ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh BSTPracGuide.pdfvii ye ¢k aù u j ev f,d a l h g i qÿ i q k s m q K;d i ys ; o r ej k a ì ys l s Í u w'f m d ' i W i ia fm

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&12 fY%a‚h

ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõohm%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

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ii

12 fY%aKshffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh

m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yh

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khm%:u uqøKh - 2018

ISBN

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

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uqøKh (

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;alr .ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjl mej;s wka;¾.;hmokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndck fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kjksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr" j¾I 2007 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska Y%S,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,os'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yajhka bosrsm;al< fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shlm%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡

fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha oS ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isgWiia uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isriaixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;aùu yels;dla wju lsrSu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=reúIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡

.=re Nj;=kag m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsrSu" m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïj, id¾:lj ksr; ùu yd mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mrsos fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYHjk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd oSfï wruqKska fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ix.%yh y÷kajd oS we;¡isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug.=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jkúIh lreKq ms<sn| j ;yjqre lr .ekSug fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ix.%yh WmldÍ fõ'fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ix.%yh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wod< .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh iywOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iu. iu.dó jNdú; lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY" m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlïix.%yh yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS isiqflakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjlg yd jvd;a l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öuuÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;lanjg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsrSuhs¡

fuu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ix.%yh iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhaYdia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha oS odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ uiïm;aodhlhskaf.a yd fjk;a md¾Yajhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djlalr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fca' .=KfialrwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

iv

wkque;sh ( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,hcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

WmfoaYl;ajh ( wdpd¾h à' ta' wd¾' fca' .=KfialrwOHlaI ckrd,a"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh kdhl;ajh yd iïnkaëlrKh (B' ta' iS' tka' fmf¾rdfcHIAG lÓldpd¾h";dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIhud,d lñgqj (wNHka;r

B'ta'iS'tka' fmf¾rd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ndysr

uydpd¾h .dñŒ fiakdkdhl Wml=,m;sreyqKq úYajúoHd,hud;r

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wdpd¾h ik;a wur;=x. fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hlDIsl¾u mSGhfmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

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v

wdpd¾h ã'iS'à' Èidkdhl fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hjHjydßl úoHd mSGhYS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

wdpd¾h mS'ví' wekagka fmf¾rd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hlDIsl¾u mSGhreyqKq úYaj úoHd,h

wdpd¾h wd¾' tia' úfcafialr wOHlaI ^lDIsl¾u& ^úY%dñl&lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=jfmardfoKsh

.S;dks pkaøÞi .=re WmfoaYl lDIsl¾u&l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,hfydaud.u

iqO¾ud r;ak;s,l .=re fiajhisß mshr;k u'u'ú" mdÿlal

ã'mS' fldä;=jlal= .=re fiajhiaj¾Kchka;s uyd úoHd,h" lE.,a,

ví'tï'tka'fla' úfcaiqkaor .=re fiajhrdcisxy uOH uyd úoHd,h" yxje,a,

mS'tia' ñials; .=re fiajh´úá.u fndaêrdc uyd úoHd,h" mQf.dv

ì'cS'wd¾' ux., .=re fiajhisß mshr;k u'u'ú" mdÿlal

tï tÉ'tï' hdl+;a m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

tka'ta' .=Kj¾Ok fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ^úY%dñl&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

isxy, NdId ixialrKh tï'ta'mS' uqKisxym%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu ldka;s talkdhl;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

t,a' iS' úl%uf.al<ukdlrK iydhlcd;sl wdOqksl;aj yd ld¾ñl mqyqKq lsÍfï wêldßh

msgljrh tï' t*a' tï' *dysï.=re WmfoaYll,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ñkqjkaf.dv

vi

mgqk

msgq wxlh

• wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh iii

• úIhud,d lñgqj iv

• ye¢kaùu vii

• m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ,ehsiaa;=j viii

• wfmalaIs; fmdÿ l=i,;d x

• m%dfhda.al l%shdldrlï iòyd mQ¾úldj 01

• m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï 2-208

vii

ye¢kaùu

jev f,dalhg iqÿiq ksmqK;d iys; orejka ìys lsÍu w'fmd'i Wiia fm<;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdfõ m%Odk wruqK fõ' tA i|yd isiqkaf.a m%dfhda.sl yelshd iyks¾udKYS,S nj jeä ÈhKq lsÍu wjYH fõ' fï i|yd mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùïls%hdj,sfha § kHdhd;aul lreKqj,g wu;r j m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;aùu jeo.;a fõ'

ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh úIhfha 12 fY%a‚h .=re w;afmdf;a tla tlaksmqK;djkag wkql+, jk mßÈ fuys wka;¾.;h fm< .iajd we;' fuys i|yka m%dfhda.slls%hdldrlï isÿ lsÍug wjYH Wmfoia yd u.fmkaùï fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlïix.%yfha i|yka fõ' tu.ska úIh yÞrk isiqkag fukau b.ekaùfuys ksr; .=reNj;=kag ukd w;aje,la iemfhkq we;'

ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh úIh we.hSfï § ,sÅ; m%Yak m;%hg wu;r j m%dfhda.slmÍlaIKhlg o isiqkag uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ' tu ksid fuu fmdf;ys we;=<;a ls%hdldrïj,i|yka ishü msshjr ksis f,i ls%hd;aul lrñka tla tla ls%hdldrlïj, olajd we;swfmalaIs; l=i,;d isiqka ;=< j¾Okh ùug lghq;= l< hq;= h'

fuys i|yka ls%hdldrlï .=re Nj;=kaf.a u.fmkaùu hgf;a ls%hd;aul l< hq;=w;r tA ms<sn| jd¾;djla —m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï igyka ys we;=<;a lr .=re Nj;=kaf.awëlaIKh i|yd fhduq l< hq;= h'

fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ix.%yfha bÈß ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd ffcjmoaO;s;dlaIKfõoh úIh b.ekaùï isÿ lrk .=re Nj;=kaf.ka yd isiq orejkaf.ka ,efnkixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd w.h lruq'

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

viii

ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõohm%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï ,ehsia;=j

ksmqK;dj msgqj

ffcjmoaO;s flfrys n,mdk ld,.=Ks mrdñ;sks¾Kh lsÍu

mdxY= jhkh ks¾Kh lsÍu

mdxY= ixiaÓ;sh yd jHQyh ks¾Kh lsÍu

mdxY= j¾Kh ks¾Kh lsÍu

mdxY= >k;ajh yd iújr;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

mfia pH w.h ks¾Kh kss¾Kh lsÍu

mfia úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

mia ksheÈhl mdxY= uyd Ôùka m%udKh fiùu

N+ñfha ,laIH folla w;r ;sria ÿr uekSu

GPS ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka fok ,o ia:dkhlmsysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu

;, fïi ñks; l%uh u.ska mdi,a j;af;afldgil is;shula ms<sfh, lsÍu

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c,fhys wj,ïNs; uq >k øjH (Total SuspendedSolids - TSS) m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu

c,fha j¾Kh ks¾Kh lsÍu

c,fhys .kaOh mrSlaId lsÍu

c,fha wdú,;dj Turbidity& ks¾Kh lsÍu

c,fha WIaK;ajh uekSu

c,fha pH w.h ks¾Kh lsÍu

c,fha ,jK;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;duÜgu

ls%hdldrlïwxlh

m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï

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ksmqK;dj ld,ÉfþoksmqK;duÜgu

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c,fha fld,sf*daï (Coliform) wka;¾.; ùuks¾Kh lsÍu

we,ï yd iQ¾hdf,dalh Ndú;fhka mdkSh c,hmsßmyÿ lsÍu

w;= ne`§u u.ska me< ,nd .ekSu

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n÷ka ;jdka ieliSu yd tys îc ;ekam;a lsÍu

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u;aiH lSghka ioyd Ôù u;aiH wdydrhlams<sfh, lsÍu

u;aiH lSghka ioyd lD;%Su wdydrhla ms<sfh,lsÍu

fjf<òfmd< iòyd u;aiHhka weiqreï lsÍu

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l=l=¿ megjqka i|yd ìï nDDvrhla ms<sfh< lsÍu

m%foaYfha mj;sk iïm;a Ndú; lr ì;a;rîfc!Ilhla (Incubator) ieliSu

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uiaj, .=Kd;aul nj mßlaId lsÍu

fidfiacia iE§u

ndysr yd wNHka;r ,laIK weiqfrka ì;a;rj,.=Kd;aul nj mÍlaId lsÍu

ì;a;r mjqv¾ (Egg powder) ksIAmdokh lsrSu

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ksmqK;dj ld,ÉfþoksmqK;duÜgu

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lsß ksIamdok ieliSu meiagÍlD; lsß" l,a lsß&

cdä ksIamdokh lsrSu

ÿï.eiQ ud¿ ksIamdokh lsÍu

fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsÍu

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weisála wï,h meiùu u.ska úkdlsß ksIamdokhlsrSu

mqyq,a fodais ksIamdokh lsÍu

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t<j`M yd m,;=re wju ieliSu

fldia weg fgd*s iE§u" tys bkaøSh f.dapr;dwe.hSu yd wdhq ld,h ks¾Kh lsÍu

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m%;sldß; flfi,a m;% ojgkhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

wmñY%Kh lrk ,o wdydr y÷kd .ekSu

mßK; o¾Yl weiqrska fnda. wiajkqj, mrsK;Ndjh ks¾Kh lsrSu

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foaYSh j ,nd .; yels wuqøjH Ndú;fhka l=vdmßudKfha wdrlaIs; .Dyhla iE§u

ixirKh jk ks¾mdxY= j.d moaO;shla ks¾udKhlsÍu

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;sria j.d u¨j, yd n÷kaj, ;lald,s j.d lsÍu

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wfmalaIs; fmdÿ l=i,;d

tla tla m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï isÿ lsÍfï§ tA tA m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï i|yd wfmalaIs; úIhl=i,;dj,g wu;rj my; i|yka l=i,;d o m%.=K lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

• kshñ; fõ,djgu m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh wdrïN lr kshñ; ld,fha § th isÿ lr wjikalsÍu

• WmlrK kssjerÈ j yeisrùu yd wÞ< mdGdxl ksjerÈj ,nd.ekSu

• m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh isÿ lr wjika lsÍfuka wk;=rej wÞ< WmlrK msßisÿ lr kshñ;ia:dkj, ia:dk.; lsÍu

• m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh isÿ l< ia:dkh msßisÿ lsÍu

• WmlrK mßyrKh lsÍfï § wk;=rej,g Ndckh fkdjk wdrlaIs; l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu

1

ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ix.%yh - 13 jk fY%aKsh

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï iòyd mQ¾úldj

kQ;k ;dlaIKsl f,dalfha ±kqu ckkh lrk l%ufõoh úoHdjhs' ksÍlaIKh(Observations)" udmkh (Measurement)" ks.dó l,amkh (Deduction) úoHd;aul l%ufõohgwjYH fõ'

úoHdj ;e;a-jro l%shdj,shla fkd fõ' tfy;a" ;e;a-jro l%uh u.ska o iqúfYaIS ks¾udKyd wkdjrK ìys ù we;'

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Wod # fmksis,ska fidhd .;a wdldrh ms<snò j isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

² m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï úoHd;aul .fõIKh u.ska y`ÿkd .ekSu

ffoksl Ôú;fha § yuq jk m%dfhda.sl úoHd;aul .eg¨jla bÈßm;a lsÍug isiqkagwjia:dj fokak'Wod # ² wdydr krla ùu

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.fõIK wkqms<sfj<

1' tu .eg¨j ;=< ffcj úoHd$ fN!;sl úoHd$ ridhk úoHd moku y`ÿkd .ekSuûQ,O¾uh&

2' tu .eg¨j W;amdokh yd ksrdlrKh lsÍug wjYH l%shdoduh y`ÿkd .ekSu^Wml,amkh&

3' tu l%shdoduhg odhl jk o;a; yd ksÍlaIKh úh hq;= oE l%udkql+, j ,ehsia;=.; lsÍu^ksÍlaIK yd udmkh&

4' tu o;a; yd ksÍlaIK Ndú;hg iqÿiq m¾fhaIK mßirh y`ÿkd .ekSuûdmk WmlrK" m¾fhaIK WmlrK&

5' ksrdlrKh lr .;a l%ufõoh kej; kej; mÍlaId lsÍu^m%;sj,s;h yd ;yjqre lsÍu&

l%shdldrlumßirfha yuq jk úúO .eg¨ iòyd úoHd;aul j úi`ÿï fiùug isiqkag u.fmkajkak'Wod # mßirfha yuq jk ´kE u Wmia;rhl laIqøÔù meje;au yd tys úúO;ajh y`ÿkd

.ekSu² w¾;dm,a fh¥ frdamK udOHhla u; laIqøÔùka iys; Wmia;rh îfc!IKh

lrkak'² meh lsysmhlg miq ksÍlaIKh lrkak'² fjksje,a .eg hqI Wmia;rh u; oud kej; ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï o fuu úoHd;aul .fõIK l%ufõohwkq.ukh lrñka l%shd;aul fõ'

2



m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu 01

ffcjmoaO;s flfrys n,mdk ld,.=Ksl mrdñ;s ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 1'2

fhdacs; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 06

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² ld,.=Ksl mrdñ;s uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrK kï

lsÍu yd tajdfha fldgia y÷kd .ekSu

² ld,.=Ksl WmlrK ksjeros j ia:dk .; lr mdGdxl ,nd

.ekSu

² ,nd .;a o;a; ksjeros j igyka lsÍu

² ,nd .;a o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍu

² ,nd .;a o;a; Wmfhda.S lrf.k udisl yd jd¾Isl o;a;

m%ia;dr.; lsÍu

² m%foaYfha jd¾Isl j¾Idm;k rgdj y÷kd .ekSu

yeòskaùu # hï m%foaYhl jdhqf.da,fha flá ld,hla ;=< mj;sk iajNdjh

ms<sn| j o;a; tla /ia lsÍug úúO ld,.=‚l WmlrK Ndú;

flf¾' tu iqúfYaIS WmlrK yd tajdfha fldgia y÷kd .ekSu"

ls%hdldß;ajh y÷kd .ekSu" mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu" .Kkh lsÍu

yd o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍu wdÈ l=i,;d <Õd lr .ekSu fuu

m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu u.ska wfmalaId flf¾'

â& igyka fkdjk j¾Idudkh u.ska j¾Idm;kh uekSu

uQ,O¾uh # wNHka;r is,skavrfha tl;= jk j¾Id c, mßudj Wila f,i m%ldY

lrkq ,efí' tys § my; iïnkaO;dj Ndú; lrhs'

is,skavrfha mßudj = is,skavrfha m;=f,a j¾.M,h x Wi

V = πr2 x h

V = j¾Idudkh ;=< tl;= jQ c, mßudj ^ ml fyda cm3 &

r = j¾Idudkfha mqkS, lfÜ wrh ^ mm fyda cm &

h = j¾Idm;k m%udKh Wila f,i ^ mm fyda cm &

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² igyka fkdjk j¾Idudkhla

² ñkqï irdjla

² m%ia;dr lvodis

3



l%ufõoh #

² igyka fkdjk j¾Idudkh ksÍlaIKh lr fldgia y÷kd .kak'² tu WmlrKh ksjeros j ia:dk .; lrkak'² oskm;d fm'j' 8'30g ñkqï is,skavrh ^l%udxls; ñkqï is,skavrh& wdOdrfhka

j¾Idm;kh uek .kak'² tu o;a; wod< oskh bosßfhka my; j.=fõ igyka lrkak'

² udisl j¾Idm;kh .Kkh lrkak'

udih oskh ffoksl j¾Idm;kh (mm) 1 2 ' ' ' 30 31

uq¨ j¾Idm;kh =

o;a; m%ia;dr.; lsÍu

fufia uq¨ udisl j¾Idm;k m%udKh .Kkh lr j¾Ihla ;=< ,enqKq udisl j¾Idm;km%udK my; iòyka wdldrhg m%ia;dr .; lr jd¾Isl j¾Idm;k rgdj y÷kd .kak'

j¾Idm;kh (mm)

c' fm' ud' w' ue' cq' cQ' w' ie' T' fkd' fo'

j¾Ih ;=< idudkH udisl j¾Idm;k w.hka i|yd ia:ïN m%ia;drh

idudkH ñkqï irdjla Ndú;fhka j¾Idm;kh .Kkh lsÍu

j¾Idudkhg wod< l%udxls; ñkqï irdj fkdue;s úg my; l%ufõoh wkq.ukhlrkak'² j¾Idudkh ;=< tl;= jQ c,h mßudjla f,i idudkH ñkqï irdjlska uek

.kak'² bkamiq Wila f,i th .Kkh lrkak'

V = πr2h V - tl;= jQ c, mßudjr - mqkS, lfgys wrhh - j¾Idm;k Wi

>

>

udih

4



ks.ukh (

m%ia;drh wdOdrfhka m%foaYfha j¾Idm;k rgdj ms<sn| j woyia bosßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² wju jYfhka udi yhl muK ld,hla i|ydj;a mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

² j¾Idudkh ia:dmkhg fmr tys l=Kq frdvq" ¥ú,s wdosh we;akï bj;a l< hq;= h'

² jeis c,h /ia jk n`ÿfka ldkaÿ ùï we;a oehs mÍlaId l< hq;= h '

² ndysr ndOl we;akï tajdfha Wi fuka fo.=Khl ÿßka isfuka;s fõosldjl

ieliQ l=yrhl j¾Idudkh ia:dmkh l< hq;= h'

² fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg j¾Idudkfha mQkS, lgg Wi 30cm la jk fia j¾Idudkh

ia:dmkh l< hq;= h'

^b& iajhxlS%h j¾Idudkfhka (Tipping bucket) j¾Idm;kh uekSu

uQ,O¾uh # fuu j¾Idudkfha we;s l=vd Tipping bucket tllg jefgk c,

mßudj thg iïnkaO ù we;s flan,hla wdOdrfhkaa j¾Idj

uksk (rain counter) äðg,a WmlrKh yd iïnkaO ù iDcqju

j¾Idm;kh mm j,ska ,nd fohs'

j¾Idm;kh uksk WmlrKhg wjYH úÿ,sh ,nd fok negßh

mqkrdfrdamKh jkafka l=vd iQ¾hh mek,h u.sks'&

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² Tipping bucket j¾Idudkhla

² l=vd iQ¾h mek,hla

² j¾Idj uksk WmlrKhla (Rain counter)

c

mqkS,h

msg; n`ÿk

j¾Id c,h tl;= jkwNHka;r n`ÿk

ìï uÜgu

fldkal%SÜ w;a;sjdru 600x600x600mm

mm

mm

mm

127mm

5



l%ufõoh #

² iajhxl%sh j¾Idudkh ksßlaIKh lr fldgia y÷kd .kak'

² WmlrKh ksjerÈ j iu;,d ìul ia:dk .; lrkak'

² Èkm;d fm'j' 8'30g o;a; ,nd .kak'

² o;a; weiqfrka m%ia;drhla f.dv k.kak' udihla muK ieu Èkl u o;a; ,nd

.kak&'

ks.ukh (

m%ia;drh wdOdrfhka m%foaYfha j¾Idm;k rgdj" j¾Idm;k ;Sj%;dj ms<sn| j woyiabosßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fuu WmlrKh" ldkaoï" hlv" jdfka wd§ WmlrK we;s ia:dkhla wdikakfha

ia:dk.; lsßfuka ksjerÈ mdGdxl ,nd .; fkdyels h'

² WmlrK iu;,d ìul ia:dk.; fkdlsÍfuka j¾Idj Tipping bucket tlg

msÍug l,ska Tipping bucket seesaw ls%hd;aul ù ksjerÈ mdGdxl fkd,eî hhs'

^c& jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh uekSu - Wmßu yd wju WIaK;ajudk u.ska

uQ,O¾uh mßirfha we;s jk WIaK;aj fjkia ùïj,g wÞ< j riÈh lf|am%idrKh iy uoHidr lf|a ixfldapkh wkqj wÞ< o¾Yl ia:dk.; fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² Wmßu yd wju WIaK;ajudk² m%ia;dr lvodis

l%ufõoh #

² Wmßu yd wju WIaK;ajudkj, we;s jdfka o¾Yl" pqïnlh fyda wÞ< fnd;a;uu.ska ksis mßos ilikak'

Rain countermqkS,h

pqïnlh

c, jyk isÿr

iaúph

Tipping bucket

6



² oskm;d fm'j' 8'30 g WIaK;ajudk mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² oskfha Wmßu yd wju WIaK;aj w.hhkaj, ftlHh foflka fnod idudkH

WIaK;aj w.h .Kkh lrkak'

² ,nd .kakd o;a; ksjeros j j.=jl igyka lrkak'

oskh ojfia idudkH WIaK;ajh

² idudkH udisl WIaK;ajh .Kkh lrkak'

udifha osk .Kfka WIaK;aj w.hhkaj, tl;=j

idudkH udisl WIaK;ajh =

udifha osk .Kk

² udisl WIaK;aj w.hhka m%ia;dr .; lrkak'

idudkHudislWIaK;ajh

c' fm' ud' w' ue' cq cQ' w' ie' T' fkd' fo'

udih

123----3031

tl;=j

>

>

7



ks.ukh (

by; m%ia;drh wdY%fhka Tfí m%foaYfha WIaK;ajh ms<sn| j woyia bosßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

² wju iy Wmßu WIaK;aj w.hhka o¾Ylfha my< fl<jr u.ska lshúh hq;= h'

^d& jdhqf.da,Sh idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj uekSu

i. f;;a yd úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudkfhka

uQ,O¾uh # f;;a n,an WIaK;ajudkfha froslv Tiafia meñfKk c,hn,anh wdikakfha oS mßir WIaK;ajh ksid jdIam ùu isÿ fõ'tksid tys mdGdxlh my;g jefÜ' úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudkfhamdGdxlh yd f;;a yd úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh w;rWIaK;aj fjki fidhd" th idfmalaI wd¾o%;d j.=jlgm%lafIamKh lsÍfuka idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj ks¾Kh lrkq ,nhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² f;;a yd úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudkh² idfmalaI wd¾ø;d j.=j

l%ufõoh #

² imhd we;s f;;a yd úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudkh ksÍlaIKh lr fldgia y÷kd

.kak'

² oskm;d meh 8'30g meh 15'30g f,i osklg fojrla mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² mdGdxl ,nd .;a oskg bosßfhka mdGdxl igyka lrkak'

² ,nd .;a mdGdxl yd wd¾ø;d j.=j weiqfrka idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj .Kkh lrkak'

idfmalaI wd¾ø;d j.=j weiqßka .Kkh lsrSu(

úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh - td

f;;a n,an WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh - tw

mdGdxl foflys fjki - td-t

w

Wod # úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh = 30 0C

f;;a n,an WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh = 28 0C

mdGdxl foflys fjki = 30-28 0C

= 2 0C

WIaK;aj fjkig wod< j idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj = 85%

ks.ukh #

,nd .;a mdGdxl wdY%fhka idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj ms<sn| woyia bosßm;a lrkak'

8



úfYaI lreKq #

² idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrK ld,.=K tallhl ia:dk.;

lrkqfha iaàjkaika wdjrKh ;=< fõ' tu jHQyh mdif,a fkdue;s kï úoHd.drh;=< wdOdrl mqjrejl fuu WmlrK iú lr mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² idfmalaI wd¾ø;d j.=j f;;a yd úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudkh iu. imhkq ,efí' tfiafkdue;s jqjfyd;a 9 msgqfjys ±lafjk j.=j fhdod .kak'

ê& Wmßu iy wju WIaK;ajudk iu. we;s iajhxls%h wd¾ø;dudkfhka wd¾ø;dj ydWmßu yd wju WIaK;ajh uekSu (Max - Min thermohygrometer)

uQ,O¾uh # WIaK;aj ixfõol u.ska ndysr mßirfha Wmßu yd wju WIaK;ajhiy wd¾ø;d ixfõol u.ska ndysr mßirfha wd¾ø;dj uefka'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² Wmßu yd wju WIaK;ajudk iu.ska mj;sk iajhxls%hwd¾ø;dudkhla

l%ufõoh #² iajhxl%sh wd¾ø;dudkh ksÍlaIKh lr fldgia y÷kd .kak'² WmlrKfha we;s Wmßu fnd;a;fuka Wmßu WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj fmkakqï

flfrk w;r wju fnd;a;fuka wju WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;djh fmkakqï flf¾'² Reset fnd;a;fuka l,ska ,nd.;a Wmßu yd wju WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;d mdGdxl

bj;a lr kej; o;a; ,nd .ekSug WmlrKh ilikAk'² kej; ilia lsÍfuka wk;=re j ;;amr lsysmhlska WmlrKh idudkH ;;ajhg

m;a ùfuka miq mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

ks.ukh #² Èkla ;=< Wfoa yd iji wd¾ø;d mdGdxl ,ndf.k Èk lsysmhla ;=< wd¾ø;d

fjkia ùu ms<sn| j woyia bÈßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #² ieu mdGdxl ,nd .ekSulska miq o;a; u;lhka bj;a lr WmlrKh kej; ilikak

(Reset).² fuys we;s ixfõolh (Sensor probe) ksoyfia ;nkak' ke; fyd;a WIaK;ajh yd

wd¾ø;dj uekSug wjYH ia:dkhg fuh fhduq lrkak'² fuu WmlrKfhka ueksh yels Wmßu yd wju WIaK;aj yd wd¾ø;d mrdi WmlrKfha

Model tl u; fjkia fõ'

9



j.=j( f;;a yd úh<s n,an WIaK;ajudkh u.ska idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj .Kkh lsÍug

fhdod .kakd j.=j

8.0

616160605959585857565655545453525150494847484544424139383635333129262421181612

952

7.5

636362626261616059595858575555555453525150494847454443414038363432302826232017141173

7.0

566563646463636262616160595958575656555453525150494746454342403836343230282522191613

95

6.5

6867676666666565646163636261616059585857565554535251504847454442413937353230272522181511

6.0

707069696868686767666665656463636261616059585756555453525149484645434139373532302724211814

5.5

727271717170707069696868676766656564646362616060595857565453525049474644424038353330272421

5.0

74747473737372727271717070696968686767666565646362616059585756555352504947454341383633312824

4.5

77777676767575757474737373727271717070696868676666656463626160595856555352504846444240373431

4.0

7979797878787877777776767675757474737372727170706968686766656463626160585755545250484644413936

3.5

8381818181808080807979797878787777767675757474737372717170696867666564636261595856545250484644

3.0

848484838383838382828282818181808080797978787777767675757473737271706968676665636261595755535149

2.5

878686868386868585858584848484838383838282818181808079797878777676757473727170696867666463615957

2.0

89898989898888888888888787878787868686868585858484848383828281818080797878777675747372717069676664

1.5

92929292919191919191919190909090908989898989888888888787878686868585848483838281818079787776757473

1.0

9494949494949494949494949493939393939393939292929292919191919190909089898988888787868685858483838281

WIaKFjfjki

úh,s n,anfha WIaK;ajh

10



(f) jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh uekSu - jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkudkh u.ska

uQ,O¾uh # mßirfha jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh jeä jk úg mSvk udkfha mdGdxl

olaIsKdj¾; j jeä fõ' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh wvq jk úg jdud¾;

j mSvk udkfha mdGdxl wvq fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkudkhla

l%ufõoh #

² jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkudkh ksÍlaIKh lr fldgia y÷kd .kak'

² jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkudkh ia:dms; lsÍug fmr l%udxlkh lrkak'² l%udxlkh lrk wjia:dfõ § tu m%foaYfha jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh wka;¾cd,fhka

,nd .kak'² ,nd .;a mSvkh riÈh ñ,sóg¾ fyda meial,aj,g mßj¾;kh lrkak'² l=vd bial=remamq kshkla wdOdrfhka mSvkudkfha msgqmi we;s bial=remamqj

lrleùfuka ms;a;, o¾Ylh mSvk udkfha uOHfha ia:dk.; lrkak'² miqj l¿ meye;s o¾Ylh m%foaYfha jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh u; ia:dk .; lrkak'² Èk 3-4 fuu mSvkudkfhka jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh ksÍlaIKh lr .eg¨jla fkdue;s

kï Èkm;d mdGdxl .ekSu isÿ lrkak'² ,nd.;a o;a; ksjerÈ j j.=jl igyka lr .kak'

Èkh jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkh

Wfoa iji

12.....................31

11



ks.ukh #

by; o;a; weiqfrka Tn m%foaYfha jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fjkia ùu ms<sn| j woyia bÈßm;a

lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² mSvk udkh l%udxlkfha § th ixfõ§ WmlrKhla neúka b;d ishqï f,i yeisrúh

hq;= h'

² WmlrKfha msßú;r wkqj ksjerÈ lsÍfï idOlh WIaK;ajh wkqj tl;= lsÍu fyda

wvq lsÍu isÿ l< hq;=hs'

^g& iq<f.a fõ.h uekSu - wks,udkh u.ska

uQ,O¾uh # WmlrKfha by,ska we;s ieye,a fldamam iq<x ,eîfï § lrlefjkw;r iq<f`.a fõ.h wkqj tu fldamamj, lrlefjk fõ.h ofjkia fõ' tu lrlefjk fõ.h tu fldamamj,g iïnkaO lrwe;s fõ.h igyka jk ógrfha igyka fõ' fuu ógrh jdykj,fõ.udkhg iudk fõ'& túg hï ld,iSudjl § yeuQ iq<f`.a

f õ . h kmh-1 hk tallfhka ks¾Kh lrkq ,efí'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² wks,udkh

l%ufõoh #² WmlrKh ld,.=K uOHia:dkfha kshñ; Wiska iú lr" ls%hd;aul ;;a;ajfha

mj;S ±hs mÍlaId lrkak'² WmlrKh ksÍlaIKh lr fldgia y÷kd .kak'² iq,f.a fõ.h wkqj ógrfha igyka ù we;s mdGdxlh lshjd .kak'² mdGdxl ,nd.;a Èkg bÈßfhka igyka lrkak'

mdGdxl #² iq<f.a fõ.h kmh-1j,ska wdikak oYu ia:dk follg muK ,nd .ekSu'

^kmh-1 3.2± fyda ;;a' ógr 0'9&

ks.ukh #² ,nd.;a mdGdxl wdY%fhka iq<f.a fõ.h ms<sn| woyia bÈßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #² lDIs ld,.=K uOHia:dkhl wks,udkh fmdf<dfõ isg 2 m by<ska o wfkl=;a

ld,.=K úoHd uOHia:dkj, 10 m muK by<ska o iú lr jdhqf.da,Sh iq<f.afõ.h ukskq ,efí'

12




mdxY= jhkh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 2'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² mia ksheoshla ksjeros j uek .ekSu

² wod< mdGdxl ksjeros j .ekSu

² øjudkh yd msfmÜgq l%uh Ndú;fhka je,s" frdkauv ydueá m%;sY; .Kkh lsÍu

² jhk ;s%fldaKh wdY%fhka mdxY= jhk mx;sh ;SrKh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # ² mil mj;sk ueá" frdkauv" je,s wd§ Lksc wxY=j, idfmalaIm%;sY;h mdxY= jhkh f,i ye¢kafõ' hï lsis mil by; wxY=mj;sk iq,n;dj wkqj tu mfiys jhkh ;SrKh fõ'

â& øjudk l%uh Ndú;fhka mdxY= jhkh fiùu

uQ,O¾uh # iafgdlaf.a kshuh fuu l%ufha uQ,O¾uh fõ' tkï ;r,hla;=< >k jia;=jla my<g jeàfï § th wdka; m%fõ.hlgmeñfKk w;r Bg miq th jeàfï m%fõ.h tys w¾O úIalïNfhaj¾.hg iudkqmd;sl fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² mia ksheÈ² 2 mm úIalïNh we;s isoqre iys; fmfkarhla² øjudkhla² fldajla² úÿ,s Wÿkla² 10% fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ $ wefudakshï yhsâfrdlaihsâ

$ 5% fidaähï fylaifugdfmdiafmaÜ ^le,.ka ødjKh&² yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ² úÿ,s$hdka;%sl l,;khla $ îlrhla iy ùÿre l+rla² tauhs,a uoHidr² fojqï fnda;,hla² wdiQ; c,h² úrdu >áldjla² fmd,s;ska lene,a,la yd rn¾ máhla² bf,lafg%dksl ;rdoshla² fvisflagrhla² 1 l (1 000 ml) mßudjla we;s ñkqï irdjla² mdxY= jhk ;s%fldaKhl rEmigykla

² WIaK;ajudkhla

² 50 ml ñkqï irdjla

13



l%ufõoh #

² mia ksheoshla ,nd f.k 2 mm fmfkarfhka y,d .kak'

² tys Wm ksheos folla ,nd .kak ^f;;uk idOlh fiùug yd jhkh fiùug&'

² tla ksheoshla fhdod f.k mfia f;;uk idOlh fidhkak'

² ysia fldafjys ialkaOh ukskak â g&'

² fldajg mia 50 gla fhdod ialkaOh ukskak ^b g&'

² Wÿkl 1050C ys ;nd ;nd ksh; ialkaOhla ,enqKq miq ialkaOh ukskak' c g&

^fï i|yd meh 24 la muK .; fõ&

² mfia f;;uk m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'

f;;uk m%udKh () } (b-c)

(c-a)

² f;;uk idOlh .Kkh lrkak'

f;;uk idOlh } 1+

² wfkla ksheosfhka mia j¾.h wkqj kshñ; m%udKhg mia ksheoshla ,nd .kak'

ie'hq' - fuys oS je,s milg 100 gla o fjk;a milg 50 g la o uek îlrhlg

oukak'

² ,nd .;a mia ksheoshg yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ tl;= lr ñks;a;= 10 la c,

;dmlhl r;a lrkak'

² 10] fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ $wefudakshï yhsâfrdlaihsâ fyda 5] le,.ka ødjKh

50 mlla tl;= lr meh 12la muK ;nkak'

² mia ksheosh f,day n÷klg oud hdka;%sl l,;khla u.ska ñks;a;=jlg jg 16 000

l YS>%;djlska ñks;a;= 2la le,;Su isÿ lrkak'

ie'hq' - hdka;%sl l,;khla fkdue;s wjia:dj, ùÿre l+rlska ñks;a;= 10 la

le,;Su iqÿiq fõ'

² ødjKh ñkqï irdjg oud îlrfha we;s ish¨ u fYaI øjH fojqï fnda;,fha we;s

wdiQ; c,h wdOdrfhka ñkqï irdjg tl;= lrkak'

² ñkqï irdfõ 1 l i,l=K f;la wdiQ; c,h tl;= lrkak'

² ñkqï irdfõ lg fmd,s;Ska lene,a,la iy rn¾ má wdOdrfhka ;Èka jid lsysm

jrla Wvq hál=re lr fid,jd iu;, u;=msgla u; ^fïih u;& ;nkak'

² fï iu. u úrdu >áldj l%shd;aul lrkak'

² fmK ì|S hEu i|yd tauhs,a uoHidr ìxÿ ;=kla muK ødjKh u;=msgg tl;= lr

øjudkh th ;=<g oukak' wjYH mßÈ ñks;a;= 2 § yd meh 2 § øjudkfha mdGdxl

,nd .kak'

² ta ta wjia:dj, § ødjKfha WIaK;ajh WIaK;ajudkh wdOdrfhka uek .kak'

² ñkqï irdj ksYap, j ;nd ñks;a;= 2l oS yd meh 2l oS my; i|yka mßos mdGdxl

,nd .kak'

ñks;a;= 2l oS øjudkh .sf,k Wi = H1

meh 2l oS øjudkh .sf,k Wi = H2

ñks;a;= 2l oS mdxY= ødjKfha WIaK;ajh = T1

0C

meh 2l oS mdxY= ødjKfha WIaK;ajh = T2

0C

14



² 1 ll ñkqï irdjlg 5] le,.ka ødjKh 50 ml fyda 10] wefudakshï

yhsâfrdlaihsâ$fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ 50 mlla oud 1 l olajd wdiQ; c,h tla

lr md,lh idod .kak'

² fuu irdfõ o lg jid lsysmjrla Wvq hál=re lr fid,jkak'

² fuu md,l mÍCIKfha ñkqï irdjla ;=<go øjudkh we;=¿ lr ñks;a;= 2l oS yd

meh 2l oS my; i|yka mßos mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

ñks;a;= 2l oS øjudkh .sf,k Wi = h1

meh 2l oS øjudkh .sf,k Wi = h2

ñks;a;= 2l oS md,lfha WIaK;ajh = T3

0C

meh 2l oS md,lfha WIaK;ajh = T4

0C

² mia ksheosfha úh<s nr .Kkh lrkak ^Ms&'

mia ksheosfha f;;a ialkaOh f;;uk idOlh

^øjudk mdGdxlh i|yd fYdaOkhla lrkq ,nkafka" øjudkh l%udxlkh lr

we;af;a 68 0F ^20 0C& neúks'&

² ødjKfha WIaK;ajh 20 0C g jvd wvq jk wjia:djkays § tu wvq jk ieu

wxYlhlg u 0'2 ne.ska øjudk mdGdxlfhka wvq lrkak'

² ødjKfha WIaK;ajh 20 0C g jvd jeä jk wjia:djkays § tu jeä jk ieu

wxYlhlg u 0'2 ne.ska øjudk mdGdxlhg tl;= lrkak'

² øjudkh i|yd fYdaOk idOlh .Kkh lr ixfYdaê; mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

fYdaOk idOlh ^WIaK;ajh 20 0Cg jvd jeä úg& } 9

32 68 0.25

xT

fYdaOk idOlh ^WIaK;ajh 20 0Cg jvd wvq úg& } 9

68 32 0.25

xT

ñks;a;= 2l oS mdxY= ødjKfha ixfYdaê; mdGdxlh } 11H

meh 2l oS mdxY= ødjKfha ixfYdaê; mdGdxlh } 12H

ñks;a;= 2l oS md,l mÍlaIKfha ixfYdaê; mdGdxlh } 11h

meh 2l oS md,l mÍlaIKfha ixfYdaê; mdGdxlh } 12h

ld,h mdxY= ødjKh md,l mÍlaIKh ^wdiQ; c,h le,a.ka$

NaOH tauhs,a uoHidr &

øjudk WIaK;ajh^0C& ixfYdaê; øjudk øjudk WIaK;ajh^0C& ixfYdaê; øjudk

mdGdxlh

mdGdxlh mdGdxlh mdGdxlh

ú' 2 H1

T1

1

1H = H

1 fYdaOk h

1 T

3

1

1h = h

1 + fYdaOk

idOlh idOlh

meh 2 H2

T2

1

2H = H2 fYdaOk h

2= T

4

1

2h = h2 + fYdaOk

idOlh idOlh

mia ksheosfha úh<s nr }

15



² mdxY= jhkh fiùug wod< .Kkh lsÍu (ISSS l%uhg wkqj& isÿ lrkak'

ueá yd frdkauv m%;sY;h }

1 11 1H h

100Ms

je,s m%;sY;h } 100 - ûeá yd frdkauv m%;sY;h&

ueá m%;sY;h }

1 12 2H h

100Ms

frdkauv m%;sY;h } ûeá ¬ frdkauv m%;sY;h& - ueá m%;sY;h

² jhk ;%sfldaKh wdOdrfhka jhk mka;sh fidhkak'

² ,nd .;a je,s m%;sY;h je,s mdofhys i,l=Kq lrkak'

² tu mdofha isg frdkauv mdohg iudka;r f¾Ldjla w|skak'

² ,nd.;a frdkauv m%;sY; w.h frdkauv mdofhys ,l=Kq lrkak'

² tu ia:dkfha isg ueá mdohg iudka;r f¾Ldjla w|skak'

² ,nd.;a ueá m%;sY; w.h ueá mdofhys ,l=Kq lrkak'

² tu ia:dkfha isg je,s mdohg iudka;r f¾Ldjla w|skak'

² ;%sfldaK f¾Ld ;=k yuqjk ia:dkfha we;s mka;sh tu mig wh;a jhk

mx;sh fõ'

úfYaI lreKq #

² mia ksheÈh Wÿfka ;nd ksh; nrla ,nd .ekSug meh 24la muK .; jqj o"

mdif,a § fuu m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlu isÿ lsÍfï oS isÿ jk wmyiq;dj u. yrjd

.ekSug meh 8l muK ld,hla Wÿfka ;eîu iEfya'

je,s m%;sY;h

frdkauv m%;sY;hu

eá m%;sY;h

16



^b& msfmÜgq l%uh Ndú;fhka mdxY= jhkh ks¾Kh lsrSu

uQ,O¾uh # iafgdlaf.a kshuh fuu l%ufha uQ,O¾uh fõ' tkï ;r,hla;=< >k jia;=jla my<g jeàfï § th wdka; m%fõ.hlgmeñfKk w;r Bg miq th jeàfï m%fõ.h tys w¾O úIalïNfhaj¾.hg iudkqmd;sl fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² mdi,a j.d ìfuka yd l=Uqrlska .;a mia ksheos

² fmfkar lÜg,hla² fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ fyda 10 ] wefudakshï

yhsâfrdlaihsâ fyda fidaähïfylaid fugdfmdiaf*aÜ^le,.ka ødjKh&

² tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a² yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ² îlrhla iy ùÿre l+rla² fojqï fnda;,hla ^wash bottle&² wdiQ; c,h² úrdu >áldjla² 25ml msfmÜgqjla² fmd,s;ska lene,a,la yd rn¾ máhla² fldajla" ;rdoshla² fmdarKqjla Ôven&² fvisflagrhla

² jhk ;%sfldaKhla



l%ufõoh #

² mia ksheos fol jd;fha úh<d w;ska l=vq lr 2mm fmfkarhlska y<d .kak' thska

mia 40 gla lsrd îlrhlg oud yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ tl;= lr úkdä 10 la c,

;dmlhl r;a lr .kak'

² thg 10ml fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ fyda 10] wefudakshï yhsâfrdlaihsâ yd c,h

iaj,amhla tla lrkak'

² by; ñY%Kh ùÿre l+rla wdOdrfhka ñks;a;= 10 la l,;kak' ^úÿ,s l,;khla

fhdod .kafka kï 16 000 rpml fõ.fhka ñks;a;= folla l,;kak' &

² by; ødjKh 0'02mm fmfkarhlska fmÍfuka je,s iy frdka uv" ueá iys;

ødjKh fjka lr .kak' fï i|yd fojqï fnda;,h wdOdr lr .kak' ^fuys §

b;d meyeÈ,s c,h fmÍ bj;a jk ;=re fmfkarh ;=< we;s øjH fidaoñka

ñkqï irdjg tl;= lr .kak'&

² ueá" frdkauv wvx.= ødjKh 1 000 ml ñkqï irdjlg oud 1 000 ml i,l=K f;la

wdiQ; c,h mqrjkak'

² ñkqï irdfõ lg rn¾ máhla wdOdr lr f.k fmd,s;Skhlska jid ñkqï irdj

Wvq hál=re lr l,;kak'

17



² msf mÜgqj l a f . k t y s ; =f v y s i sg 10 cm by<ska i,l=Kla fhdod .kak' ^rn¾

máhla ±ófuka tu i,l=K meyeÈ,s j ,l=Kq lr .; yels h'&

² le,;+ ødjKh ksYap, j ;nd meh 6 ñks;a;= 10lg miq j msfmÜgqj 10 cm i,l=K

olajd .s,ajd ødjKfhka 25ml m%udKhla f.k nr lsrd .kakd ,o fldajlg ^P&

oukak'

² kej;;a 1 000ml i,l=K f;la c,h mqrjd l,;d ksYap, j ;nd ñks;a;= 3 ;;a 42

lg miqj ødjKfhka 25ml f.k nr lsrk ,o fldajlg ^Q& oukak'

² fmfkarfhka fmrd .;a je,s fldgi o nr lsrk ,o fldajlg ^R& oukak'

² by; P, Q, R ksheos ;=k u 105 0C WIaK;ajfha we;s Wÿkl ksh; nrla ,efnk ;=re

úh<d .kak'

² Wÿfka úh<d .;a ksheos fvisflagrhla ;=< ;nd ál fõ,djlg miq j tu ksheosj,

nr lsrd .kak'

² je,s" ueá yd frdkauv m%;sY; fjk fjk u .Kkh lrkak'

.Kkh lsÍu

wka;¾ cd;sl mdxY= Lksc j¾.SlrKh ISSS& wkqj Lksc j¾.SlrKh my; wdldr fõ'

Lksc wxY=j wxY+j, úIalïNh ^mm&

je,s 2.00 - 0.02

frdka uv 0.02 - 0.002

ueá < 0.002

ueá iy frdkauv wxY= m%;sY;h fiùu

ysia fldafjys ialkaOh = w1 g

fldaj + Wÿfka úh<k ksheosfha ^Q& ialkaOh = w2 g

25ml ys we;s ueá iy frdkauv wxY+j, ialkaOh = (w2

-w1)g

1 000ml ødjKhl we;s ueá iy frdkauv wxY=j, ialkaOh

= 2 1(w -w )g x 1000ml

25ml

ta wkqj mia .%Eï 40 l we;s ueá iy frdkauv wxY=j, ialkaOh

= 2 1(w -w )g x 1000ml

25 ml = A g

ueá iy frdka uv wxY= m%;sY;h ^x& = Â

x 10040

& g

ueá wxY= m%;sY;h fiùu

ysia fldafjys ialkaOh = w3 g

fldaj + Wÿfka úh<k ,o ksheosfha ^P& ialkaOh = w4 g

25 ml ødjKhl we;s ueá wxY+j, ialkaOh = (w4

-w3)g

18



1 000 ml ødjKhl we;s ueá wxY=j, ialkaOh = 4 3(w -w )g

x 1000ml25ml

= Bg

ta wkqj mia 40 gl we;s

ueá wxY=j, ialkaOh = Bg

ueá wxY=j, m%;sY;h ^y& = B

x 10040

frdkauv wxY= m%;sY;h = x - y

mia ksheÈfha ;snQ je,s wxY= m%;sY;h fiùu

je,s m%;sY;h + ueá m%;sY;h + frdkauv m%;sY;h = 100

je,s wxY= m%;sY;h = 100 - x

fuhska ,o w.h Wÿfka úh<k ,o je,sj, ialkaOh iu`. ii|d ne,sh

yels h' fuu w.hka fol iudk úh hq;= h' ^b;d wdikak jYfhka&'

ks.ukh #

mÍlaIKfhka ,o je,s" ueá yd frdkauvj, w.hhka Ndú; lr mÍlaIKhg Ndú; l<

mia ksheÈfha jhk mka;sh jhk ;%sfldaKh Ndú;fhka ks¾Kh lrkaak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² úúO ia:dkj, mdxY= jhkh tlsfklg fjkia fõ' tneúka ia:dk lsysmhlska ,nd

.;a mia ksheÈj, mdxY= jhk ks¾Kh lrkak'

² mig m%;sldr lsÍfï oS yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ iu. c, ;dmlhl r;a lsÍfuka

ldnksl øjH TlaislrKh fõ' nkaOkldrl ì|Su ksid mia wxY= úisf¾' fidaähï

yhsfv%dlaihsâ u.ska o mia wxY= úisrùu isÿ lrhs'

² nr wkqj hï ødjKhla ;=< wxY= Ndckfha m;=,g jeàfï fõ.h iafgdlaf.a kshuhg

wkqj isÿ jk nj i,lñka tu wxY= my<g .uka lsÍfï fõ.h WIaK;ajh wkqj

fjkia jk nj o i,ld wxY= my<g .uka lsÍfï fõ.h wkqj ueá frdkauv

jYfhka fjka lr .Kkh flf¾'

² øjudk l%uh iy msfmÜgq l%uh úµd.drh ;=< § isÿ lsÍfï fuys uq,a mshjr l,ska

isÿ lr ;sîfuka ld,h b;sß lr .; yels h'

19




mdxY= ixiaÓ;sh yd jHQyh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1

fhdacs; ld,Éfþo ( 05

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d (² mia ksheÈj, ixiaÓ;sh ks¾Kh lsÍu² mfia iqúld¾h;d iSudj ks¾Kh lsÍu² mfia øjYS,;d iSudj ks¾Kh lsÍu² úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a miaj, jHQyh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye`Èkaùu # mdxY= ialkaOhla u; hï n,hla we;s lr" tu n,h l%ufhkajeä lsÍfï § mqmqrd hhs' tfia mqmqrd hEug úreoaOj mia legholajk m%;sfrdaë;dj mdxY= ixiaÓ;shhs'

uQ,O¾uh # úh<s" f;;a yd c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ wjia:dj, § mfia ixiaÓ;shúia;r flfrk wef,kiq nj" iqúld¾h;dj" ±ä nj yd øjYS,;diSudj fjkia fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² ij,la² úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd.;a mia ksheÈ² uo mjfka úh<k ,o 1kg nr mia l=Üáhla² wä rE,la² c,h² Wÿkla² ;rdÈhla ôYu ia:dk follg ksjerÈ j ueksh yels&² 425 m isÿre iys; fmfkarhla² fla;= úysÿïudkhla Cone penetrometer&² ùÿre ;eáhla Glass plate&² w;a ldphla

Cone penetrometer

20



l%ufõoh (

â& mdxY= ixiaÓ;sh ks¾Kh lsrsu

I& c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ miaj, ^Wet soil&² c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ mia ksheÈhla f;dard .kak'² mfia wef,kiq¨ iajNdjh ^Stickiness& ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd fufia mÍlaId

lrkak'² mia iaj,amhla /f.k uymge`.s,a, yd onr`.s,a, w;r ;nd ;o lr fiñka

weÕs,s ksoyia lrkak'

my; i|yka rEmigyka wOHhkh lrñka mfia wef,k iq¿ iajNdjh ;SrKhlrkak'

0- wef,kiq¨ fkdjk ^Non sticky&mia weÕs,sj, we,S ke;'

1- uola wef,k iq¿ Slightly sticky&mia ;o lrk úg weÕs,sj, wef,k kuq;a weÕs,s ksoyia lrk úg tlweÕs,a,l muKla wef,k w;r weÕs,s fol w;r mia fkd wef,a'

2- wef,k iq¿ Sticky&weÕs,s fofla u mia wef,k w;r weÕs,s ksoyia lrk úg uola fomigwefo'a

3- b;d wef,k iq¿ Very sticky&uymg`.s,af,a yd onr`.s,af,a mia wef,k w;r weÕs,s ksoyia lrk úgfomig wefoa'

21



² c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ mfia iqúld¾h;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

² c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ mia ksheÈhla f.k w;af,a ;nd weÕs,sj,ska 3 mm úIalïNhiys; kQ,la wdldrhg jk f,i frda,a lrkak'

² mfia iqúld¾h;dj fiùu i|yd fufia mÍlaId lrkak0- iqúld¾h fkdjk Non plastic&

fuys § kQ,la fkdiEfoa' WÞ( ;ks l‚ld iys; mia

1- uola iqúld¾h Slightly plastic&kQ,la iEÈh yels w;r kej; tys uq,a ;;a;ajhg m;a lrk úg kQ, lefâ'

2- iqúld¾h Plastic&kQ,la iE§ug yels jqj;a th l<ska ;snQ ;;a;ajhg m;a jk úg leã kej;kQ, iE§ug fkdyels h'

3- b;d iqúld¾h Very plastic&kQ,la iEfok w;r myiqfjka fkd lefâ' uq,a ;;a;ajhg m;a lr kej;kQ,a wdldr jHQy iEÈh yels h'

² f;;a miaj, ^Moist soil& ixiaÓ;sh ks¾Kh lsÍu

² fï i|yd f;;ukh iys; kuq;a c,fhka ix;Dma; fkdjQ mia ksheÈhla f;dard.kak'

² mia iaj,amhla /f.k uymgÕs,a, yd on/Õs,a, w;r ;nd ;o lsÍfuka fydaw;af,a ;nd ;o lsÍfuka mfia ixiaÓ;sh ks¾Kh l< yels h'

22



0- nqre,a Loose&mia wxY= tlsfkl yd ;Èka fkdne£ we;' ^;ks lKslduh mi&'

1- lefvkiq¨ nj b;d wêl Very friable&mi b;d iq`M mSvkhlska jqj o lefâ' kej; ;o l< úg wxY= tlsfklwef,a'

2- lefvkiq Friable&uo fyda uOHu mSvkhla mig fh¥ úg mia lefâ'

3- ±ä Firm&uOHu mSvkhla hgf;a mi levqk o m%;sfrdaOhla ±lsh yels h'

4- b;d ±ä Very Firm&m%n, mSvkhlska mia leäh yels kuq;a weÕs,s w;r f;rmSulska leähfkdyels h'

5- w;sYh ±ä Extremely firm&b;d m%n, mSvkhlska muKla mia leäh yels h' uymgÕs,a, yd onrÕs,a,w;r f;rmSulska leäh fkdyels h' kuq;a mia fldgiska fldgi leähyels h'

23



² úh<s miaj, ^Dry soil& ixiaÓ;sh fiùu² fï i|yd jd;fha úh<d .;a mia ksheÈhla f;dard .kak'² úh<s mfia ixiaÓ;sh fiùu i|yd uymge`.s,a, yd onr`.s,a, w;r ;o lsÍfuka

fyda w;af,a ;nd weÕs,sj,ska f;rmSfuka mÍlaId lrkak'

0- nqre,a Loose&mia wxY= tlsfklg fkdne£ we;' ^;ks lKsld jHQy we;s mia&

1- uDÿ Soft&mia wxY= b;d ÿ¾j, j ne£ we;s w;r lefvkiq¨ h' l=vd mSvkhl § jqj omia l=vq ¥ú,s njg fyda ;ks wxY= njg m;a fõ'

2- uola ±ä Slighty Hard&uo mSvkhlg mi Tfrd;a;= ÿkak o weÕs,s w;r f;rmQ úg mia wxY= fjkafõ'

3- ±ä Hard&uOHu m%udK mSvkhlg mi Tfrd;a;= ÿkako weÕs,s fol w;r f;rmSfï §iaj,am jYfhka leãug n÷ka fõ' kuq;a weÕs,s yd w;a, w;r ;o l< úgmyiqfjka lefâ'

4- b;d ±ä Very Hard&úYd, mSvkhlg Tfrd;a;= fok w;r weÕs,s w;r f;rmd leäh fkdyels h'kuq;a weÕs,s yd w;a, w;r f;rmQ úg wmyiqfjka lefâ'

24



5- w;sYh ±ä Extremely Hard&b;d úYd, mSvkhla ,nd ÿkak o mia wxY= fkd lefâ'

ks.ukh

² úh<s" f;;a yd c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ wjia:dj, § mia ksheÈj, ixiaÓ;sh ks¾Khlr jd¾;d lrkak'

^B& mia ksheÈhl iqúld¾h;d iSudj ^Plastic limit& ks¾Kh lsÍul%ufõoh #

² mia ksheÈhla f.k th iQ¾hdf,dalfha úh<Sug bv yßkak'

² mia ksheÈhg c,h iaj,am jYfhka tl;= lr me;,s ùÿre mDIaGhl frda,a lrkak'

² 3 mml úIalïNh we;s 10 cml È.e;s frda,la iE§ug W;aidy .kak'

² tfia iE§ug fkdyels kï c,h iaj,amhla kej; tl;= lr tu úIalïNh yd È.we;s mia frda, iE§ug yelshdj we;s wjia:dfõ mfia c, m%udKh Ndrñ;sll%ufhka uek .kak'

² th mfia iqúld¾h;d o¾Ylhhs'

25



^C& mia ksheÈhl øjYS,;d iSudj Liquid limit& ks¾Kh lsÍu² jd;fha úh¿E mia kshÈhlska 200 g lsrd .kak'² tu mia 425 m úIalïNh isÿre iys; fmfkarhlska y<d .kak'² tu y<d.;a miaj,g c,h ñY% lr ;,mhla wdldrhg idÞ .kak'² fuu ñY%Kh is,skavrdldr fldmamhlg jdhq nqnq¿ rys; j mqrjd .kak'² wjidkfha § fuu ñY%Kh u;=msg mDIaGh uÜgï lr fla;= úysÿïudkfha kshñ;

ia:dkfha ;nkak'² fla;= úysÿïudkfha ;=v mfia mDIaGhg iam¾Y jk f,i wegjqu ilia lr mdGdxlh

,nd .kak'² isria l,ïmh ksoyia lr fla;=j mi ;=<g ;;amr myla ;=< § .uka lsÍug

i,iajd .uka l< .eUqr igyka lr.kak (d= 20 mm)² fla;=j 14 - 28 mm olajd mrdihl .eUqrg hjñka mÍlaIKh y;r jrla muK

kej; kej; isÿ lrkak'

² fuu ish¨ wjia:dj, § mia ksheÈh ne.ska f.k mfia f;;uk m%udKh uek.kak'

² fla;=j mi ;=< .uka l< ÿr x wlaIfhka o tla tla wjia:djg wÞ< f;;ukm%udKh y wlaIfhka o ,l=Kq lr m%ia;drh w¢kak'

² fla;=j mfia .uka l< ÿr 20 mm jk úg mfia f;;uk m%udKh mfia øjYS,;diSudj fõ' Liquid Limit - LL&

nr

fla;=j mi ;=< .uka l<ÿr (mm)

f;;uk m%udKh (%)

26



^D& mfia jHQyh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # mfia we;s ueá" frdkauv" je,s wd§ m%d:ñl wxY= fndfyda úg

fjka fjka j fkdmj;sk w;r tajd nkaOk ldrl u.ska ne£

ia:djr iuQyk f,i ixúOdkh ùu mdxY= jHQyhhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( mia iuQykj, yevh" fY%aKsh" yd m%udKh wkqj mdxY= jHQyhfjkia fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² mia l=Üá lsysmhla

² ij,la

² w;a ldphla

l%ufõoh #

² lafIa;%h ksfhdackh jk mßÈ ij,lska 1kg muK mia l=Üáhla ,nd .kak'² th jd;fha úh<kak'² tu mia l=Üáh 150cm muK fmdf<dfjka by<g Tijd isfuka;s fmdf<djla

u;g w; yßkak'² mia iuQykj, iajNdjh w;a ldph weiqfrka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'² ,efnk len,sj, yevh wkqj tu mia ksheÈh ,nd .;a ia:dkfha mdxY= jHQyh

ks.ukh lrkak'

ks.ukh #

úúO ia:dkj, we;s mfiys ixiaÓ;sh yd jHQyh ks¾Kh lr" ta ms<snò j woyiaolajkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

² tlsfklg fjkia ia:dk lsysmhlska mia ksheÈ ,ndf.k tla tla lKavdhïfjk fjk u mdxY= jHQyh ks¾Kh lrkak'

² c,fhka ix;Dma; jQ mila ,nd .ekSfï § fyd¢ka j¾Idj jegqKq ú.i mia ksheÈ,nd .ekSu o f;;a mia ksheÈ ,nd .ekSfï § j¾Idj ,eî meh 24lg miq mia ksheÈ,nd .ekSu o WÑ; h'

² mia ksheosj, f;;uk m%;sY;h fiùfï § mÍlaIKh wjika l< jyd u miaksheÈ ,ndf.k fvisflagrh ;=< ;eìh hq;= h ^c,h msg ùu je<laùug&'

mdxY= jHQy wdldr

ia;ïNsl (columnar) ;eáuh (platy) ;ks lKsld (single grained)

leá;s (granular) l=Üá (blocky) m%siaudldr (prismatic)

27




mdxY= j¾Kh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 2'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² ukai,a j¾K igyk mia ksheÈ iu. .e<mSu

² ukai,a j¾K igyk wdOdrfhka úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;amia ksheÈj, j¾Kh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # idudkHfhka mshú weiska y÷kd.; yels mfia j¾Kh mdxY=j¾Kh hkqfjka ye¢kaúh yels h' mil j¾Kh tu mi ks¾udKhùug Þhl jQ ud;D øjH yd mdxY= me;slv j¾Okh ùfï § ÞhljQ idOl u; r|d mj;S'

uQ,O¾uh ( Hue, Value, Chroma hk m%Odk lreKq ;=k hgf;a mdxY= j¾Kh;SrKh fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd.;a úúO j¾K mia ksheÈ lsysmhla² c,h iaj,amhla

² ukai,a j¾K igykla² fmd,s;ska len,s lsysmhla

² Trf,daiq lod

l%ufõoh #

² úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a mia ksheÈ fï i|yd fhdod .kak'

² tu ksheÈj,ska fldgila f.k Trf,daiq lodjlg (watch glass) oukak'

² mia ksheÈh úh<s wjia:dfõ oS ukai,a j¾K igyk weiqfrka j¾Kh ,nd .kak'

² bka miq mia ksheÈj,g c,h iaj,amhla oud fmd,s;Ska len,af,ys oud f;; mi

ukai,a j¾K igyk iu. .<mkak'

² ta wkqj mia ksheosh m%Odk j¾K w;frka l=uk ldKavhg wh;aoehs fm< .iajkak'

² mia ksheosh i|yd j¾K fla;h ^Colour code& bosßm;a lrkak'

² ta wkqj mia ksheosfha j¾Kh ms<sn| ksjeros ks.ukj,g t<fUkak'

28



ks.ukh #

² ukai,a j¾K igyk iu. mia ksheÈfha j¾Kh .<md mdxY= j¾Kh ks.ukh

lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq#

² mdxY= j¾Kh u; mfia .=Kdx. ms<sn| j hï wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels h'

Wod # ² l¿ $ ÿUqre - ldnksl øjH jeä h'

² r;= - c,jykh ukd f,i isÿ fõ'

² w¿ - c,jykh ÿ¾j, h'

² ly - c, uÜgï my< hEfuka we;sjk TlaisyrK $ TlaislrK

;;a;aj we;'

² mfia j¾Kh i|yka lsÍfï § th f;;a mi i|yd o" úh<s mi i|yd o hkak i|yka

lrkak'

Wod - j¾K fla;h - ^f;;a mi i|yd&

7.5YR 5/4

29




mdxY= >k;ajh yd iújr;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 2'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² mfiys oDYH >k;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍu² mfiys i;H >k;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍu² mfiys iújr;dj .Kkh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # mdxY= >k;ajh wdldr folls' >k;ajfha tAll >k fikaáógrhg.%Eï fõ' oDYH >k;ajfhka >k øjHhkaf.a ialkaOh mfia uq¨mßudjg olajk wkqmd;fhka uksk w;r" i;H >k;ajfhkamfia >k øjHhkaf.a ialkaOh mfia >k wxY= mßudjg olajkwkqmd;fhka ukskq ,efí' ieu úg u i;H >k;ajhg jvdoDYH >k;ajh wvq w.hla fmkajhs'mdxY= iújr;dj hkq mil uq¨ mßudjg wjldY mßudj orkwkqmd;fha m%;sY;hhs'

uQ,O¾uh # >k;ajh hkq tall mßudjl ialkaOhhs'

ialkaOh>k;ajh }

mßudj

mdxY= >k;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍu iòyd o fuu iólrKh fhdod.kshs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH#1' oDYH >k;ajh fiùu i|yd

² fofl<jr Þrh uqjy;a 10 cm Wi is,skavrdldr .e,ajkhsianghla

² ,S lene,a,la² ñáhla² uqjy;a msyshla² ;rdÈhla² W`ÿkla² jdIamSlrK ;eáhla² fvisflagrhla

2' i;H >k;ajh fiùu i|yd² úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh² jk iy fuda,² 2 mm úIAlïNfha isÿre iys; fmfkarhla² ;rdÈhla² c, ;dmlhla$ je,s ;dmlhla

30



l%ufõoh #

1' oDYH >k;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍu

.e,ajkhsia ng lene,af,a uqjy;a odrh" oDYH >k;ajh fiúh hq;= miaksheÈh ,nd .kakd ia:dkfha mi u;=msg ;nkak' tA u; ,S lene,a,la ;ndthg ñáhlska lsysm jrla ;Ügq lsÍfuka .e,ajkhsia ngh mi ;=< .s,ajkak'

bkamiq uqjy;a msyshlska wjg we;s mia bj;a lr .e,ajkhsia ngh iu. miaksheÈh m%fõYfuka bj;a lr .kak' Bg miq Wv hg fome;af;a mia iu;,djk fia msysfhka iQrkak'

bk a mi q f u u mi a k sh eÈh j dI amSl r K ; eáh l ou d 1050C WIaK;ajh we;sWÿkl ksh; nrla ,efnk ;=re ;nd úh<s mfiys ialkaOh igyka lr.kak'mfiys mßudj f,i .e,ajkhsia ngfha wNHka;r mßudj ,nd .kak'

mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu (jdIamSlrK ;eáfha ialkaOh = w

1 g

jdIamSlrK ;eáh ¬ úh<s mfiys ialkaOh = w2 g

mfiys mßudj = πr2h cm3

.Kkh lsÍu (

oDYH >k;ajh = úh<s mfiys ialkaOh mfiys uq¨ mßudj

=

31



2' mfia i;H >k;ajh fiùu

mia ksheÈhla ,nd .kak' r¿ fldgia bj;a lr mia 100g muK f.k th

mjfka úh<kak' jxf.äh ;=<g oud fuda, wdOdrfhka ishqï fldgiaj,g

fjka lr .kak' bkamiq 2 mm fmfkarhlska y,d .kak' úYsIag .=re;aj

l=mamshla f.k tys ialkaOh lsrd.kak' thg wvla muK mia oud kej;

ialkaOh lsrd .kak' bka miq l=mamsfha mia jeiS hk fia c,h j;a lr c,

;dmlhl ;nd r;a lr" jdhq nqnq¿ bj;a jQ miq c, ;dmlfhka bj;g f.k

isis,kh lrkak' úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh isis,a jQ miq th msfrk f;la wdiQ;

c,h tl;= lr kej; ialkaOh lsrd .kak' bkamiq úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsfha

mia bj;a lr msßisÿ lr iïmQ¾Kfhka u c,h mqrjd kej; ialkaOh lsrd

.kak'

mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu (

ysia úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsfha ialkaOh = m1 g

úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh ¬ úh<s mfia ialkaOh = m2 g

úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh ¬ mia ¬ c,fha ialkaOh = m3 g

úYsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh ¬ c,fha ialkaOh = m4 g

mfia úh<s ialkaOhmdxY= i;H >k;ajh =

mfia >k øjHhkaf.a mßudjgiudk c, mßudjl ialkaOh

=

ks.ukh # ia:dk ;=klska muK mia ksheÈ f.k" tajdfha i;H yd oDYH >k;aj fjk

fjk u igyka lr tajd iiòkak'

mdxY= i;H >k;ajhmfia úh<s ialkaOh

mfia >k øjHhkaf.a mßudj =

32



úfYaI lreKq #

² mia ksheÈ úoHd.drhg /f.k tk úg mia ksheÈfhka c,h msg fkdjk fiafmd,s;skaj,ska wdjrKh lr /f.k tkak'

² i;H >k;ajh hkq mdxY= wxY=j, muKla >k;ajhhs' fuh 2'3 - 3'8 g/cm3 olajd

fjkia fõ'

² mia j¾.h" ksheosh ,nd .kakd wdldrh" mfia wvx.= ldnksl øjH m%udKh yd

mfia ;o nj jeks lreKq wkqj mfia oDYH >k;ajh fjkia fõ'

3' mdxY= iújr;dj

.Kkh lsÍu (

wjldY l,dmfha mßudj mfia uq¿ mßudj

oDYH >k;ajh i;H >k;ajh

ks.ukh#

² ,nd.;a o;aa;j,g wÞ< j úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a miaj, iújr;dj ks¾Khlr tajd iiòkak'

úfYaI lreKq #² oDYH >k;ajh jeä mil tAlSh mßudjla ;=< weisÍ we;s >k wxY= m%udKh jeä h'

tkï iújr;dj wvq h'

mdxY= iújr;dj =

=

1 100

mdxY= iújr;dj

33




mfiys pH w.h ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 2'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² pH ógrh wxl fYdaOkh (Calibrate) lsÍu² pH ógrh Ndú;fhka úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a mia ksheosj,

pH w.h ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # mfiys pH w.h u.ska mdxY= m%;sls%hdj ms<sn| woyila ,nd.;yels h' tkï mfia wdï,sl" Ndiañl nj .ek fiúh yels h'mfiys H+ whk idkaøKh u; pH w.h ;SrKh fõ'

uQ,O¾uh # mdxY= ødjKfha ,Sgrhlg we;s H+ whk idkaøKfha ,>q >KlfhaiDK w.h pH w.hhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a mia ksheos y;rla² pH ógrhla² wdiQ; c,h² îlrhla yd pH 7" 4" 11 iajdrlaIl ødjK² jxf.äh yd fuda,

² isÿrej, úIalïNh 2 mmla jQ fmfkarhla

l%ufõoh # mshjr 1

pH ógrh wxl fYdaOkh lsÍu² wxlfYdaOkh ioyd pH=4" pH=7" yd pH=11 iajdrlaIl

ødjK fhdod .kak'² pH=4 jQ iïu; ødjKhg bf,lafg%davh we;=¿ lr

tys mdGdxlh 4 jk ;=re bial=remamqj lrljkak'² pH=7" yd pH=11 jk iïu; ødjKj, o bf,lafg%davh

we;=¿ lr tys mdGdxl ,efnk ;=re bial=remamq lrljdwxl fYdaOkh lr .kak'

mshjr 2mfia pH w.h ks¾Kh lsÍu² mia ksheÈh jk yd fuda, Ndú;fhka wUrd ishqï

wxY= ,efnk f,i fmfkarhlska y<d .kak'² mia 10 g la 50 ml îlrhlg f.k wdiq; c,h

25 mlla tl;= lrkak'² mia ødjKh ñks;a;=jla l,;d úkdä 5la ksYap, j

;nd pH uekSu isÿ lrkak'

34



ks.ukh ( úúO ia:dkj,ska ,nd.;a mia kshe¢j, pH w.hka igyka lrkak' ,enQ pH

w.hka wkqj mfia ;;ajh ú.%y lrkak'

pH uÜgu mfia ;;a;ajh

9'0 m%n, Ndiañl

8'5

8'0 uOHia: Ndiañl

7'5 u| Ndiañl

7'0 WodiSk

6'5 u| wdï,sl

5'5 uOHia: wdï,sl

5'0 m%n, wdï,sl

4'5 b;d m%n, wdï,sl

4'0

úfYaI lreKq ( ² pH ógrfha bf,lafg%dav tla ødjKhlska fjk;a

ødjKhlg udre lsÍfï § wdiQ; c,fhka fiaÈh hq;=

h'

² pH ógrfha bf,lafg%davh KCl ødjKhl .s,ajd

;eîfuka WmlrKh wdrlaId lr .; yels h'

² pH w.h yd úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj hk ,laIK fol

u ueksh yels WmlrKh u.ska pH w.h uksk úg

function fnd;a;u u.ska pH uekSu i|yd WmlrKh

ilia lr .; yels h'

² mia ksheÈh yd wdiQ; c,h tl;= lsÍfï wkqmd;h

mia j¾.h wkqj fjkia fõ'

Wod # je,suh mila iòyd 1#1 w.h fhda.H fõ'

35




mfia úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² mdxY= ødjK ms<sfh, lsÍu² úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d ógrh wxl fYdaOkh lsÍu² mfia úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu² EC w.h weiqßka mfia ,jK;dj ;SrKh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( mdxY= ødjKfha Èh ù we;s úúO whk u.ska mfia úoHq;aikakdhl;dj we;s fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( úoHq;a Odrdjla f.k hEfï yelshdj úoHq;a ikakdhl;dfjkauefkhs' mdxY= ødjKhl mj;sk uqM whk idkaøKfhka úoHq;aikakdhl;dj fmkakqï flf¾'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² mia 10 gla² wdiQ; c,h iys; fojqï fnda;,a² úoHq;a ikakdhl;d ógrh² iïu; ødjK

² uqyqK msisk lvÞis lsysmhla soft tissues&² msßisÿ l=vd úh<s îlr 3la 100 ml&² ùÿre l+rla² 2 mm isÿre úIalïNh iys; fmfkarhla² bf,lafg%dksl ;rdÈhla² WIaK;ajudkhla

l%ufõoh (² mjfka úh`ME mia isÿrej, úIalïNh 2 mm jQ fmfkarhlska y<d .kak'² thska mia 10 gla mia f.k mÍlaIK k<hlg oukak'² wdiq; c,h 50 ml uek mÍlaIK k<hg oud ñks;a;= 30la ùÿre l+r Ndú;fhka

l,;d meh 2la muK ksYap, j ;nkak'

mshjr 1úoHq;a ikakdhl;d ógrh wxl fYdaOkh lsÍu² îlr follg iïu; ødjK mqrjd .kak bf,lafg%dav .s,aùug wjYH m%udKhg&'² iïu; ødjKfha yd mdxY= ødjKfha WIaK;ajh iudk ±hs mÍlaId lrkak'² úoaHq;a ikakdhl;d ógrh ls%hd;aul lrkak'² bf,lafg%davfha i,l=Kq lr we;s ia:dkfha isg my<g wdiq; c,h fhdÞ

bf,lafg%davh fidaÞ yer uDÿ lvodisj,ska (Soft tissues) f;; ud;a;= lrkak'² iïu; ødjKh fh¥ m<uq îlrhg bf,lafg%davh oud mdGdxlh lshjd ksjerÈ

±hs n,kak'

36



² fojk îlrhg o bf,lafg%davh oud iïu; ødjKfha w.h ,efí ±hs ksÍlaIKhlrkak'

² iïu; ødjKj kshñ; úoHq;a ikakdhl;d w.hka fmkakqï fkdlf<a kïkshñ; w.h ,efnk f,i WmlrKh iSre udre lrkak'

mshjr 2² úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj uekSu

² bf,lafg%dav wdiQ; c,fhka fidaÞ f;; ud;a;= lrkak'

² msßisÿ úh<s îlrhlg úoaHq;a ikakdhl;dj ueksh hq;= mdxY= ødjKfhka 50 ml

muK oukak'

² mdxY= ødjKhg bf,lafg%davh oud uòla l,;kak'

² mdGdxl ia:dhS jQ miq w.h igyka lr.kak'

² idÞ.;a ish¨ mia ksheÈj, úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj fï wdldrhg ks¾Kh lr.kak'

ks.ukh (² ,enQ úoHq;a ikakdhl;d w.hka wkqj mfia ;;a;ajh ú.%y lrkak'

,jK;d uÜgu EC 1'5& ds/m

b;d wvq < 0'15wvq 0'15 - 0'4uOHu 0'4 - 0'8wêl 0'8 - 2'0b;d wêl > 2'0

úfYaI lreKq (

² úoHq;a ikakdhl;d ógrh iSreudre lrk wdldrh WmlrKfha j¾.h wkqjfjkia jk neúka tA i|yd ksIamdolf.a Wmfoia ms<smÈkak'

² WmlrKh Ndú; l< miq bf,lafg%davfha mshk jid" WmlrKh msioud wiqrd;nkak'

37




mia ksheÈhl isák uyd Ôùka m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² mia ksheÈhla ,nd .ekSu

² tys we;s uyd Ôùka y`ÿkd .ekSu

² uyd Ôùka ixLHdj .Kkh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( YÍrfha m<, wkqj mdxY= cSùka uyd" ucacd yd laIqøcSùka

f,i j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,nhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( mi ;=< fjfik" YÍrfha m<, 2 mmg jvd jeä" tkï mshú

weig fmfkk cSùka uyd cSùka f,i i,lkq ,nhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² W±,a,la

² ,Kqjla

² l+[a[

² óg¾ rE,la

² fmd,s;ska lene,a,la ^3 x 3 m&

² w;a ldphla

l%ufõoh (

² l+[a[ yd ,Kqj wdOdrfhka lafIa;%fha 0'5 x 0'5 m2 jk mßÈ iup;=ri%dldr

N+ñ fldgila i,l=Kq lr.kak'

² W±,af,ka jfÜ Þrh ,l=K lr.kak'

² 0'5m .eUqrg mia bj;a lr fmd,s;ska lene,a, u;g fhdokak'

² tys we;s uyd Ôùka ixLHdj my; ±lafjk wdldrhg ilia lr.;a j.=jl

igyka lrkak'

² mfia we;s mdxY= Ôùkaf.a rEmdka;rK wjia:d ms<snò j ksrSlaIKh lrkak'

² ksÍlaIKh l< mdxY= Ôùkaf.a jxY ms<sn| j f;dr;=re .fõIKh lrkak'

uyd Ôùka j¾.h ixLHdj

38



ks.ukh (

N+ñfha ia:dk lsysmhl uyd Ôùka j¾. yd ixLHdj fidhd igyka lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

² N+ñfhka mia bj;a lsÍfï § Ôùka blau‚ka bj;g .uka l< yels neúka mia bj;a

lrk wjia:dfõ § Ôùka ksÍlaIKh yd .Kkh lsÍu l< hq;= ksid fuh lKavdhï

m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlula f,i ixúOdkh lsÍu jvd iqÿiq h'

39




N+ñfha ,laIH folla w;r ;sria ÿr uekSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'1

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 08

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² N+ñh u; ,laIH folla ksjerÈ j ,l=Kq lsÍu

² ;sria ÿr uekSu ioyd Ndú; lrk úúO WmlrK yd fuj,ï

f;dard .ekSu

² ñkqï WmlrK mdGdxl .ekSu i|yd iQodkï lsÍu yd mdGdxl

ksjerÈ j ,nd .ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( ,laIH folla w;r ÿr hkq ieu úg u tu ,laIH fol w;r

;sria f¾Ldjla Èf.a ukskq ,nk ÿr fõ' zìï uekquZ ls%hdj,sfha

§ iajdNdúl fyda ks¾ñ; jia;=jl msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu" is;shï

we£u jeks wjia:dj, § f¾Çh fukau fldaKsl ñkqï ,nd

.ekSu ms<sn| uQ,sl l=i,;d ;sîu w;HjYH fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh ùug ,laIH folla wjYH fõ' ,laIH

folla w;r fláu ÿr ir, f¾Ldjls'

l%ufõo

(a) mshjr uekSfï l%uh

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² ñkqï má

² B l+re fyda ,S l+[a[

² w;fld¨`Mj

² fm<.ekajqï ßá

l%ufõoh

² ñkqï máh Ndú; lr iu;, fmd<jla u; hï ÿrla (30 m) uek tu ,laIH fol

Bl+re $ l+[a[ .id fmdf<dj u; ,l=Kq lrkak'

40



² tu ÿr wdjrKh lsÍug wjYH mshjr .Kk .Kka lrñka tl ,laIHhl isg wks;a

,laIHhg .uka lrkak'

mshjr folla w;r ÿr (pace factor) ks¾Kh lsÍu

² fufia ;=ka j;djla muK .uka lr tu ÿfrys idudkH w.h mshjr .Kfkys

idudkH w.fhka fnod ;udf.a mshjr folla w;r ÿr (Pace factor) fidhd .kak'

.uka l< ÿr (30m)

mshjr .Kk

² my; oelafjk iólrKh Ndú;fhka tu f;dard .;a ,laIH fol w;r ;sria ÿr

.Kkh lsÍu isÿ lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² mshjr l%uh u.ska ,laIH folla w;r ÿr uekSfï § tys ksrjoH;dj b;d wvq h'

tneúka lsysm j;djla ,laIH fol w;r .uka lr" ÿfrys idudkH w.h mshjr

.Kfkys idudkH w.fhka fnod ;udf.a mshjr folla w;r ÿr (Pace factor) fidhd

.ekSu isÿ lrhs'

² fuu l%uh b;d ir, jk w;r" úfYaIs; WmlrK wjYH fkd fõ'

mshjr 1

Pace factor =

,laIH fol w;r ÿr =tla ,laIHhl isg wfkla,laIHh olajd .uka lsÍug

;nk ,o mshjr .Kk

mshjr folla w;r ÿr

(Pace factor)X

41



(b) oïje,a uekSfï l%uh

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² fuÜßla oïje,

² B l+re yd w;fld`Mj

² fm<.ekajqqï ßá

l%ufõoh #

² by; (a) ls%hdldrlfï § Ndú; l< ,laIH fol w;r ÿr uekSu isÿ lrkak'

² ÿr uekSug wjYH ,laIH fol (A yd B), l+[a[" Bl+re fyda fm<.ekajqï o~q

wdOdrfhka ,l=Kq lrkak'

² ,laIH fol w;r oïje, iDcq j w;=rd mqrela .Kk fyda ye÷kqï ixfla; wdOdrfhka

tu ,laIH fol w;r ÿr .Kkh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² oïjef,a mqrela ,l=Kq lr we;s wdldrh mÍlaId lrkak' 20 mla È. oïje,l 20 cmla

ne.ska È. mqrela 100la we;s w;r 30 mla È. oïje,l mqrela 150la we;'

² fndfyda úg oïje,la idod we;af;a f,dayj,ska h' tu ksid oyj,a ld,fha oS oïje,lska

hï os.la uekSfï oS ;dm m%idrKh ksid tys os. jeä fõ' fï ksid fujka wjia:dj,

oS ;dm m%idrKh i|yd jk ksrjoH lsÍu l< hq;= h'

² oïje,la u.ska iu;, fkdjk mDÒú mDIAGh osf.a ;sria ÿr uekSfï oS th ;sria j

;nd .ekSfï .eg¨ u;= fõ'

² oïje, f.ùu fyda we£u ksid o uq`M ÿr fjkia fõ ^wvq fyda jeä ùu&'

² iïu; oïje,la Ndú;fhka wxl fYdaOkhla l< hq;= fõ'

(c) ñkqï má Ndú;h

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² ñkqï má

² B l+re

² fm<.ekajqï o~q

l%ufõoh #

² ñkqï máh fyd¢ka mÍlaId lrkak'

Wod - ueksh yels uq`M ÿr" ñkqï tall yd tajd i,l=Kq lr we;s wdldrh

² uekSu ioyd mqoa.,hka fofofkl= wjYH fõ'² ueksh hq;= ,laIH fol A iy B f,i kï lrkak'² fuu ,laIH B l+re u.ska fmdf<dj u; iú lrkak'

fuÜßla oïje,

42



² fuys § wod< ,laIH fol w;r ;sria ÿr ueksh hq;= fyhska tu ,laIH fmdf<dfjkaby<g .ekSug fm< .ekajqï o`vq Ndú; lrkak'

² fuu o`vq wod< ,laIH fol u; isgqjd isria j ;nd .kak'² ñkqï máfha uq`M fl<jr mdGdxlh 0 jk ia:dkfhys& A ,laIHfhys ;nd ñkqï máh

A yd B ia:dk fol w;r ;sria j ;nd .kak'² fuúg B ,laIHfhys § ñkqï má mdGdxlh A yd B w;r ;sria ÿr ksrEmKh lrhs'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fuys § w;rueÈ ia:dk f;dard .ekSfï § hdno ia:dk folla w;r ÿr ñkqï

máfha iïmQ¾K È.la jk mßÈ f;dard .; hq;= h'

d = 3L + l

² fjf<|fmdf<a úúO os.j,ska hq;= Wod ( 50 m, 30 m, 20 m wdos& ñkqï má we;s ksid

wjia:djg WÑ; jk WmlrK f;dard .ekSug yels h'

² fndfyda ñkqï má frosj,ska fyda f,day fkdjk øjHj,ska idod we;s ksid" ;dm

m%idrKfhka isÿ jk fodaIfha n,mEu o ke;s lr .; yels h'

(d) ñkqï frdaoh Ndú;fhka

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² ñkqï frdaoh

² fm<.ekajqï o~q

² B l+re

A B

L L L l

AB w;r ÿr =fhfok jdr

.Kk

ñkqï máfha idudkH

È.X +

wjidk flá oqfrys

mdGdxlh

ógrh

ñkqï frdaoh

ye`v,h

43



l%ufõoh #

² ñkqï frdaofha mdGdxlh z0Zg ilikak'

² ñkqï frdaofha i,l=Kq w;r we;s o¾Yl f¾Ldj .=re;ajh foig fhduq lrkak'

² ueksh hq;= ,laIH fol A yd B f,i ,l=Kq lrkak'

² tl ,laIHhl isg ñkqï frdaoh ir, f¾Ldjla Èf.a wfkla ,laIHh olajd ;,a¨

lrf.k hkak'

² ,laIH fol w;r ÿr ñkqï frdaofha ógrfhka lshjd .kak'

(e) iafÜähd l%uh

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² iajhxl%sh f,j,h

² f;mdj

² ,Uh

² ñkqï máhla

² uÜgï há

l%ufõoh

² ÿr ueksh hq;= ,laIH fol A yd B f,i i,l=Kq lrkak'

² f;mdfõ ysi o< jYfhka uÜgï lrkak'

² WmlrKh ;udg iqÿiq Wilska ;nd .kak'

² iSreudrej ,sys,a lr f;mdfõ mdo ;udg wjYH m%udKhg wE;a lr kej; ;o

lrkak' 1&

² f;mdfõ mdo fmdf<djg fydÈka ld jÈk fia ;olr ;nd .kak' ^2&

iSreudrej

Wmfk;

mdobial=remamq uÜgï nqnq,

iam¾Yl

bial=remamqj

wjfk;

f;mdj uÜgï háh iajhxl%sh f,j,h

44



² f,j,a WmlrKh f;mdj u; iú lrkak' ldp wdjrK bj;a lrkak'

² miqj f;mdjg ,Uh iú lrkak'

² f;mdj u; iú l< WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍu l< hq;= fõ' tkï WmlrKfha

;sria wlaIh N+ñfha ;,hg iudka;r ùu ksjerÈ úh hq;= h'

² mdo bial=remamq (Foot screw) u.ska WmlrKh uÜgï lrkak'

² fuys§ m<uq j f;dard.;a bial=remamq follg iudka;r j isák fia ÿf¾laIh t,a,lrkak' bkamiq tu bial=remamq fol tljr u we;=<g fyda msg; ÈYdjg fydalrljñka jD;a;dldr f,j,fha nqnq, tu f¾Ldfõ uOH ,laIHhg .kak'

² nqnqq< ueog meñKs miq ÿf¾laIh m<uq ÈYdjg 900lska jdudj¾; j N%uKh l< hq;= h'túg l,ska f;dard.;a bial=remamq fol hd lrk f¾Ldjg ,ïnl j ÿf¾laIh msysgkw;r ;=kajk bial=remamqj yryd hk f¾Ldjg iudka;r j msysghs'

² ;=ka jk mdo bial=remamqj wjYH ÈYdjg N%uKh lrñka ^by<g fyda my<g& tubial=remamqfõ ÈYdjg nqnq, p,kh lrkak' wjidkfha nqnq, ueog f.k wd hq;= h'

² bkamiq ÿf¾laIh kej; 900ka uq,a msysàug f.k 1800lska N%uKh lsÍfuka miq m<uqmdo bial=remamq fol Ndú; lr kej;;a nqnq, uOH.; lsÍfuka uÜgï nj iaÓr lr.kak'

45



² fuhska miq iïmQ¾Kfhka u iajhxl%sh f,j,h uÜgï ù ;sìh hq;= h' tfia fkdue;sjqj fyd;a WmlrKfha fodaIhla we;s nj wkqudk l< yels h'

² ±ka uÜgï háh B ,laIHh u; isria j w,a,kak'² ÿf¾laIh wkka;hg fyda iqÿ miqìulg t,a, lr Wmfkf;ys we;s bial=remamqj

iSreudre lrkak'² Wmfk; ;=<ska n,d uÜgï háh meyeÈ,s j fmfkk fia focusing screw u.ska iSre

udre lrkak'

² by< iafÜähd yd my< iafÜähd f¾Ldj,g uÜgï háfha (Levelling staff) mdGdxlfolla lshjd igyka lr.kak'

² iafÜähd wka;rh fidhd .kak' by< iafÜähd mdGdxlh - my< iafÜähd mdGdxlh&

² my; iòyka iólrKh Ndú; lr ,laIH fol w;r ÿr .Kkh lrkak'

D = KS + C

D - ,laIH fol w;r ÿr

K yd C - ksh;hka jk w;r WmlrKfha ksIamdolhd úiska fuu w.hhka

imhkq ,efí'

fndfyda úg K = 100, C= 0)

S = iafÜähd wka;rh

ks.ukh # ² by; tla tla l%u u.ska f;dard.;a ,laIH folla w;r ÿr uek" tu

w.hka iiòd" ksrjoH;d mÍlaId lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² iafÜähd l%ufhka ;sria ÿr uekSfï § iajhxl%sh f,j,a WmlrKh Ndú; lrhs'

mdGdxl .ekSug fmr WmlrKh uÜgï lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h'

² iafÜähd mdGdxl w;r wka;rh WmlrKfha isg ,laIHj,g we;s oqr wkqj fjkia

fõ'

46




GPS ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka fok ,o ia:dkhl msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'2

fhdað; ld, fþo .Kk ( 02

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² GPS WmlrKh Ndú;fhka ia:dkhl msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍu² Navigation u.ska f;dard.;a ia:dkhl msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu

² l%shdldrlu isÿ lrk ia:dkfha § il%sh j ±lsh yels pkaøsldixLHdj GPS WmlrKh wdY%fhka ks¾Kh lsÍu

² wod< wjia:dfõ oS f;dard.;a ia:dkfha pkaøsld ia:dk .; j;sfnk wdldrh rEmigyka wdOdrfhka fmkajd §u îs;shï.; lsrSu&

ye¢kaùu # GPS ;dlaIKh Ndú;fha § GPS WmlrK u.ska ,laIHhl msysáuRcq j ks¾Kh l< yels w;r ta i|yd llaI.; lrk ,opkaøsld moaO;shl iydh ,nd .kshs'hï ia:dkhl ,laIHhl& idfmalaI msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍfï § x, yLKavdxl yd WÉp;ajh Rcqj u GPS WmlrKfhka ,nd .;yels h' ia:dkhl msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍfï § llaI.; lr we;spkaøsld ;=kl f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu m%udKj;a jqj o" ld, fjki,nd .ekSu i|yd pkaøsld y;rlska o;a; ,nd .ekSu l< hq;= h'^llaI.; lr we;s pkaøsld moaO;sj, ´kE u wjia:djl §fmdf<dj u; we;s ´kE u ia:dkhlg wju jYfhka pkaøsldy;rla f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug il%sh j odhl fõ'&

uQ,O¾uh # iulh x wlaIh f,i o .%sksÉ uOHyak f¾Ldj y wlaIh f,io wlaIdxY yd foaYdxY& fhdod .ksñka hï ia:dkhl ksrfmalaImsysàu fidhkq ,nhs' kuq;a N+ ie,iqï yd is;shï ks¾udKfha§ ,laIHhl idudkH msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd LKavdxl iytu ia:dkfha WÉp;ajh Ndú; lrhs' LKavdxl .Kkh lsÍfïoS ìï uekSfï isoaOdka;h (Surveying) Ndú; lrk w;r ia:dkhlidfmalaI WÉp;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍfï § uÜgï .ekSfï isoaOdka;hfhdod .kshs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² wf;a f.k hd yels GPS WmlrKhla² l=[a[ yd w;fld`M² A

4 lvodis

47



l%ufõoh (

a) ² hï ia:dkhla ,l=Kq lr th A f,i kï lrkak'² tu ia:dkfha l=vd fïihla u; GPS WmlrKh úkdä 20-30l fõ,djla ;nkak'

tys § tu ia:dkfha LKavdxlh ,nd .kak'² bkamiq fjk;a ia:dkhlg ^B& f.dia Navigation tool il%sh lr by; ,nd .;a

LKavdxlh (A) msysgk ia:dkh fidhñka B ia:dkfha isg A ,laIHh yuq jk;=re WmlrKfhka ,nd fok Wmfoiaj,g wkqj (Navigate) .uka lr A ia:dkhg<`.d jkak'

b) il%sh pkaøsld .Kk fiùufuu mrSlaIKh isÿ lrk wjia:dfõ oS il%sh j mj;sk pkaøsld .Kk GPS ;srhksÍlaIKh lrñka igyka lrkak'

c) Satellite geometry jd¾;d lsÍuGPS WmlrKh mÍlaId lrñka pkaøsld msysgk wdldrh A

4 lvodish u; is;shï.;

lrkak'

ks.ukh ( lKavdhï ;=kla tl u ia:dkfha fjka fjka j mdGdxl ,ndf.k tajdixikaokh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq(² fuu mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍu i|yd ieu úg u újD; wyi mj;sk ia:dkhla

f;dard.; hq;= h' GPS ;dlaIKh" ksjerÈ fõ,dj ks¾Kh lsÍu" hqoaOuhlghq;=" tracking i|yd fhdod .; yels h' mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍfï oS wdrïNlwjia:dfõ § GPS WmlrKh ú' 20-30la muK ld,hla ;eîu u.ska tu ia:dkfhaLKavdxl jvd ksjerÈ j ,nd .; yels h' LKavdxl o;a; u.ska hï ia:dkhlaksjerÈ j fidhd .ekSu i|yd GPS Ndú; l< yels h'

² Tn Ndú; lrkqfha wf;a r|jk GPS WmlrKhla neúka tys ksrjoH;dj wvq h'fï ksid tl u ia:dkfha mqoa.,hla fofofkl= ,nd .kakd mdGxl fjkia úhyels h'

GPS WmlrKh

48




;, fïi ñks; l%uh u.ska mdi,a j;af;a fldgil is;shula ms<sfh, lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 3'3

fhdacs; ld,ÉfPAo ixLHdj # 06

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d (² ;, fïi ñks; ìï uekSu iòyd wjYH WmlrK f;dard .ekSu

² lafIa;%fha iajNdjh u; iqÿiq ;, fïi ñks; l%uh f;dard .ekSu² ;, fïih f;mdj u; iú lsÍu yd uÜgï lsÍu² ÈYdj ,l=Kq lsÍu² N+ñh u; wjYH ,laIH is;shu u; ,l=Kq lsÍu² ,nd.;a mdGdxl u.ska is;shu we£u ioyd iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard

.ekSu² f;dard.;a ;, fïi ñks; l%ufha mshjr ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh

lrñka is;shu ks¾udKh lsÍu² is;shï .; l, bvï fldgfiys j¾.M,h .Kkh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # ;, fïi ñks; l%ufha § bvfuys is;shu lafIa;%fha§ u tkï

ñkqï ,nd .kakd wjia:dfõ § u ms<sfh, lr .; yels ùuúfYaI jdishls' bvfï iajNdjh wkqj iqÿiq ;, fïi ñkqïl%uhla f;dard .; yelss h'l%u # ² wÍh l%uh (Radiation method)

² wka;¾ fþok l%uh $ ;s%fldaKlrKh (Intersection /Triangulation)

² mßl%uK l%uh (Traversing method)

uQ,O¾uh # ;, fïi ñks;fha uQ,O¾uh iudka;rlrKhhs' ;, fïiñks;fha § ieu úg u ,laIH ;=kla iudka;r .; lsÍu isÿ fõ'ish¨ u ñkqï ia:dk pqïnl W;=re foig ÈYdk;s úh hq;= h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² ;, fïih yd f;mdj² we,sfâvh o¾Y f¾Lh&² ,U lrej iy ,U legh (Plumbing fork and Plumb bob)² ud,sudj

² fm<.ekajqï o~q

² ñkqï máh² l+[a[² w;fld`Mj² we£fï lvodis (Drawing sheet 28'' x 22'')² Drawing pins² Drawing board w|sk mqjrej&² w,afmfk;a;s² iamS%;= f,j,h

49



l%ufõoh #

² ish,q u ;,fïi ñks; l%u ioyd m<uq mshjf¾ § ;,fïih uÜgï lr .kak'

(Level) ta ioyd my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'² ;,fïih o< jYfhka lafIa;%h uOHfha iy yels ;dla udhsï ,laIHh ksÍlaIKh

l< yels ia:dkhl iú lrkak'² ;,fïifha we£fï mqjrej (Drawing board) iúlr th u; lvodish r|jkak'² ;,fïih uÜgï lsÍu WmlrKfha iajNdjh u; ;SrKh jk w;r ta ioyd

Double level fyda iam%S;= f,j,h Ndú; lrkak'

² bvfï iajNdjh wkqj iqÿiq ;,fïi ñks; l%uh f;dard .kak'

;, fïih yd f;mdj

uÜgï odrh

olak fm;a; jia;=

fm;a;

;, o¾Yf¾Lhÿf¾laI o¾Yf¾Lh

nqnqM k<hisria jD;a;h

ÿf¾laIh

iDcq odr ñkqï

máh

,U lrej iy ,U legh

by< ndyqj

,laIHh

my< ndyqj

,U lrej

,U legh

iamS%;= f,j,h

50



(a)wÍh l%uh (Radiation method)

² bvfï udhsu jgd fm<.ekajqï o~q ia:dmkh lrkak' ^bvfï yevhg" mßñ;shgn,mdk udhsï ,laIHh ksfhdackh úh hq;=hs'&

² lafIa;%fha ueog jk fia iy lafIa;%fha udhsï fydÈka fmfkk fia ,laIHhla f;dard.kak'

² fuu ,laIHh u; ;,fïih msysgqjd uÜgï lrkak'² ;,fïifha we§ï mqjrej u; lvodish ròjd w,afmk;a;s (Drawing pins) u.ska th

;Èka iú lrkak'² lvodisfha ol=Kq mi by< fl<jf¾ odrhg iudka;r j ud,sudfõ odrh isák fia

ud,sudj ;nd fïih iúlr we;s weKh nqre,alr W;=re ÈYdj ud,sudfõ odrhgiudka;r jk ;=re fïih lrljd ud,sudfõ odrh Èf.a brla we| lvodish u; W;=rÈYdj ,l=Kq lrkak' fïih fkdfi,ajk fia weKh kej; ;o lrkak'

² lvodisfha ueo w,afmfk;a;s iú lrkak' ^fïifha msysàu lvodish u;w,afmfk;a;shlska ,l=Kq lrkak'&

² fuh z0Z f,i kï lrkak'² ,U lrej yd ,U legh wdOdrfhka "0" ,laIHh fmd<j u; fidhd f.k l+[a[ .id

0 f,i ,l=Kq lrkak' (Centering).² bkamiq is;shfï we¢h hq;= msysgqï (Locations) u; f.dvke.s,s f¾Ld" udhsï wdÈh u;

^rEmfha mßÈ& fm< .ekajqï o~q w,a,d we,sfâvh ieu úg u w,afmfk;af;a .Efjkfia ;ndf.k we,sfâvfha È.eá isÿfrka n,d wfkla fl<jf¾ we;s isria f¾Ldjyd fm< .ekajqï o~q iumd; lr we,sfâvfha odrh Èf.a lv brla w¢kak'

² fmdf<dfõ msysá 0 ,laIHfha isg msysàu ,l=Kq lr.;a wod< ,laIHhg ñkqï máfhka;sria ÿr uek iqÿiq mßudKhlg wkqj w¢k ,o f¾Ldj u; wod< ,laIHh is;shfï,l=Kq lrkak'

² fufia ish¨ u o;a; ioyd fuu ls%hdj,sh isÿ lr wod< ,laIH hd lrñka is;shuiïmQ¾K lrkak'

1

1.25 cm

10 cm

70 cm

55 cm

51



.Kkh lsrSu

² is;shfï j¾.M,h fidhkak îs;shu fldgq fld<hl fyda m%ia;dr lvodishlg

f.k wod< fldgqj, j¾.M,h fiùfuka&'

² fï ioyd my; l%u wkq.ukh lrkak'

² ma,eks ógrh Ndú;h

² ;s%fldaK l%uh

² ;%mSidN kS;sh

úfYaI lreKq #

² wrSh l%uh f;dard .ekSfï § wod< bvfuys ish¨ udhsï ,laIH fydÈka ksÍlaIKh

l< yels úh hq;= w;r bvu ;=, iSudldÍ ndOl (Barriers) wju úh hq;=hs'

² f;dard .kakd lafIa;%h udhsï meyeÈ,s j fmfkk yd iSudldÍ ndOl wju" yels ;dla

újD; (Open) tlla úh hq;= h'

(b) ;s%fldaKlrKh $ wka;¾fþokh (Traingulation / Intersection method)

² uekSug wfmalaIs; bvfï fmdf<dj u; P yd Q f,i ,laIH folla f;dard .kak'

² P ,laIHh u; f;mdj ia:dk .; lrkak' iamS%;= f,j,h u.ska fïih uÜgï

lrkak'

² bvu jfÜ fm<.ekajqï o~q isgqjkak' (A,B,C,D,E... f,i& bvfï yevhg" mßñ;shg"

n,mdk udhsï ,laIH ksfhdackh úh hq;=hs'&

² fïih lrljd ud,sudj wdOdrfhka W;=r ,l=Kq lrkak'

² r|jk ,o lvodish u; P ,laIHh ,U lrej yd ,U legh wdOdrfhka ,l=Kq

lrkak' tu ,laIHh (P) u; w,afmfk;a;la iú lrkak'

² Q ,laIHh u; o fm<.ekajqï oKav isgqjkak'

² P ,laIHh u; .eiQ w,afmfk;a;g .Efjk fia w,sfâvh ;nd Q ys ia:dk .; l<

fm<.ekajqï oKav foi n,ñka iumd; lr f¾Ldjla wÈkak' th mdol ^Baseline)

f¾Ldj fõ'

² P isg Q olajd we;s ÿr uek iqÿiq mßudKhlg Q ,laIHh lvodisfha w¢k ,o

Baseline u; ,l=Kq lr Q f,i kï lrkak'

52



² bkamiq wÍh l%ufha fuka P isg wod< wfkl=;a ,laIH foi n,d lv bß w¢kak'

² bkamiq ;, fïih Q ,laIHh u; iú lrkak' ,Uh yd ,U lrej wdOdrfhka

Q yd P ,laIH tl u isria f¾Ldfõ msysgk mßÈ iumd; lrkak Ôrientation&'

² iam%S;= f,j,h wdOdrfhka fïih uÜgï lrkak'² fuys § uq,ska u ;,fïifha weKh nqre,a lr we,sfâvh QP f¾Ldj Tiafia ;nkak'

bkamiq we,sfâvh yd P ia:dkh tal f¾Çh jk mßos ;, fïih lrljkak' tfia

iumd; jQ miq ;, fïifha weKh ;o lrkak' túg ;, fïih P ys § f;dard.;a

W;=re osYdj t,af,au msysghs'

² bkamiq Q ,laIHfha w,afmfk;a;la .id we,sfâvh ;=<ska fjk;a ,laIH foi n,diumd; lr lv bß w¢kak'

² rEmfha mßÈ P ,laIHfha isg A ,laIHh foig wÈk ,o lv br Q ,laIHfha isg Afoig wÈk ,o lv br fþokh jk ,laIHh is;shfï a f,i ,l=Kq lrkak'

² wod< fþok ,laIH hd lr is;shfï a f,i ,l=Kq lrkak'

² wod< fþok ,laIHh hd lr is;shï iïmQ¾K lrkak'² iïmQ¾K lrk ,o is;shfï j¾.M,h fidhkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² uekSug wfmalaIs; bvfï fmdf<dj u; P yd Q f,i ,laIH folla f;dard .ekSfï

§ fþok fldaKh 30-1200 jk fia f;dard .; hq;= h'

² fuu l%ufha § ueksh hq;af;a PQ ÿr muKs'

(c) mßl%uK l%uh (Traverse method) - ixjD; mßl%uK l%uh (Close traverse method)l%ufõoh #² ;, fïih uÜgï lr fmdf<dj u; l+[a[ .id ,l=Kq lrkak'² ia:dms; lrk ,o ñkqï uOHia:dk (Survey station) A,B,C,D ..... f,i kï lrkak'

tu ia:dk u; fm<.ekajqï ßá isgqjkak'

² m<uqj ;,fïih A ,laIHh u; iúlr uÜgï lrkak'² w`Èk mqjrej u; lvodish iú lrkak'² ud,sudfõ odrh lvodisfha odrhg iudka;r j ;nd fïih W;=re ÈYdjg isák fia

lrljd W;=re ÈYdj ,l=Kq lrkak'² U uq,a¨j" ,Uh yd ,Ulrej wdOdrfhka A ,laIHh lvodisfha a f,i ,l=Kq lrkak'² a ys w,afmfk;a;la .id we,sfâv odrh Bg .Efjk f,i ;nd B ,laIHh yd E

,laIHh foi n,d f¾Ld we| .kak'

P Q P Q

P ia:dkfha ;, fïih Q ia:dkfha ;, fïih

53



² AB yd AE ÿrj,a uek w`Èk ,o f¾Ld u; mßudKhlg wkqj b ,laIHh yd e,laIHh lvodisfha ,l=Kq lr.kak'

² ;, fïih B ,laIHh fj; f.k f.dia B ,laIHh yd b ,laIHh tl u isriaf¾Ldfõ isák fia iú lr uÜgï lrkak' miq o¾Yk l%ufhka ÈYdj ilid iumd;

lr odrh Èf.a f¾Ldjla w`Èkak'

² ;, fïih C ,laIHhg f.k f.dia by; wdldrhgu ilikak' cd f¾Ldj w`Èkak'

fï wdldrhg bÈß uOHia:dk fj; .uka lrñka mßl%uKh w¢kak'

² is;shu ks¾udKh lr j¾.M,h fidhkak'

² uekqu ksrjoH kï D ,laIHfha isg E foi n,d w`Èk f¾Ldj A ,laIHfha isg ,l=Kq

l< e ,laIHh yryd hd hq;= h' tfia fkdfõ kï hï lsis ia:dkhl § fodaIhla isÿ

lr we;'

ks.ukh (

by; l%u ;=k u fhdod f.k wod< ia:dkj, is;shï ks¾udKh lr tajdfha j¾.M,h

ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² bvfï ndOl we;akï tajd u.yrñka Ndú; l< yels l%uhls'

² fïjd bvfï udhsu Èf.a fyda bvfï udhsug we;=<;ska fyda msg;ska úh yels h'ieu uOHia:dkhl u isg Bg hdno uOHia:dkh fmfkk f,i uOHia:dk f;dard.;

hq;= h'

² fuu l%ufha § ñkqï fodaI we;akï tajd fidhd.; yels h'

54




oïje,a uekSu u.ska mdie,a j;af;a fldgil is;shula ms<sfh, lsßu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 3'4

fhdacs; ld,ÉfPao # 08

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d (² oïje,a uekSu ioyd wjYH WmlrK f;dard .ekSu

² fok ,o ìï fldgil o< igykla we§u² o< igyk u; m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldj yd wfkl=;a oïje,a f¾Ld"

uekqï ia:dk" Wm uekqï ia:dk" yd msßlaiqï f¾Ld (Check line),l=Kq lsÍu

² m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldfõ ÈYdj ud,sudj u.ska ,l=Kq lsÍu

² oDIaá p;=ri%h u.ska wkq,ïn ,laIHh ,l=Kq lsÍu² oïje,a f¾Ldj Èf.a ÿr yd wod< wkq,ïn ,laIHhg ÿr uek lafIa;%

fmdf;a we;=<;a lsÍu² lafIa;% fmdf;a we;s o;a; Wmfhda.S lr f.k m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldj

tys ÈYdj wkqj we`§u' ;s%fldaK we`§u yd tajd ksjeros È±hs mÍlaIdlsÍu

² tla tla oïje,a f¾Ldfõ úia;r iy wkq,ïn wkqj is;shï we£u

ye¢kaùu ( ² f¾Çh ÿrj,a muKla Ndú;fhka bvul lafIa;%M,h fiùu yd ta

;=< msysá jia;j, msysgqï ia:dk.; lsÍug oïje, Ndú;fhkauekqï lsÍu oïje,a ñkqfï § isÿ lrhs' oïje,a ìï uekSfï §lafIa;%h ;s%fldaK .Kkdjlg fn§u isÿ lrhs'

² m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldj Èf.a (Base line) oïje, t,kq ,nk w;rwkq,ïn ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd oDIaá p;=ri%h Ndú; flf¾' wod<wkq,ïn ÿr uekSu ioyd ñkqï má Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

uQ,O¾uh # oïje,a ñkqfï uQ,O¾uh ;%sfldaKSlrKhhs'1' Whole to part - fuys§ m<uq j lafIa;%fha udhsï iïmQ¾K lafIa;%h&

,l=Kq lr jia;=j, msysgqï fojkq j ,l=Kq lrhs' ke; fyd;a;s%fldaKhl iq¿ fjkia ùulska tu fodaIh j¾Okh ù iuia;is;shfuys yevh fjkia ù lafIa;%M,h fjkia fjhs'

2' ,laIHhl msysgqu ks¾Kh lsÍu - wju jYfhka tla ,laIHhlmsysgqu úu¾Yk ñkqï follska j;a ,nd .kshs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² fuá%la oïje,la

² ñkqï má folla

² oDIaá p;=ri%hla² ud,sudjla² l+[a[ lsysmhla

² w;fld`Mjla² lafIa;% fmd;la² mekai,la

55



l%ufõoh #

1' lafIa;% ls%hdldrlï (Field practice)

² is;shï we`Èh hq;= bvfï weúo hñka bvfï o< ie,eiaula lafIa;% fmdf;a we|

.kak'

² fuu o< igyfka bvfï ish¨ u jeo.;a f;dr;=re" tkï f.dvke.s,s" mdrj,a"

udhsï" f.aÜgq" ndOl" N+ñ iajNdjh wdÈh i,l=Kq lr .kak'

² fuu o< igyfka (Prospection diagram) m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldj" uekqï ia:dk

(Survey stations), Wm uekqï ia:dk (SubÑurvey station) igyka lr .kak'

² fuys § m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldj" udhsï yd jia;+kays msysgqï jeä u m%udKhla flá

wkq,ïn u.ska wdjrKh l< yels mßÈ bvfï ueÈka È. f¾Ldjla jk mßÈ ndOl

u. yrsñka ,l=Kq lrkak'

² ;s%fldaK iE§fï § wvqu ;s%fldaK .Kklska uq¨ bvu u wdjrKh jk mßÈ uekqï

ia:dk (Stations) f;dard .kak'

² Wmuekqï ia:dk yd wdfõlaIK f¾Ld (Check lines) we| .kak'

² m%Odk uekqï ia:dk" Wmuekqï ia:dk kï lr tajd úia;r lrkak' Station tfla

isg iaÓr jHQy ;=klg j;a ÿr uek lafIa;% fmdf;a igyka lrkak'

² N+ñfha W;=r ol=K f¾Ldj ud,sudj wdOdrfhka o< igyk u; fhdokak'

² m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldfjka mgkaf.k ish¨ u oïje,a f¾Ldj, úia;r lafIa;%

fmdf;a igyka lrkak'

oDIaá p;=ri%h

56



² N+ñh yryd we;s m%Odk uekqï f¾Ldj (Base line) uq,a lr f.k uekSfï ld¾hh

wdrïN lr" wkq,ïn mdol f¾Ldfõ isg udhsï" f.dvke.s,s yd fjk;a o;a;

,nd.; hq;= ia:dk fj; tajdfha ÿr igyka lr .kak'

² tla tla oïje,a f¾Ldjg wod< úia;r we;=<;a lsÍug lafIa;% fmdf;a fjk u

msgqjla ne.ska fjka lrkak'

² oïje,a f¾Ldj Èf.a ÿr uekSu isÿ l< yels uq;a ta ioyd oïje,la fkdue;s

wjia:djl § ñkqï máhla Ndú; lsÍu o l< yels h' wkq,ïn ÿr uekSug ;j;a

ñkqï máhla Ndú; lrkak'

² oïje,a f¾Ldj u; wkq,ïn ÿr ,laIHh fidhd .ekSug ñkqï máh fyda oDIaá

p;=ri%h Ndú; lrkak'

² ish¨ u ;%sfldaK ioyd wdfõlaIK f¾Ld fhdokak'

wkq,ïn we`§ug wmyiq wjia:dj, ^wkq,ïnj, ÿr ,nd § we;s ñkqï máfha

Wmßu ÿr blau jQ úg& ;j;a Wm m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lr thg

wod< flá wkq,ïn ,l=Kq lrkak'

² lafIa;% jev wjika lr is;shu ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' is;shu ks¾udKh lsÍu

² iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .kak'

² m<uq j m%Odk oïje,a f¾Ldj tys ÈYdj wkqj weò .kak'

² bkamiq ;s%fldaK we| .kak'

² wdfõlaIK f¾Ld weò lafIa;% ñkqï iu. iiòd n,kak'

² tla tla oïje,a f¾Ldj, úia;r wkqj wkq,ïn f¾Ld weò úia;r we| .kak'

² fÜ%iska lvodishla f.k bvfï úia;r muKla fÜ%ia lrkak' oïje,a f¾Ld"

;s%fldaK wkq,ïn f¾Ld wdÈh fkdw`Èkak' ÈYdj ,l=Kq lrkak' bvfï mßudK

wdÈh ,shd is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ks.ukh ( oïje,a ñkqï u.ska is;shula we| bÈßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

57



² is;shu ks¾udKh lr wjika jk ;=re lafIa;%fhys msysgqjk ,o ñkqï" ia:dk yd

wksl=;a ia:dkSh i,l=Kq bj;a fkdlrkak'

² is;shu ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ;Sj% w.% iys; ;%sfldaK ,nd .ekSu iòyd ukd j ieliqKq

;%sfldaK msysgqùu wjYH fõ' b;d l=vd 300g wvq& fyda b;d úYd, fldaK 1200g jeä&

iys; ;%sfldaK ks¾udKfha § ;Sj% w.% fkdmsysghs' túg meyeÈ,s wkq,laIHhla pdm

u.ska fkd ,efí'

58




ir, uÜgï .ekSu yd f;dard.;a ,laIH folla w;r me;slv m%ia;dr.; lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 3'5

fhdacs; ld,ÉfPo # 06

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d (² uÜgï .ekSug WÑ; WmlrK yd fuj,ï y`ÿkd .ekSu

² uÜgï .ekSug WmlrK iQodkï lsÍu

² ñkqï má wdOdrfhka ;SrKh lrk ,o f¾Ldjla Èf.a ;sria ÿr

uek ,l=Kq lsÍu

² WmlrKh ia:dmkh lr hIaáfha ksjerÈ mdGdxl .ekSu

² WmlrKfha Wi l%uhg ,laIj, WÉp;aj .Kkh lsÍu

² ir, uÜgï .ekSug wkqj ,laIH foll WÉp;aj fjki m%ldY

lsÍu

² f;dard .;a ,laIH fol w;r ÿr yd ta ta ,laIHj, WÉp;aj

m%ia;dr.; lsÍu

ye¢kaùu # mDÓúh u; Wv fyda we;=<; msysssá ,laIHj, idfmalaI Wi

fyj;a WÉp;ajh fiùfï ls%hdj,sh uÜgï .ekSu f,i y`ÿkajhs'

uÜgï .ekSug we;s ia:dk fol wdikakfha we;s úg ir,

uÜgï .ekSfï l%uh Ndú; jk w;r ia:dk fol w;r ÿr jeä

jk úg wdka;r l%uh u.ska ia:dk fol w;r Wfiys fjki

fiúh yels h'

fok ,o f¾Ldjla Èf.a WÉp;aj ÿr yd ta ta ,laIHj, WÉp;aj

w;r m%ia;drh we§fuka me;slv m%ia;dr .; lsÍu l< yels h'

uQ,O¾uh # mDÓúfha WÉp;ajh okakd ,laIHhlg idfmalaI j WÉp;ajh

fkdokakd ,laIHhl WÉp;ajh m%ldY lsÍu uÜgï .ekSfï §

isÿ flf¾' WÉp;ajh okakd ,laIH ms,a ,l=Kq f,i y`ÿkajk

w;r fuys§ isria Wi ukskq ,nhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² iajhxls%h f,j,hla

² uÜgï háhla

² ñkqï máhla

² l+[a[ lsysmhla

² w;fld`Mjla

² ms,a ,l=Kq

² lafIa;% fmd;la

² m%ia;dr lvodis

59



i) ir, uÜgï .ekSu

l%ufõoh #² fmdf<dj u; wdikak ,laIH folla A yd B f,i l+[a[ .id ,l=Kq lrkak'² A yd B ,laIH fol w;r iajhxlÝh f,j,h ia:dmkh lr WmlrKh uÜgï

lrkak'² WmlrKh ia:dmkh lr A yd B ,laIH foflys uÜgï háh ;nñka A yd B

ia:dkj, WÉp;ajh igyka lr .kak' îajhxls%h f,j,fha ;sria yd isria Crosshairs fþokh jk ,laIHfhka WÉp;ajh ±lafõ'&

² A yd B ,laIH w;r WÉp;aj fjki .Kkh lrkak'

.Kkh lsrSu #

A yd B ,laIH w;r WÉp;aj fjki = BS-FS

i i ) f;dard .;a ,laIH fol w;r me;slv m%ia;dr we§ul%ufõoh #² A ,laIHfha isg B ,laIHh olajd ksYaÑ; mr;rhlska l+[a[ .id ,laIH iuQyhla

,l=Kq lrkak' ^l+[a[ w;r mr;rh óg¾ 10"15"20 ''''' úh yels h' l=vd mr;rhlaf;dard .ekSfuka jvd;a ksjerÈ Èlalv m%ia;drhla ,nd.; yels h'&

² A ,laIHh wi, ;djld,sl ms,a ,l=Kla (TBM) ia:dms; lrkak'

² iajhxls%h f,j,h tys f;mdj u; iúlr iqÿiq ia:dkhl ia:dk .; lrkak'² ÿf¾laIh weia uÜgug ilid uÜgï lrkak'² iajhxls%h f,j,h wkka;hg kdNs .; lr Wmfk;ska n,d wiïmd; fodaIh bj;a

lrkak'² uÜgï háh ms,a ,l=K u; isria j w,a,d miq o¾Yk (BS) mdGdxlh f.k th

lafIa;% fmdf;a uÜgï msgqfõ BS ;Srefõ we;=<;a lrkak'² uÜgï háh A ,laIHh fj; f.k f.dia tys uÜgï háfha mdGdxlh ,ndf.k th

IS ;Srejg we;=<;a lrkak'² kej; uÜgï háh B<. ,laIHhg $ l+[a[hg f.k f.dia tys wod< mdGdxlh

,ndf.k" tu ,laIHhg wod< IS ;Srefõ we;=<;a lrkak'² iajhxls%h f,j,fhys m<uq msysgqu u.ska mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu iSudldÍ jQ úg th

fjk;a ia:dkhlg udre lsÍug fmr .kakd ,o wjidk mdGdxlh wod< wjidk,laIHfhys FS ;Srefõ we;=<;a lrkak'

² FS mdGdxl ,nd.;a miq iajhxls%h f,j,h bÈßhg f.k f.dia iqÿiq kj ia:dkhl

TBMA B C

B

A

BSFS

60



ia:dms; lr l,ska FS mdGdxlh ,nd.;a ia:dkfhys kej; BS mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'

² fï wdldrhg ms,a ,l=fKka mgka f.k A ,laIHfha isg B ,laIHh olajd uÜgï

.ekSu isÿ lrkak'² B ,laIHfha isg kej;;a mgka .;a ms,a ,l=K olajd uÜgï .ksñka meñK ms,a ,l=K

FS mdGdxlh uÜgï .ekSfuka uÜgï ls%hdj,sh wjika lrkak'

² Height of the Instrument (HI) WmlrKfha Wi& l%uhg tla tla ,laIHfha WÉp;ajh(Reduced Level) .Kkh lrkak'

² m%ia;dr lvodishla f.k X wlaIh u; A isg D olajd ,laIH ÿr wkqj ,l=Kq lrkak'ta ta ,laIHj, WÉp;aj Y wlaIh u; ,l=Kq lr m%ia;drh iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ks.ukh #² ,laIH lsysmhl iajhxls%h f,j,h msysgqjd ñkqï ,nd .kakd o< ie,eiaula we|

fmkajkak'

² Bg wod< ñkqï ,l=Kq lr WÉp;ajh ,nd .kakd j.=jl fmkajd fokak ^ÿr" BS,IS,FS WÉp;ajh we;=,;a j.=jla&'

úfYaI lreKq #

² wju jYfhka ,laIH 4-5la j;a ioyd mdGdxl ,ndf.k HI l%uhg WÉp;ajh .Kkh

lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

² w¢k ,o m%ia;drfhka A isg B ,laIHh olajd l+[a[ ia:dms; lrk ,o f¾Ldj

Èf.a Èlalvl fmkqu ksfhdackh flf¾'

BS IS

FSBS

FS

A B

C

D

StationD i s -t a n c e(m)

61




ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shul o< igykla ms<sfh, lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'6

fhdacs; ld,ÉfPao ( 04

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d (² f;dard.;a N+ñ fldgfia .%sâ wdldrfhka ,laIH ,l=Kq lsÍu² .%sâ igyk we| ia:dkSh Wi .Kkh lsÍu² wka;¾ ksfõYkh u.ska ifudaÉp f¾Ld ks¾udKh lsÍu² is;shu ieliSu

ye¢kaùu # iudk WÉp;aj we;s ,laIH hd lrñka w¢kq ,nk f¾LdjlaifudaÉp f¾Ldjla fõ' ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shï we§fï § iudkWi we;s ,laIH hd lsÍu isÿ flf¾' ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shulaúúO wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu ioyd fhdod .kakd w;r N+ñfhaiajNdjh ms<sn| woyia m%ldY lsÍug o Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h'

uQ,O¾uh # f;dard.;a N+ñ fldgil iudk WÉp;aj we;s ,laIH hd lrñkaifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shula ks¾udKh lsÍu fuys uQ,O¾uhhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² f;mdj yd iajhxls%h f,j,h² mekai,a" m%ia;dr lvodis

² w¢k mqjrej

² Drawing pins² ñkqï má" l+[a[" w;fld`Mj

l%ufõoh #² ueksh hq;= m%foaYfha N+ úIu;dj yd is;shfuys wjYH;dj wkqj N+ñh fldgqj,g

fnokak' fldgqjl (Grid) m%udKh 5m x 5m isg 25m x 25m olajd fjkia úh yelsh'&

² .s%â fþokh jk ia:dkfha l+[a[ fyda fm<.ekajqï ßá isgqjkak'² fuu fþok ,laIHj, WÉp;ajh" iajhxls%h f,j,h wdOdrfhka uekf.k igyka

lrkak'² uek.;a o;a; m%ia;dr fld<hl wÈk ,o fldgq u; ,l=Kq lrkak'² fuu o;a; wka;¾ ksfõYkh isÿ lrkak'² iudk WÉp;aj we;s ,laIH hd lrñka is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'² bkamiq is;shu Ndú; lr me;slv m%iaa;dr wÈkak' tu.ska is;shfuys f;dr;=re Wmqgd

±laúh yels h' (Interpretation).

62



wka;¾ ksfõYkh

A, B, C, D hkq fldgqjl fldka y;r fõ' fuu fldka y;frys W!ks; Wi uÜgï

ls%hdj,sh u.ska fidhd .;af;a hehs Wml,amkh lruq' tajdfha W!ks; Wi ms<sfj<ska 48 m,

53 m, 37 m iy 46 m f,io .ksuq' tfukau ifudaÉP f¾Ld wka;rh 5m f,i o .ksuq' túg

fuu fldgqj ;=< 40 m, 45 m iy 50 m W!ks; Wi jk ifudaÉP f¾Ld we`Èh hq;= h'

tfukau fuu fldgqfõ tla me;a;l È. 10 mla f,io th m%ia;dr fld,hla u; l=vd

fldgqjlska tla ógrhla ±lafjk mßÈ mßudKhlg we| we;ehs o is;uq' uq,ska u AB

f¾Ldj f;dard .ksuq'

A iy B w;r Wfiys fjki = 53 m - 48 m = 5 m tfuka u 50 m ifudaÉP f¾Ldj fuu

AB f¾Ldj lefmk fia .uka lrhs'

fuysoS AB f¾Ldj iudk fldgia mylg fnÈh hq;= h' túg l=vd fldgq follska isria

Wi 1m la ksrEmKh fõ' ó,.g AC f¾Ldj .ksuq'

A iy C w;r Wfiys fjki = 48 - 37

= 11m

A B

C D

48 53

37 46

A B

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

48

45

40

37

47

46

44

43

4241

3938

A

C

63



túg f¾Ldj iudk fldgia 11lg fnÈh hq;= h'

CD f¾Ldj u; Wfiys fjki = 46 - 37

= 9 m

tkï f¾Ldj iudk fldgia 9lg fnÈh hq;=h'

B iy D w;r Wfiys fjki = 53 - 46

= 7 m

tkï tu f¾Ldj iudk fldgia 7lg fnÈh hq;=h'

fuu fldgqj i|yd ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shu my; mßÈ fõ'

ks.ukh (

ifudaÉp f¾Ld is;shu yd me;slv m%ia;drh u.ska N+ñfha iajNdjh ms<sn| woyia

olajkak'

C D

37 40 4538 39 41 42 43 44 46

53

45

52

51

49

48

4746

B

D

B

50

50

50

45

45

45

40

40

40

64




jeis c,h /ia lsÍu i|yd jHQyhla b`È lsrSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'1

fhdacs; fhdacs; ld,ÉfPao ( 04

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² jeis c, ixrlaIK jHQyhla ieliSu iòyd wjYH wuqøjH

f;dard .ekSu

² jeis c, ixrlaIK jHQyhl ie,eiau ieliSu

² jeis c, ixrlaIK jHQyh f.dv kexùu

ye¢kaùu # Y%S ,xldfõ jeis c, ixrlaIKh (Rain water harvesting) lsÍfï

wjYH;dj by< hñka mj;S' j¾;udkfha úh<s l,dmhg yd

w;rueÈ l,dmfha we;eï m%foaYj,g ,efnk jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh

wvqùu yd N+.; c, m%Nj ¥IKh ùu fuhg m%uqL fya;= fõ'

tfiau lDIsld¾ñl yd fjk;a lghq;= i|yd jeis c,h

fhdod.ekSug yels ùu;a" wmf;a hk ^wmøjH jk& jeis c,h

ld¾hlaIu f,i Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug yels ùu;a fuys m%fhdack

fõ'

uQ,O¾uh # jeis c, ixrlaIKh iòyd mshisj,ska wmOdjh jk c,h yd

fmdf<dj u;=msáka .,d yef<k c,h fhdod .kshs'

ieu jeis c, ixrlaIK moaO;shl u ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl fldgia

;=kla we;'

1' c,h /ia lsÍfï fmdaIlh fyda u;=msg ia:dkh

2' c,h /ia l< ia:dkfha isg .nvd lrk m%Njh olajd /f.k

hk moaO;sh

3' Ndú;h msKsi c,h ,nd .kakd f;la /ia lr ;nk m%Njh

fyda gexlsh

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² 1000 ll muK c, gexlshla

² ma,diaála jeysmS,s yd ms,s wdjrK

² PVC k< ^úIalïN lSmhlska&² jeysmS,a, wdjrK i|yd ma,diaála ±,a² ma,diaála nd,aÈhla

² w`.=re" je,s" fldyq fl`È

² .,a leg² lrdu 3 ^ by; k<j, úIalïNj,g wod< j&

² PVC equal T

² PVC bend

65



l%ufõoh #

² jeis c,h tla/ia lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk jy,hg wdikak Ydlj, w;= lmamdÿ

lr fld<frdvq jeàu wju lrkak'

² jy,h yd jeys mS,s msßisÿ lrkak'

² jeys mS,sj, tla/ia jk c,h my<g /f.k hEug wjYH ia:dkj,g equal T fhdod

ilia lr .kak'

² tf,i jeys mS,af,a isg my<g c,h /f.k hk k<hg fmryka f,i ±,a wdjrKhla

fhdokak'

² jeysmS,sj, úIalïNhg wod< j jeysmS,af,a isg my<g c,h /f.k hk k<j,

úIalïNh ;SrKh lrkak' ^fï i|yd jeä úIalïNhla iys; k< fhdod .kak'&

² my<g c,h /f.k hk k<h rEmfha mßos equal T fldgilska m<uq fiaÿï msg

lsÍfï k<h yd c,h .nvd lrk gexlshg c,h .uka lrk k<h f,i ilikak'

² m<uq fiaÿï msg lsÍfï k<h fl<jrg wjYH úg § c,h msg ùu md,khg lrduhla

iú lrkak'

² gexlshg c,h fhduq lrk k<h rEmfha mßos tllska wjYH È.g ilid je,s fmrkhg

fhduq lrkak'

jy,h

jeys mS,a,

jeis c,h gexlshg fhduq lrk k<h

fmrkh

c,h N+.; <sòg fhduq lrk k<h

c,h Ndú;hg .kakd lrduh

m<uq fiaÿï msg ùfï ud¾.h

lrduh

gexlsh msßisÿ lsÍfï lrduh

isÿrefndr`M" ueg,a .,a

Y=oaO lr .;a fldyq fl`È

je,s

w`.=re

fndr`M" ueg,a .,a

je,s fmrkhla

66



² c,h /ia lsÍug fhdod .kakd gexlsh fmdf<dj u; iqÿiq wdldrhlg uÜgï j"

Yla;su;a j r|jd .kak'

² c,h /ia lrk gexlsfha uQäh bj;a lr" tu m%udKhg .e<fmk f,i ma,diaála"

fíiula$nd,aÈhla /|ùug iqÿiq f,i ilikak'

² tu ma,diaála nd,aÈh$fíiu je,s fmrykhla f,i my; mßos ilikak' je,s

fmryk rEmfha mßos my; isg by<g ms<sfj,ska fndr`M" Y=oaO lr .;a fldyq fl|s"

je,s" w`.=re" fndr`M wd§ f,i fhdod mqrjd .kak'

² gexlsfha my< u k<hla yd lrduhla fhdod gexlsh msßiqÿ lsÍfï § c,h msg lsÍug

fhda.H mßos ilikak'

² gexlsfha wfkla miska Bg by<ska c,h Ndú;hg .; yels jk mßos k<hla yd

lrduhla fhdod ilia lrkak'

² jeis c,h msÍ gexlshg msfrk úg w;sßla; jeis c,h bj;a ùug k<hla fhdod .;

yels mßos ilia lrkak' tu c,h N+.; <s|lg ,eîug ie,eiaúh yels h'

² ilia lr .;a gexlsh wod< ia:dkfha msysgqjd uq,ska u ,efnk wmøjH iys; jeis

c,h msg lsÍfï k<fhka bj;a ùug i,iajd" tys lrduh jid msßisÿ c,h muKla

je,s fmrkh ;=<ska gexlshg fhduq lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (-

² c,h .nvd lrk gexlsfha Odß;dj ,efnk j¾Idj tla /ia lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;=

jk wruqKq wkqj fjkia lr .;ak'

² mdi,g wdo¾Ykhla f,i l=vd c, gexlshla ilid .kak'

² fuys § fmkajd § we;af;a N+;, c, ixrlaIK l%uhla jqj o fuys § gexlsh N+.; j

muKla ilik wjia:d o we;s nj fmkajd fokak'

² k<j, úIalïNh yd È. m%udK ;u wjYH;dj wkqj .e<fmk mßos fhdod .; yels

h'

² je,s fmryk ie,iSfï § fmryk ;=<g c,h ,efnk fõ.hg u fmryk u.ska

fmÍfï ls%hdj,sh o isÿ úh yels f,i ilid ta ms<sn| j mÍlaIdldÍ ùu wjYH fõ'

67




wj,ïNs; uq >k øjH (Total Suspended Solids - TSS) m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ñkqï irdj Ndú;fhka ksjerÈ j c, mßud uek .ekSu fmryka lvodis Ndú;fhka wj,ïì; >k øjH fmrd

.ekSu TSS m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( c,fha >k øjH wvx.= úh yels wdldr folls' tkï c,ødú; (Dissolved Solids -DS) f,i iy wj,ïì; (SuspendedSolids -SS) hk f,i h'

i. wj,ïì; uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh ^TSS)uhsfl%dak 2 fyda Bg l=vd isÿre iys; fmryka lvodishlskafmÍfuka miq fmryka lvodisfha /f|k uqq¿ >k øjHm%udKh fõ' ^;ekam;a ùug ;eîu" md ùug ie,eiaùu fydafmÍu u.ska wmc,fha we;s TSS bj;a l< yels neúkawmc, ksheÈfha TSS w.h ±k .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'&

ii. c,fha ødú; uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh ^TDS)

by; i|yka fmrkfhka fmÍfuka miq fmÍug ,la j tla

/iajQ c,fha wvx.= uq`M >k øjH m%udKh fõ' c,fha ødjH

whk j¾. óg wh;a fõ' idudkH wdldrhg ;ekam;a ùugie,eiaùfuka fyda fmÍfuka fïjd bj;a l< fkdyelsw;r ta i|yd fjk;a l%u Ndú; fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( uhsfl%dak 2g jvd m%udKfhka úYd, c,fha wj,ïì; wxY=

tu m%udKfha isÿre iys; fmryka lvodishlska fmrd fjkalr

.; yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( oYuia:dk 4lg ueksh yels úYaf,aIK ;=,djla^four place analyitical balance&

fvisflagrhla úÿ,s Wÿkla (Drying oven) 250 ml îlrhla 100 ml ñkqï irdjla mqkS,hla fmryka lvodis wdiQ; c,h iys; fojqï fnda;,hla ùÿre l+rla fla;= ma,dial=jla fmá% §ishla ìxÿ oukhla Dropper&

68



l%ufõoh ( úh<s fmá% §isfha iy fmryka lvodisfha nr lsrd .kak ^W1&'

fyd¢ka l,;k ,o c, ksheÈfhka 100 mlla ñkqï irdj wdOdrfhkauek.kak' ^ 100 ml i,l=Kg wdikak jkf;la c,h mqrjd" 100 mli,l=K f;la c,h msrùug ìkaÿ oukh Wmfhda.S lr .kak' c, udjlfhamy< uÜgu 100 ml i,l=Kg meñK ;sîu ksjerÈ mdGdxlh fõ'&

fla;= ma,dial=j u; mqkS,h ;nd fmá% §ish iu. nr lsrd.;a fmrykalvodish kjd mqkS,h u; ;nkak'

ñkqï irdfõ we;s c, ksheÈh ^100 ml& fmrd wj,ïì; wxY= fmrykalvodish u;g tl;= lr .kak' ^ñkqï irdjg uek.;a ksheosfha we;sish¨ >k øjHj, ialkaOh uek .ekSug wjYH neúka fojqï fnda;,fhkafidaoñka tys /£ we;s wxY= ish,a, u fmryka lvodish ;=<ska fmÍugi,iajkak'&

WIAK;ajhg W÷k l%shd;aul lrkak' wj,ïì; wxY= bj;a fkdjk fia fmryka lvodish mqkS,fhka bj;a lr

fmá% §ish u; ;nd úh<Su i|yd r;a ù we;s W÷k ;=<g we;=¿lrkak' ^Woqkg w;=¿ l< miq fmá% §isfha mshk újD; j ;nkak'&

ksh; ialkaOhla ,efnk ;=re úh<d .kak ^meh 48 la muK&' úh<Sfuka miq fvisflagrh ;=< ldur WIaK;ajh f;la ksfjkakg yer

ialkaOh ,nd .kak (W2).

,nd.;a ksÍlaIK j.=jl igyka lr.kak'

f h dod. ; a c , mßu dj (V ml)

Wÿkl úh<d .;a fmryka lvodish mshk iys;fmá% §isfha ialkaOh (W

1 mg)

ksh; nrla ,efnk f;la úh<d .;a wj,ïì; wxY= iys;fmryka lvodish mshk iys; fmá% §isfha ialkaOh (W

2 mg)

TSS m%udKh .Kkh lsÍu

W2-W

1 mgl-1 (ppm)

V

ks.ukh #

úúO ia:dk j,ska .;a c, ksheÈj, TSS m%udK wkqj c, ksheosj, ;;a;ajh ks.ukh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

,Sgrhl we;s wj,ïì; uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh ñ,s.%Eïj,ska .;aúg th ppm^Parts per million& f,i ,efí'

c, ksheosfhka 100 ml mßudj uek .ekSfï § c, ksheosh fyd¢ka l,;kak' nr lsÍu i|yd fvisflagrfhka fmá% §ish bj;g .kakd úg kej; c,jdIam

wjfYdaIKh fkdùu i|yd fmá% §isfha mshk jikak' fmÍu" úh<Su fyda nr lsÍu isÿ lrk ieu wjia:djl § u wj,ïì; wxY= bj;a

fkdjk nj ;yjqre lr .kak'

TSS =

69




c,fha j¾Kh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fils ;eáh ksjerÈ j yeisrùu² Forel –Ule mßudKh y`ÿkd .ekSu² Forel –Ule mßudKh Ndú;fhka c, ksheoshl j¾Kh

ks¾Kh lsrSu

ye¢kaùu ( c,h wj¾K øjhla jqj;a c,fha Èh ù fyda wj,ïnkhù we;s f,day whk" ldnksl øjH" ridhk øjH" Ôùka"Lksc øjH wdÈh u.ska oDYH wdf,dalfha hï mrdij,gwh;a wdf,dal lsrK wjfYdaIKh lsÍu ksid iqÿ mDIaGu;g jeà mrdj¾;kh ù tk wdf,dalh úúO j¾Kj,skahqla; úh yels h' fï wkqj c,fha .s,ajk ,o iqÿ mDIaGhlau; oDYHudk jk j¾Kh c,fha j¾Kh f,i igyka lr.kq ,efí' tu j¾Kh ksYaÑ; j¾K mßudKhla Forel –Ule& iu. .<md wod< c,fha j¾Kh ;SrKh lrkq ,efí'

uQ,O¾uh ( iqÿ mDIAGhla u;g jefgk wdf,dalfha mrdj¾;k lsrKForel –Ule mßudKh yd ieie£fï oDYH l%uh Wmfhda.Slrf.k c,fha j¾Kh ks¾Kh lsÍu fuys uQ,O¾uhhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( fils ;eáhla ^ Secchi disk & Forel –Ule mßudKhla c, ksheÈ iys; n`ÿkla

l%ufõoh ( fils ;eáh fifuka c,fha .s,ajkak'

th fkdfmkS .sh miq ^1-4& kej; fifuka by<g Tijkak'

th fmkSug mgka .kakd wjia:dfõ ^5& tys j¾Kh Forel –Ule j¾K

mßudKfha wxlh iu. ixikaokh lr ^6& wxlh igyka lr .kak'

fils ;eáh Forel-Ule j¾K mßudKh

,kqj

Èlalfvys fmkqu

70



1 2 3 4 5

6ks.ukh (

c, ksheÈ lsysmhl j¾Kh Forel –Ule mßudKh iu. iiòkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

² Forel –Ule mßudKh iu. j¾Kh mÍlaId lsÍug l`M iy iqÿ hk j¾K fol uiys; fils ;eáhla fhdod .ekSfï § tys iqÿ fldgfia j¾Kh yd Forel –Ule

mßudKfha j¾Kh ixikaokh l< hq;= h'

71




c,fhys .kaOh mrSlaId lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fok ,o c, ksheÈhl .kaOh mÍlaId lsÍu

² Threshold Odour Number (TON) w.h .Kkh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( c,hg .kaOhla rys; jqj o" c,hg tl;= jk ridhk øjHfyda Ôùkaa fyda Ôùka uÕska c,hg tl;= jk fkdfhla øjHksid c,hg .kaOhla ,efí'

uQ,O¾uh ( ;kql lrk ,o c, ksheÈ w;ßka .kaOhla fkd±fkk Wmßuwkqmd;hla we;s ñY%Kh weiqßka c, kshe¢fha TON w.h,nd .; yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² .kaOhla rys; c,h wdiQ; c,h fyda wdiQ; c,h fkdue;s

wjia:djl fnda;,a l< c,h&² ñkqï irdjla² 250 ml îlr 7 la

l%ufõoh ( ² fok ,o c, ksheÈhla my; ±lafjk j.=jg wkqj ;kqllrñka wjika mßudj 200 ml jk f,i mÍlaId ksheosilid .kak'

uQ,dY%h (- j¾Ôkshd ;dlaIK úYaj úoHd,h" isú,a bxðfkare fomd¾;fïka;=j(TON = Threshold Odour Number)

mÍlaId mÍlaId l< hq;= c, wdiQ; c,h fyda TONksheÈ ksheÈfha mßudj .kaOhlska f;dr w.hwxlh ^ ml & c, mßudj '

01 200 - 1

02 100 100 2

03 70 130 3

04 50 150 4

05 35 165 6

06 25 175 8

07 17 183 12

72



mÍlaId ksheÈ 7 isg by<g .kaOh mÍlaId lrkak' .kaOhla fkd±fkkjeäu mßud wkqmd;hlska hq;a c,h iys; mÍlaId ksheÈh f;dard .kak'thg wod< TON w.h fok c, ksheÈh TON w.h f,i .kq ,efí'

TON .Kkh lsÍu

A = c, ksheÈfha mßudjB = .kaOhlska f;dr c,fha mßudj

ks.ukh (

c, ksheÈ lsysmhl TON w.h mÍlaId lr tajd mdkh lsÍug iqÿiq ±hs ks.ukhlrkak'

úfYaI lreKq( mdkSh c,h .kaOhlska f;dr úh hq;= w;r tys TON w.h 1 úh hq;= h' th 3

blauùu lsisfia;a iqÿiq fkdfõ'

wod< j.=j Ndú;fhka TON fiùu i|yd c, ksheÈh yd .kaOhlska f;drc,h ñY% lsÍfï § mßud foflys tl;=j tkï uq¨ mßudj& 200 ml úh hq;= h'

73




c,fha wdú,;dj ^Turbidity& ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fils ;eáh Ndú;fhka c,fha wdú,;dj uekSu

² úúO c, ksheÈj, wdú,;d ixikaokh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( c,fha wdú,;djg m%Odk jYfhka fya;= jkqfha c,fha

wj,ïì; ueá" frdkauv" ldnksl øjH iy laIqøÔùka h' c,

mú;%Kfha § c,fha wj,ïnkh ù we;s ishqï >k øjH

wjlafIam lsÍu i|yd tl;= l< hq;= leáldrl m%udKh

;SrKh lsÍfï § wdú,;d ñkqï jeo.;a fõ'

wdú,;dj uekSu i|yd l%u lsysmhla ;snqK;a myiq u iy ñ,

wvq u l%uh jkafka fils ;eáh Ndú;fhka wdú,;dj uekSuhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdf,dal lsrK c,fha fl;rï .eUqrg .uka lrkafka o

hkak u.ska wdú,;dj m%ldY l< yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² úIalïNh 20 cmla jk fils ;eáhla

.eUqr uekSu i|yd ñkqï WmlrKhla$ wdú,;d k<hla

(Turbidity tube)

wdú,;d k<h

meyeÈ,s ma,diaála k<h (4.5 x 120cm)

1cm l%udxls; máh

ma,diaála fils ;eáh

uQäh (Stopper)

74



l%ufõoh (² c, mDIaGhg by<ska n,ñka fils ;eáh fkdfmkS hk ;=re b;d fifuka th

c,fha .s,ajd fkdfmkS hdug mgka .kakd wjia:dfõ .eUqr ^L1& igyka lr

.kak' kej; fifuka ;eáh by<g Tijñka kej; th fmkSug mgka .kakd

fudfydf;a c, mDIaGfha isg fils ;eáh f;la .eUqr ^L2& igyka lr .kak'

.Kkh lsÍu mdGdxl fol w;r idudkH w.h ^L& .Kkh lrkak'

ks.ukh (

fï wdldrhg ia:dk ;=kl muK mdGdxl ,nd f.k c,fha wdú,;dj m%ldYlrkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

² fils .eUqr th ksÍlaIKh lrk mqoa.,hd u; iy wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj u; fjkiaúh yels neúka kej; kej; o;a; ,nd .ekSfï § tl u mqoa.,hd úiska ojfiatlu fõ,djl § ñkqï ,nd .ekSu ksrjoH;dj jeä ùug fya;= fõ'

75




c,fha WIaK;ajh uekSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² c, m%Njhl úúO .eUqre uÜgïj, WIaK;aj mdGdxl.ekSu yd tajd ixikaokh lsÍu

² ld,h;a iu. u;=msg c, ia;rfha WIaK;aj fjkia ùuuekSu iy mdGdxl m%ia;dr .; lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( jdhqf.da,Sh WIAK;ajh yd c,fha WIAK;ajh w;r fjkialïmj;sk w;r jdhqf.da,fha fuka laIKsl j c,fha WIAK;ajhfjkia fkd fõ' fï ksid ksYap, c, m%Njhl WIaK;ajhfjkia ùu b;d fiñka isÿ fõ' tneúka ksYap, c,fha úúO.eUqre uÜgïj, WIAK;ajh fjkia fõ' tfia u WIAK;ajúp,kh u;=msg ia;rfha jeä jk w;r .eUqrg h;a u jvd;awvq fõ' fï ksid c, m%Njhl úúO .eUqre uÜgïj, WIaK;ajmdGdxl .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( WIaK;ajh hkq wod< wjia:dfõ hï mod¾:hl wvx.= ;dmcYla;s m%udKfha ñkquls'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² w÷re m%;sldrl fnda;,a² WIaK;ajudkhla ^0 - 1000C&² óg¾ fldaÿjla

l%ufõoh (

² my; j.=fõ olajd we;s mßÈ úúO .eUqr uÜgïj, u;=msg" L1 yd L

2& iy ojfia

fõ,djka ;=kl § ^t1" t

2 yd t

3& WIaK;ajudk mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

WIaK;ajh uekSfï § c,h fkdle,f;k mßÈ uq,ska u u;=msg ia;rfhka obkamiq j ms<sfj<ska L

1 yd L

2 j,ska o ksheÈ ,ndf.k mdGdxl lshjd .kak'

ksheÈ ,nd .ekSfï § m%;sldrl fnda;,a c,fha .s,ajd c,h msreKq miq uQähfyd¢ka jid msg;g .kak'

msg;g .;a jyd u fnda;,fha uQäh wer WIaK;ajudkh .s,ajd WIaK;ajh lshjd.kak'

.eUqr ^ cm& t1 t

2t

3

u;=msg

L1

L2

76



ks.ukh (

,nd .;a mdGdxl m%ia;dr .; lr c,fha úúO ia;rj, WIaK;ajh fjkia ùums<sn| j woyia bÈßm;a lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

c, m%Njhl o;a; .ekSfï § wfkl=;a mdGdxl .ekSug m%:ufhka WIaK;ajmdGdxl ,nd .ekSu l< hq;= h .eUqr wkqj WIaK;ajh fjkia úh yels neúkac,h le,;Sfuka wod< c, ia;rfha ksjerÈ WIaK;aj mdGdxl fkd,eîug bvwe;&'

WIaK;aj mdGdxl laIKhlska fjkia jk neúka c, ksheÈ ,nd.;a jyd u tysWIaK;ajh lshjd .ekSug ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' tfia u WIaK;ajudkfhan,anh c, ksheÈfha .s,S ;sìh hq;=hs' WIAK;ajudk n,anh c,fhka bj; we;súg mdGdxl lshjd .;fyd;a th jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh úh yels h'

.eUqr wkqj WIaK;aj fjkila ,nd .ekSu i|yd .eUqre c, me;slvla ;sîuwjYH fõ'

77




c,fha pH w.h ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² pH ógrh ksjerÈ j mßyrKh lsÍu

² pH ógrh Ndú;fhka c, ksheÈhl pH uekSu

ye¢kaùu ( pH hkq c,fha H+ idkaøKfha iDK ,>q w.hhs' mfiaa wvx.=

Lksc j¾." uõ mdIdKh yd ñksia l%shdldrlï u.ska c,hg

tl;= jk úúO ridhk øjH iy tajd úfhdackh ùu ksid

c,fha pH w.h fjkia fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( c, ksheÈfha wvx.= H+ idkaøKh wvqkï pH w.h jeä w;r

jeä kï pH w.h wvq fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( pH ógrh

iajdrlaIl ødjK ^WmlrKh iu. ,eî we;s iajdrlaIl

ødjK fol Ndú; lrkak&

wdiQ; c,h iys; fojqï fnda;,hla

f;; Wrk lvodis

50 ml iy 100 ml îlr

l%ufõoh (

² pH ógrfha bf,lafg%davh wdiQ; c,h iys; fojqï fnda;,fhka c,h bi

fojrla fidaokak ^rinse&'

bf,lafg%davfha f;; ud;a;= lrkak'

pH ueksh hq;= c, ksheÈfhka iaj,amhla f.k bf,lafg%davh fidaokak'

100 ml îlrhg 50 ml muK jk f;la pH ueksh hq;= c, ksheÈfhka mqrjd

bf,lafg%davh ta ;=< .s,ajkak'

mdGdxl ia:dhS jk;=re bf,lafg%davh .s,ajd ;nd mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

fï wdldrhg tu ksheÈfhka u ;j WmkshÈ folla f.k pH uek.kak'

mdGdxl ;=fkys idudkH w.hla ,nd .kak' ^,nd.;a mdGdxl w;r fjki 0'2

lg jvd jeäkï fuu mdGdxlj, fodaI mej;sh yels h'&

mdGdxl ,ndf.k wjika jQ miq WmlrKh ls%hd úrys; lr" msioud" bf,lafg%davfha

jeiau ^Cap& oud kshñ; ia:dkfha wiqrd ;nkak'

,nd.;a ksÍlaIK my; j.=fõ mßÈ igyka lr.kak'

78



pH w.h

ksheÈh 1

ksheÈh 2

ksheÈh 3

idudkH

ksheÈh 1 + ksheÈh 2 + ksheÈh 3 3

ks.ukh #

pH w.h wkqj c,fha wdï,sl;dj yd laIdÍh;dj ks.ukh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

ñkqï ,nd .ekSug fmr pH ógrh wxl fYdaOkh ^Calibration& lr.kak' bf,lafg%davh f;; ud;a;= lrk wjia:dj, § th uqÿ lvodis mg,hlska ishqï j

isÿ lrkak' bf,lafg%davfha mdGdxl lshjd .kakd w.%h lsis úgl;a w;ska we,a,Sfuka j<lskak' bf,lafg%davh ;eîu i|yd ks;r u ta i|yd iQodkï lr we;s n÷k Ndú; lrkak' bf,lafg%davh ødjKhl .s,aùfï § tys i,l=Kq lr we;s kshñ; .eUqr f;la

.s,aùug ie,ls,su;a jkak' mdGdxl ia:dhS jQ miq mdGdxl igyka lr.;a ú.i bf,lafg%davh ødjKfhka bj;a

lrkak' ^wkjYH ld,hla bf,lafg%davh .s,ajd ;eîfuka j<lskak'& wxl fYdaOkfha § iy mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï § ksIamdolhd úiska imhd we;s

Wmfoia ms<smÈkak'

pH w.h =

79




c,fha ,jK;dj ks¾Kh lsrSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ,jK;d udkh Salinity refracto meter& ksjerÈ j mrsyrKh

lsÍu

² tu WmlrKh Ndú;fhka fok ,o c, ksheÈhl ,jK;dj

ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( c,fha Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ jeks ,jK j¾. Èh ùu ksid úúO

c, m%Njhkays ,jK;dj fjkia fõ' ixY=oaO c,fha ,jK;dj

0 ppm jqj;a ,jK;d w.h 0 isg 0'5 ppm olajd jk c,h

ñßÈh f,i ie,fla' ,jK;dj u; c,fha fjfik c,c Ôùyq

fjkia fj;s'

uQ,O¾uh ( ,jK;dj wkqj c,fha >k;ajh fjkia jk w;r >k;ajh

wkqj c,h ;=< wdf,dalfha j¾;k fldaKh fjkia fõ' ,jK;dj

wkqj fjkia jk fuu j¾;k fldaKh Wmfhda.S lrf.k

,jK;dudkh u.ska c,fha ,jK;dj lshjd .kshs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ,jK;d udkhla ^Salinity refractometer&

ìxÿ oukhla

wdiQ; c,h

,jK;d udkh

ishqï iSreudre md,lh

wdrlaIs; rn¾ ñg

meyeÈ,s oiqka iòyd jk

úYd, Èjd ;eáh

80



l%ufõoh ( WmlrKfha m%siauh u; we;s jeiau Tijkak'

c, ìxÿ oukh u.ska wdiQ; c,h ìxÿjla fyda folla ms%iauh u; ;nd

jeiafuka jid th z0Z mGdxlhg meñfKa ±hs ksÍlaIKh lrkak' c,

ìxÿ ouk ;,h ;sria j ;nd .kak&'

rEmh 1( c, ìxÿ oukfhka rEmh 2( ,jK;d udkfha

ms%iauh u; c, ìxÿj mdGdxl lshjk wdldrh

;nk wdldrh Wod(- 35 ppm

c, ìxÿj ;=kS mg,hla fia me;sÍ hk f,i ms%iaufha jeiau fifuka my;a lrkak'

mdGdxlh lshjd .kak'

ks.ukh (

,jK;dudkh lshjd c,fha ,jK;dj igyka lrkak' ia:dk lsysmhlska ,nd .;a

c, ksheÈj, ,jK;dj iiòkak'

úfYaI lreKq(

,jK;dudkfha ms%iauh msi ±ófï § f;; ud;a;= l< yels uDÿ lvodis Ndú; lrkak'

Ndú; lsÍfuka miq ógrfha ms%iauh iy tys jeiau wdiQ; c,fhka fidaod msi oukak'

,jK;dudkh weiqreug oeóug m%:u meh lsysmhla uo mjfka ;nkak'

81




c,fha fld,sf*daï wka;¾.; ùu ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² Macon Key Broth ødjK (Single strength iy Double

strength) ms<sfh, lr .ekSu

Universal fnda;,a fyda mÍlaIK k< ;=<g jdhq nqnq¿ we;=¿

fkdjk fia Durham k< we;=¿ lsÍu

§ we;s c, ksheÈhl fld,sf*daï nelaàßhd we;a oehs y÷kd

.ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( flda,sf*daï (Coliform) hkq úYd, nelaàßhd ldKavhla

jk w;r iajdNdúl mßirfha oS yuq fõ' fuhska l=vd

ldKavhla ñksia iy i;a;aj wka;%j, muKla Ôj;a fõ'

Coliform nelaàßhd ldKavhg wh;a E-coli hkq ñksid iy

fjk;a laISrmdhs i;a;ajhskaf.a wka;%fha fjfik

jHdêckl fkdjk nelaàßhd úfYaIhla fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( Coliform idudkHfhka msßisÿ c,fha yuq fkdjk w;r ¥Is;

c,fha yuq fõ' bka ks.ukh l< yels jkafka tu c,h u,

øjHj,ska wmú;% ù we;s njhs'

Total Coliform fld,sf*daï nelaàßhd ^mfia iy iajdNdúl mrsirfha yuqfõ'&

Fical Coliform wka;%fha fjfik nelaàßhd - fudjqka w;ßka úfYaI lSmhla muKla jHdêcklhskafõ'

E. coli ^laISrmdhSkaf.a wka;%fha fjfik jHdêckl fkdjk nelaàßhdjls'&

Faecal Coliform

82



wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( mrsudj 50 ml muK jk uQä iys; Macarthy Bottle fyda

Universal Bottle 5la

ÔjdKqyrKh l< mÍlaIK k< 13la

mSvk ;dmlhla Âutoclave/Pressure cooker&

v¾yï k< ^Durham’s tube& 15la

mq¨ka wen

ÔjdkqyrKh l< msfmÜgqjla

îlrhla

nkaika odyl folla $ ;, m%jdy leìfkÜgqjla

;=,djla ^ridhksl fyda bf,lafg%daksl&

mÍlaIK k< wdOdrl ^Test tube holders&

Macconkey broth ^fuh l=vq wdldrfhka ,nd .; yels

h'&

ÔjdKqyrKh l< wdiQ; c,h

wmc, ksheÈhla

l%ufõoh (

i. Macconkey broth ødjKh ms<sfh, lr .ekSu

Macconkey broth 4 gla ÔjdKqyrKh l< wdiQ; c,h 50 mll Èh lrf.k

Double strength ødjKh ms<sfh, lr .kak'

Macconkey broth 4 gla ÔjdKqyrKh l< wdiq; c,h 100 mll Èhlrf.k

Single strength ødjKh ms<sfh, lr .kak' ^ Macconkey broth ødjKh r;=

fyda oï meye .kS'&

ÔjdkqyrKh l< msfmÜgqjla wdOdrfhka Double strength ødjKfhka 10 mlla

ne.ska msßisÿ Macarthy fyda Universal fnda;,aj,g oud .kak'

my; rEmigyfkys mßÈ fuu fnda;,a ;=<g v¾yï k<h ne.ska Wvq hál=re j

isák fia oukak' ^ v¾yï k< ;=<g jd;h we;=¨ fkdjk fia tajd we;=`M l<

hq;=hs'& uQäfhka jikak'

v¾yï k< Wvq hál=re j isák fia oud we;s wdldrh

msßisÿ úh<s ÔjdKqyrKh l< mÍlaIK k< 10la f.k tajd ;=<g Macconkey

broth single strength ødjKfhka 9 ml ne.ska oud .kak'

fuu mÍlaIK k< ;=<g o v¾yï k<h ne.ska Wvq hál=re j isák fia oud

mq¨ka wenhlska jikak'

83



fufia ms<sfh, lr.;a fnda;,a 5 iy mÍlaIK k< 10 mSvk ;dmlhla Ndú;fhka

ÔjdKqyrKh lr.kak'

ÔjdKqyrKh lrk úg Macarthy fnda;,a fyda Universal fnda;,aj, uQäh

iïmQ¾Kfhka ;o fkdjk fia jeish hq;=hs fuys § uQä ;o jk fia jid kej;

uQä wefrk me;a;g tla jrla lrleúu isÿ lrkak&'

ÔjdKqyrKfhka miq fuu fnda;,a yd k< isis,a ùug ;nkak' Macarthy

fnda;,a fyda Universal fnda;,aj, uQäh ;Èka jikak'

ii. wmc, ^Waste water& ksheÈ ms<sfh, lr .ekSu

ÔjdKqyrKh l< msfmÜgqjla wdOdrfhka ÔjdKqyrKh lr ms<sfh, lr.;a

Macconkey broth ø%djKj,g my; rEmigyfka mßÈ wm c, ksheÈfhkac, ksheÈ tla lrkak'

uQä$wenj,ska jid 37 oC WIaK;ajfha ^ldur WIaK;ajfha& meh 24la ;nkak' meh 24lg miq v¾yeï k< ;=< jdhq tl;= ùula fyda wï, ksmoùula ødjK j,

j¾K úm¾hdihka& we;s ±hs ksÍlaIKh lrkak' ke;fyd;a ;j;a meh 24la ;ndksÍlaIKh lrkak' tfia jdhq tl;= ùula fyda j¾K úm¾hdihla ksÍlaIKhù kï wmc, ksheÈfha flda,sf*daï nelaàßhd we;s njg wkqudk l< yels h'

ks.ukh (

wmc, ksheÈj, jdhq /iaùu fyda j¾K úm¾hdi ù we;a ±hs ksÍlaIKh lr

Coliform nelaàßhd we;a±hs ks.ukh lrkak'

wm c, kshÈ Macconkey broth ø%djK iys;mÍlaIK k<j,g mqrjd .kakd wdldrh

84



úfYaI lreKq(

fuu mÍlaIKh mshjr ;=klska isÿ flf¾'I. wkqudk mÍlaIdj (Presumptive test)II. ;yjqre mÍlaIdj (Confirmed Test)III. ksu l< mÍlaIdj (Completed Test)

flda,sf*daï wkqudk mÍlaIKfha § ,enqKq m%;sM,h wkqj ^+ve & kï ;yjqremÍ l aI dj (Confirmed Test) iy ksu l< mÍlaIdj (Completed Test) isÿ lrk w;r"tu.ska c, ksheosfhA Faecal Coliform we;s nj ;yjqre l< yels h'

mSvk ;dmlh Ndú;fha § we;=<; mSvkh bj;a jk ;=re tys mshk újD; lsÍfukaj<lskak'

mSvk ;dmlh ls%hd;aul lsÍug fmr th mßyrKh ms<sn| ksIamdÈ; wdh;khúiska imhd we;s Wmfoia ms<smÈkak'

mSvk ;dmlh ;=< ÔjdKqyrKh i|yd Macarthy fnda;,a fyda Universal fnda;,aouk úg tajd j, uQäh ;Èka fkdjeish hq;= h' ûQäh ;Èka jeiS we;akï tufnda;,h ;=< mSvkh jeä ù fnda;,h ì£ hd yels h'&

fld,sf*daï wkqudk mÍlaIdfjka c,fha flda,sf*daï nelaàßhd we;a ±hs iaÓr j

;yjqre lrkq ,nk w;r fuu mÍlaIKhg ms<s;=re foa kï ;yjqre mÍlaIKh yd

ksu l< mrSlaIKh isÿ lsÍfuka E. coli we;a±hs mÍlaId lrkq ,nhs'

tu mÍlaIKh i|yd ms<s;=re foa kï c,fha E. coli we;' túg wka;%fha fjfik

wfkl=;aa jHdêckl laIqøÔùka o isàfï wjodkula we;'

85




we,ï yd iQ¾hdf,dalh Ndú;fhka mdkSh c,h msßmyÿ lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 5'3

fhdacs; ld,Éfþo # 04

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² ridhk øjH ñY% lrk wkqmd; .Kkh lsÍu yd Ndú; lsrSu² wmc, ksheÈhla msßmyÿ lsÍu i|yd fN!;sl msßhï lsÍu wmc, ksheÈhla msßmyÿ lsÍu i|yd ridhksl msßhï lsÍu c, ksheÈhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd wmc, ksheÈhla msßmyÿ

lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( ñksid úiska mdkh l< miq laIKsl" flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,skf,i wys;lr ;;a;aj we;s fkdjk fia Ndú; l< yels c,hmdkSh c,h f,i ie,fla'mdkSh c, mú;%K l%shdj,sfha oS c,fha Èh ù we;s b;d ishqï>k øjH wjidokh lsrSu wmyiq h' tfia wj,ïì; o%jH bj;alsrSug tajd leá .eiSu isÿ lr" tajd idfmalaI j úYd, wxY=njg m;a lr .=re;aj n,h Tiafia wjidokh u.ska bj;a l<yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( c,fha wj,ïì; wxY= iDK f,i wdfrdams; jk w;r" tajdtlsfkl úl¾YKh fjñka mj;S' we,ï tl;= l< úg iDKwdfrdamK ÿ¾j, ù wxY= tlsfkl wdl¾IKh fõ' túg c,fhajQ ishqï wxY= úYd, wxY= njg m;a fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH#

² we,ï - Al2 (SO

4)

3

² le,aishï yhsfmdlaf,daarhsÜ ødjKh ^í,SÑka mjqv¾ ødjKhla&

- Ca(OCl)2

² fndr c, ksheÈhla ^5 l muK&

ma,diaála n÷kla

msßisÿ lmq frÈ lene,a,la ^ c, ksheÈh fmÍug m%udKj;a&

fmá% §ishla$ùÿre ;eáhla ^we,ï ialkaOh lsrd .ekSu i|yd&

uQäh iys; fnda;,hla ^PE&$ùÿre fnda;,hla

;rdÈhla ^bf,lafg%daksl ;=,djla fyda f;o`vq ;=,djla&

le,;Su i|yd iqÿiq fuj,ula ^È. ñgla iys; yekaola&

5 l muK ma,diaála fnda;,hla

Al2 (SO

4)

32Al (OH)

3

86



l%ufõoh #

² c, ksheÈh msßisÿ frÈ lv wdOdrfhka fmrd .kak^c,fha we;s md fjk iy m%udKfhka úYd, øjH iy frdkauv fldgia bj;alsÍu i|yd&'

² fmrd .kakd ,o c,h 1 llg l=vq lr .kakd ,o we,ï 10 mgla tl;= lr ñY%lrkak l,;kak&'

² meh 6 - 7la muK ñY%Kh ksYap, j ;nkak' ^meh 6 - 7 l g miq c,fha ;snQwj,ïì; wxY= m;=f,a ;ekam;a fõ'&

² wj,ïì; wxY= rys; meyeÈ,s c,h fjk;a Ndckhlg fjka lr .kak' ^fufiameyeÈ,s c,h fjka lsÍfuka wj,ïì; wxY= le,;Sug ,la fkdjk wdldrhgc,h bj;a lsÍug m%fõYï jkak'&

² c,fha we;s laIqøÔùka úkdY lsÍu i|yd fmrd.;a c,h úksúo fmfkk ùÿre

fnda;,fha nyd jid iQ¾hdf,dalfha meh 4la 5la muK ;nkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² c,fha we;s wj,ïì; wxY= m%udKh wkqj ±ñh hq;= we,ï m%udKh 5 - 85 mgl-1

olajd fjkia l< yels fõ'

² c, mú;%Kfha isÿ jk md fjk øjH fmÍu" wj,ïì; wxY= bj;a lsÍu iy laIqø

Ôùka kdYkh hk ls%hdj,s fuu ls%hdj,sfhka ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõ'

² we,ï idkaøKh jeä úg tu c,h mdkh lsÍfuka wdydr ÔrKfha wl%ñl;d

^loose motion& we;s úh yels w;r we,ï idkaøKh wvq úg .;jk ld,h jeä

ùu;a ksis mßÈ wj,ïì; wxY= ;ekam;a fkdù ;sîug;a bv we;'

² le,aishï yhsfmdlaf,darhsÜ idkaøKh jeä jQ úg c,fha laf,daÍka rih we;s ùu

o ldnksl øjH we;s úg tajd laf,daÍka iu. m%;sls%hd lsÍfuka fi!LHhg wys;lr

ixfhda. ksmoùug o bv we;'

² le,aishï yhsfmdlaf,darhsÜ idkaøKh wvq jQ úg ksis mßÈ laIqøÔùka úkdY isÿ

fkdùug bv we;'

² ysre t<sfha ;eîu fjkqjg fmrd.;a c,hg le,aishï yhsfmdlaf,darhsÜ ødjKfhka

ìkaÿ folla jk fia ±óu o l< yels h'

² tfia ±uqfjd;a laf,daÍka bj;a lsÍug tu c, n÷k úkdä 30la muK jd;hg

ksrdjrKh jk fia ;eìh hq;= h'

87




w;= ne`§fuka me< ,nd .ekSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² w;= ne£fï ls%hdj,sfha mshjr ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh lsßu

² Ydl úfYaIhg wkqj w;= ne£fï l%uh ksjerÈ j f;dard.ekSu

² w;= ne£u u.ska me< ksmojd n÷ka.; lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( Ydl w;a;la Ydlfha mej;sh § u uq,a woaojd .ekSu u.ska Ydlm%pdrKh" id¾:l m%pdrK Ys,am l%uhls' fuu Ys,amSh l%uhm%.=K lsÍfuka Ydl úfYaI wkqj w;= ne£fï l%uh ksjerÈ jf;dard .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu yd fuu ;dlaIKfhkame< ksmoùu fuu ls%hdldrlfuka wfmalaId flf¾'

uQ,O¾uh ( w;= ne£fï § leïìhu f;la lemqula fh§u ksid m;%j,ksIamdokh jk wdydr lemqu wi, ixÑ; ùfuka C:N wkqmd;hby< hEu yd m;% u.ska meñfKk fydafudak ksid uq,a we§uW;af;ackh fõ'

wjYH WmlrK$ ridhk øjH#

² fmd,s;Ska ^15 cm úIalïNh we;s f.aÊ 300&² l;=rla² y<d .;a u;=msg mia" fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr yd fldyqn;a

² c,h

² isyska lïì$Üjhska kQ,a² l=vd msyshla fyda noaO msyshla

² filáhrhla

² Ydl uq,a weoaoùu W;af;ackh lrk fyda¾fudak² l+[a[

l%uh #

â& jdhj w;= ne£u

² w;= ne|Su i|yd iqÿiq Ydlhl w;a;la f;dard .kak'² f;dard .;a w;af;a wv o< fldgfia 2 1$2 cmla m<,g fmd;= j,hla fyda lemqula

fhdokak'

² lemqula fhÿfõ kï lemqu yd ùu je<laùu i|yd lemqu ;=< .,a lene,a,la ysrlrkak'

² fmd;= j,h $ lemqï ia:dkh u; f;;a lr.;a u;=msg mia" fldyqn;a yd fldïfmdaiaÜ^tla j¾.hla fyda ñY%Khla& .=áhla f,i ;nd fmd,s;Skhlska wdjrKh lrfofl<jr .eg .ikak'

88



i;s 3-4lg miq j uq,a we§ we;a±hs mÍlaId lrkak'

² i;s 3-4l § uq,a we§ we;s nj fmfka' túg uõ Ydlfhka fjkalr .;a me<

fmd,s;ska n÷kl isgqjkak'

^b& ir, N+ñ w;== ne|Su

² Ydlhl fmd<jg wdikak ìug keúh yels w;a;la f;dard .kak'

² w.%ia:fha isg 10-12 cm muK ÿßka l=vd w;= yd m;% bj;a lrkak'

² mig hg jk fldgfia leïìhu f;la lemqula fhdokak'

² me`Mï ia:dkfha me`Mu yd ùu je<elaùug .,a leghla r|jkak'

² w;= ne§u isÿ l< w;a; fmdf<djg iú lsÍu i|yd l+[a[hla iú lrkak'

² 8-16 cm .eUqrg isák fia lemqu fh¥ ia:dkh u;=msg mia yd fldyqn;a ñY%Khlska

wdjrKh lrkak'

² i;s 6lg muK miq uq,a weoS we;s nj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

ks.ukh#

jdhj yd ir, N+ñ w;= ne£u isÿ lr tajd id¾:l jQ miq n÷ka .; lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² w;= ne|Sfï oS msßisÿ uqjy;a msyshla fhdod .; hq;= h'

² lemqï ia:dkh w;ska iam¾Y lsÍfuka yels;dla j<lskak'

² w;= lene,af,a fld< meyeh ;=kS ù ÿUqre meyehg yefrk fldgi w;= ne|Sug

jvd;a fhda.H fõ'

fmd;= j,h bj;a lsÍufofl<jr .eg .eiSu

fldïfmdaiaÜ yd mia ñY%Kh

lemqu

>

>

uõ Ydlh >

l=[a[h >

.=áh ne`§u uq,a weoSu

89



² Ydl j¾.h wkqj iqÿiq w;= ne|Sfï l%uh f;dard .; hq;= h'

jdhj w;= ne|Su - fo¿ï" fmar" iemos,a,d" cïnq" fÞvï" frdai" jo

ir, N+ñ w;= ne|Su - iuka msÉp" f,uka

² uõ Ydlfhka fjka lr.;a me< i;s 4-6lska lafIA;%fha isgqúh yels h'

² lemqï fhÿ ia:dkj, fyda fmd;= j,¨ .eiQ ia:dkj, uq,a we§u W;af;ackh lrk

fyda¾fudak wdf,am lsÍfuka blaukska uq,a weoaoúh yels h'

90




noaO l%u u.ska me< ,nd .ekSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² noaO lsÍug iqÿiq .%dyl yd wkqc ksjeros j f;dard .ekSu

² úúO wxl=r noaO l%u w;ayod ne,Su² úúO ßls,s noaO l%u w;ayod ne,Su² wxl=r yd ßls,s noaO l%u Ydl úfYaIh wkqj f;dard .ekSu

² wxl=r yd ßls,s noaO lsÍu u.ska me< ksmojd wf,úhgiQodkï lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( uQ, uKav,h iys; Ydlhlg tu l=,fha u fjk;a Ydlhlfldgila iïnkaO lr ;ks Ydlhla f,i j¾Okh lr .ekSunoaO lsÍu kï fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( leïìhu yd ikd, mgl iam¾Y jQ úg leïìhu mglfha ffi,fn§fuka ikd, l,dm tlsfkl noaO ù kj Ydlhla ks¾udKhùu isÿ fõ'

wjYH øjH # ² noaO msyshla² filáhrhla

² fmd,s;Ska má

² l=vd fmd,s;Ska u,a,la² l;=rla

² .%dyl me<

² wkqc ,nd .ekSug fhda.H w;=$ rsls,s

l%ufõoh #

â& wxl=r noaO l%u - me,eia;r noaOh

² .%dylh jYfhka Ndú; l< yels mekai,l ;rï úIalïNh we;s me<hla f;dard.kak'

² Bg iqÿiq wkqchla f;dard ilia lr.kak'² .%dyl Ydlfha fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 15cm muK Wi uÜgfuka 8 x 16 mm

m%udKfha fmd;= fldgila bj;a lrkak (A)'² bj;a l< fmd;= lene,a,g iudk wxl=rhla iys; fldgila wkqcfhka ,nd .kak

(B)'

² .%dylh yd wkqch iïnkaO lr (C) noaO máj,ska ^lmd.;a fmd,s;Ska& my< isgby<g ;oska fj<kak (D)'

² noaO lsÍfuka i;s 2lg miq noaO má mfriaifuka bj;a lrkak'² wkqch Ôù ;;a;ajfha mj;S kï wxl=rh fmfkk fia kej; fj<kak'² wxl=rh jevqKq miq .%dyl lf|a by< fldgi l%ufhka lmd bj;a lrkak'

91



² jefvk wxl=rh wdOdrlhlg iïnkaO lrkak'

(b) ßls,s noaO l%u - l+[a[ noaOh ^me`Mï ßls,s noaOh&

² ilid .;a .%dyl Ydlh fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 20-25 cm by<ska iïmQ¾Kfhka ulmd bj;a lrkak (A)'

² noaO msysfhka .%dylfha ;sria lemqu ;=<ska 5 cmla muK my<g yß ueÈka me¿ulafhdokak (B)'

² uõ Ydlfhka fjkalr .;a ßls,af,a ^wkqcfha& my< fl<jf¾ fome;a; l+[a[yevhg we,hg lmkak (C)'

² .%dylfha lemqu ;=<g wkqch we;=¿ lr lemqu ;=< wkqch ;Èka iïnkaO jk fianoaO máj,ska my< isg by<g ;oska fj<kak (E)'

² l=vd fmd,s;ska nE.hlska wkqch wdjrKh lr ;nkak wkqch úh<Su je<elaùug&² wkqch jeãu wdrïN jk úg fmd,s;Ska wdjrKh bj;a lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² úúO l%uj,g noaO lsÍu isÿ lr noaO me< ,nd .kak'

úfYaI lreKq#

² noaO lsrSu iòyd msrsisÿ uqjy;a noaO msys fhdod .kak'² noaO lsÍug fmr noaO msysh yd noaO lrkakdf.a oE;a msßisÿ lr .; hq;= h'

² wxl=r noaO l%ufha § wxl=rh j¾Okh jQ miq .%dyl l| lemSfï § wxl=rhg úreoaOÈYdjg wdk; jk fia lemSu isÿ l< hq;=hs'

² noaO lr.;a me< 40-50% fijK ia:dkhl ;eìh hq;= h'

92




laIqø m%pdrK Ys,am l%u w;ayÞ ne,Su

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² laIqø m%pdrKh i|yd fldgia ,nd .ekSug iqÿiq uõ Ydlf;dard .ekSu

² mQ¾jl ,nd .ekSu iy tajd ÔjdKqyrKh ksjerÈ j isÿ lsÍu² ridhksl øjH yd WmlrK Ndú;fhka fmdaIl udOH ms<sfh,

lsÍu² udOHh ;=< mQ¾jl frdamKh l%uj;a j isÿ lsÍu² WmfrdamK lsÍu iòyd fhda.H wjê f;dard WmfrdamKh lsÍu

² me< oeä lsÍu iòyd iqÿiq l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( mgl frdamK fh§ï w;r laIqø m%pdrKh m%Odk ;ekla .kS' uõYdlhg ieu w;ska u iudklï we;s me< .ykhla$ laf,dakhlamgl frdamK ;dlaIKh wdOdrfhka ksmoùu laIqø m%pdrKhhs'laIqø m%pdrKh u.ska me< ksmoùfï oS wxl=r frdamKh yd w.%ia:úNdcl frdamKh m%Odk j fhdod .kshs'

uQ,O¾uh ( ´kE u iÔù ffi,hlg wjYH lrk Ôù idOl kshudldrfhka,nd §fuka ffi, úNdckh ù úfNaokh ù iïmQ¾K Ydlhlanjg m;a ùfï yelshdjla we;'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² uõ Ydl $ Ydl fldgia² lrdu c,h² wdiQ; c,h² îlr" ñkqï ird² udOH iEoSug wjYH ridhksl øjH ^MS udOHh ms<sfh,

lsÍfï ridhksl ixhq;s wvx.= j.=jg wkqj&² bf,lafg%daksl ;=,djla (Electronic balance)² úYaf,aIK ;=,djla (Analytical balance)² l,;khla - Shaker $ l,;kh iys; ;dm Wÿkla (Magnetic

stirrer with hot plate)² pH ógrhla² mSvk ;dmlhla Autoclave&² ;, m%jdy leìkÜgqjla Laminar flow cabinet&² .Eia Wÿkla $ ;dm Wÿkla Hot air oven&² veys w~q Forceps 15cm, 25cm&² ie;alï msys Scalpel hand held&² iams%;= ,dïmqjla² frdamK øjH ;eîug rdlalhla² 70% t;s,a we,afldfyd,a fyda whsfidfm%dms,a we,afldfyd,a

93



l%ufõoh #

frdamK udOHh ms<sfh, lsÍu

² m%:ufhka ridhksl øjH Ndú; lr wêidkaø ødjK Stock solution& ms<sfh, lr.kak'

² wêidkaø ødjKj,ska kshñ; m%udK f.k thg iSks yd Ydl j¾Ol hdul oudwdiQ; c,h fhdod mßudj ilid .kak'

² udOHfha pH w.h wjYH m%udKhg ilid .kak' ødjKh wdï,sl kï 1M NaOHìxÿ lsysmhla o" ødjKh Ndiañl kï 0'1 M HCl ìxÿ lsysmhla o fhdod .ksñka pHw.h ilid .; yels h'

² >k udOH ms<sfh, lr .kafka kï >kSldrl tl;= lr úÿ,s fyda .Eia WÿklawdOdrfhka >kSldrlh fyd|ska Èh jk f;la r;a lrkak'

² >kSldrl øjH fyd|ska osh jQ miq udOH frdamK nÿkaj,g oukak'² frdamK n÷ka lmq mq,qka wenhlska yd we¨ñkshï mg,hlska jid mSvk Woqkla

Ndú;fhka ÔjdKqyrKh lr .kak'mSvkh - 1.2 kg /cm2

ld,h - ñks;a;= 20WIaK;ajh - 121 0C

Magnetic stirrer with hot plate Autoclave

Laminar flow cabinet

94



² ms<sfh, l< udOH miq Èk frdamKh i|yd fhdÞ.; yels h' kuq;a ÔjdKqyrKls%hdj,sfha fodaI we;s ±hs n,d .ekSug wju jYfhka osk 3la muK úh<s ia:dkhl.nvd lr ;nkak' wdidok fkdue;s kï frdamK lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrkak'

² uõ Ydlh f;dard .ekSu yd kv;a;=jm%fNaohg wdfõKsl ,laIK iys; lDñ ydksj,ska yd ffjria frda.j,ska f;drksfrda.S uõ Ydlhla f;dard .kak'

mQ¾jlh ÔjdKqyrKh iy ixia:dmkh lsÍu

² mgl frdamKh i|yd f;dard.;a Ydl fldgia ridhkd.drh ;=<g f.k tAug fmryels ;dla mú;% lrkak'

² wjYH m%udKhg ilid.;a mQ¾jl msßisÿ îlrhlg f.k thg fiaÿïldrl ìxÿlsysmhla tl;=lr îlrfha uqj f.daia fyda ±,a lene,a,lska jid .,d hk c,fhka^c, lrduhla& ñks;a;= 30la muK fia§ hEug i,iajkak'

² mQ¾j l h Ôj dk qy r K h l sÍ u g f i daä h ï Tl ai sl af , dar h sâ $NaOCl (Chlorox) yduoHidr fhdod .kak'

² fyd|ska ÔjdKqyrKh lr .;a Ydl fldgi ;, m%jdy leìfkÜgqj ;=< oS wjYHm%udKhg ilid .kak'

² l,ska idod ÔjdKqyrKh lr .;a udOH ;=< ms<sfh, lr.;a mQ¾jlh ;ekam;alrkak'

² .=Kkh wdrïN jQ miq fuf,i frdamKh lr.;a n÷kg wdf,dalh ,efnk fia.=Kk ldurfha ;nkak'

² osk 30 lg jrla WmfrdamKh lr me< ixLHdj jeä lrkak'² Wm frdamK 6lg muK miq me< tlska tl fjka lr ;ks ;ks me< f,i uq,a

woaojd .kak'² ta i|yd TlaiSk fyda¾fudak ÎBA, IAA& iys; udOHhla fhdod .kak'² fyd|ska uq,a wosk ,o me< oeä lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kak'² tys oS me< uo WKqiqï c,fhka fidaod Agar bj;a ùug& ixia:dksl os,Sr kdYlhl

ñks;a;= 5 la .s,ajd ;nkak'² ÔjdkqyrKh lr .;a j.d udOHhl tu me< isgqjkak'² me< m%pdrl jHQyhla ;=< ;nd l%ufhka ndysr mßirhg yqre lrkak'

ks.ukh#

laIqø m%pdrK l%ufhka lafIa;%fha isgqùug iqÿiq me< ,nd .kak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² ffjria frda. mßlaIdjla ELISA/PCR& u.ska ffjrij,ska f;dr uõ Ydl f;dard.ekSfuka ffjriaj,ska f;dr me< ,nd .; yels h'

² m;% fldgi udOHfha ;ekam;a lsÍfï § m;%fha há me;a; udOHfha .Efjk fiam;%h ;ekam;a lrkak'

² frdamK lghq;= weröug ñks;a;= 20-30lg muK fmr wkjr; m%jdy l=àrhls%hd;aul lr .kak'

² 70] uoHidr fyda whsfidfm%dms,a we,afldfyd,a fhdÞf.k wkjr; m%jdy l=àrfhajev mDIaGh yd ùÿre wdjrK wdÈh ÔjdKqyrKh lr.kak'

² fnda;,a l< mdkSh c,h wdiQ; c,h fjkqjg wdfoaYlhla f,i fhdod .; yelsh'

95



² veys w~q iy msys ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍug Glass bead sterilizer /Bunsen burner fydaSpirit lamp tlla fhdod .kak'

² WmfrdamK lrk wjia:dfõ frdamKj, ;sfnk uereKq Ydl fldgia bj;a lrkak'² mQ¾jlh udOH ;=< wkjYH f,i .s,aùfuka je<flkak'² frdamK n÷k u; frdamK l< Èkh" Ydl úfYaIh wdÈh igyka lrkak'² udOH ilia lsÍfï oS ridhksl øjHj,g wu;r j Ydl idr fhdod .; yels h'

Wod ( l=reïnd j;=r" fyd|ska wUrk ,o flfi,a² frdamK n÷ka chlorox fhdÞf.k ÔjdKqyrKh l< yels h' 5] chlorox ødjKfhka

fidaod lg my;g isák fia 5] chloroxj,ska fidaok ,o ;eáhla u; ñks;a;= 10la;nkak'

² udOH ilia lsÍfï § >k nj jeä fkdùug j. n,d.; hq;=hs' udOHh >k njjeä jQ úg mQ¾jlh ;e;am;a lsÍfï § udOH bß ;e<S hhs'

² udOHh iòyd ksIamdÈ; MS udOHh (Readymade MS media) fhdod .ekSu o isÿl< yels h'

² iqfl%daia ioyd wdfoaYlhla f,i msßisÿ lrk ,o iSks fjf<òfmdf<ka ,nd .;yels h'

Glass bead sterilizer

96



ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² me< ;jdka iòyd n`ÿka ieliSu

² ;jdka n`ÿka iòyd udOH ieliSu

² ;jdka n`ÿkaj, îc isgqùu yd ;jdka me< kv;a;= lsÍu

² ;jdka me< fY%aKs .; lsÍu yd m%jdykhg iQodkï lsÍu

² fjf<òfmd<g ;jdka me< iQodkï lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( frdamK øjH iaÓr N+ñfha j.d lrk f;la wdrlaIs; j /ln,d.kakd ia:dkh ;jdk fõ' ;jdka me< ksIamdokh lsrSug úúO;jdka j¾. Ndú; l< yels h' kuq;a jdKsc ;jdka me<ksIamdokfha § n÷ka ;jdka nyq, j Ndú; lrhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( m%frdayKh ioyd wjYH m%Yia; ;;a;aj iy kSfrda.S Èßu;a îc

Ndú;fhka by< .=Kd;aul núka hq;a me< ,nd .; yels jSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² y<d.;a u;=msg mia

² y<d.;a úh<s fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr$ f.du

² fmd,s;Ska 250 g ^7'5 cm úIalïNh yd Wi 10 cm jQ

fmd,s;ska&

² mrK jQ fldyqn;a

² ;rula úYd, yqud, cklhla (Steamer) fyda ner,hla yd

±,la

² je,s

² îc $ o`vq len,s

l%ufõoh #

i) ;jdka ñY%K ieliSu

² y,d.;a u;=msg mia úh<s f.du fyda fldïfmdaiaÜ fldgia 1(1

² fldïfmdaiaÜ ( je,s ( fldyqn;a 1(1(1

² je,s ( fldyqn;a 1(1 hk udOHj,ska tlla ilid .kak'

ii) ;jdka udOHh ÔjdKqyrKh

;jdka ñY%Kh idod fmd,siela u¨ ;=< oud ner,hl wdOdrfhka fyda yqud, cklhl

nyd ñks;a;= 40la muK jdIamfhka ;ïnd .kak'


n÷ka ;jdka ieliSu yd tys îc ;ekam;a lsÍu

97



iii) ;jdka îc$ frdamK øjH cSjdKqyrKh lsrSu

² ;jdka lsrSug fhdod .kakd îc lvodis u,a,l oukak' thg È,SrkdYl l=vqiaj,amhla oud u,af,a lg .eg .id" fid,jkak'

iv) n÷ka ;jdka ieliSua) fmd,s;Ska n`ÿka² fmd,s;Ska u¨ fhdod .kafka kï fnda. wjYH;dj u; n÷fka m%udKh ;SrKh lrkak'² fmd,s;ska iS,rhla u.ska m;=, uqød ;nd fyda bámkaoula r;alr m;=, ilikak'² n÷fka m;=f,a lemqula isÿ lr fyda jfÜ isÿre lr c,jykh isÿ lsÍug i,iajkak'² fmd,s;Ska n÷ka iDcq j /<s fkdjefgk fia udOHh mqrjkak'² n÷fka lg olajd u mia fkdmsrùug j. n,d .kak'² n÷fka m;=, iu;,d jk fia ilia lrkak'² udOHh f;;a lr îc isgqjkak'

b) lvodis n÷ka² fï ioyd m;a;r lvodis fyda fjk;a lvodis Ndú; l< yels h'² rEmigyfka ±lafjk l%shdmámdáhg wkqj n÷k ilikak'

² ÔjdKqyß; fldïfmdaiaÜ fyda fldyqn;a ( je,s ñY%Kh c,fhka f;;a lrfiñka fmdaIl ksoyia lrk fmdiamria wvq fmdfydr (Slow releasing lowphosphorus) ñY% lr n÷kg mqrjkak' fldyqn;a muKla Ndú; lrkafka kï;rul f;rmSulg ,la lr úh<Sug bv yrskak'

² úh¿Kq miq .nvd lr ;nkak' me< isgqjk úg udOHh f;;a lr îc isgqjkak'

98



v) ;jdka n÷ka jiqka lsßu

² ieliQ ;jdka n÷ka m;a;r msgq 2-3lska wdjrKh lr tajd u;=msáka c,h biSu isÿ

lrkak'

² bkamiq th u; nrla ;nkak' ^,S lene,a,la $ hlv l+rla&

² miqj wjYH;dj mßÈ c, iïmdokh lrkak'

² îc me< mfika u;= jk úg jiqka bj;a lrkak'

vi) n÷ka ;jdka kv;a;= lsÍu

² m;% hq., folla ^îc m;% yer& iys; îc me< wjia:dj t<UqKq úg n÷ka ;=< we;s

jeä me< ;=kS lr" me< tlla fyda folla muK b;sß lrkak' fmd,s;ska n÷kaj,m%udKh úYd, jQ úg me< 20-30 muK jk fia o bvlv we;s mßÈ me< ixLHdjfjkia lr .; yels h' me< .,jd kej; isgqùfï § ;;amr 10g wvq ld,hla ;=<kej; isgqùfuka ue<ùu j<lajd .; yels h' uq,a Wv w;g keóu je<elaùu l<hq;= h'

² me< j¾Okh jk úg me< ±ä lsÍu ioyd l%ufhka ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh jk ld,

iSudj jeä lrkak'

² frda. yd m<sfndaO ms<sn| j mÍlaIdldÍ jkak'

vii) wf,úh ioyd iQodkï lsÍu

² me< fY%aKs .; lrkak' ;ks me< muKla we;s n÷ka $ me< 2la muKla we;s n÷ka&'

² ysia;eka mqrjkak kqiqÿiq me< bj;a lr fyd| me< Ndú; lr wvq iïmQ¾K lrkak&'

² u;=msg mia yd fldïfmdaiaÜ udOHh f,i fhdod.;a úg n÷ka msßisÿ lsÍu" ysia

wjldYj,g udOHh msrùu flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

ks.ukh (

² úúO n÷ka ;jdka ilid tajdfha îc isgqjd wf,úhg iQodkï lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

² ;jdka udOHhg fhdod .kakd øjH fnda. j¾.h iy wjYH;dj wkqj fjkia úh

yels fõ'Wod - foaYSh jdKsc ;jdka me< ksIamdokh

wmkhkh ioyd me< ksIamdokhf.j;= ioyd me< ksIamdokh

² fuys§ fldyqn;a" w¾O j ms<siaiQ oyhshd" je,s" u;=msg mia" úh<s f.du fyda fldïfmdaiaÜfhdod.; yels h'

² uq,a we§u W;af;ackh lrk fyda¾fudak" iqÿiq fmdfydr fiñka fmdaIl ksoyia lrkfmdfydr - slow releasing fertilizer) lKsld iu. ñY% lsÍfuka mqIaáu;a me< ,nd .;yels h'

² wmkhkh lsÍu ioyd me< ieliSfï § n÷ka rys; j me< ô`vq len,s& muKlawmkhkh lrkafka kï udOHh f,i fldyqn;a fhdod.; yels h' u;=msg mia" f.du"fldyqn;a" fldïfmdaiaÜ Ndú; l< úg jHdêckl laIqøÔùka j¾Okh úh yels h'

² ÔjdKqyß; je,s yd fldyqn;a Ndú;fha § jHdêckl Ôùkaf.a ydks wju úh yels h'

99




ùÿre gexlshlg úis;=re uiqka y÷kajd §u iy kv;a;= lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² úis;=re u;aiH gexlsh msrùug .kakd c,fha fhda.H;dj

mÍlaId lsÍu

² úis;=re u;aiH gexlshla ksjerÈ wkqms<sfj<g ieliSu

² we;s lsÍu ioyd fhda.H úis;=re u;aiHhka f;aÍu

² úis;=re u;aiH gexlsh ksjerÈ j kv;a;= lsÍu

ye`Èkaùu ( úis;=re u;aiHhka ioyd foaYSh fuka u úfoaYSh fjf<òfmdf<A

o b,aüla mj;S' úfkdaodiajdoh ioyd fuka u .Dyia:

w,xlrKh ioyd ùÿre gexls ;=< úis;=re uiqka kv;a;= lsÍfuys

by< m%jK;djla ±kg Y%S ,xldj ;=< olakg ,efnhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( m%Yia; fN!;sl" ridhksl iy mdßißl ;;a;aj mj;ajd .ekSu'

ñka c,d,hl m%Yia; meje;au ;yjqre fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² c, fmrkhla

² jdhq l,Ukhla$ jd;k fmdïmhla (Aerator/Air pump)

² jdhq ng wä lSmhla (Joints- T joints, double joints)

² jd;k .,a 2la fyda 3la (Air stone)

² gexlshl Wv wdjrKhla

² úÿre gexlshla (30 x 30 x 60 cm) muK

² DO ógrhla

² WIaK;ajudkhla

² úÿ,s wdf,dal m%Njhla

² gexls w,xlrKhg wjYH øjH ^lD;%su$ iajdNdúl&

² pH ógrhla

l%ufõoh (

² c, ldkaÿ ùï we;a±hs ksÍlaIKh lr" ùÿre gexlsh fyd¢ka fidaod msßisÿ lr.kak'

² gexlsh msrùug fhda.H c,h f;dard .kak' c,fhys .=Kdx. (pH, DO, WIaK;ajh"

,jK;dj& uek c,fha fhda.H;dj ks¾Kh lrkak'

² fyd¢ka fidaod .;a ishqï .,a len,s gexlsfha m;=,g wiqrkak'

² c, fmrkh gexlsh ;=< iqÿiq ia:dkhl iú lrkak'

100



² gexlsh w,xlrKhg fhdod .kakd øjH ^Èrd hk .ia" w;=" w,xlrK rEm" ma,diaála

me<Eá& fhdod gexlsh w,xlrKh lrkak'

² ùÿre gexlshg 15cm muK ^2$3 muK& Wig c,h mqrjkak'

² jdhq l,Ukh" jdhq ng iy jd;k .,a Ndú;fhka gexlsh iqÿiq mßÈ jd;kh lrkak'

² gexlsh wdf,dallrKhg iqÿiq úÿ,s nqnqq¿ f;dardf.k w,xlrKh jeä jk f,i

gexlsfha jy,hg tajd iïnkaO lrkak'

² gexlshg c,c Ydl y`ÿkajd fokak' úYd, m;% iy uq, iys; Ydl l=vd nÿkaj,

isgqjd gexlsfha msgqmi ì;a;shg wdikak j ;nkak'

² l=vd iy md fjk Ydl Bg bÈßfhka ;nkak'

² gexlshg ±óug WÑ; u;aiH úfYaI f;dard .kak'

² gexlsfha 2$3la c,fhka mqrjkak'

² f;dard.;a uiqka ksjerÈ f,i gexlshg uqod yrskak'

² fuys oS uiqka iys; nE.h u;aiH gexlsh ;=< úkdä 10-15 md ùug bv yßkak'

miqj nE.fha lg újD; lr ksoyfia uiqkag gexlsh ;=<g msyskd hEug bv i,ikak'

² uiqkaf.a yeisÍï rgd ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² uiqka fyd`Èka ia:dk.; jQ miq Tjqkg lD;s%u wdydr fokak' wdydr §fï § gexlsfha

ieu ia:dkhlg u úisÍ hk mßÈ fhdokak'

² c,h fydoska jd;kh lrkak' b;sß jQ lEu iy Tjqkaf.a nysi%dù øjH Èkm;d

gexlsfhka bj;a lrkak'

² Èklg jdr follaj;a uiqkag fhda.H wdydr wjYH m%udKhg fokak'

² c,fhys .=Kd;aul Ndjh ksis mßÈ mj;ajdf.k hkak'

² c,fha my; .=Kdx. uek tajd m%Yia; uÜgfuka mj;ajdf.k hkak'

² pH w.h

² DO m%udKh

² WIaK;ajh

ks.ukh #

² ksis whqßka ms<sfh, l< ùÿre gexlshlg úis;=re uiqka y÷kajd § gexlsh ksis f,ikv;a;= lrkak'

101



úfYaI lreKq #

² c,h msrùfï§ o u;aiH j.djg fhda.H c,h ks¾Kh l< hq;= h' <sx" .x.d" we< fod<"

jeks iajdNdúl m%Njhlska .kakd c,h iDcq j u gexlshg msrúh yels h' k< c,hfhdod .kafka kï laf,darSka bj;a l< hq;= h' Èk lsysmhla .nvd lr ;nd .ekSfukafyda ;Èka jd;kh lsÍfuka laf,daÍka bj;a l< yels h'

² uiqka ñ, § .ekSfï § úYajdijka; ;eklska ksfrda.S uiqka ,nd .kak'

² c,c me<Eá u.ska gexlsfha we;s u;aiH wmøjH ldnksl fmdfydrla jYfhka Wrd.ekSug ,la fõ'

² f.da,aâ *sIa" ldma jeks uiqka isák gexlshlg ±ñh hq;af;a ;o m;% iys; Yla;su;ame<Eá h'

² uiqka ;ekam;a lsÍfï § udxYNlaIl uiqka iu." YdlNlaIl fyda i¾jNlaIlúfYaI tlg ;eîu fkdl< hq;= h'

² f.da,aâ *sIa isák gexlshlg ghs.¾ fyda ndí jeks uiqka ±uQ úg Tjqyq f.da,aâ *sIauiqkaf.a jr,aj,g ydks lr;s'

² Tiald jeks udxY NlaIl uiqka wfkla u;aiHhkaf.ka fjka lr ;ks j j.d l<hq;= h'

² tla jrlg m%udKj;a jk ;rug wdydr iemhSu jeo.;a h' wdydr jeämqr §fuka

c,h ¥IKh fõ'

102




u;aiH lSghka ioyd Ôù u;aiH wdydrhla ms<sfh, lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² Ôù u;aiH wdydrhla ms<sfh, lsÍug fhda.H wegjquilihs'

² Ôj u;aiH wdydrhla ms<sfh, lrhs'² Ôù u;aiH wdydr iqÿiq wjia:dfõ § fk<df.k u;aiH megjqkg fohs'

ye`Èkaùu ( iqÿiq wdydr iqÿiq fõ,djg iqÿiq m%udKj,ska §u úis;=reu;aiH j.dfjys m%Yia: meje;aug w;HjYH wx.hls' wdydrj¾.h fuka u m%udKh o uiqkaf.a Ôjk pl%fhys wjê wkqjfjkia jk w;r u;aiH wdydr f,i Ôù iy lD;s%u j ms<sfh,lrk ,o wdydr nyq, j fhdod .kS'

uQ,O¾uh ( iqÿiq .=Kd;aul wdydr u;aiHhkag oSu u;aiHhkaf.a m%Yia;j¾Okhg iy ksfrda.S meje;aug fya;= fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² wdáñhd fldaIaG 1g muK² fíreï mqkS,hla (Separation funnel) fyda bj; ,k 1 l

fyda 2l Odß;dj iys; ma,diaála j;=r fnda;,a 2 fyda 3² wdf,dal m%Njhla ^úÿ,s n,anhla&² jd;k fmdïmhla² jd;k .,a 1 fyda 2² jdhq ng² ¨Kq 28 g² ùÿre l+rla² îlrhla (1-2 l)² j¾:kdxludkhla(Refractometer)² wdiQ; c,h

l%ufõoh (

² îlrhl ¨KQ 25-28 gla iy wdiQ; c,h 1 lla ùÿre l+rl wdOdrfhka ñY% lr f.k"28 ppt ,jK;dfjka hq;= ¨Kq ødjKhla ms<sfh, lr .kak' uqyqÿ c,h myiqfjka,nd.; yels kï fydÈka fmrd .kakd ,o uqyqÿ c,h fï iòyd Ndú; l< yels h'

² idod .;a ¨Kq ødjKh fíreï mqkS,hg fyda uQäh hgg isák f,i yerjQ ma,diaálafnda;,hg oukak' Ndckh 2$3 muK msfrk f,i ¨Kq ødjKh tla lrkak'^ma,diaála fnda;,a Ndú; lrkafka kï fnda;,h m;=f,a isg 10-12 cm muK ÿßkafnda;,h ueÈka lmd fjkalr uQäh iys; fldgi Ndú; lrkak'&

103



² fuu wegjqug wd¾áñhd 1g muK oukak'

² fydÈka kuq;a fiñka jd;kh lrkak'

² wdf,dal m%Njh wdOdrfhka fuu wegjqug fydÈka wdf,dalh ,nd fokak'

² meh 24lg muK miq fuu wegjqu fyd`Èka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² b;d l=vd (0.4 mm)muK jk& ;eô,s ÿUqre meyehg yqre wd¾áñhd fkdama,shdjka(Artemia naupli) mshú weiska ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² jd;kh k;r lrkak' túg w¨; Wmka wd¾áñhd fkdama,shdjka fíreï mqkS,fhaam;=,g tla jk wdldrh yd megjqka ìys fkdjQ fldaIh iy ysia fldaIh c, mDIaGhu; md fjk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² m;=,g tla jQ wd¾áñhd fkdama,shdjka fíreï mqkS,fha lrduh újD; lr îlrhlgbj;a lr .kak' Tjqka msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod u;aiH megjqkag wdydr f,i ,ndfokak'

104



ks.ukh #

Ôù u;aiH wdydrhla f,i wd¾áñhd fkdama,shdjka ilia lr u;aiH megjqkag wjYHm%udKh fokak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² w¨; ìys jQ wd¾áñhd fkdama,shdjkaf.a we;s îcdkakh (yolk) ksid wd¾áñhdfkdma,shdjka u;aiHhkag b;d fmdaIHodhS wdydrhls'

² fkdama,shdfjda ;u Yla;s wjYH;d ioyd fuu îcdkakfha fmdaIK fldgia l%ufhkawjfYdaIKh lr;s' fmdaIKh wjfYdaIKh lrk ,o fkdama,shdfjda úksúo fmfkkwj¾K fyda <d iqÿ meyefhka Èia fj;s'

² tu ksid fkdama,shdjka u;aiH wdydrhla f,i fhda.H jkqfha ìys ù meh 12 muKld,hla ;=< h'

² fuu fya;=j ksid u;aiH j.djka ioyd wd¾áñhd Ôù wdydrhla f,i fhdod .kafkakï Èkm;d wd¾áñhd îc /lalùu isÿ l< hq;= h'

² uyd mßudKfhka isÿ lrk u;aiH j.djka ioyd wd¾áñhd fhdod .kafka kïwd¾áñhd îc /lalùug fldaKsldldr *hsn¾.a,dia gexls fhdod .; yels h'

² w¨; ìys jQ wd¾áñhdjka b;d fõ.fhka c, ia;rh ;=< iersirk neúka u;aiHmegjqkg wêl Yla;shla jeh fkdlr fmdaIHodhS wdydr myiqfjka ,nd.; yels h'

² Ôù wdydrhla ksid c, ¥IKh wju h'

105




úis;=re u;aiH megjqka ioyd lD;%su wdydrhla ms<sfh, lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fmdaIK ix>glj, jeo.;alu ie,ls,a,g f.k lD;s%u

u;aiH wdydrhla ms<sfh, lsÍug wjYH wuqøjH kshñ;

mßÈ y÷kd .ekSu

² u;aaiH lSghka ioyd lD;%su u;aiH wdydrhla ms<sfh,

lsßu

² lD;S%u u;aiH wdydrh kshñ; f,i wiqrd l,a ;nd .;

yels f,i .nvd lsÍu

ye`Èkaùu ( úis;=re u;aiH j.dfjys tla m%Odk wjYH;djla jkqfha uiqka

i|yd wjYH fmdaIHodhS wdydr wvq ñ,g ,nd .ekSuhs' Ôù

wdydr" fmdaIH mod¾:hkaf.ka by< jvd;a u fhda.H wdydr

jk kuq;a tajd ksIamdokhg iy mj;ajd .ekSug wêl úhoula

jeh jk fyhska lD;s%u wdydr ksIamdokh flfrys jeä

keUqrejla mj;S'

uQ,O¾uh ( iqÿiq .=Kd;aul wdydr u;aiHhkag oSu m%Yia; j¾Okhg iy

ksfrda.S meje;aug fya;= fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² ud¿ wkakh 40g² fidahd fndaxÑ wkakh 20g² ;sß.= msá 13g² yd,a ksjqvq 17g² biaika l=vq 05g² f;,a 39g ûd¿ f;,a kï fhda.Hhs&² úgñka ñY%K 1g² Lksc ñY%K 1g² weUreï hka;%hla (Grinder)² yqud, cklhla (Steamer)² b¢ wdmam jxf.ählA² Wÿkla² fmd,s;SkA nE.hla² uqød ;nkhla (Sealer)² ma,diaála fíiula $ idiamdkla² fmd,algq $ ms;a;, yeÈ 01² msßisÿ frÈ lvla

² ma,diaála fyda we¿ñkshï ;eá

106



l%ufõoh (

² úh<s wuqøjH fjka fjka j isyska j wUrd .kak'

² kshñ; m%udKj,ska wjYH wuqøjH uek ma,diaála fíiug $ idiamdkg oud .kak'

² fmd,algq yekafoys wdOdrfhka fuu ñY%Kh fyd`Èka ñY% lrkak'

² ;rula u| riakh iys; WKq c,h iaj,amh ne.ska tla lrñka fuu ñY%Kh ;,mhlaf,i ms<sfh, lr.kak'

² fuu ;,mh msßisÿ frÈ lene,alska jid yqud, cklhg oud yqud,h u.ska fydÈka;ïnd .kak'

² bÈwdmam jxf.äh wdOdrfhka fm,Ü (Pellet) ms<sfh, lr .kak'

² fuu fm,Ü ma,diaála $ we¿ñkshï ;eáj, nyd uo mjfka fydÈka fõ,d .kak'

Wÿkla ;sfíkï fm,Ü ta ;=< úh<d .kak'

² fydÈka úh`MKq fm,Ü fmd,s;ska u¨j, wiqrd uqød ;nkak'

ks.ukh (

² lD;s%u u;aiH wdydrh fm,Ü f,i ilia lr úh<d fmd,s;ska u¨j, wiqrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² u;aiH wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍfï § wêl WIaK;aj ;eïîfï § iy úh<Sfï §& Ndú;fhka

je<lsh hq;= h' ta ukaoh;a wêl WIaK;ajh fmdaIK øjH úkdY ùug fya;= jk

neúks'

² fydÈka úh<d .;a u;aiH wdydr YS;lrK ;;a;aj hgf;a udi lsysmhla jqj o .nvdlr ;nd .; yels h'

107




fjf<|fmd< ioyd u;aiHhka weiqreï lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍu ioyd WÑ; uiqka f;aÍu

² fjf<òfmd< ioyd iqÿiq f,i u;aiHhka weisÍu

ye`Èkaùu ( úis;=re u;aiHka fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lrkqfha iÔù j h'

fuys § uiqka ksjerÈ f,i wiqrd fjf<|fmd<g m%jdykh

lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'

uQ,O¾uh ( Ôù uiqka iQlaIu f,i mßyrKh" m%Yia; ;;a;aj hgf;a

weisÍu iy m%jdykh lsÍfuka u;aiHhka wd;;shg n`ÿka ùu

wju fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² uiqka iys; c, gexlsh

² l=vd m%udKfha w;x.=jla

² oaú;aj ia;r fmd,s;ska u¨

² ¨Kq

² uiqka weisÍug fhda.H c,h

² wefudakshd wjfYdaIl

² rn¾ má

² jd;kh lsÍu ioyd iqÿiq WmlrKhla ^Tlaiscka gexls&

² ùÿre gexlshla

l%ufõoh (

² fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍu ioyd fyd¢ka j¾Okh jQ" §ma;su;a" ksfrda.S uiqka f;dard.kak'

² fuf,i f;dard .;a uiqka w;x.=j wdOdrfhka w,a,df.k fjk;a ùÿre gexlshlgoukak' thg ¨Kq iaj,amhla tl;= lrkak'

² fuu uiqka úfoaYSh fjf<òfmd<g fyda b;d ÿr msysá foaYSh fjf<òfmd< fj;bÈßm;a lrkafka kï Èkla muK ksrdydr j ;eîu fhda.H fõ'

² fmd,s;ska Ndú;fhka uiqka m%jdykhg fhda.H u¨ ms<sfh, lr .kak' fuys§oaú;aj ia;r fmd,s;ska u¨ (Double layered polythene bags) ms<sfh, lsÍu wjYH fõ'

² fuu fmd,s;Ska u¨j, 1$3 muK c,h mqrjkak'² tu c,hg ¨Kq iaj,amhla iy wefudakshd wjfYdaIl tla lrkak'² f;dard fjkalr .;a uiqka fmd,s;Ska u¨ ;=<g oukak' fuys§ .yk >k;ajh

ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'² fmd,s;ska u,af,ys b;sß 2$3 Tlaiscka jdhqfjka mqrjd .kak'² fmd,s;ska u,af,ys lg fydÈka ;o lr thg rn¾ máhla fhdod .kak'

108



úfYaI lreKq #

² úfoaYSh fjf<|fmd< ioyd uiqka wmkhkh lsÍfï § fuu fmd,s;Ska u¨ fmd,siaghrska

îDcqf*daï& fmáhl wiqrd th ;=<g whsia leg fyda f;; m;a;r oud tu fmÜáh

fydÈka uqød ;eìh hq;= h'

² úúO u;aiH úfYaI tl u u,a, ;=< weisÍu isÿ fkdl< hq;= h' '

fmd,s;ska u,a, ;=<g jd;h msrùfï § c,h ;=<g jd;h msrùug fhdod .kakd k<h

oud Tlaiscka c,fhys fyd`Èka Èhlr .; hq;= h'

109




úis;=re c,c me<Eá y÷kd .ekSu" f;dard.;a me<Eá úfYaIhla újD; gexls ;=<j.d lsÍu yd wmkhkh iòyd ieliSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'3


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² úis;=re c,c me<Eá y÷kd .ekSu² úis;=re c,c me<Eá j.d lsÍu ioyd gexls ieliSu² frdamK øjH ieliSu yd j.d lsÍu² úis;=re c,c me<Eá wmkhkh ioyd ilia lsÍu

ye`Èkaùu ( Y%S ,xldfõ c,c iïm;aj, b;d úYd, úúO;ajhla we;s w;rbka c,c me,Eá ioyd ysñ jkqfha iqúfYaIS ia:dkhls' c,cme,Eá j.dj uE; ld,Sk j iqúfYaIS wjOdkh Èkd.;alafIa;%hla jk w;r c,c me<Eá wmkhkfhka wu;r/lshd wjia:d fuka u ie,lsh hq;= úfoaY úksuhla Y%S,xldj Wmhd .kshs'

uQ,O¾uh ( Ydl j¾Okhg wjYH fmdaIl" m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wjYHwdf,dalh iy uq,a úys§ug yd Ydlh ord isàug fhda.HfrdamK udOHhla iemhSfuka úis;=re c,c me<Eá j.d l<yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² úis;=re c,c me<EáCabomba AponogetonLimnophila CryptocoryneVallisnaria Sagittaria wdÈh

² gexlshla² je,s" ueá iy u;=msg mia ^frdamK udOH ioyd&² c,c me<Eáj, frdamK øjH² c,h

Aponogeton Cabomba Cryptocoryne

110



l%ufõoh (

a. úis;=re c,c me<Eá y`ÿkd .ekSu² imhd .;a kso¾Yl ksÍlaIKh lrñka tajdfha rEm weò kï lrkak' rEmdldrh wkqj

fuu Ydlj, olakg ,efnk iqúfYaI ,laIK ioyka lrkak'² fuu kso¾Yl y`ÿkd .ekSug iQÑhla f.dv k.kak'

b. úis;=re c,c me<Eá j.d lsÍu

² isgqùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk me<Eáfha frdamK øjH ,nd .kak' ^îc $o`vq len,s $ fn§ï (Division) $ffrfidau $ mqIam jDka; $ Odjl $ wxl=r $ n,an&

² isgqùug Ndú; lrk gexlsh iQodkï lrkak'

² û;=msg mia yd je,s 3(1 wkqmd;fhka ñY% lr idod .;a ñY%Khla fuka u ueá o fï ioyd fhdod .; yels h' je,s we;s úg uq,a fydÈka me;sÍ j¾Okh fõ'

² frdamK udOH u; me<Eá frdamKh lrkak'

² me< isgjQ uQ,a wjia:dfõ § Èklg lsysm jrla o miqj Èklg fojrla o wjYH;dj wkqj c,h iïmdokh lrkak'

² Èhr fyda leg wdldrhg N, P, K kshñ; wkqmd;j,ska fmdfydr ,nd fokak' fmdaIl fifuka ksoyia jk fmdfydr (Slow releasing fertilizer) iqÿiq h'

² 60 - 70% fijK ±,a Ndú;fhka fijK ,nd fokak'

² kshñ; c,c me<Eá j¾.hg wu;r j we;s ish¨ u me<Eá j.dfjka bj;a lrñka kv;a;= lrkak'

² frda. yd m<sfndaO ksr;=re j mÍlaId lr n,d md,kh lrkak'

c. wmkhkh ioyd ieliSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² l;=rla

² lmq mq¨ka

² fíiula

² j¾Okh jQ c,c me<Eá lsysmhla

² iaghsrf*daï fmÜáhla

² iafmdkaÊ len,s lsysmhla

² fmd,s;ska len,s lsysmhla

Sagittaria Limnophila Vallisnaria

111



l%ufõoh (

² fydÈka j¾Okh jQ me<Eáj, wkjYH fldgia lmd fydòska msrsisoq lr .kak'

² me<Eá 05 muK ñá wdldrhg ilid me<j, uq,a fldgia lmq mq¨kaj,ska T;kak'

² f;;ukh iys; lmq mq¨ka fldgi fmd,s;ska lene,a,lska T;d rn¾ máhlaoukak'

² Ydlfha by< fldgi ksrdjrKh jk mrsos m;a;r fld<hlska T;kak'

² fuu Ydl fmÜáfha m;=f<a w;=rkak'

² ta u; iafmdkaÊ lene,a,la w;=rkak'

² fujeks ;Ügq lsysmhla fmÜáh ;=< w;=rd mshk jikak'

² fuu fmÜá 10-12 0C WIaK;ajhl ;nkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² c,c me<Eá" uv fmdl=Kq" je,s ;jdka" md;a;s" yß;d.dr" c,.; j.d hk jHQy ;=< oj.d l< yels h'

² c,c Ydl j.d lsÍfï § WIaK;ajh yd wdf,dalh md,kh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

² lD;%su fmdaIl udOHhla Ndú; lr" yrs;d.drhla ;=< fyda fmd,s;ska Wu.la ;=<c,c me<Eá j.d l< yels h'

² c,c Ydl b;d u uDÿ ksid blaukska úh<S hEug ,la fõ' tfia u c,c Ydl l=Kq

ù hEug ,la úh yels h'

112




l=l=¿ megjqka i|yd ìï nDDvrhla ms<sfh< lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² l=l=¿ megjqka ixLdjg iß,k bvlv m%udKh .Kkh

lsÍu

² l=l=¿ megjqkag wjYH WIaK;ajh §ug iqÿiq mßÈ nDDvrh

;=< úÿ,s n,anh ia:dk .; lsÍu

² ìï nDDvrh ;=< fi!LHdrlaIs; j megjqka j¾Okh ùug

iqÿiq ;;a;aj ieliSu

ye`Èkaùu ( l=l=¿ md,kfhka jeä wd¾Ól ,dNhla ,nd .ekSug ksfrda.S

l=l=¿ /<la mj;ajd .ekSu ioyd wdrïNfha isg u wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu w;HjYH neúka l=vd megjqka fi!LHdrlaIs; j

j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjYH myiqlï yd ;;a;aj m%Yia; j

,nd foñka /l n,d .ekSug nDDvr fhdod .kshs' fuys §

i;=ka ixLHdjg iß,k bvlv" WIaaK;ajh" jd;h" wdf,dalh

yd wd¾ø;dj fukau wdydr yd c,h o m%udKj;a j §u wjYH

fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( megjdf.a Wmf;a isg wd;;shlska f;dr j i;=kaf.a j¾Okhg

yd frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd

.ekSug fhda.H jk mßÈ i;=ka /l n,d .ekSu nDDvr ld,fha

§ isÿ flf¾' fuys § WIaK;ajh uq,a Èk 10 § 34-31.4 0C

olajd mj;ajd .ksñka" msßisÿ c,h yd wkqu; wdydr ksis mßÈ

,nd foñka i;=kag wd;;shla we;s fkdjk f,i jeä

wjOdkhlska /ln,d .ekSfuka fi!LH iïmkak ukd

j¾Okhlska hq;a l=l=`M /<la ,nd .; yels fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² 4 m È. 45 - 60 cm Wi ldâfndaâ (Box Board / Hard

Board)

² ñkqï máhla

² l;=rla

² 40W úÿ,s n,anhla yd úÿ,s /yekla

² ,dïmq wdjrKhla

² c, n÷kla ^megjqka iòyd&

² wdydr nkafoaishla ^megjqka iòyd&

² m;a;r lvodis

² oyhshd

² lïì$ clips / stapler

hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

113



l%ufõoh # (² nDDvrh ;ekSu ioyd l=l=¿ ksjdihl fldgila fjka lr .kak' tu ia:dkfha

wmøjH bj;a lr fyd`Èka w;=.d" ì;a;s msßisÿ lr isfuka;s fmdf<djla kïfmdf<dj yd ì;a;s fidaokak'

² ìug w¿yqkq bi" ì;a;s yd ìu mdmamhla fia w;=rd Èkla muK ;nd bj;alrkak cSjdKqyrKh lsÍug&

² ÔjdKqyrKh lr.;a ia:dkh 45-60 cmla Wi ±,a rduqjlska $ ldâfndaâlen,sj,ska fjka lr .kak'

² nDDvrhg fhdok i;=ka m%udKhg wjYH bvlv my; wdldrhg .Kkh lr.kak'² wdr ï Nf h a § megj l =g 0.025 m2 l bv m%udKhla ,efnk mßÈ j¾. ógrhlg

i;=ka 40la jk fia& yd wjidkfha § megjl=g 0.05 m2l muK bv m%udKhla,efnk mßÈ j¾. ógrhg i;=ka 20la jk fia & N+ñfha bv fjka lr .kak'

² megjqka r|jkh (Chick guard) ieliSug fhdod .kakd ldâfndaâ lene,a,45 - 60 cm l Wig lmd.kak'

² lmd.;a ldâfndaâ lene,a, u.ska we;=<; 1m2 l m%udKhla isák mßÈ wrh57cmla jk jD;a;hla iEÈh yels fldgila lmd .kak' ^fuu m%udKh;=< uq,ska ±ñh yelafla i;=ka 40la jk w;r miqj i;=ka 20lg fuu m%udKh,nd Èh hq;= ksid wjYH muK È. .Kkh lr .kak'&

² nDDvrhg fhdok i;=ka m%udKhg wkqj megjq r|jkfha m%udKh yd ldâfndaâlmd .; hq;= È. .Kkh lr .kak'

² fjka lrk ,o N+ñ m%udKh ÔjKkqyrKh lrk ,o oyhshd 2 cmla muK Wigw;=rd .kak' tu w;=reKqj u; lvodis t,kak'

² wjYH muK È.g lmd .;a ldâfndaâ lene,a, ljdldr j kjd .kak'îafgma,¾ lsÍu $ lïìhla /|ùu $ fÜmaj,ska we,ùu u.ska isÿ lr .kak'&

² fjkalr .;a N+ñfha t,k ,o m;a;r u; megjq r|jkh (Chick guard) flakaø.; jk mßÈ ;nkak'

² megjq r|jkfha flakaøfha by<ska isák mßÈ WIaK;aj m%Njh f,i fhdod.kakd n,anh r|jkak' fuys § n,anh megjdf.a YÍrhg jvd 10 - 15 cm lamuK Wiska msysgk mßÈ ielish hq;= h'

² WIaK;aj m%Njh;a megjqka r|jkh;a w;r iu ÿßka msysgk fia c, n÷ka ydwdydr n÷ka ;nkak î;=ka 50 la iòyd 1.4 ll Odß;djlska hq;a c, n÷katlla wjYH fõ&'

wdydr n÷ka

c, n÷ka

nDDvr iSudj

wdf,dal m%Njh

114



² fuys § uq,a u Èkfha § WKq lr ksjd.;a c,h ,Sgrhlg .a,Qfldaia 10-20 g

yd úgñka ñY%Khlska 1-2 g jk f,i fhdokak'

² uq,a Èk 2-3 megjqkag wdydr ,nd §ug fkd.eUqre wdydr nkafoais i;=ka 50lg

1la jk fia ;nkak' ^wdydr nkafoais f,i 30 X 30cm m%udKfha ;eáhla

fhdod .; yels h'&

² uq,au Èkj, § Èklg i;l=g 7 gla wdydr ,efnk mßÈ wdydr m%udKh o

.Kkh lr .kak' .Kkh lr .;a wdydr m%udKh Èkh ;=< § wjia:d

lsysmhl § fhdokak'

² megjqka nDDvrh ;=<g fh§ug meh 12lg l,ska WIaK;aj m%Njh ls%hd;aul

lrkak' ^fuúg w;=rKqfõ wNHka;r mßirh WKqiqï fõ'&

² megjqka nDDvrh ;=< /|ùug m%:u c, n÷ka ia:dk.; lrkak'

² megjqka nDdvrhg we;=`M lrk úg c, n÷ka wi,ska u megjqka ;nd c,h

mdkh lsrSug fhduq lrjkak'

² i;=ka y÷kajd § meh 1$2lg muK miq j wdydr iq¿ m%udKhla lvodish u;

;nkak'

² nDDvrh ;=< WIaK;ajh m%udKj;a ±hs mÍlaId lsÍug my; l%u 2 wkq.ukh

lrkak'

1' ;dm m%Njh yd megjq r|jkh w;r fmdf<dj uÜgñka 5 cm la muK Wiska

;eìh yels wdOdrlhla u; .fvd,la jeks& WIaK;ajudkhla ;nd WIaK;ajh

mÍlaId lsÍu

2' megjqkaf.a yeisÍu mÍlaId lr ne,Su' fuys § ;dm m%Njh iys; úg §

i;=kaf.a yeisÍu mÍlaId lr wjYH ls%hdud¾. fhdokak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² nDDvrhla ;kkafka Wmßu i;=ka .Kk 250 fyda Bg wvqfjka fh§ug h'

² j¾. óg¾ 1lg i;=ka 40la jk f,i uq,ska i;=ka fhdok w;r nDDvr ld,h

wjidkfha § j¾. óg¾ 1l ;eìh hq;af;a i;=ka 20la muKs' ta wkqj .Kkh lsÍu

my; mßÈ isÿ lrkak'

1 m2l bv m%udKhla ,nd §ug jD;a;dldr N+ñfha wrh = 57 cm

² w;=rKqj ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍug my; l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lrkak'

² oyhshd i,a,v lr .ekSu yd wõfõ úh<Su

² w¿yqkq tl;= lsÍu 2kg/ m2&

² w¿yqkq oyhshd iu. l<jï lr f.dv.id i;shla muK jid ;eîu

² úÿ,s n,an fhdod .kakd úg § iQ;s%lduh n,an muKla Ndú; lrkak'

WIaK;ajh b;d jeä h' WIAK;ajh b;d wvq h' WIaK;ajh m%Yia; h'

115




m%foaYfha mj;sk iïm;a Ndú; lr ì;a;r îfc!Ilhla (Incubator) ieliSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² m%foaYfha we;s iïm;a Ndú; lr ì;a;r îfc!Ilhla ie,iqïlr ilia lsÍu

² ì;a;r /lalùug wjYH ;;a;aj iemhSu

ye`Èkaùu ( ixfiaÑ; ì;a;rhlskaa megjl= ìys lr .ekSu i|yd îfc!IKhisÿ lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' lD;s%u j îfc!IKh isÿ lsÍfukatljr jeä ì;a;r m%udKhlska megjqka ìys lr.; yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( lD;s%u j ì;a;r /lalùfï § ixfiaú; ì;a;rhl l,,hj¾Okh lr megjqka ,nd .ekSug wjYH ;;a;aj lD;%su j Èhhq;= h' tys § WIaK;ajh, jd;kh" wd¾ø;dj md,kh lsÍu ydì;a;r yerùu i|yd wjYH Wml%u iemhsh hq;= h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² iaghsrf*daï $ >klï ldâfndaâ 40 x 40 x 30 cm² WIAK;ajudkhla² l=vd isÿre iys; ±,la² c,h fhÈh yels ma,diaála ;eáhla² md,l iaúphla (Dimmer switch)² ùÿre lene,a,la² úÿ,s /yeka yd fmakqjla

l%ufõoh (² my; rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ me;,s wdldr ì;a;r rlaljkhla ilid .kak'

jhrh

/lalùug ;nk ì;a;rc, n`ÿk

WIaK;ajudkhlïì ±,

;dm m%Njh

ùÿre lene,a,

116



² rEmfha mßÈ f;dard .;a fmÜáfha bÈß yd miqmi m;=f,a isg 2cm muK Wiska 2cm

muK úIalïNh we;s isÿre 8la muK isÿre w;r mr;rh 2cm muK jk mßÈ lmd

.kak'

² m;=,g 3cm muK Wiska wdOdrl u; ±, r|jd .kak'

² fmÜáfha mshfka flakaøh u; isÿrla lmd iSreudre lr .; yels jk mßÈ úÿ,s

nqnq, ia:dk.; lrkak' îaghsrf*daï fmÜáh WKq ùu je<elaùug ldâfndaâ

len,s folla Wäka yd háka wdOdrl f,i w,jd .kak'

² ±, u; ì;a;rj,g wdikakfhka wdOdrlhla u; WIaK;ajudkh ròjkak'

^äðg,a WIaK;ajudkhla ,nd.; yels kï th ì;a;rj,g wdikak j msysgk mßÈ

fmÜáhg we;=`M lrkak&' fuúg WIaK;ajudkfha mdGdxl msg; ;sìh oS u lshjd

.; yels h' tfia fkdue;s úg § WIaK;Ajudkfha mdGdxl lshjd .ekSug mshk

u; isÿre lmd ùÿre len,s w,jd .kak'

² fmÜáfha ±, u; c,h ±uQ me;,s n÷k ;nkak'

² ì;a;rj, tla fl<jrl M yd wfkla fl<jfrys E f,i wlaIr igyka lrkak'

² ì;a;r yerùu Èklg ;=ka j;djla isÿ lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² idod.;a ì;a;r îfc!Ilfha id¾:l Ndjh ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaIs; lreKq #

² rlaljkh ;=<g jd;kh ùug fmÜáfha my< isÿre ilid we;'² mshfkys jSÿre lene,a,la we,jSug .e<fmk mrsÈ isÿrla ilid .kak' tu.ska

we;=<; we;s WIaK;ajudkfha mdGdxl .; yels h' äcsg,a wdldrfha WIaK;ajudkhlaròjkafka kï fuh wjYH fkd fõ'&

² ì;a;r yerjQ nj ksIaph lr .ekSug M yd E f,i wlaIr fyda fjk;a .e<fmki,l=Kla fhdod .kak'

117




.=Kd;aul lsß y`ÿkd .ekSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 8'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² ksjerÈ mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka lsß ksheÈhl"

² fïo m%;sY;h ks¾Kh lsÍu

² úYsIag .=re;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍu

² wdï,sl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu² fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu² uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye`Èkaùu ( lsß fmdaIHodhS yd Yla;sckl wdydrhla f,i jeo.;a fõ'mrsfNdackhg yd lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok ilia lsrSug .=Kd;aullsrs fhdod .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj mrSlaId lsrSu iòyd úúO mrSlaId fhdod.kq ,nhs'

a. lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h uekSu - .¾n¾ l%uh

uQ,O¾uh ( t<lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h ks¾Kh lsÍu iòyd úúO úYaf,aIKl%ufõo we;;a" jvd;a nyq, j fhdod .kq ,nkafka .¾n¾l%uhhs'.¾n¾ l%uh hkq flakaødmidÍ n,h u.ska lsßj,ska fïohfjka lrkq ,nk mßudñ;sl l%uhls' flakaødmidÍ n,fhkafïo fkdjk nr >k øjHj,ska ieye,a¨ øjH fjka lrkq,nhs' i,a*shqßla wï,h tla lsÍfuka lsßj, fïo f.da,sldjgd msysgk fm%daàkaj,ska iEÿKq mg,h Èh lrkq ,nhs' tauhs,awe,afldfyd,a tla lsÍfuka lsßj, we;s wfkl=;a >køjHj,ska fïoh fjka lsÍu myiq lrjhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² t<lsß 500 ml la muK² msfmÜgq 1 ml iy lsß msfmÜgqjla (milk pipette)$ 10'94 ml &² ìhqfg%daógrhla² îlrhla² flakaødmidrlhla Centrifuge&² WIaK;ajudkhla² c, ;dmlhla ^Water bath& (65 + 2 0C)² ìhqfrÜgq uQäh yd uQäh /|ùug wjYH weKhla (Lock key&² .¾n¾ i,amshqßla wï,h H

2SO

4& 270C WIaK;ajfha § >k;ajh

1.807 – 1.812 g/ml, wj¾K). 10 ml² tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a 1 ml

² msfmÜgqjla² Pipette filler 1 fyda 2

118



l%ufõoh #

² lsß idïm, fyd¢ka ñY% lr fi,aishia wxYl 20 olajd isis,a lrkak'

² m<uqj .¾n¾ i,a*shqßla wï,h 90-91] 10 ml la msfmÜgqjl wdOdrfhkaìhqfg%daógrhg oukak' ^ìhqfg%daógrfha f.< fldgfiys fkd.Efjk fia tl;=l< hq;= h'&

² isis,a lr .;a lsß ksheÈfhka 10 mlla lsß msfmÜgqj wdOdrfhka ìhqfg%daógrfhaù±re nò Èf.a tl;= lrkak' fuys § ìhqfg%daógrfha f., fldgfiys iam¾Yfkdùug j. n,d .kak&'

² msfmÜgqjl wdOdrfhka tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a 1 ml ìhqfg%daógrhg tl;= lrkak'

² ìhqfg%dógrfha uQäh (rubber stopper) ta ioyd wjYH weKh (lock key) wdOdrfhkaìhqfg%daógrhg ;=<g we;=¿ lrkak'

² ìhqfg%daógrh ;=< we;s foa fyd`Èka ñY% lrkak ie,lsh hq;= ;rï ;dmhla ksmofjkksid m%fõiñka fi,úh hq;=h&' fuys § iqÿ meye;s fldgi b;sß fkdúh hq;=h'

² ìhqfg%daógrfha uQäh my<g isák fia flakaødmdidrKh ;=< r|jkak' lsß ksheÈhiys; ìhqfg%daógrhg uqyqK ,d ;j;a ksheÈhla iys; ìhqfg%daógrhla ròjkak'

² flakaødmidrlfha mshk jikak'

² ñks;a;= 1g mßN%uK fõ.h (rpm) 1 100l fõ.fhka ñks;a;= 4la flakaødmidrlhls%hdlrjkak'

² flakaødmirKh l< miq 65 0C WIaK;ajfhys mj;sk c,;dmlhl ñks;a;= 3-5lamuK ìhqfg%daógrfha uQäh my<g isák fia ;nkak'

² ìhqfg%daógrh isria j ;nd wjYH kï uQäh lock key wdOdrfhka by<g f;rmñkafjka jQ fïo ia;rfha udjlh wju w.hg ^0& ilid mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

ks.ukh #² ìhqfg%dógrfha mßudKh wdOdrfhka rkajka meyehg fjka ù we;s fïoh m%;sY;hla

f,i ,nd .kak'

lsrs iys;

msfmÜgqj

.¾n¾ i,amshqßla wï,h iys; msfmÜgqj

tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a

iys; msfmÜgqj

ìhqfg%daógrh

flakaødmidrlh

c, ;dmlh ^65 2 0C)

119



úfYaI lreKq #

² ìhqfg%dóg¾ folla iQodkï lsÍfuka jvd ksjerÈ j ueksh yels w;r flakaødmidrhNdú;hg o th myiqjls'

² ìhqfg%dóg¾ mdGdxlh .ekSu iòyd rkajka meyefhka fmkajk ia;rfha my<

odrh "0" ^ìxÿj& i,l=fKA ;sìh hq;= h ^Lock key wdOdrfhka&'

² .¾n¾ i,amshqßla wï,h ìhqfg%daógrhg oeófï § f., fldgfiys iam¾Y fkdjk

fia we;=¿ lrkak'

² lsß" .¾n¾ i,amshqßla wï,h iy tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a ìhqfg%daógrhg tl;= lsÍfï

§ ìhqfg%dógrfha f.f,ys iam¾Y fkdúh hq;= h' tfia .Eùula isÿ jqj fyd;a uQäh

ms<siaiS hd yels h'

² .¾n¾ i,a*shqßla wï,h yd tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a lsß iu. ñY% lsÍfï oS

ìhqfg%daógrfha we;s uQäh ukdj ;o lr .ekSug ie,ls,su;a jkak'

² .¾n¾ i,a*shqßla wï,h yd tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a ìhqfg%daógrhg ±ófï § th r;a

ùug ,la fõ' ta ksid frÈ lene,a,lska w,a,d Wvhg yrjkak'

² idkaø H2SO

4 uek .ekSfï oS Pipette filler tlla Ndú; lrkak'

² flakaømidrlh ;=< ìhqfg%daógrh /|ùfï oS flakaødmidrlh ;=< we;s r|jk

ish,a, msfrkakg ìhqfg%daógr fkdr|jkafka kï" flakaødmidrlh iunr ùu

i|yd ìhqfg%daógrh r|jk ia:dkhg m%;súreoaO ia:dkfhka c,h msrjQ

ìhqfg%daógrhla r|jkak' ^flakaømidrlh iunr ùu w;HjYH jk w;r tfia

fkdjqjfyd;a flakaødmidrlhg ydks isÿ fõ'&

² Ndú; lrk uQäh msßisÿ" úh<s fuka u bß ;e<Sïj,ska f;dr úh hq;= h'

b. úYsIag .=re;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍu

uQ,O¾uh ( ,elafgdógrh iòyd fhdod .kakd uQ,O¾uh wdlsñäia

uQ,O¾uh u; mokï j we;' fuu kshuhg wkqj" >k øjHhla

øjhla u; bms,Sfï oS tu >k øjHfha nrg iudk øj m%udKhla

bj;a j hhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² t<lsß 1 l la muK

² ,elafgdógrhla

² ñkqï irdjla 500 ml&

² WIaK;ajudkhla

,elafgdógrh

120



L

1 000

l%ufõoh #

² úh<d .;a msßisÿ ñkqï irdfõ by< fl<jf¾ isg t<lsß 2.5 cmla muK my<gjk fia t<lsß mqrjd .kak'

² lsßj, WIaK;ajh ukskak'² ,elafgdaógrh lsß iys; ñkqï irdj ;=< fifuka .s,ajkak' ^,elafgdógrh lsß

u; fkd.sf,k w;r lsß u; md fõ'&

² ,elafgdógrfha l%udxlkh lr we;s fldgi lsß mDIaGh iu. .efgñka mj;skia:dkfha mdGdxlh weia uÜgñka ,nd .kak' úYsIag .=re;aj w.h .Kkh lshjkak'

² fuu w.h lsßj, úYsIag .=re;aj w.h fõ'

ks.ukh #² ,nd .;a mdGdxlh my; i|yka ,elafgdóg¾ mdGdxl iu. ixikaokh lr

lsrsj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'1'028 - 1'032 - idudkH .=Kd;aul lsß1'028 g wvq - c,h tl;= l< lsß1'033 - 1'037 - fhdoh bj;a l< lsß

úfYaI lreKq #

² ,elafgdógrh .s,aùfï oS th ñkqï ird m;af,a fkdjeoSug j. n,d .; hq;= h'² ,elafgdógr mdGdxl .ekSug fmr" 500 ml mßudj iys; ñkqï irdjlg c,h

nd.hla mqrjd ,elafgdógrh md ùug bv yßkak' túg tys mdGdxlh zìxÿjZ úhhq;= h'

² lsßj, úYsIag .=re;ajh fiùfï § ksjerÈ lsÍfï idOlh (Correction factor)ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

² lsß 40 0Cg r;a lr 20 0C f;la isis,a lr ú'.= uekSu ioyd Ndú; l< úg ksjerÈlsÍfï idOlh Ndú;h wjYH fkd fõ' fuhg fya;=j ,elafgdógr fndfyduhla

20 0C l%udxlh lsÍuhs'

WIaK;ajh (0C) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

ksjerÈ lsÍu (correction factor) -0.007 -0.005 -0.003 0.000 +0.003 + 0.005 +0.008 +0.011

L = A + Correction factor A = ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh

úYsIag .=re;ajh = 1 +

121



c. wdï,sl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

uQ,O¾uh # lsßj, wdï,sl;dj l%u follg we;s úh yels h' tkï lsßj, we;sldnka vfhdlaihsâ" fmdiafmaÜ ksid we;s jk iajdNdúl wdï,sl;djiy laIqøÔù ls%hd u.ska ksmojk ,elaála wï,h ksid we;s jkwdï,sl;djhs' fuys § laIqøÔù ls%hd ksid we;s jk ,elaála wï,

m%;sY;h wkqudmkhla u.ska fiùu isÿ flf¾'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² t<lsß 500 ml la² 9 ml msfmÜgqjla² fla;= ma,dial= 2la ^250 ml&² ìhqfrÜgqjla 50 ml&² *sfkdama;,Ska² 0'1M fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ² mqkS,hla² iqÿ meye;s fmdaisf,aka lene,a,la fyda iqÿ lvodishla

l%ufõoh #

² fyd|ska ñY% lr lr .;a t<lsßj,ska 9 mlla msfmÜgqjl wdOdrfhka fla;= ma,dial=jgoukak'

² tu lsß ksheoshg *sfkdma;,Ska 1 mlla tla lrkak' ^ìxÿ 10la&'² bka miq mqkS,hl wdOdrfhka jdhq nqnq¿ we;s fkdjk f,i 0'1M fidaähï

yhsâfrdlaihsâ ødjKh ìhqfrÜgqjg mqrjd .kak'² miqj fmdaisf,aka lene,a, u; we;s fla;= ma,dial=j ;=< jQ lsß ksheoshg ìhqfrÜgqfõ

we;s fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ ødjKh fifuka tla lrkak'² fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ tla lrk w;r;=r lsß ksheosh l,;kak' swirl&² wjidkfha lsßj, j¾Kh ksYaÑ; <d frdai meyehla olajk wjia:dfõ oS ìhqfrÜgq

mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'² j¾Kh iei`§u ioyd lsß iaj,amhla wfkla fla;= ma,dial=jlg oud wi,ska ;nd

.kak'mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu

jeh jk 0'1M fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ m%udKh } mÍlaIK wjidkfha ,efnk

ìhqfrÜgq mdGdxlh

.Kkh lsÍu

wdï,sl;dj =2

1

N V 100

V 1000

,elaála wï,fha ujq,l ialkaOh

=2 20.1 V 90 100 V

9 1000 10

M = fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâj, ujq,sl;dj ^0'1&V

1= lsß ksheosfha mßudj = 9 ml

V2= jeh jk 0.1 M fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ m%udKh

,elaála wï,fha ujq,sl ialkaOh 90

M

122



ks.ukh #² lsß ksheÈfha wdï,sl;dj wkqj lsß ksheÈfha .=Kd;aul nj ms<snò j woyia

olajkak'0'01 - 0'18 - idudkH kejqï lsß< 0'21% - meiagßlrKhg Tfrd;a;= Èh yels lsß

> 0'21% - meiagßlrKfha § lsß leá .efia

úfYaI lreKq #

² ìhqfrÜgqj ;=<g fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ we;=`M lrk wjia:dfõ oS jdhq nqnq¿

we;=¿ jQfha kï wkqudmkhg fmr tajd bj;a lrkak'

² ksjeros j ìhqfrÜgqfõ lrduh újD; lr NaOH lsß ksheoshg tla lrkak'

² NaOH tla lrk w;r ;=r lsß ksheosh fyd|ska ñY% lrkak'

² j¾K fjkia ùu wdikak jk úg ìhqfrÜgqfjka NaOH ìxÿj ne.ska lsß ksheoshg

tla lrkak'

d. fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh (SNF) ks¾Kh lsrSu

uQ,O¾uh #

lsßj, fïoh yer b;sß jk fYaIh fïo fkdjk >k øjH fõ' fuys ,elafgdaia"

flaiSka" fudare yd Lksc øjH wvx.= fõ'

l%ufõoh #

² lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj mÍCId lsÍfï mÍCIKj, oS isÿ l< fïo m%;sY;h fiùu

yd úYsIag .=re;ajh fiùu hk l%shdldrlï fofla oS fidhd .;a o;a; fï i|yd

,nd .kak'

² tu o;a; my; fok ,o iQ;%hg wdfoaY lr lsßj, fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh

ks¾Kh lrkak'

.Kkh lsÍu (ISI Formula) (

fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh (SNF) } 0.25L + 0.22F + 0.72

L } ksrjoH ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh (Corrected lactometer reading)

F } fïo m%;sY;h

0.72 } ksh;hls'

ks.ukh #

² lsß ksheÈfha fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh wkqj lsß ksheÈfha .=Kd;aul nj

ms<snò j woyia olajkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fmr l%shdldrlïj, oS ,nd.;a mdGdxl" iQ;%hg wdfoaY lsÍfuka fïo fkdjk >k

øjH m%udKh fidhd .; yels h' tfia ke; fyd;a"

fuu l%shdldrlfï oS o fmr 15'4^1& yd 15'4^2& l%shdldrlï kej; isÿ lr mdGdxl

,ndf.k o .Kkh isÿ l< yels h'

123



² fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh (SNF) my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

TS - F = SNF

TS = uq¨ >k øjH m%udKhF = fïo m%;sY;hSNF = fïo fkdjk >k øjH m%udKh

e) uq¨ >k øjH (TS) m%udKh ks¾Kh lsrSu

uQ,O¾uh #

lsßj,ska c,h iïmQ¾Kfhka u bj;a jQ miq b;sß jk fYaIh uq¨ >k øjH f,iy`ÿkajhs' fuu fYaIfha fïo" fm%daàka" ,elafgdaia yd Lksc øjH wvx.= fõ'

i) Ndrñ;sl l%uh

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH#

² t<lsß 1 lla muK

² fmdaisf,aka fldaj$ we¨ñkshï f;;uk n`ÿka

² 0.1 mgla ueksh yels ;=,djla (Analytical balance)

² Wÿkla ^102 2 0C&

² fvisflagrhla

² 35 - 40 0C WIaK;ajfha mj;sk c, ;dmlhla

l%ufõoh #

² t< lsß YS;lrKfha ;nd we;a kï" ldur WIaK;ajhg m;a ùu i|yd YS;lrKfhka

msg;g f.k iaj,am fõ,djla ;nkak'

² fïoh fjka ù we;a kï lsß ukd j ñY% lrkak'

² t< lsß ksheosh úh<Sug Ndú; lrk fldaj yd tys uQäh fidaod msßisÿ lr" Wÿk

;=< wju jYfhka mehla muK úh<d .kak'

² úh<d .;a fldaj jid fvisflagrh ;=< wju jYfhka ñks;a;= 30la muK isis,a

ùug ;nkak'

² isis,a jQ mshk iys; fldafõ ialkaOh oYu ia:dk tllg lsrd .kak (m1).

² ldur WIaK;ajhg m;a jQ t< lsßj,ska 2'5 gl ialkaOhla fldajg uek .kak (m2).

² t< lsß ksheosh fldaj ;=< taldldr j úiqrejd yßkak'

² t< lsß ksheosh iys; fldaj c, ;dmlh ;=< mshk bj;a lr ñks;a;= 30la ;nkak'

² c, ;dmlfhka bj;g .;a t< lsß ksheosh 100 1 0C WIaK;ajfha meh 2la W÷k

;=< ^mshk bj;a lr& mshk;a iu. úh<d .kak'

² Wÿfkka bj;g .;a ksheosh iys; fldaj jid fvisflagrh ;=< ldur WIaK;ajfha

isis,a ùug ;nkak'

² isis,a jQ ksheosfha nr lsrd .kak'

² fuf,i mehl muK ld,dka;rj,ska ksh; nrla ,efnk ;=re úh<d .kak'

² ksheosfha ksh; nr igyka lr .kak (m3).

124



.Kkh lsÍu

uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh ^nr$nr& } 3 1

2 1

100m m

m m

m1

- ysia mshk iys; fldafõ nr

m2

- úh<Sug fmr t< lsß ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh ^mshk iys;&

m3

- úh<Sfuka miq t< lsß ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh ^mshk iys;&

ii) .Kkh lsÍfï l%uh Method of calculation - Richmond's Formula&

l%ufõoh #

² by; mÍCIKj, oS ,nd .;a ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh yd fïo m%;sY;h my; i|yka

iQ;%hg wdfoaY lrkak'

uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh = ^0.25G + 1.21F + 0.14&

G = ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh ^úYsIag .=re;ajh&

F = lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h

0.14 } ksh;hls

ks.ukh #

² lsß ksheÈfha uq¨ >k øjH m%udKh wkqj lsß ksheÈfha .=Kd;aul nj ms<snò j

woyia olajkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² t< lsß ksheosh ,nd .ekSug m%:u fïoh lsßj, taldldr j ñY% l< hq;= h'

² c, ;dmlh ;=< fldaj iunr f,i ;eîu jeo.;a fõ'

² ksheosh Wÿk ;=< ;nd WIaK;ajh 100 0C g meñKs miq ld,h uekSu wdrïN l<

hq;= h'

125




uiaj, .=Kd;aul nj mßlaId lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 8'3


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² kejqï uiaj, yd mrK jQ uiaj, ,laIK iei§u

² .=Kd;aul uia y÷kd .ekSu

ye`Èkaùu ( Wiia .=Kd;aul nfjka jeä uia Wiia rihlska hqla; jk

w;r" ta iòyd mdrsfNda.sl b,a u o jeä h' tfia u .=Kd;aul

uia idfmalaI j jeä ld,hla ;nd .; yels h' .nvd lsÍfï

§ ld,h;a iu. úúO fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh idOlj,

n,mEu fya;=fjka krla ùug ,la fõ' tneúka .=Kd;aul

uia y`ÿkd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( bkaøSh f.dapr;d ,laIK mrSlaId lsrSfuka .=Kd;aul uia

fjka lr y`ÿkd .ekSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² kejqï l=l=¿ uia (A)

² YS;kh lrk ,o l=l=¿ uia (B)

² l,a bl=;a jQ l=l=¿ uia (C)

² fmá% oSis

² msys

l%ufõoh #

² A, B yd C hk uia ksheÈ iu iys; j" Èla w;g ;Srej,g lmd fmá% §isj,g oud"

meh folla muK ldur WIaK;ajfha ;nkak'

² bkamiq tu uia ksheÈj, ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² wod< ksÍlaIK my; j.=fõ igyka lrkak'

ksheÈh fmkqu j¾Kh jhkh iqj|

A

B

C

ks.ukh #

² wod< ksÍlaIKj,g wkqj ksheÈ ;=fka .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| ks.ukj,g t<fUkak'

126



úfYaI lreKq #

² mdo" mmqj m%foaYj, l%shdldÍ;ajh jeä ksid tu m%foaYj,g jeä mqr reêrh .uka

lrk neúka l=l=<df.a YÍrfha wfkla fldgiaj,g idfmalaI j jeä <d frdai

meyehla oelsh yels h'

² Wiia .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;a l=l=¿ uiaj, fmkqfï úfYaIs; fjkila ksÍCIKh

l< fkdyels jqj o krla jQ uiaj, isák CIqøcSùka ksid fij, .;shla oelsh yels

fõ'

² kejqï l=l=¿ uia ,nd .ekSfï oS l=l=<ka urK ia:dkhlska u ,nd .; yels kï

jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'

² fuys oS lsis úfgl;a rih mÍCId lsÍula fkdlsÍug ie,ls,su;a jkak'

127




fidfiacia iE§u

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'3


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fidfiacia iE§ug wjYH øjH ksjeros f,i f;dard .ekSu

² ieliSfï mshjr ksjerÈ f,i wkq.ukh lrñka fidfiacia

iE§u

ye¢kaùu ( úúOdx.SlrKh l< wdydr w;r fidfiacia fjf<|fmdf<a iq,N

h' uia weUÍu" thg wjYH l=¿nvq yd Kq ñY% lsÍu" msiSu" ÿï

.eiSu" wdjrKhla ;=<g msrùu" YS; lsÍu jeks ls%hd isÿ lsÍfuka

fidfiacia idod.; yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( fidfiacia ksIamdokhg fhdÞ .kakd uQ,sl wuqøjH jk uiaj,

iajNdjh fN!;sl yd ffcj-ridhksl ls%hd u.ska fjkia lsrSu"

weUÍu" blend lsÍu" wdjrKhla ;=< (casing) ;eîu yd uia fkdjk

øjH tl;= lsÍu isÿ fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² 800 gl muK uia

² ff;f,daol (Emulsifiers) 330 g² ff;f,daoldrl i|yd wjYH øjH

t<j¨ f;,a 4'5]whsia 1'5]fidahd Soy isolates& 66]uiaj,ska ,nd .kakd fïoh 27]

² ne`ÿï ldrl (Binders) 60 g² ne`ÿïldrl i|yd wjYH øjH

yd,amsá fldgia 02mdka l=vq 02nv bßÕ= msá fldgia 01lsßmsá fldgia 01

² Curing salt 5 g² iSks iy ¨Kq 20 g² ri ldrl 1 g² l=`Mnvq ñY%Kh 10 g

² l=¿nvq ñY%Kh i|yd wjYH uQ,øjHwUrd.;a $ msá l< iqÿ Ækq fldgia 03.ïñßia l=vq fldgia 02ñßia l=vq fldgia 01

128



² fidfiacia msrùug ilid .;a WmlrKhla

^fï i|yd flala whsiska lsÍug fhdÞ .kakd WmlrKfhafkdi,fha m%udKh fjkia lr fhdÞ .; yels h'&

² ñY%Kh msrùug iajdNdúl fyda lD;s%u wdjrKhla(Casing)

² jdIam cklhla (Steamer)² ñY%K hka;%hla (Mixer) uia yd l=¿ nvq ñY% lsÍug&² ye¢² ;rdÈhla² Üjhska kQ,a² uia wUrk hka;%hla Mincer&

l%ufõoh#

² lgq ke;s msßisÿ uia lene,a,la f.k l=vd fldgiaj,g lmkak'

² whsia leg tl;= lrñka fuu uia len,s hka;%hla ^mincer& wdOdrfhka wUrd.kak'

² uia 570 gla lsrd .kak'² uia yd wfkl=;a wuqøjH ñY%K hka;%hla wdOdrfhka fyd¢ka ñY% lr.kak'² fidfiacia msrùfï WmlrKfhka wdjrKhg fuu ñY%Kh we;=`M lr fidfiacia

lr,a ilid .kak'

129



² ilid .;a fidfiacia lr,a" ;eáhl (tray) ;nd iaàurhla wdOdrfhka ñks;a;=15la jdIamfhka ;ïnd .kak'

² bkamiq fuu fidfiacia YS; lr weiqreï lr.kak'² weiqreï lrk ,o fidfiacia wêYS;lrKfha .nvd lrkak'

ks.ukh (

² idod .;a fidfiaciaj, .=Kd;aul nj fjf<òfmdf<a wf,úh iòyd ;nd we;sfidfiacia iu. ixikaokh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

² uia wUrd .ekSfï WmlrK fkdue;s úg fjf<|fmdf<ka wUrd.;a uia ,nd .;hq;=hs'

² wUrd .;a uia yd wfkl=;a øjH fyd¢ka ñY% fkdùfuka tAldldÍ rihla fkd,efnkneúka WmlrKhla wdOdrfhka ñY% lsÍu fhda.Hhs'

² jd‚c fidfiacia ksIamdokfha § moïldrl (Curing agents) f,i khsÜrhsÜ iykhsÜf¾g Ndú; l< yels jqj o fïjd YÍrhg wys;lr úh yels neúka fï i|ydisÜßla weisâ ^Citric acid&" weiafldaìla weisâ Âscorbic acid&" fidaähï isÜf¾Ü^Sodium citrate& Ndú; lsÍfuka uia moï Curing& l< yels h'

² uia msrùu i|yd WmlrK fkdue;s úg flala whsiskalrKhl fkdi,h lmd thisÿre úYd, lsÍfuka uia mqrjk WmlrKhla idÞ.; yels h ^b¢wdmam ilikhka;%&'

² ¨Kq fh§fï § ¨Kq ødjKhla idÞ fh§fuka uiaj, fm%daàk ¨Kqj, Èh ùfukane÷ï ldrlhla f,i ls%hd lrhs'

² wuqøjH ñY% lsÍfï § yd uia weUÍfï § WIaK;ajh by< hEu md,kh l< hq;= h'fï i|yd whsia j;=r fyda leg Ndú; l< yels h'

² fidfiacia msi .ekSu c, Ndckhl .s,ajd kgk f;la r;a lsÍfuka fyda jdIamfhka;ïnd .ekSfuka isÿ l< yels h'

² jd‚c l¾udka;fha oS fidfiacia msiSug fmr ÿï .eiSu isÿ lrhs' fuu.ska rihyd j¾Kh ÈhqKq lr.; yels h'

² idudkHfhka fyd¢ka ieliQ fidfiacia lr,la we;=<; WIaK;ajh 75 0C la ;sìhhq;= w;r tu wjia:dfõ § msg; WIaK;ajh 80 0C la muK fõ' fuh Thermocouple u.ska mÍlaId l< yels h'

130




ndysr yd wNHka;r ,laIK weiqfrka ì;a;rj, .=Kd;aul nj mÍlaId lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'4


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² nr wkqj ì;a;r j¾.SlrKh lsÍu² ì;a;rj, yev o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu

² kejqï ì;a;r f;aÍu

² ì;a;rhl iqÿ uo" ly uo yd lgqfõ m%;sY; .Kkh lsÍu² ndysr yd wNHka;r ,CIK u.ska .=Kd;aul ì;a;r f;aÍu² fyda o¾Ylh u.ska ì;a;rj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( ndysr yd wNHka;r ,laIK wkqj ì;a;rj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Khl< yels h' ì;a;rfha ndysr fmkqu wkqj fndfyda úg mdßfNda.slb,aü ;SrKh fõ' tfuka u /laljSu iòyd ì;a;r f;arSfï oSfuka u wf,úh iòyd iqÿiq ì;a;r f;arSfï oS o .=Kd;aulì;a;r jeo.;a fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( kejqï ì;a;rhl jd; wjldYh fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd jkw;r" l,a .; jk úg ì;a;rfha we;=<; yd msg; ljp mg,

fomig ;,a¨ ù" jd; wjldYh l%ufhka úYd, fõ'úúO ì;a;r ksIamdok ieliSfï § ì;a;rj, ls%hdldÍ ,laIKjeo.;a fõ' ff;f,daolrKh" fmK iE§u" leá .eiSu jeksls%hdjka ì;a;rfha we;s fm%daàka ix>glh yd /£ mj;S'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² ì;a;r 10la muK² lekaâ,Ska WmlrKhla² fmá% oSis 09la² nr lsrk WmlrKhla² j;=r Ndckhla² mekai,la² iqÿ meye;s lvodishla² j¾ksh¾ mßudKhla² me;,s ùÿrejla² f.da,udkhla

lekaâ,Ska WmlrKh f.da,udkh

131



a). nr wkqj ì;a;r j¾.SlrKh lsÍu l%ufõoh #

² úúO nr yd m%udKj,ska hq;a ì;a;r y;rla f;dard .kak'² tu ì;a;r A, B, C, D f,i f,an,a lrkak'² ì;a;rj, nr fjk fjk u lsrdf.k igyka lr .kak'

² nr lsrd .kakd ,o ì;a;r my; j¾.SlrKhg wod< j j¾. lrkak'

fY%aKsh ì;a;rfha nr (g)

w;s úYd, 60

úYd, 53-59

uOHia: 45-52

l=vd 38-44

uQ,dY%h : SLS 959: 1992

² ta weiqßka .=Kd;aul ì;a;r f;dard fjka lrkak'

b). ì;a;rj, ndysr ,laIK mÍCId lsÍu

² by; (a) ys A,B,C yd D f,i kï l< ì;a;rj, msßisÿ nj" jhkh" ì`§ï yd m¿ÿùï hk ndysr ,laIK mÍlaId lr my; wdldrhg j.=.; lrkak'

ndysr ,laIK A B C D

msßisÿ nj

jhkh

ìoSï yd m¿ÿ ùï

yev o¾Ylh ]&

lgqfõ iajNdjh

² yev o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu

² A, B, C yd D ì;a;rj, ì;a;rhl yev o¾Ylh my; i|yka iólrKh

weiqßka .Kkh lrkak'

ì;a;rhl yev o¾Ylh } ì;a;rfha m<, « 100

ì;a;rfha os.

² tu yev o¾Yl by; oelafjk j.=fõ igyka lrkak'

c). ì;a;rj, wNHka;r ,laIK mÍlaId lsÍu

² A, B, C, D f,i kï l< ì;a;r lekaâ,Ska WmlrKh Ndú;fhka mÍlaId lrkak'² lgqfõ yd ì;a;rfha wNHka;rfha oelsh yels ksÍCIK fjk fjk u igyka lr

.kak'

² by; A, B, C, D hk ì;a;r lvd fjk fjk u fmá% oSis 4lg oukak'

² ì;a;rj, iqÿ uofha yd ly uofha iajNdjh mÍlaId lr ksÍlaIK my; j.=fõigyka lr .kak'

132



wNHka;r ,laIK A B C D

iqÿ uofha iajNdjh

ly uofha iajNdjh

d). mrK ì;a;r yd w¨;a ì;a;r y÷kd .ekSu² ì;a;r 4 la .kak' tajdfha nr lsrd .kak'

² c, n÷kla f.k ì;a;r oud ksÍlaIKh lrkak' c,h ;=< .sf,k ì;a;r ydc,h u; md fjk ì;a;r fjka lrkak'

² ta weiqßka mrK iy w¨;a ì;a;r y÷kd .kak'

e). ì;a;rfha fldgiaj, wkqmd; ks¾Kh lsÍu² ì;a;rhla f.k tys nr lsrd igyka lr .kak'² tys tla ia:dkhla muKla isÿre lr ly uoh yd iqÿ uoh fjk fjk u fmá% oSis

follg oukak'² ì;a;r lgqj ;j;a fmá% oSishlg oukak' fuys oS ì;a;rfha tla ia:dkhla isÿre

lrk úg bj;a lrk ì;a;r lgq lene,a, o fmá% §ishg oeñh hq;= h'

² bka miqj ly uoh" iqÿ uoh" ì;a;r lgqj fjk fjk u lsrd igyka lr .kak'

² wjidkfha ly uoh" iqÿ uoh" ì;a;r lgqj uq`M ì;a;rfha nrg idfmalaI j

m%;sY;hla f,i .Kkh lrkak'

.Kkh lsÍu

ly uofha m%;sY;h } ly uofha nr « 100

ì;a;rfha nr

iqÿ uofha m%;sY;h } iqÿ uofha nr « 100

ì;a;rfha nr

ì;a;r lgqfõ m%;sY;h } ì;a;r lgqfõ nr « 100

ì;a;rfha nr

² by; w.hka idudkH ì;a;rhl fldgiaj, wkqmd; w.hka iu. ixik a okh

lrkak'

f). ì;a;rfha we,aìhqñka o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu

² me;,s ùÿrejlg ì;a;rh lvd oukak'

² f.da,udkh wdOdrfhka ly uohg wdikak j we;s >k we,aìhqñkaj, Wi (H)

uek .kak'

² >k we,aìhqñka me;sÍ we;s m%foaYfha m<, (L) o uek .kak'

>k we,aìhqñka ;=kS we,aìhqñka

L

133



² my; ±lafjk iólarKh weiqßka we,aìhqñka o¾Ylh .Kkh lrkak'

g). zzfydaZZ o¾Ylh weiqßka ì;a;rj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lsÍu

² ì;a;rhl nr lsrd .kak' (w g)

² me;,s ùÿrejlg ì;a;rh lvd oukak'

² f.da,udkh wdOdrfhka ly uohg wdikak j we;s iqÿ uofha Wi uek .kak'

² my; ±lafjk iólrKh weiqßka zzfydaZZ o¾Ylh (HI) .Kkh lrkak'

HI = 100 * log (h-1.7w0.37+7.6)

h - iqÿ uofha Wi w - ì;a;rfha nr

² ta weiqßka ì;a;rj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

fyda o¾Ylh .=Kd;aul nj

AA >72

A 71-60

B 59-31

C <30

ks.ukh #

² fhdod .;a ì;a;rj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² w÷re ldurhla ;=< lekaâ,ska mÍlaIdj l< hq;= h' w÷re ldurhla fkdue;s kï

ldâfndaâ fmÜáhla w÷re lr idod .kak'

² mrK yd w¨;a ì;a;r c, n÷klg oeñfï oS" mrK ì;a;rj, jd; wjldYh úYd,

ksid ì;a;r c,h u;= msg md fjk w;r w¨;a ì;a;rj, jd; wjldYh l=vd ksid

idfmalaI j c,h ;=< .sf,a'

² idudkHfhka ì;a;rhl nr 56 gla fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda wjia:dj, oS nr wkqj

j¾. lsÍug;a jvd ì;a;r úYd,;ajh wkqj ^size& j¾. lrhs'

² ksheÈh iòyd jeä ì;a;r m%udKhla fhdod mßlaIKh isÿ lsÍfuka ksrjoH;dj

jeä fõ'

² ì;a;rfha nr lsrd .;a miq j.=j weiqßka zzfydaZZ o¾Ylh j.=fjka myiqfjka

ks¾Kh l< yels h'

we,aìhqñka o¾Ylh =H cm

L cm

134



135




ì ; a; r mj qv ¾ (Egg powder) ksIamdokh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'4


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ksjerÈ mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka ì;a;r mjqv¾ ksmoùu

² wÞ< mshjrj, ksjerÈ ;dlaI‚l l%fudamdh wkq.ukh

lsrSu

ye¢kaùu ( ì;a;r kejqï f,i l,a ;nd .ekSu wmyiq ksid;a wdydr

jÜfgdarej,g fh§fï § ì;a;rfha we;s c, m%udKh wêl

ùfuka wdydr ksmoùfï úhou wêl jk ksid;a ì;a;r" mjqv¾

f,i fhdod .ekSu fhda.H fõ'

tfia u fuf,i ieliSfuka jeä l,la .nvd lr" úI

;;a;ajj,g Ndck fkdù" úúO wdydr ksIamdok Wod # flala"

ìialÜ rileú,s" i;a;aj wdydr& ieliSug jqj o Ndú; l<

yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( f;;a úh<d .ekSfï l%uh Ndú;fhka (wet drying method)

ì;a;r mjqv¾ ksm§u fuys§ isÿ fõ' f;;a WIaK;ajfha msi.;a

ì;a;r wkakh iqÿuoh yd lyuoh& Wÿka u.ska uo WIaK;ajfha

úh<d .ekSfuka ì;a;r mjqv¾ ksmoúh yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² ì;a;r 2-3

² úh<Su ioyd Wÿkla

² Wÿka ;eá

² yqud, cklhla (Steamer) $ c, ;dmlhla

² ñY%lhla $ îgrhla (Blender/ Beater)

² fmfkarhla

² ye¢

² .Eia ,smlaa

² weUreï hka;%hla (Grinder)

l%ufõoh (

² ì;a;r lvd n÷klg oukak' úkdä folla muK beat lrkak'

² 70 0C WIaK;ajh we;s c, ;dmlhl $ iaàurhl ;nd ì;a;r msi .kak'

msisk w;r;=r yekaolska ì;a;r fldgia l=vdjg lvkak'

² 57 - 63 0C l muK WIaK;ajh we;s úh<Su ioyd fhda.H Woqkl meh lsysmhla

úh<d .kak' fï i|yd .eUqr wvq ;eáhla fhdod .kak'

136



² úh<Su m%udKj;a kï we.s,s ;=`vqj,g w,a,k úg § wef,k iq¿ yd wefok

iq¿ Ndjh fkdue;s j l=vq ùu isÿ úh hq;= h'

² bkamiq Grinder tllska l=vq lr fmfkarhlska y,d .kak'

² ùÿre fnda;,a $ fmd,s;Skaj, jdhq frdaOkh jk f,i wiqrd uqød ;nkak'

² YS;lrKhl .nvd lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² idod .;a ì;a;r mjqv¾j, ,laIK" wf,úh iòyd ;nd we;s ì;a;r mjqv¾ iu.

ixikaokh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

² ì;a;r mjqv¾ ksmoùug .kakd ì;a;r kejqï ì;a;r fõ ±hs mÍlaId lr Ndú;lrkak' fï iòyd ì;a;r leãfï § fjk fjk u lvd n÷klg ±óu lrkak'

² ì;a;r fldgia msi .ekSug kshñ; WIaK;aj fhdod .ekSfuka wêl f,i msiSuj<lajd .; yels h'

² úh<Su ksis mßÈ fkdlsÍfuka fmfkarfhka ye,Sfï oS yd l,a;nd .ekSfï oS.eg¨ we;s fõ'

137




krla jQ wdydr y÷kd .ekSu ^fN!;sl$ridhksl$ffcùh l%u weiqfrka&

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² wdydrhla krla ùug fya;= jk fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh

idOl y÷kd .ekSu

² krla jQ wdydrhla mÍlaId lsÍfuka krla ùug bjy,a jQ

idOl y÷kd .ekSu

² krla jQ wdydrhla iy krla fkdjQ wdydrhla fjka lr

y÷kd .ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( wdydrhla mrsfNdackhg kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu krla ùu

f,i ye`Èkafjk w;r" krla jQ wdydrhla y`ÿkd .ekSug fN!;sl"

ridhksl yd ffcùh l%u fhdod .; yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdydr krla ùu ksid wdydrfha fN!;sl iajNdjh fjkia jk

w;r" laIqøcSùkag ys;lr mdrsirsl idOl ksid wdydrh u;

laIQøcSùka l%shdldrs ù ridhksl" yd ffcùh ,laIK o fjkia

fõ'

a. fN!;sl ,laIK ksrSlaIKh lsÍu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH(

² úYd,k w;a ldphla (Hand lens)

² msyshla

² lemqï ,E,a,la

² krla jQ iy krla fkdjQ f,i my; oelafjk wdydr ,ehsia;=fjka tla kso¾Ylh

ne.ska

138



wxl wdydr j¾.h kso¾Yl 1 kso¾Yl 2

01 m,;=re ^flfi,a$wU& ;e<Sï" iSÍï iys; meyeÈ,s mDIaGhla iys;

bÿKq

02 m,;=re .ia,nq& uDÿ l=Kq ùï iy mqia frda.j,ska f;dr

^È,Sr iys;&

03 t<j`M ^lerÜ& uDÿ l=Kq ùï iys; frda.j,ska f;dr

04 t<j`M ^ngq$lrú,& mKqjka iys; frda.j,ska f;dr

05 t<j`M$m,;=re me`MKq fmd;a; iys; ydks fkdjQ tldldr

^;lald,s" flda,sl=Ügq& M,hla yevhla iys; M,hla

06 mdka$nksia ^lE,a,la& mrK ù l¿ mqia tÈk u ilia lrk ,o

j¾Okh jQ

07 lsß t<lsß& leá .eiqKq tÈk WoEik .;a

Èkla mrK lsß YS; lrk ,o lsß

08 f;,aj,ska nÈk ,o uqvq .| iys; wdikak Èkl ksmo jQ

ksIamdokhla uqrelal=& melÜgqjla ksheÈhla

09 uia$ud¿ krla jq ÿ.| iys; krla fkdjQ YS; ;;a;aj

uia$ud¿ hgf;a ;nd .;a uia$ud¿

10 iy,a iqkq iy,a wvx.= mQ¾K weg iys;

mrK iy,a msßisÿ l< iy,a

11 OdkH$f;,a fnda. .,a je,s iys; msßisÿ lrk ,o

^l=rlalka fyda ;,& wmsßisÿ ksheÈhla ksheÈhla

12 ì;a;rhla lgqj mqmqrd krla jQ w¨;a meyeÈ,s lgqj iys;

13 fhda.Ü l,a bl=;a ù i;s 2-3 miq ksmojd i;s 1-2 w;r

14 Whk ,o n;a ye¢ 1 fmr Èk oyj,a tÈk Wofha Whk ,o

Whk ,o ksheÈhla ksheÈhla

15 lmk ,o wem,a len,s mj;sk f,iska u foys hqI ;jrd

l%ufõoh (

² f;dard .kakd ,o ksheÈj, ndysr iy wNHka;r ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lr my;

j.=fõ wdldrhg o;a; igyka lrkak'

wdydrfha ksheÈh ksÍlaIKh

ku j¾Kh jhkh .kaOh fjk;a

ndysr wNHka;r ndysr wNHka;r ndysr wNHka;r ndysr wNHka;ra

wU krla fkdjQ

krla jQ

.ia,nq krla fkdjQ

krla jQ

139



² by; m,;=re lemqï ,E,a,la u; ;nd m%fõYfuka lmd" wNHka;rh ksrSlaIKh

lrkak'

b. ridhksl ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍuwjYH WmlrK yd øjH(

² pH ógrhla² Brix ógrhla (Refractometer)² pH w.h 4" 7" 11 ødjK² wdiQ; c,h² áIQ lvodis² fojqï fnda;,hla² l=vd îlr² ñkqï irdjla ^100 ml&² jk iy fuda,² fN!;sl ,laIK ksrSlaIKh lsrSu i|yd fhdod .;a wdydr j¾. we;=<;a j.=fjka

f;dard.;a m,;=rla" t<j`Mjla" lsrs yd fhda.Ü krla jQ yd krla fkdjQ kso¾Yl&

l%ufõoh(

² ,nd .kakd ksÍlaIK my; j.=fõ mßÈ igyka lrkak'


ku Brix w.h pH w.h

wU krla fkdjQ

krla jQ

lsß krla fkdjQ

krla jQ

úfYaI lreKq

² Brix ógrgh yd pH ógrh Ndú;hg fmr wxl fYdaOkh lr .kak'² t<j`M yd m,;=rej, uq¨ ksheÈh u ksfhdackh jk fia f.k íf,kavrhl fyda

jxf.ähl wdOdrfhka wUrd ilid tys Brix iy pH w.h ksÍlaIKh lrkak'² lsß iy fhda.Ü ukdj l,;d .;a Èhruh ksheÈhla pH yd Brix mÍlaIdj i|yd

fhdod .kak'

c. ffcùh ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍuwjYH WmlrK yd øjH(

² wkaùlaIhla² úYd,k w;a ldphla² lemqï ,E,a,la² msyshla² .a?ï j¾Kl² ùÿre lod iy jeiqï fm;s² l=vd îlr (25 ml)² m,;=rla yd t<j`Mjla² mdka$nksia yd n;a

140



l%ufõoh(

² m<uq j f;dard .kakd ,o ksheÈj, ndysr iy wNHka;r ,laIK mshú weiska n,d

igyka lrkak'

Wod( .ia,nq - l=Kq jQ ia:dkfha l¿ ,m we;'

² fojkqj tu ksheÈ w;a ldpfhka ksÍlaIKh lr ndysr iy wNHka;r ,laIK

igyka lr .kak'

Wod( mdka - ldpfhka neÆ úg l¿ mdg îcdkqOdks oelsh yels h'

² wjidkfha § ksheÈj, krla jQ ia:dkj,ska l=vd m%udK f.k l=vd îlrhlg oud

wdiq; c,h iu. ñY% lr bka ìkaÿjla ùÿre lodjla u; ;nd" jeiqï fm;a;lska

jid wkaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² bka miq tla tla lodjg .a?ï j¾Klh ìxÿj ne.ska tla lr j¾K .kajd

wkaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lr tu ksÍlaIK o igyka lrkak'

² wod< ish¨ ksÍlaIK my; mßÈ j.=.; lrkak'


ku mshú weiska w;a ldpfhka wkaúlaIfhka

ndysr wNHka;r ndysr wNHka;r

.ia,nq krla fkdjQ

krla jQ

mdka krla fkdjQ

n;a krla jQ

ks.ukh #

² úúO wdydr kso¾Ylj, fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lr

krla jQ yd krla fkdjQ wdydr fjka lr y`ÿkd .kak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² È,Sr îcdKq YrSr.; ù wk;=reodhl úh yels neúka" È,Sr j¾Okhla olakg we;s

úg tu øjH uqyqKg <x lsrSfuka j<lskak'

² Brix ógrfha m%siauh iy pH ógrfha bf,lafg%davh fia§ug ieu úg u wdiQ;

c,h fhdod .kak'

² t<j`M yd m,;=rej, wNHka;r ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍug tajd msyshlska lemsh

hq;= h'

² by; imhd .; hq;= kso¾Yl ,ehsia;=j fjkqjg myiq kso¾Ylhla fhdod.; yels

h' kuq;a tu kso¾Yl fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh idOlj, fjkialï ksßlaIKh

l< yels f,i ish¨ u wdydr ldKav ksfhdackh jk f,i f;dard .kak'

² krla jQ wdydr lsis úfgl;a ri ne,Su fkdl< hq;= h'

² nelaàßhd ksÍlaIKfha § .a?ï j¾Klh u.ska j¾K .kajd .ekSfuka jvd;a

fyd¢ka nelaàßhd ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

141



² m,;=re u; frdai meyefhka Èia jk Anthracnose È,Sr îcdkq ksÍlaIKhg m,;=re

u; we;s jk l¿ me,a,ï uola merKs úh hq;= h'

² lDñ ydksj, lSg wjia:d ksÍlaIKh lsÍug t<j¨ yd m,;=re lmd ne,sh hq;= h'

² wjYH kï wdydr krla ùfï § ksoyia fïo wï, m%udKfha isÿ jk fjkialï o

0'1 M NaOH ødjKhla iu`. wkqudmkh lsrSfuka ks¾Kh l< yels h' ^fuh

wksjd¾h fkd fõ'&

142




wdydrhl wvx.= f;;uk m%udKh yd c, ils%h;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 9'1


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² Wÿk ;=< úh<Sfï l%uh yd wfOdarla; f;;uk udkhNdú;fhka wdydrhl wvx.= f;;uk m%;sY;h ks¾Kh lsrSu

² c, il%sh;dudkh Ndú;fhka wdydrhl wvx.= c, il%s;djks¾Kh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( c, il%sh;dj fyda iu;=,s; idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj f;;uk ixfõ§ksIamdokj, ;;a;aj md,kfha m%Odk idOlh fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdydrfha wvx.= c, m%udKh jeä jQ úg laIqøcSù j¾Okh iòydwe;s wjodku jeä fõ' túg wdydrfha wdhq ld,h wvq fõ' taksid wdydrfha c, il%sh;dj hï uÜÜula olajd wvq jQ úglaIqøcSù l%shdldß;ajh wju fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² Wÿkla Oven&² c, il%sh;dudkhla Water activity meter&² fvisflagrhla

² fldajla iy mshkla (Moisture can)² veys w~qjla² l=vd jxf.ähla iy fuda,a .ila ^Motar and pestle&

² msßisÿ lmq mq¨ka² ;srs`.= msá$iy,a msá ìialÜ iy mdka² nr lsÍu i|yd WmlrKhla Analytical balance&

c, il%sh;dudkh

143



l%ufõoh #

a. Wÿk ;=< úh<sfï l%uh Ôven drying method& u.ska wdydrhl wvx.= f;;ukm%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu

² mshk iys; fldajla f.k ukdj fidaod .kak'² 100 0C WIaK;ajfha fldaj yd mshk mehla muK fõ,djla úh<d .kak' fldaj

újD; j ;sìh hq;= h'&

² úh<d .;a fldaj yd mshk Ndú;hg .kakd ;=re fvisflagrh ;=< ;nkak'

² f;;uk m%udKh uekSu i|yd iqÿiq úh<s îc j¾.hla f;dard .kak iy,a$uqx&² msßisÿ lrk ,o jxf.ähg iy,a$uqx weg iaj,amhla oud ^10 gla muK&fudaf,ka wUrd .kak ^msá jk ;=re fyda l=vd len,sj,g lefvk ;=re&'² msßisÿ lr .;a ysia fldafõ ialkaOh lsrd .kak ^m

1&'

² wUrd.;a iy,a$uqx weg 5 gla lsrd .kak'

² ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh lsrd .kak ^m2&'

² nr lsrd.;a ksheosh iys; fldafõ mshk bj;a lr mshk o iu. Wÿfka ;nkak'² Wÿfka fodr jid Wÿk l%shd;aul lrkak'

² Wÿfka WIaK;ajh 105 0C g meñKs miq ksheosh tu WIaK;ajfha meh 5la úh<d.kak'

² fvisflagrh Wÿk wi,u ;nd f.k tys mshk uola ;,a¨ lr újD; lsÍugmyiq jk wdldrhg ;nd .kak'

² Wÿk újD; lr veys w~qj wdOdrfhka fldaj jid Wÿfkka msg;g .;a fldajisis,a jk ;=re fvisflagrh ;=< ;nkak'

² isis,a jQ miq úh<k ,o ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh ,nd .kak'² kej; yels blauKska Wÿk ;=< ;nd úh<kak'² fuf,i meh nd.fha ld,dka;rj,ska kej; kej; ksh; ialkaOhla ,efnk

;=re úh<Su isÿ lrkak'

² ksh; ialkaOhlska hq;a ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh igyka lr .kak m3&'

.Kkh lsÍu

f;;uk m%;sY;h } wdydr ksheosfha wvq jQ nr « 100

ksheosfha f;;a nr

f;;uk m%;sY;h } 2 3

2 1

( )100

( )

m m

m m

m1 = ysia fldafõ nr

m2= úh<Sug fmr ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh

m3 = úh<Sfuka miq ksheosh iys; fldafõ ialkaOh

ks.ukh ( mÍlaIKhg fhdod .;a wdydrfha wvx.= f;;uk m%udKhks.ukh lrkak'

144



b. c, il%sh;dudkh ^Water activity meter& u.ska c, il%sh;dj uekSu

² wdydr ksheosfha c, ilÝh;dj uekSug meh nd.hlg fmr WmlrKh l%shd;aul

lrkak'

² f;;uk m%;sY;h uekSfï oS isÿ l< wdldrhg u iy,a$uqx ksheosh l=vd len,sj,g

wUrd ilia lr .kak'

² WmlrKfha we;s l=vd ,dÉpqjla jeks fldgi újD; lrkak'

² tys ueo we;s l=vd ;eáh f.k bka Nd.hla muKla msfrk f,i ksheosh

mqrjkak'

² ksheosh we;=`M lr ,dÉpqj jeks fldgfia we;s l=vd w.=, (Knob) lrljd th

ixjD; ^Lock& lrkak'

² túg WmlrKfha aw

= 0 f,i igyka fõ'

² l%ufhka c, il%sh;d w.h âw& jeä fõ'

² ksYaÑ; w.hlg meñKs miq WmlrKfha we;s n,anh y~la k.ñka oe,afjñka

iy ksfjñka mj;S'

² tu wjia:dfõ oS osia jk w.h wdydr ksheosfha c, il%sh;d w.h fõ'

ks.ukh #

² § we;s wdydr ksheÈj, f;;uk m%udKh yd c, il%sh;dj ks.ukh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq#

² wdydr ksheosh ieliSfï oS"

jk iy fuda, wdOdrfhka wUrk úg >¾IKh u.ska WIaK;aj by< hEulaisÿ úh yels h' túg ksheosfha c,h ydks ùula isÿ jk ksid WIaK;ajh by<hEu md,kh jk f,i iy,a$uqx weg wUrd .; hq;= h'

² wUrd .;a iy,a$ uqx weg fldafõ ;ekam;a lsÍfï § fldaj m;=f,a muKla .eáhhq;= h'

² Wÿk ;=< úh<sfï oS"

² wdydrhg f;;ukh Wrd .ekSu fyda wdydrfhka f;;ukh msg ùuje<elaùugwdydr ksheosh wjg mßirh iu. .efgk ld,h yels ;rï wjulr .; hq;= h'

² fldafõ ysia nr ,nd .ekSfï oS fldaj yd mshk hk fldgia folu fhdod.;af;a kï bosß ieu wjia:djl oS u nr ,nd .kakd úg mshk iu. mdGdxl,nd .ekSug ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

² 105 0C WIaK;ajhg r;a jQ Wÿk ;=< ksheosh ;eîfï wmyiq;dj yd WIaK;ajhmy< neiSu ksid Yla;sh wmf;a hEu isÿ fõ' ksheosh Wÿk ;=< ;eîfukamiq Wÿk l%shd;aul lrjkak' fuys oS Wÿk l%shd;aul l< fõ,dfõ isgfkdj Wÿk 105 0C WIaK;ajhg meñKsfuka miq meh 5 ld,h ueksh hq;= h'

² Wÿk wi, nr lsrk WmlrK ;eîfuka j<lskak' ksheosfha nr uekSui|yd fvisflagrh ;=< jQ ksheosh nr lsrk WmlrKh wi,g /f.k hdhq;= h'

145



² c, il%sh;d udkh Ndú;fha oS"² fuu WmlrKh b;d ñ, wêl jk neúka ksjeros mßyrKh ms<sn| isiqka

oekqj;a l< hq;= h'² ksjerÈ mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu i|yd fuys we;s ;eáfhka nd.hla muKla ksheosfhka

msrùu l< hq;= h'² ksheosh we;=`M lsÍfuka miq ,dÉpqj jeks fldgfia jQ fkdí tflka ixjD;

^Lock& l< hq;= h'

146




t<j¿ iqì%lrKh lsÍu yd úh<Su

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² úh<Sug fhda.H jQ t<j`M j¾. f;dard .ekSu

² ksjerÈ mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka t<j`M iqì%lrKh lsÍu

² m%ñ;shg wkql+, j t<j`M úc,kh lr .=Kd;aul núka

by< úc,s; t<j¿ ksIamdokh lsÍu

² Reconstitution wkqmd;fhka úc,kfha ;;a;ajh y÷kd .ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( t<j`M mßrlaIKfha oS" úh<Su iq,N j u l%shd;aul jk mßrlaIK

l%uhla fõ' wdydr mßrlaIKfha mQ¾j m%;sl¾uhla f,i iqî%lrKh

ye`Èkaúh yels h' t<j`M úh<Sfuka miq Rconstitute wkqmd;h

fiùfuka úc,kfha ;;a;ajh y`ÿkd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdydr úh<Sfï § wdydrfha we;=<; we;s c,h wdydrfha u;=msgg

meñK jdIamSlrKh ùu isÿ fõ' túg wdydrfha c, iláh;dj

wvq fõ' wdydrfha c, ils%h;dj wvq ùfuka yd tkaihsóh

ls%hdldÍ;ajh wju ùfuka wdydr mßrlaIKh isÿ fõ' tfia u

iqî%lrKh u.ska mDIaGh u;=msg we;s laIqøcSùyq md,kh fj;s'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² t<j¿ ^lerÜ" lrú," ngq" w¿ flfi,a jeks& 100 g

² u, fkdn`Èk jdfka msys

² lmk ,E,a,la

² ;rdÈhla

² ma,diaála fíiï

² yqud, cklhla Steamer&

² .Eia ,smla

² úc,k hka;% (Dehydrator)

² mdkSh c,h 2 l

² isá%la wï,h 1g

² ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ 0'5% ødjKhla

² fidaähï fugdnhsi,a*hsÜ ^SMS& 0'1] ødjKhla

² u, fkdnòsk ;eáhla (Tray)

147



l%ufõoh # my; .e,Sï igykg wkqj mshjr ms<sfj, wkq.ukh lrkak'

a. kejqï t<j¿

f;aÍu yd fY%a‚.; lsÍu

fia§u

220 ppm laf,daÍka ødjKhl ñks;a;=jla muK .s,ajd ;eîu

msßisÿ mdkSh c,fhka fia§u

fmd;= yeÍu $ weg bj;a lsÍu ^wjYH kï&

len,s lsÍu^2-3 mm m%udKfha fm;s fyda leg&

ÿUqre meye jk t<j¿ j¾.

0'1] isá%la wï, ødjKhl úkdä 2-3 .s,ajd ;eîu

msßisÿ mdkSh c,fhka fia§u

iqî%lrKh - yqud,h^yqud,h u.ska iqî%lrKhg .; jk ld,h ñks;a;= 1-2la fõ'kuq;a fuu ld,h t<j¿ j¾.h" t<j¿ lmd we;s .klu"

yqud, cklfha wiqrd we;s wdldrh wkqj fjkia fõ'&

fyda WKq c,fha ^100 0C WIaK;ajfha we;s& ñks;a;= lSmhla ;eîu

isis,a c,fha .s,aùu

0'1 SMS ^fidaähï fugdnhsi,a*hsÜ& ødjKhlñks;a;= 1la muK .s,ajd ;eîu

fld< meye;s t<j¿ 0'5] ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ ødjKhl úkdä 2-3 .s,ajd ;eîu

^fuu.ska fld< meyeh wdrlaId fõ'&

msßisÿ isis,a c,fhka fiaoSu

c,h fíÍug yeÍu

;eáj, weisÍu

úc,kh lsrSu ^55 - 60 0C WIaK;ajhl meh 4la fydaBg jeä ld,hla úh<d .ekSu&

weiqreï lsÍug wjYH m%udKh uek .ekSu

weiqreï lsÍu

148



b). Reconstitution mÍlaIKh

l%ufõoh #

² úh<k ,o t<j`Mj,ska 50 gla lsrd .kak (Wd).

² lsrd .;a úh<s t<j`M îlrhlg oud ^t<j¿ j, nr fuka 10 .=Khl nrg& c,htl;= lrkak'

² îlrh jid th fiñka r;a lrkak ^ksIamdokh uDÿ jk f;la& fuh ñks;a;= 15isg 45 olajd úh yels h'

² fmdÕjd .;a t<j`M len,sj, f;; ud;a;= lr tys nr lsrd .kak ^Wr&'

.Kkh lsÍu #

Dehydration wkqmd;h

Wd - úh<s t<j¿ ksheÈfha nr

Wr - fmdÕjd .;a t<j¿ ksheÈfha nr

Wod # Wr

= 60g

Wd

= 10g

Wd =

10 fyda 6:1

W

r60

ks.ukh #

§ we;s t<j`M j¾. iqî%lrKh lr Reconstitution wkqmd;h u.ska úc,kfha ;;a;ajh ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² í,dkaÉlrKhg fmr fndfyda fõ,djla lemQ t<j¿ jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr;eîfuka ÿUqre meye fõ' túg úc,s; t<j¿ wj meye .ekafõ'

² iqî%lrKfha § wÞ< ridhksl øjH Ndú;fhka t<j`M wj meye ùu wju lr.;yels fõ'

² t<j¿ len,s lsÍfï § u, fkdn`Èk msys Ndú; l< hq;= h'² t<j¿ iqì%lrKfha § yqud, cklhg fhoSug fmr t<j¿ uia,ska frÈ lene,a,lska

T;d fmdÜgkshla idÞ c,fha .s,aúh hq;= fõ'² úc,kh wdrïNfha wêl WIaK;ajhla fhdÞ .ekSfuka úc,kh lrk øjHfha

msg; mDIaGh >k ù we;=<; úc,kh ùu fyd¢ka isÿ fkd fõ ^Case hardening&'² úc,kh wdrïN jQ miq úc,k ;eáfha we;s t<j¿j, me;s udre l< hq;= fõ'

ke;fyd;a ;eáj,g we,Su isÿ fõ'² úc,s; t<j¿j,g ff;ukh Wrd.; yels neúka iqÿiq jdhqfrdaOl weiqreï ^WÞ(

fmd,sfm%dms,ska& Ndú;fhka tAjd weisÍu l< hq;= h'² Reconstitution wkqmd;h 6:1 jkqfha ksjerÈ j úh<k ,o t<j¿j, mu‚'

149




lsß ksIamdok ieliSu ^meiagÍlD; lsß" l,a lsß&

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2

fhdacs; ld,Éfþo ( 02wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² lsß wdY%s; wdydr mßrCIKh lsÍug fhda.H ;dCIKsl Ys,am

l%u y÷kd .ekSu² meiagÍlD; yd l,alsß ksmoùu i|yd wjYH iqÿiq wuqøjH

f;dard lsß ñY%Kh iQodkï lr .ekSu² ksjeros mshjr wkq.ukh lr .=Kd;aul meiagÍlD; yd l,a

lsß ksIamdokh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( ;dm Yla;sh fhdod .ksñka wdydr mßrlaIKfha oS cSjdKqyrKhyd meiagrSlrKh f,i m%Odk mrsrlaIK l%u folls'meiaprSlrKfha oS cSjdKqyrKhg idfmalaI j wvq WIaK;aj fhdod.kshs' fï u.ska lsßj, wdhqld,h jeä lsÍu wruqKq flf¾'

uQ,O¾uh ( cSjdKqyrKfha oS ;dm Yla;sh fhdod .ksñka laIqøcSùka yd Tjqkaf.aîcdKq úkdY lrk w;r" meiagrSlrKfha oS laIQøcSùka muKlaúkdY lrhs' tksid meiagrSlrKh lrk ,o wdydr wvq WIaK;ajhgf;a .nvd lr ;eìh hq;= h' kuq;a cSjdKqyrKh lrk ,owdydr ixjD; ;;a;aj hgf;a idudkH WIAK;ajfha .nvd l<yels h'

a. meiagÍlD; lsß ksIamdokh lsÍuwjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² msßisÿ c,h

² ma,diaála Ndck² .Eia Wÿkla² ñkqï irdjla² fnda;,a uqød ;nk WmlrKhla Bottle sealer&² WIaK;ajudkhla² ishqï isÿre iys; fmrkhla

^6'4516 cm2 isÿre 100 fyda Bg jvd&² úrdu >áldjla ^Stop watch&² msßisÿ w;amsiakd folla² veys w~qjla² ùÿre fnda;,a iy f,day mshka² fldfldajd msá ^rildrl f,i& 10 g² jeks,d oshr îqj| ldrl f,i& ìxÿ 10la muK² ,S yekaola² c, ;dmlhla f,i fhdod.; yels u, fkdn|sk

jdfka fyda iqÿ hlv idiamdkla² (12 x 12 cm) m%udKfha uia,ska froslvla² kejqï t< lsß 2 L² iSks 300 g² lsß msá 200 g² c,h 2 L

150



lsßmsá iSks c,h ^WKq j;=r&

ñY% lsÍu

ñY% lsÍu

iqj|ldrl $ jeks,d $ fldflda mjqv¾

ÔjdKqyß; lsß i|yd

msßisÿ fnda;,aj,g msrùu 3.75cm my<ska

uQäh iú lsÍu

ÔjdKqyrKh

121 0CWIaK;ajfhys

úkdä 25la

mSvk;dmlh ;=, ;eîu

isis,a ùug bv yeÍu

fia§u

f,an,a lsÍu

ÔjdKqyß; ril< lsß

meiagÍlD; lsß i|yd

msßisÿ fnda;,aj,g msrùu3.75 cm my<ska

uQäh iú lsÍu

63 0C úkdäs 30la

meiagÍlrKh lsÍu

72 0C ;;a 15

isis,a lsÍu

fia§u

f,an,a lsÍu

meiagÍlD; ri l< lsß

fpdl,Ü" jeks,d" iafgdafnß

151



l%ufõoh#

² ishqï isÿre iys; fmrkhlska lsß fmrd .kak'

² lsß yd iSks idiamdklg oud 60-65 0C WIaK;ajhg r;a lsÍu ^ñks;a;= 05la&'

² r;a lrk w;;=r § fhdoh we;akï bj;a lrkak'

² WKq lr.;a lsß iys; idiamdk isis,a c, n÷kla u; ;nd 45-50 0C f;la ksjd

.kak' fï wjia:dfõ lsß ye¢.Eu fkdl< hq;= w;r Ndckh jid ;nkak'

fï w;r §;a fhdoh we;akï bj;a lrkak'

² rildrl $ iqj|ldrl $ fldalamjqv¾ tl;= lr ,S yekaolska fyd¢ka ñY% lrkak'

² ÔjdKqyß; uia,ska frÈ lene,a,lska fyda fmrkhlska lsß fmrd .kak'

² fmrd.;a lsß ÔjdKqyß; fnda;,aj,g mqrjkak head space 3.75-5.0cm lfÜ isg

m<,g&'

² Bottle cap sealer tlla wdOdrfhka uQäh iú lrkak'

² lsß mqrjd uQä iú l< fnda;,a meiagÍlrKh lrkak'

LTLT - 63 0C ñks;a;= 30

HTST - 72 0C ;;a 15 msg; 78-80 0C WIaK;ajfha ;;amr 15la ;enQ úg we;=<;

72 0C WIaK;ajhlg meñfKA&'

² meiagÍlrKh lrk ,o lsß fnda;,a w`vqjla fyda msßisÿ frÈlvla wdOdrfhka

bj;a lr isis,aùu ioyd úh<s ia:dkh ;ekam;a lrkak'

² fnda;,h msg; fidaokak'

² f,an,a lrkak'

² fnda;,aj, msg; we;s c,h úh¨Kq miq 5-10 0C WIaK;ajh iys; YS;lrKhl

.nvd lrkak'

² fufia .nvd lr i;s 2-3 w;r ld,hla ;nd.; yels h'

b. ÔjdKqyrs; l,alsß& ksIamdokh lsÍu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² kejqï oshr lsß 1 lla

² iSks" fldfldajd msá ^rildrl f,i&

² ,S yekaola

² mSv;dmlhla fyda mSvk Wÿkla Autoclave/Pressure

cooker&

l%ufõoh #

² kejqï t<lsß m%Odk wuqøjH f,i f.k meiagÍlrKfha § wkq.ukh l< ls%hd

ms<sfj, u wkq.ukh lrñka lsß fnda;,aj,g mqrjd uQä iú lrkak'

² uQä iú lr.;a lsß fnda;,a ÔjdKqyrKh lsßug mSvk Wÿkla fyda mSv;dmlhla

(pressure cooker, autoclave) fhdod .kak'

² fï i|yd uq,ska u mSv;dmlhg tys isÿre iys; wdOdrlfha Wig jvd my<g isák

fia c,h mqrjd ta u; ^wdOdrlh& lsß iys; fnda;,a isria j wiqrkak'

² uola r;a jQ úg mSv;dmlfha msg lmdgh újD; lr we;=<; m%idrKh jQ jd;h

bj;a lr WIAK;ajh 121 0C jk f;la r;a lr tu WIAK;ajfha u ñks;a;= 15-20la

;nkak'

² bka miq n, iemhqu bj;a lr mSv;dmlh isis,a ùug bv yßkak'

152



² isis,a jQ mSv;dmlfha msgdr lmdgh uq,ska u újD; lr miqj mshk újD; lrkak'

² fnda;,a w`vqjla fyda úh<s msßisÿ frÈlvla wdOdrfhka fnda;,a bj;g f.k úh<s

ia:dkhl .nvd lrkak'

fnda;,a ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu

² m%:ufhka u fnda;,a msßisÿ c,fhka fidaokak'

² bkamiq 0'1 % fldaiaála fidavd (NaOH) ødjKhl meh 12la .s,ajd ;nkak'

² fiaÿïldrlhla fhdod ^Wod( inka& fldaiaála fidavd bj;a jk f;la fidaod

wjidkfha msßisÿ c,fhka fojrla fidaod .kak'

² msßisÿ we,a c,hg fnda;,a we;=¿ lr l%ufhka r;a ùug bv yeÍfuka tajd msmsÍfuka

wdrlaId lr .; yels h ^fnda;,a yria w;g wiqrkak&'

² fnda;,a idiamdkl ;sria j wiqrd fnda;,a jefik fia c,h mqrjd tu Ndckh ,sm

;nd 100 0C WIAK;ajhg m;a jQ miq ñks;a;= 30la tu WIAK;ajfha u ;nd ÔjdKqyrK

lr .kak'

² tfia ÔjdKqyrKh lr .;a fnda;,a ÔjdKqyrKh lrk ,o veys w`vqjl wdOdrfhka

c, ;dmlfhka bj;g f.k msßisÿ ÔjdKqyß; Ndckhla ;=< lg my<g isák

fia wiqrd jdhqfrdaOl jk f,i mshklska jid ;nkak'

uQä ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu

² fidaähï fugdnhsi,amhsÜ 0'5 gla c,h 1 ll osh lr idod .;a ødjKhl úkdä 10

.s,ajd ;nd uQä fyd|ska fidaod .kak'

² tfia fidaod .;a uQä 85-95 0C w;r WIAK;ajh iys; c, ;dmlhl ñks;a;= 20-

25la muK .s,ajd ÔjdKqyrKh lr .kak'

² by; Ndckhg u .s,ajd veys w`vqj ÔjdKqyrKh lr .kak' tu veys w`vqfõ

wdOdrfhka c, ;dmlfhka uQä bj;a lr ÔjdKqyß; Ndckhl oud jdhqfrdaOl

f,i jid ;nkak'

ks.ukh #

ksIamdokh lrk ,o meiagÍlD; lsß yd l,a lsß fjf<òfmdf<a we;s tu ksIamdok

yd iiòkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

a. meiagÍlrKh

² r;a l< lsßj, fhdoh fyd|ska bj;a fkdjqK fyd;a wjika ksIamdokfha fhdoh

fldgia wj,ïnkh fjñka mj;sk ksid ksIamdokfha ;;a;ajh nd, fõ' fï

i|yd lsßj, fhdoh bj;a lsßu fyda iucd;slrKh lsÍu l< hq;=hs'

² fnda;,a uQä iy lsß r;a lsÍfï ld,h wod< WIaK;ajhg m;a jQ wjia:dfõ isg uek

.kak'

² fmÍug fhdod .kakd fmrk yd froslv ÔjdKqyrKh l< hq;= h'

² fnda;,hg lsß msrùfï oS fnda;,a lfÜ isg 2'5 cm muK bv ;eîfuka r;a ùfï

§ fyda wêYS; ùfï § fyda we;s jk m%idrKh ksid isÿ jk ydks je<fla'

153



² uQä iú lsÍfï oS uQä w;ska we,a,Sfuka j<lskak' fï i|yd ÔjdKqyß; veys

w~qjla fyda w;a wdjrK fhdod .kak'

² fnda;,a iS,rfha m;=,g rn¾ lE,a,la ;nd tA u; fnda;,h Rcq j msysgqjd uQä iú

lsßfuka fnda;,a mqmqrd hEfuka j<lajd .; yels h'

² lsß fnda;,a c, ;dmlhl meiagrSlrKh lsrSfï oS c, ;dmlfha m;=,g uia,skafrÈ lvla t<d" ta u; ;ekamla lsrSfuka r;a ùfï oS c, ;dmlfha m;=, iu.fnda;,a iam¾Y ùu j<lajd .; yels h'

b. l,alsß ksmoùu

² mSv;dmlhg c,h msrúh hq;af;a isÿre iys; wdOdrlfha Wig jvd wvq Wilg h'² mSv;dmlfha mshk ksjeros j iú l< hq;= h' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a tys mSvkh

kshñ; mSvkhg <Õd fkdfõ' ;jo mshk .e,ù hEfuka wk;=re isÿ úh yels h'² mshk újD; lsÍug fmr msgdr lmdgh l%ñl j újD; lr we;=<; mSvkh bj;a

l< hq;= h' tfia fkdlsÍfuka wk;=re isÿ úh yels h'² mSv;dmlfha mshk újD; l< hq;af;a isis,a jQ miqj h'² mSv;dmlfhka bj;g .;a fnda;,a ksjqKq miq fidaähï fugdnhsi,a*hsÜ osh lrk

,o c,fhka fiaoSfuka mshk wjg ;ejÍ we;s lsß bj;a jk w;r ta u; CIqøcSùkaj¾Okh ùu j<lshs'

² ÔjdKqyß; lsß udi 6l muK ld,hla ûQäh wßk ;=re& ;nd .; yels h'

154




cdä ieliSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² cdä ±óug iqÿiq ud¿ j¾. f;dard .ekSu² wuqøjH kshñ; m%udKj,ska f;dard .ekSu² ksjeros mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka cdä ksIamdokh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( cdä ieliSu u.ska ixrlaIs; foaYSh ixialD;sh yd ne÷Kq ud¿ksIamdok l%uhls' fuys§ wdydr mßrlaIKh ùu muKla fkdj"u;aiH udxYfha rih' jhkh" iqj| jeks oE ys;lr f,i fjkiafõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( ¨Kq yd f.drld fyda úkdlsß ñY%Khl .s,aùfuka wmQ;s úc,khu.ska c, ils%h;dj wvq lsÍfuka yd ndysrdi%e;sh u.ska wys;lrnelaàßhd j¾Okh md,kh lsÍfuka wdydr mßrlaIKh fõ'f.drld u.ska udOHfha PH w.h wvq ùu yd laIqøÔù ls%hd isÿmd,kh fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² ud¿ ^yqre,a,d" id,hd jeks& 1kg² u, fkdnefok jdfka Ndck $ ueá Ndck² u, fkdnefok jdfka msyshla yd ,E,a,la² f.drld 300 g² ¨Kq 400 g² fnda;,a fyda fmd,sfm%dms,Ska ^weiqreïlrKhg&

l%ufõoh # ² my; .e,Sï igykg wkqj mshjr ms<sfj< wkq.ukh lrkak'w¨;a uiqka ^.=Kd;aul núka hq;=&

wkjYH fldgia bj;a lsÍu (heading, gutting, descaling)

.,dhk c,fha fia§u

¨Kq" f.drld tl;= lsÍu ûd¿ ( ¨Kq (f.drld ( 1 kg :400 g :300 g)

ia;r f,i Ndckhl weisÍu

Ndckh fyd`Èka wdjrKh lsrSu ûqød ;eîu&

úrduh î;s lsysmhla ;eîu& î;s 3-4&

cdä weiqreïlrKh lsÍu

ks.ukh #

ksIAmdÈ; cdäj, .=Kd;aul nj" fmkqu" j¾Kh" jhkh" iqjò jeks bkaøSh f.dapr,laIK wkqj ks.ukh lrkak'

155



úfYaI lreKq #

² ¨Kq yd f.drld fjkqjg úkdlsß Ndú; l< yels h'² cdä iE§ug i;s lSmhla .; fõ' fuu ld,h ;=< cdä ±uQ Ndckh ueiaika yd

fjk;a lDóka we;=M fkdjk mßÈ fyd¢ka jid ;eìh hq;= fõ' ke;fyd;a ueiaikaì;a;r ±ófuka cdä ;=< mKqjka we;s fõ'

² mßfNdackhg iqÿiq cdä wdfõ‚l iqj¢ka yd rifhka hqla; fõ'² u;aiHhdf.a foay nr wkqj ¨Kq tla l< hq;= h'² f.drld fidaod fmf`.kakg ;nkak'² ¨ K q i y f . dr l d wUr k h k a; %h l (Blender) oud wUrkak'² ueá n÷k fidaod f;; ud;a;= lr .kak' fuh r;alr .ekSfuka isÿre jeiS Èhr

msgg hEu je<elaúh yels h'² ud¿kaf.a YÍrfha fldgila b;sß jk fia 450 g lmd we;=<; we;s wkjYH oE bj;a

lrkak'² idod.;a ¨Kq" f.drl ñY%Kh m<uq j ueá n÷k m;=f,a ;jrkak' bkamiq ud¿

ia;rhla ;ekam;a lrkak' fufia udrefjka udrejg ud¿ yd f.drld ia;r f,iwiqrd wjidkfha ñY%Kh fyd¢ka jid miq j fmd,s;Skaj,ska n÷k fydÈka wdjrKhlsÍu fyda c, uqødjla ;eîu fyda l< yels h'

² i;s 3-4l § cdä iEfoa'² pH w.h 4'5g wvq ùu ksid nelaàßhd j¾Okh úh fkdyeá h'² wï, ys;ldó (acid loving) È,Sr iEÈh yelsh'² jßka jr pH w.h mÍlaId lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'

156




ÿï .eiQ ud¿ ksIamdokh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ksjerÈ f,i ud¿ msßisÿ lsÍu yd lemSu² ieliSfï mshjr ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh lrñka ÿï .eiQ ud¿

ieliSu

ye¢kaùu ( ÿï .eiSfuka wdydr mßrlaIKh b;d mer‚ hq.j, isg mejf;kl%ufõohls' mßrlaIKhg wu;r j YS; ÿï .eiSu ^Coldsmoking&" WKqiqï ÿï .eiSu Hot smoking& f,i ÿï .eiSu m%Odk

wdldr follg isÿ l< yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( ÿïj, mj;sk wvq ujq,sl ialkaOhla iys; *Sfkda,sl ixfhda.nelaàßhd kdYl f,i o by< m%;sTlaisldrlhla f,i oyeisfrñka uqvq ùfï ls%hdj,sh j<lhs' tfia u ÿfuys wka;¾.;*Sfkda, yd we,aäyhsv wdydr u; ;ekam;a ù wdrlaIl mg,hlaiE§fuka o wdydr mßrlaIKh fõ' óg wu;r j ÿfuys wvx.=úúO ridhksl ixfhda. wdydrfha iajdo me;slv fjkia lrhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² ud¿ l+ß lsysm fofkla (500 g)² c,h ² ¨Kq² msyshla

² lmk ,E,s² fíiula² WIaK;ajudkhla

² ÿï .eiSu i|yd iqÿiq WmlrKhla mj;sk iïm;a wkqj fuhilid .; yels h'&

² w`.=re $ ,S l=vq

l%ufõoh (

² YS; l< ud¿ fyda wêYS; l< ud¿ YS; yeÍfuka - thawed& fï i|yd fhdÞ.; yelsh'

² m<uq j ud¿ l+ß fyd¢ka fidaÞ fldr fmd;=" jr,a" nvje,a yd lru,a bj;a lrkak'^wjYH kï ud¿ T¿j o bj;a l< yels h'& fm!ÉP jr, muKla b;sß lrkak'

² miqj ud¿jdf.a nv m%foaYh f,a iy l=vd nvje,a len,s we;akï tAjd bj;a lr nvm%foaYfha fldgia ;Srejla f,i lmd bj;a lrkak' tla me;a;lska u;aiHhd újD;lr .kak ^m¨ fol fjka fkdjk fia&'

² miqj kej; ud¿jd fyd¢ka fidaÞ .kak' wjYH kï ud¿jdf.a lgq wdÈh bj;a lrud¿ len,s fillet& lr.kak'

157



² lmd.;a ud¿ len,s ^fillet& 80] ¨Kq ødjKhl ál fõ,djla .s,ajd ;nkak^¨Kq ( j;=r ( 1( 3&'

² ¨Kqj, .s,ajQ ud¿ len,s Kq fíÍug ;nd ÿï .eiSu mshjr ;=kl § isÿ lrkak'

m<u qf j k a 300C muK wvq WIaK;ajhla ,nd oS ud¿ ndf.g úh<d .kak' ^30 0C&'túg ud¿ yu ;o ùfuka ud¿ len,s l=vq ùu je<lfhs' bkamiq 500C yd 800CWIaK;ajh iys; ÿug ud¿ ksrdjrKh lrkak'

² ÿï .eiQ ud¿ ksfjkakg yer iqÿiq weiqreul weiqreï lrkak'

ks.ukh # ksIAmdÈ; ÿï.eiQ ud`Mj, .=Kd;aul nj" fmkqu" j¾Kh" jhkh" iqjò jeks bkaøSh

f.dapr ,laIK wkqj ks.ukh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² ¨Kq ødjKfha ¨Kqj, idkaøKh 80 ]g jvd jeä jQ úg ud¿ úh<Sfuka miqud¿j, iu u;=msg ¨Kq leg .eiS iqÿ meye;s me,a,ï we;s fõ'

² ¨Kq ødjKfha .s,ajd ;eîfï ld,h jeä lsÍfuka tAldldÍ j ud¿ ;=<g Kq Wrd.ekSu isÿ fõ'

² ÿï .eiSu i|yd WÑ; ±j f;dard.; hq;= h Wod # l=reòq oej&' fuu.ska úúO iajdotla lr .; yels h'

² fmd,a" rn¾ jeks Ydl fldgia ÿï .eiSug fhdod fkd.kakd w;r ieu úg u1500Cg jvd by< WIaK;ajhla ròjd .; hq;= h'

² ÿï .eiSfï § WIaK;ajh md,kh b;d jeo.;a fõ' ke;fyd;a WIaK;ajh jeäùfuka úI iys; fnkafif*hsßka jeks yhsâfrdldnka ksmofõ'

² ud¿ úfYaIh" ud¿jkaf.a wvx.= fïo m%udKh wdÈh u; ÿfuys ;efnk ld,hfjkia fõ'

² YS; ÿï .eiSu - 30-32 0C meh 24WKqiqï ÿï .eiSu - ñks;a;= 20la ¨Kqj, .s,ajd 60 0C úc,k hka;%h$ ÿï .ikWmlrKh fyda iQ¾hdf,dalfha úh<Su isÿ l< yels h'

² ÿï .eiQ ud¿ iqÿiq weiqreul nyd 30 0C WIaK;ajhl ;eìh yels h'² ,xldfõ l=re÷ or" m<;=re .iaj, or fhdod .efka' m%;sldr l< ±j fhdod fkd.;

hq;= h'

158




fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsÍug wjYH wuqøjH ksjeros f,i uek

.ekSu yd wjYH ;ekays § ksjerÈ j ñY% lsÍu

² ieliSfï m shjr ksjerÈ f,i wkq.ukh lrñka

fi!LHdrlaIs; j fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsÍu

² fhda.Ü ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha wjÈ ,laIK y÷kdf.k ksjerÈ

j ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha ksr; ùu

ye¢kaùu ( ys;lr laIqøÔùka fhdÞ .ekSfuka wdydr mßrlaIKh lsÍfï

m%Odk l%shdj,shla f,i fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsÍu ye¢kaúh yels

h' fuu meiùfï ls%hdfõ § lsß fN!;sl j yd ridhksl j

fjkia ù wdydrfha fmdaIK .=Kh yd iajdo me;slv fjkia fõ'

fuu m%dfhda.sl ld¾hfhka wfmalaId lrkafka ksjerÈ mshjr

wkq.ukh lsÍfuka fi!LHdrlaIs; j fhda.Ü ksIamdokh lsßuhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus thermophilus yd

Streptococcus lactis jeks ,elaála wï, nelaàßhd lsßj, we;s

,elafgdaia" ,elaála wï,h njg m;a lsÍfuka iEfok wdï,sl

udOHh fya;=fjka lsß leg .efia'

fhda.Ü iE§fï § lsß leá.eiSu isÿjk wdldr folls'

1& ;dmh ksid jk leá .eiSu

;dmh ksid fm%daàka iajNdjh fjkia ù leá .eiSu

2& laIqø Ôùka lrK fldg ,elafgdaia" wï,h njg m;a ùu ksid

pH w.h wvq ù leá .eiSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² u, fkdn¢k jdfka idiamdkla

² È. ye`v,h iys; yekaola² .Eia ,smla $ ;dm m%Njhla² fhda.Ü fldamam iy mshka² WIaK;ajudkhla² îfc!Ilhla Încubator& 43 0C² t<lsß 500 ml² iSks 40- 50 g² fc,áka 3 g² uqyqï fhda.Ü 25 gla ^lsß mßudfjka 5]&

² fmrkhla (strainer)

159



l%ufõoh#

² m<uqj lsß fmfrd.kak'

² t<lsßj, we;s fïoh Cream separator wdOdrfhka bj;a lrkak' ke;fyd;a lsß

fmK u;= ù tk f;la lsysm jrla W;=rd ksjd .ksñka msg;g u;= jk fhdoh fmrd

bj;a lrkak'

² lsßj,g iSks ñY% lr r;a lrkak' ^90 0C úkdä 5ka & fïoh bj;a lrkak'

² r;a l< lsß 60 0C WIaK;ajh f;la isis,a lrkak' 60-70 0C >k fc,àka iy WKq

c,h 1(1 wkqmd;hg f.k b;d fyd¢ka osh lr Bg tl;= lr fyd¢ka ñY% lrkak'

² bka miq tu ñY%Kh 42 0C olajd isis,a lr uqyqï fhda.Ü tl;= lrkak (40-43 0C).

² wjYH kï rildrl yd j¾Kl tl;= lrkak'

² ñY%Kh fyd¢ka l,;kak'

² idÞ.;a ñY%Kh fhda.Ü fldamamj,g fmrñka mqrjkak'

² fuu lsß ñY%Kfhka iaj,amhla f.k pH w.h uek n,kak'

² fuu fldamam îfc!IK l=àrhla ;=< 43 0C WIaK;ajfha meh 2-4la ;nkak'

² miqj ilid.;a fhda.Ü isis,a lr YS;lrKh ;=< meh 2la muK ;nkak' 4 0C

² YS;lrKhg udre lsÍu fkdfi,ajk fia mfriaifuka isÿ lr 100 Cg wvq

WIaK;ajhl .nvd lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² wjika ksIamdokfha pH w.h" rih yd jhkh mÍlaId lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fc,áka WKq c,fha Èhlr th WKq c, n÷kl fyda úc,k hka;%hl ;nd wjYH

úg § msg;g f.k ñY% lrkak' ke;fyd;a fc,áka leá .efia'

² lsß yd iSks r;a lsÍfï § ks;r ye¢.Efuka j<lskak ^lsß mßudj wvq úh yels

ksid&'

² lsßj, pH w.h 6'5-6'7 muK jk w;r fhda.Ü j, pH 4'5-4'8 w;r úh yels h'

² Èhr t<lsß fjkqjg msálsß fhdÞ .; yels h' fuys § msálsß 250 gla c,h 1700 ml

Èhlr lsß ødjKh idÞ .; yels h'

² fï i|yd Ndú;hg .kakd Ndck yd WmlrK ish,a, inka fhdÞ msßisÿ lr

mefyk j;=f¾ Boiling water& nyd ñks;a;= 10-15la muK ;ïnd .kak'

² ma,diaála n÷ka wdÈh 10] fidaähï fugdnhsi,a*hsÜ Èhrfhka fidaÞ yer mdúÉÑhg

.kak'

² uqyqï fhda.Ü f,i l,ska ieliQ fhda.Ü tlla fhdÞ .; yels h'

² fhda.Ü idÞ jeä fõ,djla WKqiqï ia:dkhl ;eîfuka ñÿk fhda.Ü leáh yd

j;=r .;sh fjka ù fhda.Üj, jhkh fjkia ùug bv we;'

² rildrl f,i m,;=re hqI fyda m,;=re len,s tla l< yels h' m<;=re len,s tla

lrkafka kï 63 0C muK WIaK;ajfha meh 1$2la ;nd úh<d .;a m,;=re isis,a lr

tla lrkak'

160



45cm

27.5cm 42.5cm

ir, îfc!IK l=àrhla ilia lrk wdldrh

wjYH øjH

iaghsrf*daï fmÜáhla ^45 x 42.5 x 27.5 cm&WIaK;aj md,lhla Thermostat&úÿ,s n,an folla ^40 W yd 25 W)WIaK;ajudkhla ^20 - 110 0C&we¨ñkshï f*dhs,a

l%ufõoh #² iaghsrf*daï fmÜáhla f.k tys we;=<; we¨ñkshï f*dhs,a tllska wdjrKh

lrkak'² miqj my; rEmfha mßÈ úÿ,s n,an 02" WIaK;ajudkhla yd WIaK;aj md,lhla

fmÜáh we;=<; iú lrkak'

161




,elaálaa wï, meiùu u.ska t<j¿ mßrlaIKh lsÍu^f.dajd Ndú;fhka ijZl%jqÜ sauekraut ksmoùu&

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ijZl%jqÜ ksmoùu i|yd wjYH wuqøjH yd WmlrK f;dard.ekSu

² ksjerÈ mshjr wkq.ukh lrñka .=Kd;aul núka by<ijZl%jqÜ ksmoùu

ye¢kaùu ( ijZl%jqÜ wdï,sl f.dajd f,i o y÷kajhs' fuh laIqø Ôù meiùuu.ska t<j¿ mßrlaIKh lrk l%uhls' meiùu u.ska wdydrhgrihla yd uDÿ jhkhla f.k foa' tfuka u meiùfï § úgñkaksIamdokh ùfuka wdydrfha .=Kd;aul nj o by< hhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( f.dajdj, iajdNdúl j Ôj;a jk nelaàßhd" idkaøKh 2-3] jQ¨Kq udOHhl ls%hd;aul ù ,elaála wï,h ksmofõ' fuu.skaf.dajdj,g ,dlaIKsl iajdohla yd jhkhla we;s lrhs' ¨Kqksid wdi%e;sh u.ska ffi, ;=< we;s fmdaIl we;=`M øjH msg;ghhs' iajNdjfha we;s ,elaála wï, nelaàßhd u.ska fïjdfhameiSu isÿ fõ' wdrïNl uqyqï tl;= lrkafka ke;',elafgdaia ,elaála wï,h

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² mrsK; f.dajd f.ähla² ¨Kq l=vq² 2'5] ¨Kq ødjKhla ^c,h 1 llg ¨Kq 25 gla Èhlr

idÞ.;a ødjKh&² u, fkdnef|k ;shqKq jdfka msyshla² lmk ,E,s² u, fkdn|sk idiamdka² .Eia ,smla ^fnda;,a ÔjdKqyrKh ioyd&² mshk iys; msßisÿ ysia cEï fnda;,a² fnda;,a lg uqød ;eîug iqÿiq øjHhla² ma,diaála fíiula² bf,lafg%dksl ;rdÈhla

l%ufõoh#

² fyd¢ka mßK; f.dajd f.ähl u;=msg mj;sk fld< meye m;% .,jd bj;alrkak'

² bka miq msßisÿ c,fhka f.dajd f.äh msáka fidaÞ .kak ^.,d hk c,fhka&'² f.dajd fld< .,jd ueo kdráh lmd bj;a lrkak'² kej; fld< fyd¢ka fidaÞ jeämqr c,h fíÍug yßkak'

162



² 3-5 mm w;r m%udKfha isyska ;Srej,g lmd .kak'² bkamiq lmd.;a f.dajdj, nr lsrd .kak' msßisÿ n÷klg oukak'² f.dajd .%Eï 100lg ¨Kq .%Eï 2'5la jk fia lmd .;a f.dajdj, nrg wjYH ¨Kq

lsrd .kak'² bkamiq Kq l=vq f.dajd u; bi" w;ska fyda yekaolska fyd¢ka ñY% lrkak fmdä

lsÍula fkdlrkak&'² f.dajd iys; n÷k we,lr iaj,am fõ,djla ;enQ úg ffi,j,ska msg;g wd hqI

n÷fkys tla /ia fõ'² fuu Èhrfhys pH yd brix w.hhka uek igyka lr .kak'² bkamiq ÔjdKqyß; cEï fnda;,hg jd; wjldY fkdisák fia lmd.;a f.dajd ;o

lrñka wiqrkak'² fnda;,fha lgg iudk jk fia f.dajd fld<hlska rjqula lmd weisrE f.dajd u;

w;=rkak'² ¨Kq ñY%s; f.dajd ;snq n÷fka tl;= jQ hqI tu f.dajd fld<h u;g j;a lrkak'² miqj ks¾jdhq ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh jk fia c, uqødjla ilikak'

² fuh 18 0Cl WIaK;ajfha îfc!IKh ioyd i;shla muK ;nkak' i;s 3-5lamuK iïmQ¾K meiùu isÿ fõ'

² Èk 3lg miq ijZl%jqÜ hqIfha pH yd brix w.h yd ,jK;dj ukskak' fuys§ pHw.h 3-4 meñK we;akï meiùu m%udKj;a h'

² kej; Èk 6l § muK pH yd brix w.hhka ukskak'

ks.ukh #

ksmojQ ijZl%jqÜj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak ^úksúo fmfkk jhkh"uduhsÜ iqj|" ;o weUq,a .;sh&'

úfYaI lreKq (

² fnda;,h ;=< ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj ;sìh hq;= h'² fnda;,h ;=< ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iE§ug bv we;s ksid mshklska jeiSu fkdlrk

w;r c, uqødj ksid tfia iEfok ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ksoyia fõ' ke;fyd;afnda;,h msmsÍ hd yels h'

² ksjerÈ j fkdieliqk ijZl%jqÜj, wys;lr iqj|la" fij, .;shla fuka ulaIqøÔùka ksis f,i j¾Okh fkdjqK fyd;a frdai meyehla o we;s úh yels h'

² wjidk ksIamdokfha pH w.h 3-4 olajd o brix w.h 0'7-1'0 o úh yels h'

c,h msrjQ fmd,s;Ska u,a,

fmd,s;Ska ojgkhf.dajd len,s

n÷k

163




weisála wï,h meiùu u.ska úkdlsß ksIamdokh lsrSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ó rd fyda fmd,a j;=rj,ska úkdlsß ksIamdokhg wjYH ˜—rdñY%Kh˜ ilid .ekSu

² úkdlsß ksIamdokh lsrSug wjYH wegjqï ilia lsrSu² rd ñY%Kfhka úkdlsß ksIAmdokh lr .ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( msIagh iy iSksuh øjH uoHidr meiSug Ndckh lr uoHidrksmojd" tajd ;j ÿrg;a meiùfuka ksIamdokh lrk úkdlsßwdydr l¾udka;fha § l=¿ nvqjla fukau mßrlaIl f,i ofhdod .kS' wdydrj, laIqøÔúka j¾Okh ksfIaOkh lsrSugfuka u bkaøsh f.dapr ,laIK we;s lsÍug o th WmldÍ fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( weisála wï, meiùfuka we;s jQ uoHidr u; Acetobacternelaàßhdj ls%hd lsÍu ksid úkdlsß iEfoa' fuys pH w.h wvqneúka wys;lr laIqøÔù j¾Okhg ndOd ùfuka wdydr mßrlaIKhfõ'

.aÆfldaia tkf;da,a + CO2 CH

3COOH CO

2 + H

2O

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² fmd,a j;=r fyda ó rd 6 lla muK² iSks 250 gla muK² úh<s hSiaÜ ^fílß hSiaÜ& fïi ye`È 1$2la muK² ó rd fyda fmd,a j;=r W;=rejd .ekSug u, fkdnòsk

jdfka idiamdkla ^2 lg jeä&² ñkqï irdjla² .Eia ,smla² isyska ±,a iys; fmrkhla² WIaK;ajudkhla² ,S yekaola² mshk iys; ma,diaála n÷kla ^2 1$2 l&² isyska ±,a$ l=vd isÿre iys; frÈ lvla² úis;=re u;aiH gexls jd;kh lrk l=vd fmdïmhla

^Tlaiscka fudagrhla&² fnda;,a yd uQä ^ma,diaála&² mrK jQ iajNdúl fmd,a úkdlsß ûqyqï f,i&² 4 l muK Odß;djla iys; ma,diaála n÷kla² ;=,djla

164



l%ufõoh #

mshjr 1

² fmd,a j;=r 300 ml muK fmrd .kak'² pH yd brix ukskak' brix w.h 15 jk ;=re wjYH muK iSks tl;= lrkak'² fuys brix w.h 15 olajd ieliSug fmd,a j;=r 100 ml ioyd iSks .%Eï 10la jk fia

tl;= lrkak'100 mlla iòyd wjYH iSks m%udKh = 10 g300 mlla iòyd wjYH iSks m%udKh = 10 g X 3

= 30 g² bkamiq pH w.h 3'2-4 w;r isák fia pH ilikak' fï ioyd isá%la wï,h Ndú;

l< yels h (0.4-0.5 g).² ,sm u; ;nd ñks;a;= 5la r;alr (80-85 0C) ldur WIaK;ajhg isis,a lrkak

(35 0C)'² hSiaÜ 1 gla uo WKqiqï c,h 20 mll fyd¢ka ñY%lr Èh lr idod.;a hSiaÜ

wj,ïnkh tl;= lrkak ^,Sg¾ 1lg .%Eï 1la jk fia&'² fuu ñY%Kh ÔjdKqyß;" ÿUqre meye ùÿre fnda;,a j,g j;alr" lmqmq ka wenhlska

jikak ^msrùfï § Head space ;nkak&'² bkamiq úh<s isis,a ia:dkhl i;shla muK ;nkak i;shlg muK miq t;fkda,a

iEfoa&'

mshjr 11

² i;shlg muK miq by; ñY%Kh fmrd msßisÿ ùÿre fnda;,hlg oukak'² uqyqï f,i l,ska idod .;a úkdlsß fyda weisála wï,h uqyqï 10(1& tl;= lrkak'

l,ska ieliQ úkdlsß o fhdod .; yels h'&² Èk 2-3la ;nd pH w.h wdï,sl uÜgu& yd brix w.h ukskak (brix 2-3 muK fõ&'² ishqï isÿre iys; frÈ lvla f.k ia;r folla iys; j msysgk fia n÷fka lg jid

.eg .id udihla muK ;nkak mrsK; ùug/maturation&'² bkamiq ÔjdKqyß; n÷klg fmrd Head space 1cm la jk fia ;nd 63 0C ñks;a;=

30 meiagÍlrKh l< hq;= h'

úfYaI lreKq #

² uoHidr iE§fï mshjf¾ § fílß hSiaÜ fhdod .ekSu iqÿiq fõ ^,Sg¾ 1g .%Eï 1la&Brewers yeast jvd iqÿiqh' t;fkda,a iEfok úg brix w.h wvq fõ't;fkda,aj,ska úkdlsß iE§fï mshjf¾ § iajdhq iajikhla isÿ jk ksid fyd`Èkajd;kh l< hq;= h' u;aiH gexlsj,g Tlaiscka imhk fudagrhla $ jdhql,ïnkhla u.ska jd;kh lsÍfuka wvq ld,hl § úkdlsß idod .; yels fõ'fuys weisála wï,h 5 ]g jvd jeä m%udKhla ;sìh hq;= h'

² fuu ñY%Khg u;aiH gexlsj,g Tlaiscka imhk fudagrhla jeks tlla u.skajd;kh lsÍfuka óg jvd wvq ld,hlska úkdlsß idod .; yels h'

165



l%ufõoh 2

² ó rd 2 lla muK fmrd .kak'² fuhg iSks 100 gla muK tla lr Èh lrkak'² ,sm u; ;nd ñks;a;= lSmhla W;=rejd ksjd .kak'² ldur WIaK;ajhg ksjd .;a ó rd ñY%Khg úh<s fílß BiaÜ fïi ye¢ 1$2la ñY%

lrkak'² ,Sg¾ follg uòla jeä fnda;,hlg ^ÔjdKqyrKh l<& ñY%Kh tla lr lsr,

wenhlska jikak'² lsr, wenh isÿre lr l=vd ma,diaála$ ùÿre nghla t;=<ska hjd jeia,ska wdf,am

lr jdhqfrdaOl lrkak' nghg ma,diaála k<hla iú lr wfkla fl<jr c,n÷klg oud Èk 5la muK ;nkak'

c,h

c, n`ÿk

rn¾ fyda ma,diaála ngh

jd;k ngh ^ùÿre $ ma,diaála

jeia,ska

² Èk 5lg muK miq ñY%Kh ñks;a;= 20la 60 0C WIaK;ajfha r;a lr ksjd .kak'thg uqyqï f,i 10 ] mrK úkdlsß ñY% lrkak'

² ksjd.;a ñY%Kh 2 lg jvd jeä Odß;djla we;s Ndckhlg oud ishqï isÿre iys;frÈlvlska jid úis;=re ud¿ gexls jd;kh lrk fudagrhla wdOdrfhka jd;khlrkak'

² i;shlg muK miq ñY%Kh fmrd 600C WIaK;ajfha ñks;a;= 20la muK r;a lruòla ksjqKq miq fnda;,aj,g oud uQä iú lrkak'

ks.ukh #

ksmojQ úkdlsßj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² ó rd yd hSiaÜ ñY%Kh fhdok fnda;,h w÷re fnda;,hla úh hq;= h'² hSiaÜ u.ska meiùfï § tys WIaK;ajh ldur WIaK;ajhg jvd uòla jeä lsÍfuka

meiùu blauka fõ'² rd ñY%Kh weisála wï, nelaàßhd u.ska meiùfï ls%hdj,sfha § tys WIaK;ajh

37 0C WIaK;ajfha mj;ajd .; yels kï óg jvd wvq ld,hlska úkdlsß ksmofõ'² ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj iemhSu i|yd uoHidr meiùfï § jdhqfrdaOl lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'² úkdlsßj, 5 ]g jvd weisála wï,h mej;sh hq;= h'² jd‚c uÜgfï § jeä uoHidr m%;sY;hla iys; uoHidr ødjKhlg iSks iy

fmdaIlhla tla lr 37 0C WIaK;ajfha jd;kh lrñka le,;Sfuka Èk 2-3 w;rld,hl § úkdlsß ksmojd .; yels h'

² mdrïmßl j ksfjiaj, úkdlsß ksmojQfha ó rd udi 1 - 1 1$2 la muK frÈlvlska jid .nvd lr ;eîfuks'

166




mqyq,a fodais ksIamdokh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'3


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ksis mßK;sfhka hq;a mqyq,a f.ä f;dard .ekSu² ieliSfï mshjr ksjerÈ f,i wkq.ukh lrñka .=Kd;aul

núka hq;= mqyq,a fodais ksIamdokh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( úúOdx.slrKh lrk ,o wdydr w;r mqyq,a fodais i|ydfjf<|fmdf<ys úfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ' mqyq,a hkq jeä wiajekaklaaf.k fok fnda.hla jqj o wiajekak wdydr f,i Ndú;hg

.kakd l%ufõo wju fõ' .=Kd;aul núka hq;= mqyq,a fodais iòydfjf<òfmd< b,aü by< fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdi%e;sh" úc,kh u.ska mqyq,aj, f;;uk m%udKh$ c, il%sh;djwvq lsÍfuka mßrlaIKh lsÍu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² ;rdÈhla² lmk ,E,a,la

² msyshla² idiamdkla² .Eia ,smla² ye¢² w¨ mqyq,a len,s 500 g² iqÿ iSks 200 g² frdai j;=r ìxÿ 6-7² yqkq melÜ 1 (edible limestone)² c,h 100 ml² ñkqï irdjla² .Eremamq

l%ufõoh #

² fyd|g meiqKq mqyq,a f.ähla f;dard .kak'

² ;shqKq msyshlska 1 1$2" muK rjqï ;Sre lmkak'

² ueo fldgi yd fmd;= bj;a lrkak'

² w.,a 1 1$2 muK len,sj,g lmkak' .Eremamqjlska fyda toothpick u.ska wek

isÿre lrkak' ûq¿ f.ähu .Eremamqjlska wek miq j rjqï ;Sre lmd uoh bj;a

lsÍu o l< yels h'&

167



² yqkq Ca(OH)2& 10 gla c,h 1 ll Èhlr fmrd .;a ødjKhg mqyq,a len,s oud meh

5-6la muK ;nkak'

² ;=ka y;r j;djla msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod yqkq bj;a lrkak' c,h fífrkakg

;nkak'

² len,s .s,aúh yels ;rï j;=r oud wvq .skaofrys úkdä 10-15la r;a lrkak mqyq,a

len,s uDÿ jk f;la& bkamiq isis,a c,h iys; n÷klg oukak'

² c,h fírE mqyq,a len,s fjk;a idiamdklg oud th u;g iSks 200 g biskak'

len,s fkdlefvk fia yekafoka l,jï lr meh 1$2la muK ;nkak'

² iSks isrma ødjKh >k jk ;=re wvq .skaofrys ,sm ;nd mqyq,a len,s mdrNdil njg

m;a jk ;=re ye¢.dkak'

² iSks isrma ødjKhg frdai j;=r tl;= lrkak'

² ieu mqyq,a lene,a,l u iSks ;ejfrk f;la ye¢ .dkak'

² bka miq ,sm ksjd iSks leg iEfok f;la ye¢ .dkak' miqj iSks leg fyd¢kalen,sj, ;ejreKq miq f;,a lvÞishlg fodais oud ksfjkakg yer miqj weiqreïlrkak'

ks.ukh #

ksmojQ mqyq,afodaisj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

² iSks idkaø lsÍfï § ,sfmys .skaor md,kh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' ke;fyd;a iSksleru,slrKh úh yels h'

² iSks ødjKh yd mqyq,a len,s ,sfma we;s ieu fudfydf;a u fyd¢ka ye¢.dkak'² yqkq Èhrfhys ±ófï § ffi, ì;a;s u; le,aishï fmlafÜÜ iE§u ksid mqyq,a

len,sj,g ±ä iajNdjhla ,efí'² iSks iu. r;a lsÍfï§ wdiQe; úc,kh isÿ ù ffi, ;=< we;s c,h t,shg ths'

ffi, ;=< we;s fmdaIl o fï iu. t<shg tk w;r tajd ffi, w;r /fòa' w¾Omdr.uH mg,h ;=<ska c,h hEug fkdyels úg iSks leá .efia ^Case hardeningisÿ ùu ksid&'

168




;lald,s fidaia ksIamdokh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'3


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² ;lald,s fidaia ksIamdokh lsrsug wjYH wuqøjH f;aÍu"uek .ekSu yd wjYH ;kays § ksjerÈ j ñY% lsÍu

² ieliSfï mshjr ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh lrñka fidaiaksIamdokh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( ;lald,s mßrlaIKh l< yels m%Odk l%uh fidaia ksIamdokhhs'tfuka u úúOdx.SlrKh lrk ,o wdydr w;r fidaia ckms%hwdydrhls' tys wvx.= ,hsfldmSka (Lycophene) kï j¾Klhm%;sTlaisldrlhla f,i ls%hd lrhs' fuh ñksidf.a fi!LHhgo jeo.;a fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( ;lald,sj, c, ils%h;dj wvq lsÍu" idkaøKh jeä lsÍu ydlaIqøÔùka j¾Okh wvd, lsÍu u.ska mßrlaIKh isÿ fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² .Eia Wÿkla

² ueá $ u, fkdn|sk jdfka idiamdkla

² ±,a fmrkhla

² fmd,algq ye¢

² ÔjdKqyß; fnda;,a 2

² fnda;,a uQä uQød ;nk WmlrKhla (Bottle sealer)

² ;rdÈhla

² msyshla" lmk ,E,a,la

² ;lald,s m,amh 500 g

² iSks 150 g

² ñßia l=vq 7'5 g

² ¨Kq l=vq 7'5 g

² bÕ=re 05 g

² iqÿ ÆKq 05 g

² l=re÷ fmd;= 0'5 g

² lrouqx.= 0'5 g

² lrdnq keá 0'5 g

² idÈlald 0'5 g

² .ïñßia 0'5 g

² úkdlsß 25 ml

² ishU,d m,amh 2 g

² ì%laia ógrhla

169



l%ufõoh 1 (

² m,amfha wdrïNl brix w.h ukskak'

² m,amh nd.hg wvq lrk úg brix 16-17 w.fha § b`.=re" iqÿÆkq fmdÜgksh tl;=

lrkak'

² kej; ye¢.dkak' brix 20-25 jk úg úkdlsß we;=¿ øjH tl;= lrkak'

² wjidk ksYamdokfha brix w.h 35 muK úh hq;=h'² brix 35-40 jk úg ñßia l=vq tl;= lsÍu l< yels h'² l=¿nvq fmdÜgksh o ñY%Kfha ;ekam;a lrkak' túg 35-40 muK brix w.h

ths'

² ñY%Kh l%Sï .;shla .kS' túg ,sfmka nd .kak' ^brix 42 muK jQ úgidkaøKh m%udKj;a fõ'&

² ieliQ fidaia ÔjdKqyß; fnda;,aj, WKqfjka u (hot filling) wiqrd uqød ;nkak'

fuys § fnda;,fha lfÜ isg 1"l bvla head space f,i ;nkak'

² fnda;,fha uQä ,sys,a j ;nd ^80-95 0C& c, ;dmlhl úkdä 5-10la ;nkak'

² bka miq uQäh ;o lr fnda;,a f,an,a lrkak'

² ilia lrk ,o fidaia ÔjdKqyß; fnda;,aj,g WKqfjka u wiqrd uqød ;nkak'

fnda;,a yd uQä ðjdKqyrKh my; i|yka mßÈ l< yels h'

mSvk Wÿkl - ùÿre fnda;,a - 100 0C $ñks;a;= 30

mshka 80 0C $ñks;a;= 15

l%ufõoh 2 (² taldldÍ f,i bÿKq" udxY,h iys; ;lald,s f;dard .kak'² ;lald,s fidaod c,h fíÍug ;nkak'² ;lald,s m,amh idod .kak' ^fuh wdldr lsysmhlg isÿ l< yels h'&

- Hot break l%uh

- Cold break l%uh

hot break l%uh² 100 0C WKqiqï c,fha ñks;a;= 1la iqî%lrKh lrkak'² m,amh ,efnk fia ñY%K hka;%hl oud wUrd .kak'² ;rula f,dl= isÿre iys; fmfkarhlska fmrd fmrkh ,nd .kak'

170



Cold break l%uh² ;lald,s len,sj,g lmd 55-65 0C WIaK;ajhl r;a lsÍu' úkdä 2-3la r;a

lrk úg fmlaáfkaia wls%h ù th ia:djrldrlhla f,i (Stabilizer) ls%hd lrhs'² Blend lr fmrd .kak'

² idod .;a m,amh r;a lsÍfuka idkaø lrkak ^m%udKh wvla jk ;=re&'² fufia idkaø lrk w;r l=vd frÈ lene,a,l t;+ iqÿÆkq yd wuq b`.=re we;=`M

l=¿nvq fmdÜgkshla ilid thg oukak'

² mSvk Woqklg wju jYfhka 2.5 cmla muK Wilg c,h oud ta ;=<g fidaia

iys; fnda;, oud úkdä 35la muK ;nd cSjdKqyrKh lr .kak'

ks.ukh #

ksmojQ ;lald,s fidaiaj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fidaia iEoSu iòyd u, fkdnòsk jdfka idiamdka fyda ueá Ndck Ndú; l< hq;=h'

² iSks tl;= lsÍu uq,ska isÿ fkdl< hq;= h' ke; fyd;a iSks leru,SlrKh ùfukafidaiaj, j¾Kh fjkia fõ'

² ;lald,s f;dard .ekSfï § udxi,h iys; ;lald,s fuka u fyd¢ka bÿKq ;lald,sf;dard.; hq;= h' ke;fyd;a m,am wiajekak wvq fõ' tfuka u meyeh fjkia fõ'

² úkdlsß tl;= l< hq;af;a m,amh idkaø lsÍfuka miq j h' ke; fyd;a úkdlsßblau‚ka jdIam jk ksid fidaiaj, kshñ; rih fkd,efí'

² ;lald,s idkaø lsÍfï § fyd¢ka ñY% fkdl<fyd;a lr jQ iajNdjhla we;s ùksIamdokfha fN!;sl .=Kdx. fjkia fõ'

² ;lald,s m,amfha wdrïNl brix w.h 4-5 muK h' idkaø jk úg th 35 fõ'

171




t<j`M yd m,;=re wju ielisu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'3

fhdacs; ld,Éfþo ( 02wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² .=Kd;aul núka hq;a t<j`M yd m,;=re f;dard .ekSu

² t<j`M yd m,;=re fia§u" fmd;= yeÍu yd lemSu ksjerÈ f,iisÿ lsÍu

² lmd .;a t<j`M yd m,;=re len,s wdl¾YKSh f,i weisÍu

ye¢kaùu ( wdydr ilia lsÍfï § tAjdfha uq,a iajrEmfhka iïmQ¾Kfhka

fjkia fkdfldg wju f,i ilialr tkï fia§u" fmd;=

yeÍu" len,s lsÍu jeks ls%hdjka isÿ lr ksIamdok fjf<|fmd<g

bÈßm;a lsÍu wju ieliSuhs' fuu.ska wdydr wêl f,i ilia

lsÍfuka isÿ jk fmdaIK ydks wju lr .; yels w;r u"

wdydrj,g ixrlaIl øjH tl;= lsÍfuka o je<lsh yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( wju f,i wdydr ilia lsÍfï § ;dmuh ydks wju ùu yd

ridhksl m%;sls%hd wju f,i isÿ ùfuka fmdaIl ydks isÿ ùu

wju ùu

a' fldia wju f,i ieliSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² meiqKq fldia f.ähla

² àfmda,a

² c,h

² 200 ppm yd 500 ppm lAf,dAfrdlAiA øjK

² lmk ,E,s

² msys

² Wÿkla

² r;a lsÍug yd fia§ug n`ÿka

² weiqreï øjH

172



l%ufõoh (

1& fldia f.äh fyd¢kA msßisÿ lr" àfmda,a fhdod" ¥ú,s yd uv bj;A jk fiA .,d hk c,fhka fidaokak'

2& 200 ppm lAf,dAfrdlAiA øjKhl ñks;a;= 10lA .s,Ajd ;nkak'3& f.äh jgd we;s fmd;A; bj;A lrkak' f,,s bj;A l< jyd u ÿUqre ùu je<elAùug kgjd ksjd .;A c,fhA .s,ajkak'4& ÈlA w;g y;rg fldia f.äh lmkak'5& uÿ¨ fjka lrkak'6& h<s kgjd ksjd .;A c,fhA .s,Ajkak' weg fjkA lr uÿ¿ oslA w;g m<kak'7& fldiA len,s l< jyd u ksjqKq c,h iys; Ndckhlg oud fmrkhlskA c,h fjkA lrkak'8& 50-55 °Cl WIAK;AjfhA we;s c,fhA ñks;a;= tlyudrlA .s,Ajd ;nkak'9& iqÿiq weiqreul ^Wod # iaghsrf*daï& wdl¾YKSh f,i wiqrkak' miq j th Flexible filmj,ska wdjrKh lrkak'

10& nr lsrd fjf<òfmd<g bÈßm;a lrkak'

ks.ukh #

wju ieliQ fldiaj, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² WKq c,fha .s,ajd ;nk fõ,dj # 50- 55 °C ñks;a;= 1 1$2

² weiqreu # fmd,s;ska f.aca 150² .nvd l< hq;+ WIaK;ajh # 6-8 °C

² .nvd l< yels ld,h ( osk 7

² fuu ls%hdj,sfha oS mglj,g ;=jd, ùu yd ydks ùu isÿ jk neúka iajdNdúl

kejqï wjia:djg jvd iq`M fjkila fuu ksIamdokj, oelsh yels h' tksid .nvdlsÍfï oS .=Kd;aul nj mj;ajd .ekSug úfYaI Wml%u fhosh hq;= fõ'

10

173



² ish¨ u Ndck inka fhdod fidaod bka miq 200ppm laf,dafrdlaia ødjKhlska

fidaod Ndú; l< hq;= h'

² fïih fyda fïi froao 200 ppm laf,dafrdlaia u.ska iafmdkaca lene,a,la fhdod

msiod .; hq;= h'

² lmk msys" n`ÿka fyd|ska msßisÿ lr ks;r ks;r 200 ppm laf,dafrdlaiaj, .s,AjñkA

Ndú;hg .; hq;= h'

² lmk ,E,s fyd¢kA fidAod 500 ppm laf,dafrdlaia ødjKhl ñks;a;= 20la .s,Ajd

;nd" laf,dafrdlaiaA iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;A jk mßÈ kgk WKq c,fhka fidaod .;

hq;= h'

úfYaI lreKq

² laf,dafrdlaiA 3'8 mllA c,h 1 ll osh lsÍfuka 200 ppm laf,dafrdlaia ødjKhla

idod .; yels h'

² laf,dafrdlaiA 9'5 mllA c,h 1 ll osh lsÍfuka 500 ppm laf,dafrdlaia ødjKhla

idod .; yels h'

b. wju f,i ieliQ m<;=re tl;=jla ieliSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH( ² u, fkdn¢k jdfka msys

² lmk ,E,s

² fíiï

² c,h

² iaghsrf*daï weiqreula

² Flexible films

² m,;=re - me‚ flduvq

wkakdis

mefmd,a

flfi,a

² Toothpicks

l%ufõoh#

² m,;=re fmd;= yeÍug fmr fyd¢ka fidaÞ .kak'

² fidaÞ .;a m,;=rej, fmd;= bj;a lr uOHu m%udKfha len,sj,g fjka lrkak'

174



² m,;=re len,s iaghsrf*daï weiqrefuys wdl¾YKh Wmojk mßÈ wiqrkak'

² miq j flexible films Ndú;fhka fuh wdjrKh lrkak'² miq j tA u; toothpick 1-2 .id fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a l< yels mßÈ ilikak'

ks.ukh #

wju ieliQ m,;=rej, .=Kd;aul nj ks¾Kh lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq (

² m,;=re lemSfï § ;e<Sï yd fmdä ùï j<lsk f,i uqjy;a msys Ndú; lrkak'² j¾K lsysmhlska hq;a m,;=re fhdÞ .ekSfuka wdl¾IKSh nj jeä fõ'² wju ieliSulg Ndck l< wdydr øjH myiqfjka krla jk iq¨hs' tajdfha pH

w.h fjkia ùïj,g ,la jk w;r" iajdNdúl jdhqf.da, ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvdl< úg myiqfjka .=Kd;aul njg ydks isÿ fõ'

² kejqï t<j¿ yd m,;=re ieliSfï oS" weiSrSu yd YS; lsrSu hkq tAjd ;jÿrg;a l,a;nd .ekSug fhosh yels wu;r Wml%u fõ'

² kuq;a wju ieliSug n`ÿka l< t<j¿ yd m,;=re ieliSfï oS weiSrSu yd YS; lsrSuwksjd¾hfhka u l< hq;= h'

175




fldia weg fgd*s iE§u" tys bkaøSh f.dapr;d we.hSu yd wdhq ld,h ks¾Kh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'4


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² fldia weg fgd*s iE§ug wjYH wuqøjH ksjerÈ j f;dard

.ekSu

² ksjerÈ j ;dlaIK ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lrñka fldia weg

fgd*s ksIamdokh lsrSu

² ksmojQ wdydrfha bkaøsh f.dapr;d we.hSu

² wdydrfha wdhq ld,h ks¾Kh lsrSu

ye¢kaùu ( wE; w;S;fha isg u fldia weg ;ïnd fyda jHdxckhla f,i

wdydrhg .ekSug Y%S ,dxlslhka mqreÿ ù we;' kuq;a fldia

wegj,ska úúOdx.SlrKh lrk ,o wdydr ielish yels w;r"

fldia weg fgd*s ta w;ßka rij;a wdydrhls' fujeks kj

ksIAmdokhla ilia l< miq bkaøsh f.dapr;dj yd wdhq

ld,h ks¾Kh l< hq;= h'

uQ,O¾uh ( r;a lsÍfuka wys;lr laIqøÔùka úkdY ùu lsÍu yd wdydrfha

c, ils%h;dj wvq lsÍfuka ndysßka iSks tl;= lsÍfuka

ñY%Kfha iSks idkaøKh jeä lr laIqøÔùkaf.a j¾Okh wvd,

lsÍu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² .Eia ,smla

² idiamdka

² fíiula

² ;eáhla

² msys

² ye¢

² ;ïnd fmdä lr.;a fldia weg w~q fldamam 1

² iSks fldamam 1 1$2

² lsß msá fïi ye¢ 2

² jeks,d iaj,amhla

² tkid,a 2-3

176



l%ufõoh (

a. fldia weg fgd*s iE§u

² fmdä lr .;a fldia weg" iSks" lsßmsá ish,a, l,jï lrkak'

² bkamiq ,sm ;nd fyd¢ka ye¢ .dkak'

² f;;a .;sh ysf|kak yßkak'

² ,sfmka nEug m%:u ri ldrl tla lrkak'

² mou ,efnk úg ^.=,shla fuka& yekaog ±fka'

² ;eáhl 0'1 cmla muK .klug isák fia ;=kSlr 2 cm len,sj,g lmkak'

b' idok ,o fldia weg fgd*sj, bkaøsh f.dapr;dj we.hSu

² o;a; igyka m;s%ldjla ilia lsÍu² fldia weg fgd*sj, bkaøsh f.dapr;dj we.hSfï § tu o;a; igyka lsÍu i|yd

Hedonic wdldrfha mÍlaIKhlg iqÿiq jk f,i o;a; igyka m;s%ldjla ilialrkak'

² fï i|yd rih" meyeh" iy jhkh hk bkaøsh f.dapr ,laIK we.hSu isÿlrkak'

² ieu úg u ri mÍlaId lsÍfuka miq j c,fhka lg fidaokak'

ks.ukh #

by; bkaøsh f.dapr ,laIK weiqfrka isiqkaf.a leue;a; wOHhkh lrkak'

c' by; l%ufõoh hgf;a ieliQ fldia weg fgd*sj, Ôj ld,h uekSu

² ms<sfh, lr.;a fldia weg fgd*s fmd,sfm%dms,ska u¨j, wiqrd uqød ;nkak'² miqj úoHd.drh ;=< fuu fgd*s ;nd j¾Kh" jhkh" fjkia ùï ksÍlaIKh

lrkak'² wdydrh krla ùug wdrïN lrk fudfyd; f;la ld,h igyka lr .kak'

ks.ukh #

fldia weg fgd*sj, cSj ld,h ks¾Kh lr tjeks fjf<òfmdf<a wf,úh iòyd we;s

ksIAmdokj, wdhq ld,h iu. iiòkak'

úfYaI lreKq # (² fldia weg fgd*s iE§ug je,s fldia weg fhdÞ .ekSu jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'² bkaøsh f.dapr;dj uekSu i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkh;a $ mßirh;a iQÞkï lsÍu jeo.;a

fõ'

177




wdydr mkf;a úê úOdkj,g wkql+, j wdydr ksIamdokhla i|ydfhda.H weiqreï f;aÍu yd f,an,hla ieliSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'59'6


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² tla tla wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd fhda.H weiqreï øjHh f;aÍu

² ksjerÈ ;dlaIKsl l%fudamdh wkq.ukh lrñka wdydrksIamdok ksjerÈ j weiqreï lsÍu

² ksIamdÈ; øjH kshñ; mßÈ f,an,a lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( hï wdydr ksIamdokhla iïnkaO j mdßfNda.slfhl=g ksjerÈf;dr;=re weiqrefuka iemhSu wdydr f,an,alrKh kï fõ'1980 wxl 26 ork wdydr mk;g wh;a f,an,a lsÍfï yd m%pdrKhlsÍfï fr.=,disj,g wkql+, j f,an,h ilia úh hq;= h'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdydr weiqreï l< úg wdydr krla ùug md;% jk mßirhlgksrdjrKh fkdjk ksid krla ùug fya;= jk idOlfkd,eîfuka wdydr l,a;nd .; yels h'

wjYH øjH yd WmlrK # ² we¨ñkshï áka² ùÿre fnda;,a ^w`ÿre yd mdroDYH&² ma,diaála fnd;,a ^PET&² fmd,sfm%dms,Ska ^PP&² wdydr mkf;a msgm;la

l%ufõoh#

(a)' wdydr ksIamdokhla i|yd fhda.H weiqreï f;aÍu

² ìialÜ" fidaia" fldaäh,a" óÜ fnda,aia" fmd,af;,a yd meiagÍlD; lsß hk wdydrksIamdok j¾. f;dard .kak'

² by; ksIamdok i|yd weiqreï f,i fmd,sfm%dms,Ska" we¨ñkshï áka" ùÿre fnda;,a"yd ma,diaála fnda;,a f;dard .kak'

² fok ,o wdydr ksIamdok i|yd fhda.H weiqreï f;darkak'

ksIamdokh weiqreï j¾.h f;dard .ekSug fya;=j

178



ks.ukh #

wÞ< ksIamdok iòyd f;dard .;a weiqreï j¾.h yd tu weiqreu f;dard .ekSug fya;=igyka lrkak'

(b). wdydr ksIamdokhla i|yd f,an,hla ieliSu

wdydr mkf;a wdydr f,an,a lsÍu iy m%pdrKh fr.=,disj,g wkql+, jk mßÈ

a ys i|yka wdydr ksIamdok i|yd fhda.H f,an,a ilia lrkak'

l%ufõoh #

wdydr weiqreul f,an,fha m%Odk rduqfõ (Main panel) my; m%Odk lreKq ;=k

we;=<;a úh hq;= h'

1' fmdÿ kduh - (common name) ´kE u NdId folla fyda ;=klska meyeÈ,s j yd

m%lg j fmfkk f,i >k wl=ßka uqøKh lr ;sîu'

2' ksIamdokfha fj<| kduh îkaku& (Brand name) - NdId tllska fyda jeä

.Kklska uyckhd fkdu. fkdhk fia meyeÈ,s j igyka lr ;sîu

3' Y=oaO wka;¾.;h (net volume) cd;Hka;r ixfla; weiqßka ±laúh hq;= ùu

>k øjHhla kï g fyda kg

øj iïnkaOj ml fyda L

øj udOHfhka wiqrd we;akï Èhr bj;a l< Y=oaO nr g fyda kg

² fmdÿ kduh hkq wdydrh fmdÿfõ y÷kajk kduh jk w;r fuh ioyka lrk wl=rej,

m%udKh" ikaku ioyd Ndú;d lrk wl=rej, m%udKhka 1$3g fkdwvq úh hq;=h'

² wjir ,;a wdl,k tajdfha kï jYfhka fyda cd;Hka;r jYfhka wxl fh§fï l%ufhka

±lafõ (INS Number).

² .nvd lsÍu iy Ndú; lsÍfï Wmfoia we;akï

² ksIamdolhdf.a ku iy ,smskh

² Y%S ,xldj ;=, weiqreïlref.a fyda fnodyrskakkaf.a ku iy ,smskh

² ldKav wxlh fyda ixfla; wxlh fyda ryia ixfla; igyk

l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh ^´kE u NdId follska&

Èkh $ udih $ j¾Ih

j¾Ih $ udih $ Èkh

j¾Ih b,lalï y;rlska ±laúh hq;= h' Bg uq,ska Expiry fyda exp f,i ±laùu

j¾Ih b,lalï follska olajhs kï Èkh $ udih $ j¾Ih

ksIamdÈ; Èkh- j¾Ih b,lalï y;rlska - Èkh $ udih $ j¾Ih MFD

wvx.= øjH wjfrdayK ms<sfj<g ±lafõ'

fuhg wu;rj

Èhr lsß" soft drink, iòyd l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh fnda;,a jik mshfka iòyka ùu

179



úfYaI lreKq #² wdydr mkf;a wdydr f,an,a lsÍfï yd m%pdrKh lsÍfï fr.=,disj,g hg;a j

my; f;dr;=re f,an,fhka wkdjrKh úh hq;= h'

ksIamdokfha fmdÿ kduhksIamdokfha fjf<| kduhksIamdolhdf.a ku yd ,smskh,shdmÈxÑ wxlhY=oaO nr fyda mßudjwvx.= øjH - wjfrdayK ms<sfj<gWmßu is,a,r ñ,l,a ;nd .ekSfï øjH we;s ke;s njksIamdÈ; Èkhl,a bl=;a ùfï ÈkhldKav wxlh

180




m%;sldß; flfi,a m;% ojgkhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'5


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² wdydr weisrSu ioyd cSj ojgkhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

² Ôj ojgkfha wdydr weiqreï lsrSu

ye¢kaùu ( wdydr weiqreïlrKfha § weiqreï øjH f,i ffcj úfhdackhg

(Bio-degradable) Ndck fkdjk øjH Ndú; lsÍfuka li<

l<uKdlrKfha § .eg,q we;s jk w;r iuyr YÍrhg wyslr

øjH weiqreï øjHj,ska wdydrhg tl;= úh yels h' fuu wys;lr

;;a;aj je<elaùug mßir ys;ldó wdydr weiqreula f,i Ôj

ojgk fhdod .kshs'

uQ,O¾uh ( ffcj úfhdackhg Ndck jk Ydl m;% wdY%fhka Ôj ojgkhla

ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'

wjYH øjH yd WmlrK # ² flfi,a m;%hla

² W÷kla

² yqud, cklhla (Steamer)

² mSvk W÷kla

² tkeu,a n÷ka 02la

² c,h

² .Eia ,smla

² YS;lrKhla

² äuhs fld< $ w;amsiakd lvodis

l%ufõoh (

² fyd¢ka jevqKq yd fyd¢ka È. yereKq flfi,a m;%hla f;dard .kak'

² ueo kdráh wvx.= fkdjk mßÈ 45 x 45 cm m%udKfha len,sj,g lmd fjka

lr .kak'

² fuu lmd .;a fldgiaj, we;s ¥ú,s yd wfkl=;a wmøjH bj;a lsÍug msßisÿ

c,fhka fidaokak'

² m;% fldgia W÷kl wdOdrfhka 80-85 0C WIaK;ajhl ñks;a;= 5l ld,hla m;%

úh<d .kak'

² m;% T,sõ M,fha meyeh (Olive green) jk f;la ;;amr 25-60 w;r ld,hla iaàurhl

;nkak'

² tkeu,a n÷ka follg WKq c,h yd iS;, c,h ,nd .kak'

181



² m;%j, fld< meye fmkqu fjkia jk ;=re WKq c,fha nyd ;nd jyd u iS;,

c,hg fhdokak'

² mSvk Wÿkl ñks;a;= lsysmhla m;% ;nd .kak'

² m;%j, u;=msg c,h we;akï tu c,h bj;a lrkak'

² bkamiq flfi,a m;% len,s meh 8-10l ld,hla mjfka úh<kak'

² fufia úh<d .;a m;% YS; l< ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd lrkak'

² .nvd lsÍfï § f;;ukh Wrd .ekSug äuhs fld<" lvodis" w;amsiakd jeks

øjHhla ieu m%;sldß; flfi,a m;%hla iu. u wiqrd m;% 10-20lsska hq;a ñá

idod .kak'

² fïjd l=vd fmÜáj, fyda we¨ñkshï f,day m;%j, wdOdrfhka fyda wiqrd .kak'

ks.ukh #

² wdydr øjHhla fuu weiqrefï wiqrk wdldrh w;ayod n,kak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² m;% len,s lemSfï § wjYH;dj mßÈ jD;a;dldr fyda p;=ri%dldr f,i len,sj,g

lmd fjka lr .; yels h'

² fuu m%;sldß; flfi,a m;% j¾Kfha fyda ;;a;ajfha fjkila isÿ fkdù ldur

WIaK;ajh hgf;a Èk 5la o YS; l< ;;a;aj hgf;a udihlg wêl ld,hla o ;nd

.; yels h'

² flfi,a m;%j, T;k ,o wdydr øjH laIqø ;rx. W÷kl (Microwave oven)

tajdfha lsisÿ fjkila we;s fkdjk whqßka WKqiqï lr .; yels h'

² tla flfi,a .ilska jirlg m;% 10la muK m%;sldß; flfi,a m;% iE§ug

,nd.; yels h'

² ieu flfi,a m;%hlska u 45 x 45cm m;% len,s 6-8la ixLHdjla ilid .; yels

fõ'

² flfi,a yereKq úg lekao" fk¨ï úfYaI" Èhjr" f;alal" y,añ,a," iQßh" nq;airK"

fldÜgïnd" j,a fn,s" jÜglald" ksú;s" f.dajd yd lsr, hk Ydl m;% o ojgk

f,i Ndú; l< yels h'

182




wmñY%Kh lrk ,o wdydr y÷kd .ekSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'8


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d ( ² wmñY%Kh lrk ,o ñßia l=vq" iy,a msá" mdka msá" l=rlalka

msá y÷kd .ekSug Ndú; lrk fN!;sl l%u w;ayod ne,Su

² msßisÿ kso¾Ylj, úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu

² wdf,dal wkaùlaIh ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍu yd iSreudre lsÍu

² fok ,o ksheÈ i|yd ùÿre lod kexjqï ms<sfh, lr .ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( wdydrhl nr$ mßudj jeä lsÍfuka ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSug

ñksid úiska wdydrhg tl;= lrk øjH wmñY%K kï fõ'

we;eï wmñY%K fN!;sl j mshú weiska n,d.; yels w;r

we;eï wmñY%K y÷kd .ekSug úoHd.dr myiqlï wjYH fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( hï msá l< wdydrhl uQ,sl ieliqu wkaùlaISh j ksÍlaIKh

lr" tu wdydrfha lKsldj, yevj,g wod< fkdjk fjk;a

yev iys; lKsld we;s nj mÍlaId lsÍfuka wmñY%ldrl we;s

nj ks¾Kh l< yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH# ² msßisÿ iy,a msá 10g

² msßisÿ l=rlalka msá 10g

² msßisÿ mdka msá 10g

² msßisÿ ñßia l=vq 10g

² iy,a msá 20 ]lska wmñY%Kh l< l=rlalka msá 10 g

² iy,a msá 20 ]lska wmñY%Kh l< mdka msá 10 g

² iy,a msá 20 ]lska wmñY%Kh l< ñßia l=vq 10 g

² wdf,dal wkaúlaIhla

² ùÿre lÞ yd jeiqï fm;s

² îlr

² wdiQ; c,h

² lmq mq¨ka

² ùÿre l+rla

² fmá% §is

² c,h

² bf,lafg%dksla ;=,djla

² m;a; Spatula&

² l=vd isßxchla (disposable)

183



l%ufõoh#

a' wdf,dal wkaúlaISh l%uh

lodj ms<sfh, lsÍu

² msßisÿ iy,a msá fjk u fmá% §ishlg oukak'² bf,lafg%dksl ;=,dfjka msßisÿ iy,a msá 5 mg uek .kak'² .a,sißka yd c,h 1#1 wkqmd;hg jk f,i ødjKhla idod .kak' tfia idok ,o

ødjKhg iy,a msá m;a; wdOdrfhka tl;= lrkak' tu msá ødjKh ±uQ ùÿre lodju;g l=vd isßxchla wdOdrfhka whäka ìxÿjla oukak' tu ñY%Kh ùÿre lodjlw;=rd" wdf,dal wkaúlaIfhka mßlaId lrkak'

² jdhq nqnq¨ we;s fkdjk f,i ùÿre lÞj u; we;s ksheÈh jeiqï fm;a;lskajikak'

² jeiqï fm;af;ka msg;g bj;a jk wdiQe; c,h áIQ lvÞishl wdOdrfhka msiúksúo fmfkk iq¿ kso¾Ylhla idÞ .kak'

² by; wdldrhg u msßisÿ mdka msá" l=rlalka msá yd ñßia l=vq i|yd ùÿre lÞkso¾Yl 3la idÞ .kak'

² idÞ .;a kso¾Yl 4 wdf,dal wkaúlaIfhka fjk fjk u ksÍlaIKh lrkak'² wdf,dal wkaúlaISh kso¾Yl wod< rEmigyka iu. ixikaokh lr msßisÿ ksheÈhl

,laIK igyka lrkak'

184



wmñY%Kh lrk ,o l=rlalka msá$ mdka msá$ ñßia l=vq y÷kd .ekSu

² iy,a msá 20 ]lska wmñY%Kh lrk ,o l=rlalka msá fmá% §ishlg .kak'

² by; wdldrhgu wmñY%Kh lrk ,o l=rlalka msá kso¾Yl lÞjla ms<sfh,

lrkak'

² wdf,dal wkaúlaIfhka msßisÿ iy,a msá yd msßisÿ l=rlalka msá kso¾Yl iu.

ixikaokh lrñka wmñY%s; kso¾Yl ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² by; wdldrhg u msßisÿ mdka msá yd iy,a msá 20 ]lska wmñY%Kh lrk ,o

mdkamsá kso¾Yl fuka u msßisÿ ñßia l=vq yd iy,a msá 20]lska wm ñY%Kh lrk

,o ñßia l=vq kso¾Ylh ksÍlaIKh lr fjkialï igyka lrkak'

b' Ndrñ;sl l%uh

² msßisÿ ñßia l=vq ksheÈhla yd iy,a msá ñY% lrk ,o ñßia l=vq ksheÈhla fjk

fjk u ,nd .kak'

² îlrhl msßisÿ ñßia l=vq 5 gla muK mdkSh c,h 100 mlla iu. ukd j l,;d

ksYap, j ;nkak'

² tf,i wmñY%Kh lrk ,o ñßia l=vq 5 gla muK f.k c,h 100 mlla iu. l,;d

ksYap, j ;nkak'

² fuu ksheÈ fol tljr c,fha l,;d ksYap, j ;nd ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² iy,a msáj," l=rlalka msáj," ;sßÕ= msáj, yd ñßia l=vqj, l‚ld ksÍlaIKh

lrkak' ^l‚ldj, úúO yev;, olajd we;s igykla Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'&

msßisÿ yd wmñY%Kh jQ ksheÈ ixikaokh lrkak'

² msßisÿ ñßia l=vq yd wmñY%Kh jQ ñßia l=vq Èhlr ksYap, j ;nd ;ekam;a jQ øjHj,

>k;ajh ^tAll mßudjl ialkaOh& ixikaokh lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² msßisÿ iy,a msáj," l=rlalka msáj," ;sßÕ= msáj, yd ñßia l=vqj, l‚ld yev;,

y÷kd .kak'

wmñY%Kh jQ ksheÈ ksÍlaIKfhka l‚ld yev;, ñY%Khla ±lsh yels fõ'

WÞ( iy,a msá 20 ]lska wmñY%Kh jQ ñßia l=vq ksheÈfha ñßia l=vq yd iy,a msá

l‚ld ñY%Khla ±lsh yels h'

² msßisÿ ñßia l=vq j, tAll mßudjl ialkaOh o ,nd .kak' wmñY%Kh lrk ,o

ñßia l=vqj, tall mßudjl ialkaOh o ,nd .kak' fuu ialkaO ixikaokh

lsÍfuka wmñY%Kh jQ ksheÈh fidhd .; yels h'

úfYaI lreKq #

wdf,dal wkaúlaISh l%ufha §

² ñßia l=vq" iy,a msá" l=rlalka msá wmñY%Kh fkdl< tAjd úh hq;= h'

² kso¾Yl ieliSfï§ ,nd .kakd ksheÈh jvd idkaø fyda jvd ;kql fyda fkdúh

hq;= h' tfia ùfï § meyeÈ,s ksÍlaIK ,nd.; fkdyels fõ'

² yd,a" l=rlalka" ;sßÕ= yd ñßia l=vq l‚ldj, úúO yev;, olajd we;s igykla

Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'

185



² w¨;a ùÿre lÞ yd jeiqï fm;s Ndú; lrkak'

² tla w;la u; wkaùlaIh ;nd wfkla wf;ka wkaúlaIfha n¢ka w,a,d wdf,dal

wkaúlaIh /f.k wd hq;= fõ'

² m<uq j wjfk; wjn,hg ilia l< hq;= fõ' ^fuh Wiska wvq u ldphhs'&

² idÞ .kakd ,o kso¾Ylh wkaùlaIfha fõÈldj u; ;nd r|jd .kak'

² mshú weiska n,ñka o< iSreudrej wdOdrfhka wkaúlaISh n| my<g f.k tkak'

² bka miq Wmfk;ska n,ñka o¾mKhg b;d fyd¢ka wdf,dalh ,efnk f,i ilia

lr .kak'

² kso¾Ylfha m%;sìïnh meyeÈ,s jk jk;=re ishqï iSreudrej wdOdrfhka wkaúlaISh

n| b;d fiñka kso¾Ylh foi isg by<g iSre udre lrkak'

² m%;sìïnh meyeÈ,s j kdNs.; ùfuka miq úYd,kh jeä lr ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

² ldph lÞj u; fkd.eàug j.n,d .kak'

² wkaúlaISh ldp weÕs,sj,ska we,a,Sfuka j<lskak' tu ldp úfYaI msßisÿ lsÍfïlvodis wdOdrfhka msiod .kak'

² wkaúlaIfhka mÍlaId lsÍfuka wk;=re j wkaúlaISh n| by<g Tijkak' kej;wjfk;g iSre udrelr kso¾Ylh bj;a lrkak'

² Ndú;fhka miq wdf,dal wkaùlaIh ¥ú,s fkdjÈk f,i wiqrd ;nkak'

186




mßK; o¾Yl weiqrska fnda. wiajkqj, mrsK; Ndjh ks¾Kh lsrSu

ksmqK;d uÜgu # 10'2


wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² mrsK; nj ks¾Kh lsrSug wod< WmlrK l%udxlkh lsÍu

yd WmlrK Ndú;fhka mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu

² j¾Kh" ±ä nj" ì%laia w.h" pH w.h yd wvx.= wï, m%udKh

weiqfrka t<j`M yd m,;=re j¾. i|yd mßK; o¾Yl

f.dv ke.Su

² mßK; o¾Yl weiqfrka wiajkq fk<Sug iqÿiq wjia:dj ks¾Kh

lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( t<j`M yd m,;=rej, mßK; o¾Yl mÍlaId lsÍfuka wiajkq

fk<Sug iqÿiq wjia:dj ;SrKh l< yels h' mßK; o¾Yl mÍlaId

lsÍug úúO l%u wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí'

uQ,O¾uh ( mßK; o¾Yl mßlaId lsÍfï úúO l%ufõo weiqßka" t<j`M yd

m,;=rej, wiajkq fk<Sug iqÿiq wjia:dj ;SrKh lr wiajkq

fk<Sfuka t<j`M yd m,;=rej, miq wiajkq ydks wju lr .;

yels h'

a. t<j¨ yd m,;=rej, fmd;af;a meyefhka mrsK; nj ks¾Kh lsrSu mshú weig fmfkk

wdldrhg&

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² fnda.fha ^wU$ flfi,a" .ia,nq& mßK;sfha úúO

wjia:dj, we;s M,j,ska tla wjia:djla ksfhdackh

jk mßÈ wju jYfhka M, ;=k ne.ska ^100] fld<

mdg" 50] fld< yd 50] lymdg iy 100] ly meye;s

fmd;af;a j¾Kh iys; m,;=re m%udKfhka yd yevfhka

fuka u m%fNaofhka o iudk jk f,i&

² uxi,a j¾K igykla

² iaÓr igyka mEkla (Permanent Marker Pen)

² ;=,djla

² ñkqï má

² jzksh¾ le,smrhla

187



l%ufõoh #

imhd .;a m,;=re ndysßka j¾Kh mÍlaId lr my; mßÈ ldKav lr j.=jla ilia

lrkak'

mshú weig 100] fld< mdg 50] fld< mdg 100] ly mdg fmfkk j¾Kh 50] ly mdg mßK;sh Stage-1 Stage-2 Stage-3 wkqj ksheÈh (S

1) (S

2) (S

3)

kso¾Yl wxlh R1

R2

R3

R1

R2

R3

R1

R2

R3

uxi,a j¾Kh

^fmd;af;a&

nr

È.

m<,

udxY,fha j¾Kh

by; ldKav l< tla tla ksheÈfha M, my; mßÈ f,an,a lr.kak'

f,an,a wxl f,an,a wxl

S1R

1 S

2R

1

Stage-1 (S1) S

1R

2Stage-2 (S

2) S

2R

2

S1R

3 S

2R

3

S3R

1

Stage-3 (S3) S

3R

2

S3R

3

² ieu M,hl u È." m<, yd nr igyka lr tla tla mßK; wjia:dfõ we;s M,j,

È." m<, iy nfrys idudkH w.h .Kkh lrkak'

² ieu M,hl u fmd;af;a meyeh uxi,a j¾K igyk iu. ii|d wod< kso¾Ylfha

j¾Kh j.=fõ wod< ia:dkfha igyka lrkak'

^by; m,;=re kso¾Ylfha ±ä nj" ì%laia w.h" pH w.h iy wdï,sl;dj fiùfï

mÍlaIK i|yd o fhdod .; hq;= h'&

² fmd;af;a j¾K ksÍlaIKhg miq ±ä nj mÍlaIKhg fhdod .; hq;= w;r bka miq

M,fha m¨jla lmd udxY,fha j¾Kh uxi,a j¾K igyk u.ska mÍlaId lr

igyka lrkak'

² ieu M,hl u fmd;af;a j¾Kh yd udxi,fha j¾Kh PdhdrEmhg .ekSfuka miq

tajdfha j¾K ;Sj%;dj wkqj wkqms<sfj<ska ilia lr mßK; o¾Yl f.dv k.kak'

188



ks.ukh #

² ,nd .;a o;a; j.= .; lr mßK; o¾Ylhla ilia lrkak'

mshú weiska S1

S2

S3

fld< meyeh 100] ly meyeh 50] ly meyeh 100]

fmd;af;a j¾Kfha idudkH w.h

udxY,fha j¾Kfha idudkH w.h

nf¾ idudkH w.h

Èf.ys idudk w.h

m<f,a idudkH w.h

b. ±ä nj (Firmness) u.ska mßK; nj ks¾Kh lsÍu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² Firmness Tester (Texture meter)

² fmd;af;a j¾Kh weiqßka mßK; o¾Yl iE§fï

mÍlaIKhg ^wxl a mÍlaIKhg& fhdod .;a m,;=re

kso¾Yl

² msyshla

l%ufõoh #

² fmd;af;a j¾Kh weiqßka mßK; o¾Yl ilia lsÍug fhdod .;a kso¾Yl u fuu

mÍlaIKhg fhdod .kak'

² Firmness tester WmlrKh Ndú;fhka kso¾Ylj, ±ä nj mßlaId lrkak ish¨ u

M,j, ±ä nj mÍlaId lsÍug M,fha tl u ia:dkhla f;dard .kak&'

Firmness Tester

189



² tla tla kso¾Ylfha ±ä nj i|yd ,efnk w.hka igyka lsÍug my; j.=j wdOdr

lr .kak'

mßK; wjia:dj kso¾Yl wxlh ±ä;d w.hka ±ä;d w.hkaf.a uOH w.h

S1R

1x

1

S1

S1R

2x

2 1 2 3

3

x x x

S1R

3x

3

S2R

1y

1

S2

S2R

2y

2 1 2 3

3

y y y

S2R

3y

3

S3R

1z

1

S3

S3R

2z

2 1 2 3

3

z z z

S3R

3z

3

ks.ukh #

² kso¾Ylj, ,nd .;a oDV;d w.hhka by;ska fok ,o ieleiaug wkqj ilik ,o

j.=jl igyka lr tla tla mßK; wjia:djg wod< kso¾Yl ;=fka oDV;d

w.hhkaf.a uOHkHh f.k by; fnda.h i|yd mßK; o¾Ylhla f.dvk.kak'

c. ì%laia w.h u.ska mrsK; nj ks¾Kh lsrSu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² by; wxl a hgf;a ilia l< ld¾hmßY%h iy tu

ksheÈ

² ì%laia ógrhla (Refractometer)

² l=vd jxf.ähla fyda weUreï hka;%hla (Blender)

² l=vd isÿre iys; fmrkhla fyda ishqï isÿre iys; uia,ska

frÈ lvla

² 100 ml îlrhla

² ìkaÿ ouk (Droppers) folla

² t<j`M lmk ,E,a,la

² msyshla

² mqkS,hla

² wdiQ; c,h fnda;,hla

² ùÿre l+rla fyda yekaola

² uqyqK msi oeóug fhdod .kakd áIQ lvodis

190



l%ufõoh #

(i) ì%laia ógrh l%udxlkh lsrSu

² m%:ufhka u ì%laia ógrh l%udxlkh i|yd my; i|yka l%shdj,sh wkq.ukh

lrkak'

² wdiQ; c,h ìkaÿ 2-3 muK Dropper ^ìkaÿ oukhla& u.ska ì%laia ógrfha ñkqï

m%siauh u;g oud m%;s§ma; jeiafuka jid Wmfkf;ka ksÍlaIKh lrkak' o¾Ykh

meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug Wmfk; iSreudre lrkak'

² WmlrKfha o¾Yk ;,h ;=< ks,a yd iqÿ j¾K fjka jk iSudj Y=kHhg ^0 g&

meñK fkdue;s kï l%udxlk bial=remamqj lrljd th ìkaÿjg f.k hkak'

² j¾K fol fjka jk iSudj ìkaÿjg meñKs miq m%;s§ma; jeiau Tijd uDÿ áIQ

lvodishlska m%siauh yd jeiau msi oukak'

(ii) ì%laia w.h ks¾Kh lsrSug ksheÈ ieliSu

² wU" .ia,nq" wkakdisj, Èla w;g ;Srejla lmd .kak' flfi,aj, kï f.äfha

ueo fldgi lmd .kak' ^fï i|yd my; rEm wdOdr lr .kak'&

² lmd .;a ;Srej, fmd;a; bj;a lr l=vd len,sj,g lmd .kak'

² lmd .;a l=vd lene,s íf,kavrhl fyda l=vd jxf.ähl oud wUrd m,amhla idod

.kak'

² m,amh" fmrkhlska fyda frÈlvlska fmrd hqI ksheÈhla ilia lr .kak'

² by; wdldrhg tla tla M,h i|yd fjk fjk u hqI ksheÈh ilia lr.kak'

191



iii mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu

² ì%laia w.h mÍlaId lsÍug fmr ieu ksheÈhla u ùÿre l+rlska ñY% lr Dropper

tlla wdOdrfhka hqI ìkaÿ 2-3la muK ì%laia ógrfha m%siauh u; oud jdhq nqnq¨

fkdmsysgk fia m%§ma; jeiafuka jid mdGdxl ,nd .kak'

² mdGdxl lshùug my; rEmigyk kso¾Ylhla f,i fhdod .kak'

² mdGdxl ,nd .kakd ieu wjia:djlg u miq j ì%laia ógrh wdiQ; c,fhka fidaod

msi oukak'

ks.ukh #

² ,nd .kakd mdGdxl my; wdldrfha j.=jlg we;=¿ lr tla tla mßK;sfha jQ

M,hka ;=fka u ì%laia w.h fidhd tu w.hka ;=fka uOHkHh j.=jg we;=¿

lrkak' ta i|yd my; ±lafjk wdo¾Yk j.=j fhdod .kak'

mßK; wjia:dj kso¾Yl wxlh ì%laia w.h ì%laia w.hkaf.a uOH w.h

S1R

1x

1

S1

S1R

2x

21 2 3

3

x x x

S1R

3x

3

S2R

1y

1

S2

S2R

2y

21 2 3

3

y y y

S2R

3y

3

S3R

1z

1

S3

S3R

2z

21 2 3

3

z z z

S3R

3z

3

192



d. m,;=rej, msIaGg m%udKh mÍlaId lsÍu u.ska

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² úúO mßK; wjêj, m,;=re j¾.hla

^fyd|ska fïrE" uOHia: fïrE" b;d <má&

² jÜglald" w¿ flfi,a jeks t<j`M j¾.hla

² 4 ] fmdgEishï whvhsâ

² 1] whãka

² 100 ml îlrhla

² fmá% §is 03 la

l%ufõoh #

² tl u j¾.fha m,;=re j¾.hl$ t<j`M j¾.hl úúO mßK; wjia:dj, we;s

m,;=re f.ä 03 la imhd .kak'

² tu m,;=re fyd|ska fidaod mfilska ;nkak'

² fmá% §is yd m,;=re A, B, C f,i kï lrkak'

² 4] fmdgEishï whvhsâ yd 1] whãka ñY% lr ødjKhla ^75 ml la muK& ilid

.kak'

² fia¥ m,;=re f.ä folg lmd" bka tla lene,a, ne.ska ødjKh ;=< .s,ajd" fmá%

§ifha lemqï uqyqK; Wvg isák fia fmá% §isfha ;nkak' ^jÜglald jeks

f.ähl kï l=vd fldgila lmd .kak'&

² ál fõ,djlska fmá% §is u; ;enQ m,;=re len,sj, lemqï mDIaGh ksÍlaIKh

lrkak'

² ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § m<;=f¾ msIagh we;s m%udK wkqj ks,a-l¿ me,a,ï we;s

m%udK fldmuK±hs n,kak'

ks.ukh #

² msIaGh iys; m%foaY me;sÍ we;s m%udK wkqj m,;=rej, mßK; nj ks.ukh

lrkak'

193



e. wdï,sl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH # ² m<uq mÍlaIKh wxl a& i|yd fhdod .;a ld¾hmßY%h

iy tu m,;=re ksheÈ

² by; ld¾hmßY%hg my; ±lafjk øjH yd WmlrK

² pH ógrhla

² 0.1 M fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ 2-3 ml la

² 1] *sfkdama;,ska o¾Ylh

² wdiQ; c,h

² 50 ml ìhqfrÜgqjla

² áIQ lvodis

² l%udxls; msfmÜgqjla 10 ml fyda 5 ml&

² ìhqfrÜgq wdOdrlhla (Burette stand)

² îlr fyda ma,dial= (100 ml)

² ùÿre mqkS, folla

² t<j`M lmk ,E,a,la

² msyshla

² ìkaÿ ouk (Droppers) folla

² ridhksl ;=,djla (Analytical balance)

² ñkqï irdjla (100 ml)

² iqÿ meye ms`.ka .fvd,la fyda iqÿ lvodishla

² uia,ska frÈ lvla fyda ishqï isÿre iys; fmrkhla

² fkdueflk igyka mEkla (Permanent Marker Pen)

² iïu; ødjK ^pH w.h 4" 7 iy 10&

l%ufõoh #

i wvx.= wï, m%udKh mÍlaId lsÍu u.ska

² wU" .ia,nq" wkakdis kï m¨jla f.k Èla wlaIh ueÈka lene,a,la lmd .kak'

² flfi,a kï f.äfha ueÈka lene,a,la lmd .kak by; mÍlaIKfha rEm u.ska

olajd we;s wdldrhg&'

² ksheÈj, fmd;= bj;a lr l=vd len,sj,g lmd bka 10 gla lsrdf.k thg wdiQ;

c,h 40 mlla tla lr jxf.ähla fyda íf,kavrhla wdOdrfhka m,amhla ilia

lr .kak'

² ilia lr .;a m,amh uia,ska frÈ lvlska fyda ishqï isÿre iys; fmrkhlska fmrd

hqI fjka lr .kak'

² by; ilia l< ksheÈfhka 5 mlla msfmÜgqjl wdOdrfhka ma,dial=jlg f.k

*sfkdama;,ska ìkaÿ 2-3 muK tla lr l,;kak'

² 0'1 M NaOH ^fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ& ødjKfhka ìhqfrÜgqj mqrjd jdhq nqnq¨

we;akï bj;a lr wkqudmkh lrkak'

² ta i|yd my; rEmigyk wdOdr lr .kak'

194



² ld¾h mßY%fha jQ tla tla mßK; wjia:dj, we;s M, ;=k i|yd u fjk fjk uwkqudmk isÿ lr jeh jk NaOH mßudj igyka lr .kak'

² my; ±lafjk iólrKh wdOdrfhka wkqudmkh l< yels wï, m%udKh .Kkh

lrkak'

ks.ukh #

my; olajd j.=jg o;a; we;=¿ lr mßK; o¾Ylhla ilia lrkak'

ii. pH w.h ks¾Kh lsrSu u.ska

² úoHd.drfha we;s pH ógrfha j¾.h wkqj wod< l%ufõoh f;dard .kak'² m%:ufhkau pH 4" 7" 10 hk ødjKj,g pH ógrfha bf,lafg%davh oud l%udxlkh

lr .kak'² Probe bf,lafg%davh f,i we;s f,day l+r& iys; pH ógrhl kï M,h isÿre lr

pH ógrfha Probe tl ta ;=<g we;=`M lr fl<ska u pH w.h lshjkak'² pH ógrh Probe tl rys; tlla kï ùÿre ngh ;=< bf,lafg%davh we;s wjia:dfõ

wdï,sl;dj mßlaId lsÍu i|yd fhdod .;a hqI ksheÈhla ^m,;=re 10 gla wdiQ;c,h 40 mlla yd ñY% lr idod .;a ødjKh& Ndú; lr ta ;=<g bf,lafg%dav we;=¿lr pH w.h ks¾Kh lrkak'

mßK;

wjia:dj S1

S2

S3

ksheÈh

R1

R2

R3

uOHkHh

ìhqfrÜgq r|jkh

iqÿ ghs,a fydaiqÿ lvodish *sfkdama;,ska o¾Ylh iys; m,;=re hqI

0.1M NaOH ødjKh

fla;= ma,dial=j

fu!,sl;dj

195



² my; olajd we;s j.=jg ,nd .;a o;a; we;=¿ lr mßK; o¾Ylhla ilia lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² tla tla mßK; wjia:dfõ jQ M, ;=k i|yd u mÍlaIK isÿ lr tajdfha uOHkHh

pH w.h f,i .kak'

úfYaI lreKq #

a. fmd;af;a meyeh u.ska

² ú,dâ jeks wU m%fNao fhdod .ekSfuka fmd;af;a j¾Kh ksÍlaIKhg wmyiq;d

we;s jk neúka fld< meye;s wU m%fNao f;dard .kak'

² fmd;af;a j¾Kh f;aÍfï § M,fha uOHfha j¾Kh ksÍlaIK l< hq;= h'

j¾K ksÍlaIKhg iqÿiq m%foaYh

² uxi,a j¾K iu. iei£u l< hq;af;a PdhdrEm ,enqK miq j h'

b. oeä nj (Firmness Tester) u.ska

² oeä nj" jhkh f,i o y÷kajhs'

² kso¾Ylj, ±ä nj mÍlaId lsÍfï § WmlrKh ish¨ u kso¾Ylj,g tl u

ÈYdjg ;nd ;o lrkak'

² Firmness Tester tlg wu;r j M,hla w;ska .%yKh lsÍfuka o tys ;o nj" tfnk

iajNdjh" lefvkiq¨ nj" uDÿ nj y÷kd.; yels w;r tu.ska o mßK;sh ms<sn|

wjfndaO lr .; yels h'

² M,h láka ymd leãfuka o tys j¾Kh iy o;aj,ska fhÈh hq;= n,h wkqj

mßK;sh ms<sn| woyila ,nd.; yels h'

² .%yKfhka fyda yemSfuka mßK;sh fiùfï § thg w.hka Èh fkdyels h' fï

i|yd w.hka ,nd .ekSug Firmness Tester tl fhdod .kS'

mßK;

wjia:dj S1

S2

S3

ksheÈh

R1

R2

R3

uOHkHh

196



² tl u mqoa.,hl= ish¨ u ksheÈ mÍlaId lr;a kï mqoa.,hd ksid isÿ jk jerÈ wju

lr .; yels h'

² M,h ksjerÈ j .%yKh lr fkd.ekSfuka mdGdxl fjkia úh yels h'

² Ndú; lsÍug fmr WmlrKfha wxl fYdaOkh lrkak'

c. ì%laia w.h u.ska

² ì%laia ógrfha ms%iauh msi ±óug uDÿ lvodis fhdod .; hq;= h' tfia fkdjk úg

m%siauh iSÍug ,la fõ'

² ì%laia mÍlaId lsÍfuka miq m%siauh iy jeiau wdiQ; c,fhka fidaod msi oud

WmlrKh ;eìh hq;=hs'

² ì%laia ógrh ;=< o¾Ykh wmeye±,s kï Wmfk; lrljd meyeÈ,s lr.; hq;= h'

² m%siauh u; ieu úg u ^jdhq nqnq¨ rys; j& iudldr j" ;=kS ia;rhla f,i hqIh

me;sfrk mßÈ ilia lr.; hq;=hs' jdhq nqnq¨ we;s úg yd ia;rh .klï jk úg

mdGdxl fodaI iys; fõ'

² foys" fodvï jeks m,;=rej, hqI fl<ska u m%siauhg tla l< yelshs'

² WmlrKh ksjerÈ ÈYdjg yd wdf,dalh ,efnk ÈYdjg fhduq l< hq;= fõ'

² rEmigykla wdOdrfhka WmlrKfha fldgia y÷kd .kak'

d. m,;=rej, msIag m%udKh ks¾Kh lsrSu

m,;=rej, lemqï uqyqKf;a mj;sk ks,a l¿ me,a,fï m%;sY;h wkqj msIag m%udKh

;SrKh l< yels h' tkï 60-70] muK m%foaYhl j¾Kh fjkia ù we;akï

m,;=re fïÍug m%:u wiajkq fk`ME nj ;SrKh l< yels h'

ks,a l¿ m%foaY 80-90] muK we;s kï mßK; ù we;s nj ;SrKh l< yels h'

e. wdï,sl;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu

² ksjerÈ f,i ksheÈ ilia lsÍu iy f,an,a lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

² ksjerÈ ridhksl ;=,djlska lsrd .;a NaOH Ndú; lr NaOH ødjKh idod .;

hq;= h'

² ìhqfrÜgqj msrùfï § jdhq nqnq¨ fkdmsysgk fia msrúh hq;= h'

Brix meter

197



² ìhqfrÜgq mdGxl ;u weia uÜgfï ;nd lshúh hq;= h'

² ìhqfrÜgq mdGdxlh lshùu l< hq;af;a tys jQ ødjKfha udjlfha m;=,g wod<

w.h u.sks'

² ieu ksheÈhlg u *sfkdama;,Ska tl u m%udKh tla l< hq;= h'

² wkqudmkfha wka; ,laIH ksjerÈ j ks¾Kh l< hq;= h'

² ish¨ u ksheÈ mÍlaIKh wjika jk f;la bj;a fkdlr ;nd .; hq;= h ^kej;

lsÍug wjYH jqjfyd;a Ndú; lsÍug&'

198




.=Kd;aul u;aiH wiajkq y`ÿkd .ekSu



wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² u;aiHhl=f.a foayfha ndysr fldgia y`ÿkd .ekSu

² mxfÉkaøshhkaf.ka tlla fyda lsysmhla Ndú; lrñka

mßfNdackhg iqÿiq iy kqiqqÿiq uiqka y÷kd .ekSu

ye¢kaùu ( fjf<|fmdf<ka uiqka ñ<§ .ekSfï § .=Kd;aul núka by<

uiqka f;dard .kafka flfia o hkak mdßfNda.slhska uqyqK fok

m%Odk .eg¨jls' fï i|yd úúO ks¾Kdhl mj;sk w;r uiqkaf.a

ndysr ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsrSfuka .=Kd;aul núka by< uiqka

y÷kd .; yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( uiqka fk<d .ekSfuka miq Tjqkaf.a YÍrfha isÿ jk ridhksl

ls %hdj,s ksid Tjqkaf.a .=Kd;aul nj YS>%fhka wvq ù

mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a fjhs'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² u;aiH úfYaI lsysmhlg wh;a uiqka lsysm fofkl= id,hd"

yqre,a,d" ,skakd" mshdueiaid&

² ma,diaála $ we¨ñkshï ;eáhla

² ,E,a,la

² frÈ lene,a,la $ áIq frda,la

² l;=rla

l%ufõoh (

² u;aiHhl=f.a YrSrh ksrSlaIKh lr ndysr fldgia y`ÿkd .kak'

mDIAÁh jr,

wxY f¾Ldj

fm!ÉP jr,

.=o jr,fY%daKs jr,

lru,a msOdkhuqLh

wei

<h jr,

199



ks.ukh #

² my; j.=fjys fmkakd we;s mßÈ uiqkaf.a ndysr ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lrñka j.=.;

lrkak'

ndysr ,laIKh .=Kd;aul núka .=Kd;aul núkaby< my<

YÍrfha ndysr fmkqu §ma;su;a h' iu wjmeye;s h'

iu Yaf,aIau,j,ska Yaf,aIau, YÍrh u; leá .eiSwdjrKh ù we;' wjmeye .eka ù we;'

u;aiHhdf.a YÍrhg f;rmQ ia:dkh b;d f;rmQ ia:dkh hgg .s,S mj;S' udmg.s,af,ka ú.i h:d ;;a;ajhg h:d ;;ajhg m;a fkd fjhs' ishqï f;rmqula fhoSu m;a fjhs'

weiaj, iajdNdjh weia §ma;su;a h' weia wjmeye .eka ù we;s w;r reêrhmsg; mDIaGh W;a;, h' .,d we;'

weia hgg .s,S mj;S' lru,a msOdkh §ma;su;a h' wjmeye;s h'

reêr me,a,ï mj;S' lru,a §ma;su;a r;= meye;s h' ÿUqre fyda wjmeye;s h'

wj¾K Yaf,aIau,j,ska Yaf,aIu, ly ÿUqre meye;s h'jeiS mj;S'

.kaOh m%ikak iqj|la mj;S' wm%ikak .kaOhla ûqvq .|la& mj;S'

YÍrfha Woßh ;o h' Worh fmfoi b;du;a uDÿ h' fmfoi iuyr úg WoÍh fmfofiys we;s

me¿ï ;=<ska wdydr ud¾.h msg;gmeñK we;'

úfYaI lreKq (

u;aiH fjf<òie,lg hEfuka úúO úfYaIj,g wh;a u;aiHhkaf.a .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

200




foaYSh j ,nd.; yels wuqøjH Ndú;fhka l=vd mßudKfha wdrlaIs; .Dyhla iE§u


ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 08

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² wdrlaIs; .Dyh iEoSug fhda.H wuqøjH y÷kd .ekSu

² ;jdka mka;shla ioyd $ ;jdka me< rojd ;eîug wdrlaIs;

.Dyhl o< ie,eiaula we`§u

² wdrlaIs; .Dyh iE§ug wjYH øjH kshñ; m%udKj,g ilia

lsÍu

² wdrlaIs; .Dyhla ks¾udKh lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( md,s; mdßißl ;;a;aj hgf;a fnda. j.d lsÍu ioyd wjYH

me< ,nd .ekSug Wmfhda.S jk ;jdka md;a;shla $ ;jdka ;eá

;eîu ioyd ilia lrk iQ¾h m%pdrl jHQyhla fyda wdrlaIs;

.Dyhla ;=< ;eîfuka tu frdamK øjH blauKska m%frdayKh

ùu fydò uQ, moaO;shla we;s ùu yd ;jdka me<j, .=Kd;aul

Ndjh jeä lr .ekSu l< yels h'

fï ioyd ilia lrk jHqyfha m<, 1.4 m" È. 3.2 m yd uOH

Wi 1m jk f,i ilia lrkq ,efí' tu ia:dkfha ;jdka

md;a;shla ilikafka kï tho 3 m x 1.2 m x 20 cm jk f,i

ilid .; yels h'

uQ,O¾uh ( wdrlaIs; .Dy$ m%pdrl jHQyhka ys by< WIaK;ajh ksid Yajik

fõ.h jeä ùfuka o" fyda¾fudak l%shdldÍ ùfuka o frdamK

øjHj, uq,a we§u W;af;ackh fõ' by< wd¾ø;dj ksid frdamK

øjH úh<S hEfuka wdrlaId fõ'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² 1(2(5 isfuka;s# je,s# 1$4 .,a ñY%Kh iys; ;dÉÑ 08 muK

² 5 cm PVC (type 600) ng 01

² 3 cm PVC (type 400) ng 02

² fmd,s;ska 7 m2 (UV treated polythene) jvd iqÿiq jqj o

tfia ,nd .; fkdyels úg§ 200 muK .klue;s

idudkH Clear polythene fhdod .kak'

² l=vd lïì ^fmd,s;Ska PVC ngfha /oùug&

² Wo¨ ² fïika yeÈ ² l+[a[

² ;dÉÑ ² w,jx.= ² ,Kq

² c,h ² ñkqï má

201



l%ufõoh (

² mdif,a fyd`Èka wdf,dalh ,efnk ;eks;,d wdrlaIs; ia:dkhla f;dardf.k tuN+ñh msßisÿ lrkak'

² 3.2 x 1.4 m muK jk m%udKhg N+ñh uek l+[a[ yd ,Kq Ndú; lr i,l=Kq lr.kak'

² N+ñfha y;r fldK yd uOH ia:dkj, ^rEmfha mßÈ& 20 x 20 x 20cm muK j<j,ailia lr .kak'

² by; ioyka lrk ,o fldkal%SÜ ñY%Kh ilia lr 5 cm muK úIalïNfhka hq;=PVC ng 30 cm Wig lmdf.k" lmd .kakd ,o j<j,a ;=< iú lr .kak'

² tf,i iúlr .;a PVC k< fldgia ñY%Kh ;=< iú ùug ;nd ta ;=<g .s,a,úh yelsBg jvd úIalïNfhka wvq PVC k< uOHfha Wi 1m jk mßÈ ielish yels jk f,i

È.g lmd .kak'

² tfia lmd.;a k< jfÜ ilik ,o j<j, we;s k<hg oud 1m Wig uOHh mj;skf,i wdrelal= yevhg kjd iúlr .kak'

² uOHfha wdrlal= fldgia lïìhlska È.g iú lr .kak'

² fmd,s;Skh f.k th iQ¾h m%pdrlhla f,i uq¨ md;a;sh u jefik f,i fyda wjYHúg § fomiska frda,a l< yels mßÈ È.g lmd .kak'

ks.ukh #

wdrlaIs; .Dyhl ie,iqï lsysmhla weò thska jvd;a fhda.H ie,iqu f;dardf.k thilia lrkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fuys§ ilik iQ¾h m%pdrlh iys; N+ñfha ;jdka ñY%Kh $ je,s oud frdamK øjH;jdka lsÍug fyda ;jdka n`ÿka$ ;jdka ;eá ;eîug fhdod .; yels h'ks¾mdxY= j.d iòyd fhdod .kakd ;jdka ;eá jqj o fuh ;=< ;eìh yels h'

² fuys ;jdka ;eá$ ;jdka n`ÿka ;nk úg tajdg c, iïmdokh lr ;eìh hq;= h'

202




ixirKh jk ks¾mdxY= j.d moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu



wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² ixirKh jk ks¾mdxY= j.d moaO;shlg (DFT) wjYH øjH/ia lsrSu

² kshñ; mßudKhg moaO;sh ieliSu ioyd wjYH øjH ksjerÈj ilia lsÍug wjYH ñkqï .ekSu yd k< ieliSu

² moaO;sh ;=< fmdaIK udOHh ixirKh ùu iòyd WÑ; c,fmdïmh f;dardf.k ia:dk .; lsrSu

² moaO;ssfha k< ;=< me< /oùug wjYH isÿre ksis mr;r we;sj mßudKhg ilia lsrSu

² fmdaIl udOHh ixirKh ùug WÑ; mßÈ moaO;sh ks¾udKhlsrSu

ye¢kaùu ( ks¾mdxY= j.dfõ § uQ, moaO;sh È.ska jeä fnda. j.d iòyd

.eUqre fmdaIl Odrd ;dlaIKh (Deep flow technique - DFT)

fhdod .kS' fuys § fmdaIl .eUqre we,shla ;=< mj;sk w;r"

uq,a tys .s,S fmdaIl ,nd .kS' tfiau fmdaIl plS%lrKh

îxirKh& ùuo fuu l%ufha § isÿ fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( fkd.eUqre we,sh ;=< ixirKh jk fmdaIl udOHh j.d lrwe;s fnda.j, uQ, uKav, l,dmhg ,eîfuka $ fmdaIl ixirKhùfuka yd uQ, moaO;shg wjYH jd;kh ,eîfuka Ydl fyd¢kaj¾Okh ùu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² 25 cm È." 5 cm úIalïNhlska hq;= PVC nghla² 5 cml úIalïNh we;s 900 ^L yeve;s & elbow 06la² 5 cml úIalïNh we;s 7.5 cm È. Èla l< yels PVC ng 03la² c,fha .s,aúh yels l=vd c, fmdïmhla (0.3 - 0.5 Horse power)² nyqpl%SlrK ld,.=Klhla (Multicycle timer)² 5 cml úIalïNh we;s (Net pot) 15la muK² we,anÜ fmdfydr 2 kgla muK² fmdaIl udOHh oeóug 16 ll muK gexlshla² c, fmdïmfha isg moaO;shg ødjKh imhk 1 cm úIalïNh we;s 2 mla È. PVC nghla yd Elbow Wmdx.² fldyqn;a jeks >k udOHhla² ,Sj,ska ilia lr .kakd ,o wdOdrlhla² 5 cm úIalïNh iys; PVC Endcap 2la

203



l%ufõoh (

² ,S $ ,E,s hlv Ndú; lr rEmfha mßÈ wdOdrlhla ilia lr .kak'

² wdOdr l f h a PVC ng we;=,a l< yels mßÈ isÿre ilia lrkak'

² PVC ngj, j.d lrk fnda.hg wod< j mr;r iys; j isÿre ilia lr .kak'^5 cm isÿre Hack saw tllska lmd .; yels h'&

² rEmfha mßÈ Elbow yd Extender ng iúlr jHQyh ilia lr .kak'

² my< u ;Ügqfõ we;s PVC k<fha hg me;af;ka isÿrla lmd thska msg jkødjKh fmdaIl udOH .nvdlr we;s gexlshg jefgkakg i,iajkak'

² fmdïmh fmdaIl udOH iys; nÿkg oud tys isg 1.4 cmla muK jk PVCk<hla jHQyfha by< u k<hg we;=`M lrkak'

² we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kfhka 2 gla f.k c,h 1 ll Èh lr ødjKh idod"10 l gexlshg$ n`ÿkg fhdokak'

² fmdaIl ixirKh ùu ld,hg wkqj ls%hd;aul ùug Multi cycle timer fldgifmdïmhg iú lrkak'

² fmdïmh ls%hd;aul ùug wjYH úÿ,s n, iemhqu o ilikak'

² PVC ngj, isÿrej, m%udKhg ilia lr .;a Net Potj,g" l=vd ±,a len,swe;=`M lr udOHh mqrjd tys ;jdfkka .,jd .;a me< isgqjd .kak'

² remfha wdldrhg me< iys; Net Pot PVC ngfha ieliQ isÿre ;=<g we;=`Mlrkak'

² fmdïmh ls%hd;aul lr fmdaIl ødjKh ixirKh ùu ksis f,i isÿ fõ ±hs ksÍlaIKh lr n,kak'

ks.ukh #ks¾udKh l< ks¾mdxY= j.d moaO;sh ksis f,i kv;a;= lrñka mj;ajdf.k hkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² fmdaIl ødjKfha EC yd pH w.hka mÍlaId lr wod< uÜgug ielish hq;= h'

204




ixirKh jk c, frdams; j.d moaO;shl i,do j.d lsrSu



wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² c, frdams; j.djg wjYH i,do me< ,nd .ekSu i|ydiafmdkaÊ ;jdka ms<sfh< lsrSu

² c, frdams; j.d moaO;sfha ;jdka me< frdamKh lsrSu

² c, frdams; j.d moaO;shl j.dj ia:dmkh lr kv;a;= lsrSu

ye¢kaùu ( c, frdams; j.djka i|yd fnda.fha uQ, uKav,h /|ùug yelsf,i" me< ,nd .ekSug iafmdkaÊ ;jdka Wmfhda.S fõ'

uQ,O¾uh ( ks¾mdxY= j.djka ioyd uQ, uKav,hg ydks fkdù me< ,nd.ekSug yd fmdaIl rys; udOHhl me<fha uQ, uKav,h mj;ajd.ekSug iafmdkaÊ ;jdka fhda.H ùu

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² 1cm fyda 2cm .klu we;s iafmdkaÊ ISÜ tllska25 x 25cm fldgia lsysmhla

² ldnka mEkla² c,h² lemqï ;,hla² 50 x 50 cm m%udKfha l¿ fmd,s;ska lene,a,la² we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 500 gla muK² i,do îc 100la muK² 30 x 30 cm ma,diaála ;eáhla

l%ufõoh (² iafmdkaÊ ISÜ tflys ldnka mEklska fyd¢ka igyka jk mßÈ bß we|

2.5 x 2.5cm fldgq ,l=Kq lrkak'² iafmdkaÊ ISÜ tl fyd¢ka .,d hk c,fhka ^Tap water& lsysm jrla fidaod

ñßld .kak'² ishqï lemqï ;,hlska my<ska fjka fkdjk fia ieu odrhlska u fldgq lmd

.kak'

² bkamiq ieu 2.5 x 2.5 cm fldgqjla ueo my; rEmfha wdldrhg l=vd lemqula

fhdod .kak'

205



² fuu lemqu ;=<g îch ne.ska fhdokak'

² fuu iafmdkaÊ ISÜ tl c,h fhdok ,o ma,diaála fÜ% tl u;=msg ;nd l¿

fmd,s;ska lene,af,ka jid w÷re ;ekl ;nkak'

² îc me<ùu wdrïN jk úg fmd,s;ska lene,a, bj;a lrkak'

² we,anÜ ødjKfha uõ ødjKh ms<sfh< lsÍu isÿ lrkak'

² me<j, i;H m;% 2la yg .;a úg c,h bj;a lr" we,anÜ fmdfydr 1 gla c,h

1 ll osh lr idok ,o ødjKh c,h fjkqjg fhdokak'

² l%ufhka c,h m%udKh wvq lr we,anÜ ødjKfha fmdfydr wkqmd;h 1 ( 1

jk mßÈ idkaøKh fjkia lr ;eáhg fhdokak'

² j.d moaO;sfha fmdaIl o%djKfha pH w.h yd úoHq;a ikakdhl;d w.h (EC)

ms<sfj<ska pH ógrh yd EC ógrh u.ska ffoksl j uek .kak'

² pH w.h wvq fyda jeä jQ úg i,do j.dj i|yd wjYH m%Yia; pH uÜgu jk

6'5-7'0 ,nd .ekSug wjYH ødjK fjf<|fmdf<ka ñ, § f.k fhdokak'

² m%Yia; EC w.h ógrhg fvis iSukaia 1'5 (1.5 ds/m) úh hq;= w;r" thg jvd

w.h jeä kï c,h tl;= lr kshñ; w.hg f.k tkak'

² EC w.h wvq kï fmdaIl tl;= lr kshñ; w.hg f.k tkak'

² i,do j.dfõ frda. yd lDñ m<sfndaO we;s fõ ±hs ksr;=re j mÍCId lr

ikSmdrCIl lghq;= isÿ lsÍug yd tajd md,kh lsÍug lghq;= lrkak'

ks.ukh #

² ilia lrk ,o ixirKh jk c, frdams; j.d moaO;sfha i,do j.dj mj;ajdf.k

hkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² iafmdkaÊ lene,a, fyd¢ka c,fhka fidaod .; hq;af;a tys we;s úI ridhksl øjH

bj;a lsÍug h'

² we,anÜ ñY%Kfha uõ ødjKh ms<sfh< lsÍfï § c,h ,Sgrhlg we,anÜ fmdfydr

ñY%Kfha 1g l idkaøKhla ,efnk mßÈ Èh lr idod .kak'

206




;sria j.d u¨j, yd n÷kaj, ;lald,s j.d lsÍu


ld,Éfþo ixLHdj # 04

wfmalaIs; l=i,;d # ² >k udOH j.djg wjYH ;lald,s me< ;eá ;jdka u.ska

ksmoùu

² >k udOH j.d jk ;sria u¨j, iy n÷kaj, ;lald,s me<

frdamKh lsÍu

² >k udOH j.d moaO;s kv;a;= lsÍu

ye¢kaùu ( c, frdams; >k udOH ;=< j.dfõ § ;sria yd ;sria j.d u¨j,

fnda. j.d lrhs'

uQ,O¾uh ( ks¾mdxY= j.dfõ § frdamK udOHh f,i fldyqn;a fhdod .;

yels h'

wjYH WmlrK yd øjH ( ² ;jdka ;eá

² ma,diaála ;eá

² ;lald,s îc

² we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 500 gla muK

² isyska fmd,s;ska kQ,a

² merKs fldyqn;a

² yqud, Wÿk

² .Eia ,smla

² 13 x 37 cm m%udKfha msg; iqÿ" we;=<; l¿ mdrcïnq,

lsrK m%;sfrdaë fmd,s;ska u¨

² 30 cm úIalïNh iys; ma,diaála$ ueá$ fmd,s;ska n÷ka"

² l;=rla

² filáhr" lïì" fmd,st;s,Ska kQ,a

² lïmlhla (Vibrator)

lïmlh (Vibrator)

207



l%ufõoh (

îc m%frdayKh lsÍu

² merKs fldyqn;a yqud, W÷kl mehla muK ;ïnd ksfjkakg yßkak'

² ;eá ;jdk iy thg wjYH fmdaIl ødjKh fhdok ;eá msßisÿ lrkak'

² ;jdka ;eáj,g ;eáfha j<j,a ueÈka .uka lrk fia fmd,s;ska kQ,la tla

fl<jrl isg wfkla fl<jr olajd w;=rkak'

² ÔjdKqyrKh l< fldyqn;a ;eáj,g mqrjkak'

² ;eáj, j<j,a ueo tla îchla ne.ska isgqjkak'

² fjk;a ;eáhlg msßisÿ c,h fhdod ;jdka ;eáh tys wvla .sf,k fia th ;=<

;nkak'

² f;;a l< lvodishlska fyda frÈ lene,a,lska ;jdk jid îc m%frdayKh jk

úg th bj;a lrkak'

² ;lald,s îc m%frdayKh ù m<uq m;% 2- 3 u;= jk ;=re msßisÿ c,h muKla

imhkak'

² bkamiq îc me< isgqùug iqÿiq wjêh olajd oskla yer oskla c,h muKla o"

oskla yer oskla we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 1 gla c,h 1 ll Èh lr .;a ødjKh

o fhdokak'

² ;jdka me< j¾Okh jk úg ;eáh iu;,d u;=msgl ;nd fmdaIl ødjKh l=vd

me< u;g fkdjefgk fia ;jdka udOHfha fl<jrlg fhdokak'

² ;jdka ;=< uq,a wjêfha § fmdaIl ødjKh Èklg 5-10 ml la ,nd §ug iqÿiq jk

w;r miq j Èklg foj;djla fyda f;j;djla ,nd fokak'

² i;H m;% 2 -3 yg .;a wjia:dfõ § î;s 3-4 .; jQ úg& isgqùu i|yd iqÿiq fõ'

;sria j.d u¨ yd n÷kaj, isgqùu

² ;sria j.d u¨j, isÿre ilid merKs fldyqn;a mqrjkak'

² j.d n÷kaj,g o merKs fldyqn;a mqrjkak'

² me< ;jdfka me< isyska fmd,s;ska kQf,ka fome;af;ka fifuka by<g Tijd

bj;a lr u¨j, isÿre ;=< $ j.d n÷kaj, isgqjkak'

² iEu u,a,l u isÿrej,g yd n÷kaj,g fmdaIl ødjK ;=< iemhqï k< iú

lrkak'

;lald,s j.dj kv;a;= lsÍu

fuys§ my; ±lafjk wdldrhg we,anÜ fmdfydr ødjKh yd le,aishï khsÜf¾Ü

(Ca(NO3)

2) ødjKh me<fha jhi wkqj fh§ug mshjr .kak'

² Èk 1 - 18 olajd 20 ( 20 ( 20 + TE (TE = Trace elements- laIqø uQ,øjH& ñY%Kh

fyda we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 0.5 gla Èklg tla me<hlg ,efnk mßÈ

fhdokak' Èk ;=klg jrla le,aishï khsÜf¾Ü fhdokak'

² Èk 19-26 olajd 20 ( 20 ( 20 + TE ñY%Kh fyda we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 0.5 gla

Èklg tla me<hlg ,efnk mßÈ fhdokak' Èk ;=klg jrla le,aishï

khsÜf¾Ü 0.5 gla tla me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak'

208



² Èk 27-42 olajd 20 ( 20 ( 20 + TE ñY%Kh fyda we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 0.2 g

la Èklg me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak' Èk 3lg jrla le,aishï khsÜf¾Ü

0.5 gla me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak'

² Èk 43-56 olajd 12 ( 11 ( 18 + TE ñY%Kh fyda we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh 0.5 gla

Èklg tla me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak' Èk y;rlg jrla le,aishï khsÜf¾Ü0.5 gla tla me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak'

² Èk 57-120 olajd 12 ( 11 ( 18 + TE ñY%Kh fyda we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%Kh

0'7-0'75 gla Èklg me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak' Èk y;rlg jrla le,aishï

khsÜf¾Ü 0.5 gla tla me<hlg jk mßÈ fhdokak'

;lald,s Ydlj,g wdOdrl iemhSu

² Ydl l| jgd ma,diaála uqÿjlg fyda l| mduq, ,sys,a j .eg .eiQ fmd,st;s,ska

kQ,a isria wdOdrl f,i Ndú; lrkak'

² fuu kQ,a by<ska iú l< wdrCIs; .Kfha ;sria wdOdrl lïìj, .eg .ikak'

² me< j¾Okh jk úg kQ, m%Odk l| jgd ,sys,a j mg,jkak'

² Wig j¾Okhk jk wmßñ; j¾Okhla olajk ;lald,s m%fNaoj, § iEu m¾j

3-4lg w;ßka Ydl l| isria wdOdrl kqf,a .eg .eiSfuka me<Eá my<g ,siaid hEu

j<lajd .kak'

;lald,s Ydl mqyqKq lsÍu

² wmßñ; j¾Ok ú,dihla we;s m%fNao ;ks l|ka l%uhg mqyqKq lrkak' fuys§

m%Odk l| muKla mj;sk mßÈ iEu md¾Yaúl wxl=rhla u 5-6 cm lamuK j¾OkhjQ wjia:dfõ § lmd bj;a lrkak'

² È.= ld,hla wiajkq fok wiSñ; j¾Okhla iys; ;lald,s m%fNaoj, Wi kv;a;=l< yels uÜgfï mj;ajd .ekSug fmr wiajkq ,nd ÿka fldgfia merKs m;%3-4la bj;a lr Ydl l| 60 cm la my;a lr kej; .eg .ikak' fuh uq¨j.dld,h ;=< u i;s 2-3lg jrla isÿ l< hq;=hs'

² ;lald,s Ydlj, mqIAm mrd.Kh lsÍug lïml Ndú;fhka l| fifuka fi,ùuisÿ lrkak' ^fm'j' 10'00 muK jk úg idfmaCI wd¾ø;dj 60-70] olajd jq úgiy WIaK;ajh 21-27 0C jeks ;;a;aj we;s úg mrd. ksl=;a lsÍu Wmßu fõ'&

² ;lald,s M, 3-5la muK b;sß jk ffia wfkl=;a l=vd M, l=vd ld,fha § u bj;alr M, ;=kS lsÍu isÿ lrkak'

² ;lald,s j.djg we;s úh yels frda. ms<sn| j ksÍCIKh lr frda. iE§u j<lajd

.ekSug mshjr .kak'

209



ks.ukh #

² c, frdams; >k udOH j.djl ;lald,s j.djla isÿ lr" kv;a;= lrñka mj;ajdf.k

hkak'

úfYaI lreKq #

² we,anÜ fmdfydr ñY%K fh§fï § 12 ( 11 ( 18 + TE ñY%Kh leg wdldr ksid

ixirK moaO;shg fmdfydr fh§ug fmr Èhlr fmrd Ndú; l< hq;= h'

² ;lald,s Ydlj, mqIAm mrd.Kh lsÍug fooreï cklhla fkdue;s kï" w;ska

l| fifuka fi,ùu isÿ lrkak'

Documents

ffcjmoaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh BSTPracGuide.pdfvii ye ¢k aù u j ev f,d a l h g i qÿ i q k s m q K;d i ys ; o r ej k a ì ys l s Í u w'f m d ' i W i ia fm