Click here to load reader
Upload
arnella-hutagalung
View
443
Download
47
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Embriologi Sistem Pernapasan (Anatomi)
Citation preview
Dep.Anatomi FK USU
Embriologi
Tunas paru terbentuk pada usia 4 minggu.Dibentuk dari suatu divertikulum pada dinding ventral usus depan, yang meluas ke arah kaudal (divertikulum respiratorium=tunas paru).Mula-mula tunas paru mempunyai hubungan terbuka dengan usus depan, selanjutnya terpisah menjadi bagian dorsal yaitu esofagus dan bagian ventral yaitu trakea dan tunas paru.This page shows ventral views of the esophagus and developing lungs, accompanied by cross-sectional views through the area between the black arrows. Note how the lung starts as an evagination, from the esophogeal endoderm, called the larygotracheal groove (1). As the the larygotracheal groove grows, it develops two outcroppings at its caudal end, the lung buds (2). As the lung buds grow, they branch repeatedly forming the primary bronchi and stem bronchi (3) which branch further to form bronchioles, which will eventually develop terminal air sacs (alveoli) to complete the adult lung. Also, note how the trachea, once attached as a ventral groove on the esophagus, has separated to become a distinct tube (3).
Human embryo (CRL 4.3 mm, Week 4-5,
Human embryo (CRL 8.5 mm, Week 5
Human embryo (CRL 10.5 mm, Week 6
Pematangan paru
Sampai bulan ke-7 prenatal bronkioli terus bercabang menjadi saluran yang lebih banyak dan lebih kecil (tahap kanalikular), dan suplai darah terus meningkat.Pernapasan dapat berlangsung jika beberapa sel bronkiolus respiratorius berbentuk kubus berubah menjadi sel gepeng yang tipis. Sel tersebut berhubungan dengan banyak kapiler darah dan getah bening, ruang-ruang di sekitarnya dikenal sebagai sakus terminalis(alveoli primitif).Selama bulan ke-7 telah terdapat banyak kapiler yang menjamin pertukaran gas sehingga janin prematur dapat bertahan hidup.Selama dua bulan prenatal dan beberapa tahun pasca lahir jumlah sakus terminalis terus meningkat.week 4 - 5 embryonic
week 5 - 17 pseudoglandular
week 16 - 25 canalicular
week 24 - 40 terminal sac
late fetal - 8 years alveolar
Lung Development Stages
Lung Development Stages
Lung Development Stages
Embryonic
Endoderm - tubular ventral growth from foregut pharynx. Mesoderm - mesenchyme of lung buds. Intraembryonic coelom - pleural cavities elongated spaces connecting pericardial and peritoneal spaces.Pseudoglandular stage
week 5 - 17 tubular branching of the human lung airways continues by 2 months all segmental bronchi are present. lungs have appearance of a glandlike structure. stage is critical for the formation of all conducting airways. lined with tall columnar epithelium, the more distal structures are lined with cuboidal epithelium.
Canalicular stage
Saccular stage
Alveolar sac structureweek 24 to near term. most peripheral airways form widened airspaces, termed saccules. saccules widen and lengthen the airspace (by the addition of new generations). future gas exchange region expands significantly. Fibroblastic cells also undergo differentiation, they produce extracellular matrix, collagen, and elastin. May have a role in epithelial differentiation and control of surfactant secretion The vascular tree also grows in length and diameter during this time.week 4 - 5 embryonic
week 5 - 17 pseudoglandular
week 16 - 25 canalicular
week 24 - 40 terminal sac
late fetal - 8 years alveolar
Lung Development Stages
Lung Development Stages
Lung Development Stages
Lung Development Stages
Alveolar sac structure
Korelasi klinik
Kelainan pemisahan esofagus dan trakea oleh septum esofagotrakealis mengakibatkan atresia esofagus dengan atau tanpa fistula trakeoesofagealis.Surfaktan sangat penting untuk mempertahankan hidup pada bayi prematur.Jika jumlah surfaktan tidak cukuptegangan membran permukaan udara-air menjadi tinggi, resiko alveoli kolaps saat ekspirasi sangat besarSindroma Gawat Pernapasan(RDS).Pada keadaan ini alveoli akan kolaps dan mengandung banyak membran hialin dan badan-badan lamelarPenyakit Membran Hialin ( 20 % dari semua kematian bayi baru lahir).Thank You . Uahhhhhh