es ki mas ar SeuZlia imitom, rom mis tempera-

ments Seesabameba ara monotonuri, aramed moZraobasTan

dakavSirebuli samuSao da maRali aqtiuroba. rac Seexeba

melanxoliks, igi Tavisi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblidan

gamomdinare, uZlebs muSaobis monotonur, ciklur temps.

singvinistebi da flegmatistebi ufro gawonasworebuli

da amtanebia temperamentis mixedviT. Ggadawyvetilebebis

miRebisas, sasurvelia xelmZRvanelebma icodnen da ganasx-

vaon TavianTi TanamSromlebi am ukanasknelTa xasiaTisa

da qcevis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT sakamaTo da konfliq-

tur situaciebSi.

151


warmatebuli xelmZRvanelisaTvis (da ara marto mis-

Tvis) aucilebelia, rom igi iyos komunikabeluri, arakon-

fliqturi da araambiciuri (cudi gagebiT). samwuxarod,

zogierTs ar esmis am sityvebis mniSvneloba. Kkomunikabe-

luroba araa mravalsityvianoba da lazRandaroba. saqmian

wreSi komunikabeluroba esaa unari _ mkafiod da naTlad

gamoxato sakuTari azri, miitano igi irgvliv myofebTan,

unari–saimedod gadasce informacia, misi mniSvnelobisa da

faseulobis daumaxinjeblad, argumentirebulad awarmoo

molaparakebebi, Seqmna mkafio instruqciebi, angariSebi da

a. S. rac Seexeba sityva “araambiciurobas~, misi ganmarteba

araa calmxrivi. cudia, roca adamiani saerTod uambicioa.

Aambiciebi cudia mxolod maSin, Tu igi metismetad didia

an usafuZvlo, roca adamiani raime argumentaciis gareSe

ewinaaRmdegeba yvelafers, rac mas ar moswons an pirdapir

acxadebs: “rasac me vambob yvelaferi sworia~, ise, rom ar

mohyavs amis damadasturebeli raime arsebiTi faqtebi da

argumentebi.

warmatebuli xelmZRvanelobisaTvis saWiro Tvise-

bebidan didi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTebs, rogoricaa: pa-

tiosneba, zrunva daqvemdebarebulebze, samarTlianoba,

megobruloba, kompromisebis gawevis unari, obieqturoba,

racionaluroba, pragmatizmi, saqmiT dainteresebuloba da

xedvis unari, farTo Tvalsawieri, Tavisi Tavisa da drois

marTvis unari, msjelobisa da moqmedebebisas damoukide-

bloba, movaleobaTa sworad ganawilebisa da gundis Se-

qmnis unari da a.S. mokled zogierTi maTganis Sesaxeb:

xelmZRvanelisaTvis saWiro zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebidan

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs daqvemdebarebulebTan

urTierTobisa da maTi motivirebis codnas. saqme isaa,

rom, rogorc Sesabamisi specialistebi miuTiTeben, Tanam-

SromlebTan urTierToba _ esaa xelmZRvanelis muSaobis

arsi, xolo saubari TanamSromlebTan “aramaterialuri

cocxali produqti~. swored mis xarisxzea damokidebuli

organizaciis warmateba da ganviTareba. Ffsiqologiuri

gamokvlevebiT damtkicebulia, rom TanamSromlebTan urT-

152


ierTobisas rac ufro maRalia xelmZRvanelTa sakomu-

nikacio Cvevebi, miT maRalia TanamSromelTa Sromis mwar-

moebluroba da, Sesabamisad, kompaniis (sawarmos, firmis

da a.S.) mogebac. adamianTa urTierToba moicavs fazebis

simravles, maT Soris _ kontaqtis damyarebasa da ndobiT

urTierTobaTa ganviTarebas kontaqtSi myof adamianebs

Soris. ndoba realizdeba xelmZRvanelsa da daqvemdebare-

bulebs Soris ukukavSris damyarebisa da SenarCunebis

gziT. ukukavSiris saSualebiT xelmZRvaneli informa-

cias aZlevs, astimulirebs da afasebs daqvemdebarebulTa

muSaobas. amiT igi xazs usvams mis statusur rols da

gansazRvravs mis dawinaurebas organizaciaSi. xelmZRvane-

lis aseTi piradi maxasiaTebeli _ survili endos Tav-

is TanamSromels, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. swored

amazea agebuli uflebamosilebisa da pasuxismgeblobis

delegireba da TanamSromelTa karieruli zrda.

nebismieri urTierTobisas mimdinareobs faseulo-

baTa gacvla. misi roli didia organizaciis formire-

baSi. nebismieri Zlieri brendi, esaa lamazad SefuTuli

raRac faseulobaTa nakrebi. ama Tu im saqonlis yidvi-

sas, Cven upiratesobas vaZlevT im faseulobas, romelT-

anac identificirdeba mocemuli saqoneli. faseulobani

aris karieraSi gzis gamkvlevi. organizaciis faseulobe-

bidan aseTebia: mogeba, xarisxi, warmateba, korporaciuli

suliskveTeba, usafrTxoeba da sxv. samuSaod axalmiRe-

buli TanamSromlebi maSinve ver iTaviseben TavianT orga-

nizacias da mis faseulobebs. igi mimdinareobs kompaniis

faseulobaTa dauflebis kvalobaze. amaSi wamyvan rols

TamaSobs xelmZRvaneli. igi aris organizaciis kulturisa

da faseulobaTa damcveli. TanamSromlebTan yoveldRiur

saubarSi xelmZRvaneli gadmoscems Tavis faseulobebs.

myarad damkvidrebuli organizaciis faseulobani aris

kompaniis guli, xolo xelmZRvaneli, esaa organizaciis

umaRlesi piri, romelic uzrunvelyofs am faseulobaTa

sisufTaves. Tavis TanamSromlebTan urTierTobiT xelmZ-

Rvaneli akontrolebs maT muSaobas, ganwyobilebasa da

153


motivacias.

imisaTvis rom gaxde xelmZRvaneli, aucilebelia kom-

paniis mflobels an Tanamdebobrivad zemdgom pirs aCveno,

rom Tqven ara mxolod iziarebT kompaniis faseulobas,

aramed icavT mas, anu amas moiTxovT Tqveni daqvemdebare-

bulebisagan. amasTan erTad, xelmZRvanelebis SerCevisas

did mniSvnelobas aniWeben pirad praqtikul gamocdile-

bas. magaliTad, Tu kompaniaSi ZiriTadi faseulobaa usa-

frTxoeba, misi mflobelebi eZeben iseT mTavar menejers

(topmenejers), romelsac aqvs gamocdileba usafrTxoebis

samsaxurebSi. roca oganizacia miiltvis kompaniebis mar-

Tvis dasavluri stilisaken, momavali topmenejeris re-

ziumeSi mniSvnelovania grafebi dasavluri kompaniebis

xelmZRvanelobis gamocdilebis Taobaze. amitom, xelmZ-

Rvanel Tanamdebobebze warmatebuli karieruli winsv-

lisaTvis aucilebelia awarmoebde Tavis faseulobaTa

mudmiv inventarizacias da Seusabamo igi organizacieb-

is mflobelebisa da zemdgomi xelmZRvanelobis faseu-

lobebs.

organizaciis faseulobebis mimarTebiT SeiZleba

warmoiSvas konfliqti. am SemTxvevaSi situacia SeiZleba

iyos mravalgvari. maT Soris erT-erTia, roca xelmZR-

vaneli xedavs Tavis sakuTar da TanamSromlebis faseu-

lobebSi Seusabamobas da Tavis sakuTars miiCnevs ufro

gamarTlebulad organizaciisaTvis. meore situaciaa, roca

kompaniis ganviTarebis procesSi faseulobebi icvleba da

mdidrdeba siaxlis xarjze. magaliTad, firmis saqmiano-

bis dawyebisas misi mTavari faseulobaa mogebis miReba,

xolo misi sabazro niSis moZiebis Semdeg kompania ufro

dainteresebulia stabilurobiT da aviTarebs mis Sesa-

bamis organizaciul kulturasa da korporaciul proce-

durebs. TiToeul xelmZRvanels unda axsovdes da Tavisi

saqmianobisas iTvaliswinebdes aqsiomas organizaciuli

fsiqologiidan imis Sesaxeb, rom nebismieri mSvidobi-

ani konfliqti aviTarebs organizacias, xolo misi ig-

norireba angrevs mas. faseulobaTa konfliqti SeiZleba

154


gadawydes an faseulobaTa gacvlis (daaxloebis) gziT,

an konfliqtis erT-erTi mxaris mier Tavis faseulobe-

bze uaris TqmiT. xelmZRvanelebsa da maT daqvemdebare-

bulebs Soris faseulobaTa konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi

wamyvani roli xelmZRvanelebs ukaviaT. saqme isaa, rom

xelmZRvaneli, rogorc wesi, gavlenas axdens daqvemde-

barebulebze, rac iwvevs am ukanasknelTa trasformacias.

TanamSromelTa Zlieri mxareebi: mizanswrafuloba, Semoq-

medebiToba, Jinianoba, Sromismoyvareoba da sxv. viTardeba

organizaciis menejerebis zemoqmedebiT. imyofebian ra

mudmiv kontaqtSi, organizaciis TanamSromlebi iTavise-

ben xelmZRvanelTa faseulobebs da aduRabeben mas Ta-

vianT fsiqikaSi. Tu es ase ar xdeba, maSin adgili aqvs

konfliqts, romelic SeiZleba damTavrdes TanamSrom-

lis gaTavisuflebiT. am procesSi xelmZRvanelis roli

pirvelxarisxovnia. TanamSromeli, romelic miiswrafvis

samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisaken, rogorc wesi, axdens Tav-

isi faseulobis Serwymas xelmZRvanelis Tvalsazrissa

da faseulobebTan. aseTi transfomacia pozitiurad an

negatiurad moqmedebs TanamSromlis fsiqikur an fizi-

kur janmrTelobaze. magaliTad, Tu TanamSromeli miCveu-

lia normirebul samuSo dRes, xolo misi xelmZRvanelis

qmedebebi iwvevs muSaobis dadgenili reJimis darRvevas,

maSin am TanamSromels realurad emuqreba janmrTelo-

bis Seryevis safrTxe, TavisTvis Cveuli Sromisa da das-

venebis reJimis darRveviT.

warmatebuli xelmZRvanelobisaTvis gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvaneli piris iseT liderul

Tvisebebs, rogoricaa: a) simtkice ganusazRvrelobis situ-

aciaSi; b) Seqmnili situaciis gagebisa da misi marTvis

Tavis Tavze aRebis unari. aseTi xelmZRvaneli swrafad

wvdeba saqmis arss intuiciiT da advilad Sedis xelmZ-

Rvanelis rolSi; g) Seupovroba dasaxuli amocanebis

Sesrulebisas; d) TanamSromlobis unari. am Tvisebis

mqoneebi taqtianebia, SeuZliaT adamianebTan urTierToba

nebismier doneze. pirovnebaTaSorisi kontaqtebis kargi

155


unaris wyalobiT, exerxebaT dafaron sxvebisadmi Tavi-

anTi mtroba da agresiuloba; e) iniciativianoba da en-

ergiuloba; v) Tavisi Tavis identifikacia saqmiT. isini

ar cdiloben Tavi warmoaCinon yovlisSemZleebad, maT ar

izidavs Zalaufleba rogorc aseTi, isini, upirveles yov-

lisa, dainteresebulebia miznis miRweviT; z) TanagrZnobis

unari. maT SeuZliaT uTanagrZnon adamianebs ise, rom am

ukanasknelebma Tavi ar igrZnon ususurebad; T) damoukide-

bloba da moqniloba; i) iumoris grZnoba. da pirovnuli

idealis miznobrioba. praqtikiT dadasturebuli, rom

ufro did warmatebas aRweven xelmZRvanelebi, romelTac

aqvT iumoris grZnoba. amasTan erTad, kargi xelmZRvaneli

unda iyos Tanmimdevruli da mudmivad cdilobdes, rom

misi sityva ar dascildes saqmes da Seesabamebodes mis

pirovnul ideals.

xelmZRvanelebze msjelobisas, sasurvelia, calke

iTqvas qalebze. saqme isaa, rom qalebi Tavisi bunebri-

vi (fsiqologiuri, fsiqikuri da sxv.) TvisebebiT gansx-

vavdebian mamakacebisagan, ramac ar SeiZleba gavlena ar

moaxdinos maTi Sromis (upirveles yovlisa, mmarTvelo-

biT Sromis) xasiaTze. isini, rogorc wesi, mamakacebze

ufro cudad adaptirdebian xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze

da aranormirebul samuSao dRes ver uTavseben saojaxo

zrunvas. garda amisa, qalebi, arc ise iSviaTad, nakleb-

mdgradebia, naklebdamoukidebelni da naklebiniciativi-

anebia. amasTan erTad, isini naklebgabedulebia, moikoWle-

ben siZneleTa gadalaxvisas, SedarebiT adre midian pensi-

aze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSirad profesiulad kargad

momzadebul qals uWirs moergos mamakacur modelze age-

bul marTvis stereotips (gansakuTrebiT e. w. mamakacuri

kulturis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi), romelsac

axlavs mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi Tvisebebi,

rogoricaa: simkacre, avtoritaruloba, simtkice. xelmZR-

vanel Tanamdebobaze muSaobis msurveli qali iZulebu-

lia daamsxvrios qcevis Zveli stereotipi da miiRos misi

156


bunebisaTvis sawinaaRmdego qcevis modeli, rasac praqti-

kulad adgili aqvs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvanelebis fsiqolo-

giur Sefasebasac, rasac, samwuxarod, xSirad yuradRebas

ar aqceven. es Secdomaa, ramdenadac, kompaniis mflo-

belebic da daqiravebuli xelmZRvanelebic Cveulebrivi

adamianebia, garkveuli sakuTari ambiciebiT. maTi piradi

interesebi yovelTvis ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. kompaniis

mflobelTa miznebi organizaciis daqiravebuli xelmZR-

vanelebisaTvis aris orientiri mxolod manmade, sanam igi

winaaRmdegobaSi ar mova mis pirad interesebTan (miznebT-

an). mis mier marTuli organizaciis warmateba misTvis

esaa ara TviTmizani, aramed sakuTari amocanebis gadaw-

yvetis saSualeba_ finansuris, socialuris (irgvlivmyo-

fTagan aRiareba, elitisadmi mikuTvneba), fsiqologiuris

(Zalauflebis mopoveba, adamianebze kontroli, procesebis

marTvis SesaZlebloba) da a. S. fsiqologebis dakvirvebis

mixedviT, arc ise iSviaTad, mesakuTrisa da daqiravebuli

xelmZRvanelis mosazrebebs Soris imdenad didi gansx-

vavebaa, rom SeuZlebelia maTi erTad muSaoba. am sakiTxSi

qarTuli da dasavluri midgomebi kardinalurad gansx-

vavebulia. dasavlur kompaniebSi TanamSromelTa mkacrad

reglamentirebuli Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebi maqsi-

malurad gamoricxavs pirovnul faqtors. sanam daiwyebd-

nen saWiro xelmZRvanelis (mmarTvelis) Zebnas, dasavluri

firmebi absoluturad mkafiod gansazRvravs: vin sWird-

eba maT, ratom da sad moZebnon igi, gansazRvraven misi

amocanebis Tvalsawiersa da pasuxismgeblobis zomebs da

zustad da detalurad SeaqvT igi masTan dadebul Sro-

miT xelSekrulebaSi (kontraqtSi). CvenTan mesakuTres

iSiaTad warmoudgenia Tavisi Tavi finansur invenstorad,

romelic mxolod Tvalyurs unda adevnebdes organizaci-

is saqmianobas da, ukiduresi aucileblobis garda, aravi-

Tar SemTxvevaSi ar unda Caerios xelmZRvanelis saqmi-

anobaSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mesakuTreebi xSirad

uxeSad erevian xelmZRvanelis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi

157


da, amdenad, irRveva erTmmarTvelobis principi. amiT ki, up-

irveles yovlisa, zaralobs organizacia (kompania, firma

da a.S.).

Tanamedrove xeelmZRvanelisadmi wayenebuli moTx-

ovnebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovania uflebamosilebaTa uflebamosilebaTa

delegirebis unaris floba.delegirebis unaris floba. am sakiTxze arsebobs ori

erTaneTisagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba. xelmZRvanelTa

erTi nawili ewinaaRmdegeba uflebamosilebaTa delegire-

bas da moqmedebs deviziT: “Tu ginda, rom raRac gakeTdes

kargad, gaakeTe igi TviTon~. aseTi mmarTvelebi iswrafvi-

an Caswvdnen yvela wvrilmans, zogjer TviTon asruleben

iseT samuSaoebs, romlebic unda Seasrulon daqvemdebare-

bulebma. xelmZRvanelTa nawilis aseT qcevas aqvs Rrma

fsiqologiuri mizezi. erT nawils aSinebs ar dakargos

kontroli organizaciaze da ar dazaraldes daqvemde-

barebulebTan misi urTierToba, meoreni amiT (momuSaveTa

saqmianobaSi CareviT) ikmayofileben TavianT Tavmoyvare-

obas, zogierTs ki momuSaveni warmodgenili hyavs rogorc

cxvris fara, romelsac ar SeuZlia nabijis gadadgma gamZ-

Rolis gareSe. aq Tavisebur rols TamaSobs e. w. “eSmaki~

TanamSromlebis manipulaciac, romlebic mzad arian Tavi-

anTi samuSao da pasuxismgebloba gadaakisron sxvebs, maT

Soris xelmZRvanelobas. amerikeli menejerebi aseT ada-

mianebs uwodeben “ufrosis kiserze Semjdar maimunebs~.

cxadia, uflebamosilebaze aseTi Sexeduleba Rrmad mc-

daria. kargi xelmZRvaneli ar ereva wvrilman saqmeebSi, igi

ZiriTadad ganixilavs organizaciis ganviTarebis strate-

giul mimarTulebebsa da gzebs, xolo marTvis sxvadasxva

funqcias anawilebs calkeul Semsruleblebs Soris da

axorcielebs controls maT saqmianobaze. SemTxveviTi

araa, rom mravali msxvili korporaciis “mmarTvelobiTi

personalis moqmedebis wesebSi~ aris aseTi Sinaarsis deb-

uleba: xelmZRvanels ar aqvs ufleba Seasrulos samuSao,

romlis Sesruleba SeuZlia misi daqvemdebarebulebi-

dan romelimes. xelmZRcaneli unda Semoifarglos saku-

Tari funqciebis SesrulebiT, ar unda daxarjos dro da

158


Zala daqvemdebarebulis funqciis Sesrulebaze, cxadia, im

gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa, romlebic dakavSirebulia ada-

mianebis cxovrebisa da janmrTelobis saSiSroebasTan.

axla mokled im problemebsa da naklovanebebze,

romlebsac adgili aqvs xelmZRvanelTa saqmianobaSi: 1. 1.

mesakuTreebTan damokidebuleba.mesakuTreebTan damokidebuleba. umaRlesi rgolis xe-

lmZRvaneli, socialur ierarqiaSi maRali mdgomareobisa

da didi ambiciebis miuxedavad, mainc rCeba daqiravebul

momuSaved. amitom, cxadia, igi unda iyos loialuri kom-

paniis mflobelebis mimarT, Tanac, nebismieri mdgomareo-

bisas, igi unda darCes maTi gundis wevrad. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, igi midis dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan an mas

uSveben. samwuxarod, bevri daqiravebuli xelmZRvaneli

iviwyebs am ubralo WeSmaritebas. amitomaa, rom dRes xe-

lmZRvanelebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa urTierToba

kompaniis mflobelebTan. arc ise iSviaTad, mesakuTreebsa

da maT mier daqiravebul mmarTvelebs Soris mimdinare-

obs “namdvili omi~ organizaciaSi liderobisaTvis da

Tanamdebobriv uflebamosilebaTa gadanawilebisaTvis.

mesakuTreebs eSiniaT ar dakargon biznesze gavlena nawi-

lobriv an mTlianad. daqiravebuli topmenejerebi ki, Tav-

is mxriv, ukmayofiloa maTdami wayenebuli moTxovnebiT,

maTi efeqturi xelmZRvanelobisaTvis arasakmarisi ufle-

bamosilebis gamo, mesakuTreTa mxridan maTi saqmianobis

araobieqturi SefasebisaTvis da a.S.

2. viwro profesionalizmis problema. 2. viwro profesionalizmis problema. menejmentSi

viwro profesionalizmi muSaobs Tanmdebobriv kibeze aR-

masvlis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. praqtikiT dadge-

nilia, rom marTviTi piramidis mwvervalTan miaxloebis

kvalobaze, aucilebeli viwrospecializebuli codnis

saWiro sidide mcirdeba. amitom, didi sawarmos direqto-

risaTvis an msxvili korporaciis prezidentisaTvis araa

aucilebeli warmoebis teqnologiis imdenad dawvrilebiT

codna, rogorc es moeTxoveba mTavar inJiners, miTumetes,

Tanamedrove teqnologiis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, es cod-

na TiTqmis mTlianad Zveldeba ramdenime welSi. Tumca,

159


mTavarma menejerma unda icodes: warmoebrivi procesebi

Seesabameba Tu ara msoflio standartebs, rogoria

teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi sawarmoebs So-

ris, romelia SedarebiT ufro pespeqtiuli saxeobis

produqcia da a. S. xelmZRvanelis karieris gansaRvrul

etapze icvleba marTvis vertikaluri kibis gageba. igi

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc gavlenis wris gafar-

Toeba. bevri umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis aRiarebiT, maT kar-

ierul zrdas axlda prioritetebis saintereso cvla.

pirvel etapze ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoboda sakuTari

profesionalizmis amaRlebas, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis

dagrovebas. samsaxurebriv kibeze dawinaurebis kvalobaze,

mTavari xdeba sul sxva sagnebi: ambiciebis zrda, maTi

dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba, urTierToba aqcionerebsa

da sawarmoTa mflobelebTan, “elitur sazogadoebaSi~

moxvedris SesaZlebloba. kariera iZens axal azrs_ara

ubralod “samsaxurebrivi moZraoba~ da meti fulis gamo-

muSaveba, aramed ufro xelsayrel kontraqtebze muSaoba,

“did TamaSSi~ monawileoba da sxv. roca saSualo rgo-

lis yofili menejeri ikavebs maRal Tanamdebobriv posts,

misTvis profesiuli codna da unari xdeba nakleb aq-

tualuri, vidre adamianebTan urTierTobis dalageba da

maTTvis yuradRebis mipyroba. zogierTs es ar esmis da

efloba viwro profesionalizmSi. isini movlenebs xedav-

en danawevrebulad da ara mTlianobaSi. gansakuTrebiT es

damaxasiaTebelia im organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebisaT-

vis, romlebmac karieruli zrda daiwyes iqve nulidan da

ganvles misi yvela etapi. aseTi kandidatura sawarmoTa

mflobelebisaTvis yovelTvis iTvleboda momgebianad,

radgan aseTma xelmZRvanelma dawvrilebiT icis viwro

adgilebi da Zveli problemebi. Tumca, arc ise usafuZv-

lod, zogierTi mkvlevarisa da gamocdili praqtikosis

mosazrebiT, aseTi xelmZRvaneli xSirad konservatoria,

ramdenadac Seguebulia organizaciaSi arsebul wess (igi

xom mis formirebaSi uSualod monawileobda) da arc ise

uyvars raime cvlilebebze, Tundac progresulze, wasvla.

160


amitom, isini Tvlian, rom umjobesia didi organizaciebis

umaRles xelmZRvanelad dainiSnos saTanado codniTa da

unar-CvevebiT aRWurvili garedan mowveuli piri, romel-

sac ukeT SeuZlia gansazRvros ganviTarebis axali gzebi,

tradiciebisa da organizaciaSi damkvidrebuli sqemisagan

yuradaRebis miuqcevlad. Tumca, garedan mowveuli piri

ejaxeba sxva problemebs. mas ar aqvs kolegebTan urTier-

Tobis istoria, naklebad an saerTod ar icnobs orga-

nizaciis problemebs da a. S. am sakiTxze Cveni mosazreba

aseTia: mocemul problemaze calmxrivad midgoma Sec-

domaa. organizaciis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis daniSvnisas,

mizanSewonilia e.w. “oqros Sualedis~ principiT moqmede-

ba, anu mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli rogorc pirveli, ase-

vee meore faqtori, yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisas arse-

buli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan, yvela

donis xeimZRvanelis SerCevis mTavari kriteriumi unda

iyos dasawinaurebeli piris individualuri da saqmiani

Tvisebebi; 3. araadekvaturi TviTSefaseba. 3. araadekvaturi TviTSefaseba. misi mizezebia:

Tavbrudaxveva warmatebebisagan, kritikulobis SegrZnebis

Semcireba, yovlisSemZleobis ganwyoba da sxv. araadekva-

turi TviTSefaseba vlindeba informaciis arasworad aR-

qmis SemTxvevaSiac. xelmZRvanelis mier Tavisi kompeten-

turobis TviTSefasebis uunaroba xelmZRvanels ubiZgebs

iseTi amocanebis Sesrulebaze SeWidebas, romlis Zala mas

ar Seswevs. TviTSefasebis araadekvaturobis problema, up-

irveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania umaRlesi rgolis xe-

lmZRvanelebisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc praqtikiTaa

dadgenili, obieqturi informaciis raodenoba, romelsac

xelmZRvaneli Rebulobs Tavisi pirovnebis Sesaxeb, dakave-

buli Tanamdebobis donis ukuproporciulia, anu rac

ufro didi Tanamdeboba ukavia adamians mmarTvelobiT

ierarqiaSi, miT ufro naklebia Tavis Tavze kritikuli

informacia. amis mizezi isaa, rom cotaa daqvemdebareb-

ulebidan iseTebi, romlebic gabedaven didi bosis gakri-

tikebas da misi yvela naklisa da gadacdomis gamomzeure-

bas. araadekvaturi Sefasebis mizezia, agreTve, organizaci-

161


is SigniT informaciuli barieris arseboba. amitomaa, rom

dasavleli menejerebi yovelmxriv cdiloben kompaniis

SigniT informaciuli barierebi moSalon da waaxalison

organizaciis TanamSromlebTan araformaluri damokide-

buleba. CvenSi ki Zveleburad cdiloben gaaridon daqvem-

debarebulebi TavianT xelmZRvanelebs kabinetebis misaRe-

bebiT, telefonebis grovaTi, mdivan-referentebiT, rom-

lebic yvelanairad arTuleben xelmZRvanelTan misasv-

lels. aseT SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gamoCndeba, rogorc

mas samarTlianad uwodeben, e. w. “tvinebis Jandarmi~. Cveu-

lebriv, esaa didi bosis favoriti_ misi uaxloesi moadg-

ile an referenti. igi nebayoflobiT icavs ufross nebi-

smieri informaciisagan, romelsac SeuZlia igi gaaRizia-

nos. “tvinebis Jandarmi~ cdilobs daicvas Tavisi lideri

praqtikulad yvelafrisagan, romelsac SeuZlia Searyios

misi rwmena Tavis “genialurobaSi~.sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, yovelgvari kritika, Tundac konstruqciuli,

iblokeba jer kidev xelmZRvanelTan mis misvlamde; 4. cx- 4. cx-

ovrebis axal moTxovnebze adekvaturi reagirebis uunar-ovrebis axal moTxovnebze adekvaturi reagirebis uunar-

oba. oba. rogorc cnobilia organizaciis cxovrebas, ise

rogorc adamianisas, SeiZleba axldes seriozuli kriz-

isebi, romelTa gadasaWrelad aucilebelia adekvaturi

gadawyvetilebebis miReba da maTi ganxorcieleba. xelmZ-

Rvanelma ar unda dauSvas organizaciis (firmis da a. S.)

im etapSi Sesvla, romelsac mosdevs misi bazridan wasvla

da likvidacia. amisaTvis ki, aucilebelia xelmZRvanels

gaaCndes cvlilebebTan adaptirebis unari da, aqedan

gamomdinare, moqnilad varirebdes xelmZRvanelobis

stils. es, samwuxarod, bevrs ar gamosdis. xSirad zogi-

erTi xelmZRvaneli ebRauWeba mmarTvelobis im erT stils,

romelic efeqturi iyo gasul periodSi, magram ar pa-

suxobs intensiuri zrdisa da miRweuli poziciebis Se-

narCunebis sadReiso moTxovnebs. amis Sedegad firma kar-

gavs konkuretunarianobas. msoflio praqtikaSi bevria

magaliTi, roca zemoaRniSnuli mizeziT, araerTi saxel-

ganTqmuli xelmZRvaneli aRmoCenila gakotrebulTa

162


rigebSi da wasula dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan. magali-

Tad, jon akersi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iTvleboda

kompiuteruli teqnologiis flagmanad da hqonda naTeli

da warmatebuli kariera. miuxedavad amisa, 1993 wels gaTa-

visuflda udidesi korporaciis xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebo-

bidan, radgan ver gaumklavda XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi

kompiuteruli mrewvelobis swraf teqnologiur cvlile-

bebs. SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tanamedrve dasavlur biznesSi

iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom mTavari menejeri 5 welze meti

vadiT gaaCeron Tavis “kresloSi~. es ki korporaciebs

(kompaniebs da a.S.) saSualebas aZlevs iyvnen dinamikurebi,

adekvaturad reagirebdnen garemos swraf cvlilebebze. 5. 5.

karieruli zrdis avadmyofoba anu “mmarTvelobiTi narko-karieruli zrdis avadmyofoba anu “mmarTvelobiTi narko-

mania~mania~. arian xelmZRvanelebi, romelTa cxovrebiseuli

stilia_”xelmZRvaneloba xelmZRvanelobisaTvis~. maT

mxridan karieruli zrdis avadmyofoba gamoixateba admin-

istrirebis metismet gazrdaSi, Tavisi ZalauflebiT gata-

cebaSi. dasawyisSi aseTi xelmZRvaneli gamoiyureba

rogorc keTili da mSvidobiani. kompania neli tempiT vi-

Tardeba, xolo “didi xelmZRvanelis~ zogierT ucnau-

robaze cota vinme amaxvilebs yuradRebas. rogorc nebis-

mier narkomans sWirdeba “dozis~ mudmivi gadideba, aseve

“mmarTvelobiTi narkomani~cdilobs fokusirdes Tavis

pirad ambiciebsa da fsiqologiur kompleqsebze da ara

saqmis interesebze. igi iswrafvis daqvemdebarebulebisa

da titulebis raodenobis gazrdisaken da ara kompaniis

warmatebuli muSaobisaken. Rrmad sZuls da arafrad

agdebs maT, vinc mis socialur kibeze dgas. gansakuTrebul

klinikur SemTxvevebSi, mudmivi survili aqvs sajarod

daamciros da daCagros Tavisi daqvemdebarebulebi. amas-

Tan, ganicdis met zizRsa da miswrafebas im msxverpli-

sadmi, romelic yvelaze ufro sustad da ususurad gamoi-

yureba. romeliRac momentSi “mmarTvelobiTi narkomani~

mTlianad kargavs kontaqts realobasTan. misi saqmianobis

efeqtianoba miiswrafvis absoluturi nulisaken. xedaven

ra amas, daqvemdebarebulebi SvebiT amoisunTqaven: “dideba

163


RmerTs! ukve bevri ar darCa~. sabolood, aseTi xelmZR-

vaneli da guSindeli “varskvlavi~ momentalurad ecema

Tanamdebobrivi olimpidan. eqsxelmZRvaneli iqceva leg-

endebisa da anekdotebis odiozur personaJad. daqvemde-

barebul pirebze ukiduresad negatiur zemoqmedebas

axdens paTologiuri xasiaTis mqone an fsiqopati xelmZ-

Rvaneli. aseTi mmarTveli iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba

rogorc biznesSi, aseve adamianuri saqmianobis sxva sfer-

oebSi. istoriam icis araerTi magaliTi, roca fsiqopati

xelmZRvaneli ara marto fizikur Seuracyofas ayenebs

Tavis daqvemdebarebulebs, aramed fizikurad icilebs maT,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeba sakuTrebis an

Zalauflebis SenarCunebas; 6. fsiqologiur- profesion- 6. fsiqologiur- profesion-

aluri gadawva.aluri gadawva. maRali rgolis xelmZRvanelTa muSaoba,

rogorc wesi, mimdinareobs eqstremalurTan miaxloebul

pirobebSi, rac gamowveulia maRali pasuxismgeblobiT,

mudmivi stresebiT, didi fsiqologiuri datvirTviT da

sxv. amas axlavs mravalricxovani piradi kontaqti, zogjer

maTTvis arasasiamovno adamianebTan _ Zlieri grZnobebiT

da agresiiT, undoblobiTa da SuriT. yovelive amis Sed-

egad, xelmZRvanelTa erT niwilSi adre Tu gvian Cndeba

fsiqologiur-profesionaluri gadawvis niSnebi, sxva si-

tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, fsiqologiuri dezorientacia gare

da Siga faqtorebis mudmivi zewolis gamo. igi gamoix-

ateba mudmiv agresiulobaSi, adamianebisa da situaciebis

SegrZnebaTa araadekvaturobaSi, daRlilobasa da saqmi-

anobisadmi interesis dakargvaSi. aseTi mmarTvelebi, rom-

lebsac jer kidev ar amouwuravT TavianTi profesiuli

zrdis potenciali, iwyeben Tavisi Tavis Zebnas sruliad

sxva adgilze. maT sul ufro xSirad mosdiT azri_dato-

von Tanamdeboba da ipovon iseTi samuSao, romelic iqneba

ufro wynari da naklebsapasuxismgeblo. formalurad

isini agrZeleben yvela TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebas,

magram es saqmiani aqtiurobis mxolod iluziaa. fsiqolog-

Ta mosazrebiT, aseT xelmZRvanelebs fsiqologiur-profe-

siuli gadawvis simptomebi uCndebaT intensiuri mmarT-

164


velobiTi saqmianobis meeqvse-meSvide wels. zemoaRniSnu-

li movlenidan Tavis daRweva arc ise iolia. special-

istebis, upirveles yovlisa, fsiqologebis mier SemoTava-

zebulia rigi rekomendacia fsiqologiur-profesion-

aluri gadawvidan Tavis dasaRwevad. maT Sorisaa: kon-

sultaciebi fsiqologTan an fsiqoTerapevtTan, xangrZli-

vi Svebulebis aReba, dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan droebiT

wasvla da sxv. Tu yovelive aman ar moitana sasurveli

Sedegi, maSin gardauvalia dakavebuli Tanamdebobis da-

toveba da sul sxva, ufro “wynari~ samuSaos Zieba.

What a Modern Manager should be likeWhat a Modern Manager should be like

N. PaichadzeN. Paichadze

The article discusses the characteristics of a modern manager and the required skills, criteria and the factors infl uencing the effectiveness of their activities. The article highlights the problems that might occur in the managers’ activities, such as: relationship with the owners, narrow profes-sionalism, inadequate self-assessment, lack of the skills to adequately react to new requirements of life, illness of career advancement or “managerial addiction”, psychological and professional burnout.D

165


konfliqtis regulirebis humanuri konfliqtis regulirebis humanuri meTodebimeTodebi

nino faresaSvili nino faresaSvili

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

iv.javaxiSvilis, Tsu-is asistent-profesori, iv.javaxiSvilis, Tsu-is asistent-profesori,

maia nikvaSvili maia nikvaSvili

profesoris asistenti profesoris asistenti

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi konfliqtologiis

Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba gaizarda.

garkveulwilad, es dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi mimdi-

nare socialur-ekonomikur reformebTan, sabazro

urTierTobebis Camoyalibebasa da, kerZod, ekonomikuri

partniorebis urTierTkavSiris garTulebasTan,

mewarmeTa da, saerTod, meurne subieqtebis interesebis

SejaxebasTan, mwarmoeblebsa da saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis momxmareblebs Soris sxvadasxva

wina aR mdegobaTa gamwvavebasTan; sikeTeebis

ganawilebasa da moxmarebaSi, moqalaqeTa socialuri

garantiebis, uflebebisa da movaleobebis dacvaSi

daubalanseblobasTan. ekonomikisa da socialuri

sferos krizisuli mdgomareoba, sazogadoebaSi

zneobrivi moTxovnebis daqveiTeba, qveyanaSi socialuri

daZabulobis zrda aisaxeba konfliqtebis problemebis

da maTi regulirebis praqtikuli gzebis Ziebis

interesze.

sazogadoeba mudmivad ganviTarebaSia, romlis

erT-erTi saSualebac konfliqtia. es procesi

ramdenime etapisgan Sedgeba. sinergetika xels uwyobs

sworxazovani azrovnebis daZlevas. dRes sul ufro

cxadi xdeba is faqti, rom rTulad organizebul

sistemebs Tavs ver moaxvev ganviTarebis gzebs. aqedan

gamomdinare, konfliqtebis marTvaSi uari unda iTqvas

166

nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvilinino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili

mkacri Zalismieri zemoqmedebis prioritetze, saWiroa

sazogadoebriv, jgufur, pirad interesebze gavlenis

ufro moqnil formebze gadasvla. konfliqtis marTvis

ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa is, rom stimuli mieces

socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas im mimarTulebiT,

romelic Seesabameba moZraobis obieqtur logikas da

mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs misi SemecnebiTi, analitikuri,

mizanganmsazRvreli funqciebis rols.

sazogadoeba da misi struqturuli elementebi

warmoadgens rTul sistemebs, romelTac gaaCniaT

aramdgradobis, mravalferovnebis, ganviTarebis

araTanabarzomierebis, arasworxazovnebis (SesasvlelSi

umniSvnelo signalma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sagrZnobi

signali gasasvlelSi), temporalurobis (drois mimarT

mimdinareobaze gazrdili mgrZnobeloba) Tvisebebi.

amitomac konfliqtologiaSi centraluri adgili

unda ekavos procesebis, gansakuTrebiT arawrfivi

ukukavSiris kvlevas. socialuri konfliqtebis marTva

naklebad efeqturia, Tu agebulia zogadsistemuri

Tvisebebis gauTvaliswineblad mTlianis nawilebad

daSlaze.

sinergetikam mogvca imis gacnobierebis

SesaZlebloba, rom rTul sistemebs, rogorc wesi,

gaaCniaT ganviTarebis ramdenime alternatiuli gza, e.i

ar arsebobs mkacri winaswarganzraxuloba. garda amisa,

man mogvca saSualeba axleburad Segvexeda droisaTvis.

amJamad sul ufro meti adamiani acnobierebs, rom

sistemis amJamindeli mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba ara

mxolod warsuliT, misi istoriiT, aramed igeba da

yalibdeba momavlisgan, momavali msoflio wesrigis

Sesabamisad.

amitomac, SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom

konfliqtebis marTvaSi aqtiurad muSavdeba

mimarTuleba, romelic dakavSirebulia strategiuli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da realizaciis meqanizmebis

dasabuTebasTan, Tanac axal meTodologiur bazaze.

167


axali meTodologiuri midgomis arsia is, rom ara

imdenad Zala, ramdenadac mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis

sworad arCeuli konfiguracia gansazRvravs mis

Sedegianobas ama Tu im konfliqtis regulirebis

procesSi. konfliqtSi Zalze efeqtiania rezonansuli

zemoqmedeba.

amrigad, winarekonfliqturi situacia xasiaTdeba

imiT, rom igi qmnis konfliqtis realur SesaZleblobas,

magram igi SeiZleba gadawyvetil iqnes `mSvidobiani,~

arakonfliqturi gziT, Tu misi warmomqmneli

pirobebi gaqreba TavisTavad, an `moixsneba~ situaciis

winarekonfliqturad aRqmis Sedegad.

Sigapirovnuli konfliqti organizaciaSi xSirad

rCeba yuradRebis miRma. bevri xelmZRvaneli miiCnevs,

rom samsaxuri araa is adgili, sadac adamiani SeiZleba

movides problemebiT da sadac is SeZlebs misgan

Tavis daRwevas. amasTanave, aseTi xelmZRvanelebi

ar iTvaliswineben, rom Sigapirovnuli konfliqti

mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs TanamSromelTa saqmianobis

Sedegebze. ufro metic, maT ar esmiT, rom organizaciis

TanamSromelTa Sigapirovnuli konfliqtebis mizezebi

ukavSirdeba organizaciis SigniT maT saqmian da

pirovnebaTSoris komunikacias. rac Seexeba Tavad

Sigapirovnul konfliqtebis problemas, is ukavSirdeba

adamianis amoucnob Sinagan samyaros. aqedan gamomdinare,

igi warmogvidgeba sakmaod rTuli saxiT, romlis

gansxvavebuli aspeqtebi aisaxeba mraval fsiqologiur

koncefciasa da TeoriaSi.

nebismieri socialuri sistemis ganviTarebis

procesSi, Zvelisa da axlis urTierTobisas, xSirad

vlindeba winaaRmdegoba socialuri subieqtebis

urTierTqmedebebSi, e.w. inovaciuri konfliqtis

saxiT. inovaciaSi vgulisxmobT socialur sistemaSi

mimdinare procesebis mTeli an calkeuli elementebis

axal saSualebebs, struqturas an teqnologiebs, rasac

mis funqcionirebaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi Seaqvs.

168


sabolood, nebismieri siaxle arRvevs arsebul ritms,

pirobebs, algoriTmebs da a.S.

organizaciaSi subieqtebi, romlebsac SeiZleba

SeexoT inovaciebi, mravalgvaria. es SeiZleba iyos

pirovneba, mcire socialuri jgufi, struqturuli

danayofi, da a.S. amitom, yvelaze inovaciuri konfliqti

organizaciaSi SeiZleba iyos Sigapirovnuli,

pirovnebaTSorisi da jgufuri.

problemuri situaciis araadekvatur aRqmas

SeiZleba orgvari Sedegi mohyves:

man SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Ria konfliqtis war-moqmnis Sekavebas. es maSin xdeba, roca problemuri

situaciis safrTxe jerovnad ar fasdeba, knindeba;

man SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos aSkara konfliqtis Setevis forsirebas, mis xelovnur `gaCaRebas~. es maSin

xdeba, roca winaaRmdegobaTa safrTxe winaekonfliq-

turi situaciis stadiaze gadaWarbebulia.

mniSvelovania aseve im kanonzomierebis xazgasma,

rom potenciuri konfliqtis oponenti SeiZleba

dainteresebuli iyos winaaRmdegobebis, winakonfliqtur

situaciaSi warmoqmnili faqtorebis safrTxis

araadekvaturi SefasebiTa da aRqmiT da, aqedan

gamomdinare, Segnebulad SecdomaSi SehyavT momavali

konfliqtis sxva monawileebi. potenciuri konfliqtis

mowinaaRmdegis am dezinformaciis, dezorientaciis

miznebi winakonfliqturi situaciis safrTxis

Sefasebisas SeiZleba aseve orgvari iyos: 1) is SeiZleba

mimarTuli iyos an momavali dapirispirebis Sekavebaze,

an 2)dapirispirebis forsirebisTvis konfliqtis erT-

erTi oponentis provocirebaze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,

winarekonfliqturi situaciis winaaRmdegobaTa

safrTxe, Segnebulad knindeba, meoreSi ki -diddeba. magram,

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, winarekonflqituri situaciis

Segnebulad mcdari Sefaseba gamoiyeneba erT-erTi

mxaris mier mxolod sakuTari interesebisaTvis.

169


Ria konfliqtis stadiaze aseve cxadi xdeba, rom

arc erT mxares ar surs daTmobaze an kompromisze

wasvla. piriqiT, dominirebs daprispirebis ganawesi

sakuTari interesebis dasamtkiceblad. amasTan,

jgufebSi obieqtur winaaRmdegobebs xSirad erTvis

pirovnebaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi, rac amZafrebs

situacias. aseTia konfliqtis ganviTarebis

SeuCerebeli procesis zogadi logika. Tumca, am

procesSic SeiZleba gamoiyos Siga etapebi, romlebic

xasiaTdeba daZabulobis gansxvavebuli xarisxiT, rac

konfliqtologiaSi aRniSnulia terminebiT: incidenti,

eskalacia, konfliqtis dasasruli.

postkonfliqturi etapi, roca likvidirebulia

daZabuloba da sabolood normalizdeba urTierTobebi

mxareebs Soris, upiratesoba eniWeba TanamSromlobasa

da ndobas. amasTan, aucilebelia erTi principuli

momentis daTqma, romlis arsia is, rom konfliqtis

dasasruls yovelTvis rodi mosdevs mSvidoba da

Tanxmoba. xSirad isec xdeba, rom erTi konfliqtis

dasruleba biZgs aZlevs sxva warmoebul konfliqts

adamianTa cxovelqmedebis sruliad sxva sferoebSi.

konfliqtebs SeiZleba hqondes racionaluri da

emociuri buneba. aqedan gamomdinare, konfliqtebis

gadawyvetis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos: mizanmimarTuli

zemoqmedeba mizezebsa da misi warmoqmnis pirobebze;

metoqeTa ganawesebisa da faseulobiTi orientaciis

Secvla.

konfliqtis gadawyvetis es xerxebi realizdeba

organizaciuli, sociokulturuli, socialur-

fsiqologiuri da sxva mniSvnelovani paradigmebiT.

konfrontacia – mmarTvelobiTi konfliqtebis

kidev ufro Rrma formaa, romelic xasiaTdeba

mkacri konkurenciiT, marTvis subieqtebis karierul

miswrafebebze ukiruresi zomebisa da meTodebis

gamoyenebiT: jgufuri protestebi, metoqis

ganTavisufleba samsaxuridan da a.S. sxvagvarad rom

170

vTqvaT, konfrontacia marTvis konfliqtis yvelaze

mZafri formaa, romelsac arsebuli marTvis sistema

likvidaciamde mihyavs.

marTvis sferoSi konfliqtebis gadawyvetis

uSualo subieqtebi xelmZRvanelebia. mTavari

roli am procesSi miekuTvneba im qveganyofilebis

xelmZRvanels, romelSic warmoiqmna konfliqti, anda

maRali rangis menejers. konfliqtebis marTvis

regulirebisa da gafrTxilebis mizniT, mniSvnelovania

nebismieri rangis mmarTvelma moagvaros ukukavSiri

marTvis yvela obieqtTan. es, pirveli aucilebeli

pirobaa konfliqtebis Tavidan aridebis da marTvis

qmedebebisTvis. meore pirobas warmoadgens marTvis

stilis, formebis, meTodebis, saSualebebis mudmivi

koreqcia, konkretuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

xelmZRvaneli unda flobdes daqvemdebarebulebze

zemoqmedebis gansxvavebul formebs:

• pirdapiri zemoqmedeba: brZaneba, direqtiva,

miTiTeba, davaleba; • zemoqmedeba motivebiT:

moTxovnilebaTa da interesebis stimulireba sasurveli

moqmedebis miRwevis mizniT;

• faseulobaTa sistemiT moqmedeba: ganaTleba,

aRzrda, informacia;

• socialur garemoze zemoqmedeba: organizaciaSi

samuSao pirobebis, statusis, urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis

cvlileba da sxv.

konfliqtebis gadawyvetis socialur-fsiqo-

logiuri paradigmis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad,

maregulirebeli zemoqmedebis obieqtia konfliqtis

monawileebis fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, motivacia,

aseve pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis xasiaTi da

Sinaarsi.

sruliad sxvagvari xasiaTsaa konfliqtis

regulirebis humanuri meTodebi. igi emsaxureba ara

mxolod konfliqturi situaciebis gadawyvetis miznebs,

aramed SeiZleba asrulebdes profilaqtikur rolsac,

Tavidan iridebdes konfliqtebs, gansakuTrebiT –


171


destruqciuls.

konfliqtis regulirebis humanuri meTodebi

SeiZleba davyoT oTx jgufad:

1. zogadi xasiaTis rekomendaciebi, romlebic

ganekuTvneba ara mxolod konfliqtur urTierTqmedebebs,

aramed adamianTa nebismier urTierTobas. maT ricxvs

ganekuTvneba iseTi wesebi, rogoricaa: mudmivi

yuradReba mosaubrisadmi, misi moTminebiT mosmenis

unari; keTilmosurne, megobruli, pativiscemiT mopyroba

misdami; saubris tempis, ritmis erTgvari Seneleba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom mosaubre zedmetad

aRelvebulia; partnioris TanagrZnoba, evTanazia;

@2. meTodebis bloki, romelic gamoiyeneba

konfliqturi situaciebis mogvarebis mizniT saubris,

molaparakebebis sawyis, sityvieramdel fazaze. am

fazaze Tanamosaubres, saubarSi Caurevlad, unda mieces

SesaZlebloba bolomde gamoTqvas Tavisi azri, rogorc

ityvian, ̀ gamouSvas orTqli~; mimikiT, JestebiT mianiSnoT,

rom gesmiT partnioris mdgomareoba;

3. ZiriTadi rekomendaciebi saubris an

molaparakebebis meore, ZiriTad fazaze SeiZleba iyos

Semdegi: saWiroa, Tundac mokle xniT, gadavitanoT

mosaubris yuradReba konfliqtis sagnidan sxva Temaze,

mivceT mas mcireodeni Sveba emociuri daZabulobis

Semdeg; CamovjdeT, magram sasurvelia ara pirispir,

radgan fsiqologebi miiCneven, rom es aZlierebs

konfrontacias, aramed gverdiT, daaxloebiT naxevar

metrSi; mxolod aseTi winaswari qceviTi aqciebis

Semdeg unda SevudgeT konfliqtis gamomwvevi problemis

ganxilvas; amasTan, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasargebloa

sakuTari danaSaulis aRiareba dapirispirebis

warmoqmnaSi; saWiroa Tanamosaubris simarTlis aRiareba

im punqtebSi, romlebSic igi marTalia;

ganxilvis procesSi mniSvnelovania mxareTa

interesebSi erTianobis xazgasma da ara mxolod

gansxvavebebze apelireba; aranakleb mniSvnelovania

172

yuradRebis miqceva Tanamosaubris saukeTeso Tvisebebze,

rac daexmareba mas Tavisi mRelvarebis daZlevasa

da arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavlis

moZebnaSi; da, ra Tqma unda, umjobesia uTanxmoebis

gamomwvevi sakiTxi maSinaTve an umokles vadaSi

gadawydes, radgan dayovneba, rogorc wesi, mxolod

amZimebs situacias.

universaluri xasiaTis rekomendaciebi, rac qmnis

specialuri, operatiuli xerxebis bloks, SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnes rTul konfliqtur situaciebSi.

es gulsxmobs susti adgilebis gaTvaliswinebas

Tanamosaubris poziciaSi, aseve, mis pirovnul sust

wertilebs. rig SemTxvevaSi, unda vaCvenoT Tanamosaubres,

rom mis mier zedmetad xazgasmuli Tavaziani toni

sakmaod mkvaxea; zogjer saWiroa partnioris misamarTiT

ufro Zlieri agresiis gamovlena, vidre mis mier

demonstrirebuli agresiaa; SeiZleba Tanamosaubris

saqmis kursSi Cayeneba konfliqturi situaciis im

negatiuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleba man piradad

iwvnios an kidev misi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebam

SeiZleba negatiuri Sedegebi moutanos im adamianebs,

visi mosazrebebic misTvis mniSvnelovania.

konfliqtis mogvarebis ZiriTadi saSualebebia:

ganawesebis Secvla jgufis wevrebTan mimarTebiT. ganawesebis Secvla jgufis wevrebTan mimarTebiT.

es xerxi aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, emociuri

konfliqtebis gadaWrisas, roca mTeli yuradReba

gadatanilia metoqeTa pirovnebebze. amitomac,

sasargebloa TanamSromlobis atmosferos Seqmna,

romelic moqiSpe jgufebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs

erToblivi saqmianobis msvlelobisas Seafason

metoqeebi rogorc partniorebi. konfliqtis aseTnairad

mogvarebisas SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi stereotipebis

koreqciis, miznebis, prioritetebis cvlilebis

meTodebis gamoyeneba.


173

aseve, mniSvnelovania socialuri samsaxuris socialuri samsaxuris

wevrTa motivaciis Secvla.wevrTa motivaciis Secvla. imdenad, ramdenadac

motivacia SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc Zala,

romelic ubiZgebs moqmedebisken, xolo konfliqtis dros

motivacia mimarTulia konfliqtur urTierTqmedebaTa

gaaqtiurebisken. cxadia, konfliqtur urTierTqmedebaTa

intensivobis marTvisaTvis saWiroa motivaciis Sesusteba

metoqis mimarT winaaRmdegobaze. es SeiZleba miRweul

iqnes konfliqtis araracionalurobis demonstraciis,

misi gamanadgurebeli Sedegebis, ukonfliqto muSaobis

mimzidvelobis gziT. igive efeqtis miRweva SeiZleba

konfliqtis monawileTa motivaciiT saqmianobis

ZiriTadi saxeobebisadmi. socialuri muSaobisadmi

Zlieri motivaciis gaCena iwvevs socialuri samsaxuris

wevrTa ganridebas konfliqtSi monawileobisgan.

araformaluri liderebis Semoyvana araformaluri liderebis Semoyvana _ konfliqtebis

mogvarebis yvelaze Zveli da aprobirebuli

meTodia. rogorc cnobilia, araformalur liderebs

SeuZliaT ara mxolod konfliqtebis organizeba,

misi monawileebis saqmianobis warmarTva, aramed

konfliqtis emociuri atmosferos Seqmna (mxars uWeren

siZulvils, brZolis ganawesebs). amasTan dakavSirebiT,

axali lideris mosvlam SeiZleba kardinalurad

Secvalos urTierTdamokidebulebebi konfliqtis

monawileebs Soris. konfliqtis mogvarebis am xerxis

ZiriTadi siZnele isaa, rom axali lideri unda miiRon

socialuri samsaxuris koleqtivSi, moisminon misi

rCevebi, daemorCilon mis gadawyvetilebebs mwvave

konfliqtis pirobebSi.

sasurvelia emociuri atmosferos Seqmna.sasurvelia emociuri atmosferos Seqmna.

konfliqtis mizezebis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia

saerTo ukmayofilebasTan, daukmayofileblobasTan,

siZulvilTan, rac mimarTulia socialuri samsaxuris


174

yvela sxva wevrze. amitomac, konfliqtis intensivobis

daqveiTebis erT-erTi xerxia sasurveli emociuri

atmosferos Seqmna, romelic moicavs konfliqtis

yvela monawiles. amasTan, mcirdeba konfliqturi

urTierTqmedebebis intensivoba.

socialurisocialuri samsaxuris wevrebis qcevaze samsaxuris wevrebis qcevaze

manipulaciuri zemoqmedeba.manipulaciuri zemoqmedeba. qcevis marTvis Tanamedrove

saSualebebi dakavSirebulia konfliqtis monawileTa

Segnebaze manipulirebiT, roca marTvis safuZveli

konfliqtis monawileebis qvecnobierze zemoqmedebaa,

rac xorcieldeba fsiqologiuri barierebis gverdis

avliT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva komunikaciuri

arxi, risi meSveobiTac gadaicema specialurad

momzadebuli Setyobinebebi. SetyobinebaTa momzadebaSi

aucileblad unda monawileobdnen profesionali

fsiqologebi, romelTac ZaluZT konfliqtis monawileTa

qvecnobierze zemoqmedeba maTi reprezentaciuli

sistemebis meSveobiT.

Humane Methods of Confl ict Regulation

N. ParesashviliN. Paresashvili M. NikvashviliM. Nikvashvili

The article discusses confl ict regulation mechanisms, mainly humane methods of confl ict resolution. They not only focus on resolving confl icts, they may also have preventive function – to prevent confl icts, especially destructive ones.

Therefore, the authors think that in confl ict regulation it’s necessary to say no to the priorities like strict forceful measures. It is necessary to transfer to more fl exible forms of infl uence on public, collective and personal interests. The main function of confl ict management is to stimulate development of socio-economic development in the direction corresponding to objective logic of movement and signifi cantly increases the role of its cognitive, analytical and aim-defi ning functions.


175


manana lobJaniZemanana lobJaniZe


asistent-profesori,asistent-profesori,

fakultetis samecniero kvlevebisa da fakultetis samecniero kvlevebisa da

ganviTarebis samsaxuris ufrosiganviTarebis samsaxuris ufrosi

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ltolva zogadad

ganaTlebis, kerZod ki, umaRlesi ganaTlebisaken

tradiciulad maRalia da rig SemTxvevaSi racionalurobis

sazRvrebsac ki scildeba. Tumca, am process safuZvlad

sruliad obieqturi garemoeba udevs. saqarTveloSi

sazogadoeba kvlav socialur statuszea orientirebuli,

rac imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli statusi arsebiTad

gansazRvravs pirovnebisadmi damokidebulebas, pirovnebisa

da ojaxis materialur keTildReobas1.

saqarTvelos dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare,

axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri

problemaa. cxovrebis donis daqveiTebasTan erTad

ufasurdeba adamianuri kapitali, romelic saxelmwifos

an ojaxis mier aris investirebuli. axalgazrda adamiani

moralurad travmirebulia, sazogadoeba ki kargavs im

ekonomikur dovlaTs, risi miRebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda

maTi SromiTi potencialis efeqtiani gamoyenebiT.

axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba gansakuTrebul daxmarebasa

da xelSewyobas moiTxovs. isini mosaxleobis sxva socialur-

demografiuli jgufebisagan gamoirCevian janmrTelobiT,

ganaTlebis doniT, profesiuli momzadebiT, mobilurobiT,

samuSaosadmi wayenebuli maRali moTxovnebiT da a.S.

yovelive es gansazRvravs maT qcevas Sromis bazarze.

axalgazrdebi damoukideblebi arian da

1 c. anTaZe, socialuri riskebi Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi,

Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 11.

saswavlo migraciis tendenciebi da saswavlo migraciis tendenciebi da

kanonzomirebebi globalizaciis pirobebSikanonzomirebebi globalizaciis pirobebSi

176


gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSic Seicvala prioritetebi.

ojaxuri tradicia naklebad ganmsazRvreli gaxda da isini

did mniSvnelobas aniWeben karieris Seqmnis perspeqtivas

da Sromis maRal anazRaurebas.

axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis nebismieri aspeqtiT Ses-

wavlisas aucilebelia ekonomikuri, socialuri da de-

mografiuli maxasiaTeblebis urTierTkavSirSi ganxilva,

ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis saxelmwifo regu-

lirebis politikis gaTvaliswineba.

Sromis bazris mkvlevarebi, dasaqmebis samsaxure-

bis eqspertebi, profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebi erTmniS-

vnelovnad aRniSnaven, rom problemis gadasaWrelad mniS-

vnelovania axalgazrdebis swori profesiuli orientacia

da kadrebis momzadeba, reformebi ganaTlebis sferoSi.

swored ganaTlebis reformis Sedegia saxelmwifo

politikis gaaqtiureba, profesiuli saganmanaTleblo pro-

gramebis danergva. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecniere-

bis saministros erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa

profesiuli kolejebis popularizeba da gaZliereba. am

mxriv araerTi RonisZieba gatarda, kanonSi Sevida cvlile-

ba, kolejebis umetesoba reabilitirebulia. saerTaSori-

so donorebis mxardaWeriT Seiqmna Tanamedrove saxelmZR-

vaneloebi, profesiuli kolejebi aRiWurva Tanamedrove

danadgarebiT. reformis farglebSi daigegma profesiuli

kolejis maswavleblebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba da ga-

damzadeba.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam profesiuli ganaTlebis re-

formis miznad daisaxa Sromis bazris moTxovnebze orien-

tirebuli axali profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmna,

romelic gavlenas iqoniebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTare-

baze, Tavsebadi iqneba saerTo evropul da saerTaSoriso

saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan da xels Seuwyobs pirovnebis

TviTrealizacias. profesiuli ganaTlebis strategiis sa-

moqmedo gegmis safuZvelze momzadda evrokavSiris ,,profe-

siuli ganaTlebis seqtoris mxardaWeris programa.”1

axalgazrdobis dasaqmebis xelSewyobis centrebis

1 www.mes.gov.ge

177


saqmianoba fasdeba maTze dakisrebuli funqciebis Sesru-

lebis xarisxiT, rac gamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa, stu-

dentTa da kursdamTavrebulTa SromiT mowyobaSi (staJi-

reba da profesiuli praqtika, droebiTi dasaqmeba swavlis

periodSi, SromiTi mowyoba saswavleblis damTavrebis Sem-

deg), aseve strategiuli amocanebis sworad gansazRvrasa

da gadawyvetaSi. am amocanebidan umTavresia saswavlo

programebis aqtualurobisa da Taviseburebebis gamovlena,

misi Sesabamisoba analogiuri profilis ucxoeTis wamyvani

umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebTan, sakuTari specifi-

kis, upiratesobebis dasabuTeba da Tavisi segmentis gamo-

kveTa rogorc saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis, aseve Sromis

bazarze.

dasaqmebis xelSewyobis centrebis efeqtiani saqmi-

anobisaTvis mniSvnelovania monacemTa bazebis arseboba va-

kansiebis Sesaxeb, proforientaciuli samuSaoebis Catareba

studentebTan, samecniero samuSaoebis koordinacia Sromi-

Ti mowyobis xelSewyobis mizniT, informirebuloba Sromis

bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rekomendaciebis

SemuSaveba saswavlo programebSi koreqtivebis Setana da

specialobebis profilis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT specia-

listebze moTxovnis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saxelmwifos keTildReoba arsebiTad damokidebulia

maRali pasuxismgeblobis mqone ganaTlebul adamianebze,

romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT sakuTari profesiuli saq-

mianobis mniSvneloba qveynisaTvis.

marTalia, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi SeuZlebe-

lia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis profe-

siul-kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis sruli Sesabamisobis

miRweva ekonomikis mudmivad cvalebad moTxovnebTan, magram

miRebuli ganaTleba SromiTi mowyobisa da srulfasovani

cxovrebis garantias unda iZleodes.

im qveynisaTvis, saidanac xdeba axalgazrdobis mobi-

loba, yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli is aris, rom ucxoeTSi midi-

an yvelaze momzadebuli,

ganaTlebuli da Sromismoyvare axalgazrdebi. Mmi-

graciuli ganwyoba swored elitur student-axalgazrdo-

178

baSi SeimCneva. maTi akademiuri moswreba da profesiuli

momzadeba maRali maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeva.

umaRlesdamTavrebulTa migracias rogorc uaryofi-

Ti, aseve dadebiTi mxareebi gaaCnia. qveyana, saidanac ga-

edineba axalgazrdebi kargavs inteleqtualuri potencia-

lis mniSnelovan nawils (investireba ganxorcielebulia

ojaxis an saxelmwifos mier). Tumca, garkveuli periodis

Semdeg, mniSvnelovani kadrebiT qveyana kvlav avsebs ro-

gorc mecnierebas, aseve erovnul ekonomikas.

ucxoeTSi ganaTlebis miRebas unda SevxedoT ara viw-

ro erovnuli prizmidan, aramed sakadro potencialis rao-

denobrivi da xarisxobrivi ganviTarebis WrilSi.

,,codnis evropa» amJamad farTodaa aRiarebuli, ro-

gorc socialuri da individualuri zrdis ucvleli faq-

tori da evropis moqalaqeebis konsolidaciisa da sulieri

gamdidrebis aucilebeli komponenti. mas SeuZlia misces

Tavis moqalaqeebs saWiro kompetencia axali aTaswleu-

lis moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad da imis SegrZneba, rom

isini iziareben erTian faseulobebs da ekuTvnian saerTo

socialur da kulturul sivrces1.

ganaTleba da saganmanaTleblo TanamSromloba gada-

mwyveti faqtoria stabiluri, mSvidobiani da demokratiuli

sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis, gansakuT-

rebiT im situaciis fonze, romelic samxreT-aRmosavleT

evropaSi Seiqmna.

am mosazrebebze dafuZnebulma boloniis deklara-

ciam gamokveTa universitetebis centraluri roli evropis

kulturul ganzomilebaTa ganviTarebaSi2.

boloniis procesi da misi Sedegi, umaRlesi ganaTle-

bis evropuli sivrce, umaRles ganaTlebaSi regionuli da

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis uprecendento magaliTia.

deklaraciaSi xazgasmulia, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis

evropuli sivrcis Seqmnas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba

moqalaqeTa mobilobis, dasaqmebis gaumjobesebisa da kon-

tinentis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.

1 www.mes.gov.ge budapeSt-venis deklaracia, 2010 w.2 www.mes.gov.ge boloniis deklaracia, 1999 w.


179

axalgazrdebis saerTaSoriso migracias Tan sdevs

demografiuli, socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri

Sedegebi. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis

mosaxleobis 1/3 swored axalgazrdoba Seadgens.

migraciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi da ,,tvinebis

gadineba” saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri potencialisaTvis

udidesi gamowvevaa.

dReisaTvis saswavlo-profesiuli mobiloba,

warmoadgens erT-erT prioritets pirovnebis Camoyalibebisa

da TviTrealizaciisaTvis. Aaxalgazrdas uyalibdeba

damoukidebeli cxovrebis, swavlisa da muSaobis

gamocdileba ucxo garemoSi.

nebismieri eris warmatebuli momavali damokidebulia

ganaTlebis sistemis swor mowyobasa da funqcionirebis

maRal xarisxze. im qveynebSi, sadac ganaTlebis sistema

efeqtiania, Sesabamisad jansaRia saxelmwifos yvela

wamyvani instituti.

rogorc axalgazrdebi, aseve damsaqmeblebi fiqroben,

rom Zalian mniSvnelovania zogadi kompetenciebi, romelTa

kavSiri tradiciul akademiur ganaTlebasTan aucilebelia.

Ees kompetenciebia: codnis gamoyenebis unari, axal pirobebSi

adaptaciis SesaZlebloba, damoukideblad muSaobis unari,

jgufSi muSaoba, organizebisa da dagegmis unari, zepiri da

werilobiTi komunikacia mSobliur enaze.

evropuli kreditebis transferis sistema (ECTS) aris evropis erTaderTi sakredito sistema, romelSic

integrirebulia qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrce. swored

amis Sedegia saqarTvelos umaRlesdamTavrebulTa maRali

mobiloba evropis sxvadasxva umaRles saswavlebelSi.

bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi yofili sabWoTa

kavSiri warmoadgenda inteleqtualuri resursebis donor

qveyanas. gansakuTrebiT maRalia moTxovna fundamentur

mecnierebaTa kursdamTavrebulebze, rogorc inteleqtualur

,,saqonelze”.

axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawili SromiTi gamoc-

dilebis uqonlobis, samuSaosadmi wayenebuli maRali moT-

xovnebis gamo, Sromis bazarze gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas


180

awydeba da umuSevarTa rigebs emateba. amitom saxelmwifos

mxridan axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis sakiTxisadmi midgoma

gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles da zomierebas moiTxovs. upir-

veles yovlisa, saWiroa im socialur-ekonomikuri danakar-

gebis gacnobiereba, rac SeiZleba gamoiwvios axalgazrdo-

bis dausaqmeblobam. xangrZlivi da masobrivi umuSevroba

axalgazrdebSi iwvevs fsiqologiur stress, sakuTar Se-

saZleblobebSi urwmunoebas, pirovnebis degradacias, xels

uwyobs danaSaulebebis zrdas, ojaxebis rRvevas da sxva

negatiur Sedegebs, rom araferi iTqvas mTliani Siga pro-

duqtis im danakargebze, romlis warmoebac SesaZlebeli

iqneboda sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi.

axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis problemebis gadawyveta

gansakuTrebul midgomas moiTxovs, radgan swored axal-

gazrdobaa sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtiuri nawili, rome-

lic mZafrad reagirebs socialur usamarTlobaze da erT-

veba kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa pasuxi gaeces kiTx-

vas: gauZlebs Tu ara saqarTvelo im konkurencias, rasac

msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebi Tavazobs perspeqtiul

axalgazrdebs. yvela qveyana cdilobs miizidos axalgazr-

da inteleqtualebi, romlebic SromiTi resursebis yvela-

ze mobilur nawils warmoadgenen.

saqarTvelodan saerTaSoriso saswavlo migraciis

ZiriTadi marSruti evropisa da amerikis umaRlesi saswav-

leblebia, gansxvevebiT me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulisgan,

rodesac saswavlo miraciis veqtori mxolod yofili sab-

WoTa respublikebisaken iyo mimarTuli.

axalgazrdebis saswavlo migraciis aseTi maRali

maCvenebeli ganpirobebulia Sromis bazarze arsebuli ma-

Rali konkurenciiTa da maRalanazRaurebadi samuSaos pov-

nis surviliT.

axalgazrdebi qveynis SromiTi resursebis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani nawili da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis strategiuli resursia. axalgazrdebis wili mosa-

xleobaSi SesamCnevad cvlis ara mxolod mis sqesobriv-

asakobriv struqturas, aramed SromiTi potencialis pro-


181

fesiul-kvalificiur Semadgenlobas.

axalgazrdebis migraciis Seswavlisas, aucilebelia

ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli maxasiaTeble-

bis urTierTkavSiriT ganxilva, ganaTlebis da profesiuli

momzadebis saxelmwifo regulirebis politikis gaTva-

liswineba.

axalgazrdobis dasaqmeba umwvavesi problemaa nebis-

mieri qveynisaTvis da maT Soris gamonaklisi arc saqarTve-

loa. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi moSlilia profesiu-

li ganaTlebis sistemasa da organizaciebs Soris urTier-

Tobis meqanizmi, yovelgvari moTxovnis gauTvaliswineb-

lad xdeba specialistebis momzadeba. marTalia, sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mqone specialistebis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgen-

lobis sruli Sesabamisobis miRweva ekonomikis mudmivad

cvalebad moTxovnebTan, magram miRebuli ganaTleba Sromi-

Ti mowyobisa da srulfasovani cxovrebis garantias unda

iZleodes.

saxelmwifos mxridan dafinansebis gareSe ganaTle-

bis miReba mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis sul ufro

xelmiuwvdomeli iqneba. aRniSnuli problema kidev ufro

mwvavdeba globalizaciis pirobebSi. amis saukeTeso maga-

liTia germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuris (DAAD) muSaobis gaanalizeba da Sefaseba.

germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuri (DAAD) warmoadgens akademiuri gacvliTi programis gaerTianebas

germaniaSi, romelic 1925 wels Seiqmna.

germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuri damouki-

debeli organizaciaa. 2010 wlis mdgomareobiT igi aer-

Tianebs 232 germanul umaRles saswavlebelsa da 130 stu-

dentur organizacias. mas gaaCnia 14 ucxouri warmomad-

genloba da 50 sainformacio centri msoflios sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi. weliwadSi gascems 74 000 stipendias. am samsa-

xuris amocanaa saerTaSoriso akademiuri kontaqtebis

mxardaWera. misi biujeti 376 mln evroa, maTgan stipendie-

bi ucxoelebisaTvis Seadgens 84 mln evros, stipendiebi

germanelebisTvis 87 mln evros, umaRlesi saswavleblebis


182

internacionalizacia 79 mln evros, ucxoeTSi germanuli

enis swavlebis finansuri mxardaWera 48 mln evros,

saganmanaTleblo programebi ganviTarebad qveynebTan 78

mln evros. 1

germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuris (DAAD) biujetis Sevseba xdeba sxvadasxva wyarodan: 86 mln evro

(23%) - ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis federaluri saministro,

35 mln evro (9%) - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis federaluri saministro, 171 mln evro (45%) -

sagareo saqmeTa saministro, 51 mln evro (14%) - evrokavSiri

da 33 mln evro (9%) sxvadasxva wyarodan.

germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuri dafinase-

bas Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT axorcielebs:

stipendiebi ucxoelebisaTvis;1.

stipendiebi germanelebisaTvis;2.

umaRlesi saswavleblebis internacionalizacia;3.

stipendiebi germenuli enis mxardaWeris programe-4.

bisaTvis;

ganaTlebis sferoSi mxardaWeris programa ganviTa-5.

rebadi qveynebisaTvis.

am organizacis finansuri mxadaWeriT sargebloben:

studentebi, kursdamTavrebulebi, doqtorantebi, praqtikan-

tebi, sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi, mecnierebi. germa-

niasa da ucxoeTis umaRlesi saswavleblebis farglebSi

yvela specialobiT 250-ze meti programa moqmedebs.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mkveT-

ri disbalansia Sromis bazris moTxovnebsa da axalgazr-

debis profesiul-kvalificiur Semadgenlobas Soris, auci-

lebelia arniSnul da sxva msgavs programebSi maqsimalu-

rad CaerTos saqarTvelo. problemis mogvarebaSi mniSv-

nelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia, aseve ganaTlebis

sferoSi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli efeqtiani reforme-

bis gatarebas.

1 www.daad.de


183

Tendencies and Natural Characteristics of Educational Tendencies and Natural Characteristics of Educational Migration under Globalization Migration under Globalization

M. LobzhanidzeM. Lobzhanidze

Welfare of the country considerably depends on educated people with high sense of responsibility who acknowledge the importance of their profes-sional activities for the country.

For the country, which young people leave as a result of educational mobility, the most alarming thing is that young people who leave the country and go abroad represent the most educated and hard working part of the young. Willingness of migration is mostly observed in elite students and youngsters who have high academic achievements.

Migration of people with higher education has both advantages and disadvantages. The country, where young people move from, loses considerable part of its intellectual potential (investment is made by families or by the country). Though, some time later the country manages to prepare qualifi ed specialists for the science as well as for national economy.

We should discuss the issue of getting education abroad not only through the narrow national prism, but from the point of view of quantitative and qualitative development of the staff potential.

Education and educational cooperation are decisive factors for developing and strengthening stable, peaceful and democratic society.

International migration of young people is followed by demographic, social, cultural and economic consequences. It should be noted as well that young people make one third of the population of developing countries.

Successful future of any country depends on proper arrangement and high quality of functioning of the system of education. The countries with effective systems of education have sound leading institutions.

While studing migration of young people, it’s essential to discuss the interaction of economic, social and demographic characteristics and to take into consideration the state policy regulating education and vocational pre-paration.


184

eTer sarjvelaZe eTer sarjvelaZe


iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is


samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis

samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti

ganviTarebuli konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi

saqonlis xarisxi aris efeqtiani saSualeba momx-

mareblis loialobis mopovebisa da bazarze damkvidrebi-

saTvis. saqonlis konkurentunarianoba firmis komerciu-

li warmatebis gadamwyveti faqtoria. es mravalaspeqtiani

cnebaa, romelic gulisxmobs Seesabameba Tu ara saqoneli/

momsaxureba bazris pirobebs, momxmareblis konkretul

moTxovnebs, ara marto misi xarisxis, teqnikuri, ekonomi-

kuri, esTetikuri maCveneblebiT, aramed komerciuli da misi

realizaciis sxva pirobebiT (fasi, miwodebis dro, gasaRe-

bis arxebi, momsaxureba, reklama). ufro metic, saqonlis

konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia

momxmareblis mier saqonlis eqspluataciaze gaweuli da-

naxarjebi. konkurentunarianobaSi igulisxmeba samomxmare-

blo da Rirebulebis (safaso) maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsi,

romelic ganapirobebs konkretulad am produqtis war-

matebas bazarze e.i. mis upiratesobas sxva konkurentebis

analogiuri produqtebis farTo miwodebis pirobebSi 1.

amitom, saqonlis konkurentunarinoba ganisazRvreba

konkurentebis saqonlis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT. ramdena-

dac yovel momxmarebels aqvs saqonlis/momsaxurebis Se-

fasebis Tavisi individualuri kriteriumebi, konkurentu-

narianobas aqvs agreTve individualuri saxec. praqtikul

saqmianobasa da Teoriul kvlevebSi xSirad svamen tolo-1 http://rosinvest.com/page/ocenka-konkurentosposobnosti-tovara-kak-sposob-proti-vostojanija-rynochnym-analogam

eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe

saqonlis xarisxi da konkurentunarianoba saqonlis xarisxi da konkurentunarianoba

saqarTvelos bazarze saqarTvelos bazarze

185


bis niSans saqonlis xarisxsa da konkurentunarianobas

Soris an kidev ar ansxvaveben maT erTmaneTisagan, kamaTo-

ben imaze, romelia am ori ufro cnebidan mniSvnelovani.

konkurentul bazarze naTlad ikveTeba konkurentTa

ekonomikuri metoqeoba. konkurencia TviT warmoadgens

process, romelSic monawileoben konkurentebi, romlebic

cdiloben maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas da amisaTvis ner-

gaven inovaciebs, resursebs maRalefeqtianad iyeneben, aum-

jobeseben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarisxs, amcireben

warmoebis, realizaciis an momsaxurebis danaxarjebs da

konkurentTan SedarebiT ufro xelsayreli fasebiT yid-

ian.

saqonlis xarisxisa da konkurentunarianobis amaR-

leba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva warmoudgenelia

samarTliani, Tavisufali bazris gareSe. am procesis da-

regulirebis mizniT, evrokavSiris konkurenciis politika

biznesebs Soris SeTanxmebebis dadebis, centraluri Tu

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis daxmarebiT bazarze zemoq-

medebis, monopoliebis Camoyalibebis da sxva msgavsi pro-

cesebis mkacr monitorings iTvaliswinebs.1

saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris samezoblo poli-

tikis samoqmedo gegmis xelmoweriT saqarTvelom aRiara

ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic aucilebelia Tavisufali

konkurenciis ganviTarebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis

dacvisaTvis1.

xarisxis daxasiaTeba SeiZleba momxmareblis da

mwarmoeblis mxridan. momxmareblis azriT, xarisxi esaa

produqciis (saqonlis, momsaxurebis) Tvisebebis da maxasi-

aTeblebis erToblioba, rac aniWebs maT Tvisebas daakmay-

ofilon adeqvaturi moTxovnebi maTi daniSnulebis Sesabam-

isad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es produqciis (saqoneli,

momsaxureba) is Tvisebebia, romelTa wyalobiT momxmare-

beli produqciis SeZeniT kmayofili rCeba. momxmareb-

lisaTvis mocemuli produqciis xarisxi gamoxatavs mis

1 evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani – evrokavSiri-

saqarTvelos biznes sabWo, Tbilisi, 2008.2 evropis samezoblo politika, samoqmedo gegma evrokavSiri-

saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 2006.

186

sargeblianobas (produqciis samomxmareblo Tviseba).

mwarmoeblis azriT, xarisxi esaa obieqtis maxasiaTe-

blebis Sesabamisoba dadgenil moTxovnebTan.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi marketing-menejmentis

Tanamedrove koncefciebi xarisxs ganixilavs momxmareb-

lis poziciidan.

bazarze sawarmoTa konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis

uzrunvelyofa xdeba xarisxis da momsaxurebis xarisxis

mudmivad gaumjobesebiTa da firmebis sameurneo saqmiano-

bis rentabelobis gazrdiT. Tavisufali konkurenciis

pirobebSi bazarze konkurentuli upiratesobis ZiriTa-

di ganmsazRvrelia produqciis/momsaxurebis xarisxi da

fasi.

“produqtis yidvisas, qarTveli momxmareblis gadaw-

yvetileba, pirvel rigSi, emyareba fass da Semdeg xarisxs.

Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevaSi maRalfasiani da maRalx-

arisxiani produqti mainc gasavlianobiT xasiaTdeba (gan-

sakuTrebuli saqoneli bavSvebisa da qalebisaTvis, wveris

saparsi mamakacebisaTvis, sigaretebi, manqanis aqsesuarebi

da sxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom savaWro qselSi SedarebiT

dabalfasiani saqoneli batonobs, maRalfasiani produqti

da fufunebis sagnebi mainc pouloben klientebs dabali

Semosavlis mqone momxmarebelTa segmentidan. ucnauria, ma-

gram igive dabalSemosavliani jgufebi ixdian maRal Tanx-

ebs prestiJul nivTebSi, rac maT sxvebisagan gamoarCevT”.

_ esec kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili qarTveli myidvelis

kidev erTi specifikurobaa1.

sursaTis uvneblobis sakiTxi yovelTvis aqtualuri

iyo da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi saTaves iRebs

jer kidev uZveles droSi. uamravi wesi Tu rekomendacia,

romlebic gvxvdeba istoriul Tu religiuri xasiaTis

wignebSi, adamianTa sasursaTo produqtebiT gamowveu-

li daavadebebisagan dacvis aSkara mcdelobaa. vinaidan saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis Semosavlebi

ixarjeba ZiriTadad aucilebeli sasursaTo produqci-


1 N.todua, A. Apil,E .Kaynak. Georgian Consumers Evoluation of Products Sourced From a Geographically Close Proximity Country. USA. `Journal of Euromarket-ing~. 2008, Volume 17. Issue:3/4. p.199-218.

187


is SeZenaze, gadavwyviteT Segveswavla ra mdgomareobaa

saqarTvelos sasursaTo bazarze sursaTis xarisxis, misi

uvneblobisa da konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT.Cven

mier Catarebulma momxmarebelTa kvlevis Sedegebma aCve-

na, rom dabali Semosavlebis gamo, maTi 68 % sasursaTo

produqtebis SeZenisas upiratesobas aniWebs fass, xarisxs

- 27% , xolo dabalSemosavliani segmentis - 5% icvlis

damokidebulebas da arCevans xarisxze akeTebs iSviaTad,

SesaZleblobisamebr. diagramaSi mocemulia saqarTvelos

bazarze momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba sasursaTo saqon-

lis fasisa da xarisxis mimarT.

bolo periodSi mTel msoflioSi sursaTis warmoe-

bis sferoSi moxda prioritetebis gadafaseba. exla misi

xarisxi fasdeba ara marto masSi sasargeblo nivTierebe-

bis SemcvelobiT, aramed adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis ma-

vne nivTierebebis zRvruli dasaSvebi raodenobiT an maTi

Semcveloba sasursaTo produqtebSi sruliad ikrZaleba.

momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba sasursaTo saqonlis momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba sasursaTo saqonlis

fasisa da xarisxis mimarT saqarTvelos bazarze (fasi; fasisa da xarisxis mimarT saqarTvelos bazarze (fasi;

xarisxi; xarisxze arCevani Semosavlis Sesabamisad).xarisxi; xarisxze arCevani Semosavlis Sesabamisad).

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188

uvnebloba _ sasursaTo produqciis erT-erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi samomxmareblo Tvisebaa da igi gulisxmobs,

rom produqtma moxmarebisas ar unda miayenos ziani ada-

mianis janmrTelobas, rogorc mokle xanSi

(sasursaTo produqtebiT mowamvlebi da sasursaTo

produqtis moxmarebiT gamowveuli infeqciebi), aseve, Soreu-

li SedegebiT (kancerogenuri, mutagenuri da teratogenuri

moqmedeba). amitom, sasursaTo produqtis uvnebloba _ Tana-

medroveobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa da misi aqtua-

loba wlidan wlamde izrdeba.

evrokavSirSi kvebis kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi moTx- kvebis kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi moTx-

ovnebia: ovnebia:

sakvebi ar unda ganTavsdes bazarze, Tu is ar aris

uvnebeli, e.i. Tu janmrTelobisTvis saSiSia an/da sakvebad

uvargisi. unda ganisazRvros misi moxmarebis da Senaxvis

normaluri pirobebi, momxmareblisTvis unda iqnes miwode-

buli informacia janmrTelobaze swrafi an Senelebuli

gavlenis Sesaxeb, kumulatiur toqsikur efeqtebze, da sa-

dac Sesaferisia, momxmarebelTa gansakuTrebuli katego-

riis janmrTelobis mgrZnobelobaze.

Tu sakvebi, romelic saxifaToa (sakvebi miiCneva saxi-

faTod, Tu mas aqvs arasasurveli Sedegi adamianis an cx-

ovelis janmrTelobaze), qmnis partiis nawils, lots an

tvirTs, tvirTis mTliani sidide miiCneva saSiS sakvebad

(EC) #178/20021 .

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT

saqarTveloSi savaWro kavSirebi mniSvnelovnad gafarTov-

da, sasursaTo produqtebis qarTuli bazari gaxda mravalf-

erovani: daxlebi savsea Turquli, iranuli, azerbaijanuli,

rusuli da sxva warmoSobis sakvebi-produqtebiT; bazarze

momravlda evropis sxvadasxva qveynidan importirebuli

maRali xarisxis produqciac (es ukanasknelebi ZiriTadad

supermarketebSi iyideba da sakmaod Zviradac), Tumca maTi

SeZena mosaxleobis umetes nawils ar SeuZlia dabali

myidvelobiTi unaris gamo.

asortimentis mravalferovneba TavisTavad dadebiTi


1 1 htt p://www.foodsafe.ge/ge/main.php?id=125300701htt p://www.foodsafe.ge/ge/main.php?id=12530070166

189


movlenaa, radganac es xels uwyobs Tavisufali konkurenci-

is ganviTarebas da warmoSobs situacias, rodesac myid-

vels didi arCevanis pirobebSi saukeTesos arCevis saSu-

aleba eZleva.

Catarebuli kvleviT Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgi-

na saqarTvelos sasursaTo bazarze arsebuli mdgomare-

oba sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT da

gagveca pasuxi kiTxvaze aris Tu ara daculi momxmarebeli

da TviT biznesic, eZleva Tu ara bizness saSualeba ganvi-

Tardes Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi.

saqarTvelos sasursaTo bazarma Cveni yuradReba mi-

iqcia ara mxolod saqonlis mravalferovnebis Tvalsaz-

risiT, aramed, rogorc adgili sadac falsificirebuli

produqcia aqtiuri yidva-gayidvis sagania, rasac, ZiriTadad,

xels uwyobs, mosaxleobis dabali myidvelobiTunari-

anoba da `lmobieri~ sakanonmdeblo baza.

saqarTveloSi, mosaxleobis dabali myidvelobiTi un-

aris gamo, konkurenciis ZiriTad saSualebad rCeba fasi.

amasTan, saxelmwifos liberaluri politika, bazarze war-

modgenili produqciis uvneblobis kontrolis ararsebo-

ba, arakeTilsindisier kerZo mewarmes sxvadasxva saxeobis

falsifikaciisaken ubiZgebs.

es tendencia saSiSia, rogorc civilizebuli biznesis

ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli garemoeba (keTilsindisieri

mewarme ver uZlebs konkurencias, radgan is ar ayalbebs

produqcias da misi warmoeba Zviri ujdeba), Sesabamisad

mas aqvs naklebi Sansi gauZlos konkurencias. garda ami-

sa, saerTaSoriso midgomebiT falsifikacia ganixileba,

rogorc qveynis ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtori

da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, iwvevs momxmarebelTa jan-

mrTelobis gauaresebas da sikvdilsac ki.

momxmarebeli sursaTis biznesis yvelaze daucveli

rgolia. xSirad momxmarebeli iZens produqts, romlis qi-

miuri Sedgenilobis, damzadebis teqnologiis, Senaxvis pi-

robebisa da vadebis Sesaxeb mas araviTari informacia ar

gaaCnia, igi yidulobs mas, ase vTqvaT `brmad~. amgvarad igi,

rogorc wesi, mxolod produqtis moxmarebis Semdeg arkvevs

mis avkargianobas.

190


saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze orientirebuli

sasursaTo seqtoris Camoyalibebisa da misi srulfasovani

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia ori mTavari pirobis Ses-

ruleba:

saSinao bazarze samarTliani konkurenciis dam-kvidreba;

Ria saerTaSoriso bazris reJimis mtkiced dacva.· am problemebis mogvareba xels Seuwyobs, rogorc

warmoebis ganviTerebas, aseve momxmarebelTa uflebebis

dacvas.

momxmareblis uflebis dacva, umetes SemTxvevaSi,

gulisxmobs saqonelTan dakavSirebuli raime davis

samarTlebriv gadawyvetas, rac aucileblad moiTxovs

eqspertizis Catarebas, es ki rigiTi momxmareblisTvis ki

ara, rig SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebelTa uflebebis damcveli

organizaciebisaTvisac xelmiuwvdomelia. evrokavSiris

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, am procesis daregulireba

da samarTliani garemos Camoyalibeba unda uzrunvelyos

saxelmwifom, rac misi movaleobaa.

Product Product Quality and Competitiveness Quality and Competitiveness on on GeorgianGeorgian Market Market

E. SarjveladzeE. SarjveladzeBecause of low purchasing power of population in Georgia price re-

mains the main source of competition. In addition, liberal policy of the state and lack of the mechanisms to control the quality of goods on the market tempts dishonest entrepreneurs to provide different kind of falsifi ed goods.

It’s impossible to increase the quality and competitiveness of goods and to protect consumer rights without fair and free market. To regulate these processes, the EU Competition Policy includes strict monitoring of agree-ments between businesses, infl uence on the market of the central or local authorities, creation of monopolies and other similar processes.

By signing Georgia-European Union Action Plan within the European Neighborhood Policy, Georgia recognized the main principles which are nec-essary for development of competition and protection of customer rights. Ac-cordingly, it is the state’s responsibility to regulate these processes according to the EU legislation and ensure fair environment.

191


demur siWinava demur siWinava

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

asocirebuli profesoriasocirebuli profesori

mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom garkveuli sa-

xeobis informacias adamiani Rebulobs jer kidev mucla-

dyofnis periodidan, xolo dabadebidan mis mier miRebuli

informaciis raodenoba dRiTiTdRe izrdeba. Tavdapir-

velad axaldabadebuli informacias iRebs mSoblebisa

da garemomcveli pirebisagan, Semdeg ki misi moculoba

TandaTanobiT izrdeba misi aRzrda-ganaTlebis procesSi

da grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT

informaciis Tanamedrove mozRvavebisa da, Sesabamisad, Ta-

namedrove adamianis garkveulwilad ìnformaciul okean-

eSi~ da ìnformaciuli wnexis~ qveS moqcevis Sedegad. ase,

rom dResdReobiT Tanamedrove adamianisTvis miwodebuli

informaciis moculoba imdenad didia, rom igi mis miReba-

sa da gadamuSavebas praqtikulad ver aswrebs.

informaciis aseTma mozRvavebam da misma didma

mniSvnelobam, ganapiroba informaciis fenomenis gamokvle-

vebis simravle sruliad sxvadasxva aspeqtiT. miuxedavad

amisa, dRemde sabolood araa Seswavlili da ganmartebu-

li Tundac terminis _ ìnformacia~ raobis sakiTxi, rom-

lis garkvevasac eZRvneba winamdebare statia.

termini ìnformacia~ (informatio), romelic mec-

nierebaSi miRebulia, laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs

cnobas, Setyobinebas. arsebobs cnobac, rom Zvel saber-

ZneTSi termini ìnformacia~ niSnavda `formis micemas~

anu ̀ moxatvas~1. es termini XVII-XVIII saukuneSi msoflios

mTel rig qveyanaSi gamoiyeneboda ìdeisa~ da `mecniere-

1Алёшин Л. И., Максимов Н. В. Информационные технологии. Московская финансово-промышленная академиа, 2004, с. 6.

informaciis arsis informaciis arsis

sakiTxisaTvis sakiTxisaTvis

192

bis~ mniSvnelobiT. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi termini

informacia fundamentur kategoriad iqca da igi gaxda

sruliad sxvadasxva mecnierebis kvlevis obieqti. miu-

xedavad amisa, dRemde ar arsebobs informaciis erTiani

zusti da calsaxa ganmarteba. es gamowveulia TviT in-

formaciis arsis sirTuliT. informacia araa xelSesaxe-

bi sagani da, amdenad, igi aranivTieria. miuxedavad amisa,

merkantilisturi TvalsazrisiT, igi erT-erTi ZviradRi-

rebuli brendia mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT

sferoSi, rogoricaa navTobiT, iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT

vaWroba.

miuxedavad Tavisi sirTulisa, informaciis miRe-

ba-gadacemis dReisaTvis arsebuli sqema umartivesia (ix.

nax.1).

nax.1. informaciis miReba-gadacemis sqema

mocemul sqemaSi informaciis wyarom da informaciis

mimRebma SeiZleba adgilebi Seicvalon. ase, magaliTad,

diskusiisas drois garkveul monakveTebSi informaciis

mimRebi informaciis wyaro xdeba, xolo informaciis wy-

aro ki _ informaciis mimRebi.

aseTi sqemiT Setyobinebis miReba-gadacema xdeba ara

marto adamianebs Soris, aramed adamiansa da avtomats So-

ris, avtomatebs Soris, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroSi,

signalebis gadacema ujredidan ujredSi, organizmidan

organizmSi da sxv.

saerTod, informaciis arsis sirTulis gamo, dRemde

mecnierebaSi, informaciis zomis erTeulebic ki araa Se-

muSavebuli.

informaciis zogierT mkvlevars, informaciis zomis

erTeulebad biti, baiti, kilobaiti, megabaiti, gigabaiti

da sxv. miaCnia. sinamdvileSi ki _ CamoTvlili sazomi

sidideebi Setyobinebisa da informaciis sintaqsuri zo-

informaciis

mimRebiinformaciis

wyarosainformacio arxi


193


mis erTeulebia, romliTac izomeba Setyobinebis mocu-

loba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am erTeulebiT mxolod da

mxolod Setyobinebis aRmweri simboloebis raodenobis

daTvla xdeba, xolo Setyobinebis Sinaarsobrivi (seman-

tikuri) da miTumetes misi RirebulebiTi (pragmatuli)

mxaris (bitisa da misi jeradebis msgavsi) zomis erTeule-

bi jerjerobiT araa SemuSavebuli. es ukanaskneli Tavis

mkvlevars elodeba.

raki vaxseneT sintaqsi, semantika da pragmatuloba,

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled CamovayaliboT Setyobi-

nebisa da, Sesabamisad, informaciis ganxilvis aRniSnuli

samive aspeqti.

sintaqsi ganixilavs Setyobinebis mxolod warmod-

genis formas: informaciis matarebels, informaciis war-

modgenis xerxs da sxv. sintaqsi ar ganixilavs Setyobine-

bis Sinaarssa da sargeblianobas.

Setyobinebis Sinaarss ganixilavs semantika. igi

arkvevs SetyobinebaSi Semaval sityvebs Soris kavSirebs

da, Sesabamisad, Setyobinebis mTlian Sinaarss, romelic

didadaa damokidebuli Setyobinebis verbalur da ara-

verbalur formaze. amitom, mizanSewonilia aqve mokled

ganvixiloT SetyobinebQis aRniSnuli verbaluri da ara-

verbaluri formebi.

informaciis gacvlisas, Setyobinebis Sinaarsi (se-

mantika) misi mimRebisTvis (igulisxmeba cocxali arsebe-

bi) didadaa damokidebuli Setyobinebis komunikaciur _

verbalur da araverbalur saSualebebze.

informaciis gacvla adamianebsa da, saerTod, coc-

xal arsebebs Soris xdeba ori _ verbaluri da araver-

baluri saxiT. verbaluri _ ZiriTadad gulisxmobs sity-

vebiT, teqstebiTa da sxv. msgavsi saSualebiT komunikacias,

xolo araverbaluri _ komunikacias mimikebiT, JestebiT,

sxeulis moZraobiT, xmis tembriT, tonalobiT da a.S. ro-

gorc kvlevebi aCvenebs, informaciis gacvlisas verbalur

komunikacias saerTo komunikaciaSi mxolod 10% uWiravs.

194

rac Seexeba Setyobinebis mesame _ pragmatul as-

peqts, igi gulisxmobs mimRebisTvis (subieqti an sistema)

Setyobinebis sargeblianobas (Rirebulebas, fass) ama Tu

im saqmianobaSi gamoyenebisas.

CamoTvlili aspeqtebidan dRemde Setyobinebisa da

informaciis mxolod sintaqsuri zomis erTeulebia (biti

da misi jeradebi) SemuSavebuli, xolo Setyobinebis se-

mantikuri (Sinaarsobrivi) mxarisa da misi pragmatulobis

(sargeblianobis) sazomi erTeulebi informaciis Teoria-

Si araa Seqmnili.

literaturaSi vxvdebiT Setyobinebisa da infor-

maciis erTimeoreSi arevas, rac araa gamarTlebuli.

sinamdvileSi pirveladi aris Setyobineba, romelic SeiZ-

leba iqces informaciad an darCes usargeblo Setyobine-

bad. amitom, zemoTmoyvanil informaciis gadacema-miRebis

sqemas unda hqondes Semdegi saxe (ix. nax. 2).

nax. 2. Setyobinebis miReba-gadacemis sqema

aRniSnul sqemaSi, Tu Setyobinebis mimRebi subieq-

tisTvis an obieqtisTvis (sistemisTvis), Setyobinebis sin-

taqsi, anu warmodgenis forma misaRebia, Setyobinebis se-

mantika, anu misi Sinaarsobrivi mxare gasagebia da siaxlea

da Setyobineba misTvis pragmatulia (Rirebulia), maSin

Setyobineba gadaiqceva informaciad, romelsac subieqti

an sistema iyenebs miRebisTanave an inaxavs Semdgomi ga-

moyenebis mizniT. xolo, Tu romelime zemoTCamoTvlili

punqti darRveulia, Setyobineba rCeba araRirebul Setyo-

binebad.

informaciis dReisaTvis arsebuli ganmartebebi,

romelic ramdenime aTeuls aWarbebs, sakmaod rTulia

da xSir SemTxvevaSi, Znelad aRsaqmeli da gaugebaricaa.

informaciis arsis gagebis msurvelebs uWirT arsebuli

Setyobinebis

mimRebiSetyobinebis

wyaroSetyobinebis arxi


195


ganmartebebis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris gaazreba.

Cveni kvlevis mizania CamovayaliboT informaciis

rac SeiZleba martivi da gasagebi ganmarteba, romelic

iqneba zogadi da misaRebi mecnierebis sxvadasaxva dar-

gisaTvis.

am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia moviyvanoT infor-

maciis zogierTi cnobili ganmarteba:

n. vineris azriT, informacia arc energiaa da arc materia, aramed garemomcvel samyarosTan Seguebis (adap-

taciis) procesSi miRebuli Setyobinebebisa da faqtebis

asaxvaa1. rogorc vxedavT, n. vineris am ganmartebaSi in-

formaciis ori mTavari niSanTvisebaa gadmocemuli: pirve-

li, rom informacia TiTqosda araa materialuri da meore,

rom informacia Setyobinebebisa da faqtebis asaxvaa. miu-

xedavad amisa, igi sakmaod zogadi ganmartebaa. aq ar Cans,

informaciis miReba-gadacemis sqemaSi mocemuli Setyobi-

nebis momwodebeli da mimRebi, romelTa gareSe Setyobine-

ba informacia araa.

u. r. eSbis ganmartebiT, informacia aris is, rac aR-mofxvris ganuzRvrelobas da izomeba im ganuzRvrelobis

raodenobiT, romelsac igi spobs2. am ganmartebaSic araa

gamokveTili miReba-gadacemis sqemaSi mocemuli Setyobi-

nebis momwodebeli da mimRebi.

a. bergis mixedviT, informacia _ es aris Cven ga-remomcvel realur samyaroSi arsebuli obieqturi mi-

zez-Sedegobrivi kavSirurTierTobebis asaxva adamianTa

cnobierebaSi3. am ganmartebaSi a. bergi informacias ixi-

lavs mxolod adamianebTan mimarTebiT.

k. e. Senonis mixedviT, informacia aris moxsnil-Semcirebuli ganuzRvreloba4. miuxedavad aRniSnuli gan-

martebis lakonurobisa, aq mainc araa mocemuli visTvisaa

1 Винер Н. Кибернетика и общество. Пер. Е. Г. Понфилова. М., изд-во иностр. лит. 1958, с. 3.2Эшби У. Р. Введение в кибернетику. М., 1959, с. 254-255.3 Берг А., Черняк Ю. Информация и управление. М., Экономика, 1966.4 Шеннон К. Работы по теории информации и кибернетике. Перевод с английского, под редакцией Р. Л. Добрушина и О. В. Лупанова. М., Иностранная литература, 1963.

196

moxsnili da Semcirebuli ganuzRvreloba?

v. a. gluSkovis azriT, informacia aris sistemis mowesrigebis sazomi, misi gamarTvis xarisxi miznis misaR-

wevad1. am ganmartebasac aklia garkveuloba, kerZod, ara-

profesionalisTvis gaugebaria, Tu ras gulisxmobs avto-

ri sistemis mowesrigebisa da gamarTvis xarisxSi.

i. i. iuzviSinis sakmaod rTuli da Znelad gasa-gebi gansazRvriT, informacia aris fundamenturi, genera-

lizebul-erTiani usawyiso da usasrulo kanonprocesi

samyaros mikro- da makrostruqturebSi (drosa da sivr-

ceSi) energiis, moZraobis, masisa da antimasis rezonansul-

fiWuri, kvantur-sixSiruli da talRuri urTierToba, ur-

TierTqmedeba, urTierTgardaqmna da urTierTSenaxva mate-

rializaciis safuZvelze2.

d. adamis ganmartebiT, informacia aris is, rasac Cveni tvini aRiqvams sxvadasxva wyarodan da urTierTSe-

jerebiT ayalibebs Cveni codnis struqturas3. am ganmar-

tebaSi d. adami informacias ixilavs mxolod adamianeb-

Tan mimarTebiT.

n. v. makarovas mixedviT, informacia aris Setyo-bineba garemomcveli samyaros obieqtebsa da movlenebze,

maT parametrebze, Tvisebebsa da mdgomareobaze, romlebic

amcirebs ganuzRvrelobis xarisxsa da maTze arsebuli

codnis arasisrules4. aRniSnuli ganmarteba sakmaod ga-

sagebadaa gadmocemuli, magram masSi mainc araa naCvenebi

visTvis mcirdeba ganuzRvrelobis xarisxi.

sagulisxmoa a. i. Cornisa da r. s. giliarevskis xazgasma informaciis materialurobis Sesaxeb. maTi az-

riT, informacia materialuria, igi materiis komponentia5.1 Глушков В. М. Канигин Ю. М. Что такое современная НТР. Киев, 1980, с. 36.2 Юзвишин И.И. Информциология (или закономерности информационных процес-сов и технологии в микро- и макромирах вселенной). М., 1996, с. 23-24.3Блюменау Д. И. Информация и информационный сервис. Ленинград, Наука. 1976, с. 20-21.4Информатика. под ред Н. В. Макаровой. Третье переработанное издание. Мо-сква, Финансы и статистика, 2001, с. 41.5 Чёрный А. И., Гиляревский Р. С. О сущности информации. НТИ. Сер. 1. -2002.-№8.- с. 35-37.


197


interess iwvevs Semdegi azric: cneba ìnformacia~ aRniSnavs ... Setyobinebas pirovnebebze, sagnebze, faqtebze,

garemoebebze, movlenebsa da procesebze maTi warmodgenis

formebis miuxedavad1.

mokle da zogadia Semdegi gansazRvrac. ... infor-macia vuwodoT yvelafers, rac amcirebs gaurkvevlobas

samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb2.

sadavo ganmartebas iZleva p. u. kuznecovi: `...in-formaciis arsi ganisazRvreba rogorc arsebuli saqmi-

anobis saxe, romelic asaxulia adamianis cnobierebaSi da

gamosaxuli simboluri formiT cxovrebaSi orientaciisa

da adaptaciis mizniT~3.

CamoTvlili ganmartebebis analizisa da Sedarebis

safuZvelze SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde:

informacia aris subieqtis an obieqtis mier miwode-

buli Setyobineba raime siaxlis Sesaxeb, romelsac hyavs

subieqti an obieqti momxmarebeli. es ganmarteba, Seicavs

sam komponents: Setyobinebas, siaxles da momxmarebels (S-

s-m). ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke.

Setyobinebis miReba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva for-

miT. rogorc cnobilia, adamiani Setyobinebas iRebs grZ-

nobaTa _ mxedvelobis, smenis, ynosvis, gemovnebis, Sexebis

da sxv. organoebiT.

gasarkvevia _ aris Tu ara yvela Setyobineba infor-

macia? amisaTvis ganvixiloT Cven mier SemoTavazebuli

ganmartebis meore komponenti _ siaxle.

Cveni azriT, informacia araa iseTi Setyobineba, ro-

melic ar warmoadgens siaxles, mag., 2X2=4-s _ Tanamedrove

adamianisTvis, Tumca igi siaxlea imaTTvis, vinc es-esaa

iwyebs maTematikis elementebis Seswavlas, mag., pirvelk-

laselisaTvis. aseve, informacia araa Setyobinebis ubra-

1 Алёшин Л. И., Максимов Н. В. Информационные технологии. Московская финансово-промышленная академиа, 2004, с. 5.2 lomkaci g., lomkaci o. informacia, signali, sistema. Tb., `teqnikuri

universiteti~. 2009, gv. 186.3 Информационные технологии в юридической деятельности. Под общей редакц. П. У. Кузнецова. М., Юрайт, 2012, с. 43.

198

lo mosmena da, gnebavT, safuZvliani gagonebac ki, Tu igi

aRqmuli araa rogorc siaxle da sasargeblo. mag., cxove-

lisTvis Setyobineba 2X2=4-s _ araa informacia.

dabolos, ganmartebis mesame komponenti _ momxmare-

beli. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, subieqtisTvis an obieq-

tisTvis (sistemisTvis), SeiZleba Setyobinebis sintaqsi

gasagebi iyos da semantikac siaxles Seicavdes, magram

pragmatulobis aspeqti nulis toli iyos, anu misTvis am

Setyobinebas Rirebuleba ar gaaCndes. maSin subieqti an

sistema misi momxmarebeli araa da, Sesabamisad, misTvis es

Setyobineba ar iqneba informacia.

informaciis Cven mier SemoTavazebuli gansazRvra

moicavs sam komponents: Setyobinebas, siaxlesa da momxma-

rebels. Tu subieqtisTvis an obieqtisTvis (sistemisTvis),

Setyobinebis sintaqsi, anu warmodgenis forma misaRebia,

Setyobinebis semantika, anu misi Sinaarsobrivi mxare ga-

sagebia da siaxlea da Setyobineba misTvis pragmatulia

(Rirebulia), maSin Setyobineba informaciaa, romelsac su-

bieqti an sistema iyenebs miRebisTanave an inaxavs Semdgo-

mi gamoyenebis mizniT.

amrigad, informacia aris Setyobineba raime siaxlis

Sesaxeb, romelsac hyavs momxmarebeli (S-s-m).

Regarding the Concept of InformationRegarding the Concept of Information

D. SichinavaD. Sichinava

The article deals with the defi nition of the concept of information. It provides critical analysis regarding the opinions about this issue. The con-clusion is made that information is a massage about something new which has its own customer.


199


JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero

statiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesistatiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi

1. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi prob-

lemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis

meTodologia; kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle); rekomendacie-

bi;

2. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan dakav-

Sirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba, risT-

visac aucilebelia ramdenime maTganis miTiTeba teqstSi

(miRebuli wesiT sqolioebis miniSnebebiT Sesabamis gver-

debze);

3. statiis qarTuli teqsti unda aikrifos Sylfaen-iT,

12-iani SriftiT da xazebs Soris 1,5-iani daSorebiT;

4. statia warmodgenili unda iyos A4 formatiT, 6-10

gverdis moculobiT;

5. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda

mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, aka-

demiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli

fostis misamarTi;

6. statias unda axldes referati qarTul da ingli-

sur enebze (8-10 striqonis moculobiT);

7. statiebi warmodgenili unda iyos eleqtronuli

da qaRaldze amobeWdili formiT (2 egzemplarad);

8. moTxovnebis darRveviT warmodgenili masala Jur-

nalSi ar daibeWdeba;

9. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiS-

vilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa

da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi

ixdian safasurs –erT gverdze 10 (aTi) lars, rac maT

mier Cairicxeba iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is ekonomikuri Se-

mosavlebis angariSSi.

200

daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -

manana jixviSvili

ISSN 1987-5789

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ekonomika da biznesi - Tbilisi State University