oTar qvriviSvili

enis arqauli Zirebi

gamomcemloba `nekeri~

2010

naSromi exeba sametyvelo enis warmoSobis sakiTxs. mok

ledaa mimoxiluli am Temis kvlevis istoria da Zveli religi

uri gaerTianebebis mistikuri gamocdileba bgeraTa sulieri

mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb.

naSromSi naCvenebia, rom enebis saerTo safuZvlebi, upir

veles yovlisa, misi leqsikis bgeriT agebulebaSia saZiebeli.

ganxilulia calkeuli bgerebis is mniSvnelobebi, romlebic

msoflios yvela xalxisTvis saerToa. saxasiaTo magaliTebi

moyvanilia sxvadasxva enebidan, kerZod, ganxilulia 27 enis

leqsikuri masala.

naSromi popularul enazea dawerili.

redaqtori: ivane SatberaSvili

koreqtori: nana qvaCaxia

dakabadoneba da ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© oTar qvriviSvili, 2010

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2010

ISBN 978-9941-416-59-0

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sarCevi:

Tavi 1 enis warmomavloba .................................................................5

Tavi 2 bgeraTa jgufebi ..................................................................38

Tavi 3 Tanxmovnebis arqauli mniSvnelobebi .............................47

D, T (d, t, T) ................................................................47G, K (g, k, q) ..................................................................69S, Z (s, z, S, J) .............................................................91N (n) ......................................................................... 104B, P (b, p, f) ............................................................... 112R (r) ........................................................................ 121C (c) ......................................................................... 132L (l) ........................................................................ 134M (m) ......................................................................... 144V, W (v) ......................................................................... 150H, CH (h, x) ..................................................................... 154F _ ........................................................................... 160

Tavi 4 xmovnebis arqauli mniSvnelobebi ................................. 165

A (a) .......................................................................... 165I (i) ......................................................................... 167E (e) ......................................................................... 168U (u) ......................................................................... 170O (o) ......................................................................... 170

Tavi 5 calkeuli sityvebis bgeraTmetyveleba ........................ 172

Tavi 6 bgerebis astrologiuri Tanwyoba ................................. 197

boloTqma ................................................................................ 200

SeniSvnebi ................................................................................ 202

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Tavi 1

enis warmomavloba

sametyvelo enis warmomavlobis sakiTxi erTerTi yvelaze Zveli Temaa. enebis mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, maT Soris arsebuli TvalsaCino msgavseba yvela droSi aRZravda survils, rom raRac saerTo, universaluri modeli moeZebnaT da enebis saerTo safuZveli aRmoeCinaT. es mcdelobebi ZiriTadad miznad isaxavda, is pirveladi ena aRedginaT, romelic, rogorc fiqrobdnen, odesRac safuZvlad daedo yvela danarCens. mogvianebiT, aqtualuri gaxda axali ideac _ iseTi universaluri enis Seqmna, romelzec yvela ena daiyvaneboda da momavlis kacobrioba am enaze imetyvelebda.

rogorc Cans, zogierT xalxs warmarTul epoqaSic hqonda pretenzia imisa, rom qveynierebis yvela sametyvelo ena maTi enidan warmoiSva.

istoriis fuZemdebeli, herodote mogviTxrobs, rom egviptis faraonis psametixis brZanebiT ori axlad Sobili bavSvi mecxvares Caabares da ubrZanes, isini cxvris farasTan erTad aRezarda. aravis hqonda ufleba maTi TandaswrebiT raime sityva warmoeTqva. mefes undoda gaego, aseT pirobebSi aRzrdili bavSvebi pirvelad ra enaze ityodnen sityvas. ase izrdebodnen bavSvebi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi. erTxel, roca mecxvare qoxSi Sevida, orive bavSvi fexebSi Cauvarda da warmoTqves sityva „bekos“, rac frigiulad purs niSnavs. amiT egviptelebma daaskvnes, rom frigiuli ena egvipturze Zveli yofila1.

bibliis gavrcelebis Semdeg pirveladi enis problema kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda.

rogorc SesaqmeSi vkiTxulobT, samyaros Seqmnisas

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„Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli“ (dabadeba, 1, 3). „naTels RmerTma uwoda dRe da bnels uwoda Rame“ (dabadeba, 1, 5).

axali welTaRricxvis pirvelive saukuneebSi gaCnda kiTxvebi: ra enaze Tqva RmerTma fraza _ „iyos naTeli!“, an ra enaze uwoda RmerTma naTels „dRe“, xolo bnels _ „Rame“.

RmerTis naTqvamis raime enasTan misadagebas Tavidanve bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda, radgan RmerTis sityvisTvis imave niSnebis miniWeba, rac adamianis sityvas aqvs, bunebrivia, arakoreqtulad gamoiyureboda.

samagierod, pirveladi enis problema Zalze aqtualuri xdeba Sesaqmes im fragmentSi, roca naTqvamia, rom RmerTma velis yvela cxoveli da cis yvela frinveli „mihgvara adams, rom enaxa, ras daarqmevda. romel suldgmuls ras daarqmevda adami, misi saxelic is iqneboda.

daarqva adamma saxeli yvela pirutyvs, cis frinvels da velis yvela cxovels“ (dabadeba, 2, 1920).

aq ukve ara uflis, aramed adamis enazea saubari. kiTxvac met legitimurobas iZens _ ra enaze daarqva adam ma saxelebi RvTis qmnilebebs?

wminda werilSi Semdeg gveuwyeba, rom warRvnis Semdeg „erTpiri iyo mTeli qveyana da erT enaze metyveli“ (dabadeba, 11, 1). adamianebma babilonis godolis mSenebloba ganizraxes. RmerTma gadawyvita, ena aeria maTTvis. babilonSi pirveladi enis arevis Semdeg adamianebi veRar ugebdnen erTmaneTs. isini qveynierebaze gaifantnen da sxvadasxva enebze daiwyes laparaki.

bibliis mixedviT, babilonis godolamde kacobriobas saerTo ena hqonia. adamis enas babilonis godolis mSeneblobamde miuRwevia, Semdeg igi daSlila da misgan sxvadasxva enebi Camoyalibebula. babilonis godolis istoria bibliaSi imdenad mkafiodaa moTxrobili, rom kacobriobis saerTo enis arsebobis Tema eWvqveS arasodes

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damdgara. miuxedavad amisa, bibliis imave fragmentSi aseve SeniSnuli iyo, rom babilonis movlenas win uswrebda uwyeba, rom warRvnis Semdeg gamravlebuli kacobrioba qveynierebis sxvadasxva mxareSi dasaxlda. isini semis, qamis da iafetis STamomavlobis sxvadasxva Stoebad ganiyvnen da yovel maTgans sakuTari ena hqonda. samive ganStoebaze miTiTebulia, rom arian maTi „Zeni TavTavisi tomis mixedviT, TavTavisi enis mixedviT, TavTavis qveyanaSi, TavTavis saxlSi“ (dabadeba, 10, 52031).

marTalia, am fragmentSi saubaria babilonis winare epoqaSi sxvadasxva enebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, magram babilonSi praenis daSlis istoria imdenad STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili, rom yvela epoqaSi igi moazrovneTa amosaval debulebas warmoadgenda.

or aTaswleulze metia kacobriobas ar Seuwyvetia im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu romeli iyo is ena, romelzedac mTeli kacobrioba laparakobda da mxolod babilonSi daiSala. iyo Tu ara es ena igive, romelzec adami metyvelebda, romelzec adamma saxelebi daarqva qveynierebis cxovelebsa da frinvelebs.

axali welTaRricxvis pirvelive saukuneebSi bunebrivad damkvidrda mosazreba, rom pirveladi ena ebrauli iyo. am debulebis WeSmaritebaSi eWvi ar eparebodaT ara mxolod ebrael, aramed qristian moazrovneebsac. am mosazrebas isic aZlierebda, rom ebraelebs hqondaT erTerTi uZvelesi anbanuri sistema, romelSic yoveli aso da bgera Rrma mistikuri interpretaciis saSualebas iZleoda. arc erT asos ar hqonda SemTxveviTi grafikuli moxazuloba, ricxviTi mniSvneloba, an anbanSi ganlagebis adgili da maTi kombinireba Zalze STambeWdavad gadmoscemda samyaros uRrmes saidumloebebs.

saeklesio moRvaweebi, origenedan moyolebuli _ netari avgustines CaTvliT, ar miiCnevdnen saeWvod, rom kacobriobis pirveladi, anu adamis ena ebrauli iyo. ne

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tari avgustine, romelmac saerTod ar icoda ebrauli, swored mas miiCnevda kacobriobis praenad. netari avgustine fiqrobda, rom, marTalia, praena ebraulia, magram bibliuri WeSmaritebebis gadmocema laTinuradac srulyofilad SeiZleba, momavalSi ki sasurvelia kacobriobis saerTo simboloebis Camoyalibeba, raTa adamianebs kargad esmodeT erTmaneTiso. netari avgustine am simbolikaSi ebraulis praenad aRdgenas ar gulisxmobda.2

ebrauli enis pirveladobis ideas pirvelad wminda grigol noseli upirispirdeba, romelic dauSveblad miiCnevs, vifiqroT, rom Sesaqmisas RmerTi ebraulad saubrobda („evnomis winaaRmdeg“).

male ebraul enas seriozuli konkurentebi gamouCnda berZnuli da laTinuri enebis saxiT. bevri saeklesio moRvawe yuradRebas amaxvilebda im faqtze, rom macxovris jvarze warwera sam enaze iyo Sesrulebuli, rac niSnavs, rom ebraul enas, berZnulTan da laTinurTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba ar unda mieniWoso.

maSin, roca berZnuli da romauli kulturis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs pirvelobas ecilebodnen, praenis kuTvnilebaze seriozuli argumentebi wamoayenes irlandielma swavlulebma. VII saukuneSi maT scades civilizebuli samyaro daerwmunebinaT, rom irlandiuri ena erTaderTia, romelic babilonis godolis mSeneblobis Semdeg ucvleli saxiT SenarCunda. swored misgan Camoyalibda yvela danarCeni ena. irlandiurisgan ganiyo 72 ena da Tu maTSi raime mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia, yvelaferi irlandiuri enis kanonzomierebebidan momdinareobso.3

es moazrovneebi irlandieli gramatikosebis saxeliT arian cnobili. maTi azriT, Tavad babilonis godolic simbolurad swored sametyvelo enas niSnavs _ misi aRnagoba enis gramatikul wyobas Seesabameba.

Tu Sua saukuneebamde evropuli civilizaciis in

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teleqtualur enas laTinuri warmoadgenda, am droidan ukve wina planze erovnuri enebi gamodian. xSirad aRniSnaven, rom evropis istoria swored saxalxo enebis warmoSobiT iwyeba. Sua saukuneebSi, roca evropaSi laTinuri ena degradacias ganicdis, yvela adgilobrivi ena sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebas cdilobs. analogiuri suraTia aRmosavleT saqristianoSic. aq erovnuli kulturebi berZnuli enisgan ganTavisuflebas cdiloben. erovnuli kulturis Rirsebebis warmoCena aSkaradaa gamokveTili XI saukunis qarTveli moRvawis ioane zosimes „qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY“Si. erTerT aspeqtSi aq swored qarTuli enis gansakuTrebul Rirsebebzea saubari.

erovnuli enis gandidebis nimuSs vxedavT XIII saukunis somxeTSic. vardan arevelci somxur enas warmoadgens rogorc „gvirgvins yovelTa enaTa qveyanasa zeda“4.

Sua saukuneebSi didi xnis daviwyebuli ebrauli kultura evropelebs erTxel kidev Seaxsenebs Tavs. evropaSi axali ZaliT aRorZinda ebrauli misticizmi. igi kabalis saxiT gadmoica. es iyo Zveli ebrauli misticizmis axleburi formiT aRorZineba. sityva „kabala“ „tradicias“ niSnavs. igi Toris (anu xuTwigneulis) komentirebas gulisxmobs.

kabalam evropelebisTvis uCveulo formiT warmoaCina ebrauli bgerebisa da asoebis mniSvnelobebi. kabalistebis azriT, Tora RmerTis Seqmnilia da masSi yovel asos gansakuTrebuli sulieri mniSvneloba aqvs. adamianis codviT dacemis gamo es asoebi jer kidev bolomde ar aris SeerTebuli uflisgan gansazRvruli wesiT. harmoniis aRdgena mxolod mesiis mosvlisas moxdeba. RmerTis SewevniT Tora kacobriobis mier WeSmariti, srulyofili saxiT waikiTxeba.

imave kabalis mixedviT, Zveli ebrauli enis safuZvelze 70 ena warmoiSva. droTa ganmavlobaSi es enebi didad daSordnen pirvelad enas, magram mesiis mosvlis

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Semdeg mTeli kacobrioba kvlav dedaenas daubrundeba. adamianebi kvlav erT enaze ilaparakeben. es ki swored imitomaa SesaZlebeli, rom ebrauli anbanis yovel asos sruliad gansazRvruli, damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs da adamma cxovelebsa da frinvelebs ebraul enaze swored maTi Sinaarsebis Sesabamisi saxelebi daarqva.5 kabalis zegavleniT, ebrauli enis srulyofilebis idea kvlav aqtualuri gaxda.

rogorc iTqva, evropaSi swored amave periodSi xdeba erovnuli enebis aRorZineba. am process Tan axlavs erovnuli cnobierebis gaZlierebac. kacobriobis pirveladi enis „sakuTrebaze“ konkurentebis raodenoba warmoudgenlad gaizarda.

adreul periodSi ebrauli enis umTavres Rirsebad is iTvleboda, rom aq sityvebis bgeriTi Sedgeniloba zustad Seesabameba am sityviT gamoxatuli sagnebis Sinaarss. ukve XVI saukuneSi yuradReba mieqca im faqts, rom es kanonzomiereba sxva enebSic mkveTradaa gamoxatuli.

1569 wels ian van gorpma gamoaqveyna naSromi („antverpenis warmoSoba“), sadac cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom sityvebsa da Sesabamis sagnebs Soris Sinaarsobrivi kavSiri yvelaze naTlad holandiur enaSia gamoxatuli. konkretulad igi antverpenul dialeqts gulisxmobda.6 mkvlevris azriT, antverpenelebi iafetis STamomavlebi iyvnen, isini ar monawileobdnen babilonis godolis mSeneblobaSi da, amdenad, kacobriobis pirveladi enis ucvlelad SenarCuneba SeZles. ian van gorpis umTavresi argumenti isic iyo, rom antverpenul enaSi, sxva enebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze meti erTmarcvliani sityvaa da, amave dros, mas axali sityvebis Seqmnisadmi Zlieri midrekileba aqvs. nebismieri axali Sinaarsi an sagani advilad gamoisaxeba axali sityviT.

holandiur enas male gamouCndnen konkurentebi. 1612 wels abraham meliusma ukve belgiuri enis primatis idea

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wamoayena. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi iyo flamandiuli enis praenad gamocxadebis tendencia. am ideam XIX saukuneSic ki ar dakarga aqtualoba. bevri mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom pirveladi ena, anu yvela enebis dedaena aris flamandiuli. yvela danarCeni ena misgan warmoSobilad iyo miCneuli.

1671 wels giorg starhelmma ukve Sveduri enis upiratesobaze daiwyo saubari.

bevri mecnieri fiqrobda, rom Zveli praenidan momdinare yvelaze naklebi cvlileba germanulma enam ganicada da mas yvelaze ufro srulyofil enad miiCnevda. 1641 wels Soteli dabejiTebiT irwmuneboda, rom germanuli ena yvelaze axlo iyo adamis enasTan.7

analogiuri pretenziebi hqondaT evropis sxva xalxebsac. adamis enis kuTvnilebaze pretenzias acxadebdnen ungrelebi (ostrovski), britanelebi (abati fransua), polonelebi (pretoriusi).

evropelTagan axali miwebisa da axali kulturebis aRmoCenis Semdeg praenis pretendentebs kidev ramdenime ena miemata. XVII saukuneSi evropaSi ukve ician, rom Cinuri kultura gacilebiT Zvelia, vidre ebrauli. Cinuri enis Seswavlamac aCvena, rom misi fesvebi gacilebiT arqaulia. 1669 wels jon uebi gamoTqvams ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom noes kidobani araratis mTasTan ki ara, CineTSi SeCerda da pirveli mosaxleobac iqidan gavrcelda. ramdenadac Cinelebi ar monawileobdnen babilonis godolis mSeneblobaSi, maTi ena ucvleli darCa. am TvalsazrisiT kacobriobis uZvelesi ena Cinuri unda yofiliyo.8

egvipturi kulturis istoriidan gamomdinare, Zalze bevri momxre gamouCnda mis enasac. bevri mecnieri swored egvipturs miiCnevda kacobriobis pirvelad enad.

laibnici „kelturskviTur“ hipoTezas emxroboda, swored maTi ena miaCnda pirvelad enad, ebraulze ufro Zvelad.

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keltur enas, mecnierTa Soris, bevri damcveli hyavda. roulen jonsi amtkicebda, rom pirveladi ena iyo kelturi, xolo im droisTvis SemorCenili enebidan mxolod inglisuri ena iyo masTan miaxloebuli.

mTeli XVIIXVIII saukuneebis mecnieruli azri gajerebuli iyo sxvadasxva erovnuli enebis adamis enad warmodgenis hipoTezebiT.

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropis kontinentze adamis enis Zieba warumateblad damTavrda.

XVIII saukunis bolos sanskrituli enis Seswavlam mkveTrad gaauferula evropelTa pretenziebi. jer erTi, igi bevrad ufro Zveli iyo am enebze da, amave dros, yoveli maTgani mkveTr msgavsebasac amJRavnebda masTan. indoevropuli enebis erT jgufSi gaerTianebam evropel mecnierebs adamis enis sakuTar nacionalur CarCoebSi Zebnis stimuli gaunela. evropis mecnieruli azri TandaTan Tanxmdeba, rom evropuli enebic da sanskritic erTian enobriv ojaxSi erTiandebian. sanskriti iseT enad mogvevlina, romelsac kargad SeeZlo sxva enaTa Taviseburebebis axsna. enaTmecnierebaSi kvlevis axali meTodebi dainerga _ daiwyo monaTesave enebis urTierTmimarTebebis garkveva _ erTi enis gaSuqeba meore enis meSveobiT. sanskritis meSveobiT iseTi enebi, rogorebicaa germanikuli, berZnuli, laTinuri da sxva, erT did enobriv ojaxSi gaerTianda. yvela isini momdinareoben raRac ufro Zveli dedaenidan, romelic im droisTvis aRar arsebobda, Tumca, fiqrobdnen, rom arsebuli masalis safuZvelze, SesaZlebeli iyo misi xelaxla aRdgena.9

am axalma koncefciam mZlavri impulsi misca kacobriobis erTiani universaluri enis Seqmnis ideas. samecniero samyarom am mimarTulebiTac Zalze didi energia daxarja, Tumca dReisTvis am ideis realobas ukve bevri uyurebs skeptikurad. momavlis enis suliskveTebiT Se

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qmnili xelovnuri enebi praqtikulad vercerT sferoSi ver dainerga.

saukuneTa manZilze imdenad didi masala dagrovda, erTi mxriv, praenis dadgenis, xolo meore mxriv, axali universaluri enis Sesaxeb da es mcdelobebi imdenad winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, rom 1866 wels parizis lingvistikis sazogadoebam miiRo dadgenileba, rom gansaxilvelad aRar mieRo am Temebze dawerili arc erTi gamokvleva.10

dReisTvis bevri mecnieri mivida im azramde, rom radgan sxvadasxva enebis warmoSoba ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva xalxebis sulierfsiqikuri TaviseburebebiT, verasodes ver iqneba SesaZlebeli erTiani universaluri enis Seqmna, radgan amisaTvis aucilebelia maTze metyvel sxvadasxva erebs erTi da igive sulierfsiqikuri Tvisebebi hqondeT, rac SeuZlebelia.

yoveli xalxi Tavisi nacionaluri eniT, Tavisi erovnuli sulidan gamomdinare, Taviseburad gamoxatavs samyarosTan mimarTebas. yoveli ena erTerTi kerZo Tvalsazrisia samyaros Sesaxeb. yoveli ena samyaros Tavisebur models warmoadgens. „eris wesCveulebebi mis enaSi irekleba, xolo meore mxriv, aseve mniSvnelovanwilad, swored ena ayalibebs ers“.11

sxvadasxva erebis urTierToba garkveul zegavlenas axdens enaze. roca erTi xalxi meoris teritoriis kolo nizacias axdens, misi ena axal garemoSi gadadis. es ki garkveul cvlilebebs iwvevs am enaSi.

bevr qveyanaSi ise Tanaarseboben sxvadasxva enebi, rom erTmaneTs ar erevian. magaliTad, samxreT afrikaSi adgilobrivi enebis gverdiT damoukideblad arseboben holandiuri da inglisuri enebi. es enebi am teritoriaze kolonizaciis Sedegad damkvidrda. isini adgilobriv enebs ar erevian da damoukidebel Sreebad arseboben maTTan erTad. asevea espanuri ena meqsikaSi. baskeTSi adgilobriv baskurTan erTad iyeneben frangul da es

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panur enebs. fineTSic erTdroulad finuri da Sveduri Tanaarsebobs. saqarTvelo, am mxriv, unikaluri qveyanaa. aq mcxovreb uamrav ers SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi ena da masSi ar xdeba qarTuli enis aRreva. enaTa didi Tanaarseboba aRiniSneba balkaneTSic. makedoniaSi erTdroulad arsebobs Turquli, bulgaruli, serbuli, berZnuli, albanuri, ruminuli da a. S.

mas Semdeg, rac enaTmecniereba damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibda, igi bunebrivad miadga im problemebs, romelTa winaSec Zveli moazrovneebic aTeuli saukuneebis manZilze idgnen. uamravi pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva axali simwvaviT wamoiWra.

enaTmecniereba, pirvel rigSi, warsulis mistikuri warmodgenebisgan ganTavisuflda da Tavisi kvlevis meTodebi logikuri azrovnebis aparatze daafuZna.

enebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli sulieri sibrZnisa da axali enaTmecnierebis gzebi Tavidanve gaiyo. maTi umTavresi debulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi urTierTgamomricxavic ki aRmoCnda.

enaTmecniereba ikvlevs ara mxolod enaTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, aramed maT msgavsebasac. swored am msgavsebaTa analizis Sedegad iqna dadgenili, rom Turme erTmaneTisgan didad dacilebul qveynebSic ki xSirad monaTesave enebze laparakoben. ase aRmoaCines enaTa iseTi didi ojaxebi, rogorebicaa: indoevropuli, semituri, bantu da sxva. am ojaxebis Semdgomma Sedarebam maT Soris arsebuli saerTo niSnebic gamoavlina, ramac zogierT mecniers ufro Zveli kavSirebis Ziebisken ubiZga. bevri mecnieri ukve yvela enaTa saerTo naTesaobaze saubrobda, Tumca, am hipoTezas mowinaaRmdege ufro meti aRmoaCnda. misi dasabuTeba enaTmecnierebis poziciidan metad rTul amocanad warmoCinda. droTa ganmavlobaSi enebma imdeni cvlileba ganicades, rom aseT Soreul warsulSi dabruneba lingvisturi kvlevis gziT SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.

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enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapzeve dadga fundamenturi kiTxva: cnebis Sesabamisi akustikuri xati SemTxveviTi bgerebisgan Sedgeba, Tu bgeraTa es wyoba raime bunebrivi aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli?

am kiTxvaze pasuxi calsaxad iqna gacemuli. enaTmecniereba daefuZna princips: enobrivi niSani pirobiTia. sityvebSi Semavali bgerebis mimdevroba araviTari Sinagani moTxovniT ar ukavSirdeba am sityviT gamosaxul cnebas. am debulebis utyuar dasabuTebad iqna miCneuli is faqti, rom erTi da igive cneba sxvadasxva enaze sruliad gansxvavebuli bgeriTi rigebiTaa gamosaxuli12. miCneul iqna, rom sxvadasxva xalxSi miRebuli cnebis sityvieri gamoxatvis forma ZiriTadad am koleqtivis Cvevas, anu SeTanxmebas emyareba. enaTmecnierebam ZiriTadad Tavi aarida enebis warmoSobis uaRresad rTulsa da winaaRmde gobebiT aRsavse amocanis gadawyebas. cnobili mkvlevari ferdinand de sosiuri amgvarad msjelobs:

„ena aSkara magaliTia imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi miRebul kanons ki ar irCeven, aramed emorCilebian.

rac ar unda Sors wavideT, nebismier epoqaSi ena mudam warsuli epoqis memkvidreobad gvevlineba. Tumca, es arasodes aravis daufiqsirebia, magram odesRac, sagnebs saxelebi daerqva. ese igi, moxda SeTanxmeba, garkveul cnebebs garkveuli akustikuri gamoxatulebebi miniWeboda. es rom ase unda momxdariyo, niSnis pirobiTobis mZafrma SegrZnebam STagvagona.

nebismieri sazogadoeba enas wina Taobebisgan yovelTvis mza saxiT, memkvidreobiT iRebs. amitomac enis warmoSobis sakiTxs iseTi mniSvneloba rodi aqvs, rogoric hgoniaT xolme. am sakiTxis dasmac araa saWiro. enaTmecnierebis erTaderTi realuri obieqti aris ukve Camoyalibebuli enis normaluri da regularuli sicocxle. enis nebismieri mocemuli mdgomareoba istoriuli faqtorebis produqtia da es faqtorebi xsnian niSnis ucvlelobas.“13

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enaTmecnierebis es fundamenturi debuleba winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda „winaparTa“ sulieri gamocdilebis SedegebTan. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mdidari gamocdileba Zvel aRmosavlur religiur moZRvrebebs hqondaT. Zalze STambeWdavi SedegebiT gamoirCeoda axlo aRmosavleTis bevri religiuri mimarTulebac.

aRmosavleTis religiurfilosofiuri moZRvrebebi ZvelTaganve udides yuradRebas aqcevdnen bgerebTan dakavSirebul mistikas. iTvleboda, rom yovelgvari saidumlo saxelSia dafaruli. saxeli iZleva warmodgenas sagnebisa da arsebebis Sesaxeb. igive saxelebi Seicaven sagnebisa da arsebebis dafarul Sinaarsebsac. yoveli saxeli iuwyeba sagnisa da arsebis rogorc warsuls, aseve awmyosa da momavals. saxelSi ki yvelaferi mniSvnelovania: Semadgeneli Tanxmovnebi da xmovnebi, maTi monacvleobis ritmi, TiToeuli bgeris buneba, bgerebiT gamosaxuli mistikuri ricxvi, bgeraTa kavSiri planetebTan da varskvlavur areebTan.

yvela Zvel kulturaSi iTvleboda, rom saxels mZlavri magiuri zemoqmedebis unari hqonda. xSirad saxeli gasaidumloebuli iyo, radgan iTvleboda, rom Tu adamianis namdvili saxeli ecodinebodaT, SesaZlebeli iyo masze magiuri zemoqmedebis moxdena. ese igi, adamians hqonda saero saxeli da erTgvari naTlobis saxeli. igive mimarTeba arsebobda RvTaebrivi arsebebis saxelebis mimarTac. RmerTis saxeli xSirad ar gamoiTqmoda, radgan Seusabamo adgilas mis xsenebas, SesaZloa ziani mohyoloda misi warmomTqmelisTvis.

iTvleboda, rom saxelebi moqmedeben ara mxolod maTze, visac gamosaxaven, aramed maT irgvliv arsebul garemozec.

religiur teqstebSi xSiria epizodebi, sadac moTxrobilia, rom adamianis saxelis Secvlam mTlianad Secvala misi arseba. igi TiTqosda sxva adamiani gaxda.

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vedebis mixedviT, sicocxlis pirveli gamovlineba samyaroSi bgeriTi saxiT iyo. samyaro „ismineboda“. bibliis msgavsad, aqac arsebobs debuleba, rom „pirvelad iyo sityva“. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi indoeli iogebi Tayvans scemdnen RvTaebriv sityvas. swored am gancdebidan momdinareobs maTi bgeriTi misticizmi. wminda saxeli da, saerTod, wminda sityva, indur religiebSi mudmivad Tayvaniscemis sagani iyo. RvTaebrivi sityvis Temas vxvdebiT uZveles zoroastrul religiaSic, budizmSic, islamSic. sityvaTa mistikas didi adgili ekava ebraul religiur swavlebaSic.

dReisTvis sanskrituli ena praqtikulad mkvdari enaa, magram indoeli iogebi TavianT metyvelebaSi kvlavac iyeneben sanskritul sityvebs, masSi xedaven mZlavr religiur impulsebs.

Zveli okulturi xelovneba, yovelgvari mistikuri praqtika, efuZneboda sityvis saidumloTa wvdomas, maTSi praqtikuli sulieri Zalebis Semecnebas14.

aRmosavluri swavlebis mixedviT, marTalia, yvela sityva Rrma intuiciuri Wvretis Sedegadaa Seqmnili, magram mainc gamoirCeva gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani mistikuri sityvebi. maTi warmomavloba kidev ufro Rrma sulieri safuZvlebidan momdinareobs. kerZod, iTvleba, rom am mistikur sityvebs sami ZiriTadi wyaro aqvT: intuiciuri, azrobrivi da astrologiuri.

intuiciuri sityva momdinareobs adamianuri samSvinvelidan, rac RvTaebrivis Sinagani Semecnebis Sedegia. swored amitomac aqvT am sityvebs mZlavri zemoqmedebis Zala. am SemTxvevaSi, samyaro TiTqosda adamianis samSvinveliT metyvelebs.

sityvebis zemoqmedeba intuiciuri aspeqtis garda cnobieri TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli. adamianis agebulebis Rrma Seswavlis Sedegad, xdeba im gvari centrebis moZieba, romlebze zemoqmedebac

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calkeuli bgerebisa da sityvebis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. calkeul bgerebs, TavianT mxriv, sruliad gansazRvruli zemoqmedebis Zala gaaCniaT. TiToeul xmovans, Tu Tanxmovans sruliad konkretuli xasiaTi aqvs da adamianze maTi moqmedebis efeqti mecnierulad SeiZleba iqnas Seswavlili. cxadia, es ukve codnis sferoa.

sityvaTa Sedgeniloba aseve farTodaa dakavSirebuli astrologiur movlenebTanac. xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi miwier planSi gamoxataven im sulier Zalebs, romlebic planetaruli da varskvlavuri sferoebidan momdinareobs. bgerebi aZliereben an asusteben ciuri sferoebidan momdinare gavlenebs.

indoeTSi adamianisTvis saxelis darqmeva swored varskvlavur konstilaciebzea damokidebuli. saxelis Semadgeneli bgerebi swored induri astrologiuri warmodgenebis mixedviT irCeva.

astrologias, rogorc sulier moZRvrebas, aseve myari Sexedulebebi aqvs Tavad adamianis enis Camoyalibebis kavSirze varskvlavur konstilaciebTan. kacobriobis istoriac, cxadia, Rrmadaa dakavSirebuli im epoqebTan, romelTa Taviseburebebic aseve varskvlavuri wesrigiT ganisazRvreba.

rogorc cnobilia, egvipturqaldeuri kulturis zeobis epoqaSi gazafxulis dReRamsworebisas mze xaris zodiaqoSi amodioda. ese igi, astrologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es iyo xaris epoqa. Zveli warmodgenebiT, zodiaqoebis sxvadasxva areebi adamianis sxeulis gansxvavebul nawilebze moqmedeben. adamianis fizikur organizaciaSi xaris zodiaqodan momdinare kosmosuri Zalebi xorxis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. swored egvipturqaldeur epoqaSi adamianis xorxi ganviTarebis iseT safexurs aRwevs, roca adamiani gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad axdens sityvebisa da Sesabamisi sagnebis urTierTSesatyvisobis Semecnebas. adamianuri organo _ xorxi _ gare samyaros

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sityvier Sesatyvisebs aqtiurad qmnis. kosmosidan momdinare RvTaebrivi sityvis adamianur

arsebasTan dakavSirebas kidev erTi kosmosuri faqti uwyobs xels. planetebi sxvadasxva zodiaqoSi sxvadasxva ZaliT vlindebian. sadac planetebs egreT wodebuli „saxli“ aqvT, maTi moqmedebis Zala maqsimaluria. zogierT zodiaqoSi maTi moqmedeba, piriqiT, Sesustebulia, zogidan ki isini saerTod „gandevnilni“ arian. planeta veneras saxli swored xaris zodiaqoSi aqvs. imis garda, rom xaris zodiaqos gavleniT adamianis xorxis Zalebi mkveTrad Zlierdeba da adamianSi sityvis dabadebas uwyobs xels, veneras zemoqmedebiT es gancdebi Rrmad ukavSirdeba adamianis Sinagan mSvinviersulier grZnobebs. adamiani gareSe sagnebsa da movlenebs mWidrod ukavSirebs misi xorxidan warmoqmnil bgerebs. es kosmosuri konstilacia daemTxva im epoqas, rasac biblia babilonis godolis istorias ukavSirebs. aq iwyeba enebis diferenciacia, calkeuli enebis aqtiuri ganviTareba.

egvipturqaldeur epoqas istoriulad berZnulromauli mosdevs. mze xaris zodiaqodan verZis zodiaqoSi gadadis. verZis Zalebi adamianSi ukve Tavis Zalebs aaqtiureben. azrovneba mZlavr instrumentad iqceva. adamiani samyaros azrovnebiT aRqmas iwyebs. metyvelebaSi ukve aqtiurad gamoixateba adamianis mier gare samyaros Sesaxeb gamomuSavebuli azrebi.

am procesSi aqtiurad erTveba marsidan momdinare planetaruli Zalebic. marsis „saxli“ swored verZis zodiaqoSia. planetarul sistemaSi marsi warmoadgens im planetas, romlisganac momdinare sulieri Zalebi adamianSi metyvelebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. igi mudmivad stimulirebas uwevs metyvelebis unars.

marsis zemoqmedebas zogjer radikaluri xasiaTic aqvs, metyvelebis impulsireba SesaZloa borotadac iqnes gamoyenebuli da igi aqtiur agitaciamde davides.

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Cvens epoqaSi mze ukve Tevzebis zodiaqoSi imyofeba. adamianis konstilaciaSi igi fexis terfebs Seesabameba. kosmosuri Zalebi Tavidan fexis terfebisken inacvleben. es aris didi gardatexis periodi kacobriobis istoriaSi. imas, rasac adamiani adre zecidan iRebda, axla ukve miwisgan iRebs. adamianis yuradReba miwieri samyaros kvlevisken gadadis. materialisturi cnobiereba grandiozul masStabebs iRebs.

Tevzebis zodiaqoSi „saxli“ iupiters aqvs, rac niSnavs, rom am epoqaSi ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba, adamianma sakuTari cnobierebis ZalebiT materiis Semecnebis grandiozul masStabebs miaRwios. materia sibrZniT imsWvaleba. masSi kosmosuri sibrZnis Semecneba xdeba SesaZlebeli.

bibliuri warmodgenebis msgavsad, aRmosavleTSic arsebobs rwmena imisa, rom odesRac kacobrioba erT saerTo enaze laparakobda. evropeli lingvistebisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ar kamaToben im sakiTxze, konkretulad romeli enaa kacobriobis es winare ena. iTvleba, rom kacobriobis winare ena iyo iseTive bunebrivi ena, rogoric dRes Citebisa da cxovelebis enaa. am enaSi mTavari ar aris gramatika. igi bunebrivad gamoxatavs adamianis grZnobebsa da moTxovnilebebs. cxadia, is ar iqneboda rTuli agebulebis. masSi ar iqneboda grZeli sityvebi. praena swored calkeuli bgerebisa da marcvlebis bunebrivi mniSvnelobebiT iyo gamoxatuli da adamianebic am bgerebSi mocemul Sinaarsebs mZafrad SeigrZnobdnen. isini am bgerebis garkveuli intonaciiT warmoTqmiT sakuTar grZnobebsa da gancdebs, sixarulsa da mrisxanebas gamoxatavdnen, erTmaneTs moaxloebuli saSiSroebis Sesa xeb afrTxilebdnen.

kacobriobis evoluciis procesSi adamianis moTxovnileba enis mimarT mkveTrad gaizarda. adamians metyvelebiT ufro da ufro meti hqonda saTqmeli da Tan

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daTan enac garTulda, sityvebis raodenobac gaizarda. metyvelebam TandaTan meti praqtikuli Sinaarsi SeiZina.

aRmosavleTis moZRvrebaSi Zalze Rrmad iyo gacnobierebuli is faqti, rom wminda sityvebi da marcvlebi ar SeiZleba miekuTvnos erT romelime sametyvelo enas. igi zogadsakacobrio kuTvnilebaa. bgeraTa erTi da igive sulieri Sinaarsebi SeiZleba monaxul iqnes uamrav enaSi. aucilebeli ar aris maTi erTi enidan meoreSi gadasvla. yovel enas Tavad SeuZlia moipovos igi. sityvebsa da maT Semadgenel bgerebs TavianTi damoukidebeli, obieqturi sulieri mniSvnelobebi aqvT da am mniSvnelobebis wvdoma yvela xalxSia SesaZlebeli. cxadia, yvela xalxsa da enas Taviseburebebi gaaCnia da amitom sityvebis formirebac am Taviseburebebs efuZneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, enaTa mravalferovnebis safuZvelia.

Zvelad, roca sityvis mistikas praqtikuli da religiuri mniSvneloba hqonda, sityvebis formebis Seqmnasac da SenarCunebasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobebi eniWeboda. igi ufro metad iyo damyarebuli adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul gamocdilebaze. sityvebis formireba, upirveles yovlisa, im adamianebisgan momdinareobda, visi intuiciuri cnobierebac Rrma religiuri da mistikuri grZnobiT iyo gajerebuli. Tanamedrove epoqaSi axali sityvebis Seqmnac da, miT umetes, Zveli sityvebis transformacia ufro zedapirulia. igi efuZneba gramatikis kanonebs da yoveldRiuri saqmianobis garegan faqtorebs. amitomac Tanamedrove leqsikaSi sityvaTa Sinaarsebi xSirad degradirebulia.

indur iogaSi Rrmad iyo gacnobierebuli calkeuli xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis sulieri zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebi. isini xSirad mimarTavdnen aseT praqtikas: yovel diliT da saRamos mravaljer imeorebdnen gansazRvrul wminda sityvebs. amis saSualebiT aRwevdnen garkveul egzaltirebul mdgomareobamde, roca maTi

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sulieri Wvretis unari maxvildeboda. SemdegSi igive meTodebi iqna gamoyenebuli sufistebis mierac. am praqtikas sufistebi „ziqrs“ uwodebdnen da TavianT sulier cxovrebaSi did adgils uTmobdnen.

aRmosavluri moZRvrebis mixedviT, sityvidan momdinare zemoqmedebis Zala damokidebulia ara mxolod imaze, Tu ra Sinaarss gamoxatavs es sityva, anda vis mieraa igi warmoTqmuli, aramed mniSvnelovnad imazec, Tu romeli bgerebisgan Sedgeba igi. bgerebs Tavad aqvT zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli Zala. maTi kombinaciebiT ki sruliad gansakuTrebuli forma yalibdeba.

sityvis Zala Zalze farTod iyo gamoyenebuli Zvel medicinaSic. wminda sityvebis mravaljeradi gameorebis gziT sxvadasxva daavadebebze xdeboda zemoqmedeba.

budistur religiur praqtikaSi xSiri iyo, roca berebi TavianT senakebSi sxvadasxva sityvier mantrebs mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime aTasjer imeorebdnen. es praqtika mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda da uwvriles detalebamde iyo daxvewili.

sazogadod, wminda sityvebis, an locviTi formulebis mravaljeradi gameorebis principi TiTqmis yvela religiur moZRvrebaSia miRebuli. es praqtika arsebobs induistur, zoroastrul, iudeistur, islamur, qristianul religiur cxovrebaSic.

wminda sityvebis mravaljeradi gameorebis principSi mniSvnelovani saidumloa danaxuli. Tavad gameorebaTa raodenobac garkveuli ricxviTi mistikidan momdinareobs. analogiuri mniSvnelobiT ganixileba ara mxolod wminda sityvebi, aramed calkeuli marcvlebi da bgerebic. Seswavlilia maTi moqmedebis efeqtebi ara mxolod adamianis fizikur sxeulze, aramed mis mSvinviersulier mdgomareobazec.

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan evropis kontinentzec daiwyo mistikuri moZRvrebebis gamococxleba. mis are

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alSi garkveulad enis problemebic moeqca. bgeraTa sulieri mniSvnelobebis garkvevis sakiTxSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa XX saukunis dasawyisSi Seqmnilma xelovnebis axalma dargma _ evriTmiam, romelic bgerebis sulier mniSvnelobebs moZraobaSi gamosaxavs. evriTmiaSi bgerebis zemoqmedebis Zala safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili. Zveli mistikuri moZRvrebebisgan gansxvavebiT, misi ena dasavluri cnobierebisTvis ufro Tanamedrove da gasagebia.

kacobriobis ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze metyvelebis forma mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyo. metyvelebis formam evoluciis grZeli gza gaiara. sawyis etapze igi ufro mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli sxeulis moZraobiT gamoxatulebasTan. SemdgomSi metyveleba TandaTan ufro Sinagani gaxda. adamiani dRes ZiriTadad Sesabamisi moZraobebis gareSe metyvelebs.15 evriTmiam bgera da moZraoba kvlav erTmaneTs daukavSira.

yoveli xalxis ena am xalxis saerTo saxalxo monapovaria. yoveli adamiani, romelic ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi ibadeba, ukve TavisTavad enis saSualebiT eqceva am xalxis koleqtiuri cnobierebis gavlenis qveS. es zemoqmedeba Zalze Zlieria da didi doziT gansazRvravs calkeuli individis xasiaTs, azrovnebis formas.

amave dros, istoriuli ganviTarebis garkveul etapze calkeul, maRalganviTarebul individualobebs Tavadac SeswevdaT Zala sametyvelo enis gziT seriozuli zemoqmedeba moexdinaT mSobliur koleqtivze. swored amitomacaa, rom ama Tu im xalxis enis reformatorebi, istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesabamis safexurebze, am xalxis cnobierebis reformatorebadac gvevlinebian.

ese igi, yovel enas aqvs rogorc koleqtiuri, aseve individualuri sulieri cxovrebis niSnebi. marTalia, sazogadod, sametyvelo enis forma simyarisa da ucvlelobis maRali doniT xasiaTdeba, magram garkveul istoriul periodSi mainc ganicdis cvlilebas _ erTgvarad mihyveba

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koleqtivis evoluciis, an involuciis process.enis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli azrTa sxva

dasxvaobis miuxedavad, yvela Tanxmdeba im sakiTxze, rom sametyvelo ena adamianis evoluciis procesSi Zalze Zveli monapovaria. ena warmoSobilia jer kidev im Soreul warsulSi, roca adamianTa individualizaciis procesi jer kidev ar iyo gamokveTili da adamianTa jgufebi erTiani koleqtiuri cnobierebis formiT xasiaTdebodnen. amgvari „koleqtiuri cnobierebis“ forma evoluciis Tanamedrove etapze cxovelTa saxeobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da maT ze dakvirvebiT garkveuli miaxloebiTi warmodgenebi SeiZleba viqonioT im Soreuli warsulis Sesaxeb.

adamianTa jgufebis SigniT urTierTobis ganviTarebam saerTo sakomunikacio saSualebis _ metyvelebis ganviTarebas Seuqmna safuZveli.

cxadia, sametyvelo enam mas Semdeg evoluciis grZeli gza ganvlo, vidre Tanamedrove formebamde Camoyalibdeboda.

sityvaTwarmoqmnis principebis aseT Soreul warsulSi arseboba, bunebrivia, urTules problemebs ayenebs Tanamedrove mecnierebis winaSe. ZiriTadad, swored amitomac, enaTmecnierebam Tavi aarida am Temis kvlevas.

enis warmoSobis sakiTxze ZiriTadi informacia Zveli religiuri da mistikuri warmodgenebis sferoSi ufro farTodaa damuSavebuli, vidre Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi.

ukanasknel aTaswleulebSi adamiani TandaTan sakuTar TavSi „Caketil“ individualobad Camoyalibda. „me“s Zalebis mkveTri ganviTarebis Sedegad yoveli individi sazogadoebisgan gamocalkevebul, dasrulebul arsebad iqca. Zvelad, adamianebi ar iyvnen amgvari damoukidebeli arsebebi. isini sakuTari koleqtivis SigniT, cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT, ufro metad iyvnen erTmaneTSi „gaTqvefilni“. maTi samSvinvelebi saerTo koleqtiuri samSvinve

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lis nawils warmoadgenda da erTmaneTis mimarTac metad iyvnen gaxsnilebi. Zlieri koleqtiuri samSvinvelis arseboba TavisTavad ganapirobebda erTiani, koleqtiuri cnobierebis arsebobas. amitomac, ama Tu im sagnisa, Tu arsebis aRsaniSnavad sityvebis warmoSoba koleqtivis erTiani ZalisxmeviT xdeboda da igi saerTo, koleqtiuri monapovari iyo. amgvari bgeriTi gamoxatulebebis arseboba Tanamedrove cxovelTa jgufebze dakvirvebiTac daaxloebiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT.

adamianuri arseba, evoluciis im stadiaze, roca masSi jer kidev ar aris gamokveTili „me“s Zalebi, SeiZleba ganvixiloT samwevrovani saxiT. adamianis am samwevrovnebas jer kidev aristotele Semdegi terminebiT gamosaxavda: fizikuri, vegetaciuri da animaluri sxeulebi.

adamianis metyveleba swored adamianis arsebis am samwevrovnebas efuZneba.

adamianis samwevrovnebaSi, jer kidev Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi, fizikur sxeuls is nawili ukavSirdeba, romelsac gare, fizikuri samyaros asaxvis unari aqvs. swored am nawilSia SesaZlebeli mibaZvis unaris gamovlineba. es aris metyvelebiT garemos gamosaxvis yvelaze primitiuli forma.

mibaZva aris is Tviseba, romelic adamianis bunebis qvecnobier sferos ukavSirdeba. adamianSi arsebobs qvecnobieri swrafva mibaZvisken. amitomac, bavSvis aRzrdis sferoSi mibaZvas mZlavri zemoqmedebis Zala aqvs.

metyvelebis es forma niSandoblivadaa damaxasiaTebeli mcirewlovani bavSvebisTvis, roca isini raime sagnebs, an movlenebs saxelebs imis mixedviT arqmeven, rasac isini xmovanebiT gamoscemen. xSirad patarebi ZaRls „auas“ eZaxian. cxadia, es saxeli ZaRlis yefis imitaciaa. bavSvi baZavs ZaRlis xmas da mis dasaxelebas qmnis. aseve xSirad qaTams „kokokos“ eZaxian, rac aseve qaTmis kakanis imitaciaa. bavSvebi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi qmnian

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amgvar sityvebs. maTi raodenoba bevria. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es mcirewlovani bavSvebis saerTaSoriso enaa.

Semdeg, roca bavSvi izrdeba da sakuTari dedaenis SeTvisebas iwyebs, mas aswavlian, rom ZaRls „aua“ ki ara, namdvili saxeli „ZaRli“ hqvia. am etapze bavSvebis saerTaSoriso ena iSleba, diferencirdeba.

miuxedavad amisa, xmis mibaZviT miRebuli sityvebi yvela enaSi mainc mravlad moipoveba.

magaliTad, msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi bavSvma SesaZloa yvavs uwodos „yva“, Tuki misi xorxi ise mowyobili, rom mas SeuZlia y bgeris warmoTqma. qarTveli xalxisTvis es SesaZlebelia. yvavis aRsaniSnavad qarTulma enam Semoinaxa es dasaxeleba („yvavi“).

qarTul enaSi xmabaZviTi sityvebis magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT: kakani, kakuni, wikwiki, braxuni, yiyini, sisini, zuzuni, kaWkaWi da sxva.

xmabaZviTi gziT sityvebis warmoqmna yvelaze primitiuli formaa. enis leqsikuri maragis didi nawili ufro rTuli warmomavlobisaa, vidre xmabaZviTi sityvebi. adamianis Sinagan arsebaSi maTi gamomuSaveba ukve ara fizikuri sxeulis, aramed vegetaciuri, anu eTeruli sxeulis safexurze xdeba. am sferoSi ukve mimdinareobs ara xmis mibaZva, aramed garegani aRqmis xatovani gamosaxva. am SemTxvevaSi ukve adgili aqvs garegani aRqmis simbolizacias _ xatovan simbolod gardasaxvas.16 adamianis mSvinvier agebulebaSi am sferos gansjiTi samSvinveli Seesabameba. enis warmoSobis periodSi samSvinvelis es nawili mxolod Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi unda vigulisxmoT, radgan „me“s Zalebi jer ar iyo ganviTarebuli. garegani STabeWdilebebis gadamuSaveba sizmriseuli mdgomareobis msgavsad, qvecnobierad mimdinareobs. is rac adamianis arsebaSi miiReba, am garegan STabeWdilebas mxolod xatovnad, simbolurad Seesabameba. es ukve aRar aris mibaZva.

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cxadia, garegani STabeWdilebis Sesabamisi suraTxatis gamomuSaveba rTuli fsiqikuri procesia. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gairkves: aqvs Tu ara raime myari kanonzomiereba am sityvieri simbolos warmoqmnas?

am kanonzomierebas rom erTaderTi da absoluturi safuZveli hqondes, maSin msoflios yvela xalxi, magaliTad, cxenis Sesatyvis erTsa da imave sityvas Seqmnida.

sityvaTwarmoqmnis am procesSi aucilebelia gamoiyos ori sxvadasxva mimarTeba: pirveli, bgerebis obieqturi Sinaarsebis arseboba, romelTa misadagebac qvecnobierad xdeba gare STabeWdilebasTan, da, meore, adamianis Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba. rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, bgerebs konkretuli Sinaarsebi gaaCnia, yoveli maTgani garkveul STabeWdilebas Seesabameba da amdenad, sruliad kanonzomierad xvdeba ama Tu im cnebis Sesabamisi akustikuri xatis (sityvis) SemadgenlobaSi. amave dros, bgeraTa kombinirebis procesi adamianTa jgufebis SemoqmedebiT aqtivobasac Seicavs. am azris meti sicxadisTvis SeiZleba amgvari magaliTi moviyvanoT: warmovidginoT, rom adamiani dgas saocarad lamazi, ayvavilebuli xis win. am SemTxvevaSi mis arsebaSi garedan warmoiqmneba STabeWdileba. am STabeWdilebis gamosaxva mas SeuZlia sxvadasxva gziT: mas SeuZlia mis win arsebuli realoba saRebavebiT daxatos. igive SeiZleba gaakeTon sxva adamianebmac, romlebic igive xes uyureben. am adamianTa gansxvavebuli unarebisa da mSvinvieri wyobis Sesabamisad arc erTi es naxati erTmaneTs ar daemTxveva. yvela naxatSi calkeuli adamiani individualur SemoqmedebiT niSnebs gamosaxavs, Tumca es naxatebi mainc ar iqneba TviTneburi: yoveli maTgani uTuod gamosaxavs im obieqtur realobasac, rac gare STabeWdilebas qmnis _ am SemTxvevaSi ayvavilebul xes.

ese igi, yoveli suraTi moicavs sagnis obieqtur saxesac da individualobis SemoqmedebiT mxaresac.

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daaxloebiT analogiur SemTxvevasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu es adamianebi imave sagnis daxatvas ki ara, misTvis saxelis darqmevas gadawyveten. wina SemTxvevisgan gansxvavebiT, aq Semoqmedad unda vigulisxmoT ara konkretuli individualoba, aramed ama Tu im xalxis koleqtiuri samSvinveli. sxvadasxva xalxs, Sesabamisi niSanTvisebebis gamo, sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. msgavsi garegani sagnebis Sinagani gadamuSavebisas, am xalxebSi sxvadasxva sityvieri xatebi miiReba, magram Tu yuradRebiT ganvixilavT maTi Semoqmedebis Sedegebs, uTuod SevniSnavT, rom es sityvebi ar aris SemTxveviTi formis. maTSi ikveTeba is obieqturi realobac, rac Sesabamis sagnebs gaaCniaT. es obieqturi realoba im bgerebis mniSvnelobebSi vlindeba, romlebic msoflios yvela xalxisTvis erTi da igi vea. adamianTa instinqtebSi bgeraTa es mniSvnelobebi qvecnobieradaa mocemuli, iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva saxis instinqtebi cxovelTa da frinvelTa saxeobebSi.

axla, Tu yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT adamianuri arsebis grZnobad (animalur) nawilze, SevamCnevT, rom masSi gare STabeWdilebis gadamuSaveba Semdeg stadiaze gadadis da mas ukve adamianis Sinagani gancda emateba. adamianis survilebi, miswrafebebi, kmayofileba, ukmayofileba, sixaruli da wuxili, vnebebi, swored adamianis grZnobad (animalur) sxeulSi vlindeba. adamians aqvs unari, es grZnobebi bgerebSi gamoxatos.

es aris sityvaTwarmoqmnis is stadia, roca sityva dasrulebul saxes iRebs.

sityvaTwarmoqmnis procesSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva gziT moxdes sityvis dabadeba. magaliTad, SesaZloa romelime sityvam zemoT warmodgenili samive faza Tanmimdevrulad moicvas. ese igi, garegani STabeWdilebis zegavleniT pirvelad SeiZleba mibaZviTi forma Seiqmnas, Semdgomi gadamuSavebiT adamianis vegetaciur, anu eTerul sxeulSi, ukve sityvier simbolod iqces da, me

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same stadiaze, Sinagan grZnobad (animalur) sferoSi ukve gancdebis Sesabamisi xmovaneba SeiZinos.

zogjer sityvis warmoqmna pirvelive, mibaZviT stadiazea SeCerebuli _ garegani STabeWdilebis akustikuri mibaZviT ukve dasrulebuli sityvaa miRebuli.

SesaZloa sityva mxolod grZnobad stadiazec daibados. am SemTxvevaSic gare STabeWdilebis saxiT raRac Sesatyvisi unda arsebobdes. masze reagirebisas adamianis animalur nawilSi grZnoba bgeris saxiT gamosxivdeba. Tu adamiani raime garegani movlenis Sesaxeb Tavis aRtacebas Tundac mxolod erTi xmovniT gamoxatavs _ a...! es ukve dasrulebuli emociaa da es erTi bgerac ki, Tavis mxriv, ukve dasrulebul sityvas warmoadgens.

gare STabeWdilebis mixedviT, adamianis vegetaciur, anu eTerul nawilSi gamomuSavebuli simboluri Sesatyvisic SeiZleba ukve dasrulebuli sitya iyos. Tavisi akustikuri formiT, cxadia, is SeiZleba sruliadac ar iyos mibaZviTi.

roca sityvis xatovani simbolo mxolod TanxmovnebiT gamoixateba, rogorc ar unda zustad gamoxatavdes igi sagans, an movlenis Sinaarss, mainc Cndeba moTxovnileba, rom raRac saxiT man mesame fazis elementebic SeiZinos da adamianis Sinagan gancdas daukavSirdes. ese igi, Tanxmovnebis ConCxi raRac doziT adamianuri grZnobebis gamomxatveli xmovnebiT „Seimosos.“

sityvebis meore stadiaze sityvaTa warmoqmna gansakuTrebiT naTladaa gamokveTili semitur enebSi.

semituri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom isini calke gamoyofen TanxmovanTa jgufebs. es jgufebi ukve damoukidebeli saxiTac garkveuli mniSvnelobis Semcvelni arian. Semdeg xdeba am TanxmovanTa ConCxedis xmovnebiT Semosva _ xmovnebiT gaxmovaneba.

semitur enebs aqvT tendencia myari bgeriTi suraTxatebis Seqmnisaken. ese igi, semituri enebis praformebi

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ZiriTadad adamianis vegetaciuri nawilidan momdinare bgeriT xatebs eyrdnoba.

enaTmecnierebaSi didi xania SeamCnies, rom semituri ojaxis Semadgenel enebs sxvebze meti mdgradoba aqvT. aq TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba rTuli sityvebi. Zalze myaria sityvis fuZis Semadgenloba. igi ZiriTadad moicavs sam Tanxmovans: es Tanxmovnebi ucvleladaa SenarCunebuli am sityvis yvela formaSi. aSkaraa, rom semiturSi Tanxmovnebi gamoxataven sityvaTa „konkretul azrs“, xolo monacvle xmovnebi calkeuli sufiqsebisa da prefiqsebis saSualebiT mxolod gramatikul kategorias aRniSnaven.

semiturma enebma naklebad ganicades fonetikuri cvli lebebi, ris gamoc Tanxmovnebi maTSi ukeT Semoinaxa, vidre sxva enebSi.17

indoevropul enebSi ufro aqtiuri adamianis grZnobadi nawilia. maTSi sityvaTa praformebi ufro metad Sinagan gancdebs ukavSirdeba.

kidev ufro gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa Cinur enaSi. masSi calkeuli marcvlebi, an marcvalTa mcire jgufebi, ukve dasrulebul Sinaarsebs gamoxataven. maTi erTmaneTze mierTebiT axali sityvebi warmoiqmneba.

cxadia, im Soreul warsulSi, roca adamianebSi individualoba naklebad iyo gamokveTili da koleqtiuri cnobierebis elementebi Warbobda, sametyvelo ena im saxiT ver Camoyalibdeboda, rogori saxec mas Cven epoqaSi aqvs. SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom maSin Tanamedrove enebis mxolod pirveladi formebi, maTi safuZvlebi Seiqmna. adamianis „me“s ganviTarebis procesSi, rasac Sedegad samSvinvelis Zalebis gaZliereba mohyva, enam evoluciis grZeli gza ganvlo. individualizaciis ganviTarebis procesma enis formasac, cxadia, mkveTri kvali daamCnia. adamianuri „me” aqtiurad Caeria enebis formirebis procesSi, ramac enebis Semdgom diferencirebas Seuwyo xeli.

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patara bavSvi metyvelebis Camoyalibebis adreul stadiaze ukve cdilobs Tavisi Sinagani gancdebi garegan STabeWdilebebs bgerebiT daukavSiros. roca igi Tavisi axloblebis danaxvaze gamoscems bgerebs „de“, „ma“, „ba“, ... igi ukve qvecnobierad arkvevs Tu ra gare STabeWdilebebs Seesabameba es marcvlebi. am kavSirSi igi Tavis Sinagan gancdas, am SemTxvevaSi, sixarulis gancdas efuZneba. am magaliTSi kargad Cans kacobriobis im Soreuli epoqis ganwyobileba, roca is msgavsi mTvlemare cnobierebis safexurze garesamyaros bgeriT Sesatyvisebs qmnida.

dReisTvis, roca kacobriobas Zalze didi gamocdileba daugrovda rogorc mistikis, aseve samecniero kvlevis sferoSi, albaT SesaZlebelia kidev erTxel SevexoT bgeraTa gamomsaxvelobis sakiTxs.

nebismieri enis leqsikuri Semadgenloba Zalze araerTgvarovania. enis leqsikis Semadgenel yovel sityvas sakuTari damoukidebeli istoria aqvs. es sityvebi TavianTi asakiTac mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. maT asakSi gansxvaveba saukuneebiT da zogjer aTeuli saukuneebiTac ki ganisazRvreba.

cxadia, aseT pirobebSi Zalze Znelia calkeuli sityvebis warsuls mivdioT. droSi momxdari cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es Zalze rTuli amocanaa.

am sirTulis miuxedavad, mniSvnelovania leqsikis garkveuli klasifikacia sityvaTa warmomavlobis gaTvaliswinebiT. garkveuli pirobiTobiT es klasifikacia amgvarad SeiZleba movaxdinoT:

1. „bgeraTmetyvelebiTi“ sityvebi.

es is sityvebia, romlebSi Semavali bgerebic pirvelyofili saxiT gadmoscemen sityvis Sinaarss. ese igi, sityvis Sinaarsi masSi Semavali bgerebis mniSvnelobebis pirdapiri gamoxatulebaa. am bgerebis sxvadasxvaoba sxvadasxva enaSi ganpirobebulia am xalxebis msoflmxedvelobis gansxvave

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bulobiT, maTi xedvis sxvadasxva kuTxiT.amave dros, enebis safuZvlebis msgavsebaze saubri

sas swored sityvebis es klasia gasaTvaliswinebeli, radgan calkeuli bgerebis mniSvnelobebi maTSi ZiriTadad saerToa.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sityvebi, romlebsac Zveli religiurmistikuri moZRvrebebi wminda sityvebad ganixilavdnen, swored am jgufSia moqceuli.

amgvari sityvebi, xSirad moklea, mciremarcvliani, zogjer erTmarcvlianic ki.

2. „xmabaZviTi sityvebi“

es sityvebi ama Tu im movlenis, anda arsebis mier gamocemuli xmebis mibaZvaa. rogorc aRiniSna, qarTulSi aseTi sityvebia: yiyini, kakani, braxuni, sisini, yvavi da a. S.

amgvari sityvebi yvela enaSia da sxvadasxva movlenebs gamoxatavs. amgvar sityvebSi konkretuli bgerebis mniSvnelobiT Sinaarsebis warmoCena, cxadia, koreqtuli ar aris. Tumca, arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom zogjer am bgeraTa Sinaarsebi garkveul kanonzomier kavSirSic aRmoCndes Sesabamis movlenasTan an arsebasTan.

3. „mimsgavsebiTi“ sityvebi.

„mimsgavsebiTi“ sityvebi iqmneba erTi cnebidan warmoSobili asociaciis sxva cnebaze gadataniT. magaliTad, Tevzis erTerT saxeobas hqvia „xmala“. es sityva warmoiSva „xmlis“ cnebisgan. xmals, cxadia, pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs Tevz „xmalasTan“, magram radgan es Tevzi raRac niSniT, konkretulad formiT, xmlis asociacias iwvevs, mas amgvari saxeli daerqva. cxadia, Tevzis saxel „xmalaSi“ bgerebis Sinaarsebi iseve ver Seesabameba maTiT gamoxatuli cnebis Sinaarss, rogorc es mis pirvelad formaSi _ „xmalSia“.

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4. „Sedgenili“ sityvebi.

es sityvebi sxvadasxva sityvebis SeerTebiTaa miRebuli. Sedgenil sityvaSi SeiZleba monawileobdes ori, sami da, zogjer, oTxi sityvac ki. maSinac ki, roca rTuli sityvis Semadgenel yvela sityvas calcalke sruliad dasrulebuli Sinaarsi aqvs, Sedgenili sityvis Sinaarsi mainc ar daiyvaneba maTi mniSvnelobebis meqanikur jamze. Sedgenili sityvebis calkeuli bgerebis mniSvnelobebiT ganxilvac cdomilebis did xarisxs Seicavs.

5. „xelovnuri“ sityvebi.

es sityvebi sazogadoebaSi axali cnebis gaCenisas SeiZleba warmoiSvas. isini ZiriTadad terminebis saxiT arseboben. aseT dros SeiZleba mas sruliad konkretuli avtoric hyavdes, romelic piradi SexedulebiT ama Tu im movlenas an sagans saxels arqmevs. xSirad es saxeli metyvelebaSi meqanikurad mkvidrdeba da rogorc termini, enidan enaSic ki gadadis. amgvari movlena ufro metad bolo saukuneebSi gaCenili terminebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mecnierulteqnikuri progresi imdenad swrafi tempiT mimdinareobs, rom enebi veRar aswreben Sesabamisi leqsikis sakuTar enobriv wiaRSi gamomuSavebas da xSirad termins sxva enidan meqanikurad iReben. cxadia, amgvar sityvebSic ar aris marTebuli bgerebis Sinaarsebis mixedviT varkvioT sityvis arsi.

6. „nasesxebi“ sityvebi.

es is sityvebia, romlebic erTi enidan meoreSia gadasuli. am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, es sityva nebismieri zemoT ganxiluli saxisa iyos. SeiZleba is iyos sxva xalxis mier Seqmnili „bgeraTmetyvelebis“, „xmamibaZvis“, „Sedgenis“, anda „xelovnuri“ gziT. Tu sityva „bgeraTmetyvelebiTia“, igi romelime xalxis fsiqikuri ganwyobilebidan

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momdinareobs, magram unda vifiqroT, rom mimRebi xalxis fsiqikuri ganwyobilebisTvisac igi Sesabamisi aRmoCnda, radganac mis leqsikaSi daimkvidra adgili.

romelime enis ganxilvisas, misi leqsikuri maragidan aucilebelia gamoirCes is sityvebi, romlebic am enis pirvelad saxes gansazRvraven. mxolod am sityvebze SeiZleba msjeloba maTi Semadgeneli bgerebis mixedviT. radgan sityvaTa gamorCevis es principi mkacr mecnierul meTodikas ar efuZneba, bunebrivia, dasawyisSive unda davuSvaT cdomilebis garkveuli xarisxi.

samyaro, romelic adamianis gareSe arsebobs, ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogoria am adamianis Sexeduleba mis Sesaxeb. calkeuli cnebebi adamianisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, xolo adamians maT Sesaxeb garkveuli Sexedulebebi gaaCnia.

ama Tu im xalxis warmodgenebi mis msoflmxedvelobas qmnis. es warmodgenebi garkveulad subieqturia. amave dros igi cdomilebis garkveul xarisxsac Seicavs. adamiani bgerebis saSualebiT sakuTar warmodgenebs sityvebad gamosaxavs. radgan sityvebi warmodgenebidan momdinareoben, isinic analogiuri xasiaTisani arian.

mecnierebaSi, is faqti, rom yvela enaSi msgavsi bgerebi gvxvdeba, TiTqosda TavisTavad igulisxmeba. mTeli kacobriobisTvis erTi da imave bgerebis arseboba zogadad adamianis fizikuri organizaciidan momdinared iTvleba.

bgerebi sxvadasxva xalxis warmodgenebze ar aris damokidebuli. maTi mniSvnelobebi mTeli kacobriobisTvis erTi da igivea da mTeli kacobriobis qvecnobier sferoSi erTnairad vlindeba.

roca esa Tu is koleqtivi raime sityvas qmnis, igi garkveuli warmodgenis Sesabamis bgerebs Tavisi koleqtiuri cnobierebis siRrmeebidan iRebs.

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT iseTi sayovelTaod cno

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bili cneba, rogoricaa „mze“. cxadia, msoflios yvela xalxs aqvs „mzis“ gancda. es gancda maTi yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan momdinareobs. aqve isic SevniSnoT, rom tropikuli qveynebis mkvidrT, Crdiloelebis msgavsi warmodgenebi ver eqnebaT mzis Sesaxeb. erTi da imave klimatur sartyelSic warmodgenebi gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos, radgan isini mxolod mzis fizikuri aRqmidan ar momdinareoben. did rols TamaSobs am xalxebis religiuri da tradiciuli Sexedulebebic. ese igi, „mzis“ cnebasTan mimarTebaSi adamianebs aqvT sxvadasxva warmodgenebi. roca esa Tu is xalxi „mzis“ cnebis Sesabamis sityvas qmnis, mas uwevs „mzis“ Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebidan erTerTs upiratesoba mianiWos _ mravali warmodgenidan erTerTi gamoarCios. aseTi warmodgenebi uamravi SeiZleba iyos. pirobiTad moviyvanoT zogierTi maTgani:

mze anaTebs.mze aTbobs.mze wvavs.mze cecxlovani burTia.mze sibneles amarcxebs.mze mcenareebs vertikalurad zrdis,

vertikalobas unarCunebs.mze mcenareebs aWknobs.mzis sulma _ zeciurma raindma bneleTis

gveleSapi daamarcxa.mze drois monacvleobas gansazRvravs

(dReRame, weliwadi).mze adamianis „me“s Tavisuflebas aniWebs

_ bediswerisgan aTavisuflebs.

roca romelime xalxSi am warmodgenebidan erTerTi gamorCeulia, ukve qvecnobier siRrmeebSi xdeba am cnebis Sesabamisoba im bgerebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro

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zustad gamoxataven am ganwyobilebas. xalxis cnobierebaSi amotivtivdeba am cnebis Sesabamisi gancdis akustikuri gamoxatuleba. ase iqmneba sityvebi. sxvadasxva xalxSi gansxvavebulia warmodgenebi da amdenad gansxvavebulia erTi da imave cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebic. magram, radgan arc warmodgenebis raodenobaa usasrulo da arc bgerebis, xSirad sxvadasxva xalxi erTi da imave cnebis gamosaxatavad msgavs sityvebs qmnis.

Tu romelime xalxi yoveli warmodgenisTvis calcalke sityvas Seqmnis, mis enaSi uamravi sinonimi gveqneba. sinonimebis simravle metyvelebas arTulebs, Tumca mas Sinaarsobrivad amdidrebs.

ase iqmneba sityvebi _ yalibdeba ama Tu im xalxis leqsikuri maragi. SemdegSi es sityvebi maRali mdgradobiT gamoirCevian. mravali Taobis manZilze inarCuneben erTxel miRebul formas.

drois Semdeg etapebze, anu drois romelime WrilSi, axlad mosul Taobas mSobliuri ena mza saxiT xvdeba. bavSvi Tavad ar irCevs sametyvelo enas. igi im garemoTia gansazRvruli, romelSic es bavSvi daibada. man mza saxiT miiRo cnebebis Sesabamisi sityvebi. es sityvebi ki misi winaprebis warmodgenebs Seesabameba. cxadia, mis Tvis aravis ukiTxavs am cnebis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebidan romels airCevda. radgan sityva mas mza saxiT mieca, ese igi, mas qvecnobierad aseve mza saxiT miewoda is warmodgena, romelic Tavis droze misma winaparma am sityviT gamosaxa. gamodis, rom ena aris warmodgenaTa Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelsac adamiani enasTan erTad qvecnobierad mza saxiT iRebs da amdenad garkveuli saxiT gansazRvravs kidec mis cnobierebas.

enis SeTvisebisas adgili aqvs im movlenis ukuprocess, rac Tavad am enis Semadgeneli sityvis SeqmnasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ena didi doziT gansazRvravs ama Tu im xalxis cnobierebas, ena garkveulad „aiZulebs“ kidec

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adamians Tavisi winaprebis warmodgenebis Sesabamisi cnobiereba hqondes.

rogorc iTqva, adamianis samSvinvelSi sityvis warmoqmnis process gansazRvravs, erTi mxriv, mis cnobier sferoSi raime gareSe sagnis an movlenis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi da, meore mxriv, misi qvecnobieri sferodan amotivtivebuli bgeraTa Sinaarsebi. am procesSi yvelaze bundovani, cxadia, is sakiTxia, Tu ra gziT xvdebian bgerebis es Sinaarsebi adamianis samSvinvelSi. aseve gasarkvevia sakiTxi, es Sinaarsebic warmodgenebia, Tu maT obieqturi realobis saxe aqvT? Tuki isini obieqturi Sinaarsebis matarebelni arian, koleqtivis ra sazRvrebSi vrceldebian es Sinaarsebi _ mxolod am enaze molaparake xalxisTvis arian damaxasiaTebeli, Tu mTeli kacobriobisTvis ucvleli mniSvnelobebi aqvT?

sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sityvaTwarmoqmnis problemis gadasawyvetad centralur amocanas warmoadgens adamianis aracnobieri sferodan amotivtivebul bgeraTa Sinaarsebis gacnobiereba.

38

Tavi 2

bgeraTa jgufebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom metyvelebaSi Tanxmovnebi da xmovnebi yovelTvis Sereuli saxiT arseboben, maTi zogadi Tvisebebis ganxilvisas aSkaraa, rom bgeraTa es ori jgufi erTmaneTs mkveTrad emijneba. maT Soris urTierTgadasvlis SesaZlebloba Zalze mcire diapazonSi arsebobs.

metyvelebaSi xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis meSveobiT adamiani erTmaneTisgan diametrulad gansxvavebul ganwyobilebas gamoxatavs.

xmovnebi adamianSi gamoxataven imas, rac masSi grZnobebisa da emociebis saxiT arsebobs, anu xmovnebi Sinagani grZnobebis gamoxatulebaa. SesaZloa, es grZnobebi gareSe sagnebiT iyos gamowveuli, magram metyvelebisas xmovani adamianis Sinagan ganwyobas gadmoscems.

Tanxmovnebi saganTa garkveul formebs miesadagebian. TanxmovniT adamiani imas axmovanebs, rasac garegani sagnidan gamomdinared warmoisaxavs.

Tanxmovnebisa da xmovnebis mkveTri gamijvna kargad Cans adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT bunebriv movlenaSi, rogricaa simRera, galoba. simReris gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare ZiriTadad xmovnebiTaa gansazRvruli. Tanxmovnebis JReradobas umniSvnelo adgili ukavia. zogierT simReraSi Tanxmovnebi praqtikulad arc ki ismis.

simRerisas adamianis Sinagani, grZnobadi bunebaa aqtiuri. adamiani TiTqos Tavisi grZnobebis Signidan gareT gadmoRvras eswrafvis. am ganwyobas swored xmovnebi gadmoscemen.

diametrulad sawinaaRmdego suraTia, roca adamiani

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raRac azrs metyvelebiT gadmoscems. am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad Tanxmovnebi dominireben. igrZnoba, rom gamoTqmuli azrebis Sinaarsebs swored isini gamoxataven.

SesaZlebelia simRerebis teqstebi da metyvelebiT gadmocemuli winadadebebi msgavsic ki iyos, magram maTi gamomsaxveloba simRerisas da msjelobisas diametrulad gansxvavebuli iqneba.

zedapiruli dakvirvebiTac aSkaraa, rom TiToeuli xmovani calke aRebulic ki naTlad gadmoscems adamianis Sinagan ganwyobilebas (o...! a...! i...! e...! u...!). amave dros, es erTbgeriani „sityvebi“ mTeli kacobriobis Tvis erTsa da imaves gamoxatavs. metyvelebis am fragmentSi mTeli kacobrioba erT enaze metyvelebs. calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda (magaliTad, s...! hm...!) Tanxmovnebi calke bgerebis warmoTqmisas dasrulebul ganwyobilebas ver qmnian. xmovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanxmovnebi adamianis ganwyobilebas garegani sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT gamoxatavs. radgan es ganwyobilebebi sxvadasxva adamianSi erTi da imave movlenis mimarTac ki sruliad sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos, maTi saSualebiT ur TierTgageba rTulia.

Tanxmovnebi qmnian sityvis „xerxemals“, isini gansazRvraven sityvis Sinaarss. sityvis TanxmovnebiT Sedgenil ConCxs xmovnebi Sinagani gancdebiT „acocxleben“, sametyvelo plastiurobas aniWeben.

sxvadasxva enaSi TanxmovanTa raodenoba gansxvavebulia. zogi Tanxmovani TiTqmis yvela enaSi gvxvdeba, zogi ki mxolod calkeul enebSi arsebobs. amave dros Tanxmovnebs erTmaneTTanac garkveuli „naTesaobiTi“ urTierTobebi aqvT. es naTesaoba fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadad maTi warmoTqmisa da JReradobis Taviseburebebidan momdinareobs.

sazogadod, bgerebi iyofa or did jgufad: mJReri da yru bgerebi. yvela sametyvelo bgera iwarmoeba haernaka

40

diT _ amosunTqvis gziT. amave dros, sxvadasxva bgera sunTqviT procesze sxvadasxvagvaradaa damokidebuli. arseboben iseTi xSuli Tanxmovnebi, romlebsac haeris didi maragi ar sWirdebaT. daxSuli yelis SemTxvevaSic ki mis zemoT piris RruSi arsebuli umniSvnelo haeri sakmarisia maT warmosaTqmelad. magaliTad, qarTulSi amgvari xSuli Tanxmovnebia: p_t_w_W_k_y. aseTi xSuli Tanxmovnebi arsebobs sxva enebSic. am erTgvar usunTqvel Tanxmovnebs yelxSul Tanxmovnebs, zogjer ki abruptivebs uwodeben.

abruptivebis arseboba qarTulsa da kavkasiur enebSi qmnis maTi xSuli Tanxmovnebis sameulebriv sistemas. mJRerebs Seesabameba homorganuli yru bgerebi, ese igi, is bgerebi, romlebic fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiT msgavsad warmoiqmnebian.

qarTul enaSi arsebobs xSul TanxmovanTa xuTi sruli sameuli:

b _ f _ p1. d _ T _ t2. Z _ c _ w3. j _ C _ W4. g _ q _ k5.

am sameulebSi pirveli Tanxmovani mJReria, meore _ yru fSvinvieri, xolo mesame _ yru abruptivi, anu yelxSuli.

am jgufebSi ar xvdeba kidev erTi xSuli Tanxmovani y, romelic Tavis mxriv, abruptivia. enaTmecnierebi varaudoben, rom SesaZloa igi me6 jgufis erTerTi wevri iyo, xolo Semdeg am jgufSi Semavali mJReri da yru fSvin vieri wevrebi daikarga.18

svanur enaSi es meeqvse sameuli srulia. im enebSi, sadac abruptivebi araa, xSul TanxmovanTa

sistema, Cveulebriv, wyvilebiTaa warmodgenili. magaliTad, qarTul (b _ f _ p) s inglisurSi Seesatyviseba b _

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p, xolo (d _ T _ t) s d _ t.xSuli Tanxmovnebis erTerT saxeobas warmoadgens

afrikati, anu „naxevradxSuli“. qarTuli afrikatebia Z _ c _ w, j _ C _ W.

afrikati rTuli xSuli Tanxmovania. miRebulia azri, rom igi Sedgenilia martivi xSulisa da misi homorganuli spirantisagan. qarTuli enis afrikatebi Semdegi Sedgenilobisaa:

Z _ d + zc _ T + sw _ t + sj _ d + JC _ T + SW _ t + S

rogorc vxedavT, am SedgenilobaSi pirveli bgera xSulia, xolo meore spiranti. maTi Serwyma qmnis axal ganuyofel Tanxmovans. am wyvilTa Serwymis erTerTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom yoveli wyvilidan, marTalia, erTi xSulia, xolo meore spiranti, magram maTi warmoqmna fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovania. magaliTad, Zs Semadgeneli orive bgera, xSuli d da spiranti z winaenismieria.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos qarTuli da, saerTod, kavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba. aq xSuli Tanxmovnebis sameulebis yru bgerebs sruliad damoukidebeli fonematuri mniSvnelobebi aqvT. magaliTad, xSuli bgerebi kq, tT, pf am sameulebSi ki Sedian, magram sityvis SinaarsebSi maT TavTavisi damoukidebeli Sinaarsebi aqvT. arakavkasiuri ene bis umravlesobaSi, sadac xSuli Tanxmovnebis wyvilebia warmodgenili da ara sameulebi, aRniSnuli fonematuri gansxvaveba gamokveTili ar aris. iq bgerebis urTierTCanacvleba xSirad Sinaarsis Seucvlelad xdeba. magaliTad, erTi enidan meoreSi gadasuli k Tu qTi Se

42

icvala, amiT sityvis SinaarsSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba ar xdeba. kavkasiur enebSi es sakiTxi ufro rTuladaa. kavkasiuri enebis es sirTuleebi jerjerobiT saTanadod Seswavlili ar aris da, amdenad, am sakiTxze ar SevCerdebiT. xSul Tanxmovnebze saubrisas Cven mTeli jgufebis zogad niSanTvisebebze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, xolo am jgufebis SigniT arsebul gansxvavebebs calke ar ganvixilavT. Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT am gansxvavebaTa garkveva calke kvlevis sagania.

qarTuli enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tanxmovnebi fonemuri dajgufebis mixedviT SeiZleba ase warmodges:

xSuli Tanxmovnebi:labiali b, p, fdentali d, t, Tvelari g, k, qfaringaluri y

afrikatebi:sisina Z, c, wSiSina j, C, W

spirantebi:sisina z, sSiSina J, Sukanaenismieri R, xfSvinvieri h

sonanti: v

sonorebi: l, r, m, n

varaudoben, rom fonema h Zvel qarTulSi arc ki

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arsebobda. igi Zvel qarTul teqstebSi VII saukunidan gvxvde ba. mis gamoCenas x fonemis gardaqmniT xsnian.19

analogiuri varaudi arsebobs J fonemasTan dakavSirebiTac.20

qarTuli enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva Tanxmovnebic metnakleb naTesaobas amJRavneben am jgufebTan.

TanxmovanTa warmodgenili dajgufeba enaTmecnierebis sferos ganekuTvneba. igi mkacr gramatikul kanonebs eqvemdebareba.

rogorc irkveva, bgeraTa Sesaxeb arsebuli Zveli mistikuri warmogdenebic naTlad arCevdnen bgerebis „naTesaobis“ sakiTxs; ufro metic _ bgeriT mistikaSi mocemuli dajgufebis suraTi didi sizustiT emTxveva Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis monacemebs.

astrologiuri TvalsazrisiTac ki Tanxmovnebi analo giuradaa dajgufebuli. zodiaqur areebze TanxmovanTa jgufebi swored im saxiTaa ganawilebuli, rogoradac igi fonemur sistemaSia mocemuli.

cxadia, erTsa da imave fonemur jgufSi Semaval Tanxmovnebs Sorisac bevri gansxvaveba arsebobs, magram qvemoT TanxmovanTa mniSvnelobebze saubrisas, maT swored warmodgenili jgufebis saxiT ganvixilavT. Cven SevexebiT mTeli jgufis ZiriTad niSnebs. am niSnebs jgufSi Semavali bgerebi metnaklebi simkveTriT gamoxataven. cxadia, yovel maTgans Tavisi gansakuTrebuli niuansi axlavs am Sinaarsebis gamoxatvaSi.

Tanxmovnebis saSualebiT adamiani cdilobs garegan samyaroSi SeRwevas. Tanxmovnis warmoTqmisas adamiani TiTqos Tavisi Sinaganidan gare samyaroSi gamodis da gareSe saganTan an movlenasTan gaerTianebas (Serwymas) eswrafvis. xmovnis warmoTqmisas is TiTqos piriqiT, sakuTar samyaroSi moqmedebs, sakuTar Sinagan gancdebs axmovanebs.

sityvebi, Cveulebriv, marcvlebisgan Sedgeba. yovel marcvalSi aucileblad aris xmovani. marcvlebis umrav

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lesoba xmovanTan erTad erT an ramdenime Tanxmovansac Seicavs. marcvlis Semadgenloba sxvadasxva enaSi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mainc erTi Tanxmovnisa da erTi xmovnisgan Sedgenili marcvalia. ese igi, yvelaze gavrcelebulia marcvali (Tanxmovani + xmovani). Zvel enebSi, romlebic dReisTvis ukve mkvdari enebia, anda momakvdav stadiaSia, ufro metadaa damaxasiaTebeli erTi Tanxmovnisa da erTi xmovnis monacvleobis principi, vidre Tanamedrove enebSi21.

bevr enaSi saerTod ar arsebobs iseTi marcvali, romelic Tanxmovans ar Seicavs da mxolod xmovniTaa warmodgenili.22

zogierTi enisTvis ucxoa ori Tanxmovnis erTad ganlageba. isini ZiriTadad xmovanTan erTad monacvleoben. magaliTad, Cinuri enebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli (Tanxmovani + Tanxmovani) konstruqciebi.23

analogiuri tendenciebi arsebobda amerikis aborigenuli da afrikuri tomebis enebSic.24

Zvel semitur, kavkasiur, alTaur da Tanamedrove dasavlur enebSi Tanxmovnebis an xmovnebis erTad Tavmoyra uCveulo SemTxvevas ar warmoadgens.

Tu sityvis warmoTqmis process Senelebuli saxiT warmovidgenT, SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom Tanxmovnebisa da xmovnebis monacvleobiT, faqtobrivad, saxeze gvaqvs adamianis mier sakuTari arsebis datovebisa da ukan dabrunebis tendencia.

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, Tanxmovnebic didad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. spirantebsa da sonantebSi gamokveTilad SeiniSneba gareT swrafvis tendencia. xSul TanxmovnebSi es swrafva SedarebiT SezRudulia. xSuli bgeris warmoTqmisas adamians TiTqos uWirs gareT gasvla, gare saganTan Serwyma.

sruliad gansakuTrebulia r bgera. igi mTrTolavi bgeraa da erTdroulad orive tendencias amJRavnebs.

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mas rogorc gareganSi gaxsnis, aseve SinaganSi darCenis tendencia erTdroulad axasiaTebs. kidev erTi gansakuTrebuli bgeraa l. igi mkveTrad talRisebur saxes amJRavnebs. igi ufro Sinaganidan vlindeba.25

axla yuradReba mivaqcioT Tanxmovnisa da xmovnis urTierTmimarTebas Tavad marcvlis SigniT.

am SemTxvevaSi, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor arian isini ganlagebuli. SesaZloa win an Tanxmovani id ges, an xmovani. Tu xmovani Tanxmovnis win dgas (magaliTad, in, el, im...), maSin raime grZnobis gamoxatvisas SinaganSi darCenis neba ufro Zlieria, xolo Tu xmovnis win Tanxmovania (magaliTad, ni, le, mi...), maSin adamiani Signidan gareTaa mimarTuli, adamiani ufro metad miecema garemos. zogjer erTi Tanxmovani or xmovans Sorisac SeiZleba iyos moqceuli. es ritmul elements gansazRvravs.26

ese igi, roca jer Tanxmovani gamoiTqmis da Semdeg mosdevs xmovani, es Tanwyoba gansazRvravs adamianis swrafvas Secnobis obieqti Tavis gareT moiZios.

Tu piriqiT, jer xmovania win da Semdeg mosdevs Tanxmovani, es Tanwyoba ukve adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi darCenis tendencias uwyobs xels.27

kacobriobis ganviTarebis uZveles etapze imgvari fsiqikuri ganwyobileba dominirebda, roca adamiani, ZiriTadad, gare samyarosken iyo mimarTuli. bevri iseTi gancda, rac dRes Sinagania, Zvelad garegani iyo. magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTSi eriniebi da furiebi is sulieri Zalebi iyo, romelsac adamiani Tavis gareT ganicdida da misi qmedeba, xSirad am Zalebisadmi damokidebulebiT gani sazRvreboda. Tanamedrove epoqaSi eriniebi da furiebi adamianis gareT ukve aRar ganicdebian. maT TiTqosda adamianis samSvinvelis siRrmeSi gadainacvles. Tanamedrove adamiani mas sakuTari Sinagani samyarodan momdinare sindisis grZnobad ganicdis. rac adre garegani iyo _ axla ukve Sinagania.

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amdenad, sityvis Semadgeneli marcvali, sadac xmovani win uswrebs Tanxmovans, ufro Tanamedrove epoqisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Zvel enebSi marcvali ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo (Tanxmovani + xmovani) saxiT, rac zustad gamoxatavda kacobriobis cnobierebis evoluciis Sesabamis safexurs.

qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT bgerebis im Sinaarsebze gavamaxviloT yuradReba, romlebic yvela enisTvis erTnairadaa damaxasiaTebeli. swored am bgerebis sayovelTao mniSvnelobebis mdgradoba gansazRvravs im realobas, rom xSirad erTi da imave cnebis gamoxatvisas sxvadasxva enebi msgavs sityvebs qmnian.

marTalia, erTi da igive bgerebi sxvadasxva enebSi meordebian, magram maTi werilobiTi gamosaxvisas bunebrivad vawydebiT garkveul siZneleebs. erTi da igive bgera sxvadasxva enaSi sxvadasxva niuansuri sxvaobebiT warmoiTqmeba. amjerad am sxvaobebis warmodgena ar Seadgens Cvens mizans. radgan Cven ZiriTadad bgeraTa jgufebis Taviseburebebze vakeTebT aqcents, am jgufis SigniT bgeraTa warmoTqmis gansxvavebuloba ar aris gadamwyveti.

winamdebare naSromSi sxvadasxva enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli suraTis zogadi warmodgenisTvis anbanuri Sriftebis minimaluri raodenobaa gamoyenebuli. kerZod, qarTuli anbanis SriftiT gamosaxulia mxolod qarTuli leqsika da misi dialeqtebi _ svanuri da megruli. rusuli anbaniT mxolod rusuli leqsikaa warmodgenili. danarCeni enebisTvis zogadad laTinuri Sriftia gamoyenebuli. im enebisTvis, romlebic isedac laTinur Srifts efuZnebian (laTinuri, inglisuri, germanuli, espanuri, ...), bunebrivia, maTi originaluri formaa SenarCunebuli, xolo sxva enebis leqsika laTinur Sriftzea dayvanili.

47

Tavi 3

Tanxmovnebis arqauli mniSvnelobebi

D, T (d, t, T)

qarTul enaSi fonemuri TvalsazrisiT samive es bgera (d, t, T) xSuli Tanxmovania. xSul TanxmovanTa jgufSic isini calkea gamoyofili. am jgufs dentali ewodeba.

cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom samive es Tanxmovani identuria. xSul dentalur jgufSi maT TavTavianTi adgili ukaviaT. d bgera mJReri dentalia, T yru (fSvinvieri), xolo t _ glotalizebuli (yelxSuli).

sxvadasxva enebSi es Tanxmovnebi xSirad erTmaneTSi gadadian. erT enaSi raime sityvaSi Tu gvaqvs d, am sityvis sxva enaSi gadatana am enis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare iwvevs mis Secvlas t an T bgerebiT, asevea t da Ts urTierTmimarTebac.

ese igi, d, t da T fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT monaTesave bgerebia. rogorc irkveva, d, t da T bgerebis naTesaoba mxolod fonetikuri TvalsazrisiT ar Semoifargleba.

astrologiuri warmodgenebi bgerebis Sesaxeb gulisxmobs bgeraTa mikuTvnebas zodiaquri wris ama Tu im aresadmi. ese igi, igulisxmeba, rom metyvelebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva bgerebi varskvlavuri samyaros sxvadasxva sferoebidan ganicdian gavlenas. Zveli astrologiis eniT rom vTqvaT, rogorc adamianebi, aseve bgerebic konkretuli zodiaquri niSnebis gavlenis qveS imyofebian. yoveli bgera metyvelebaSi konkretuli zodiaquri aredanaa „dabadebuli“. d, t da T bgerebi astrologiuri TvalsazrisiT lomis zodiaqos ganekuTvneba. ese igi, es

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bgerebi lomis zodiaqodan momdinare sulieri Zalebis gavlenas ganicdis da es garemoeba metyvelebaSic mkveTrad unda iyos gamoxatuli.

uZveles misteriebSi t bgeris sulieri mniSvneloba gansakuTrebulad SeigrZnoboda iseT magiur sityvaSi, rogoricaa „tao“. am warmodgenebSi bgera tSi aRiqmeboda is Zala, romelic adamians RmerTis mier Seqmnil bunebasTan akavSirebs.28 samyaros yvela qmnilebaSi TiTqosda RvTaebrivi anabeWdi SeigrZnoba, bunebis yvela qmnilebasa da movlenaSi RvTaebaa gacxadebuli. igi TiTqosda zeciuri simaRleebidan anaTebs da adamianisTvis bunebis ZalebSi vlindeba. swored es zeciuri gamonaTeba SeigrZnoboda t bgeraSi.

msgavsi gancda ukavSirdeba d da T bgerebsac.t bgeris analogiur interpretacias vxvdebiT ebraul

mistikaSic.wigni „zoar“ yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani wignia

mravali saukunis manZilze Seqmnili kabalisturi literaturidan. gadmocemis mixedviT, es wigni axali welTaRricxvis IV saukuneSi daiwera. ramdenime saukunis manZilze teqsti gasaidumloebuli iyo. Sua saukuneebSic „zoari“ sxva kabalistur literaturasTan erTad saidumlo moZRvrebas warmoadgenda.

„zoari“ uaRresad mistikur formaSi warmoadgens samyaros Seqmnisa da arsebobis kanonzomierebebs. wignSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba ebrauli anbanis asoebis sulier Sinaarss.

„zoaris“ mixedviT ebrauli anbanis asoebi samyaros Seqmnamde arsebobdnen. isini RmerTTan iyvnen da mTlianobaSi RmerTis saxels gamosaxavdnen. anbanis ocdaorive aso calkeul gansazRvrul Tvisebas warmoadgens. yoveli aso calkeul sulier Zalas Seesabameba. maTi monawileoba samyaros Seqmnasa da mis agebulebaSi aucilebeli iyo, raTa samyaros mTeli arsebobis manZilze sworad Sees

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rulebina sakuTari misia, raTa gamarTlebuli yofiliyo misi arseboba.

roca RmerTma samyaros Seqmna gadawyvita, masTan calcalke mividnen anbanis asoebi da samyaros safuZvlad sakuTari Tavi SesTavazes. asoebi RmerTTan ebrauli anbanis rigis sawinaaRmdego TanmimdevrobiT gamocxaddnen. ese igi, pirveli mivida anbanis bolo aso T („Taw“), xolo bolos anbanis pirveli aso „Aleph“.

aso „Taw“ma Tavisi „pretenzia“ imiT axsna, rom misiT ganisazRvreboda iseTi cneba, rogoricaa „simarTle“. es sityva ebraulad swored T asoTi gamoisaxeba _ „emet“.

ese igi, aso „Taw“ gamosaxavs „simarTles“, anu „WeSmaritebas“.

„zoaris“ mixedviT, Semoqmedi ar daeTanxma aso „Taw“ is mosazrebas, rom igi samyaros Seqmnas dasdeboda safuZvlad.

„Semoqmedma upasuxa aso „Taw“s, rom is ar aris Rirsi Sesaqmes safuZvlad yofnisa, radgan misgan momdinareobs marTlmsajulebis Zalze didi Zalebi, imdenad didi, rom srulyofili marTlebic, romlebmac ukve Seasrules mTeli Tora „Aleph“-dan „Taw“mde, romelTac miaRwies simarTlis Tvisebas, mainc daisjebodnen... “29

amis garda, Semoqmedi aRniSnavs, rom aso „Taw“ aseve iTvleba sikvdilis beWdad, radgan misi ZaliT daibada sikvdili. amitom samyaro ar SeiZleba „Taw“is TvisebebiT moewyos.

aso „Taw“isa da Semoqmedis es dialogi, cxadia, alegoriulia da garkveuli mistikuri Sinaarsis Semcvelia.

rogorc aRvniSneT, d, t da T bgerebi gamosaxaven raRac iseTs, ris mimarTac adamians aqvs gancda, rom is zeciuri sferoebidan mimdinareobs da miwier yofaSi misi Sedegia mocemuli. ese igi, es aris zeciuris gamovlineba dedamiwaze, xilul samyaroSi. advilad SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom bevr enaSi swored am bgerebiT ganisazRvreba

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iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa: „simarTle“, „WeSmariteba“, „sasamarTlo“.

Zvel droSi, bunebrivia, yvela xalxs hqonda gancda imisa, rom WeSmariteba zeciuri sferoebidan momdinareobs. simarTle dedamiwaze zeciuris gancxadebaa. sasamarTloc zecidan moqmedebs da yvela adamiani iqidan ganisjeba.

Tu sxvadasxva enebSi davakvirdebiT ZiriTadad ra bgerebiT gamoixateba aRniSnuli cnebebi, davrwmundebiT, rom d, t, T bgerebis dominireba am sityvebis fuZis agebulebaSi TvalnaTlivaa gamokveTili:

qarTuli:marTali

svanuri:mawvdi, tkic _ marTali

rusuli:суд _ sasamarTloистина _ WeSmariteba

laTinuri:iustitia _ samarTlianoba, marTlmsajulebarectus _ samarTlianiiudex _ mosamarTle

inglisuri:truth _ simarTle, WeSmaritebajustice _ marTlmsajulebacourt _ sasamarTlo

germanuli:Gericht _ sasamarTlo

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Wahrheit _ simarTle, WeSmaritebaGerecht _ marTali

finuri:totuus _ simarTle, WeSmaritebatosi _ marTali

arabuli:¹idq _ WeSmariteba

iaponuri:tadashii _ simarTle, WeSmariteba

sparsuli:dad _ samarTalidavar _ msajuli

berZnuli:diki _ sasamarTlo procesialithia _ simarTlethemida _ samarTlianobis personifikacia

ebrauli:emet _ simarTlemishpat _ samarTali

Cinuri:dāyi _ simarTle, WeSmariti ideaduàn’àn _ sasamarTlo ganxilvatāng _ sasamarTlo

espanuri:verdad _ simarTle, WeSmarititribunal _ sasamarTlo

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indoneziuri:tasdik _ marTaliadil _ samarTliani

sanskriti:satya _ marTali, WeSmariti

suahili:kadhi _ msajuliadili _ samarTlianoba

xeTuri:aêant _ WeSmaritiÑandant _ marTali, WeSmariti

hindi:seti’ _ simarTle adalat _ sasamarTlo

Turquli:düz _ marTalidoğru _QWeSmariteba

zemoT ganxilul yvela enaSi „simarTle“, „sasamarTlo“, rogorc wesi, d, t, T bgerebiT ganisazRvreba. ase rom, TalmudSi mocemuli uwyeba Seexeba ara mxolod ebraul, aramed sxva enebsac.

rogorc vnaxeT, Talmudis mixedviT, Semoqmedma „Taw“is kidev erT niSnad is daasaxela, rom sikvdilis ZalebTanac yofila igi dakavSirebuli. cxadia, aseve yvela xalxis religiuri warmodgeniT adamianis gardacvaleba uflis nebiT xdeba. adamiani maSin midis am qveynidan, roca es zacaSi gadawydeba. sityva „sikvdilic“ bevr enaSi dtT bgerebs efuZneba:

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qarTuli: sikvdili (kvdoma)

svanuri: dagra

ebrauli: mavet

laTinuri: letum

inglisuri: death

germanuli: Tod

espanuri: muerte

arabuli: mawt

indoneziuri: wafat xeTuri: aggatar

sanskriti: pancatva

suahili: mauti

kidev erTi cneba, rac adamianis amqveyniur cxovrebaSi zeciuri nebis mixedviT vlindeba, aris „bedi“. yvela xalxi naTlad ganicdis misi piradi warmatebawarumateblobis kavSirs RvTaebriv nebasTan, zeciur winaswargansazRvrulobasTan.

qarTuli sityva „bedi“ saocari sizustiT gamoxatavs am ganwyobilebas.

„d“ bgera zogadad mianiSnebs, rom adamianis amqveyniuri yofa mTlianad zeciuris gamovlinebaa. is rac zecaSi xdeba, mis pirad cxovrebaSi uSualod irekleba.

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igi gulisxmobs ara mxolod dadebiTs, aramed uaryofiT movlenebsac.

SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom sityva „bedi“ analogiuradaa gansazRvruli sxva enebSic:

qarTuli: bedi

rusuli: судьба

laTinuri: fatum

inglisuri: destiny, fate

irlandiuri: adh, cinniuint

germanuli: Fatum

espanuri: destino, suerte

finuri: kohtalo arabuli: qismat

sparsuli: bakht

indoneziuri: pinta, takdir

Sumeruli: namtari

avariuli: kismat, kadar

suahili: tua

Turquli: talih, kader

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kacobriobis erTerT uZveles gancdas warmoadgens is, rom yovelgvari qveyniuri wesrigi zeciuri nebis gamovlinebaa. Zalauflebac zecidan miecaT dedamiwaze myof mmarTvelebs. igive Seexeba adamianTa rwmenas, religiur adaTwesebs, tradicias.

cxadia, sruliad SeuZlebelia im leqsikuri masalis srulad warmodgena, rac am cnebebs gansaxilveli enebidan Seesabameba. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gadavxedoT erTerTi enis, magaliTad, indoneziuri enis leqsikas, sadac aRniSnuli cnebebi swored dtT bgerebiTaa gamoxtuli:

indoneziuri:adat _ adaTiadikara _ Zalauflebis mqoneadiradja _ umaRlesi mmarTvelidalem _ rajadalil _ zeciuri niSani, dadasturebadarma _ vali, movaleobadustur _ wesi, kanoniibadat _ religia, RvTismsaxurebairadat _ uflis nebakadar _ Zalaufleba, nebakultus _ kultisabit _ dadgenilebatallig _ muslimanuri qadagebatabu _ tabu, akrZalvatadbir _ mmarTvelobatadjalli _ gamocxadebatadjuk _ gvirgvinitahkik _ dadasturebatahlil _ dakanoneba (qorwinebis)taklif _ valdebulebatanda _ niSanita’zir _ dawerili kanoni

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tuan _ mmarTveliundang _ kanonitata _ wesrigi

am CamonaTvalSic aSkarad Cans, ramdenad farToa is leqsikuri masala, romliTac adamiani zeciuri sferoebidan momdinare Zalebis gavlenas miwier weswyobilebaSi ganicdis. zecidan momdinare kanonebisa da valdebulebebis aRmniSvnel sityvebSi gamokveTilad dtT bgerebis dominireba igrZnoba. am bgerebis mniSvnelobebi swored aRniSnul ganwyobilebasac gamosaxavs.

ramdenime magaliTiT SeiZleba mivuTiToT, rom es ganwyobileba sxva enebSic TvalnaTelia: qarTuli:

adaTi

rusuli: традиция – tradicia

laTinuri: ratio – wesrigiditio – Zalauflebainstitutum – adaTi, wesi

espanuri:poder, potestad – Zalaufleba

germanuli: Sitte – adaTi

arabuli:`ada, taqlid _ adaTi, tradicia sulïa, qudra _ Zalaufleba

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iaponuri: dentoo _ tradicia, adaTi

sparsuli: din _ religia, rwmena

Cinuri:daquan _ Zalauflebadinglu _kanoni

sanskriti:dharma _ kanoni, vali, wesiveda _ saRmrTo werili, veda

suahili:dalili _ niSani, winaswarmetyvelebadola _ mmarTveloba, mTavrobatawala _ Zalauflebis miRebatii _ morCilebataratibu _ wesrigi, ganawesi

urartu: tera _ dadgenileba

Turquli:töre _ tradicianasihat _ moraliiktidar _ Zalaufleba

dedamiwaze zeciuri sferos zemoqmedeba, cxadia, mxo lod sulierad ar ganicdeba da adamianebs misi fizikuri gancdac aSkarad aqvT. is, rac fizikur samyaroSi sinaTlis saxiT arsebobs, cxadia, swored zeciuri sferodan, mzidan momdinareobs. advilad SevamCnevT, rom

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sinaTlis, naTebis gamomxatveli sityvebi TiTqmis yvela enaSi mkveT rad d, t, T bgerebiT gamoisaxeba:

qarTuli: naTeli, sinaTle

megruli: sinTe

rusuli: свет, светло _sinaTle

inglisuri: light _ sinaTle

germanuli: licht _ sinaTle

finuri:helottaa, hohde _ naTebakuulto _ sinaTlesäde _ mzis sxivi

arabuli:Çaw` _ sinaTle

iaponuri:teru _ naTeba

sparsulitabesh _ naTeba

berZnuli: fotinos _ naTeli

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aktina _ sxivi

Cinuri:tongming _ mkveTri sinaTle

Sumeruli: iod _ sinaTle

espanuri: radiar _ naTeba

indoneziuri: terang _ sinaTle, dRis Suqisorot _ sxivi, naTeba

sanskriti:jyotis _ sinaTledah _ naTeba, wva

hindi: dena _ gamonaTeba

tibeturi:od _ sinaTle

xeTuri:maiêt _ naTeba, sinaTlis sxivi

eskimosuri:nit’ uk _ sinaTle

Turquli:aydınlık _ naTeba

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yvela xalxs aqvs bunebrivi gancda iseTi movlenisa, rogoricaa yoveldRiur yofaSi bneli Ramis naTeli diliT Secvla. gaTeneba, anu bnelis naTeliT Secvla sxva dasxva sityvebiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos. advilad davrwmundebiT rom am sityvebSic mkveTrad mJRavndeba dtT bgerebis dominireba.

qarTuli:gaTenebadiladRe

svanuri: ladeR _ dRe

rusuli:день _ dReутро _ dila

laTinuri: dies’, diu – dRe, dRisiT

inglisuri:dawn _ ganTiadiday _dRe

irlandiuri: maidin _ dila

germanuli:Tag _ dRe (Zvel goTurSi Ts nacvlad D aso

iyo _ dags _ dRe)dämmern _ gaTeneba

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hindi:din _ dRepratah-kal _ dila

Cinuri: dan _ dila, ganTiadi

espanuri: dia _ dRedespuntar – gaTeneba, riJraJi

indoneziuri:fadjar _ ganTiadi

suahili: dhuha _ dila

sanskriti:pratar _ diliT adre

sprasuli:bamdad _ dila, ganTiadi

iaponuri: hinode _ gaTeneba

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cneba, rac sruliad gamokveTilad zena sferoebidan momdinared ganicdeba, aris siTbos grZnoba. yvela xalxis gamocdilebiT, igi uSualod mzis fizikur zemoqmedebas ukavSirdeba da aseve fizikuradaa gamoxatuli miwier yofaSi.

advilad SevniSnavT, rom siTbos gamomxatveli sityvebic enaTa did umravlesobaSi swored dtT bgerebiT gamoixateba:

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qarTuli: siTbo

svanuri: tebdi, natbidi, aTu

rusuli: тепло

laTinuri: tepens, ardor

inglisuri: hot, heat

irlandiuri: teas

berZnuli: zesti, termos

arabuli: daf

Cinurad: tang

sanskriti: nidagha

suahili: ujotojoto

hindi: tap

xeTuri: ant, Ñandaiê

sparsuli: taft

eskimosuri: mak’atun

Tanamedrove adamians aqvs gancda imisa, rom nebismieri azri, romelic mas TavSi mosdis, misi tvinidan momdinareobs da misi Zalisxmevis Sedegia. Zvel epoqaSi ase ar iyo. adamianebs hqondaT gancda, rom diadi azrebi zecidan,

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sulieri samyarodan momdinareobs. qarTuli gamoTqma _ „azri momdis“, Zalian zustad gamoxatavs am ganwyobilebas. sxva enebSic igive swored dtT bgerebiT gamoisaxeba. magaliTad, sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli termini „idea“ Zalze zustad gamoxatavs am gancdas. idea swored im naTel azrad aRiqmeba, romelic adamians zena sferoebidan miewoda. amgvari ganwyoba bevr enaSi fiqsirdeba.

d bgeris Sinaarsi Zalze farTodaa gamoxatuli iseT qarTul sityvaSi, rogoricaa „madli“. madli swored is RvTaebrivi naTelia, romelic adamians zena sferoebidan eniWeba. mas adamiani saCuqariviT iRebs. raime saCuqris miRebis grZnobasac bunebrivad axlavs madliere bis grZnoba. es grZnobac qarTul enaSi imave sityvidan (madli) iwarmoeba: „madloba“, „madliereba“. miRebul saCuqarTan dakavSirebiT, bevr enaSi swored analogiuri bgeraTmetyveleba dasturdeba:

qarTuli: madli

rusuli: дар, подарок

laTinuri: datum _ saCuqari

inglisuri:donee, donative _saCuqari

arabuli:hady:a _ saCuqari

indoneziuri:hadiah _ saCuqari, jildo

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idahan _ saCuqaritadjiah _ nugeSihidajat _ RvTis (alahis) wyaloba

sanskriti: dāna _ saCuqari

urartu:toshe _ saCuqari

suahili:hedaya _ saCuqarituzo, tune _ saCuqari, jildo

Turquli:nimet _ madlihediye _ saCuqari

bevr enaSi zeciuri manaTobeli sxeulebi (mze, varskvlavebi) da aseve naTebiTi movlenebic (magaliTad, elva, Waqaquxili, mexis Camovardna) aseve dtT bgerebiT gamo isaxeba:

svanuri:amtyvasg _ varskvlavi

laTinuri: astrum, stella _ varskvlavisidus _ mnaTobitonitrus _ Weqaquxili

rusuli:звезда _ varskvlavi

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inglisuri:star _ varskvlavi

irlandiuri: realta _ varskvlavi

sparsuli:akhtar, setare _ varskvlavi aftab _ mze

Sumeruli:adali _ Weqaquxilis RmerTi babilonSiutu _ mzis RmerTi SumerSi

Cinuri:tàiyáng _ mze

maia:tosh _ Weqaquxilis RmerTi tu-k’aak’ _ elva (cecxlis daSveba, к’аак’ cecxlia)

indoneziuri:kilat _ elva, gabrwyinebamantari _ mzepatir _ mexis dacemabintang _ varskvlavi

sanskriti:aditya _ mzediv, tālu _ ca deva _ ciuri, RmerTicandra _ mTvarevidyut _ elva

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suahili:nyota _ varskvlaviradi _ elva

germanuli:Stern _ varskvlavi

finuri:tähti _ varskvlavi

hindi: tara _ varskvlavi

berZnuli:asteri _ varskvlaviastrapi _ elva

avariuli