ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literaturis mimarTuleba

Tamar Cokoraia

istoriuli diskursi jemal qarCxaZis narativSi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis doqtori, profesorikaxaber loria

Tbilisi 2013

avtoris stili daculia

2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Tavi I

istoriuli prozis raobisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1. istoriuli diskursi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.2. istoriuli proza da koleqtiuri mexsiereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.3. istoriuli proza da nacionaluri identoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.4. qarTuli istoriuli prozamexsierebis politikisa da nacionaluri

identobis konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

1.5. kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Tavi II

jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.1. roman `zebulonis~ naratiuli struqtura . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.1.1. romanis saTauri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

2.1.2. romanis Janruli specifika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.1.3. romanis enis TaviseburebisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

2.1.4. romanis naratiuli specifika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.2. roman `zebulonis~ istoriuli konteqsti. . . . . . . . . . . . .72

2.2.1. istoriuli foni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

2.2.2. koleqtiuri mexsierebis gamoZaxili romanSi `zebuloni~.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

2.2.3. roman `zebulonis~ politikuri konteqsti. . . . . . . . .79

2.1. 2.3. individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi romanSi `zebulni~. . . . . . . . . . 88

Tavi III

istoriuli fonis funqcia j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

3.1. istoriuli moTxroba `antonio da daviTi~. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .99

3.1.1. moTxrobis naratiuli specifika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

3.1.2. moTxrobis problematika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

3.2. istoriuli moTxroba `rahaT-luxumi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

3

Tavi IV

epoqis rekonstruqcia j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

4.1. moTxroba `igi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 122

4.1.1. miTi da istoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

4.1.2. platonis gamoqvabulis alegoria (interteqsti da

problematika) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

4.2. istoriuli moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~ . . . . . . . . . . . 143

4.2.1. epoqis rekonstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

4.2.2. tiranis saxe (interteqstualuri mimarTeba

platonis `saxelmwifosTan~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .146

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Sesavali

4

problemis aqtualoba.jemal qarCxaZis proza jer ar gamxdara

kompleqsuri mecnieruli kvlevis sagani. mwerlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb

arsebobs saintereso statiebi, sadac mxolod cakleuli nawarmoebebia

Seswavlili. jemal qarCxaZis prozas yovelTvis hyavda mkiTxveli, Tumca misi

nawarmoebebi safuZvliani literaturuli analizis miRma rCeboda xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi.

sabWoTa periodis literaturuli teqstebis xelaxla gadaazrebis dros,

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania calkeuli avtorebis Semoqmedebis xelaxla

da zogi maTganis pirvelad Seswavla.jemal qarCxaZis prozis kvleva

sainteresoa qarTuli literaturis istoriisa da sabWoTa koloinializmis

konteqstSi, radgan: a) jemal qarCxaZis proza Rirebulia mxatvruli

TvalsazrisiT; b) kolonializmis epoqis qarTul literaturaSi nacionaluri

identobis sakiTxia yvelaze gavrcelebuli, xolo jemal qarCxaZis prozaSi

liberaluri ideologiaa prioritetuli, rac gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilad

istoriul prozaSi Cans. masSi xazgasmulia individis Tavisuflebis Tema,

liberaluri Rirebulebebi da qarTveli eris yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

aRniSnuli faseulobebis damkvidrebis survili. am TvalsazrisiT mwerlis

Semoqmedeba dResac aqtualuria.

problemis Seswavlis istoria.jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebebi pirvelad

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi daibeWda. maT Sesaxeb arsebobs calkeuli statiebi,

sadac mwerlis Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.

SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec kritikosebi

msjeloben. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi Temebi: zneobrivi problematika da

pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxi, qarTveli eris xasiaTis kritikuli aRqma,

publicisturi paTosi. kritikul literaturaSi nawarmoebTa Semdeg

maxasiaTeblebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli: inteleqtualuri proza, Txrobis

manera, lakonuri, naTeli stili, ironia, iumori, paradoqsuli fraza,

personaJis xatvis manera, miTis ena. kritikuli literaturis mimoxilvis dros

SemovifarglebiT mxolod im werilebiT, romlebSic naSromSi Seswavlil

literaturul teqstebzea msjeloba: `igi~, `iupiteris sinanuli~, `zebuloni~,

`antonio da daviTi~, `rahaT-luxumi~). aRniSnuli nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb

5

msjeloben kritikosebi: T. vasaZe, l. bregaZe, d. werediani, r. TvaraZe, r.

canava, k. jamburia, n. muzaSvili, g. arRniSvili, m. jaliaSvili, z. kikviZe, a.

robaqiZe, q. giorgobiani.

moTxrobaSi `igi~ yuradReba gamaxvilebulia pirovnebad Camoyalibebis

sakiTxze (T. vasaZe, m. niniZe, g. lomiZe). T. vasaZe ,igis‘ vaJa-fSavelas gmirebs

adarebs (vasaZe 2008:201). sagangebo kvlevis sagania moTxrobis miTosuri

struqtura (r. canava, z. kikviZe, m. niniZe). r. canavas azriT, ,,igi”

,,preistoriuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis rekonstruqciis erT-erTi

warmatebuli cdaa” (canava 2009:288). z. kikviZe kritikuli mimoxilvisas

aRniSnavs, rom moTxroba `igi~ preistoriul xanas asaxavs, amis gamo teqstSi

Cans anTropomorfuli azrovnebis kvali (kikviZe 2011:10).

`iupiteris sinanulis~ mTavari personaJi, neroni, arSemdgari pirovnebaa:

nerons `mxolod pirovnebad yofnis TamaSi SeuZlia” (vasaZe 2000:17).

neronisaTvis Tavisufleba TamaSis saxeobaa: `Tavisufleba neronisaTvis

warmoadgens erTgvar TamaSs, romlis wesebsac TviTon qmnis – es aris

xelovneba. es aris Teatri, magram ara scenaze, aramed cxovrebaSi”

(jaliaSvili 1996:20). ,,iupiteris sinanulis” erT-erT mniSvnelovan Temad

zneobriv sakiTxsac miiCneven. mTavari personaJi neroni uzneobisa da

amoralobis gansxeulebaa. kritikosi m. jaliaSvili aRniSnavs: `kidev erTxel

vrwmundebiT am moTxrobis kiTxvisas, rom iseve, rogorc arsad ar Tavdeba

sulieri srulyofisaken maradmedini xazi... aseve dausazRvravia svla qvemoT-

uzneobis ufskrulisaken” (jaliaSvili 1996:14). kritikosma T. vasaZem ki

neronis saxe patrik ziuskindis ,,sunamos” mTavar personaJs, Jan batist

grenuis, daukavSira (vasaZe 2008:17). msgavsia maTi uzneoba da ukiduresi

sisastike ,,xelovnebis” saxeliT. (Tumca orive maTgans sxvadasxva motivi

amoZravebs da bevri ramiTac gansxvavebuli literaturuli personaJebi arian).

kritikosebi ar ganixilaven ,,iupiteris sinanulis” Janrul specifikasa da

politikur konteqsts. msjelobis sagani, ZiriTadad, neronis saxea.

romanis ,,zebuloni” mTavar problemad kritikosi n. muzaSvili Semdegi

saxis dapirispirebas moiazrebs: zebuloni VS soflis koleqtiuri neba.

zebulonma yuri ar aTxova Sinagan xmas da soflis koleqtiur nebas

damorCilda (muzaSvili 1997:5). zebulonis msgavsad sofelic tyvea. Tavidan

zebulons imorCileben, Semdeg misgan cdiloben tiranis Seqmnas. maT ar aqvT

gacnobierebuli sakuTari Tavisufaleba, zebulonic maTi msgavsia (muzaSvili

6

1997:5). soflisaTvis ufro martivia maT mier Seqmnili tiranis morCileba,

vidre sakuTar sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali pirovnebis atana. soflis

koleqtiur nebas tiranis pirovnuli nebis damorCilebac SeuZlia da aq

urTierTmorCilebis jaWvi iqmneba: `es is adamiania (zebuloni), romlis

pirovnul nebasa da soflis koleqtiur nebas Soris araviTari winaaRmdegoba

aRar arsebobs” (muzaSvili 1997:5). Tumca, zebuloni verc tirani gaxda. masSi

mudmivad darCa meryeoba, gaoreba Tavisufal da sxvis mier Tavsmoxveul nebas

Soris. kritikosis TqmiT, zebuloni mTeli cxovreba egueba tyveobasa da

Sinagan ganwirulebas (muzaSvili 1997:5).

`antonio da daviTSi~ kritikos q. giorgobianis azriT, gamoiyofa

Semdegi sakiTxebi: ,,adamiani da sazogadoeba, adamiani da marTlmsajuleba,

adamiani _ pasuxismgebeli sakuTari Secodebisa gamo mTeli sazogadoebis

winaSe da adamiani am sazogadoebis msajuli” (giorgobiani 1988:130). kritikoss

a. robaqiZis mosazrebiT, nawarmoebSi urTierTgadajaWvulia pirovnebad

yofnisa da zneobis sakiTxi. zneobrivi idealebisadmi erTguleba adamians

ayalibebs pirovnebad (robaqiZe 1986:134). T. vasaZis msgavsad, a. robaqiZec jemal

qarCxaZis personaJebis identificirebas axdens vaJa-fSavelas gmirebTan.

swored zneobrivi principebis erTgulebis gamo upirispirdebian isini

koleqtiur nebas (robaqiZe 1986:134). k. jamburias TvalsazrisiT, ,,antonio da

daviTSi” pirovnuli zneobis garda arsebiTia: ,,eris moraluri saxe, zneobriv-

eTikuri normebis ryeva. im masStabis problemebia daviT guramiSvilisa da

ilia WavWavaZis donis mwerlebi da mamuliSvilebi rom bedavdnen weras”

(jamburia 1987:119).

moTxroba ,,rahaT-luxumSi~ kritikosi n. muzaSvili ori ukiduresi

tendenciis dapirispirebas usvams xazs: ali-mirzas zRvars gadasuli

Sefasebebi da mRvdlis Tavdadeba. dauSvebelia, rogorc eris xasiaTis

gaidealeba, ise yvelas moRalated gamocaxdeba. mwerali nawarmoebSi

gamoxatavs sakuTar mosazrebebs qarTveli eris xasiaTis Sesaxeb. kritikosis

TqmiT: ,,Tu mTeli eris moRalateebad monaTvla Seuwynarebeli sisulele da

borotebaa, _ aseTadve da SesaZloa pirvelze saSiS tendenciadac ki

CaiTvalos meore ukiduresoba _ erovnuli xasiaTis idealizacia~ (muzaSvili

1990:121).

j. qarCaxaZis proza inteleqtualur prozadaa aRiarebuli. amis Sesaxeb

TiTqmis yvela kritikosi msjelobs (m. jaliaSvili, m. niniZe, g. gverdwiTeli,

7

k. jamburia, T. vasaZe, l. bregaZe, r. TvaraZe). aseve aRsaniSnavia mwerlis

Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti, kerZod, mwerluri gardasaxvis unari, rac

Tavdapirvelad l. bregaZem SeniSna: nebismieri nawarmoebi gansxvavebuli

stiliTaa Sesrulebuli, ris gamoc xSirad sxvadasxva avtoris STabeWdilebas

qmnis (bregaZe 1982:10). kritikaSi mwerlis stilTan dakavSirebiT saintereso

mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli, Tumca gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris nawarmoebTa

Janruli specifika, rac analizs ufro safuZvlians gaxdida.

gansxvavebul stils jemal qarCxaZe aRwevs sxvadasxva istoriuli fonis

SemotaniT. m. jaliaSvilis mosazrebiT, jemal qarCxaZisaTvis mniSvnelovani

mTavari personaJia, romelsac: ,,konteqstis mravalferovnebisaTvis urCevs xan

adrindel saukuneebs, xan Zvel roms, xan zRapars, xan Tanamedroveobas”

(jaliaSvili 2009:117). ,,iupiteris sinanulTan” dakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom

,,moTxrobis samoqmedo areali zeistoriulia. avtoris CanafiqriT, aRwerili

drama nebismier dro-sivrcul arealSi, nebismier scenaze SeiZleba

gaTamaSdes. ufro metic, es pirobiTi dro-sivrcea, radgan, realurad,

warmoCenilia mogzauroba sulis labirinTebSi” (jaliaSvili 2009:108). am

mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radgan istorias jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebebSi

Tavisi datvirTva aqvs: adekvaturi sivrcea konkretuli problemis

warmosaCenad (miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturul teqstSi personaJis

Sinagani samyaroa mniSvnelovani da ara epoqis detaluri rekonstruqcia).

statiaTa mimoxilvam gviCvena, rom literaturul kritikaSi jemal

qarCxaZis prozis bevri saintereso aspeqtia Seswavlili, Tumca zogjer

calkeuli sakiTxebi mxolod dasmulia, ar aris konkretuli pasuxebi Zireul

Tezisebze. bunebrivia, es imiTacaa gamowveuli, rom mwerlis Semoqmedebis

Sesaxeb jer kidev ar mogvepoveba vrceli fundamenturi kvleviTi naSromi,

rac damatebiTi stimuli SeiZleba iyos XX saukunis II naxevris periodis

literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis.

disertaciis sagani, mizani da amocanebi.kvlevis sagania istoriuli

diskursi jemal qarCxaZis narativSi. disertaciis mizaniajemal qarCxaZis

prozis konkretuli aspeqtebis Seswavla. bunebrivia, erTi naSromis

farglebSi SeuZlebelia mwerlis Semoqmedebis Tundac konkretul sakiTxebze

amomwuravi pasuxis gacema, Tumca SevecadeT Sesaswavli sakiTxi warmogvedgina

safuZvlianad. naSromis amocanaa: jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli nawarmoebebis

8

naratiuli struqturisa da am teqstebis socio-kulturuli konteqstis

Seswavla. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi istoriuli prozis

damkvidrebuli klasifikaciis safuZvelze, qarTuli istoriuli prozis

ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamokveTa da gamovlena. qarTuli istoriuli prozis

gaazreba mexsierebis kvlevis (memory studies) konteqstSi. amis Sedegad, j.

qarCxaZis istoriuli nawarmoebebis qarTul istoriul prozasTan mimarTebis

garkveva.

jemal qarCxaZis prozis kvlevisas yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

zemoxsenebul sakiTxebze, rac mwerlis Semoqmedebis garkveul aspeqtebze

Segviqmnis warmodgenas. aseve mniSvnelovania qarTuli istoriuli prozis

axleburi gaazreba, mexsierebis kvlevis gaaqtiureba, radgan aRniSnuli

Teoriuli paradigma saSualebas iZleva istoriuli proza ganvixiloT ara

mxolod literaturul, aramed farTo socio-kulturul konteqstSi.

kvlevis wyaroebi.naSromSi Seswavlilia jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebebi:

`zebuloni~, `antonio da daviTi~, `rahaT-luxumi~, `iupiteris sinanuli~, `igi~.

aRniSnuli nawarmoebebi istoriul prozas ganekuTvneba, istoriul diskursze

msjelobis dros, swored am nawarmoebebs eniWeba mniSvneloba. `zebuloni~

istoriuli romania, masSi istoriuli prozis mravali aspeqtia gamovlenili,

`antonio da daviTi~, `iupiteris sinanuli~ da `rahaT-luxumi~ istoriuli

moTxrobebia, maTSi aseve kargad Cans jemal qarCxaZis prozis da sazogadod

istoriuli prozis specifika.

`igi~ jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobaa, romelic miTosuri struqturiTaa

Seqmnili, faqtobrivad, es aris miTi preistoriul adamianebze. amis

miuxedavad, saWirod miviCnieT am moTxrobis Seswavla, radgan masSi pirobiTad

preistoriuli epoqis rekonstruqcia davinaxeT, rac, Tavis mxriv, mas

Janrobrivad istoriul prozasTan aaxloebs. garda amisa, nawarmoebSi

gamovlenili problematika SesabamisobaSia naSromisaTvis aqtualur

sakiTxebTan.

naSromis Teoriuli baza. naSromSi jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli proza

Seswavlilia qarTuli istoriuli prozis konteqstSi. gamovlenilia qarTuli

istoriuli prozisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli motivebi, esTetikuri

Taviseburebebi, aseve gansxvavebuli tendenciebi. qarTul istoriul prozaze

9

msjelobis dros gaTvaliswinebulia g. kankavas (`istoriuli romani da misi

qarTuli tradiciebi~), l. boCkovas (,,qarTuli istoriuli da fsiqologiuri

prozis istoriidan“), S. xotivar-iungeris (`qarTuli istoriuli romanis

ganviTareba~), m. miresaSvilis (`istoriuli romanis Janruli Taviseburebani~)

naSromebi. gamoyenebulia qarTuli istoriuli prozis periodizacia, romlis

Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens g. kankavas Tezisebi qarTuli istoriuli

prozis tradiciis Sesaxeb, agreTve S. xotivar-iungerisa da m. miresaSvilis

mosazrebebi e.w. axali istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb (XX saukunis 70-80-iani

wlebi). Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad aseve gaziarebulia dasavlur

literaturamcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli azri istoriuli prozis Janris

mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac ayalibebs j. de gruti naSromSi

`istoriuli proza~.

istoriul prozaze msjelobis dros naSromSi gamoyenebulia qarTul

mecnierebaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli Teoriuli baza. amavdroulad

masSi aseve CarTulia iseTi cnebebi da koncefciebi, rogoricaa: koleqtiuri

da istoriuli mexsiereba da postkoloniuri kritika, rac saSualebas iZleva

farTo, socio-kulturul konteqstSi davinaxoT qarTuli istoriuli prozis

tendenciebi. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Teoriul bazad gamoyenebulia p. noras, m.

halbvaqsis koncefciebi. agreTve e. heivudis naSromi `politikuri

ideologiebi~, e. smiTis _ `nacionaluri identoba~, sadac nacionalizmis

eTnosimbolisturi paradigmaa winwamoweuli, romelsac agreTve iziareben

qarTveli istorikosebida mkvlevrebi: l. patariZe, , m. CxartiSviliz. kiknaZe.

kvlevis meTodologia. naSromSi teqstis interpretaciis dros

gaTvaliswinebulia kompleqsuri literaturaTmcodneobiTi midgoma.

literaturuli teqstis analizis safuZvels, ZiriTadad, naratologiisa da

literaturuli hermenevtikis sinTezi warmoadgens.

sadisertacio naSromis siaxle da ZiriTadi Sedegebi. naSromSi

Seswavlilia jemal qarCxaZis proza. samwuxarod, mwerlis Semoqmedebis

Sesaxeb jer ar Seqmnila safuZvliani da vrceli moculobis naSromi (yovel

SemTxvevaSi Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze). SevecadeT

warmogvedgina jemal qarCxaZis prozis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, naratiuli

struqtura, istoriul prozasTan mimarTeba, arsebiTi problematika, aseve

10

koleqtiuri da istoriuli mexsierebis konteqstSi dagvenaxa qarTuli

istoriuli proza, gagveazrebina teqstebis socio-kulturuli konteqsti.

naSromis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba.naSromi SeiZleba

saintereso iyos jemal qarCxaZis proziT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebisaTvis,

studentebisa da mkiTxvelisaTvis. aseve istoriuli prozis aspeqtebiT,

literaturis istoriis sakiTxebiT, mexsierebis kvlevebiT, kulturis

kvlevebiT dainteresebuli specialistebisa da studenetebisaTvis.

Tavi I

11

istoriuli prozis raobisaTvis

1.1. istoriuli diskursi

istoriul diskursze msjelobis dawyebamde, saWirod miviCnieTtermin

diskursis im Teoriebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, romelic Cvens sakvlev

interesebs Seesabameba. diskursis Teoria humanitarul da socialur

mecnierebebSi gasul saukuneSi damkvidrda.samecniero da yoveldRiul

komunikaciaSi diskursis cneba sxvadasxvagvarad gaigeba da sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobasTan asocirdeba; diskursi, rogorc termini dakavSirebulia

literaturamcodneobiTi, enTmecnieruli da sakomunikacio mecnierebaTa

gansxvavebul mimarTulebebTan. diskursis fenomeni aerTianebs Teoriebs,

koncefciebsa da meTodebs.

qarTuli kvlevebisaTvisukanasknel xanebSi aqtualuri gaxda diskursis

Teoria. diskursis kvlevebs eZRvneba salome omiaZis naSromic `qarTuli

diskursis kulturologiuri paradigma~, sadac avtori diskursis mxolod

aqamde arsebuli mniSvnelovani Teoriebis mimoxilviT ar Semoifargleba.

mkvlevari cdilobs diskursis Teoriis farglebSi mkiTxvels daanaxos

qarTuli diskursis kulturologiuri paradigma, rac diskursis kvlevis

farTo SesaZleblobas usaxavs mkiTxvels. aRniSnuli axleburi xedvaa

qarTuli humanitaruli azris kvlevis arealSi.

sityva diskursi laTinuri enidan momdinareobs. Tavdapirvelad Cndeba

frangulenovan sivrceSi da ukve XVI saukunidan mkvidrdeba germanul da

inglisur tradiciaSi. Tavdapirvelad, is gulisxmobda saubars, dialogs,

xolo misi mniSvnelobis cvlileba ukavSirdeba me-20 saukunis II naxevrs, roca

is iZens humanitarul mecnierebisaTvis erTob mniSvnelovani, Teoriulad

datvirTuli terminis saxes (Milss 2004: 15-16).

diskursis Tanamedrove Teoriis safuZvlebis Seqmna ukavSirdeba frangi

moazrovnis miSel fukos saxels. fukos mixedviT, diskursSi gaerTianebulia

rogorc enobrivi, ise araenobrivi qmedebebi. is erTgvari rezervuaria, sadac

Tavmoyrilia konkretuli gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic `diskursul formaciebs~

miekuTvnebian. bunebrivia,gamonaTqvamebSi is ubralo gamonaTqvamebsa da

winadadebebs ar gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani mxolod is

gamonaTqvamebia, romelTac instituciuri mniSvneloba aqvs (magaliTad,

12

ojaxis, eklesiis, saxelmwifos da a.S.) (Фуко1996:23-170).Semdgom etapze araerTi

naSromi gaCnda, sadac am terminis ganmartebasvxvdebiT, rogorc s. milsi

dasZens, imdenad mravalferovansa da bundovans, rom xSirad rTulia zusti

mniSvnelobis dadgena (Mills 2004:5-10). avtori xazs usvams aseve m.fukos

naSromebis gagebis, interpretaciis sirTules da Sesabamisad, miaCnia, rom amis

niadagzemisma Teoriulma naazrevma sxvasxvadasxva mkvlevarTangarkveuli

modificireba ganicada (Mills 2004:15-16).

sainteresoa agreTve kritikuli diskursis analizis skolis farglebSi

Camoyalibebuli definicia. diskursi komunikaciuri aqtis (dialogis)

verbaluri produqtia, rac uwinaresad gulisxmobs dialogs or adamians,

wignsa da mkiTxvels da agreTve dialogs sazogadoebis SigniT. diskursSi,

rogorc mikrosocialur fenomenSi, makrosocialuri fenomenebis _

ideologiisa da kulturis reprezentacia xdeba (ВанДейк1998). am niSniT

diskursi socialuri fenomenia da damokidebulia socialur konteqstze.

diskursi sxva diskursebTan urTierTqmedebiT iqmneba da cvalebadia, radgan

Tavad sazogadoebrivi konteqstia cvalebadi (Mills 2004:19).am ori definiciis

SerwymiT vRebulobT diskursis Semdegnair ganmartebas: diskursi aris

nebismieri saxis komunikaciis Sedegi. is Seicavs sazogadoebrivi

instituciebisagan sanqcirebul gamonaTqvamebs da gavlenas axdens

sazogadoebis azrovnebaze, qcevebsa da Rirebulebebze.

istoriuli prozis ganviTarebaze, garkveul epoqebsa da kulturebSi,

politikuri da socio-kulturuli faqtorebi moqmedebs. saqarTvelos

istoriam da politikurma situaciam literaturas da gansakuTrebiT

istoriul prozas esTetikuri funqciis garda, socialur-politikuri

datvirTva mianiWa. es gulisxmobda imas, rom saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis

dros, istoriuli Janris nawarmoebebSi xazi esmeboda nacionalur interesebs,

antikoloniur protests. literaturuli teqstebi mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi

Rirebulebis garda, politikuri brZolis iaraRic xdeboda, monawileobda

socialur, politikur procesebSi. amis gamo qarTul istoriul prozaSi

aqtualuria iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:nacionaluri identoba,

antikoloniuri protesti, mexsierebis politika (The Politics of Memory).

istoriuli prozis Janri, mxolod literaturul narativs moiazrebs,

maSin roca istoriul diskursSi erTiandeba istoriis reprezentaciasTan

dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebic,rogoricaa: istoriiT manipulacia, mexsierebis

13

politika, identoba da a.S, rac kvlevis ufro farTo profils gulisxmobs.

winamdebare naSromSi aqcenti gakeTebulia aramxolod istoriuli prozis

Janrze rogorc aseTze, aramed istoriuli prozis socio-kulturul

konteqstze, rac termin istoriul diskursSi gavaerTianeT.

istoriuli diskursi qarTuli literaturismniSvnelovani komponentia.

qarTul istoriul prozaSi dasmulia nacionaluri identobis, mexsierebis

politikis sakiTxebi. j. qarCxaZis istoriul prozaSi meordeba qarTuli

istoriuli prozis maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca aseve fokusirebulia individi da

mis Sinagani Tavisufleba, riTac is mniSvnelovanad gansxvavdeba qarTuli

istoriuli prozis tradiciebisagan. naSromis mizani swored am mimarTebebis

gamovlena da j. qarCxaZis istoriuli prozis konkretuli aspeqtebis

Seswavlaa.

1.2. istoriuli proza da koleqtiuri mexsiereba

istoriul prozaze msjelobis drossaWiroa Janrul-esTetikuri kodis

literturaTmcodneobiTi analizi. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iqneba

istoriuli prozis kvlevis tradiciebis gaTvaliswineba, gansakuTrebiT

qarTul samecniero sivrceSi damkvidrebuli uaxlesi tendenciebis. garda

amisa, sakiTxis interdisciplinarul rakursSi gaazreba, istoriuli prozis

rogorc Janris SedarebiT srulyofil suraTs mogvcems. amis gamo istoriul

prozaze msjelobamde, saWirod miviCnieT istoriuli prozis kulturiTa da

ideologiiT daRdasmuli konkretuli sakiTxebis gamokveTa.

istoriuli prozis analizis dros, gverds ver avuvliT istoriis

sakiTxs, radgan garda mxatvruli Rirebulebisa, istoriul prozas sxva

mniSvnelovani datvirTvac aqvs _ istoriuli mexsierebis Senaxva da gadacema.

gansakuTrebiT, qarTuli kulturisaTvis, romlisTvisac istoriuli mexsiereba

identobis sakiTxTanaa gadajaWvuli. aqve SeiZleba SeTanxmeba, rom istoriul

prozaSi asaxul ambavs ver eqneba istoriul WeSmaritebaze pretenzia, radgan

istoriuli wyaro da literaturuli teqsti gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

14

agreTve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom istoriuli mecniereba analitikuria,

istorikosi cdilobs wyaroebis mowesrigebas, Seswavlasa da interpretacias,

ris safuZvelzec warsulis SedarebiT sando versias gvTavazobs (kari 2001:22).

Sesabamisad, is Sorsaa fiqciurobisagan, gansxvavebiT literaturuli

teqstisagan, romelic SeuZlebelia daclili iyos konkretuli

gamonagonisagan, rac ar unda Tanmimdevruli iyos avtori istoriuli,

avTenturi wyaroebis teqstSi asaxvisas. es literaturuli teqstis

bunebisaTvisaa tipobrivi, ufro metic misi arsebiTi Tvisebaa, sxva SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs dokumentur prozasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, istoriuli prozaze

msjelobisaserT-erTi amosavali cneba sasurvelia iyos „mexsiereba~ (Memory).

am mizniT naSromSi gamoyenebulia mexsierebis kvlevebi (Memory studies),

mimarTuleba, romelic aqtiuradaa damkvidrebuli kulturis kvlevebSi,

istoriul mecnierebasa da politikis mecnierebebSi. mexsierebis kvlevis

kuTxiT, ZiriTadad, daveyrdeniT p. norasa da m. halbvaqsis koncefciebs.

Tavis naSromebSi p. nora ganasxvavebs mexsierebisa da istoriis cnebebs.

mexsierebis matarebeli realuri sazogadoebaa, amitomac is cocxali da

cvalebadia, dazRveuli araa manipulaciisa da damaxinjebisagan, da

Sesabamisad, damaxsovrebisa da daviwyebis dialeqtikur erTianobas

warmoadgens. garda amisa, mexsiereba emociuri fenomenia, amitomac mxolod

misTvis mniSvnelovan faqtebs imaxsovrebs, danarCens ugulebelyofs. meore

mxriv, istoria, rogorc mecniereba warsulis reprezentacia da

rekonstruqciaa, analitikuri da kritikuli. istoriac subieqturia, Tumca

mecnieris meToduri Seswavlis obieqtia da Sesabamisad sando (Nora 1989:2).Tu

istoria istoriul wyaroebsa da mecnierTa kvelevebSia warmodgenili, maSin

mexsierebasac Tavisi sfero aqvs. p. nora gamoyofs e.w. `mexsierebis adgilebs~

(areebs): 1) simboluri _ dResaswaulebi (kalendari), ritualebi, iubileebi da

a.S. 2) funqciuri _ saxelmRvaneloebi, avtobiografiebi, mxatvruli

literatura da a.S. 3) monumenturi _ saflavebi, arqiteqtura, Zeglebi da a.S.

4) topografiuli _ arqivebi, biblioTekebi, muzeumebi (Nora 1989:19).istoriuli

proza mexsierebis funqciur ares ganekuTvneba. mexsierebis formirebis

procesSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tavisi esTetikurobisa da

masobriobis gamo.

ganasxvaveben mexsierebis sam dones: individualuri, koleqtiuri da

instituciuri. istoriuli prozis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gamosadegi koleqtiuri

15

mexsierebis terminia. koleqtiuri mexsierebis cneba frangma sociologma m.

halbvaqsma daamkvidra. adamianebi aRiqvamen, iazreben da imaxsovreben im

movlenebs, romlebic maTi socialuri wrisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani.

individualuri mexsiereba ar arsebobs koleqtiuri mexsierebis gareSe, xolo

koleqtiur mexsierebas individTa erToba qmnis. koleqtiuri mexsiereba

yovelTvis socialuradaa gansazRvruli (Halbwachs 1992:54). mexsiereba

sazogadoebas aerTianebs, uqmnis maT solidarobis gancdas, iwvevs siamayesa da

sevdas. agrTve jgufuri identobis Semqmnelia da saerTo qcevisaken

mobilizebas uwyobs xels. istoriisadmi damokidebuleba kargad Cans

koleqtiur mexsierebaSi: zogi mudmivad warsulis gaxsenebiTaa dakavebuli,

zogierTi nacia ki ufro gulgrilia mis mimarT, rasacsocio-kulturuli da

istoriuli faqtorebi gansazRvravs(Карагезов 2005:5-6). kultura ayalibebs

garkveuli tipis azrovnebas, cxovrebis wess, romelTac individi

socializaciis dros iTavisebs (kalhuni...2008:26).

mexsierebis sakiTxi detaluradaa warmodgenili a. asmanis statiaSi

`istoria mexsierebaSi~, sadac avtori gamoyofs mexsierebaTa sxvadasxva

tipebs. maT Soris sainteresoa `sakomunikacio mexsierebis~ tipi, romelic a.

asmanTan sami-oTxi Taobis komunikaciasa (daaxloebiT 80 weli) da TaobaTa

mexsierebaSi arsebul narativs gulisxmobs. es ukanaskneli gancdil warsuls

ukavSirdeba da zepirsityvier CarCoSi Tavsdeba. mkvlevaris ganmartebiT:

`sakomunikacio mexsiereba... es aris adamianTa Soris komunikaciiT...

warmoqmnili mexsiereba. koleqtiuri mexsiereba TaobaTa mexsierebis

SedarebiTmaRali formaa, romelic asaxavs saerTo gamocdilebas da

nebelobas garkveuli xangrZlivobiT.kulturuli mexsiereba emsaxureba erTi

sazogadoebis wevrebs, rom maT hqondeT komunikacia xangrZliv istoriul

perspeqtivaSi. maTi identoba iqmneba TaobaTa gadmocemebiTa da xangrZlivi

istoriuli gamocdilebisadmi mikuTvnebulobiT~1 (Assman 2000: 19-23).

zemoxsenebuli ganmartebidan Cans, rom a. asmanimexsierebis sxvadasxva tipebSi

aerTianebs istoriis, rogorc sinqronul, ise diaqronul perspeqtivas.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom istoriuli proza moicavs mexsierebis sxvadasxva

tips, am tipis literaturuli teqstis analizisas mniSvnelovania mexsierebis

sakiTxis win wamoweva.istoriuli proza, Tavis mxriv, koleqtiuri mexsierebis

adgilia. masSi konkretuli mwerlis individualuri da misi socialuri

1germanuli enidan Targmani mogvawoda nino qimeriZem.

16

wridan nakarnaxevi koleqtiuri mexsiereba gadaikveTeba. erTi mxriv, mwerlis

Sexedulebebi socialuradaa gansazRvruli. meore mxriv, is sakuTari

individualuri mexsierebiT garkveul gavlenas axdens koleqtiuri

mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, es ormxrivi procesia. Tumca,

orive SemTxvevaSi istoriidan yvela faqti erTnairad mniSvnelovani araa. amas

gansazRvravs mwerali da misi socialuri wre.

koleqtiuri mexsierebis cvalebadi buneba kargad Cans istoriuli

prozis magaliTze. mwerlisa da sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis xelSi istoria

SeiZleba manipulaciis saSualebac gaxdes _ nacionaluri identobis,

antikoloniuri, postkoloniuri politikuri legitimaciisa da bevri sxva

mizniT. mwerals SeuZlia warsulidan misTvis sasurveli faqtebi gamoixmos,

zogic gaauferulos,an absoluturad Secvalos, ris gamoc maT xSirad brals

sdeben istoriis gayalbebaSic, rasac Tavisi subieqturi da obieqturi

safuZvlebi aqvs. pirvel rigSi, mkiTxvelebs aviwydebaT, rom saqme fiqciasTan

aqvT. mwerali SemoqmedebiTad Tavisufalia da mis arCevanSi Carevis ufleba

aravis aqvs. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve meore mxarec: esa Tu is

istoriuli sakiTxi calkeuli kulturebisaTvis travmul gamocdilebasTanaa

(kolonializmi, postkolonializmi, nacionaluri identoba, sxvadasxva

socialuri jgufebis identoba da a.S.) dakavSirebuli. aseT dros sazogadoeba

calkeuli Temebisadmi metismetad mgrZnobiarea da mwerliseulispoziciam

SesaZloa gaRizianeba gamoiwvios. garda amisa, koleqtiuri mexsierebisa da

istoriuli prozis mimarT kidev erTi braldebac SeiZleba arsebobdes:

miuleris Tanaxmad, swored koleqtiuri da individualuri mexsierebis gamo,

istoriis mecnierul safuZvelze damyarebuli kvleva-Zieba xSirad aRmoCenila

gansacdelSi. awmyo istorikosTa Rvawlis miuxedavad, warsulidan mxolod

imas irCevs, rac ainteresebs (miuleri 2011:5,7). swored awmyo interesebis

Sesabamisad icvleba koleqtiuri mexsiereba. am process mexsierebis politikas

uwodeben, rac gansazRvravs ama Tu im istoriuli movlenis gaaqtiurebas an

miviwyebas (Lebow...2006:8).

swored awmyo interesebis gamo xvdeba zogi istoriuli movlena

istoriul prozaSi (anu koleqtiuri mexsierebis funqciur areSi), danarCeni

ki istoriul arqivebsa da istorikosTa naSromebSi rCeba. esTetikuri

funqciis garda, istoriuli proza xSirad aqtiurad gamoiyeneba travmuli

gamocdilebis gaazrebis dros, kolonializmis epoqaSi. saqarTvelos msgavs

17

qveynebSi antikoloniuri winaaRmdegoba nacionaluri istoriis gacocxlebiT

iwyeba, rac, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs qveynis istoriidan saukeTeso periodebisa

da epizodebis gamokveTas, xolo, meore mxriv, eris mcdelobas warmoaCinos

sakuTari Tavi msxverplad.

koloniur epoqaSi, pirdapiri dapirispirebisa da analitikur-kritikuli

mimarTebis SeuZleblobis gamo, viTardeba mxatvrul-alegoriuli diskursi

(wifuria 2010:180). aseT pirobebSi yvelaze nayofieri istoriuli proza unda

yofiliyo, radgan problemis warsulSi gadataniT, mwerals problemis

warmoCenis da alegoriis meti Tavisufleba hqonda. garda amisa, qarTveli

mwerlebi (da qarTveli mwerlebis msgavs koloniur situaciaSi myofi sxva

erovnebis mwerlebi) istorias da istoriul prozas koleqtiuri mexsierebis

Sesaqmnelad iyenebdnen. nacionaluri koleqtiuri mexsiereba unda

dapirispireboda koloniur politikas, amitomac koloniur da postkoloniur

literaturaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba mexsierebis politika.

istoriuli prozis funqciad, erT dros istoriis carieli adgilebis

Sevseba miaCndaT; C. ridis am azrs (Reade 1861)XIX saukunis da XX saukunis

dasawyisSi bevri iziarebda. Tumca, istoriuli mecnierebis seriozulma

Camoyalibebam am azrs safuZveli gamoacala. istoriis carieli adgilebis

rekonstruqcia istorikosebis saqmea saarqivo da istoriuli meTodikis

moSveliebiT. Cveni azriT, istoriuli proza koleqtiuri mexsierebis cariel

adgilebs avsebs, istoriuli faqtis dokumenturi sizustiT gadmocemis,

damaxinjebis, alternatiuli istoriis gamogonebiT da a.S. istoriuli proza

swored koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnas emsaxureba. esTetikuri datvirTvis

garda, swored es aris misi SemecnebiTi funqciis mizani.

amrigad, miuxedavad, wminda esTetikuri funqciisa da pedagogiur-

saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebisa (rig SemTxvevaSi, isic ufro XIX saukunis

literaturaSi), xSirad istoriul prozas kulturuli da ideologiuri

Rirebuleba aqvs. amis gamo SeuZlebelia istoriuli prozis mxolod

mxatvruli kuTxiT Seswavla, aucilebelia misi socio-kulturuli konteqstis

gaTvaliswineba. miT ufro Tu movixmobT p. noras sityvebs: `Cven vcxovrobT

mexsierebis sayovelTao zeimis epoqaSi... ukanaskneli oci Tu ocdaxuTi wlis

manZilze yvela qveyanaSi, yvela socialur Tu eTnikur jgufSi warsulisadmi

damokidebuleba arsebiTad Seicvala: istoriis oficialuri versiebis kritika,

istoriuli procesis adre miviwyebuli an miCqmaluli mxareebis gaxseneba,

18

`warTmeuli warsulis~ dabruneba, `fesvebis kulti~, memorialuri

RonisZiebebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, warsulTan `angariSsworeba~...

msoflios Tavs daatyda mogonebaTa niaRvari, romelmac realuri Tu

mogonili warsulisadmi erTguleba mWidrod daukavSira koleqtiur

cnobierebas, mexsierebasa da identobas~ 2(Нора 2005:391).aqedan gamomdinare,

istoriuli prozis popularoba bunebrivia. miT ufro qarTul literaturaSi,

rasac Tavisi politikuri da socio-kulturuli safuZveli aqvs.

aqedan gamomdinare, naSromSi qarTuli istoriuli prozis

daxasiaTebebisas gamoyenebulia mexsierebis kvlevebis Teoriuli koncefcia,

risi Tqmis safuZvelsacgvaZlevs mexsierebis kvlevebisada istoriuli prozis

Tavseboda.

1.3. istoriuli proza da nacionaluri identoba

qarTuli istoriuli prozis analizis dros aseve sainteresoa

politikur ideologiaTa Teoriuli paradigmis gamoyeneba. am mxriv

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalur da liberalur ideologiebs.

es ideologiebi Teoriulad XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda, Tumca, bunebrivia,

maTi Rirebulebebi wina saukuneebsac ekuTvnis. XIX saukuneSive yalibdeba

istoriuli prozis Janri da istoriuli mecniereba. qarTuli istoriuli

prozis mimoxilva dagvarwmunebs, rom mwerals garkveuli ideologiuri

mizandasaxuleba hqonda da swored am interesebis Sesabamisad mimarTavda

mexsierebis politikas.

politikur ideologiaTa mimoxilvamde mniSvnelovania

termin`ideologia~ ganmarteba. k. marqsis gavleniT, am terminis aRqmis

negatiuri tradicia arsebobs. sityva `ideologia~ safrangeTis revoluciam

daamkvidra, rac aRniSnavda axal mecnierebas ideaTa Sesaxeb. am sityvam

politikuri Sinaarsi k. marqsis SromebSi SeiZina. misi azriT, ideologia yalb

2rusuli enidan Targmani mogvawoda nino Ciqovanma.

19

Sexedulebas ayalibebs da ewinaaRmdegeba mecnierul WeSmaritebas (heivudi

2004:14). mogvianebiT terminis Sesaxeb uamravi urTierTgansxvavebuli

ganmarteba Camoyalibda. naSromSi gamoyenebulia e. heivudis neitraluri

definicia, romlis mixedviTac: ,,ideologia ideaTa met-naklebad mwyobri

sistemaa, romelic safuZvels uqmnis organizebul politikur qmedebas,

sulerTia, ra mizans emsaxureba is: arsebuli sistemis an Zalauflebis

SenarCunebas, saxecvlasa Tu damxobas. amdenad, yvela ideologia gvTavazobs:

a) arsebuli wyobis Sefasebas, Cveulebriv, ,,msoflxmdevlobis“ saxiT, b)

sasurveli momavlis models _ ,,kargi sazogadoebis“ xedvas, da g) gegmas, Tu

rogor SeiZleba da unda ganxorcieldes politikuri cvlileba _ rogor

mivideT (a)-dan (b)-mde“ (heivudi 2004:14).ideologiis aRniSnuli ganmarteba

politikas ufro Seefereba, Tumca qarTuli istoriuli proza garkveul

epoqaSi (saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis dros, kolonializmis epoqaSi)

politikuri da socialuri movlenebis centrSi moeqca.

nacionalizmisa da liberalizmis mTavari Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod

cnobilia, amdenad naSromSi mxolod mcire ganmartebiT

SemovifarglebiT.nacionalizmma politikuri Sinaarsi XVIII saukunis bolosa

da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SeiZina (heivudi 2004:177). nacionalizmis gagebasTan

dakavSirebiT imTaviTve azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda. Tumca mecnieruli

Teoriebi nacionalizmad iseT ideologiebsa da moZraobebs miiCneven,

romlebic msoflios naciaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams. TiToeuli nacia

erTgulebasa da pativiscemas imsaxurebs. naciisa da nacionalizmis aseTi

gageba ki mxolod XIX saukunidan arsebobs (antikursa da Sua saukuneebis

samyaroSi eTnikur erTobebTan da saxelmwifoebTan gvaqvs saqme). (smiTi 2008:

57,64). es periodi saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovania, miuxedavad imisa, rom

qveyana am droisaTvis saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe arsebobs. am TvalsazrisiT

gamoirCeulia ,,TergdaleulTa“ wvlili (amaze qvemoT dawvrilebiT gveqneba

msjeloba).

nacionalizmiT dainteresebuli iyo araerTi politikuri ideologia,

maT Soris liberalizmi, konservatizmi, komunizmi, faSizmi. winaaRmdegobrivi

doqtrinebisa da Teoriebis miuxedavad, nacionalizmSi gamoiyofa ramdenime

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: 1) eri, 2) sazogadoeba, rogorc organuli erToba, 3)

TviTgamorkveva, 4) TviTidentifikaciis politika (heivudi 2004:182).

20

eri yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi terminia, romlis Sesaxebac uamravi

Teoria Seiqmna. yvela qveyanas sakuTari modeli moergo. ,,eri kulturuli da

fsiqo-politikuri“ faqtorebis nazavs warmoadgens“ (heivudi 2004:186). Tumca am

faqtorTa urTierTmimarTeba rTuli sakiTxia. eris ganmartebisas ori

ZiriTadi mimdinareoba arsebobs: eqskluziuri da inkluziuri. pirveli

maTganixazs usvams eTnikuri erTobisa da saerTo istoriis faqtorebs.

inkluziuri ki _ samoqalaqo cnobierebisa da patriotuli erTgulebis

mniSvnelobas aniWebs upiratesobas (heivudi 2004:186). organuli erTobis dros

SeiniSneba mZlavri emociuri kavSiri erovnul niadagze, rac Tavis mxriv

ayalibebs nacionalur identobas. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:

1) ,,istoriuli teritoria, anu samSoblo;

2) saerTo miTebi da istoriuli mexsiereba;

3) saerTo sazogadoebrivi maskultura;

4) yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo samarTlebrivi ufleba-movaleobani;

5) saerTo ekonomika mis wevrTaTvis teritoriuli mobilobis

uzrunvelyofiT“ (heivudi 2004: 187).

aRniSnul komponentebs eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmi Tanabrad

eyrdnoba. nacionalizmis mizani politikuri damoukidebloba da

TviTgamorkvevaa. eris identoba damokidebulia saxelmwifosa da eris

interesebze (heivudi 2004: 188-194). am komponentebis erToblioba gansazRvras

nacionalizmis koncefcias.

politikuri nacionalizmi mravalgvaria, is SeiZleba iyos samoqalaqo

Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli, tradiciebze orientirebuli, mCagvreli,

teritoriuli gafarToebisa da ekonomikur-politikuri privilegiebis mizniT,

aseve Cagruli, antikoloniuri Zala, romelic koloniuri

gaTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis. amis mixedviT, gamoiyofa nacionalizmis Semdegi

tradiciebi: 1) liberaluri nacionalizmi, 2) konservatoruli nacionalizmi, 3)

eqspansiuri nacionalizmi, 4) antikoloniuri nacionalizmi da postkoloniuri

nacionalizmi (heivudi 2004:194-195). aq TiToeul maTganze aRar SevCerdebiT,

qarTul istoriul prozaze msjelobis dros

gasaTvaliswinebeliaantikoloniuri nacionalizmi.

antikoloniuri nacionalizmis dasaxasiaTeblad dasavlur

literaturaTmcodneobaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba postkoloniuri kritika.

kolonializmi garkveuli Temebis gaaqtiurebas iwvevs, aseT dros literatura

21

mxolod esTetikuri fenomeni ar aris, mas ideologiuri datvirTvac aqvs.

postkoloniur kritikaSi aqcentirebulia antikoloniuri, kolonizatoruli

da postkoloniuri ideologiebis roli literaturul teqstebSi.

postkoloniuri kritikiT xelmZRvanelobis dros, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes

kolonizebul xalxTa mdgomareoba. antikoloniuri moZraoba xSirad msgavs

strategiebs efuZneba, magram yovel kolonizebul ers gansxvavebuli istoria,

ganaTleba, kulturuli tradicia da ekonomikuri situacia axasiaTebs (Boehmer

2005: 5), amitomac aucilebelia yvela faqtorisaTvis angariSis gaweva. amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli Teoriuli paradigmis gamoyeneba

rogorc caristuli, ise sabWoTa epoqis istoriuli prozis analizis dros.

postkolonialuri kritika sociokritikuli diskursia, romlis mizani

literaturuli teqstis konteqstualizaciaa. postkoloniuri kritika

palestinelavtors edvard saadis ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli Teoriuli

paradigma gviCvenebs, rom socialur-politikuri procesebi literaturaSic

aisaxeba (aroni 2011:86-88). postkoloniuri kritikis interesis obieqts

warmoadgens: kolonizatoris mier Seqmnili literaturuli teqsti,

antikoloniuri da postkoloniur periodSi Seqmnili literatura.

postkoloniuri kvlevebis interesebis sferoa: koloniis Seqmnisa da marTvis

meqanizmebis, antikoloniuri nacionalizmis ganviTarebis etapebis,

kolonizaciis gamocdilebisa da postkoloniuri periodis Seswavla.

Sesabamisad,postkoloniuri kritika interesdeba ara Zveli periodis, aramed

axali drois (XIX saukunidan) nacionalizmiT. postkoloniuri kritika

TandaTan gafarTovda da am etapze mTeli msoflios masStabiTac gamoiyeneba.

masSi xSirad caristuli ruseTisa da sabWoTa ruseTis kolonializmicaa

moazrebuli(Brizee...2010).

qarTuli istoriuli prozis dasaxasiaTeblad antikolonuri

nacionalizmis ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan istoriuli proza, ZiriTadad,

koloniis SigniT arsebul winaaRmdegobazea agebuli. postkoloniur

kritikaSi aRniSnulia, rom literatura ara mxolod asaxavda nacionalur

interesebs, aramed Tavadac monawileobda am Tvalsazrisebis formirebaSi.

erovnuli moZraobebi literaturas iyenebdnen warsulis gacocxlebis mizniT

(Boehmer 2005:5).bunebrivia, am procesSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda mexsierebis

politika (the Politics of Memory).

22

imperialisturi Zalebis dasustebis Semdeg, Zlierdeba kolonizebuli

xalxebis patriotuli suliskveTeba da nacionaluri ideologia, romelic

efuZneba: mexsierebis politikas, miTs gamorCeulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve

viqtimizacias _ mudmivi msxverplis rolis morgebas, oqros xanis miTs,

literaturis aqtiurad gamoyenebas nacionaluri ideebis propagandisaTvis,

antikoloniuri protestis implicitur gamoxatvas. kolonializmis winaaRmdeg

aqtiurad erTvebian adgilobrivi inteleqtualebi, romelTac ganaTleba

Tavisufal inteleqtualTa sivrceSi hqondaT miRebuli, iyenebdnen ra

politikur ideologiebsa da mxatvrul esTetikur xerxebs TavianTi

nacionaluri idealebis gamosaxatad (Boehmer 2005:94-98).

antikoloniuri brZolis procesSi mniSvnelovani datvirTva hqonda

eTnoistorias, radgan e. d. smiTis azriT: ,,mdidari eTnoistoria SeiZleba

kulturuli Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan wyarod da kulturuli politizaciis

centrad iqces“ (smiTi 2008:207). istoriuli proza eTnoistorias koleqtiur

mexsierebad aqcevs, swored mexsierebis politikis meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.

qarTuli kulturis SemTxvevaSi (razec qveviT dawvrilebiTaa saubari)

istoriulma prozam mZlavri antikoloniuri da nacionaluri Rirebuleba

SeiZina.

1.4. qarTuli istoriuli prozamexsierebis politikisa da nacionaluri

identobis konteqstSi

qarTul istoriul prozazemsjelobis dros veyrdnobiT g. kankavas, S.

xotivar-iungerisa da m. miresaSvilis naSromebs. xolo konteqstualizaciisa

da socio-kulturuli tendenciebis xazgasmis mizniT, kvlevaSi CarTulia

mexsierebis politikis, antikoloniuri identobisa da nacionaluri identobis

23

cnebebi. winamdebare Tavi j. qarCxaZis istoriuli prozis qarTul istoriul

prozasTan mimarTebis gamokveTis safuZveli gaxdeba.

mkvlevrebi qarTuli istoriuli prozis saTaveebs hagiografiul

Zeglebsa da saistorio mematianeebSi xedaven (kankava 1969:72). es sakiTxi

safuZvlianad ar aris Seswavlili, mas saintereso monacemebis mocema

SeuZlia, rogorc qarTuli istoriuli prozis Seswavlis mizniT, ise qarTuli

koleqtiuri mexsierebis gansazRvris procesisaTvis. hagiografiul ZeglebSi

aRweril wmindanTa martvilobas hqonda, rogorc religiuri, ise erovnuli

mniSvneloba, rasac gavlena unda moexdina qarTuli istoriuli prozis

formirebaze. aseTive mniSvnelobisunda yofiliyo qarTuli matianeebi,

romlebSic mefeTa cxovreba iyo gadmocemuli, maTi biografiuli xasiaTi

gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria istoriuli prozis analizis dros. (saWiroa

matianeTa naratiuli struqturis, miTologiuri Sablonebis da a.S. gamovlena)

(Карагезов 2005:156). mefeTa cxovrebis aRwera da istoriuli epoqis am niSniT

rekonstruqcia, aseve damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli istoriuli prozis didi

nawilisaTvis. qarTuli literaturis SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa aseve gviani

Suasaukuneebis iseTi poeturi teqstebi rogoricaa: ioseb tfilelis

,,didmouraviani”, feSangis ,,Sahnavaziani”, Teimuraz pirvelis ,,wameba qeTevan

dedoflisa”, arCilis ,,gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa”, daviT

guramiSvilis ,,qarTlis Wiri” da a.S. Tumca, aRiarebulia, rom qarTuli

istoriuli prozis, iseve rogorc evropuli istoriuli prozis Janruli

Camoyalibeba XIX saukuneze adre ar momxdara (kankava 1969:72). (De Groot 2010:12).

XIX saukunidan istoriuli Tematikisadmi interesi Zlierdeba. es

periodi daemTxva qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvasa da rusuli

caristuli kolonializmis aRmavlobas. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebis

pesimisturma ganwyobam didi kvali daamCnia qarTuli romantikuli

literaturis ganviTarebas. XIX saukunis 60-ani wlebis nacionalizmi am

tradiciidanac iRebs saTaves. 1832 wlidan XIX 60-ian wlebamde, Taviseburi

ambivalenturi periodia, pesimizmiTa da arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamosvlis

surviliT daRdasmuli. amis erT-erTi kargi magaliTiaris n. baraTaSvilis

istoriuli poema `bedi qarTlisa~, sadac ruseTTan SeerTebis orgvari xedvaa

warmodgenili (CxaiZe 2009:47-58).

istoriuli prozisadmi interesi SeiniSneba XIX saukinis 50-iani wlebSi.

am mxriv, sayuradReboa grigol rCeuliSvilis istoriul Temaze Seqmnili

24

nawarmoebebi. cnobilia, rom imdroindeli kritika uaryofiTad Sexvda

mwerlis istoriul moTxrobebs, gansxvavebiT mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisagan.

kritikosis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebSi kargad Cans istoriisadmi

gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare damokidebuleba. al. orbelianis azriT,

miuRebeli iyo mefeebsa da sasaxlis cxovrebaze Tavisuflad wera, vinaidan,

misi azriT,es winaparTa Seuracxyofis tolfasi iyo. mwerali valdebuli iyo

zustad daecvamematianis cnobebi (boCkova 1984:12).aRniSnul azrsa da paToss

bevri imdroindeli kritikosi da publicisti iziarebda. am faqtidan

saintereso daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba: 1) gr. rCeuliSvili, faqtobrivad,

istoriuli prozis Janris erTi-erTi pirveli avtoria; 2) istoriul prozaSi

gamonagonis, fiqciis Setana mniSvnelovani siaxlea; 3) kritikosebi istoriuli

prozisagan istoriuli monacemebis zust dacvas moiTxoven, radgan

istoriuli proza gaigivebulia istoriasTan. gansazRvruli ar aris

istoriuli prozis mxatvruli xasiaTi; 4) istoria TviTidentifikaciis

saSualebaa. dauSvebelia istoriis damaxinjeba da winaparTa uaryofiT

konteqstSi warmoCena, riTac aixsneba istoriisadmi gansakuTrebulad faqizi

damokidebuleba.

XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi istoriuli prozisadmi interesi Zlierdeba,

rac gr. rCeuliSvilis prozisadmi Secvlil damokidebulebaSic gamovlinda,

mis prozas aRar akritikebdnen. istoriuli Tematikisadmi yuradRebis

gamaxvilebis survili kargad Cans kritikosebisa da publicistebis Ria

mowodebebSi, rom mwerlebma yuradReba unda miaqcion istorias, qveynis

warsul cxovrebas, sadac did saunjes ipovian (boCkova 1984:14).

XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ,,TergdaleulTa“ Taobam gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba mianiWa istoriasa da erovnul ideologias. faqtobrivad, maT

saxels ukavSirdeba qarTuli nacionaluri idealebis damkvidreba. qarTveli

istorikosebi (l. patariZe, z. kiknaZe, m. CxartiSvili) e. smiTis

eTnosimbolistur paradigmas eyrdnobian, romlis Tanaxmadac naciebs

premodernul xanaSi win uZRoda eTnikuri erTobebi _ eTniebi (smiTi 2008:27).

mkvlevarma l. patariZem qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis kvlevis Sedegadad

daaskvna, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erTgulebis (loialobis) Semdegi

obieqtebia: mefe, religia da ena. mefisadmi loialoba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

faqtoria (patariZe 2009:21). XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi eTnikuri erTobebis naciad

Camoyalibebas Sesabamisi ekonomikuri, administraciuli da kulturuli

25

revoluciebi ganapirobebda (smiTi 2008:73). es procesi kargad Cans sityva

,,eris“ semantikur cvlilebaSic. eri qarTul enaSi naciis sinonimia. Tavad

sityva uZvelesia. Tavdapirvelad igi jarisa da xalxis mniSvnelobiT

gamoiyeneboda. feodalur xanaSi ki ymebs aRniSnavda. XIX saukunis

dasawyisidan ki ukve naciis Sinaarsi aqvs. Tumca Tergdaleulebamde

SedarebiT iSviaTia am saxeldebis gamoyeneba. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan

sityva `eri~ aqtiurad mkvidrdeba da dRemde naciis mniSvneloba aqvs(patariZe

1999:26-29). XIX-XX saukuneebSi naciebma mZlavri saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes

(inglisi, safrangeTi...), xolo dapyrobilma eTniebma erebad Camoyalibeba

SeZles (smiTi 2008:73-74), maT Soris – saqarTvelom,rac ar yofila mxolod

emociuri antikoloniuri moZraoba.

samocianelTa Taoba, romlis sulis Camdgmelad ilia WavWavaZe

moiazreba, nacionaluri ideebis avtoria. nacionaluri ideebi gulisxmobda

xelisuflebis xedvas nacionaluri interesebisa da maTi praqtikuli

realizebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis dros, es

funqcia sazogadoebis liderebma, ,,Tergdaleulebma“ Seasrules (CxaiZe 2009:15).

XIX saukune naciaTa formirebis (an Seqmnis, razec azrTa sxvadasxvobaa)

epoqaa. am procesebSi inteleqtualTa roli mniSvnelovania, gansakuTrebiT

dapyrobil eTniebSi (eTnikuri erTobebi). saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis

dros, saxelmwifo mmarTvelebisa da politikosebis nacvlad, swored maT

aiRes xelSi sadaveebi (smiTi 2010:76) amis magaliTia qarTvel samocianelTa

moRvaweoba.

,,TergdaleulTa“ nacionaluri ideebis realizebis praqtikuli

gamoxatulebaa: 1) maTi mxatvruli literatura (gansakuTrebiT istoriuli),

romelic sazogadoebis samsaxurSi Caayenes; 2) kulturisa da ganaTlebis

ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva. ganaTlebis masobriobis SemTxvevaSi advili

gaxdeboda nacionaluri Rirebulebebis gavrceleba (Sesabamisad iqmneba ,,wera-

kiTxvis“ gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, aqtiurdeba zrunva ganaTlebisaTvis,

gadaidga pirveli nabijebi istoriis mecnieruli Seswavlisaken, arsdeba

qarTuli Teatri da a.S; 3) qarTuli presis Camoyalibeba, romlismeSveobiTac

SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda nacionaluri ideologiis masobrivi gavrceleba; 4)

ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba (fuZndeba `saTavadaznauro banki~); 5)

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi, pirvel etapze

wamoyenebul iqna moTxovna avtonomiis moTxovnis Sesaxeb (CxaiZe 2009: 60-62).

26

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaken brZolis sawyisi etapi iyo eris kulturuli

identobis Camoyalibeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda: enis reformas,

erovnuli istoriis wina planze wamowevas, erovnuli ideebisa

(TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, erovnuli idealebis pativiscema, koleqtiuri

istoriuli mexsierebis formireba, warsulis mecnieruli Seswavlis dRis

wesrigSi dayeneba) da samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis masobriv gavrcelebas

(klasTa Soris Tanasworoba, qalTa integracia sazogadoebaSi, presisa da

sityvis Tavisuflebis dacva, cenzurasTan brZola) – presasa da

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi. es yovelive sayovelTao erovnuli

mobilizaciiTa da saxelmwifoebriobis miRwevisaken mizanmimarTuli,

mSvidobiani brZoliT unda gagrZelebuliyo (CxaiZe 2009:60-64). aqedan kargad

Cans, rom i. WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi kargad icnobdnen evropaSi

mimdinare procesebs. isini liberaluri nacionalizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen, rac

gulisxmobda erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideisa da samoqalaqo RirebulebebisaTvis

brZolas.

samocianelTa nacionaluri xedvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti

istoriuli mexsierebis gaZliereba iyo. samocianelTa Taobam literatura am

amocanebs dauqvemdebara da mas mniSvnelovani ideologiuri datvirTva mianiWa.

swored am konteqstSia gasaazrebeli iakob gogebaSvilis sityvebi: ,,...am

princips (xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis – T.C.) SeiZleba adgili mieces mxolod

maSin, rodesac mSvidobiT gavaxwevT awindels, metad saSiSars xanas Cvenis

cxovrebisas. iqamdin ki yoveli poeti da literatori unda swerdes mas, rac

qarTvels gonebas unaTlebs da umdidrebs cxoveli codniTa... uCvenebs

saxelmZRvanelo principebs da hxdis kargad SeiaraRebul da marjve meomrad

sastik saarsebo brZolaSi“ (gogebaSvili 1954:117).

istoriuli mexsierebis gansakuTrebuli roli, samocianelTa Taobas

publicistikaSi, Teoriuli koncefciis saxiT aqvsgamokveTili, rac

literaturul teqstebSia xorcSesxmuli: ,,eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin

iwyeba, roca eri, Tavis saubedurod, Tavis istorias iviwyebs. rogorc kacad

ar ixsenieba is mawanwala bogano, visac aRar axsovs, vin aris, saidan modis

da sad midis, isec erad saxsenebeli ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTi

gaswyromia da Tavisi istoria ar axsovs“ (WavWavaZe 2011:83). istoria agreTve

gakveTilia: ,,amaT sxva samsaxuri miuZRviT Cven wina. isini cxoveli magaliTebi

arian misi, Tu ra simaRlemde SeuZlian ers ama Tu im garemoebaSi miaRwios...

27

Tu guSin iyvnen Cemis sisxlisa da xorcis didebulni da saxelovanni kacni,

ra mizezia, rom xvalac ar gamoCndnen, Tu garemoebis igiveobas vgulisxmobT“

(WavWavaZe 2011:84). i. gogebaSvili saqarTvelos istoriidan gamoyofs calkeul

faqtebs: ,,ra sabavSvo sakiTxavi Seedreba moTxrobas Tevdore mRvdlis

Tavdadebazed... amoirCieT ufro TvalnaTeli faqtebi, dalagebiT uambeT

bavSvebs, gadauWarbeblad... da Tqven miscemT maT gonebasa da guls saukeTeso

sazrdos“ (gogebaSvili 1989:341).

`TergdaleulTa~ brZola istoriuli mexsierebis gaZlierebisaken,

faqtobrivad, eris koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebisaken swrafvaa. maT am

miswrafebaSi, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia mexsierebis politikis

danaxva.istoriuli prozis Tematikis arCevis dros, mwerlebi aqtiurad

mimarTavdnen mexsierebis politikas. i. gogebaSvili mwerals im faqtebis

aqcentirebisaken mouwodebs, romlebic samocianelTa antikoloniuri

politikis interesebSi Sedis. warsuls maTTvis ramdenime datvirTva aqvs: 1)

nacionaluri ideologiis nawilad gaazreba; 2) erovnuli TviTSefasebis

amaRleba; 2) antikoloniuri ganwyobis gaZliereba; 3) antikoloniuri

protestis forma.

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, rogorc Cans, swored aRniSnuli politikuri

konteqsti ganapirobebda istoriuli prozisadmi gazrdil interessa da

istoriuli prozis mkveTrad gamoxatul erovnul xasiaTs. samocianelTa

Taobis Teoriuli koncefciis praqtikuli gagrZelebaa maTi istoriuli

nawarmoebebi. i. WavWavaZis ,,dimitri Tavdadebuli“, ,,qarTvlis dedas”,

,,nikoloz gostaSabaSvili”; a. wereTlis ,,bagrat didi”, ,,Tornike erisTavi”,

,,patara kaxi”, ,,naTela”, ,,kikolas naambobi”; i. gogebaSvilis ,,mefe erekle da

ingilo qali”, ,,sxivi warsulisa”, ,,Tavdadebuli mRvdeli Tevdore”, ,,aznauri

ioTam zedginiZe”, ,,qarTveli mefe glexis ojaxSi stumrad”, ,,cxra Zma

xerxeuliZeni”, ,,samasi Tavdadebuli glexi” da a.S. winamdebare naSromSi

aqcenti, ZiriTadad, istoriul prozaze keTdeba, Tumca samocianelTa

SemoqmedebaSi istoriuli Tema ara mxolod prozauli, aramed poeturi

formiTacaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad Janrobrivi sxvaobisa, Cven gverds ver

avuvliT am nawarmoebebsa da avtorebs, vinaidan maT mniSvnelovani gavlena

moaxdines momdevno periodis istoriul prozasa da nacionalur ideebze. maT

literaturul teqstebSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli mexsierebis politika,

nacionaluri identoba da antikoloniuri protesti.

28

qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovania

`TergdaleulTa~ istoriuli teqstebis roli. gmirebisa da magaliTis momcemi

istoriis gamokveTiT, samocianelTa Taobam da gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZem,

z. kiknaZis azriT, mamulis cnebas emociuri Sinaarsi SesZina. sityva mamuli

qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi mefis mamuls niSnavda, aqedan gamomdinare ki

mTel samefosac moicavda. XIX saukunidan mamuli, ZiriTadad, samSoblos

sinonimad gamoiyeneba. mkvlevari ganixilavs 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis

ideologis beri filadelfosis traqtats ,,siyvaruli mamulisa“, sadac

mamuls sakraluri mniSvneloba eniWeba: is msxverpls imsaxurebs. ilia swored

am mniSvnelobiT iyenebda sityva _ mamuls. mamulisaTvis Tavdadebis idea

sekularuli konceptia, romelic saTaves religiuri msxverplSewirvis

ideidan iRebs (kiknaZe 2005:33-35). wmindanebs mamulisaTvis Tavdadebulebi

enacvleba. am ideebis gamoxatulebaa XIX saukunis 60-ianelTa istoriul

prozaSi msxverplad Sewiruli mefeebisa da wmindanebis Rvawlis religiuris

nacvlad nacionalur konteqstSi gaazreba.

XIX saukunis 60-70 wlebis istoriuli nawarmoebebi swored am

ideologiis amsaxvelia. mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom

istoriuli teqstebi, rogorc prozis, ise poemebis saxiTaa dawerili.

istoriuli nawarmoebebi mcire formatiT gamoirCeva, maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia avTenturi personaJebisa da movlenebis aqcentireba

(gmiruli warsuli, mefeTa Tavdadeba), fiqciis dozirebuli Setana

literaturulteqstebSi (boCkova 1984:28). aseve mniSvnelovania istoriuli

poemebi Sinaarsobrivi da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT (istoriuli poema,

rogorc Janri mogvianebiT iSviaTobaa). nawarmoebebi realizmis esTetikiTaa

Sesrulebuli, rac am periodis literaturas axasiaTebs. istoriuli

nawarmoebebi ar gvTavazoben vrcel istoriul panoramas, warsulis

rekonstruqcias (e.w. epoqis sulis erTian panoramas), maTTvis warsuli

mTlianad awmyos interesebis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli da, rogorc mimoxilvam

gviCvena, masSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli mexsierebis politika, nacionaluri

identoba da antikoloniuri protesti.

vasil barnovis saxels ukavSireben qarTuli istoriuli prozis axal

etaps. man Tavis istoriul nawarmoebebSi, winamorbedi qarTveli

avtorebisaTvis mniSvnelovan erovnul sakiTxs axali moralur-filosofiuri

ganzomileba SesZina. misTvisac istorias gakveTilis mniSvneloba aqvs da

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nacionaluri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis gzaa. Tumca istoriis miseuli

aRqma moralizebulia. v. barnovi nawarmoebebSi avTentur istoriul movlenas

fiqciiT ajerebs. misi prozis erT-erTi dasayrdenia mexsierebis politika:

istoriis mniSvnelovani etapebis gamokveTa da qarTveli eris

mravalsaukunovani brZolis xazgasma. mkvlevar g. kankavas azriT: ,,warsul

movlenaTa ganviTareba eqvemdebareba avtoris moralur-istoriul

Sexedulebebs. istoriaSi zogjer is xedavs imas, rac surda rom yofiliyo da

ara _ rac iyo. es ki iZleva istoriis Sekvecilad, mikerZoebulad warmodgenas,

romelSic fermkrTalia Sida socialuri ganviTarebis suraTi” (kankava 1969:74).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli da evropuli istoriuli prozis Janruli

ganviTarebis erTian suraTs, aRniSnuli mosazreba sulac ar CaiTvleba vasil

barnovis istoriuli nawarmoebebis naklad. vrcel socialur suraTs arc XIX

saukunis istoriuli proza gvTavazobs da gamonagoni maTTanac aqtualuria.

garda amisa, nebismieri saxis istoriuli prozis avtori yovelTvis

subieqturia istoriasTan mimarTebiT, ris gamoc met-naklebad ,,mikerZoebulad”

warmogvidgens nebismier istoriul movlenas. istoriuli prozis Janrebi

imiTac gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, sad ufro meti Tavisufleba eniWeba

fantaziasa da istoriul wyaroebs. (amaze ix. dawvrilebiT j. de grutis -

`istoriuli proza~).

vasil barnovis istoril nawarmoebebSi mkveTrad gamoxatulia erovnuli

problematika, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia personaJTa moralur saxeze. maTi

zneobrivi dacema an gaZliereba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs qveynis beds. amis

saukeTeso magaliTia giorgi saakaZe, v. barnovis amave saxelwodebis

istoriul romanSi. aseve mniSvnelovania sasiyvarulo intriga, riTac

gamorCeulia v. barnovis istoriuli proza. vasil barnovis istoriuli

prozis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi vlindeba mis enobriv stilSi. avtori

Segnebulad mimarTavs arqaizacias, raTa epoqis ganwyoba Seqmnas. nawarmoebTa

ena savsea mxatvruli tropebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi ritmul prozas

gvTavazobs (kankava 1969:80-87).

vasil barnovis nawarmoebebma istoriuli prozis popularobas Seuwyo

xeli. ,,isnis ciskris” (1901w) gamoqveynebis Semdeg, daibeWda uiaraRos

,,mameluki”, niko lorTqifaniZis ,,mrisxane batoni”, Salva dadianis ,,giorgi

rusi” (Tavdapirvelad ,,ubeduri rusi“).,,mrisxane batonisaTvis” saintereso ar

aris cnobili istoriuli pirebi. ,,mrisxne batonSi” mwerali Tavisufalia da

30

xSirad mimarTavs gamonagons. niko lorTqifaniZisaTvis personaJis Seqmnis

dros misaRebia anaqronizmi, radgan mwerlis azriT, adamianis sulieri

samyaro Znelad icvleba da sxvadasxva saukunis adamianebs msgavsi Sinagani

buneba aqvT. amitomac gasagebia misi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. (aRniSnulma

tendenciebma ufro mkveTrad mogvianebiT, XX-is 60-70-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi.

dawvrilebiT qvemoT).

Salva dadiani avsebs vasil barnovis SemoqmedebiT gzas – mis istoriul

prozaSi filosofiur-moraluri aspeqtia gaRrmavebuli (kankava 1969:90-96).

mwerlis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawarmoebs sabWoTa kritika dadebiTad ar

gamoxmaurebia. (cnobilia cenzuris moTxovniT saxelwodebis Secvlis faqti:

`ubeduri rusis~ nacvlad `giorgi rusi~). mwerals feodaluri saqarTvelos

apologiaSi dasdes brali. 1924 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, qarTul sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli pesimisturi ganwyobis sapirispirod, ,,ubeduri rusi“ qarTuli

,,oqros xanis“ _ Tamar mefis epoqis gacocxlebaa. rusi ufliswuli

uaryofiTadaa warmoCenili: is ususuria, rogorc mamakaci da politikuri

lideri. bunebrivia, es arsebul politikur konteqsTan alegoriuli

dapirispirebis saSualeba iyo (baqraZe 2004:418-420). avtorma gamoiyena

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis istoriuli periodi da mexsierebis

politikiT Seecada antikoloniuri identobis formirebas.

XX saukunis I naxevris istoriul prozaze saubris dros

gasaTvaliswinebelia politikur-istoriuli konteqsti. saqarTvelos

gasabWoebis Semdeg, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Zalauflebas

komunisturi partia iRebs. mwerlebi ideologiur wnexSi eqcevian. komunisturi

partia calsaxad moiTxovs revoluciuri Tematikis Semotanas literaturaSi,

erTaderT aucilebel literaturul meTodad socialisturi realizmi

cxaddeba (baqraZe 2004:7-10). socialisturi realizmi sabWoTa avtoritaruli

sistemis produqtia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia: ideologiis utopizmi,

marqsistuli msoflmxedveloba, socialuri inJineria, biurokratizmi,

erTpartiuloba, centralizebuli dagegmva, pirovnebis kulti, propaganda,

Zaladoba, pirovnebis standartizeba, depersonificirebuli koleqtivizmi

(gafrindaSvili...2010: 80-91).

sabWoTa mexsierebis politikam gasabWoebamde arsebul istoriasa da

kulturas sabWouri interpretacia moaxvia Tavs, xolo Tanamedrove kultura

socrealizmis samsaxurSi Caayena. Sesabamisad, qarTuli

31

mwerlobaqveteqstebiTa da alegoriiT iwyebs azrovnebas. garda amisa,

literaturul teqstebSi Cndeba oficialuri kliSeebi, socrealizmis kodebi,

propagandayalibdeba, rogorc miTosi. am process mkvlevari bela wifuria

,,sabWouri modelebis nacionaluri SinaarsiT datvirTvas uwodebs“, riTac

iqmneba ormagi Sinaarsi, erTi cenzurisaTvis, meore mkiTxvelisaTvis. teqsti

orive tipis interpretaciisaTvis xelsayrel kodebs iZleva (wifuria 2010:179-

181). amis kargi magaliTia konstanitine gamsaxurdias ,,didostatis marjvena“,

`daviT aRmaSenebeli~, romlebSic saqarTvelos Zlieri saxelmwifoebriobis

xanaa aRwerili. orive nawarmoebiZlieri saqarTvelos simbolod SeiZleba

moviazroT, romelic antikoloniuri ganwyobis Seqmnas emsaxureboda.

bunebrivia, mwerali koleqtiuri mexsierebis Semqmneli iyo. nawarmoebis

mimarT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba arsebobda, miuxedavad jildoebisa,

mwerlis misamarTiT ar wydeboda braldebebi (baqaraZe 2004:150).

politikuri konteqstis gverdiT, mniSvnelovania isic, rom vasil

barnovisa da momdevno xanis mwerlebis mier Camoyalibebuli Janris gaformeba

da gamravalferovneba konstantine gamsaxurdias saxels ukavSirdeba.

istoriis moralur-filosofiuri sibrtyidan danaxvas, enis arqaizaciasa da

pirobiTobas masStaburoba, avTenturisa da gamonagonis Serwyma daemata

(kankava 1969:118-119).

mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,arsena marabdelic~ am konteqstSi Seqmnili

masStaburi, istoriuli Janris literaturuli teqstia. mwerali

socrealizmis esTetikis dacvas cdilobs, wina planzea wamoweuli xalxis

Tema. Tumca, oficialur kritikas ar gamorCenia misi aSkarad antikoloniuri

xasiaTi. ,,m. javaxiSvilic ar iqneba miviwyebuli, romelmac bolo dros Tavi

Seafara ,,arsena marabdelis“ Tematiur masals, es sruliadac ar xsnis

brZolis warmoebis aucileblobas mis winaaRmdeg“ (melaZe). nawarmoebebSi

mwerali impliciturad upirispirdeba sabWoTa ruseTis kolonialur

politikas, risTvisac caristuli ruseTis alegorias mimarTavs.

aRniSnuli politikuri konteqstis Sedegad, nawarmoebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia: erovnuli koncefcia, avTenturisa da gamonagonis

Serwyma.Afiqcia istorias avsebs, Tumca mainc meorexarisxovania. ,,arsena

marabdelSi” epoqis vrceli socialuri suraTia asaxuli. nawarmoebSi

istoriul movlenebs Tavisi axsna moeZebneba. m. javaxiSilma Tanabrad

gamoiyena istoriuli masala da gamonagoni. Tumca es ukanaskneli xSirad

32

Zalian emsgavseba istoriuli wyaroebisa da legendebis cnobebs. misi azriT,

istoriuli wyaroebi gvawvdis fragmentebs, xolo mwerali maT avsebs da qmnis

istoriis ufro cocxal versias. romanis mTavari personaJis arsena

marabdelis gamoCena caristuli ruseTis erovnuli Cagvris Sedegia (kankava

1969:112-114).

konstantine gamsaxurdiasa da mixeil javaxiSvilis gavleniT, qarTul

istoriul prozaSi myarad Camoyalibda qarTuli istoriuli prozis, rogorc

Janris, Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: 1) erovnuli problematikis warmoCena.

istoriis sxvadasxva mizniT gamoyeneba (kolonizebuli, damcirebuli

erovnuli TviTSefasebis amaRleba, istoriidan Sesabamisi daskvnis gamotanis

survili); 2) konkretuli epoqis asaxva (,,epoqis suli”´- rogorc mogvianebiT

damkvidrda literaturaTmcodneobaSi), rac gulisxmobs _ eTnografiul,

toponimikur, kulturul da sxva tipis detalizacias (epoqis rekonstruqcias)

(kankava 1969:119); 3) warmodgenili Temebisa da problemebis TanamedroveobasTan

kavSiri (e.w. aqtualoba). am ukanasknelis ganviTarebas, garda literaturul-

Janruli saWiroebisa, xeli Seuwyo XX saukunis politikurma konteqstma

(cenzuris gamo SeniRbva, alegorizmi, qveteqsturoba da a.S). 4) sayuradReboa

agreTve enobrivi sakiTxi. enis arqaizacia ,,epoqis sulis” (rogorc

uwodebdnen) zusti detalizaciisa da asaxvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

saSualeba iyo.

XX saukunis II naxevridan viTareba gansxvavebulia. icvleba politikuri

konteqsti. stalinis sikvdils, mohyva e.w. ,,daTbobis” periodi, roca sabWoTa

represiebis saSineli epoqa Semsubuqda. partiis gavlena xelovnebaze

Sesustda. Tumca, ideologiuri manqana mainc ar wyvets muSaobas. amis

magaliTia araerTi xelovanis mimarT ganxorcielebuli devna (e.w. pasternakis

saqme”, 50-ianwlebSi saqarTveloSi oTar CxeiZis romanis ,,cTomilni”,

akrZalva). ,,daTbobis” periodis monapovrad miiCneva literaturuli

Jurnalebis SedarebiT Tavisufali arseboba cenzuris pirobebSi (,,ciskari”,

,,mnaTobi”), ramac literaturaSi axali saintereso Taobis ,,samocianelebis”

gamoCena gamoiwvia (gafrindaSvili...2010:80-91).

samocianelTa Taobam uamravi siaxle Semoitana qarTul literaturaSi.

am procesebSi arc istoriuli proza darCenila ucvleli. XX saukunis 70-80-

ian wlebSi xdeba istoriuli romanis Janruli cvlileba. Cndeba istoriuli

romani, romlis tradiciul istoriul JanrTan dakavSireba rTulia. am

33

periodSi istoriuli Tematikisadmi interesi araTu mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba,

rogorc qarTul, ise mTel sabWoTa sivrceSi. aseve Zlierdeba gamonagonis

roli. Tu aqamde nawarmoebebSi dominanturi iyo avTenturi personaJebi, am

periodidan mas TiTqmis Caenacvla gamogonili personaJebi. istoriisadmi wina

epoqis SemecnebiT damokidebulebas filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri, zneobrivi

Tu egzistencialuri interesi cvlis (miresaSvili 2005:5).

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan ikveTeba evropuli literaturuli

procesebis aqtiurad gamoxmaurebis procesi, rac literaturuli teqstebis

gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis novatorobaSi gamoixateba. am periods ekuTvnis

verlibriT, subieqturi da miTologiuri romaniT gataceba, agreTve

liberalur Rirebulebebze aqcentireba. mwerloba antikoloniuri

nacionalizmis gverdiT, liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis

damamkvidrebelicaa. mkvlevari b. wifuria XX saukunis qarTul kulturaSi

gamoyofs Semdeg sivrceebs: `1) sabWouri kultura. statusi _ oficialuri

kultura;ideologiuri safuZveli _ sabWouri ideologia; esTetikuri

safuZveli _ socialisturi realizmi; esTetikuri pozicia _ normatiuli... 2)

nacionaluri narativis kultura; statusi _ dominanturi

kultura;ideologiuri safuZveli _ erovnuli ideologia; esTetikuri

safuZveli _ realizmi; esTetikuri pozicia _ normatiuli... 3) alternatiuli

kultura;statusi _ alternatiuli kultura; ideologiuri safuZveli _

modernistuli~ (wifuria 2005:17-19).mkvlevris mier SemoTavazebuli

klasifikacia ar gulisxmobs mkveTr sazRvrebs am sivrceTa Soris. xSirad

erTi mwerlis Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli sivrceebi erTmaneTs

erwymis. nacionaluri narativi zogjer socrealizmis formebs iyenebs

nacionaluri Sinaarsis gamosaxatad (wifuria 2005:17). xolo, Tavis mxriv,

nacionalur narativSi moazrebuli istoriuli proza, e.w. axali istoriuli

proza, sadac sul ufro meti yuradReba refleqsiebs eTmoba da ara

istoriul fons, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, SesaZloa nacionaluri da

alternatiuli sivrceebis gadakveTad miviCnioT. (mag. jemal qarCxaZis proza,

romelic mwerlis publicistur paTossa da movlenebis gaazrebis liberalur

models gvTavazobs).

istoriuli romanis axali tendenciebis Sesaxeb mosazreba araerTma

kritikosma Tu literaturaTmcodnem gamoTqva (g. merkvilaZe, S. CaCua, g.

gaCeCilaZe, s. sigua, g. gverdwiTeli, k. imedaSvili, S. xotivar-iungeri, m.

34

miresaSvili). aqve Camoyalibda Semdegi terminebi: tradiciuli istoriuli

romani da aratradiciuli istoriuli, anu axali istoriuli romani, Tumca

naSromSi maT samuSao terminebad ar viyenebT, radgan dRes istoriuli proza

ganixileba rogorc mTliani fenomeni, romelic uamrav saxeobas aerTianebs

(De Groot 2010).

istoriuli romanis saxecvlileba XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi

literaturaTmcodneebis azriT (baseli, xotivari-iungeri, rukavacini,

boCarovi, m. miresaSvili), gamowveuli unda iyos evropul mwerlobaSi

mimdinare cvlilebebiT, sadac istoriuli avTenturoba gamonagonis

dominantobam Caanacvla. ,,axali istoriuli romanis” avtorTaTvis istoria _

ubralod asaxvis obieqti ar aris, igi romanis struqturuli safuZveli, misi

kompoziciis ,,saSeni” masalaa; amdenad, e.w. ,,axali istoriuli romanis”

avtorebi Tavs uflebas aZleven weron ara mxolod is, rac warsulSi moxda,

aramed isic, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo” (miresaSvili 2005:11).

aRniSnuli tendenciebi exmaureba evropul istoriul prozaSi mimdinare

cvlilebebs. istoriuli prozisadmi interesi me-20 saukunis II naxevarSi

gansakuTrebulad mZafrdeba, razec ramdenime faqtorma iqonia gavlena: 1) am

periodSi istoriul mecnierebaSi popularuli xdeba axali istoriis idea,

romelic eWvis qveS ayenebs istoriis WeSmaritebasa da avTenturobas.

istorikosis saqmianobac ki veRar aRiqmeba obieqturi WeSmaritebis Ziebad. 2)

martin haidegerisa da hans georg gadameris filosofia adamianis socio-

kulturuli sazRvrulobis CarCos Sesaxeb. 3) postmodernistuli esTetika

literaturasa da xelovnebaSi. postmodernistuli esTetikisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia arastabilurobisa da grand-narativebis

dekonstruqciisakenmiswrafeba, rac aseve aisaxa istoriisadmi

damokidebulebaSic. `istoria~, progresis idea erT-erTi didi narativia,

romelsac postmoderni arRvevs. am avtorebma kiTxvis qveS daayenes mosazreba,

rom istorias SeuZlia warsulis gadmocema. warsuli ucnobia, istoria aris

reprezentacia (kari 2001:22).4) Tanamedrove romaniscvlileba. am periodSi

irRveva realisturi romanis konvenciebi, Cndeba metafiqciuri romanebi.

metafiqciur romanSi gaanalizebulia literaturuli teqstis ontologiuri

statusi, rac teqstSi naTlad Cans an implicituradaamowodebuli.

metafiqciur teqstSi avtori TxrobiT procesSi erTveba, rogorc rigiTi

personaJi, msjelobs teqstis Seqmnis meqanizmze (gvaxedebs Sida

35

samzareuloSi) da a.S., riTac tradiciuli realisturi romanis CarCos

arRvevs (Waugh 2001:98-103).

XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTul istoriul prozaSi saintereso

tendeciebi ikveTeba. erTi mxriv, istoriuli proza Janrul cvlilebas

ganicdis da axali mimarTulebiT viTardeba (W. amirejibis, o. WilaZis, T.

bibiluris, j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebebi), meore mxriv, grZeldeba XX saukunis

dasawyisSi Camoyalibebuli Janruli saxeobis arseboba (gr. abaSiZe, r.

jafariZe da sxv) (miresaSvili 2005:28-29). Tumca, mxolod gamonagonze

dafuZnebuli istoriuli romani cariel niadagze ar amozrdila. misi

safuZvlebi XIX saukunis istoriul nawarmoebebSi, vasil barnovisa da niko

lorTqifaniZis istoriul moTxrobebsa da romanebSi gvxvdeba. am garemoebas

gulisxmobs a. baqraZe, roca aRniSnavs: ,,qarTul mwerlobaSi sxva rigisa da

sxva xasiaTis istoriuli moTxrobebi da romanebic aris, sadac yuradReba

ufro metad qarTvelis sulier Tvisebebze, qarTvelis sulier tkivilebzea

gamaxvilebuli“ (baqraZe 2004:425). XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi es procesi

ufro masStaburi gaxda. mweralica da mkiTxvelic arCevanis winaSe aRmoCnda,

mas SeuZlia airCios, rogorc SemecnebiTi (,,epoqis sulis” aRwera,

avTenturoba), aseve Tavisufali gamonagoniTa da mcire istoriuli realiebiT

Seqmnili literatura. garda amisa, koloniur da postkoloniur realobaSi

istorias ideologiuri datvirTva kvlavac SeunarCunda.

XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi Seqmnil ,,axal istoriul romanSi”

sainteresoa ara epoqis asaxva, aramed istoriuli movlenebis filosofiuri,

zneobrivi gaazreba, gamonagonis siWarbe. istoriul wyaroebTan erTad

gamoiyeneba miTi, legenda. realizmis CarCoebis gafarToebam istoriuli

prozis CarCoebis gazrdac ganapiroba (miresaSvili 2005:31,48).

,,axali istoriuli romanis” istoriuli foni mravalferovania, uZvelesi

miTosuri periodidan XIX saukunis boloTi. oTar WilaZis romanSi ,,gzaze

erTi kaci midioda” gamoyenebulia argonavtTa uZvelesi miTi, romelSic

gamonagonicaa Setanili. miTi ,,damiwebulia”, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia

miTiuri gmirebis ,,deheroizacia” (miresaSvili 2005:56), miTs istoriis saxe aqvs

da masSi literaturuli teqstis Seqmnis epoqis droindeli politikur-

istoriuli konteqsti, kolonialuri politikisadmi gamoTqmuli protestia

mniSvnelovani. miTis axal versias gvTavazobs Wabua amirejibi Tavis ,,daTa

TuTaSxiaSi”, romelic mTlianad SeTxzulia, qarTuli miTologia msgavs miTs

36

ar icnobs. romanSi mniSvnelovania ara istoriuli foni (romelic 1905 wlis

revoluciis saqarTvelozea) an miTi, aramed mTavari personaJis daTa

TuTaSxias pirovneba, misi swrafva sikeTisadmi (miresaSvili 2005:94-95). aqedan

gamomdinare, e.w. ,,axali istoriuli romani” istorias meorexarisxovnad

miiCnevs, mTavari personaJTa Sinagani samyaro, zneobriv-filosofiuri

problematika, sabWoTa kolonializmisadmi impliciturad gamoxatuli

protestia.

XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTuli istoriuli proza formas

icvlis, magram istorias kvlavindeburad aqvs ideologiuri fuqcia. igi isev

koloniur politikasTan dapirispirebis gzaa. amis gamo, qarTul kulturas

myarad Camouyalibda istoriasTan gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba. es

movlena kargad SeiniSneba ucxo TvaliT: ,,mudmivi brZola damoukideblobisa

da erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis, erovnuli siamaye, agreTve sakuTari

mravalsaukunovani istoriis tragikuli gancda _ ai is mizezebi, romelTa

gamoc mimarTavdnen qarTveli mwerlebi istorias da ris gamoc epyrobodnen

mas aseTi seriozulobiT“ (xotivar-iungeri 1993:5). istoriuli mexsiereba

antikoloniuri brZolisa da identobis gamyarebis mZlavr saSualebad

Camoyalibda, xolo istoria da nacionaluri Rirebulebebi erTmaneTs myarad

daukavSirda. qarTul istoriul prozas aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli XX

saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSic gahyva Tumca aqcentebi da esTetika mainc Seicvala.

istoria ukve sxvadasxva sakiTxebis gaazrebis asparezadac iqca.

XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriuli prozis tendenciebis zustad

dasaxasiaTeblad, mkvlevari S. xotivar-iungeri erTmaneTs upirispirebs

msgavsi Tematikis or romans: m. javaxiSvilis ,,arsena marabdelsa“ da W.

amirejibis ,,daTa TuTaSxias“. m. javaxiSvili: 1) avTentur personaJs iRebs, 2)

iyenebs folklorul wyaroebs da 3) XIX saukunis srul suraTs xatavs, 4)

,,arsena marabdeli“ gviCvenebs, istoriis msvlelobaze pirovnebis gavlenas.

Tavis mxriv, W. amirejibi: 1) fiqcias mimarTavs, 2) istoriasa da legendebSi

ararsebul personaJs qmnis, 3) epoqis asaxvis nacvlad, personaJis Sinagani

samyaroa aRwerili, 4) ,,daTa TuTaSxiaSi“ pirovneba sazogadoebis CarCoebiTaa

SezRuduli (xotivar-iungeri 1993:25-26).

XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozaSi icvleba kompozicia.

axal istoriul romanSi mniSvnelvania: 1) centraluri personaJi da ara

istoria; 2) avtorebi aRar iyeneben istoriul wyaroebs, istoriis codnac

37

sakmarisia; 3) icvleba Txrobis perspeqtiva: auqtorul Txrobis nacvlad

(,,yovlismcodne“ avtoris pozicia) personalur Txrobaa (personaJTan

dakavSirebuli Txroba) dominanturi. 4) icvleba mkiTxvelTa auditoria. Tu

tradiciuli istoriuli romanis avtori cdilobda mkiTxvelisaTvis istoriis

Sesaxeb maqsimaluri codna miewodebina, axali istoriuli romani ukve

istoriis Rrma codnas moiTxovs. mkiTxvelma unda Seavsos istoriuli prozis

,,carieli adgilebi“ (informaciuli adgilebi), radgan avtori ukve Rrma

refleqsiisaken iwvevs (xotiva-iungeri 1993:28-29). es bunebrivicaa, radgan

istoriuli mecniereba ganviTarebulia da istoriis rekonstruqciiT ukve

profesionali istorikosia dakavebuli. amis mizezi isicaa, rom istoriuli

informaciis mqone romanebic ukve mravladaa Seqmnili.

qarTuli istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb msjelobam kidev erTxel gamokveTa

istoriuli prozis ramdenime Janruli maxasiaTebeli: 1) aucilebelia

istoriuli dro-sivrce. zogierT SemTxvevaSi epoqis detaluri aRwera,

topografiuli, eTnografiuli da sxva saxis rekonstruqcia, wyaroebis

erTguleba, gamonagonis mcire doza. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Zalian zogadi da

bundovani istoriuli dro-sivrciTi konturi da literaturul teqstSi

ganfenili refleqsiis didi doza. 2) istoriuli proza sxvadasxva mxatvruli

konvenciebiT iqmneba, es damokidebulia mwerlis arCevansa da modur

literaturul esTetikaze. 3) mwerali aseve Tavisufalia qveJanrebis arCevis

dros. 3) istoriul prozas aqvs esTetikuri datvirTva, is upirvelesad

literaturuli teqstia. garda amisa, mas calkeul SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa

SemecnebiTi funqcia daematos angaxdes ideologiuri. gansakuTrebiT es

mniSvnelovania qarTuli istoriuli prozis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca aq ar

igulisxmeba istoriuli prozis mTeli monakveTi, amis dasturia Tundac is

faqti, rom XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan aqcenti sxva saxis Tematikazec

keTdeba, konkretulad ki: individis Tavisufleba, Tavisufali arCevanis

sakiTxi, liberaluri Rirebulebebi.

1.5. kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis

literaturuli teqstis naratologiuri analizi. literaturuli

teqstis kvleva rTuli procesia, amis gamo gaviTvaliswineT kompleqsuri

literaturaTmcodneobiTi midgoma.naratologiuri analizis, semiotikis

calkeuli cnebebisa da literaturuli hermenevtikis sinTezi _ teqstis

sazrisis wvdomis saSualebas iZleva.

j. qarCxaZis istoriuli prozis analizamde SevCerdebiT im Teoriul

koncefciebsa da cnebebze, romlis safuZvelzec agebulia naSromis ZiriTadi

nawili. naratologiuri terminebisa da Teoriebis gamoyenebisas, ZiriTadad,

veyrdnobiT J. Jenetis naSroms `naratiuli diskursi~ da m. ians, romelic

naratologiaSi dagrovil Teoriul kvlevebs kompleqsurad aerTianebs.

tradiciulad gamoyofen I da III piris mTxrobels, rasac ar iziarebs J.

Jeneti. misi azriT, mwerlisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara gramatikuli forma,

aramed Txrobis pozicia. amis mixedviT Jeneti gamohyofs ori tipis

mTxrobels:homodiegeturi(personaJia) (I piri) da heterodiegeturi(ar aris

personaJi) (III piri) (Genette 1983:245);mTxrobeli SesaZloa iyos aseve:

eqsplicituri;

implicituri;

eqsplicituri mTxrobeli teqstSi sakuTar Sexedulebebs, gemovnebasa da

subieqtur damokidebulebas amJRavnebs. homodiegeturi mTxrobeli yovelTvis

eqsplicituria, heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli xan eqsplicituria, xanac

SeniRbuli, implicituri (Jahn 2005:4).j. qarCxaZis prozaze msjelobis dros

saWiroa eqsplicituri da implicituri mTxroblis gaTvaliswineba, vinaidan

naSromSi saanalizo teqstebSi gvxvdeba orive tipis mTxrobeli.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli, radgan romanis

`zebulonis~ mTxrobeli III piriT gadmogvcems Txrobas, amave dros is avtor-

mTxrobeli ar aris da mkiTxvels eqmeneba STabeWdileba, rom nawarmoebSi

mTavari personaJis, zebulonis I piris Txroba III piriT aris gadmocemuli.

grafikuli sqema:

mTxrobeli

38

Ria daxuruli

(eqplicituri) (impilicituri)

39

homodiegeturi

(personaJia) heterodiegeturi

heterodiegeturi (ar aris personaJi)

(ar aris personaJi)

teqstSi ambavi yovelTvis mTxroblis xedvis aredan, perspeqtividanaa

moTxrobili. movlenebi isea aRwerili, rogorc mTxrobeli aRiqvams da

gviambobs, swored amis gamoa gamokveTili romelime istoria, personaJi, dro-

sivrce Tu sxva problematika. samecniero literaturaSi Txrobis perspeqtivis

ramdenime klasifikacia arsebobs, naSromi J. Jenetis klasifikacias eyrdnoba,

romlis mixedviTac arsebobs:

nulovani fokalizacia;

Sinagani fokalizacia;

garegani fokalizacia;

nulovani fokalizaciis dros, mTxrobeli `yovlismcodnea~, is

personaJebze met informacias flobs, Sesabamisad, metsac gviambobs (mag.: XIX

saukunis realisturi romani). Sinagani fokalizaciis dros, mTxrobeli

mxolod imas gviambobs, rac personaJma icis. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod

personaJis xedvis fokusireba xdeba, Txroba misi cnobierebis perspeqtividan

mimdinareobs (mag.: Sinagani monologi, cnobierebis nakadi). garegani

fokalizaciis dros, ki Txroba isea warmodgenili, rom ucnobi rCeba

personaJis fiqrebi, emociebi. Txroba mxolod movlenebis aRweriT

Semoifargleba (mag.: drama, an neitraluri Txroba) (Genette 1983:189). j.

qarCxaZis nawarmoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia personaJis perspeqtiviT

Txroba da Sinagani fokalizacia. swored romelime personaJis perspeqtiva

gansazRvravs nawarmoebis enasa da stils (amaze dawvrilebiT literaturul

teqstebze msjelobis dros).

TxrobiT teqstSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania personaJisa da

mTxroblis metyveleba. kerZod, metyvelebis, fiqrisa da cnobierebis

reprezentacia. XX saukunis prozaSi aqtualuria mentaluri procesebis

reprezentacia, amitomac popularulia iseTi formebi rogoricaa _ Sinagani

40

monologi (Jahn 2005:45-47).Sinagani monologebi xSirad gvxvdeba j. qarCxaZis

prozaSi, rac personaJis fiqrebisa da Sinagani mdgomareobis reprezentaciaa.

personaJis Sinagani fokalizaciis dros, bunebrivia, aqtiurad gamoiyeneba

Sinagani monologis teqnika. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT romanSi

`zebuloni~, moTxrobaSi `igi~ mTxrobeli mxolod ambavs rodi gadmogvcems,

Txrobis rakursi personaJis Sinagan samyarozea gadatanili. Sinagani

fokalizaciis dros, fokusi personaJis xedvazea gadatanili, Txroba misi

cnobierebis perspeqtividan mimdinareobs. am xedvis matarebeli erT-erTi

personaJia, ZiriTadad, mTavari personaJi, amitomac Sinagani monologi aseT

dros produqtiuli xerxia(Jahn 2005:9).

j. qarCxaZis istoriul prozaSi, Sinagani fokalizaciis teqnika

dakavSirebulia nawarmoebis istoriul dro-sivrcesTan. teqstSi

mniSvnelovania Semdegi komponentebi:

qronotopi;

semantikuri sivrce;

ambisa da Txrobis dro;

literaturuli teqstis dro-sivrcis erTiani fenomenis aRsaniSnavad,

rogorc cnobilia, m. baxtinma gamoiyena termini qronotopi. misi ganmartebiT,

dro-sivrce Janris Taviseburebas gansazRvravs (literaturis...2006:46-47).

Janruli kodidan gamomdinare, qronotops istoriul prozaSi gansakuTrebuli

datvirTva eniWeba.

literaturul teqstSi sivrce garemoa, sadac personaJi cxovrobs da

moqmedebs (klimati, buneba, qveyana, qalaqi, baRi, oTaxi...). is SesaZloa mxolod

foni iyos da aRwerisa da teqstis esTetizirebis funqcia hqondes. garda

amisa, sivrces xSirad semantikuri datvirTva aqvs, gansakuTrebiT Sinagani

fokalizaciis dros, radgan swored personaJis perspeqtivis mixedviTaa

organizebuli. semantikuri sivrce personaJis fiqrebisa da emociebis

adekvaturia da avtori garkveuli problematikis warmosaCenad irCevs. j.

qarCxaZis nawarmoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia swored semantikur sivrceze

aqcenti, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans mis istoriul romansa da

moTxrobebSi (Jahn 2005:40-42).

41

naratologiaSi seriozuli Seswavlis obieqtia Txrobisa da

gramatikuli drois kategoria, rasac mniSvnelovani Sroma miuZRvna J. Jenetma.

is gamoyofs ambisa da Txrobis dros. ambis droSi igulisxmeba teqstSi

ganviTarebuli moqmedebis dro, xolo Txrobis droSi Txrobis xangrZlivoba

(nawarmoebis moculoba, gverdebi)(Genette 1983:33-35)ambisa da Txrobis drois

Taviseburi konfiguracia xSirad gansazRvrulia j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa

problematikiT.

ambisa da Txrobis drois urTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze Jeneti

Txrobis sam tips asaxelebs:

Tanmimdevroba (analefsisi, prolefsisi);

xangrZlivoba (elifsisi, reziume, aRwera, scena, gangrZobiTi dro);

sixSire (erTjeradi, ganmeorebiTi, iteratiuli) (Genette 1983:33-35);

Tanmimdevroba gulisxmobs ambisa da Txrobis drois qronologiur

wesrigs. amis mixedviT, gamoiyofa anaqroniis ori saxe: prolefsisi da

analefsisi. prolefsisis dros, mTxrobeli win uswrebs movlenebs da

winaswar gvamcnobs raimes. analefsisis dros, mTxrobeli manamde momxdar

ambavs gviamobobs, qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT ukan gvabrunebs (Genette

1983:33-80).

xangrZlivoba Txrobis temps gulisxmobs. masSi igulisxmeba ambis

droisa da Txrobis drois (teqstis striqonebi, gverdebi) urTierTmimarTeba.

yvelaze didi tempi iqmneba elifsisiT, roca teqstSi ambis xangrZlivi

droiTi monakveTia gamotovebuli. aseve maRali tempiT gamoirCeva reziume,

sadac ori sityviTaa Sejamebuli xangrZlivi droiTi monakveTi, sadac ambis

dro metia Txrobis droze. yvelaze dabali tempi aRweriT pauzebs aqvs.

scenas Tanabari dro eTmoba (ambisa da Txrobis drois). garda amisa, gvxvdeba

piruku SemTxvevac, roca Txrobis dro ufro xangrZlivia, vidre ambis dro

(gangrZobiTi dro). (roca erTi dRis ambavs eTmoba mTeli romani, mag.:

,,ulise~). droiTi xangrZlivobis saxeebi teqstis qronotopuli modelis

aRsawerad gvexmareba (Genette 1983:86-110).sixSireSi igulisxmeba movlenis

ganmeorebiToba. amis mixedviT arsebobs erTjeradi (roca movlena ar

meordeba), ganmeorebiTi (roca movlena ramdenjermea ganmeorebuli da

42

ramdenime personaJi erTsa da imave ambavs gviambobs) da iteratiuli (roca

ganmeorebiTi movlenebi erTxel gadmoicema) Txroba (Genette 1983:114-160).

am tipis mimarTebebi bevrs gveubneba teqstis stilis Sesaxeb, magaliTad

j. qarCxaZis `zebulonSi~ Txrobis dro aWarbebs ambis dros, rac xazs usvams

personaJis refleqsiebisaken midrekilebas.

literaturuli teqstis semiotikuri analizi. (ZiriTadi cnebebi).

teqstualuri kodebis semiotikuri koncefcia j. qarCxaZis teqstebis Janruli

specifikis amosaxsnelad miviCnieT mniSvnelovnad. tradiciulad semiotikis

ganmarteba iwyeba niSnis daxasiaTebiT.f. de sosiuris diaduri modelis

Tanaxmad, niSani Sedgeba ori komponentisagan:aRsaniSnisagan(idea, koncefcia)

da aRmniSvnelisagan(akustikuri xati, JReradoba);swored maTi mTlianoba qmnis

niSans. C. s. pirsistriaduli modelis Tanaxmad, niSani Sedgeba:

referentisagan(obieqti), reprezentatisagan(niSani) da

interpretantisagan(adamianis gonebaSi aRqmuli)(Chandler 2006:15-20).

semiotikis Teoriis Tanaxmad, niSnebi Cven garSemo arsebuli sagnebis,

samyaros reprezentaciaa. adamiani realobas mxolod am niSnebis meSveobiT

aRiqvams. niSnebi (reprezentaciebi) gvWirdeba garkveuli informaciis

gadasacemad. niSanTa nebismieri kavSiri informaciis gadacemas ver

uzrunvelyofs. Setyobinebis gadacema niSanTa kodirebul sistemas SeuZlia,

sadac niSnebi garkveuli wesebis mixedviT erTiandeba (asaTiani 2006:29).

semiotikis TeoriaSi teqstis Seqmnasa da interpretaciaSi kods didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. teqstis Seqmna kodirebaa, xolo teqstis aRqma kodebis

amocnobiTa da maTi dekodirebiT xdeba. amrigad, literaturuli teqsti,

rogorc obieqti Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs konkretul kods an kodebs,

romelTa daSifvriT miiRweva gageba. j. qarCxaZis prozis analizis dros,

ZiriTadad, vmsjelobT teqstebis Janrul kodze. istoriuli prozis Janris

maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba gvexmareba nawarmoebebis interpretaciis

procesSi.

semiotikur TeoriaSi kodebis uamravi klasifikacia arsebobs.

literaturuli teqstis analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania konkretuli kodebis

tipebi:

teqstualuri kodebi:

43

samecniero kodebi

esTetikuri kodebi (xelovnebis yvela saxeoba)

Janruli, stilistikuri, ritorikuli kodebi

narativi (Sinaarsi, xasiaTi, moqmedeba, dialogi, qronotopi...)

interpretaciuli kodebi:

ideologiuri kodebi (kodebi teqtis kodirebisa da dekodirebisaTvis)

(aq Sedis yovelgvari izmebi: rasizmi, feminizmi da sxva)(Chandler 2006:98).

winamdebare naSromSi analizis dros gaTvaliswinebulia zemoxsenebuli

kodebi. teqstualur kodebSi ganxilulia Janruli, stilistikuri da

ritorikuli kodebi, rasac naratologiuri meTodologia eyrdnoba.

interpretaciul kodebSi ki moiazreba sociokulturuli konteqsti.

literaturuli hermenevtika. j. qarCxaZis literaturuli teqstebis

interpretaciis dros viTvaliswinebT literaturul hermenevtikas. kerZod,

naSromisaTvis aucilebel interpretaciul models: hans georg gadameris

koncefciasa da literaturul hermenevtikas, romlis drosac ZiriTadad

veyrdnobiT s. porterisa da j. robinsonis naSroms, sadac detalurad da

kompleqsurad aris Seswavlili hermenevtikul mimarTulebaTa koncefcia da

istoria.

hermenevtikul tradiciaSi gamoiyofa sami mniSvnelovani nakadi:

filosofiuri, lingvisturi da literaturuli. filosofiuri hermenevtika

zogadad gagebis Teoriasa da koncefcias gvTavazobs, maSin roca

lingvisturi da literaturuli hermenevtika teqstis interpretaciis ufro

praqtikuli aspeqtebiTaa dainteresebuli. hermenevtika aerTianebas teqstis

interpretaciis Teorias, meTodsa da praqtikas. teqstis interpretaciis dros

samive mniSvnelovania, amitomac literaturul hermenevtikas hibridul

movlenad aRiqvamen, masSi sxvadasxva hermenevtikuli mimarTuleba erTiandeba

(Porter…2011:303).

hermenevtikisaTvis ganviTarebis yvela etapze mniSvnelovania sami

komponenti:

avtori;

44

teqsti;

mkiTxveli;

swored am sami komponentidan romelimes aqcentireba ganasxvavebs

sxvadasxva hermenevtikul mimdinareobas erTmaneTisagan (Porter…2011:4-

7).literaturuli teqstebis socio-kulturul konteqstSi gaanalizebis

safuZvels h. georg gadameris hermenevtikuli koncefcia iZleva. j. qarCxaZis

nawarmoebebis interpretaciis dros swored am ukanasknels veyrdnobiT.

hermenevtikis ganviTarebis sruliad axali etapi dakavSirebulia h.

georg gadameris saxelTan. misi koncefcia srulyofilad aris

Camoyalibebuli wignSi ,,WeSmariteba da meTodi“ (1960 w). naSromi saTauris

antiTezaa, masSi swored WeSmariteba da meTodia gakritikebuli. gadameri

eWvis TvaliT uyurebs yovelgvar meTodikasa da xerxebs, romelic obieqturi

WeSmaritebis dadgenas gvTavazobs. igi iziarebs haidegeris Tvalsazriss,

romlis mixedviTac gagebisa da interpretaciis procesSi adamiani socio-

kulturulad da istoriulad gansazRvrulia (Porter…2011:75-78).am

Sexedulebidan gamomdinare, is gvTavazobs obieqturobisa da subieqturobis

cnebebisagan gaTavisuflebas. gadamerisaTvis interpretacia arc subieqturi

aqtia da arc obieqturi. es aris dialogi interpretatorsa (subieqtsa) da

teqsts (obieqts) Soris. igi interpretaciis process xsnis, rogorc

interpretatorisa (mkiTxvelisa) da teqstis horizontebis Serwymas

(Porter…2011:80-87). mkiTxveli Cvens SemTxvevaSi j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebebis

interpretatoria, romelsac dRevandeli epoqis socio-kulturuli da

istoriuli interesebi aqvs. Sesabamisad dRes sabWoTa totalitaruli da

koloniuri gamocdilebis gaazrebis dros, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis erT-

erTi saintereso sakiTxi (da ara erTaderTi) j. qarCxaZis teqstebSi asaxuli

liberaluri Rirebulebebia.

gadameris azriT, interpretaciis dros Cveni individualuri

Sexedulebebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria; am perspeqtividan aRviqvamT

teqsts (da movlenebs). is uaryofs teqstis zeistoriul, zekulturul

WeSmaritebas. yovelgvari mniSvneloba cvalebadia, is mniSvnelovania mxolod

aq da am dros. WeSmariteba, romelic maradiuli da ucvleli gveCveneba,

icvleba istoriulad, konkretuli kulturis arealSi (Porter…2011:85-91).

gadameri uaryofs teqstis interpretaciis erTaderT da WeSmarit versias.

45

SeuZlebelia avtoris intenciis amoxsna, radgan, misi azriT, teqstis sazrisi

yovelTvis scildeba avtoris intencias. miuxedavad aseTi Tavisuflebisa,

gadameris azriT, mainc arsebobs teqstis mniSvnelobaTa sazRvrebi. mag.:

Janruli kodebis gamo SeuZlebelia komiqsebis mebaReobis wignad aRqma

(Porter…2011:91).

gadameris koncefciidan gamomdinare, naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia

literaturuli teqstebis socio-kulturuli konteqsti, romelSic

gaanalizebuli iqneba j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa Seqmnis epoqa, arsebuli

ideologiebi, istoriuli da kulturiT daRdasmuli faqtorebi da teqstSi

gamovlenili Rirebulebebi. amgvarma midgomam saSualeba mogvca naSromSi

dasmuli konkretuli sakiTxebisaTvis gvepasuxa.

TaviII

jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~

46

2.1. roman `zebulonis~ naratiuli struqtura

j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romani ,,zebuloni”, Tavdapirvelad, Jurnal

,,mnaTobSi” calkeul Tavebad gamoqveynda. ,,zebulonis SurisZieba” _ 1984 wels,

,,zebulonis siyvaruli” _ 1985 wels, ,,zebulonis sikvdili” _ 1986 wels.

avtors nawarmoebi moTxrobebis ciklad hqonda Cafiqrebuli, xolo

mogvianebiT erT romanad gaaerTiana. amis Sedegad teqstSi SenarCunebulia

aRniSnuli struqtura da romani sami moTxrobisagan Sedgeba, romlebic

Tavebis mixedviTaa gaerTianebuli. TiToeul Tavs ki dasrulebuli

kompoziciuri saxe aqvs.

2.1.1. romanis saTauri

nawarmoebis saTaurs, rogorc wesi, literaturuli teqstisaTvis

mniSvnelovani funqcia aqvs. u. ekos azriT, saTauri gasaRebia interpretaciis

dros.man amave dros mkiTxveli unda daabnios, raTapasuxi martivad ar

amoxsnas. sazogadod, yvelaze taqtikur saTaurebad personaJTa saxelebia

aRiarebuli (Эко 2005:6-9). literaturis Teoriasa da teqstis lingvistikaSi,

saTauri teqstis kompoziciis nawilad miiCneva; saTauri mniSvnelovan

informacias gvawvdis avtoris Canafiqris, nawarmoebis Janrisa da Temis

Sesaxeb (taliaSvili 2012). faqtobrivad, is aris presignalis matarebeli,

romelic SemdgomSi nawarmoebis sazrisis amocnobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

gasaRebeli SesaZloa gaxdes.

Teoretikosebi gamoyofen ori saxis saTaurs: eqsplicitursa da

impliciturs. nawarmoebis saTauri aris eqsplicituri im SemTxvevaSi Tu

literaturul teqstsa da saTaurs Soris pirdapiri mimarTebaa. aseT dros

saTaurSi aqcenti mxolod siuJetzea gakeTebuli, saTauris dekodirebis dros

swored is aris amosavali. implicituri mimarTebis dros, teqstsa da saTaurs

Soris arapirdapiri mimarTebaa. saTaurSi mocemulia garkveuli miniSneba

teqstis intenciis Sesaxeb, ris Sedegadac iqmneba nawarmoebis qveteqsti.

47

implicituri saTauris dekodirebis dros, mniSvnelovan informacias vigebT

teqstis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba teqstis interpretaciis

procesSi. faqtobrivad, am tipis saTauri nawarmoebis semantikur RerZadaa

aRiarebuli (taliaSvili 2012). orive tipis saTaurs mniSvnelovani funqcia

aqvs teqstis sazrisis dekodirebis dros.

Tu davakvirdebiT j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa saTaurebs, Semdegi tendencia

gamoikveTeba: nawarmoebTa did nawils personaJTa saxelebi aqvs saTaurebad

SerCeuli. mag.: `igi~, `antonio da daviTi~, `zebuloni~, ,,mariana~, biZaCemi

iona~, `abzianiZeebis ojaxi~. saTaurebis danarCeni nawili metaforulia:

`qaravani~, `ganzomileba~, `iupiteris sinanuli~, `meTerTmete mcneba~, `mdgmuri~

da sxv. garda amisa, j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa saTaurebi gamoirCeva

lakonurobiTa da konceptualurobiT. maT xSir SemTvevaSi garkveuli funqcia

eniWebaT teqstis interpretaciis dros.

naSromSi gansaxilvel istoriul romans avtorma mTavari personaJis

saxeli daarqva. am TvalsazrisiT saTauri neitraluri da optimaluri unda

yofiliyo, vinaidan nawarmoebi mTavari personaJis, zebulonis cxovrebisa da

Sinagani gancdebis Sesaxeb gviambobs. personaJis saxelikonkretul

implicitur informaciasacSeicavs:zebuloni bibliuri warmoSobis

saxelia.bibliuri saxelebisa da aluziebis Semotana, rogorc wesi, bibliur

saxismetyvelebasa da garkveul qveteqsturobaze mianiSnebs mkiTxvels. miT

ufro, rom romanSi kidev erTi bibliuri warmomavlobis saxeli – isaxaric _

figurirebs. aRniSnuli faqtorebi garkveuli interpretaciisaken, kerZod,

bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi qveteqstebis Ziebisaken ubiZgebs mkiTxvels.

zebuloni da isaxari, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, bibliuri warmoSobis

saxelebia. Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, zabiloni (zebuloni) da isaqari (isaxari)

iakobis Svilebi iyvnen. biblia iakobis Tormet ZeTagan yvelaze vrclad

iosebis Sesaxeb gviambobs, zebuloni da isaxari SedarebiT iSviaTad arian

moxseniebuli. zabilonisa da isaqaris Sesaxeb garkveul informacias vxvdebiT

iakobis kurTxevaSi, romelic man sakuTari Tormeti Svilis mimarT sikvdilis

winwarmoTqva: `zabuloni zRvis piras imkvidrebs, navsayudelTan eqneba

sadgomi; sidons miswvdeba sazRvari misi~ (biblia 1989: dab. 49, 13). xolo

isaxaris kurTxevaSi vkiTxulobT: `isaqari _ Zvalmsxvili viri, bakebSi

mwolare. xedavs, kargia mosveneba, miwa _ saamuri; qedi wauxria tvirTis

wasaRebad, xarkisTvis Sromobs~ (dab. 49, 14-15).

48

wm. ipolite ganmartavs iakobis ZeTa saxelebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul

bibliur simbolikas, romlis Tanaxmadac iakobis IX da X ZeTa saxelebi

Semdegnairad iTargmneba: `zabilon iTargmanebis niW, da izaqar-naSrom~

(ipolite romaeli) (alibegaSvili 1999:146). iakobis kurTxevas adasturebs

isaqaris STamamovalTa simamace. epifane kviprelis Tanaxmad, isaqars

Seesabameba ameTvistos Tvali. rogorc ameTvistos Tvali gamoirCeva

mSvenierebiTa da sakvirvelebiT, aseve gamoirCeva isaqari simSvidiT,

mRviZarebiTa da miwaTmoqmedebiT. ipolite romaelis ganmartebiT, zabiloni

warmarTebs gulisxmobs, romelTac cdunebebi zRvis talRebiviT amoZraveben,

isini ki myudro savanes eZeben da eklesiisaken, navsayudelis msgavsad,

miiswrafvian (alibegaSvili 1999:156-157).

zabilonisa (zebulonisa) da isaqaris (isaxaris) saxelTa Sesaxeb

arsebuli bibliuri da egzegetikuritradicia unda dagvexmaros j. qarCxaZis

romanis saTauris implicituri Sinaarsis gaazrebis dros. saTauris _

`zebulonis~ _ dekodirebamde, saWiroa literaturuli teqstis sxva

monacemebis gaTvaliswinebac, kerZod, ramdenad gvxvdeba teqstSi raime saxis

bibliuri miniSneba, aluzia; gvawvdis Tu ara teqstis epigrafi da sqolio

bibliur citatas, an ganmartebas. j. qarCxaZis `zebulonSi~ ar dasturdeba

bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi informacia, ar gvxvdeba sxva romelime personaJis

bibliuri saxeldeba. aseve sagulisxmoaj. qarCxaZis publicistika,

romelSicavtori xSirad msjelobs sakuTari nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb. am

mimarTulebiT, kerZod, bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi interpretaciis Sesaxeb

mwerali arsad saubrobs. amis miuxedavad, zebuloni da isaxari met-naklebad

hgvanan egzegetikur tradiciaSi damkvidrebul saxeebs: isaxari mSvidi

adamiania, TavsmiwaTmoqmedebiT irCens, xolo zebuloni mTeli cxovreba

gansacdelis winaSea da, faqtobrivad, mudmivad navsayudels eZebs.

bibliuri saxelis romanis saxeldebad SerCeva SemTxveviTi ar unda

iyos. saTaurSi Cadebuli presignali mkiTxvels literaturuli teqstis

gasaRebs sTavazobs. nawarmoebis Sinaarsis mixedviT, mSvidi bavSvobis Semdeg,

zebulonis cxovreba iovel batoniSvilis inteleqtualur samyaros unda

dakavSireboda, rasac xeli SeuSala mamis mkvlelobis gamo Cadenilma

SurisZiebam. sastikma mkvlelobam mTlianad daangria zebulonis arseba:

`grZnobda, rom TandaTan sxva kaci gaxda. ki ar gardaiqmna da imisgan ki ar

aRmocenda, rac aqamde arsebobda, rogorc fesvidan aRmocendeba mcenare,

49

aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke mcenared iqca~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 93).

dasrulda zebulonis harmoniuli cxovreba: `dro nela midioda, uCumrad,

mSvidad, verc ki SeatyobdiT midoda Tu ara, sanam Jamma ar dahkra da is didi

da sabediswero gazafxuli... yru da gauval kedlad ar aRimarTa zebulonsa

da zebulons Soris da kedlis gareT myofi zebuloni ise daundoblad ar

gaTiSa kedlis SigniT darCenili zebulonisagan, rom maT Soris yvela

damakavSirebeli Zafi gawyda da yvela msgavseba waiSala~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 13).

SurisZiebamde zebulonis winaSe axali SesaZlebloba gamoCnda: is iovel

batoniSvilma saswavlebelSi miiwvia, rasac mamis sikvdilma, SurisZiebam da

Sinaganma krizisma SeuSala xeli. amis Semdeg zebulonma kvlav scada

batoniSvilis saswavlebelSi dabruneba. Seiqmna iluzia, rom mTavari

personaJi SeZlebda Sinagani wonasworobis aRdgenas, Tumca man gadamwyvet

momentSi ukan daixia,sakuTari Tavis uRirsad miiCnia. amis Semdeg

zebuloni,bibliuri zabilonis msgavsad, veRarasodes aRwevs Sinagan

harmonias.

romanis saTaurSi Cadebuli implicituri informacia mTel teqsts

gasdevs. bibliuri kodi ikiTxeba isaxaris saxeSic, kerZod, zebulonis mama

bibliuri isaqariviT mibmulia miwas, simboloa simSvidis, wonasworobis,

harmoniis. isaxaris personaJi gansxvavdeba zebulonis dinamiuri, stiqiuri

xasiaTisagan. mamis sicocxleSi es sxvaoba ar Cans, radgan zebulonis

bavSvobac mSvidi da harmoniulia mamis wiaRSi. nawarmoebis centraluri

konfliqti xdeba maSin, rodesac isaxaris sicocxle xelovnurad wydeba.

zebuloni, romlis bavSvoba mSvid garemoSi, mamis xatTan harmoniaSi

iZerweboda, uecrad kargavs kontaqts mamiseul sawyisTan da masSi mZlavrobs

damangreveli, uaryofiTi Zala, romelic usastikesi SurisZiebisaken ubiZgebs.

nawarmoebis gmirs TviTganadgurebis kodi erTveba, romlis ganeitralebac

SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda iovel batoniSvilis inteleqtualur sawyisTan

miaxlebiT, rac aRar momxdara: `iovel batoniSvili iyo erTaderTi kaci,

visac mxolod Zvel, dakargul, daxSuli karibWis miRma darCenil zebulonTan

hqonda kavSiri, maSasadame, is erTaderTi kacic iovel batoniSvili iyo, visac

SeeZlo zebuloni kvlav zebulonTan mieyvana~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 100). amis Semdeg

zebulonis Sinagani samyaro darCa gaorebuli da harmonias moklebuli.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom romanSi Secvlilia bibliuri siuJetis

Sinaarsi: zebuloni isaxaris Zea da ara Zma, rasac Tavisi funqcia aqvs

50

literaturul teqstSi. bibliuri Zmebis gansxvavebuli buneba ufro mkveTrad

gamoCnda mama-Svilis xasiaTisa da cxovrebis tipis dapisripirebaSi.romanis

bibliur qveteqsts daemata mamiseuli wiaRis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelobac,

ramac gamokveTa mTavari personaJis Sinagani drama.

amrigad, nawarmoebis saTauri mniSvnelovani elementia literaturuli

teqstis analizis procesSi. romanis saxeldebaSi impliciturad Cadebuli

bibliuri Sinaarsi nawarmoebis interpretaciaSi gvexmareba. zebuloni da

isaxari simbolurad imeoreben bibliuri arqetipebis cxovrebis gzas:

zebuloni mudmivad navsayudelis ZiebaSia. garda amisa, avtorma bibliuri

saxeebis gaazrebis dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. amis miuxedavad,

bibliuri Sinaarsis gaTvaliswineba sayuradRebo informacias gvawvdis

literaturuli teqstis sazrisis amoxsnis dros.

2.1.2. romanis Janruli specifika

j. qarCxaZis romani `zebuloni~ istoriuli Janris nawarmoebia. qarTul

literaturul kritikaSi ganxilulia nawarmoebis problematika, Tumca

msjelobis dros misi Janruli kodi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.

romanSi `zebuloni~ gamogonili personaJebi moqmedeben, aseve

gamogonilia romanis siuJetica da istoriuli foni. Tumca es ukanaskneli

msgavsebas amJRavnebs saqarTvelos istoriis garkveul epoqasTan. nawarmoebs

aqvs zogadi istoriuli foni,sadac epoqaze saubari SedarebiT mcirea.

romanSi ar gvxvdeba raime saxis qronologiuri miniSneba.

romanis zogadi istoriuli fonis miuxedavad, nawarmoebSi asaxuli

drogviani Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istorias mogvagonebs: `dro avi iyo,

qveyana _ gaveranebuli. yoveli mxridan urjuloebiT garSemortymuli patara

kuTxe gaafTrebiT ibrZoda Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad. ucxo TvalisTvis

aseTi uimedo brZola iqneb Rimilis momgvreli ugunuroba iyos, magram

qarTvelebs maSin danebeba ar uyvardaT, saxels zomaze metad afasebdnen da

51

umal xmals SeuSverdnen kisers, vidre uRels~ (qarCxaZe 2005:15). mTel teqsts

am tipis istoriuli foni gasdevs, miuxedavad misi zogadi xasiaTisa

mkiTxvelisaTvis mainc nacnobia saqarTvelos istoriis aRniSnuli periodi,

kerZod, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdegomi

epoqa (XV saukunidan). am dros qarTveli xalxi TavgamodebiT ibrZvis

araqristiani mtrebis winaaRmdeg.

rogorc cnobilia, urjuloebad, ZiriTadad, iraneli da osmalo

damyroblebi moixseniebodnen (XV-XVIII ss.). romanis istoriuli fonis

qronologiuri suraTis aRsadgenad,romanSi taxtis gamahmadianebuli

memkvidris, iskander-xanis qarTlis taxtze asvlis epizodic dagvexmareba.

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi gamahmadianebuli mefeebis taxtze asvla

xSiri movlenaa (saqarTvelos... 1974:153-245). aRniSnuli faqtorebi

gvafiqrebinebs, rom romanis istoriul fonad XVII-XVIII saukuneebis epoqa

unda iyos aRebuli.

rogorc vxedavT, roman `zebulonSi~ konkretuli istoriuli epoqis

mxatvrul asaxvaze saubari rTulia, amis mizezi nawarmoebis Janruli

specifika unda iyos. nawarmoebi mTlianad zebulonis Sinagan samyaros

aRwers, romanSi misi subieqturi xedva da gancdebia mniSvnelovani da ara

avTenturi istoriuli epoqis rekonstruqcia,rasac teqstis araerTi pasaJidan

vigebT: `raki qarTvelebi morCilebas ver urigdebodnen da qveyana mudam

sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze iyo, aqauri ymawvilebi, biWobis vada rom

gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen, rogorc es SedarebiT ufro

dawynarebul qveynebSi xdeboda, aramed meomrebad, romlebsac maSinac ki, roca

omi ar iyo da guTans ekidnen, raTa moeswroT da ojaxisTvis cotaodeni

sarCo-sabadebeli gaeCinaT... zebulonic, raRa Tqma unda, saerTo gzas gverds

ver auvlida... yovelmxriv mzad iyo da, Tumca jer ar daeZaxaT, Tavis

warmodgenaSi ukve mravali brZola gadaexada~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 16).

romanis aRniSnuli pasaJidan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom nawarmoebis

istoriuli foni zabulonis cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis

asaxsnelad aris moxmobili; `zebulonSi~ istoriuli dro-sivrce iSviaTad

aris gamokveTili. mas, ZiriTadad, zebulonis Sinagan gancdebsa da

refleqsiebs Soris eTmoba adgili: `vidre manuCar batoniSvils iranis Sahi

ispahans gaiwvevda, zebuloni iese erisTavis sasaxleSi mxolod erTxel iyo

namyofi da, Tumca maSin iseTi ram ixila, rom erTbaSad iovel batoniSvilic

52

moagonda, daroaSvilebic, mSobliuri wyarosTvalic da Soreul wyvdiadSi

gauCinarebuli bavSvobac, romlisaganacnaRvlis meti aRara SemorCenoda ra,

fiqradac ki ar gauvlia, bediswera Tu kvlav odesme kvlav iq miiyvanda~

(qarCxaZe 2005: 107). rogorc am nawyvetidanac Cans, literaturuli teqstis

naratiuli struqtura mTavari personaJis garSemoa agebuli, xolo zogadi

istoriuli foni avtors garkveuli problematikis warmosaCenad sWirdeba.

romanis `zebulonis~ Janrul kodze msjelobis dros, mniSvnelovania

mwerlis poziciis gaTvaliswineba, SesaZloa misi damokidebulebac iyos imis

mizezi, rom `zebulonze~ saubrisas, kritikosebi sagangebod ar ganixilaven

nawarmoebis Janrul specifikas. amasTan dakavSirebiT movixmobT j. qarCxaZis

mosazrebas warsulisa da awmyos urTierTobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic

gamoTqmuli aqvs publicistikaSi:,,ara mgonia, warsuli da awmyo kategoriulad

imijnebodes erTmaneTisgan. awmyo perspeqtiuli warsulia da warsuli

fiqsirebuli awmyo. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, warsuli da awmyo erTmaneTSi

gadadian, erTmaneTs avseben, erTmaneTs ganmartaven. SeiZleba iTqvas, erTmaneTs

anaTeben kidec” (qarCxaZe 2005a:173).

mwerligamoTqvams Sexedulebas nawarmoebis istoriuli fonis Sesaxeb:

,,Tu davuSvebT _ rogorc Cveulebriv uSveben, rom marTla arsebobs iseTi ram,

rac SeiZleba ,,istoriuli Janris” saxeliT movixsenioT da calke gamovyoT,

maSin, ra Tqma unda, isic SeiZleba, warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis kiTxvebze

pasuxi drodadro warsulSi veZioT. me am Tvalsazriss, ar viziareb. me

mimaCnia, rom mwerlisTvis arsebobs dro, rogorc erTiani ganzomileba, da

arsebobs adamiani, romelic mTel am ganzomilebas moicavs da mTel am

ganzomilebaSi moqmedebs... mwerali wers ara ,,istoriul romans”, aramed

romans, romlis siuJeti ama Tu im konkretul droSi mimdinareobs, da, drois

arCevani aq, arafriT gansxvavdeba, adgilis arCevanisagan. ubralod, mwerali

mimarTavs im epoqas, romelic, misi azriT, dasamuSavebeli mxatvruli

problemisaTvis masalasac mets iZleva da fonsac ukeTess qmnis” (qarCxaZe

2005:174).

am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, j. qarCxaZe Tavis istoriul nawarmoebSi ar

qmnis e.w. epoqis suls, istoriuli epoqis arCevis dros misTvis gadamwyveti

konceptualuri sakiTxia: ramdenad Seesabameba mocemul problematikas

mocemuli istoriuli foni. mwerali sagangebod ar gamoyofs istoriuli

Janris nawarmoebebs, misTvis nawarmoebSi asaxuli dro (epoqa) iseTive

53

sakiTxia, rogorc nawarmoebis geografiuli sivrce. amis gamo saWirodac ar

miaCnia istoriuli Janris calke aRniSvna.

zemoT moxmobili pozicia mwerlis individualuri Sexedulebaa,

romelic sulac ar gamoricxavs istoriuli prozis Janrul specifikaze

msjelobis saWiroebas. Cven viziarebT qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi

damkvidrebul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi

ukve gansxvavebuli istoriuli proza iqmneba (a. baqraZe, S. xotivar-iungeri, m.

miresaSvili). es Tvalsazrisi imeorebs evropul (da ara mxolod evropul)

literaturaTmcodneobaSi, istoriul prozasa da istoriul mecnierebaSi

gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac istoriul prozaSi cvlilebebi

jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisidan SeiniSneba (De Groot 2010: 10-15).

j. qarCxaZis pozicia pragmatulia, misidamokidebuleba hgavs mweral l.

foixtvangeris mosazrebas, romlis azriTac istoriasTan mimarTebis dros

istorikosic ki subieqturia, araTu mwerali (Historical...2008). am TvalsazrisiT,

aseve sainteresoa axali istorizmis mimdevarTa damokidebuleba, romlis

mixedviTac SeuZlebelia warsulis srulyofili aRdgena, vinaidan istorikosi

Tavisive epoqisa da socialuri wris Svilia. mas sakuTari subieqturi

poziciidan gamomdinare SeuZlia warsulis aRqma, amis gamo istoria mxolod

reprezentaciaa (kari 2001:22). am gadasaxedidan, mwerlisaTvis istoria asaxvis

mTavari obieqti aRaraa, mas meoradi mniSvneloba aqvs da konkretuli funqcia

eniWeba: masalaa mxatvruli problemis damuSavebisaTvis.

erTi mxriv, istoriisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba da meore mxriv,

romanis struqtura, romelic personaJis perspeqtivazea orientirebuli da

agreTve zogadi istoriuli foni gansxvavebul Janrul kodze saubris

saSualebas gvaZlevs. zemoT ukve aRiniSna qarTuli istoriuli prozis axali

tendenciebis Sesaxeb, romelmac XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi. Tavis

mxriv, am gardatexaze evropulma istoriulma prozamac moaxdina gavlena. Tu

aqamde qarTul (da ara mxolod qarTul) istoriul prozaSi avTenturobis

dacva (mcire doziT mainc) savaldebulo iyo, axali tipis istoriuli

prozisaTvis mniSvnelovani aRaraa avTenturi personaJebi da avTenturi

istoriuli movlenebi. mwerali mTlianad gamonagons eyrdnoba, zog

SemTxvevaSi calkeuli epoqis zogad suraTs qmnis da istorias mxolod

zneobrivi, filosofiuri Tu fsiqologiuri problematikis asaxsnelad

iyenebs.

54

qarTul tradiciul da axal istoriul prozas Soris sxvaobis karg

magaliTs iZleva S. xotivar-iungeri, roca erTmaneTs adarebs m. javaxiSvilis

,,arsena marabdelsa” da W. amirejibis ,,daTa TuTaSxias”. es msgavseba-sxvaoba

sqematurad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos: mag.:

avTenturi personaJi (,,arsena marabdeli”) _ fiqcia (,,daTa TuTaSxia”);

folkloruli wyaroebi _ fiqcia;

XIX saukunis sruli suraTi _ personaJis Sinagani samyaro (xotivar-

iungeri 1993:25-26).

qarTul literaturaTmcdoneobaSi am konteqsSi aseve ganxilulia o.

WilaZis zogierTi romani (mag.: ,,gzaze erTi kaci midioda”, sadac miTs

istoriis saxe aqvs) (miresaSvili 2005:56). j. qarCxaZis ,,zebulonSi” avTenturi

personaJebi ar gvxvdeba, istoriuli epoqis mxolod zogadi konturis aRdgena

aris SesaZlebeli da literaturul teqstSi aqcenti mTavari personaJis

Sinagan samyarozea gadatanili.

gamogonili personaJis Sinagan samyaroze koncentrireba da istoriuli

epoqis rekonstruqciis ugulebelyofa, bunebrivia, cvlis istoriuli prozis

kompozicias. ,,yovlismcodne” avtor-mTxrobels, romelic yvela personaJis

samyaroSi Rrmad gvaxedebda da amave dros istoriuli epoqis masStabur

suraTs (an aramasStabur, Tumca mainc avTenturs) qmnida (mag.: k. gamsaxurdias

,,didostatis marjvena, `daviT aRmaSenebeli~), enacvleba personaluri Txroba

(personaJTan dakavSirebuli Txroba).

personaluri Txrobis dasadastureblad Semdegi epizodic gamogvadgeba

magaliTad: `zebuloni maisis damdegs unda xleboda iovel batoniSvils, manam

ki win mRelvarebiTa da molodiniT aRsavse mravali grZeli dRe iyo,

romlebic nela, zoziniT gadiodnen, Tumca zebuloni maT mainc siyvaruliT

eloliaveboda, radgan yoveli maTgani im mTavar dRes aaxloebda, roca

sofeli wyarosTvali ukan unda moetovebina da Soreulsa da ucnob gzas

dasdgomoda. drodadro, TumcaRa iSviaTad, TiTqos SiSobda, jadoqrobas Zala

ar daekarga, guliskankaliT gadaSlida iovel batoniSvilis naCuqar wminda

wigns, mowiwebiT gaayolebda TiTs ucnob asoebs da tanSi saamo Jruanteli

uvlida. mere naxatebs dauwyebda Tvalierebas. naxatebze, rogorc deda da mama

varaudobdnen, gamosaxuli unda yofiliyvnen uflis wminda mociqulebi~

(qarCxaZe 2005: 39).aRniSnul pasaJSi mTxrobeli ar gadmogvcems zebulonis

fsiqologiur portrets, arc misi Sinagani gancdebis fsiqologiur analizs.

55

am epizodSi gadmocemulia mTavari personaJis Sinagani gancdebi, fiqrebi da

emocia. mTxrobeli arc saxarebis ilustraciis Sesaxeb msjelobs, igi mTavari

personaJis TvaliTa da inteleqtiT gvesaubreba: zebulonma ar icoda vin iyo

saxarebaze gamosaxuli. aRniSnuli personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobis

magaliTia.teqstSi gadmocemulia mxolod is, rac zebulonis cxovrebasa da

fiqrebs ukavSirdeba. ufro metic, mxolod is, rac misi gonebisaTvis aris

xelmisawvdomi. sxva danarCeni movlenebis gadmocemas mwerali Tavs aridebs.

istoriuli prozis swored am Janruli formatiTaa Sesrulebuli j. qarCxaZis

,,zebuloni”, romlisTvisac gamoyenebulia XVIII saukunis zemoT aRwerili

istoriuli epoqis sqematuri suraTi.

j. qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi `zebuloni~ aisaxeba XX saukunis 70-80-

ian wlebis qarTuli istoriuli prozis tendenciebi, romelSic istoria,

ZiriTadad, mxolod fonia. kerZod, nawarmoebSi istoriuli foni zogadia,

masSi ar gvxvdeba avTenturi istoriuli realiebi, Tumca gamogonili siuJeti

garkveul istoriul realiebs efuZneba. nawarmoebis Janrul kods misi

naratiuli struqturac ganapirobebs, kerZod, personaJis perspeqtivaze

orientireba. mTxrobeli aqcents personaJis Sinagan refleqsiebze akeTebs,

amdenad istoriul dro-sivrces meoradi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

2.1.3. romanis enobrivi TaviseburebisaTvis

istoriuli prozisJanruli specifikidan gamomdinare, istoriuli

nawarmoebebis mTavari atributebia: istoriuli dro-sivrce da arqaizebuli

ena. gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis I naxevris qarTul istoriul prozaSi (v.

barnovi, k. gamsaxurdia), sadac arqaizebul enas garkveuli konceptualuri

datvirTva eniWeboda: ena Sexamebuli iyo Sesatyvis istoriul qronotops.

istoriuli epoqis sxva saxis detalizaciis gverdiT, arqaul enas Sesabamisi

epoqis ganwyoba unda Seeqmna.

axali tipis istoriul prozaSi cvlilebebi am TvalsazrisiTac

SeiniSneba. istoriul nawarmoebTa ena gaTavisuflebulia normatiulobisagan,

56

enis sakiTxi ukve konkretuli avtoris gemovnebis prerogativaa. mweralma

SesaZloa sruliad Tanamedrove eniT weros an garkveuli doziT

arqaizebasac mimarTos. magaliTad, W. amirejibis ,,daTa TuTaSxiaSi” gvxvdeba,

rogorc arqaizebuli pasaJebi, kerZod, yovel axal Tavs wamZRvarebuli

teqsti, romelic istoriuli wyaroebis fiqciaa, ise Tanamedrove eniT

Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi teqsti.

sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romanis analizi.

msjelobisaTvis movixmobT garkveul pasaJebs: ,,saxeze almuri asdioda, mTeli

sxeuli uxurda da Sublze simwrisa da sircxvilis ofls asxamda. kbilebs

aRrWialebda da Tavis guls askdeboda, rom ase miamiturad gaeba maxeSi da,

vin icis ramdeni dro moagebina gaqceulebs. axla, roca yvelaferi dResaviT

naTeli iyo, veRarafriT ver aexsna, Tavidanve rogor ver mixvda, rom

daroaSvilebs ukan dabruneba arc ufiqriaT” (qarCxaZe 2005:66-67).

`zebulonma nestanis nalaparakevidan bevri veraferi gaigo, magram erTi

ki gaukvirda: maCablianT asmaTi arasodes enaxa da, raki ar enaxa, aba, saidan

unda scodnoda, marTla mzeTunaxavi iyo Tu ara! samagierod, beqa amilaxvars

xom Zalian kargad icnobda! marTalia, mas Semdeg, rac brZolaSi ixila,

TiTqos Sesaxedavadac sxvagvari gaxda _ ufro moxdenili, ufro sandomiani _

magram mzeWabukisa ki ara ecxo ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005:155).

amonaridebi teqstidan kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom mwerali icavs

Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis normebs. winamorbedi avtorebisagan

gansxvavebiT, mwerali aRar mimarTavs enis arqaizacias. ,,zebulonis” ena

Tanamedrovea, Tumca garkveuli zomiereba daculia. amaSi teqstis enis

analizi gvarwmunebs da aseve Tavad jemal qarCxaZis poziciac, romelic

publicistikaSi aqvs gamoTqmuli. mwerali aRniSnavs: ,,Cemi Sexeduleba

istoriuli prozis enis Sesaxeb ,,zebulonSia” gamJRavnebuli da, mokled rom

davaxasiaToT, daaxloebiT ase gamova: Tanamedrove, magram ara dRevandeli.

mkiTxveli ar Semyavs Sesabamisi epoqis enobriv garemoSi, magram ki vcdilob,

dRevandeli metyvelebis ares gavarido, raTa Tavi iseT neitralur fenaSi

igrZnos, sadac enis istoriulad yvelaze mdgradi ZarRvi gadis. – amitom

,,zebulonSi” ar aris is axali leqsika, is axali gramatikuli konstruqciebi

da is axlad nasesxebi sityvebi, romelTac SeuZliaT dRevandeli yofis

asociacia gamoiwvion” (qarCxaZe 2005a:109).

57

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT j. qarCxaZis Tanamedroveobaze Seqmnil sxva

nawarmoebTa enobriv qsovils, maSin advilad davrwmundebiT, rom mwerali

istoriul prozaSi enobriv stilizacias xSirad mimarTavs. magaliTad,

mwerlis ukanaskneli romanisaTvis ,,ganzomileba” (romelic ar aris

istoriuli Janris nawarmoebi), niSandoblivia samecniero da mxatvruli

diskursis sinTezi. mwerali teqstSi, ZiriTadad, swored axal nasesxeb

sityvebsa da rTul gramatikul konstruqciebs mimarTavs. aseTi formebi

stilur Taviseburebad gahyveba mTel teqsts. magaliTisTvis: ,,litTeoriisa da

litfsiqologiis am istoriul Zegls, romelsac biZaCemma yasidi

Tavmdablobis gareSe uwoda ,,fuZemdebluri Segonebani” male srulad,

stilisa da punqtuaciis dacviT, gamovaqveyneb”. (qarCxaZe 2008:34). an:

,,qarTvelebi rom erTi SexedviT pirwavardnili nacionalistebi varT... es

mcdari daskvnaa, romelic cru wanamZRvrebidan momdinareobs.

nacionalistobamde jer bevri gviklia. nacionalistebi ki ara varT, ubralod,

dedis ZuZus ver movSorebivarT, da Tumc garegnulad es marTla Camohgavs

nacionalizms, sinamdvileSi Cvilis ususurobaa _ pirovnuli

damoukideblobis panikuri SiSi da ganviTarebis dabali done” (qarCxaZe

2008:121).

roman `zebulonis~ enobriv stils mTvari personaJis azrovnebis

Taviseburebac gansazRvravs. literaturul teqstSi didi adgili eTmoba mis

Sinagan gancdebsa da refleqsiebs. zebuloni ubralo adamiania, romelic

cxovrebam sxvadasxvagvari arCevanisa da gansacdelis winaSe daayena.

miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebi ZiriTadad mTavari personaJis Sinagan

gansjasa da eWvebs eTmoba, Txroba SedarebiT martivi eniTaa gadmocemuli.

amis mizezi zebulonis ubralo bunebaa, is ar aris refleqsiebiT Sepyrobili

inteleqtuali, Tumca gonieri adamiania da bevrs fiqrobs sakuTar bedsa da

cxovrebaze.

nawarmoebis Txrobis tempi mZimea (magram ar aris daxunZluli

inteleqtualuri diskursiT), radgan aqcenti personaJis Sinagan eWvebsa da

fiqrebzea gadatanili. es efeqti grZeli winadadebebiT, magram SedarebiT

martivi konstruqciebiTa da sada metyvelebiTaa miRweuli. Txroba zomierad

metaforulia. Sedarebebi martivi da zebulonis inteleqtisa da

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mqone adamianisaTvis Sesaferisi: ,,zebuloni ver

ityoda, Tu ra igrZno im dros, rodesac macnes naTqvami moismina: SiSi,

58

sixaruli, naRveli, Tu yvelaferi es erTierTmaneTSi areuli. pirvel wams,

rogorc elva gaanaTebs anazdad Cabnelebul aremares da erTbaSad gamoaCens

yovelives, rac aqamde bindSi iyo Cafluli, myisierad dainaxa Tavisi

ganvlili cxovreba manuCar batoniSvilis laSqarSi” (qarCxaZe 2005:175). an:

`zogjer Tavs Zalas atanda da cdilobda warmoedgina, rom nestanis

gaTxoveba misi ganTavisuflebis momaswavebeli iqneboda. nestanis naxvis imedi

rom sabolood gadaewureboda, an mokvdeboda unaxaobiT da moisvenebda, an,

Tuki SesaZlebeli iyo siyvarulis Sxams gadarCenoda, maSin xelaxla

daibadeboda da sicocxlesac kvlav fasi miecemoda. egeb marTla aqve

dasaxlebuliyo, egeb marTla SeerTo mRvdlis qali!~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 208).

`zebulonSi~ mwerali zustad iTvaliswinebs sakuTar pozicias

istoriuli prozis enis Sesaxeb. misi enobrivi pirobiToba gansxvavdeba

klasikuri qarTuli istoriuli prozis arqaizebuli enisagan (mag.: v.

barnovis, k. gamsaxurdias istoriuli nawarmoebebi).

j. qarCxaZis prozis enobrivi stilis Sesaxeb l. bregaZem sayuradRebo

mosazreba gamoTqva. kerZod, kritikosis azriT, mwerlis TiToeuli nawarmoebi

gansxvavebuli stiliTaa Sesrulebuli. amis gamo misi romanebi da moTxrobebi

imdenad mravalferovania, rom sxvadasxva avtoris xelweras hgavs (bregaZe

1982:10). es kargad Cans, rogorc istoriul, ise Tanamedroveobaze Seqmnil

nawarmoebebSi. marTalia, ZiriTadi stili SenarCunebulia _ vrceli

winadadebebi, sada, racionaluri Txroba _ Tumca mTavari personaJisa da

literaturuli teqstis specifikas mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Seaqvs masSi.

,,zebulonis” ena sadaa, Tumca Txrobas Taviseburi simZime axlavs: `im

Rames Zili gautyda. fiqrebi buzebiviT exveodnen da mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen.

aTas rameze fiqrobda, Tan yvelafers gonebis TvaliT xedavda. jer iyo da

Soreuli sparseTis gzaze manuCar batoniSvils gaadevna Tvali. gana icoda, an

gza rogori iyo, an sparseTi!~ (qarCxaZe 2005:156).

moTxroba ,,igis” ena saocrad metaforulia, imdenad saxeobrivi, rom

samyaro ferweruli tilos msgavsad warmogvidgeba: `_roca ca dRis Tvals

gaaxels da qveynierebas sibneles gadaaclis, igi ava maRal qarafze da didi

daZinebis xaxaSi CaeSveba. beladis sityvebs cxeli xifaTis suni auvida,

rogorc SiSvel mTas auva xolme, roca Signidan cecxlis ena amoimarTeba da

ca ferflis RrubliT daifareba~ (qarCxaZe 2009:199).

59

roman ,,ganzomilebis” ena rTuli inteleqtualizmiTaa aRbeWdili, savsea

nasesxebi sityvebiT, neologizmebiT, samecniero terminologiiT, mis

mecnierul diskurss paradoqsuli frazebis simravle da iumori aneitralebs:

`swored mand aris Cveni mTavari cduneba. ra ufro Sehferis suldid

qmnilebas? an ufro realisturad rom vTqvaT, iseT qmnilebas, romelsac Tavi

suldidi hgonia? aramzadebTan daiWiros saqme Tu mamidebs SeuWamos ZRveni? es

aris dilema da wyevlakrulviani sakiTxi~ (qarCxaZe 2008:129).

moTxroba `antonio da daviTSi~ mTxrobeli inteleqtualia, rac

nawarmoebis Txrobis stils ganapirobebs: `gamgzavrebis win, eWvi araa, samefo

karze cnobebsac mogvawvdidnen da rCeva-darigebasac mogvcemdnen, magram es

cnobebi, mstovarTa mier Segrovebuli, umTavresad politikuri da samxedro

xasiaTisa iqneboda, marTalia, zusti, sando da utyuari, magram droebiTi da

meryevi... me ufro arsebiTi cnobebi mWirdeboda, xalxis buneba mindoda gamego,

xasiaTi, adaT-wesebi, erTi sityviT is, rac saukuneebis manZilze

Camoyalibebula da mudmivia, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi mainc~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 11).

j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa citirebac gvarwmunebs, rom mwerlis ena

ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi, `zebuloni~, `igi~ da

`ganzomileba~ amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia. `zebulonSi~ j. qarCxaZe

iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis istoriul epoqasa da personaJis inteleqts. aqedan

gamomdinare, romanis ena zustad Seesabameba istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb

mwerliseul koncefciasa da mTavari personaJis Sinagan samyaros. mwerali

inarCunebs enis pirobiTobas, ar iyenebs Tanamedrove leqsikur erTeulebsa da

sintaqsurkonstruqciebs.agreTve iTvaliswinebs mTavari personaJis fsiqotips,

inteleqts da misTvis adekvatur enobriv samyaros qmnis, romelic sadaa,

Tumca eWvebiTa da refleqsiebiT damZimebuli metyveleba axasiaTebs.

2.1.4. romanis naratiuli specifika

60

nawarmoebis enobrivi qsovilis gaanalizebis Semdeg, aucilebelia

teqstis naratiuli struqturis Seswavla. romanSi`zebuloni~ mTxrobeli

mesame piriT gviambobs ambavs: `bavSvobaSi zebuloni arasodes dafiqrebula

imaze, uyvarda Tu ara Tavisi sofeli. romc dafiqrebuliyo, gadawyvetilad

mainc verafers ityoda, radgan sxva sofeli ar enaxa da Sedareba ar SeeZlo.

marTalia mere, mecxramete gazafxuli rom warRvnasaviT movarda da

yvelaferi ulmoblad qveS daitana, fexi aidga, mravali sofeli moiara,

mravali qalaqi, mravali kuTxe da mravali mxare, magram es ukve sxva

zebuloni iyo~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 7-8).

mesame piris mTxrobeli heterodiegeturia, aqedan gamomdinare is

personaJi ar aris. amis miuxedavad, romanSi `zebuloni~ ar gvxvdeba

,,yovlismcodne” avtoris pozicia (romelic tradiciuli realisturi

romanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: avtor-mTxroblis Txroba, komenatarebi.

mTxrobeli, romelic personaJi ar aris, rogorc wesi, `yovlismcodne~

avtoris poziciidan mogviTxrobda ambavs). piriqiT, xedvis are Sekvecilia da

mkiTxveli mxolod mTavari personaJis perspeqtividan aRviqvams movlenebs.

Txrobis ZiriTadi nawili mxolod zebulonis cxovrebas, gancdebsa da

fiqrebs ukavSirdeba. mTxrobeli imden informacias gadmogvcems Txrobis

dros, ramdenic personaJma _ zebulonma icis. amis dasadastureblad uamravi

magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba teqstidan: `im dRes nestani ise didiviT sjida,

zebulonma ifiqra, iqneb balRuri miamitoba da Wirveuloba mogonili

TamaSiao, magram cota xnis Semdeg, kvlav rom miamit balRad ixila, es eWvi

isev uaryo da, Tumca nestanis ori sxvadasxva buneba veranairad ver

moerigebina, iZulebuli Seiqna eRiarebina, rom orive nestani namdvili iyo~

(qarCxaZe 2005: 167). am monakveTSi mTxrobeli detalurad ar gadmogvcems

nestanis fsiqologiur portrets, arc mis qcevas aanalizebs. nestani mxolod

zebulonis TvalTaxedvidanaa aRqmuli, mkiTxveli zebuloniseul daxasiaTebas

xedavs da ara uSualod am personaJs.

zebulonis perspeqtividan romanSi mravali epizodia aRqmuli. mag.:

`mwuxare, SeSfoTebul da jiutad mdumare saxeebze iseTi rame eweraT, TiTqos

raRacas iTxovdnen, xolo am moTxovnis ukan, vinicobisaa zebulons mis

Sesrulebaze uari eTqva, Segubebuli da Sekavebuli risxva idga~ (qarCxaZe

2005: 51). sofeli zebulonisagan isaxarisaTvis SurisZiebas moiTxovs, Tumca

61

aRniSnuli moTxovna sityvierad aravis ar gaumJRavnebia, xolo maTi risxviT

savse saxeebi kvlav zebulonis subieqturi aRqmaa. mkiTxvelic am movlenas

misi SefasebiT aRiqvams.

martodarCenili zebulonis ubedurebas mTxrobeli Semdegnairad

gadmogvcems: `zebuloni sxeuls veRar grZnobda, mxolod majlajunad qceul

qveynierebas grZnobda, romelic yrud da mZimed Camoswoloda veeba

sicarieles. zebuloni TiTqos cocxliv miwaSi ido, sxeulic miwad qceoda,

irgvliv miwisa da gauvali sibnelis garda sxva araferi iyo, aRarc tkivili

iyo, aRarc utkiviloba, mxolod gamofituli, ugrZnobi da ugono molodini

darCeniliyo imisa, rom male sulic gaibneoda am sibneleSi da yvelaferi

sabolood gaqreboda da dasruldeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 244). zogadad, romanSi,

ZiriTadad, zebulonis Sinagani gancdebia gadmocemuli. esa Tu is movlena

nawarmoebSi zebulonis damokidebulebidan gamomdinare xdeba mniSvnelovani:

`ra gasakviria, yovelive amis Semdeg aqauroba satusaRod mosCveneboda.

marTalia, iese erisTavi pirveli naxvisTanave moewona, magram mowonebas ras

aqnevda, Tuki Tavisuflebas dakargavda! Tavisuflebas, romelic mudmivi

moZraobisgan, moqmedebisgan da brZolisgan iyo Sedgenili! garda imisa, rom

erisTavsa da mis SviliSvilTan yoveli nabiji da yoveli sityva unda ezom-

ewona, atyobda, aq saqmec ara eqneboda ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005:142).

nawarmoebSi TxrobiTi procesi isearis warmodgenili, rom mesame piris

mTxroblis miRma TiTqos zebuloni dgas. mag.: `ukanasknelad deda maSin naxa,

roca daroaSvilebis devnas morCa da Sin dabrunda. Tumca im naxvas naxva arc

eTqmoda. maSin daRlil-daqanculi, mSier-mwyurvali, xuTi Ramis uZilo,

Relvisagan gamofituli da sakuTari namoqmedariT SeZruli uazrod

milaslasebda soflisaken, tyviadqceul fexebs Zlivs miaTrevda da, Tu mainc

midioda, mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom raRac idumali Zala, romelic

gaugebrad, magram mtkiced da gardauvalad eweoda mSobliuri saxlisaken,

TokiviT hqonda gamobmuli~ (qarCxaZe 2005:88-89). `naRveliviT mware eWvi avis

momaswaveblad daZvreboda zebulonis gul-gvamSi da raRacas eZebda, xolo

SiSis mwuxare Crdili gafacicebiT adevnebda Tvals da guliskankaliT

eloda, ipovida Tu ara eWvi imas, rasac eZebda. zebuloni cdilobda sxva

rameze efiqra da, roca ukiduresad daiZabeboda, axerxebda kidec, magram

sakmarisi iyo yuradReba odnav mosduneboda, rom fiqris Tvali kvlav

mtanjveli eWvisken gaurboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 102). aRniSnuli tipis pasaJebi

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teqstSi mravlad gvxvdeba, saze gvaqvs Sinagani fokalizacia, romlis drosac

heterodiegetur mTxrobels morgebuli aqvs romelime personaJis perspeqtiva,

am SemTxvevaSi _ zebulonis. amiT mwerali mkiTxvels uSualobis gancdas

ukargavs, analizisaken ganawyobs da amave dros zebulonis gonebaSi SeRwevis

survils aRuZravs. pirveli piris mTxrobeli (am SemTxvevaSi zebuloni)

mkiTxvels sakuTari emociebis SeZlebisdagvarad srul perspeqtivas uSlis.

j. qarCxaZe, albaT, personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobasgulisxmobda, roca

publicistikaSi aRniSnavda:,,moTxrobaSi samyaro romelime personaJis

subieqturi, individualuri kuTxiT Cans. aseT dros avtoric iZulebulia

personaJis tyavSi, ase vTqvaT, personaJis stilSi SeZvres, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi sworxazovnebasa da erTferovnebas ver ascdeba” (qarCxaZe

2005a:100). am SemTxvevaSi mwerali zust gansazRvrebas akeTebs, radgan

nawarmoebSi swored zebulonis perspeqtivaa mniSvnelovani. (mwerlis

Sexedulebebi naSromSi xSirad arisdamowmebuli, Tumca yvela mosazrebas

Tanabari Rirebuleba rodi eniWeba. zogierT maTgans SesaZloa daveTanxmoT,

zogierTs ki _ ara). aRniSnuli mosazreba imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom masSi

j. qarCxaZis weris manera Cans, rac Cvens mosazrebas Taviseburad amyarebs.

mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobis dros, protagonistis

fiqrebisa da mentaluri samyaros reprezentaciisaTvis, produqtuli unda

yofiliyo Sinagani monologis forma. `zebulonSi~ amis uamravi magaliTia da,

faqtobrivad, nawarmoebiam formiT aris Seqmnili: ,,ra gasakviria, yovelive

amis Semdeg aqauroba satusaRod moCveneboda! marTalia, iese erisTavi pirveli

naxvisTanave moewona, magram mowonebas ras aqnevda, Tuki Tavisuflebas

dakargavda! Tavisuflebas, romelic mudmivi moZraobisgan, moqmedebisgan da

brZolisgan iyo Sedgenili! garda imisa, rom erisTavsa da mis SviliSvilTan

yoveli nabiji da yoveli sityva unda ezom-ewona, atyobda, aq saqmec ara

eqneboda ra. yvelaferze metad es aRonebda” (qarCxaZe 2005:142). `zebulons

guli zRvasaviT uRelavda. rogor ewada eTqva, nu swuxar, batono, sanam

cocxali var, nestans aravis davaCagvrinebo, magram aba, zebuloni vin iyo,

rom iese erisTavisTvis nugeSi eca. amitom mRelvareba tkiviliT Seecvala da

mwvave naRvelma mTeli sxeuli auvso~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 174).

personaJis mentaluri procesebisa da Sinagani samyaros aRweras

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba XX saukunis literaturam miaqcia. Tumca Sinagani

monologis forma XIX saukunis literaturisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia,

63

risinimuSebic mravlad gvxvdeba stendalis, a. diumas, l. tolstois,

dostoevskis romanebSi. XX saukunis literatura, fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi

mimdinare cvlilebebis kvaldakval, afarToebs Sinagani monologis CarCoebs

da popularuli xdeba ,,cnobierebis nakadis” literatura. Sinagani monologi

ukve `cnobierebis nakadis~ erT-erTi forma xdeba (CixlaZe 2006:44-46).

Sinagani monologis sxvadasxva formidan, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania

narativizebuli monologi, racgulisxmobs personaJis Sinagani metyvelebis

mesame piriT gadmocemasmTxroblis mier (CixlaZe 2006:46). am tipis Sinagani

monologebiTaa agebuli j. qarCxaZis ,,zebuloni”: `raki wamovida, TviTonve

moiWra gza, radgan am wamosvliT, rogorc axla atyobda, Turme raRac iseTi

uTqvams, raSic yvedrebac iyo, qadilic, niSnismogebac. amis Semdeg rom ase

xelcarieli da pirSi Calagamovlebuli dabrunebuliyo, mTeli es didguloba

qarisTvis unda gaetanebina, qadili kvexnad unda qceoda da Tavs uilajobaSi

gamostydomoda. amas ki, aba rogor SeZlebda!~ (qarCxaZe 2005:108).

,,zebulonis” mesame piriT Txroba da Sinagani monologebi gamoricxavs

yovelgvar eqsperimentulobas. j. qarCxaZis romanSi ar gvxvdeba ,,cnobierebis

nakadis” CanarTebi. Txroba sadaa da realistur tradiciebTan axlos myofi,

Tumca personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba mniSvnelovnad cvlis realisturi

romanis konvenciebs. mag.: `mis mogonebas yovelTvis iovel batoniSvilis

TeTri saswavleblis mogoneba mohyveboda xolme da guli ekumSeboda, yelSi

mowolil uilajobas, romelSiac ucnaurad iyo SenivTebuli risxvac,

tkvilic, naRvelic, lamis daexrCo. gulRviZli efliTeboda imis

warmodgenaze, rom sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni ver gamodga da amitom, misi

cxovrebis erTaderTi didebuli zRapari rom swored im wams Caqra, ra wamsac

sinamdviled iqca, mis gadasarCenad vera iRona ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 135-136).

Sinagani fokalizaciis dros, personaJis Sinagan mdgomareobaze keTdeba

aqcenti. roman ,,zebulonis” Tavisebureba swored personaJis pirovnul,

mentalur, enobriv samyaroze orientirebaa; literaturuli teqstis ena da

Txrobis manera mTavari personaJis Sinagan mdgomareobasTan, inteleqtTan,

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasTan aris siRrmiseul kavSirSi.

Txrobis amgvari perspeqtiva da istoriuli romanis Janruli kodi dro-

sivrcisa (qronotopisa) da istoriuli fonis Sesabamis organizacias

ganapirobebs. romanSi zebulonis perspeqtivaa mniSvnelovani, Txroba misi

fiqrebisa da mogonebebis mixedviTaa agebuli da mesame piriT mimdinareobs.

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Sesabamisad, literaturul teqstSi, Txrobis drod, ZiriTadad, warsuli

droa arCeuli. literaturuli teqstis didi nawili vrcel abzacebs eTmoba,

sadac zebulonis Sinagan monologebia warmodgenili. Tumca sada enobrivi

stili teqstis simZimes amsubuqebs. amis dasadastureblad Semdegi monakveTic

gamogvadgeba: `raki gaqceva ver SeZlo, gunebaSi uneburad iseT sabuTs dauwyo

Zebna, rac gaqcevas SeuZlebels gaxdida. es sabuTi male ipova. marTlacda, ase

uCumrad rom wasuliyo, ase qurdulad, an nestani ras ityoda, an iese

erisTavi, an beqa amilaxvari rom Camovidoda da hkiTxavda, rad miatoveo, ra

pasuxi mieca? sindisi rom Seawuxebda da qenjnas rom dauwyebda, sindisi

riTRa daemSvidebina? am sabuTiT Tavi ver gaimarTla, magram samagierod

moityua. da esec nugeSi iyo...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 182). aRniSnul abzacs mTeli

gverdi eTmoba, teqstSi mravalad gvxvdeba am tipis vrceli monakveTebi.

nawarmoebSi cotaa dialogebi, ZiriTadi nawili Txrobas eTmoba, ris

gamoc romanSi mcirea dinamikuri epizodebi, erT-erTi gamonaklisi nadirobis

dros iskander xanis tyved ayvanaa. teqstis aRniSnuli monakveTi gansxvavdeba

mTeli nawarmoebisagan, Txrobis tempi aCqarebulia: `_ manuCar batoniSvilis

saxeliT iaraRis ayras gibrZanebT yvelas!

mxolod samma gaikra xmalze xeli: ibrahim-xanma da orma mcvelma. magram

mcvelebma _ erTs daTunama da giorgim, meores sabam da elizbarma _ elvis

siswrafiT TavSi muSti Cahkres da daretianebulebs gaTokva dauwyes, ibrahim-

xans ki zebulonma miuswro, zurgidan waadga, orTav majaSi, aqeT-iqiT xelebi

Caavlo da magrad mouWira...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 300).

iskander xanis datyveveba nadirobis dros xdeba, es romanSi,

faqtobrivad, erTaderTi dinamikuri epizodia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna.

daroaSvilebis xuTdRian devnas uamravi gverdi eTmoba, detalurad aris

aRwerili TiToeuli xe, mdinaris piri: `zebulonma da misma ZaRlebma didxans

iares da gvariani manZilic ganvles. ramdenjerme kvali lamis dakarges.

pirvelad rom gaqra kvali, zebuloni sagonebelSi Cavarda. im adgilas, saca

kvali Sewyda, mdinaris piras, karga did monakveTze, gauvali jagebi iyo da

zebulonmac, bunebrivia, ivarauda, rom gaqceulebi jagebs Semouvlidnen da

ise ganagrZobdnen gzas~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 61). am detalizaciis miRma mkiTxveli

mudmivad grZnobs zebulonis Sinagan daZabulobas; droebiT Sewyvetilia misi

Sinagani gancdebis gadmocema, rac am epizodiT sruldeba: ,,gonebaSi mxolod

erTma azrma daikvesa da isic elvis uswrafesad Caqra: romc moewadinebina,

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lods ukan veRar amoiRebda, radgan gamoqvabulis yels irgvliv

ZabrismagvariGRrmuli ertya da, lods rom mosWideboda, am RrmulSi ise unda

Cakidebuliyo, rogorc ToneSi” (qarCxaZe 2005:81-82).

zebulonis Sinagani mdgomareobis aRwera mxolod Cadenili SurisZiebis

dasasruls ganaxldeba. amis Semdeg zebulonis gonebaSi mTeli romanis

ganmavlobaSi amotivtivdeba SurisZiebis epizodebi. mis Sinagan monologebSi

es Sinagani gaorebis, gaxleCis, Zveli da axali zebulonis daSorebis

tolfasia: `ki ar gardaiqmna da imisgan ki ar aRmocenda, rac aqamde iyo,

aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke mcenared iqca. samagierod sulSi darCa im

fesvis maradiuli, mtkivneuli, maxrCobela natvra. xandaxan, roca sevda da

wuxili pirTamde aavsebda da awrialebuli adgils ver poulobda, gonebis

TvaliT warmoidgenda dakargul fesvs, Zvel zebulons, umankos, ubralos,

ucodvels~ (qarCxaZe 2005:93).

literaturuli teqstis refleqsiur xasiaTs aseve aZlierebs Txrobis

droisa da ambis drois Taviseburi konfiguracia. nawarmoebis agebis dros

didi mniSvneloba aqvs ambis Tanmimdevrobas. romani ,,zebuloni” zebulonis

sikvdilTan Segebebis mistikuri suraTiT iwyeba da amave epizodiT sruldeba.

dasawyisi: `mravali wlis Semdeg, rodesac xangrZlivi xetialiTa da uTvalavi

faTerakiT daRlil-daqanculi, rogorc iqna, gascda viwrosa da bnel Smoris

suniT gaJRenTil xvrels da kaSkaSa sinaTleSi moxvda, zebulonma dainaxa

cisferi sikvdili, romelic ayvavebuli nuSisa da tyemlis TeTr tevrs

gamoeyo, Wrel mindorze daeSva da misken gamoeSura. yvavilebi rom ar

gaeTela, SiSvel fexebs miwas ar akarebda, ise msubuqad modioda, rogorc

sizmarSi, da damaTrobeli RimiliT iRimeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005:5). romanis

dasasruli: `...Smoris suniT gaJRenTil viwro da bnel xvrels rom gascda da

did sinaTleSi moxvda, zebulonma dainaxa cisferi sikvdili, romelic

ayvavebuli nuSisa da tyemlis TeTr tevrs gamoeyo, Wrel mindorSi daeSva da

misken gamoeSura. yvavilebi rom ar gaeTela, SiSvel fexebs miwas ar akarebda,

ise msubuqad modioda, rogorc sizmarSi, da damaTrobeli RimiliT

iRimeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 346-347).

rogorc vxedavT, romans dasawyisic da dasasrulic msgavsi aqvs. Txroba

ki am erTiani epizodis Sua nawils eTmoba. romanis ZiriTadi nawili mTavari

personaJis, zebulonis mTel cxovrebas asaxavs: bavSvobidan misi sikvdilis

CaTvliT. faqtobrivad, nawarmoebi erTian anaqronias eTmoba. romani

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prolefsisiT iwyeba, jer sikvdilis scenaa aRwerili, anu mTxrobeli win

uswrebs movlenebs, mxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs Tanmimdevrul Txrobas,

adreuli bavSvobis epizodebis aRweriT.

romanSi TiTqmis erTi tipis Txrobis tempia, zebulonis Sinagani

mdgomareobis aRweras SedarebiT didi dro eTmoba: ramdenime abzaci da

zogjer gverdebic. aq Txrobis dro (teqstis striqonebi, gverdebi) metia,

vidre ambis dro. mag.: ,,raki wamovida, TviTonve moiWra gza, rogorc axla

atyobda, Turme raRac iseTi uTqvams, raSiac yvedrebac iyo, qadilic,

niSnismogebac. amis Semdeg rom ase xelmocaruli da pirSi Calagamovlebuli

dabrunebuliyo, mTeli es didguloba qarisTvis unda gaetanebina, qadili

kvexnad qceoda da Tavs uilajobaSi gamostydomoda” (qarCxaZe 2005:108).

Txrobis dro, romanis did nawilSi, ambis dros aWarbebs, Sesabamisad teqstSi

ambavze metad, mTxrobeli personaJis gancdebis gadmocemiTaa

dakavebuli;romelime ambis personaJiseuli analiziT.

swored aRniSnuli tipis Txrobis tempis Sesabamisad aris nawarmoebSi

dro-sivrce organizebuli: Txrobis dro _ warsuli, istoriuli foni _

zogadi. sivrces qmnis: zebulonis sofeli; iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli,

romelic mTaze mdebareobs; brZolis veli; iese erisTavis mamuli; saydari;

mTa sxva epizodSic figurirebs, rodesac zebuloni Segirdebs amecadinebs da

beqa amilaxvari iskander-xanis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas awyobs. analizi

gviCvenebs, rom yvela es sivrce zebulonis Sinagan cxovrebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli da garkveuli simboluri kodis Semcvelicaa.

i. lotmanis mixedviT, simbolo yvelaze mravalmniSvnelovani sityvaa.

simboloSi inaxeba zepirsityvieri wyaroebidan da mniSvnelovani teqstebidan

momdinare arqauli informacia: `gansakuTrebiT farTo da mniSvnelovani

teqstebis kondensirebuli saxiT Senaxvis unari simboloebSi aris

SemorCenili... simbolos, romelic dasrulebul teqsts warmoadgens, SeuZlia

ar CaerTos romelime sintagmatur rigSi, da rom CaerTos kidec masSi,

inarCunebs azrobriv da struqturul damoukideblobas. igi advilad

gamoiyofa semiotikuri garemodan da aseve advilad Sedis axal teqstur

garemoSi~ (lotmani 2007). i. lotmanis azriT, simbolo teqstisagan

damoukideblad arsebobs, mwerlis gonebaSi ki kulturulimexsierebis

siRrmidan xvdeba. Tu citata da aluzia teqstis Sida sivrcidan xvdeba

kulturis arealSi, maSin simbolo piriqiT _ kulturis siRrmidan teqstis

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samyaroSi (lotmani 2007). am TvalsazrisiT romanSi `zebuloni~ sainteresoa

konkretuli sivrciTi lokalis funqcia: sivrcis mimarTeba personaJis Sinagan

samyarosaTan; sivrculi lokalis simboluri kodi, ramdenad iyenebs avtori

im mniSvnelobebs, romlic maTSia Cadebuli da gvexmareba Tu ara es kodebi

teqstis sazrisis amoxsnaSi.

sofeli, romelSic zebulonma bavSvoba gaatara, teqstSi detalurad

aris aRwerili. mag.: `sofelSi zogi ram siamovnebas hgvrida. magaliTad, civ

mdinareSi banaoba, tyeSi xetiali da meliis xvrelis Zebna, nawvimarze

talaxSi fexSiSvela siaruli, gansakuTrebiT ki muxnarSi asvla... muxnari

mdinaris gaRma iyo. damrec ferdobs rom aaTavebdi, mcire movakebul adgilas

Svidi uzarmazari muxa idga... zebuloni aq xSirad amodioda. xan ferdobis

piras Camojdeboda da mdinaresa da sofels gadascqeroda...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 8).

qristianuli simbolikis Tanaxmad, sofeli amqveyniuri samyaros simboloa,

romelic savsea cdunebebiT (cxovrebaZe 2005). amis sapirispirod, zebulonis

bavSvoba mSvidi da harmoniulia, araferi ar arRvevs mTavari personaJis

Sinagan wonasworobas: `dro nela midioda, uCumrad, mSvidad, verc ki

SeatyobdiT midioda Tu ara~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 13). zebuloni mamiseul wiaRSia,

isaxari miwaTmoqmedia da misi cxovreba mSvidia: isaxari amarTlebs bibliuri

warmomavlobis saxelSi Cadebul kods. zebuloni daculia mamiseul mSvid

wiaRSi, amis gamo masze ar vrceldeba wuTisoflis cdunebebi. misi Sinagani

wonasworoba mamis sikvdilTan erTad irRveva.

iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli mTazea ganlagebuli, is

zebulonisaTvis mniSvnelovani sivrcea. swored aq unda Semdgariyo misi

inteleqtualuri zrda: Sinagani harmonizaciis axali etapi. SemTxveviTi ar

unda iyos is faqti, rom nawarmoebSi saswavlebeli swored mTazea

ganlagebuli. mTa mniSvnelovani sivrcea TiTqmis yvela kulturisaTvis. mTa

brZenTa da gandegilTa adgilsamyofelia. mTaSi gvxvdeba taZrebi, religiuri

kultebi. bibliaSi, Tavdapirvelad, kerpTayvaniscemis adgilia, xolo Semdeg

RmerTis gamocxadebis. mTis kultis fsiqologiur safuZvlad misi casTan

siaxlove miiCneva, mTa samoTxis kibea. zogierT miTologiaSi ki RmerTebis

sacxovrebeli adgilia (magaliTad, olimposi berZnul miTologiaSi). qve da

ze samyaros dapirispirebis universaluri diqotomiis Tanaxmad, mTis Ziras

uaryofiTi personaJebi arian dasaxlebuli maSin, roca mTis wveri naTel,

RvTaebriv ZalebTan aris dakavSirebuli. mTa aseve aRiqmeba cisa da miwis

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damakavSireblad. qristianuli simbolikis Tanaxmad, golgoTas mTa samyaros

centria. mTa yvela religiasa da kulturaSi semantikurad datvirTuli

simboloa (Энциклопедия(Гора)...2002).

mTas didi mniSvneloba mianiWa saxarebam. qristem mociqulebi mTaze

aiyvana da swored iq gaacno cxra netareba. mTaze asvlas ganmartaven, rogorc

sulier amaRlebas. mTaze fizikuri asvla, sulieri amaRlebis simboloa.

RvTis sityvis Sesacnobad mociqulebi sulierad unda amaRldnen (cxovrebaZe

2005). (maRla asvla, rogorc sulieri da gonebrivi amaRlebis simbolo j.

qarCxaZis moTxroba `igiSic~ gvxdeba, aRniSnul motivze detalurad

vmsjelobT me-4 TavSi, 4.1.2 paragrafSi).mTis simboloSi, rogorc vxedavT,

sulieri da gonebrivi amaRlebis kodi devs. romanSi `zebuloni~ meordeba

mTis simboluri kodi, iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli swored mTazea

ganlagebuli. zebulonis fizikuri asvla am mTaze, misi gonebrivi amaRlebis

simbolo unda gamxdariyo. zebulonma Caidina saSineli mkvleloba da veRar

gabeda mTaze asvla, sakuTari Tavi amisaTvis uRirsad miiCnia, amitomac iovel

batoniSvilis saswavlebeli misTvis darCa miuwvdomel iluziad. teqstSi

kargad Cans, rom zebuloni mxolod sizmrebSi xedavs saswavlebels: `rodesac

zebulonis aRgznebuli goneba saRamo xans mosmenil zRaprebs Zilis win

ocnebis raSiT daedevneboda xolme, gezs yovelTvis iovel batoniSvilis

ucxod gaciskrovnebuli zRaprisken iRebda... ivlida zebuloni, ivlida, bevrs

Tu cotas ivlida... bolos erT daburul tyeSi Suqs SeniSnavda da im Suqisken

gaswevda. axlo rom mividoda, dainaxavda, rom tyeSi Turme taZari dgas da is

Suqi taZridan gamodis... kari WrialiT gaiReboda da zRurblze iovel

batoniSvili gamoCndeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 20-21). SurisZiebis Semdegac mxolod

mogonebad rCeba: `gulRviZli efliTeboda imis warmodgenaze, rom sakuTari

Tavis baton-patroni ver gamodga da amitom, misi cxovrebis erTaderTi

didebuli zRapari rom swored im wams Caqra, ra wamsac sinamdviled iqca, mis

gadasarCenad vera iRona ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 136). romanis amonaridebSi kargad

Cans, rom avtori zebulonis iluzias zRapris struqturis gamoyenebiT aRwevs:

jadosnuri zRapris sityvieri formulebis ganmeorebiT.

gamoqvabuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgilia, sadac zebulonis Sinagani

gardatexa xdeba. gamoqvabuli sxvadasxva religiasa da miTologiaSi

daxuruli sivrcis simboloa. is qaluri sawyisis simboloa da rogorc

qaoturi da bneli sivrce upirispirdeba sinaTlesa da harmoniulobas.

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gonebasa da saR azrs gamoqvabulSi instinqtebi da bneli zraxvebi enacvleba.

platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ asaxuli gamoqvabulis alegoriis Tanaxmad,

gamoqvabuli sibnelisa da umecrebis simboloa, xolo gamoqvabulidan

amosvla gonebrivi amaRlebis simboloa (am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT

me-4 Tavis me-2 paragrafSi). gamoqvabuli miTologiaSi dabadebisada sikvdilis

adgilia, yofierebis dasawyisi da dasasruli. mTisgan ganxsvavebiT,

gamoqvabuli qvesknelisaken mimaval gzadac moaizreba (Энциклопедия

(Пещера)...2002).

gamoqvabulis simboluri kodi mniSvnelovania teqstis interpretaciis

dros. zebuloni gamoqvabulis wiaRSi klavs daroaSvilebis ojaxs, raTa

mokluli mamis Suri iZios. mkvlelobis adgilad gamoqvabulis arCeva

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. zebulonma SurisZieba soflis moTxovniT

gadawyvita, Tumca misi SurisZiebis sisastikem sofelic gaaogna: man

mkvlelebis wvrilSviliani ojaxi gamoqvabulSi amoaxrCo: `imav wams

zebulons moeCvena, TiTqos gonebas sqeli, mRvrie nisli gadaecala da uecrad

yovelive sakvirveli, araadamianuri sicxadiT gamoCnda, gamoqvabulis yelic,

Sig Camxobili TeTri lodic, jagnaric, mTeli is xuTi dRec, rac Sinidan

wamosuli daroaSvilebis kvals daeZebda, ucnaurad ganaTda yovelive, TiTqos

mzem danarCen samyaros zurgi Seaqcia da mTeli Tavisi Zala zebulonisken

mimarTa... gonebaSi mxolod erTma azrma dakvesa da isic elvis uswrafesad

Caqra: romc moewadinebina, lods ukan veRar amoiRebda, radgan gamoqvabulis

yels irgvliv Zabrismagvari Rrmuli ertya da, lods rom mosWideboda, am

RrmulSi ise unda Cakidebuliyo, rogorc ToneSi~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 81-

82).zebulonis mier Cadenili SurisZiebis sisastikes gamoqvabulis simboluri

mniSvnelobac aZlierebs. gamoqvabulSi Cadenili mkvleloba mamiseul wiaRSi

harmoniuli bavSvobis dasasrulis simbolocaa. zebuloni kargavs mSvid

wiaRs, aseve iovel batoniSvilTan swavlis SesaZleblobas _ simbolurad

gonebrivi da sulieri amaRlebis axal etaps. zebulonis sulis naTeli mxare

gamoqvabulSi imarxeba daroaSvilebTan erTad, risi dasturicaa teqstidan

Semdegi amonaridi: `maSin, roca iovel batoniSvilis mTas ver Sehbeda da

gulmokluli ukan gamobrunda, mixvda, rom, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni

TviTon ar iyo; raRac ucxo Zala ganagebda, raRac ucxo Zala mbrZaneblobda.

mere da mere TiTqos icno es ucxo Zala: daroaSvilebi iyvnen. daroaSvilebi

usxdnen gul-gvamSi da isini atarebdnen TavianT nebaze. TiTqos mas ki ar

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dauxocavs daroaSvilebi, daroaSvilebma TavianTi sicocxlis fasad iyides

igi da axla maTi yma da mona iyo, maT nebas asrulebda da, rac ar aunda

Caedina, yvelaferi maTi karnaxiT unda Caedina~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 108). am pasaJidan

kargad Cans gamoqvabulis simboluri mniSvneloba: is zebulonisaTvis bneli

wiaRi gaxda, romelmac STanTqa misi Sinagani harmonia.

brZolis veli, sadac zebulonma cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara. es

ukanaskneli mxolod gmiris gancdebis reprezentaciis adgilia da ara

aRweris obieqti. mag.: `ambobdnen, brZolis win rom erTs Rrmad CaisunTqavda,

veeba mkerds gamozneqda, xmals iSiSvlebda, Tvalebs daabrialebda da mtris

SuagulSi gaveSebuli nadiriviT gadavardeboda, iseTi zari da zafra

Sehqonda, ifiqrebdiT, Tavad sikvdils ausxams iaraRi da brZolis velze

gamosulao... Tavad zebulonma ar icoda rogori meomari iyo. sanam ibrZoda,

erTianad Tavdaviwyebad iqceoda da brZolis garda sxva araferi axsovda~

(qarCxaZe 2005: 127). brZolis veli gaxsnili sivrcea, sadac zebuloni ukeT

grZnobs Tavs. misi suli am dros, simbolurad, gamoqvabulis Caketili

sivrcidan Tavisufldeba. is mudam am Tavdaviwyebas eZebs, radgan Sinaganad ar

asvenebs sindisi, disharmonia da dakarguli iluziebis tkivili.

iese erisTavis mamuli, sadac zebulons siyvaruli ewvia, zebulonis

soflis msgavsad nawarmoebSi yvelaze detalurad aRwerili: `amjerad, qveda

fons rom miaRwies, marjvniv wavidnen, jer mdinaris pirs dauyvnen, mere kidev

marjvniv Seuxvies, yanebi da saTibebi gadaiares, ukana mxridan mouares mamuls

da sabolood erT veeba, uRran tyes miadgenen...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 158). mamuli

daxuruli sivrcea, sadac zebuloni Tavs laRad ver grZnobs. Tumca raRac

periodis Semdeg es sivrce mas izidavs da Sinagani harmonizaciis axal gzas

sTavazobs, zebulons erisTavis SviliSvili, nestani uyvardeba. Tumca

zebuloni verc am SemTxvevaSi daaRwevs Tavs bedisweras: bibliuri zabulonis

msgavsad, is simSvides ver moipovebs, mTels cxovrebas navsayudelis ZiebaSi

gaatarebs.

saydari, sadac zebuloni kaTalikosTan erTad imaleba: `im Soreul

Rames, patara saydarSi marto darCenili, zebuloni iseTi iyo, rogorc

gulgamoclili xe, romlis fuRuroebi qariSxlis sanavardo asparezad

qceuliyo. qariSxali stveniTa da zuzuniT daqroda da, raki zebulons

sxeulSi sicarielis meti ara hqonda ra, sicarieles edeboda da zebulonsac

sicariele stkioda. yefda da ymuoda qariSxali, gaafTrebiT awydeboda aqeT-

71

iqiT, yinuliviT civi enebiT lokavda zebulonis sxeulis kedlebs da axal-

axal xvrelebs eZebda, raTa yvelgan SeeRwia da es dambladamcemi tkivili

yvelgan Seetana~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 240). arSemdgari tragikuli siyvarulis Semdeg,

zebulonisaTvis saydari droebiTi TavSasefaria,sulieri Zalebis

aRdgenisaTvis mniSvnelovani adgili. taZari miwierisa da zecieris

damakavSirebelad, RvTaebrivi samyaros anareklad miiCneva (simboloebi...).

saydarSi zebulonis yvela tkivili cxreba, Tumca harmonia aqac miuRwevelia.

kaTalikosi, romelic saydarSi mis gverdiTaa da sulierad amxnevebs,

martvilTa msgavsad ewireba mamulis daxsnis ideas. zebuloni kvlav marto

rCeba.

nawarmoebSi, rogorc aqedanac Cans, sivrce semantikuradaa datvirTuli

da yvelaferi zebulons ukavSirdeba. faqtobrivad, ramdenime adgilis garda,

romanSi sivrce ufro zogadia da naklebad xelSesaxebi, Tumca semantikurad

datvirTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, warsuli ambiT Txrobasa da zogad

istoriul fons emateba aranakleb zogadi da TiTqmis abstraqtuli sivrce.

teqstSi erTaderTi yvelaze gamokveTili da xelSesaxebi zebulonis fiqrebi,

Sinagani eWvebi da dardia. amiT gamZafrebulia nawarmoebisa da mTavari

personaJis refleqsiisaken midrekileba.: `nuTu marTla es iyo cxovreba?..

nuTu zebuloni ubralo nafoti iyo aRelvebul zRvaSi da bedis talRebi

TavianT nebaze aTamaSebdnen? nuTu mxolod burTi iyo moburTalTa xelSi?..

aki Ronec didi hqonda, simarjvec da moxerxebac! nuTu Rone mxolod imisTvis

misca RmerTma, rom veeba lodi, romelsac sxva mis meti veravin moereoda,

usaSvelo aRmarTSi eTria da bedisweris gamoqvabulisaTvis daeco, raTa im

lodis simZime mere mTeli sicocxle zurgiT etarebina!~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 342).

roman `zebulonis~ naratiul struqturas Semdegi komponentebi qmnis:

heterodiegeturi mTxroblis mier personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba (Sinagani

fokalizacia), Sinagani monologebi, semantikuri dro-sivrce, Txrobis drois

upiratesoba ambis drosTan. literaturul teqstSi yvela komponenti

funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli: literaturuli teqstis enobrivi stili, dro-

sivrculi organizeba mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviTaa gaerTianebuli.amgvar

naratiul struqturas zogadi istriuli foni da nawarmoebis problematika

gansazRvravs.

72

2.2. ̀ zebulonis~ istoriuli konteqsti

2.2.1. istoriuli foni

,,zebuloni” istoriuli romania. romanis analizma dagvarwmuna, rom

nawarmoebSi istoria ambisaTvis mxolod fonia, sadac ar gvxvdeba aranairi

qronologiuri miniSneba, avTenturi istoriuli piri Tu istoriuli movlena.

amis miuxedavad, `zebulonSi~ mainc SesaZlebelia garkveuli istoriuli

periodis aRdgena. literaturuli teqstidan vigebT, rom es is droa, roca

qveyana gamudmebuli politikuri areulobisa da brZolebis qarcecxlSia da

daqucmacebulia. faqtobrivad, axlos aris saqarTvelos gviani Sua

saukuneebis nebismier periodTan (razec zemoT ukve nawilobriv visaubreT),

razec metyvelebs teqstis araerTi pasaJi: ,,dro avi iyo, qveyana-gaveranebuli.

yoveli mxridan urjuloebiT garSemortymuli patara kuTxe gaafTrebiT

ibrZoda Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad. ucxo TvalisTvis aseTi uimedo

brZola iqneb Rimilis momgvreli ugunuroba yofiliyo, magram qarTvelebs

maSin danebeba ar uyvardaT, saxels zomaze metad afasebdnen da umal xmals

SeuSverdnen kisers, vidre uRels... mteri ki qarTvelobas nair-nairi hyavda da

nair-nairi xerxebiT cdilobda mis mospobas. zogi didi, kargad gawyobili

laSqriT modioda, rom erTxel da samudamod gaeqro qarTvelis saxsenebli,

zogi wvril-wvril, muxanaTur Tavdasxmas amjobinebda, zogic megobrobas

eficeboda, mkerdze mjiRebs ibragunebda da cdilobda gulSi Caekra, raTa ase

gulSi Cakruli CaexrCo” (qarCxaZe 2005:15). mTel teqsts es zogadi foni

gasdevs.

romanSi istoriul realiebTan miaxloebulia agreTve personaJTa

saxeebi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mefis

iskander xanis pirovneba. iese erisTavTan stumrobis dros, mefe grZnobs

qarTvelTa undoblobas da amgvar monologs warmoTqvams: `gana Cemi bralia,

rom musulmani var? gana qarTvelebma ar gamamusulmaneT? rodesac Cemi Zma,

RmerTma sasufeveli daumkvidros, taxtze avida da iranis mzem mZevali

73

mosTxova, aki mTelma darbazma erTxmad Cemken gamoiSvira xeli! ratom maSin

ki aravin Sexeda mefes egre cerad da amreziT? muxlebSi rad ar Cauvarda da

ar Seevedra: nu, mefeo, nu inebeb aTis wlis balRis mZevlad micemas. pataraa

jer, arc rwmenisa gaegeba rame da arc qveynisa~ (qarCxaZe 2005:195).

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mravlad gvxvdeba gamahmadianebuli

qarTveli feodalebi da mefeebi. 1632 wlidan iranis Sahebi qarTlis taxtze

gamahmadianebul bagrationebssvamdnen. msgavsi situacia iyo kaxeTSi 1677

wlidan, sadac mxolod gamahmadianebuli bagrationebs niSnavdnen. Sahis karze

xSirad igzavnebodnen qarTveli ufliswulebi, mag.: vaxtang V-m (Sahis

moTxovniT) sakuTari vaJi, arCili iranis karze gagzavna, sadac igi

mahmadianurad aRzardes. mogvianebiT Sah nazar-xanis saxeliT kaxeTis mefoba

gadasces (saqarTvelos..1974: 153-245).

mwerlis gamogonili sxva personaJebic _ manuCar batoniSvili, beqa

amilaxvari _ hgvanan samefo-samTavroebad dayofil saqarTveloSi mcxovreb

batoniSvilebsa da Tavad-aznaurebs, romlebic mTel cxovrebas

samSoblosaTvis xmliT brZolas uZRvnidnen. amis magaliTia manuCar

batoniSvilis sityvebi, romelsac zebulonis misamarTiT warmoTqvams: `vidre

Sen wigns iswavlide... saqarTvelo stambolis bazarze gaiyideba da Cvens

eklesiebs eSmakebi daepatronebian. ra TavSi ixli aseT swavlas! xval vnaxoT

ra iqneba, dRes ki qveyanas meomari ufro uWirs, vidre swavluli~ (qarCxaZe

2005:116). beqa amilaxvaris azriT ki: `axla yvelam is unda vqnaT, rasac qveyana

gvibrZanebs, da ara is, rasac guli gvetyvis... aq rom iskander-xans erTi buzi

avufrinoT, qarTli xom aoxrdebada manuCar batoniSvilsac Sahi wamsve

sicocxles gamoasalmebs. didi sibrZnec gvmarTebs da didi moTminebac. iovel

batoniSvilic, papuna baraTaSvilic, kaTalikosic, meca da bevri sxvac

qarTlSi axla marto imazed vzrunavT, dromde da vadamde qveynad siwynare

SevinarCunoT da iskander xans sisxlis daRvris mizezi ar mivceT... kaci rom

ibadeba, marto TavisTvis ar ibadeba~ (qarCxaZe 2005:228, 230, 231). istoriul

pirebTan garkveul msgavsebas romanis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJi

iovel batoniSviliamJRavnebs.

romanis Sinaarsis mixedviT, iovel batoniSvilma uari ganacxada

mefobaze da bevri imogzaura, raTa safuZvliani ganaTleba mieRo. nawarmoebSi

is erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc qarTlSi swavla-ganaTlebis saWiroeba dainaxa da

gaxsna saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba. am TvalsazrisiT garkveuli msgavseba

74

SeiniSneba ioane batoniSvilis pirovnebasTan, cxadia, garkveuli

pirobiTobebis daSvebiT, Tumca, faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia prototipze

msjelobac. batoniSvilis biografiis moxmoba romanis istoriuli konteqstis

Sesaqmneladdagvexmareba.

ioane bagrationi (1768-1830) qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-

is erT-erTi Svilia. batoniSvilma jer kidev saqarTveloSi yofnis dros

gamoiCina Tavi. man monawileoba miiRo krwanisis brZolaSi (1795 w). 1799 wels

mamamiss, mefe giorgi XII-s warudgina reformis proeqti (,,sjuldeba”),

romelic qveynis yvela sferos ganviTarebis strategiebs moicavda. mefem

moiwona misi winadadeba.

proeqtis dasawyisSi ioane batoniSvili aRniSnavda, rom saqarTvelos

mZime mdgomareoba gamoiwvia usamarTlobam, uwesobam, ukanonobam da

uTanxmoebam. ekonomikur da samarTlebriv reformebTan erTad, did

mniSvnelobas aniWebda swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxs. misi azriT, TbilisSi,

gorsa da TelavSi unda gaxsniliyo saero umaRlesi tipis saswavleblebi.

aseve surda pirveldawyebiTi swavla ganaTlebis SemoReba dabali fenisaTvis;

unda daarsebuliyo biblioTeka, muzeumi, gazeTi. misi azriT, sastambo saqmis

xelmZRvaneloba daniSnul Cinovniks unda Cabareboda (baramiZe 1990:5-7).

ioane batoniSvili evropeli mecnierebis, frangi enciklopedistebisa da

ganmanaTleblebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida, es kargad Cans mis

,,xumarswavlaSi” (igive ,,kalmasoba”). masve ekuTvnis gramatikis, maTematikisa da

bunebismetyvelebis saxelmZRvanelo, agreTve rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni.

,,xumarswavla” peterburgSi gadasaxlebis dros Seqmna. es enciklopediaa,

romelSic avtori Tavisi drois mecnierulmiRwevebsmxatvruli eniT

gadmogvcems (qiqoZe 1958:76-77). ioane batoniSvilis proeqtSi ,,sjuldeba”

naCvenebia saqarTvelos gadarCenis gza, xolo ,,kalmasobaSi”

gamokveTiliasaqarTvelos daRupvis mizezebi. frangi da germaneli

racionalistebis mimdevarsa da ganmaTaleblobis epoqis moazrovnes, mTavar

ubedurebad swavla-ganaTlebis problema miaCnia. misi azriT, saTanado

ganaTlebas mefis Svilebi da didebulebic ki ver iRebdnen (qiqoZe 1958:80). amis

magaliTia ,,kalmasobis” erT-erTi epizodi, romelSic erTi kaxeli didebuli

ambobs, rom codnam daRupa qveyana da jixvis yanwze uTqvmas es aris Cveni

codnao (baramiZe 1990:10).

75

ioane batoniSvilis ganmanaTlebluri ideebi axlos aris roman

,,zebulonis” personaJis, iovel batoniSvilis msoflxedvelobasTan: ,,am Cveni

bedukuRmarTi saqarTvelos garda, xalxi marto miwis Semyure aRaraa... Cven

xmals viqnevT da miwas CavcqeriT, iq ki... imazed fiqroben, Tu vin varT, saidan

movdivarT, saiT mivdivarT, ra gvinda, ras vakeTebT, ra aris Cveni yofa, ris

maqnisia es amodena xalxi, WianWvelebiviT rom dafuTfuTebs dedamiwis

zurgze. male xmlisa da Subis omi damTavrdeba... da gonebis omi daiwyeba,

wignierebis omi daiwyeba, swavlisa da ganaTlebis omi... sanam mteri xmliTa da

mklaviT gvitevs, Cvenc xmliTa da mklaviT vegebebiT da avad Tu kargad, Cvens

miwa-wyals vicavT... roca gonebis didi omi daiwyeba da uricxvi mteri wigniTa

da codniT Semogvitevs, maSin dagvidgeba Znelbedobis Jami” (qarCxaZe 2005:31).

ioane batoniSvilis ganmanaTlebluri ganwyobis garda, aRniSnuli pasaJi

imeorebs ilia WavWavaZis ideebsac, romelic gamoTqmuli aqvs statiaSi: ,,ra

giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?”: ,,ra ar gadagvxdenia Tavs, ra mtrebi ar mogvsevian,

ra vai-vaglaxi, ra sisxlis Rvra, ra RrWena kbilTa ar gamogvivlia, ra

wisqvilis qva ar datrialebula Cvens Tavzed da yvelas gavuZeliT, yvelas

gavumagrdiT, SevinaxeT Cveni Tavi, SevirCineT Cveni qveyana... wavida is dro:

daClungda xmali. gauqmda vaJkacoba, exla xmali Taroze unda SevdvaT,

aRarafris maqnisia... exla vaJkacoba omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides,

vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom ofli hRvaros... xmliT mosulma vera dagvaklo-

ra _ SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fex-

qveSidan miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs” (WavWavaZe 1987:176). es pasaJi

iovel batoniSvilis personaJs ganmanaTleblur idealebTan aaxloebs. aseve

mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba literaturuli teqstis interpretaciis

TvalsazrisiT.

Semecnebis problema j. qarCxaZis sxva nawarmoebebSic aris dasmuli. am

mxriv gamorCeulia `zebuloni~ da moTxroba `igi~. igi sakuTari

pirvelyofili tomisagan swored Semecnebisaken swrafviT gamoirCeva.

azrovnebisa da Semecnebis unari Tavisufal individad CamoyalibebaSi uwyobs

xels. zebulonis tragediis erT-erTi mizezi Semecnebisaken swrafvis

Seferxebac aris. avtori nawarmoebSi amas araerTxel usvams xazs: `veeba

sibnelis fskerze wamiT anTebuli ucxo Suqi zebulons karga xans gahyva. misi

fiqriT, am xilvaSi mTavari wigni da sanTeli iyo, amitom mis mogonebas

yovelTvis iovel batoniSvilis TeTri saswavleblis mogoneba mohyveboda

76

xolme da guli ekumSeboda, yelSi mowolil uilajobas, romelSiac ucnaurad

iyo SenivTebuli risxvac, tkivilic, naRvelic, lamis daexrCo. gulRviZli

efliTeboda imis warmodgenaze, rom sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni TviTon ver

gamodga da amitom, misi cxovrebis erTaderTi didebuli zRapari rom swored

im wams Caqra, ra wamsac sinamdviled iqca, mis gadasarCenad vera iRona ra~

(qarCxaZe 2005: 135-136).

zebulons am sakiTxze fiqri mTeli cxovreba ar asvenebs: `iovel

batoniSvils rom unda vxlebodi saswavlebelSi, im gazafxulze

daroaSvilebma mamaCemi isaxari mokles... xuTi dRe, minam imaT vdevdi,

Tvalebzed yomrali nisli mqonda gadakruli. bolos movagen da yvelani,

kacebic, qalebic, balRebic, erT bnel gamoqvabulSi gamovaxrCe. maSin nislic

gadameyara TvalTagan da davinaxe, rom Turme is ara vyofilvar, rac megona,

rom viyav. an iqneb is viyav, rac megona rom viyav, magram im dros uecrad

gamovicvale... wigni ki, Cans, Cemi saqme ar iyo da aki daroaSvilebic amitom

gamomigzavna gangebam~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 221-222). sikvdilis win swored es dardi

axsenebs Tavs: `aba, axla sinanuli raRa drosia, Torem yvelaferi ukuRma

ukeTebia zebulons... ar unda daexoca daroaSvilebi zebulons. isaxars raRas

uSvelida! samagierod, deda mainc ar mokvdeboda ase Cqara... unda misuliyo

iovel batoniSvilTan zebuloni. viTom ratom ar miiRebda?~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 243).

zebulons mTeli cxovreba did ubedurebad miaCnia sakuTari araswori

nabiji _ batoniSvilis saswavlebelze uaris Tqma. mwerali, sazogadod,

Tavisufal indivadad Camoyalibebis gzaze did mniSvnelobas aniWebs

Semecnebis process, rasac moTxroba `igiSi~ am azrs Tavisi filosofiuri

safuZveli aqvs, kerZod, platonis `saxelmwifos~ gamoqvabulis alegoriis

filosofia. roman `zebulonSi~ ki am problematikis safuZveli

ganmanaTlebluri da liberaluri ideologia unda iyos.

ioane batoniSvilis biografiis moxmoba nawarmoebis istoriuli fonisa

da konteqstis hipoTetur aRdgenaSi gvexmareba. yvela am istoriuli faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebiT, ,,zebulonSi” istoriul fonad, savaraudod, XVIII saukunea

aRebuli. XVIII saukunis 20-40-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gamudmebiT

uwevda brZola osmalebisa da Semdeg iranelebis winaaRmdeg. am dros moxda

qarTl-kaxeTis samefoTa gaerTianeba. moduria volterisa da ganmaTlebelTa

ideebi, Cndeba bevri saintereso moRvawe, maT Soris _ ioane batoniSvili,

daviT batoniSvili, daviT reqtori, garsevan WavWavaZe, solomon lioniZe,

77

giorgi avaliSvili da a.S. zogierTi maTgani ganaxlebisa da respublikuri

ideebis momxrec iyo (saqarTvelos..1974:7).

amdenad,literaturul teqstSi istoria fonia, romelSic asaxulia

qarTlis istoriis mZime periodi: mudmivi brZolebisa da TviTgadarCenis

epoqa. am dros swavla-ganaTleba mniSvnelovani siaxlea, Tumca ukve

gacnobierebulia misi saWiroeba. roman ,,zebulonis” mTavari personaJis

zebulonis cxovrebac swored xmlisa da kalmis gadakveTis peripetiebs

moicavs.

romanSi konkretuli istoriuli epoqis aRdgena hipoTeturia, vinaidan

literaturul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba romelime istoriuli epoqis mkafio

suraTi, qronologiuri miniSneba an avTenturi personaJi. ioane batoniSvilis

cxovreba, moRvaweoba da msoflmxedveloba garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs

,,zebulonis” erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJis, iovel batoniSvilis

saxesTan. istoriuli foni konceptualuria, emyareba zogadobis princips, ar

saWiroebs aRdgenas, literaturuli teqstis intenciis nawilia, rac roman

,,zebulonis” Janruli specifikiT aixsneba.

2.2.2. koleqtiuri mexsierebis gamoZaxili romanSi _ `zebuloni~

j. qarCxaZis romanSi `zebuloni~, rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna,

qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovani ar

aris nacionaluri identobis xazgasma. masSi individis prioritetia

gamokveTili.amasTan nawarmoebSi asaxuli istoriuli foni imdenad zogadia,

rom misi gamoyeneba nacionaluri identobis formirebisaTvis rTulia. Tumca

romanSi mainc gamoyenebulia qarTuli tradiciuli istoriuli prozisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli mnemoteqnika, Sesabamisad TxzulebaSi gaaqtiurebulia

warsulis damaxsovrebis xerxebi da formebi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ayalibebs

eris koleqtiur mexsierebas. mnemoteqnikur konstruqciebad istoriul

narativebs moaizreben (Toria 2008: 94).

78

koleqtiuri mexsiereba gansazRvravs individualur mexsierebas, vinaidan

imas Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi movlenebs maT socialur wrezea

damokidebuli (Halbwachs 1992: 54). koleqtiuri mexsiereba msgavsi aqvT iseT

socialur jgufebs, rogoricaa ojaxi, eri (Zerubavel 2003 A:4). eris koleqtiur

mexsierebis formirebaSi, pirvel rigSi, istoriuli narativebi

monawileobs(Карагезов 2005:56-60).

zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom istoriuli prozis avtoris istoriul

mexsierebas koleqtiuri mexsiereba gansazRvravs, meore mxriv, ki konkretuli

mwerali Taviseburad gardaqmnis koleqtiur mexsierebas. miT ufro,

gasaTvaliswinebelia mexsierebis am tipis gavlena, radgan istoriuli proza,

miuxedavad Tavisi fiqciuri xasiaTisa, mainc istoriuli narativia da

Tavisebur kvals tovebs sazogadoebisa da eris koleqtiur mexsierebaze. am

ideas amarTlebs is faqtoric, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mecnierebma

aRiares, rom individi pasiurad ar emorCileba koleqtiur nebas, amis

mixedviT: `individualuri mexsiereba socialur/koleqtiur mexsierebad

gardaiqmneba komunikaciis, warsulze Txrobis Sedegad~ (Toria 2008: 98).

mexsiereba koleqtiur fenomenad iqceva maSin, roca is gadaicema (Toria

2008: 98). warsulis gadacema ki narativebis, TxrobiTi teqstebis meSveobiT

xorciledeba. adamianebi warsulis aRqmasa da damaxsovrebas swored

narativizebuli struqturis meSveobiT axerxeben (Zerubavel 2003 A: 14). warsulis

narativebSi, koleqtiuri mexsierebis gavleniT, adgili aqvs warsulis cvlas,

gadarCevas. awmyo interesebis Sesabamisad warsulis ama Tu im movlenis

aqtualizebas, xazgasmas an miCqmalvas mexsierebis politikas uwodeben

(Lebow...2006:8).

gamoyofen istoriuli narativis Semdeg saxeebs: `aRmsavla/progresi~,

`daRmsvla~ da `zigzagi~. aRniSnuli narativebi gamoxatavs eris istoriul

xedvas. `aRmasvlis~ narativis Tanaxmad, istoria progresisa da ganviTarebis

procesia. `daRmasvlis~ narativis mixedviT ki istoria uaresiT icvleba,

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia `oqros xanis~ nostalgia, warsulisa da winaprebis

gaidealeba. `zigzagis~ narativi orive maTgans aerTianebs: warsuli

warmoidgineba gardamtex periodad, uaresidan ukeTesisaken gadasvlad, an

piriqiT (Zerubavel 2003 B: 15-19).

qarTul istoriul prozaSi, samive saxis narativi dasturdeba, romelic,

Tavis mxriv, sazrdoobs istoriografiuli wyaroebidan. am TvalsazrisiT

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aRsaniSnavia m. Torias naSromi `drois aRqma da istoriis koncefcia Sua

saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ istoriografiuli

tradiciis mixedviT)~, sadac `qarTlis cxovreba~ swored am narativebis

mixedviTaa Seswavlili. aRniSnul istoriografiul wyaroSi samive saxis

narativi gvxvdeba. vinaidan istoriuli wyaroebi Sua saukuneebSi Janrobrivad

diferencirebuli ar iyo, msgavsi narativebi hagiografiisaTvisac

mniSvnelovania (Toria 2008: 105).

narativebis zemoxsenebuli nairsaxeobebi aisaxa istoriul prozaSic.

XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriuli prozisa da poemebisaTvis mniSvnelovania

`daRmasvlis~ narativi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvam gamoiwvia

oqros xanis nostalgia da warsulis gaidealebisaken midrekileba. amis

magaliTebi mravlad gvxdeba TergdaleulTa nawarmoebebsa da publicistikaSi.

am ideologiis gamoxatulebaa i. WavWavaZis sityvebi: `amaT sxva samsaxuri

miuZRviT Cven wina. isini cxoveli magaliTebi arian misi, Tu ra simaRlemde

SeuZlian ers ama Tu im garemoebaSi miaRwios... Tu guSin iyvnen Cemis sisxlisa

da xorcis didebulni da saxelovanni kacni, ra mizezia, rom xvalac ar

gamoCndnen, Tu garemoebis igiveobas vgulisxmobT“ (i. WavWavaZe, anTologia

2011:84).

`daRmasvlis~ narativi aseve mniSvnelovania XX saukunis qarTuli

istoriuli prozisaTvis. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: v. barnovis romanebi, S.

dadianis, k. gamsaxurdias, m. javaxiSvilis. aseve sainteresoa `aRmasvlis~

narativebi: mag.: k. gamsaxurdias `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ kargad gviCvenebs daviT

aRmaSeneblis mefobis progresul niSnebs, qarTveli xalxis didebis istorias.

am TvalsazrisiT, j. qarCaxaZis `zebuloni~ Tavsdeba `daRmsvlis~

narativSi. masSi kargad Cans qveynis dacemis daRmavali xazi da Zveli didebis

nostalgiuri ganwyoba. nawarmoebSi siuJetad aRebulia daaxloebiT XVIII

saukunis saqarTvelos istoria. aRniSnuli epoqa krizisuli periodia,

mweralic swored amaze amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas: `dro avi iyo,

qveyana _ gaveranebuli. yoveli mxridan urjuloebiT garSemortymuli patara

kuTxe gaafTrebiT ibrZoda Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad. ucxo TvalisTvis

aseTi uimedo brZolad iqneb Rimilis momgvreli ugunuroba iyos, magram

qarTvelebs maSin danebeba ar uyvardaT, saxels zomaze met fass adebdnen da

umal xmals SeuSverdnen kisers, vidre uRels... raki qarTvelebi morCilebas

ver urigdebodnen da qveyana mudam sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze iyo, aqauri

80

ymawvilebi, biWobis vada rom gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen,

rogorc es SedarebiT ufro dawynarebul qveynebSi xdeboda, aramed

meomrebad~ (qarCxaZe 2005:15).

aRniSnul citataSi kargad Cans saqarTvelos istoriasa da qarTvel

xalxze damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba, romelic koleqtiuri mexsierebis nawilia

da saTaves qarTul saistorio matianeebsa da mogvianebiT qarTul istoriul

prozaSi iRebs. saqarTvelos istoria antikoloniuri brZolebis didi

monakveTebisagan Sedgeba, amitomac qarTveli eris koleqtiur mexsierebaSi

mtkiced damkvidrda dampyroblebTan mebrZoli saqarTvelos xati.

nawarmoebSi mravlad gvxdeba koleqtiuri mexsierebis gamoZaxili:

`qveyanas meomari ufro uWirs, vidre swavluli. maS, aiRe es xmali da, sanam

mtris qedze bolomde ar gacvdeba, qarqaSi ar Caago~ (qarCxaZe 2005:116). e.w.

viqtimizaciis magaliTia kaTalikosis sityvebi: `patara qveyana didi

satkivaria. Cveni qveyana ki imdenad pataraa, xelebi rom gaSalo, Tav-bolos

miwvdebi. aseT qveyanas sxeuliviT unda grZnobde da, roca Sens miwaze ucxo

moZalade dadis, ise unda gtkiodes, TiTqos Sens sxeulze dadiodes da Sens

sxeuls Telavdes~ (qarCxaZe 2005:257).

qarTul istoriul prozaSi damkvidrebuli viqtimizebuli xatis

gamoZaxili gvxvdeba beqa amilaxavaris sityvebsa da msoflxmedvelobaSi:

`axla yvelam is unda vqnaT, rasac qveyana gvibrZanebs, da ara is, rasac guli

gvetyvis... qarTli gana miwaa! qarTli xalxia. xalxi Tu aRar iqna, cariel

miwas xval egeb sparseTic daerqvas. axla morCilebaa saWiro. rodemde _ ar

vici. egeb erTi weli, egeb aTi weli, egeb manuCar batoniSvili verc

verasdros eRirsos qarTlis taxts. yvelaferi Cvenzed iqneba damokidebuli...

aq rom iskander-xans erTi buzi avufrinoT, qarTli xom aoxrdeba da manuCar

batoniSvilsac Sahi wamsve sicocxles gamoasalmebs. didi sibrZnec gvmarTebs

da didi moTminebac~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 228, 230).

amrigad, j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~ imeorebs qarTul

istoriulprozaSi damkvidrebul mnemoteqnikas, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia `daRmasvlis~, `aRmasvlis~ da `zigzagis~ narativebis asaxva.

qarTul istoriul prozaSi am tipis narativebs garkveuli funqcia hqonda,

kerZod, nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri protestis gamoxatvas

emsaxureboda. Tumca swored individis wina planze wamoweviT romani

`zebuloni~ gansxvavdeba qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan.

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tradiciuli narativebis ganmeorebis miuxedavad, romanSi mwvaved ar dgas

nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri protestis sakiTxi.

2.2.3. roman ,,zebulonis” politikuri konteqsti

j. qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi ,,zebuloni” pirovnebis Tavisufali nebis

sakiTxi gviani Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriul fonzea warmoCenili.

istoriuli prozis mimoxilvam da analizma gviCvena, rom istoriul

nawarmoebebSi awmyos problematikaa mniSvnelovani, istoriuli foni ki

sakiTxis siRmiseuli analizisaTvisaa saWiro. warsuli awmyos problemebis

gaanalizebisa da sxvadasxva epoqebs Soris siaxlovis gamokveTas emsaxureba.

bolos da bolos, es mexsierebis politikacaa; vinaidan SeuZlebelia

warsulis srulyofili aRdgena, amis gamo umjobesia warsulis awmyos

samsaxurSi Cayeneba; msgavsi epoqebis daZebna da msjeloba istoriul

paralelebze dayrdnobiT, warsulis mixedviT awmyos kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema.

daaxloebiT es mizandasaxulebaaris mniSvnelovani am periodis qarTveli

avtorisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac e.w. epoqis sulis asaxva

aqtualuri aRar aris da istoria sxvadasxva problemaze dafiqrebis

SesaZleblobaa.

j. qarCxaZis ,,zebulonSi” dasmuli sakiTxebi, rogorc aRiniSna, mainc

mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqis aqtualuri problematikis konteqstSi unda

ganixilebodes, ris asaxsneladac aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia Tavad mwerlis

pozicia istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb. j. qarCxaZis azriT, istoria masalaa

mxatvruli problemis damuSavebisaTvis, Tumca es ar niSnavs istoriuli

qronotopis ugulebelyofas. piriqiT, ,,zebulonis” Janruli specifikidan

gamomdinare, istoriuli dro-sivrce mxolod foni an epoqis rekonstruqciis

surviliT moxmobili sivrce ar aris, mas mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobrivi

datvirTva aqvs. XVIII saukunis saqarTvelo is sivrcea, sadac adekvaturad

ixsneba teqstSi dasmuli problematika, kerZod, Tavisufali arCevanisa da

movaleobis sakiTxi.

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TviTgadarCenisa da antikoloniuri brZolis dros individis

Tavisufali neba mudmivad safrTxeSia: `raki qarTvelebi morCilebas ver

urigdebodnen da qveyana mudam sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze iyo, aqauri

ymawvilebi, biWobis vada rom gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen,

rogorc es SedarebiT ufro dawynarebul qveynebSi xdeboda, aramed

meomrebad~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 15). mweralma swored aseTi foni SearCia sakuTari

epoqisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxis dasasmelad, riTac xazi esmeba istoriuli

prozis kavSirs TanamedroveobasTan da zogadad warsulis funqcias _

dagvexmaros awmyos gaanalizebaSi.

istoriul prozaSi aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia jer kidev ZalaSi myofi

e.w. `ezopes ena~. alegoriuli diskursi, romelic axlobeli iyo sabWoTa

epoqis qarTveli mwerlebisaTvis. zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom stalinis

sikvdilis Semdeg Sesustda ideologiuri kontroli, Tumca alegoriuli

diskursi kvlav aqtualuri iyo. aseT pirobebSi istoriuli warsulis

gamoyeneba alegoriis damatebiTi saSualeba iyo.

,,zebuloni” Seiqmna XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi

qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis sabWoTa totalitarul da koloniur politikasTan

dapirispirebis faruli, alegoriuli forma damkvidrda. am mxriv,

mniSvnelovani fuqcia daekisra istoriul prozas, romelSic win wamoweuli

iyo nacionaluri identobisa da mexsierebis politikis (kerZod, sakuTari

gmiruli warsuliT TviSegnebis amaRleba, an krizisuli istoriuli epoqebis

magaliTebad gamoyeneba) sakiTxebi. j. qarCxaZis romanSi istoria fonia, mas

mkiTxvelisaTvis mniSvnelovani istoriuli epoqis Sexsenebisa da erovnuli

TviTSegnebis amaRlebis funqcia ar aqvs. nawarmoebSi mexsierebis politika

vlindeba mudmivi brZolebisa da TviTgadarCenis istoriuli suraTis

ganmeorebiT. aseve SesaZlebelia mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqasTan paralelebis

gavleba. j. qarCxaZis proza iseT periodSi daiwera, roca koloniuri

realobidan postkoloniuri realobis konturebi ikveTeboda. qveynis

damoukideblobis mopoveba ki TiToeuli individis Tavisuflebaze gadioda.

roman ,,zebulonze” msjelobis dros, istoriuli fonisa da istoriuli

prozis Janruli specifikis garda, mniSvnelovania teqstis Seqmnis politikur-

istoriuli konteqstis gaTvaliswineba. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi e.w.

perestroikis dros, sabWoTa sivrceSi Zlierdeba erovnuli moZraobebi da

istoriul prozaSic, bunebrivia, aisaxeba antikoloniuri ganwyobilebebi.

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garda amisa, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTul istoriul prozas imTaviTve

dahyveba nacionaluri identobis, antikoloniuri ganwyobebisa da mexsierebis

politikis aqcentireba. j. qarCxaZis prozaSic aisaxeba aRniSnuli tendenciebi,

Tumca antikoloniur darazmvaze metad, misTvis sxva sakiTxebia mniSvnelovani:

qarTveli eris zneobrivi saxe, postkoloniur momavalze fiqri da a.S. (amaze

qvemoT dawvrilebiT).

aRniSnuli problematika yvelaze mkafiod roman ,,zebulonis”

mniSvnelovan monakveTSi _ mTavari personaJis sayvedurebiT savse monologSi

iCens Tavs. zebulonis monologi misive sisustis gamoxatulebaa: `gana wigni

ar erCivna brZolas? magram brZolaSi daaRama, vinaidan manuCar batoniSvilma

uTxra, qveyanas meomari sWirdeba da ara swavlulio. gana undoda,

qveynierebaze sul marto darCeniliyo, maSin roca sxvebs ojaxebi aqvT, fesvi

da Ziri, sazrunavi da safiqrali?.. aba, axla sinanuli raRa drosia, Torem

yvelaferi ukuRma ukeTebia zebulons...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 343). miuxedavad imisa,

rom TiTqos zebulonis cxovrebaSi Tavidanve yvelaferi gansazRvruli iyo da

mudmivad garemoebebis msxverpli xdeboda, sicocxlis bolos mainc

gaacnobiera, rom alternatiuli arCevani yovelTvis arsebobda. mag.: qveyanas

meomrebi sWirdeboda, magram iovel batoniSvilma isic daanaxva, rom

momavalSi swavla-ganaTlebasac aranaklebi mniSvneloba mieniWeboda. yvelaze

gadamwyvet momentSi ki SurisZieba, ualternativo arCevani ar iyo. marTalia,

sofeli misgan swored am nabijis gadadgmas eloda, magram qristianoba

SurisZiebas ar qadagebs. zebulonma ver SeZlo soflis koleqtiur nebasTan

gamklaveba, raTa sakuTari Sinagani principebi daecva. amis Semdeg swavla-

ganaTlebazec uari Tqva. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad xsnad iovel batoniSvlis

saswavlebelSi misvla miiCnia, Tumca am mosazrebas Sinaganad

upirispirdeboda: `roca iovel batoniSvilTan wamosvla gadawyvita, viRac,

vinc misi arsebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, am gadawyvetilebas imTaviTve

eurCeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 101).

nawarmoebis aRniSnul epizodSi mTxrobeli Tavs aridebs zebulonis

saqcielis detalur analizs, gadmocemulia mxolod misi Sinagani ganwyoba:

mas surs iovel batoniSvilTan misvla, magram qvecnobierad raRac akavebs.

zebulons SurisZiebis Semdeg, Tavi uRirsad miaCnia. romanSi aRniSnuli

faqtori xazgasmiT gamokveTili ar aris: `gana yovelive imis Semdeg, rac

gamoiara, kidev miiRebda iovel batoniSvili?~ (qarCxaZe 2005:102). es ganwyoba

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aseve kargad Cans zebulonis sizmarSi, iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelTan

misuls mcveli xvdeba, romelic ar uSvebs saswavlebelSi: `Sen zebuloni ara

xaro!~ mkacrad Seawyvetina mcvelma, Tvalebi zecisken aRapyro da mwuxare

xmiT Tqva: `am avazaks Wabuki zebuloni mouklavs da gauZarcvavs, saxelic ki

waurTmeviao~ (qarCxaZe 2005:103).

zebulonma, marTalia, Suri iZia da TiTqos amiT gardacvlili mamis

winaSe vali moixada, Tumca stanjavs am nabijis simZime. grZnobs, rom es

emociuri nabiji da soflis koleqtiuri nebisadmi morCileba ar Seesabameba

iovel batoniSvilis ganmanaTleblur da humanur ideologias. zebulonis

SurisZieba ewinaaRmdegeba mis Tavisufal nebas, iovel batoniSvilis

saswavlebeli ki is adgili unda gamxdariyo, sadac iseT sakiTxebze mouwevda

fiqri, rogoricaa: `vin varT, saidan movdivarT, saiT mivdivarT, ra gvinda, ras

vakeTebT, ra aris Cveni yofa~ (qarCxaZe 2005:31). romanSi araerTi diqotomia

gvxvdeba: erTi mxriv, zebuloni da isaxari, koleqtivi da pirovneba, iovel

batoniSvili da manuCar batoniSvili. zebuloni, romelic koleqtivis

msxverplia, uaryofs mamis xats SurisZiebiT da or poluss Soris meryeobs:

iovel da manuCar batoniSvilis cxovrebiseul arCevans Soris. zebulonis

gaoreba calsaxad Cans missave sikvdiliswina monologSi, sadac is

iZulebulia aRiaros sakuTari arCevanis mcdaroba.

marTalia, zebuloni qvecnobierad grZnobs iovel batoniSvilis

saswavlebelsa da soflis koleqtiur nebas Soris sxvaobas, Tumca es Tema

mkveTrad ar aris mocemuli, gadmocemulia mxolod zebulonis Sinagani

ganwyoba. aRniSnuli nawarmoebis naratiuli struqturis nawilia, kerZod,

zebulonis Sinagani samyaro, romanis enobrivi stili misi inteleqtisa da

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesabamisia; mTxrobeli detalurad ar

aanalizebs zebulonis Sinagani daZabulobis mizezs, risi safuZvelic

personaJis perspeqtiviT SezRudvaa.

zebuloni kompromisebiT savse cxovrebis Semdeg sakuTar Tavs

msxverplad aRiqvams: `vin misca qveyanas imis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da

araferi dagitovos?!~ (qarCxaZe 2005:343). nawarmoebSi msxverplad Sewirvis

Sesaxeb naTlad aris gamokveTili ori pozicia: manuCar batoniSvilis,

kaTalikosisa da beqa amilaxvaris azriT: `kaci rom ibadeba, marto sakuTari

TavisTvis ar ibadeba~ (qarCxaZe 2005:231). zebulonis sityvebiT ki: `ra aris

aseTi es qveyana, rom, ramdenic ar unda emsaxuro, ara hyofnis da sul axalsa

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da axal samsaxurs iTxovs? qarTli gana miwaao, beqa amilaxvarma, qarTli

xalxia da xalxi unda gadavarCinoTo. maS, zebuloni vinRaa? gana zebuloni ki

xalxi araa? gana zebuloni ki qveynis Svili araa? qveyanam rom Tavis yvela

Svils is mosTxovos, msxverplad Semewireo, viRasTvis unda aseTi

Sewiruloba?~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 251).

zebulonis garda, msxverplad Tavs swiraven nawarmoebis sxva

personaJebic, Tumca amiT qarTlSi araferi icvleba, risi magaliTicaa

manuCar batoniSvili, beqa amilaxvari, kaTalikosi, nestani. xolo teqstis

araerT pasaJSi Tanabar sibrtyezea warmoCenili zebulonis tkvilebi da

qveyanaSi datrialebuli ubedureba: ,,didi ambebi datrialda qarTlSi. didi

ambebi datrialda zebulonis gulSic. da aravin uwyis, am ambebTagan romeli

ufro didi iyo” (qarCxaZe 2005:307).am epizodSi swored individia wina planze

wamoweuli. zebuloni ar aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs msxverpladSewirul gmirad,

piriqiT mas eWvi epareba sakuTari nabijebis sisworeSi: ,,vin misca qveyanas

imis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da araferi dagitovos?!” (qarCxaZe 2005:343).

sazogadoebaSi, sadac individis Tavisufali neba izRudeba, Tavis mxriv,

mniSvnelovani xdeba msxverplis fenomeni. `zebulonze~ msjelobis dros

kritikosebi ganixilaven msxverplis sakiTxs. kritikosi n. muzaSvili

zebulons aqilevss adarebs. aqilevss: ,,ar aiZuleben piradi interesebi

uaryos da sazogadoebriviT ganimsWvalos. berZnebisaTvis sruliad ucxoa

pirovnebis iseTi nivelireba, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda

aqilevsis nafotiviT TamaSi” (muzaSvili 2002:1). zebuloni ki msxverplia

(muzaSvili 2002:3). amave saxis problemas xedavs meore kritikosic g.

arRniSvili: `mweralma personaJs Zveli idealebis msxvreva da gmiris axali

saxis Seqmna SeukveTa, piraduli da sazogadoebrivi interesi Seajaxa

erTmaneTs da msxverplSewirvis ideas pirovnuli Tavisuflebis idea

daupirispirda” (arRniSvili:). am problemas msgavsadve aRiqvams kritikosi k.

jamburia, misTvis qveynisa da adamianis bedi urTierTdakavSirebulia

(jamburia 1987:117). Tumca, kritikaSi Rrmad ar aris gaanalizebuli

msxverplSewirvis fenomeni, misi kavSiri nawarmoebis Seqmnis Tanamedrove

problematikasTan, istoriul Tematikasa da Tanamedrove politikur-

istoriul da socio-kulturul konteqstTan.

mxatvrul literaturasa da poeziaSi romantizebuli ideali, raime

didi miznis saxeliT msxverplad Sewirvis idea sayuradRebo sakiTxia da misi

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gaanalizeba farTo konteqsts moiTxovs. msxverplis fenomens romanSi didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba, amitomac am sakiTxze saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba. a.

baqraZe ,,mwerlobis moTvinierebaSi”msxverplis ideas qarTuli nacionaluri

identobis konteqstSi ganixilavs. misi azriT, monRolTa batonobis Semdeg:

,,daiwyeba Tavdacvis pasiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba _ qveynis gadarCenis mizniT

zvarakad Tavis dadeba” (baqraZe 2004:431). erTi mxriv, qveyana amayobs

Tavdadebuli wmindanebiTa da mefeebiT, meore mxriv, ki pasiuri cxovrebis

wess eCveva. mudmivad gmiris molodinSia, romelic mxsnelad moevlineba, am

dros ki xalxi modunebulia. qveyana iSleba samefo-samTavroebad, arafers ar

qmnis. mogvianebiT aRniSnul koncefcias cvlis politikuri mfarvelis idea

(baqraZe 2004:432-433). a. baqraZis am mosazrebas amyarebs saqarTvelos istoriis

konkretuli faqtebi.

msxverplis fenomenis Sesaxeb saubari SeiZleba aseve r. Jiraris

naSromis _ ,,Zaladoba da wmindas” (1972 w) konteqstSi. igi aRniSnavs, rom

jgufis SigniT warmoSobili agresia jgufis gareT unda ganimuxtos, raTa

droTa ganmavlobaSi ar dagrovdes da Zaladobrivi afeTqeba ar gamoiwvios.

agresiis gareT ganmuxtva jgufze dadebiTad moqmedebs.mkvelavri yuradRebas

amaxvilebs gantevebis vacze, romelzedac Tems agresia gadaaqvs; jgufis

agresias msxverplad ewireba vinme, raTa Temis wevrebi ixsnas

urTieTZaladobisagan. primitiul sazogadoebebSi ritualuri msxverplSewirva

(mag.: cxovelis) icavs koleqtivs drodadro agresiis afeTqebisagan (Жирар

2000:89-100).

e. smiTis azriT, ki negatiuri gare faqtorebi, magaliTad omebi, eTnikur

erTobaSi identobis SenarCunebasac uwyobs xels (smiTi 2008:33). (msxverplad

warmoCena e.w. viqtimizacia). msxverpladSewirvis ideebi yvela religiur

sistemaSi gadavida. miuxedavad imisa, rom i. WavWavaZisa da sxva

TergdaleulTa nawarmoebebSi mamulisaTvis msxverplad Sewirvas

mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba, isini pasiur molodins ar qadageben. piriqiT,

maT ekuTvniT mTeli rigi teqstebi, sadac liberalur faseulobebs

amkvidreben. Tumca, XX saukunem, totalitarul samyaroSi, raime didi ideis

gamo adamianis msxverpladSewirvis idea yoveldRiur realobad aqcia

(maisuraZe 2011). amis gamo gaufasurda adamianis sicocxle, rasac unda

dapirispireboda individis uzenaesobis idea, romelic liberaluri

ideologiidan iRebs saTaves.

87

roman ,,zebulonSi” individis Tavisufal nebaze aqcentis gakeTeba

mamulisaTvis Tavdadebis ideis xazgasmis sanacvlod, individis wina planze

wamowevas unda emsaxurebodes. XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi SesaZloa

naklebad mosalodneli yofiliyo msgavsi ganwyoba da fiqrebi, rac ufro XX

saukunis bolos warmoSobili problemebia. mamulisaTvis Tavdadebis idea

uamrav poetur teqstSi gaJRerda, Tumca antikoloniuri moZraobis bolosaken

sakiTxis ase dasma mosalodneli iyo. saxelmwifos Seqmna da antikoloniuri

moZraoba sxvadasxvagvar qmedebas saWiroebs.

e. smiTis azriT, vertikaluri eTniebis (dapyrobili eTnikuri erTobebi)

emociuri kavSiri gansxvavebulia. maT mtruli garemocvisadmi dapirispirebis

strategia aqvT SemuSavebuli, saerTo mexsiereba, miTebi, kultura aqvT da

ukve Semdgar naciad aRiqvamen Tavs. saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad erTaderTi

piroba maTTvis damoukideblobis mopovebaa. Tumca es procesi martivi ar

aris, piriqiT mtkivneul gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba (smiTi 2008:77). amitomac

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi antikoloniuri brZolis garda, aqtualuri xdeba

momaval saxelmwifoze fiqri. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ,,zebulonis” Seqmnis

epoqasa da sabWoTa totalitarul gamocdilebas, literaturul teqstSi

individis uzenaesoba da liberalur Rirebulebebze aqcentis gakeTeba

logikuri unda iyos.

j. qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi wina planzea wamoweuli individi, misi

Tavisufleba. istoria, cxadia, aqac mexsierebis politikas emsaxureba,

saqarTvelo momxvdurTagan Seviwroebul qveynadaa warmoCenili, Tumca

avtoris mizani amis xazgasma da antikoloniuri identobis formireba ar aris.

misTvis mniSvnelovania postkoloniuri realobisaTvis mzadebis procesi da

liberaluri ideologia. qarTuli istoriuli prozis mimoxilvam da

„zebulonis“ analizma gviCvena XIX saukunis, XX saukunis I naxevris da XX

saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozas Soris sxvaoba. Tu qarTul

istoriul prozaSi manamde ufro aqtualuri iyo mexsierebis politika,

mogvianebiT istoriuli prozaSi aqcentebi Seicvala: j. qarCxaZis „zebuloni“

_ individis uzenaesobis xazgasmiT _ amis kargi magaliTia.

2.3. individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi romanSi `zebulni~

88

roman ,,zebulonis” Janruli da naratiuli specifika naSromis zeda

nawilSi ukve gaanalizebulia. istoriuli prozis kompoziciuri cvlileba,

Txrobis perspeqtivis cvla: ,,yovlismcodne” mTxroblidan _ personaluri

Txrobisaken, gavlenas axdens istoriul fonze. amitomacaa istoriuli foni

meorexarisxovani da e.w. epoqis sulidan yuradReba gamogonili

(araistoriuli, araavTenturi) personaJis Sinagan samyarozea gadatanili.

Tumca, rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna, istoriuli foni nawarmoebSi

ufunqciod datovebuli ar aris, mas garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba romanis

problematikisa da personaJis Sinagani samyaros analizis dros.

romanis mTavari personaJi, zebuloni, ubralo aznauria, misi cxovrebis

gza imTaviTve gansazRvra saqarTvelos istoriam: `aqauri ymawvilebi, biWobis

vada rom gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen, rogorc es SedarebiT

dawynarebul qveyanaSi xdeboda, aramed meomrebad, romlebsac maSinac ki, roca

omi ar iyo da guTans ekidnen, raTa moeswroT da ojaxisTvis cotaodeni

sarCo-sabadeli gaeCinaT, welze xmali ertyaT, mxarze Tofi ekidaT da

mindvris Tavsa da boloSi meTvalyureebi eyenaT, mteri rom moulodnelad ar

dascemodaT” (qarCxaZe 2005:15). zebulonic ver auvlida gverds saerTo gzas.

es, bunebrivicaa, radgan Sua saukuneebis adamiani mijaWvulia sakuTar ojaxs,

socialur klass, ukve gansazRvrul identobas. misi moqmedebis areali

SezRudulia (heivudi 2004:32). amis fonze savsebiT bunebrivia erTxel da

samudamod gakvaluli gzis arseboba. aznaurisaTvis, es meomrad yofna da

sakuTari miwis patronobaa.

zebulonis cxovrebaSi mainc gamoCnda alternativa _ iovel

batoniSvilis saswavleblis saxiT. zebulonis bavSvobaSi batoniSvilis

cxovrebas zRapariviT hyvebodnen, amitomac bavSvobidan ocnebad eqca

saswavlebelSi moxvedra. qveynis bedidan da zebulonis socialuri

statusidan gamomdinare, ocneba auxdeneli unda darCeniliyo, rom ara

SemTxveviToba: erTxelac batoniSvilma saswavleblisaTvis sofel-sofel

axalgazdebis Semokreba daiwyo: `Cveni gadarCenis erTaderTi Rone is aris,

mTel saqarTveloSi swavla-ganaTlebis kelaptrebi avanToT. Sen gagebuli

geqneba, rom Cems mamulSi saswavlebeli gavmarTe da Segirdebis wvrTnas

Sevudeqi... axla sofel-sofel davdivar da Segirdebs vagroveb~ (qarCxaZe

2005:32). Tumca cxovrebam zebuloni kvlav axali moulodnelobis winaSe

89

daayena: misi mama, isaxari sofelSi Camosaxlebulma ojaxma imsxverpla, ris

gamoc zebulonma Suri iZia.

zebulonma SurisZieba soflis waqezebiT gadawyvita. am gadawyvetilebam

mniSvnelovani kvali daasva mis Semdgom cxovrebas, radgan SurisZieba mxolod

sakuTari surviliT ar gadauwyvetia. isaxaris cxedris SemosvenebisTanave

zebulonis saxlTan mTelma sofelma moiyara Tavi: ,,gamovida Tu ara aivanze,

ezoSi mogrovili xalxi, TiTqos gadarajebuli yofiliyos, wamsve misken

motrialda da uricxvi Tvali miapyro. mwuxare, SeSfoTebuli da jiutad

mdumare saxeebze iseTi ram eweraT, TiTqos raRacas iTxovdnen, xolo am

moTxovnis ukan, vinicobisaa zebulons mis Sesrulebaze uari eTqva,

Segugebuli da Sekavebuli risxva idga” (qarCxaZe 2005:51). zebulonma

winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia soflis koleqtiur nebas da Suri iZia:

daroaSvilebi, mkvlelebis ojaxi bavSvebianad amoxoca. sofeli mas

SeSinebuli Sexvda: „sofeli zebulons mdumare mowiwebiT Sexvda. saidan an

visgan gaiges, Tu rogor damTavrda daroaSvilebis devna, aravin icis... magram,

yvelaferi rom gaiges aSkara iyo... sadme, romelime mezoblis ezos win

TavSeyrili da xmamaRla moyayane xalxi mis gamoCenaze swrafad dadumdeboda,

gaisuseboda... Tu mowiwebaSi pativiscema urevia, wyarosTvalelTa mowiwebaSi

SiSi eria“ (qarCxaZe 2005:86).

zebulonma Seasrula soflis moTxovna, magram Semdeg mis mimarTac SiSi

gaCnda. Tavadve igrZno, rom Seicvala: „grZnobda rom TandaTan sxva kaci

gaxda. ki ar gardaiqmna da imisgan ki ar aRmocenda, rac aqamde arsebobda,

rogorc fesvidan aRmoCendeba mcenare, aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke

mcenared iqca“ (qarCxaZe 2005:93). iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelSi waslva

veRar gabeda, radgan sakuTari Tavi uRirsad miiCnia.

aRniSnulma epizodma gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia zebulonis mTel

cxovrebaze. amis Semdeg mis garSemo yovelTvis Tavs iyris is sazogadoeba,

romelic mzadaa raime didi miznis saxeliT zebulonis Tavisufleba

daTrgunos. amis magaliTia manuCar batoniSvili, romlis azriTac qveyanas

meomari sWirdeba da ara naswavli, inteleqtuali. zebulons bevri arc

ufiqria ise daTanxmda, radgan man ukve aRar icoda ra unda eqna da sad

wasuliyo, amas mowmobs misi pasuxi manuCar batoniSvilis kiTxvaze: „ - aq ras

akeTeb an saiT gagiwevia? - Tavad ar vici, batoniSvilo, Seni Wirime... oboli

gaxlavar, udedmamo... - aq cota Seyoymanda, daroaSvilebis ambavi vuTxra Tu

90

arao, mere ganagrZo, - Sin guli aRar damidga... Cemi WkuiT iovel batoniSvils

unda vxlebodi, magram ver gavbede da davrCi egre“ (qarCxaZe 2005:111).

zebulonma sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari survilebisgan gaqcevisaTvis

Sesabamisi gza ipova. aseve ar icoda rogor moqceuliyo, maSin roca

siyvaruli ewvia. socialuri barieris garda, mis winaSe qveynis bedi aRimarTa,

radgan misi satrfo nestani iskander xanma SeirTo colad: „axla yvelam is

unda vqnaT, rasac qveyana gvibrZanebs, da ara is, rasac guli gvetyvis... aq rom

iskander-xans erTi buzi avufrinoT, qarTli xom aoxrdeba da manuCar

batoniSvilsac Sahi wamsve sicocxles gamoasalmebs. didi sibrZnec gvmarTebs

da didi moTminebac“ (qarCxaZe 2005:228,230). zebulonma imden rameze Tqva uari,

rom beqa amilaxvaris am argumets win veRar aRudga. mTeli misi cxovreba

sakuTari nebis ukugdebis uzarmazar jaWvs daemsgavsa.

amgvari cxovrebis Semdeg, zebulonma sikvdilis win sakuTari qveynis

mimarT sayveduriT savse monologi warmoTqva, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

momentia romanSi, gmiri Tvals usworebs realobas: „mas Semdeg, rac bavSvobis

tkbil burans gamoscda, TavisTvis erTi wami ar ucxovria... gana ewada

daroaSvilebis daxocva? magram daxoca, vinaidan sofelma Cumi risxviT

ubrZana, daxoceo. gana wigni ar erCivna brZolas? magram brZolaSi daaRama,

vinaidan manuCar batoniSvilma uTxra, qveyanas meomari sWirdeba da ara

swavlao. gana undoda, qveynierebaze sul marto darCeniliyo, maSin roca

sxvebs ojaxebi aqvT, fesvi da Ziri, sazrunavi da safiqrali?.. aba, axla

sinanuli raRa drosia, Torem yvelaferi ukuRma ukeTebia zebulons... ar unda

daexoca daroaSvilebi zebulons. isaxars raRas uSvelida! samagierod, deda

mainc ar mokvdeboda ase Cqara... unda misuliyo iovel batoniSvilTan... vin

misca qveyanas amis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da araferi dagitovos?“

(qarCxaZe 2005:343). (aRniSnuli amonaridi naSromSi xSirad meordeba, Tumca mas

mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba teqstis am monakveTis analizis dros).

zebulonma sakuTari samSoblosaTvis Zalebi ar daiSura. Tumca, rogorc

vxedavT, avtors is gmirad ar gamoucxadebia, piriqiT Rrmad Cagvaxeda mis

Sinagan samyarosa da imdroindeli sazogadoebis SigniT. sazogadoeba,

romelic savsea meomrebiT, gmirebiT, Tumca mis garSemo araferi icvleba.

mweralma swored am rakursiT dagvanaxa Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

garkveuli istoriuli etapi.

91

qarTul istoriul prozaSi Tematuri cvlilebebis magaliTad gamodgeba

giorgi mefis sikvdiliswina cnobili monologi k. gamsaxurdias `didostatis

marjvenadan~: `me mravali codva mimiZRvis amqveynad, rogorc mefes ise

rogorc kacs. TiTqmis yvela Rirseba da yvela nakli Cemi xalxisa mitarebia.

vaJkacic viyavi da mSiSarac. keisars vebrZodi, meSinoda xviaris fesvebisa,

gulzviadic viyavi da loTic, magram Cemi xalxisTvis arasodes miRalatnia,

pipa.

Cveni ubedureba amJamadac egaa: CvenSi moRalateni sWarboben erTgulebs,

gana Tu sxvisi, sakuTari Tavis. Tavis xalxis moRalateni, kargad vici, TviT

Cems mstovrebSi naxevari bizantielebsa hyavdaT Sesyiduli, naxevari

sarkinozebs...~ (gamsaxurdia 1976:334-335).

giorgi mefis monologSi aqcenti qveynisadmi samsaxurze keTdeba,

miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe qarTveli eris Tvisebebze kritikulad msjelobs,

is sakuTar Tavsac uaryofiT prizmaSi xedavs da sinanuls gamoTqvams Tavisive

Secdomebis gamo. Tumca mis monologSi sayveduri ar ismis qveynis misamarTiT

da arc sakuTar ubedobas abralebs samSoblosa da ers. am TvalsazrisiT,

zebulonis monologi sruliad gansxvavebul Sinaarss atarebs,

romelicsxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba aixsnas. mkiTxvelma SesaZloa igi aRiqvas,

rogorc mTavari personaJis sisustis niSani, sakuTari Secdomebis sxvaze

gadabralebis mcdeloba da aseve mwerlis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba

sakuTari qveynisadmi. es ukanaskneli safuZvelmoklebulia, radgan naSromis

dasawyisSi vmsjelobT mTxroblisa da realuri avtoris araTanxvedraze.

realuri avtori mTeli nawarmoebis avtoria, Tumca teqstSi Txroba

mTxroblis meSveobiT da romelime personaJis aqcentirebiT xdeba. aqedan

gamomdinare, es personaJis damokidebulebaa. literaturuli teqstis

naratiuli struqturis analizmac gviCvena, rom teqstSi yoveli komponenti

semantikurad personaJTanaa dakavSirebuli (enobrivi stili, qronotopi,

teqstis formati da sxv). personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba gulisxmobs

avtoris moqcevas personaJis CarCoSi.

zebulonis sityvebi aseve SeiZleba aRviqvaT sazogadoebis mimarT

gamoTqmul protestad. mis garSemo iseTi cxovrebis wesia, romelic zRudavs

individis Tavisufali nebis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobas. zebulonis

pirvelive kompromisma mis mTel cxovrebaze imoqmeda, Semdgom igi ufro

rTuli alternativis winaSe aRmoCnda, rasTan gamklavebac mas, bunebrivia,

92

aRar SeeZlo. amis gamo individisa da mTeli sazogadoebis bedi gadajaWvulia.

erTi adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, sazogadoebas aqcevs daTrgunuli da

moZalade adamianebis krebulad.

j. qarCxaZis romanSi qveynis Tavisufleba, upirvelesad, pirovnuli

Tavisuflebis konteqstSi ganixileba. amis Sesaxeb mwerals publicistikaSic

aqvs gamoTqmuli sakuTari mosazreba: „Tavisufleba“ gaigivebulia erovnul

TavisuflebasTan, pirovnuli Tavisufleba ganixileba misi (erovnuli

Tavisuflebis - T.C), rogorc mTelis nawili. es uaRresad saSiSi Secdomaa,

radgan aq simravle yirazea dayenebuli. sinamdvileSi swored pirovnuli

Tavisuflebaa mTeli, xolo erovnuli Tavisufleba – nawili, da amis

argumentad sakmarisia iTqvas, rom Tavisufali adamiani RvTis nebaa,

Tavisufali eri – adamianTa neba... erovnuli Tavisufleba – pirovnuli

Tavisuflebisagan mowyvetili – SeiZleba erTgvar kerpTayvanismcemlobas

SevadaroT. WeSmariti RmerTi mxolod pirovnul TavisuflebaSi mJRavndeba,

radgan pirovnuli Tavisuflebaa is sxivi, romliTac adamiani RmerTs

SeigrZnobs“ (qarCxaZe 2005:89).

aRniSnuli amonaridi gamoxatavs j. qarCxaZis Tvalsazriss

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb: erovnuli Tavisufleba warmoudgenelia pirovnuli

Tavisuflebis gareSe, radgan Tavisufali pirovnebebi qmnian Tavisufal

sazogadoebasa da Tavisufal qveyanas. romanis „zebuloni“ mTavari personaJis

cxovreba da sikvdiliswina monologi am azris dadasturebaa, rac, vfiqrobT,

„zebulons“ gamoarCevs qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan. qarTul

istoriul prozaSi, gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis II naxevridan XX saukunis II

naxevramde, mniSvnelovania antikoloniuri protesti, mexsierebis politika da

nacionaluri identoba: gmiruli warsuliT TviSegnebis amaRleba, gmiri

mefeebisa da wmindanebis cxovrebis Sexseneba, erovnuli grZnobebis gaRviveba.

j. qarCxaZis romanSi ki istoria fonia, mas mkiTxvelisaTvis romelime

istoriuli epoqis Sexsenebisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis funqcia

ar aqvs.

nawarmoebSi mexsierebis politika vlindeba mudmivi brZolebisa da

TviTgadarCenis istoriuli suraTis ganmeorebiT. nacionalur xasiaTze fiqri

kvlavac aqtualuria, Tumca icvleba aqcentebi: mwerali ukve pirovnuli

Tavisuflebis konteqstSi xedavs eris momaval beds. es Secvlilma

politikurma situaciamac gansazRvra, radgan „zebuloni“ iseT periodSi

93

iqmneba, roca koloniuri realobidan postkoloniuri realobis konturebi

ikveTeba. nacionaluri identobis SenarCunebis garda, aseve mniSvnelovani iyo

pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis pativiscema da a.S.

romanSi „zebuloni“ swored individia wina planze wamoweuli, rac

teqstis araerT pasaJSi xazgasmulad Cans: „didi ambebi datrialda qarTlSi.

didi ambebi datrialda zebulonis gulSic. da aravin uwyis, am ambebTagan

romeli ufro didi iyo“ (qarCxaZe 2005:307). xolo misi sayveduri: „vin misca

qveyanas imis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da araferi dagitovos?!“ (qarCxaZe

2005:343). zebulons msxverpladSewirul gmirad ar warmoaCens, piriqiT mas eWvi

epareba sakuTari nabijebis marTebulobaSi.

roman ,,zebulonis” mTavari problema individis Tavisufali nebaa,

romelic erTi personaJis cxovrebis magaliTiTaa warmoCenili. individisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTeba kompleqsuri sakiTxia, amitomac nawarmoebSi

naCvenebia, rogorc individze sazogadoebis gavlenis Sedegi da aseve

individis gavlena sazogadoebasa da qveynis bedze. vfiqrobT, pirovnebis

interesebis am doneze aqcentirebis safuZveli nawarmoebSi liberaluri

ideologiaa.

liberalizmma politikuri Sinaarsi mecxramete saukuneSi SeiZina. Tumca

liberaluri Rirebulebebi liberalizmis, rogorc ideologiis

Camoyalibebamdearsebobda. liberalizmi ganviTarda ganmanaTleblobis

filosofiis wiaRSi. misTvis miuRebeli iyo absoluturi monarqia da eklesiis

gabatonebuli gavlena (heivudi 2004:28-32). individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi

liberalizmSi dakavSirebulia gonebis primatTan, rac, Tavis mxriv,

ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis gavlenidan iRebs saTaves. ganmanaTlebloba

xom crurwmenebisagan individis gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda. goneba da

ganaTleba progresis wyaroa, individs racionalizmis saxeliT SeuZlia uari

Tqvas adaT-wesebsa da tradiciebze (bunebrivia, romelic xels uSlis saR

azrs) (heivudi 2004:36-38). liberalizmis SigniT ramdenime gansxvavebuli

mimdinareoba Camoyalibda (klasikuri liberalizmi, neoliberalizmi,

Tanamedrove liberalizmi), Tumca ganviTarebis yvela etapze misTvis

mniSvnelovania Semdegi Rirebulebebi: 1) individi; 2) Tavisufleba; 3) goneba; 4)

samarTlianoba; 5) Semwynarebloba da mravalferovneba (heivudi 2004:28-32).

adamianTa identobas Sua saukuneebSi socialuri jgufi gansazRvravda,

romlis gareTac misi interesebi SezRuduli iyo. mogvianebiT gamoiyofa

94

individis cneba, adamianisa, romelsac sakuTari identoba da interesebi

gaaCnia. individi Tavisufali adamiania, romelsac moqmedebisa da interesebis

meti areali aqvs. is ar aris mijaWvuli sakuTar socialur klass da ymisagan

gansxvavebiT, SeuZlia uari Tqvas sakuTar statusze da axali identoba eZios

(heivudi 2004:32). individebs sakuTar uflebebTan erTad socialuri

pasuxismgeblobac akisriaT. liberalebis azriT, sazogadoeba Sedgeba

individebisagan, sadac TiToeul adamians aqvs saSualeba TviTganviTarebisa

(heivudi 2004:32-34).

XX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi antikoloniuri nacinalizmis

gverdiT, mniSvnelovania liberaluri Rirebulebebic. miT ufro sabWoTa

totalotarizmis epoqaSi, roca adamianis uflebaTa darRveva yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis stili iyo. Tumca, calkeul mweralTa Semoqmedeba sxvadasxva

doziTa da simZafriT gadmogvcems am sakiTxebs, zogi maTganisaTvis

antikoloniuri nacionalizmi upirvelesia, zogisaTvis Tanabrad

mniSvnelovania liberaluri Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis procesi. sainteresoa

am TvalsazrisiT j. qarCxaZis proza, romelic naSromis interess warmoadgens.

zebulonis monologi mas samSoblosaTvis msxevrplad Sewirul gmirad

ar warmogvidgens. piriqiT, aq misi Tavisufali arCevanis sakiTxia Sefasebuli.

zebulonma sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ver icxovra, Tumca es rodi gviCvenebs

mis egoistur bunebas. mas iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelSi swavla surda,

daijera batoniSvilis sityvebi, romlis Tanaxmadac samSoblos naswavli

adamianebi esaWiroeboda, radgan xmliT brZolis epoqa TandaTan iwureboda.

amis nacvlad zebuloni soflis koleqtiur nebas damorCilda, ramac mas

Sinagani wonasworoba daungria. j. qarCxaZem mkiTxvels istoriul romanSi

uCvena Tavisufal individad yofnis saWiroeba, vinaidan, Cveni azriT, qarTul

istoriul prozaSi calsaxad Camoyalibda TavSewiruli gmirobis ideali.

vfiqrobT, romanSi individis Tavisuflebaze aqcentirebis safuZveli

liberaluri ideologia unda iyos. aseve sainteresoa is faqtoric, rom

individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi romanSi Semecnebis, gonebis primats

daukavSirda, rac aseve liberaluri da ganmanaTlebluri filosofiis

gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos.i. kantis Tanaxmad: `ganmanaTlebloba _ esaa

adamianis gamosvla umwifrobidan, romelic misive bralia. umwifroba

uunarobaa, sakuTari gansja sxvisi xelmZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro.

umwifroba sakuTari Tavis bralia maSin, roca misi mizezi gansjis

95

naklulebaSi ki ara, gadawyvetilebisa da simamacis arqonaSi Zevs. Sapere Aude!

gabede sakuTari gansjis gamoyeneba!~ (kanti 2011). zebuloni umwifrobaSia

darCenili, iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli mas am mdgomareobidan

gamosvlis saSualebas miscemda.

zebuloni mTeli cxovreba nanobs iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelze

uaris Tqmas, saxsovrad ki batoniSvilis naCuqar saxarebas Tan daatarebs,

romelsac, faqtobrivad, Tavisi funcia dakarguli aqvs. zebulonisaTvis

saxarebas mniSvnelobawakiTxvis Semdeg mieniWeba. am SemTxvevaSi rwmenis

sakiTxic ki ganaTlebasTan aqvs mTxrobels dakavSirebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom

nawarmoebSi individis Tavisufleba swored inteleqtTan aris dakavSirebuli.

aRniSnuli problema aseve dasmulia moTxrobaSi `igi~, romelsac aseve

platonis racionaluri filosofia unda edos safuZvlad (ix. Tavi IV,

paragrafi 2).

roman `zebulonis~ mTavari problema individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxia,

romlis warmosaCenadac avtorma Sesabamisi istoriuli dro-sivrce SearCia.

gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTlis istoria mwerlis droindel realobasTan

paralelebis gavlebis saSualebas iZleoda. romanSi erTi adamianis istoria

emsagvseba mTeli sazogadoebisa da eris istorias.

. . . . . . . . .

qarTuli istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb msjelobam kidev erTxel gamokveTa

istoriuli prozis ramdenime Janruli maxasiaTebeli: 1) aucilebelia

istoriuli dro-sivrce. zogierT SemTxvevaSi epoqis detaluri aRwera,

topografiuli, eTnografiuli da sxva saxis rekonstruqcia, wyeroebis

erTguleba, gamonagonis mcire doza. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Zalian zogadi da

bundovani istoriuli dro-sivrciTi konturi da literaturul teqstSi

ganfenili refleqsiis didi doza. 2) istoriuli proza sxvadasxva mxatvruli

konvenciebiT iqmneba, es damokidebulia mwerlis arCevansa da modur

96

literaturul esTetikaze. 3) mwerali aseve Tavisufalia qveJanrebis arCevis

dros. 3) istoriul prozas aqvs esTetikuri datvirTva, is upirvelesad

literaturuli teqstia. garda amisa, mas SesaZloa SemecnebiTi funqciac

daematos da ideologiuri. gansakuTrebiT qarTuli istoriuli prozis

SemTxvevaSi (Tumca ara mTeli qarTuli istoriuli proza, XX saukunis 70-iani

wlebidan aqcenti sxva tipis Tematikazec keTdeba).

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamokveTili mosazrebis Tanaxmad, XX

saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTul istoriul prozaSi viTareba icvleba. XX

saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozaSi mniSvnelvania: 1) centraluri

personaJi da ara istoria; 2) icvleba Txrobis perspeqtiva: auqtorul

Txrobis nacvlad (,,yovlismcodne“ avtoris poziciidan) personalur Txrobaa

(personaJTan dakavSirebuli Txroba) dominanturi. 3) icvleba mkiTxvelTa

auditoria. Tu tradiciuli istoriuli romanis avtori cdilobda

mkiTxvelisaTvis istoriis Sesaxeb maqsimaluri codna miewodebina, axali

istoriuli romani ukve istoriis Rrma codnas moiTxovs. mkiTxvelma unda

Seavsos istoriuli prozis ,,carieli adgilebi“ (informaciuli adgilebi),

radgan avtori ukve Rrma refleqsiisaken iwvevs (xotivar-iungeri 1993:28-29). es

bunebrivicaa, radgan istoriuli mecniereba ganviTarebulia da istoriis

rekonstruqciiT ukve profesionali istorikosia dakavebuli. amis mizezi

isicaa, rom istoriuli informaciis mqone romanebic ukve mravladaa Seqmnili.

j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~ imeorebs XX saukunis 70-80-

ian wlebis qarTuli istoriuli prozis tendenciebs. kerZod, nawarmoebSi

istoriuli foni zogadia, masSi ar gvxvdeba avTenturi istoriuli realiebi,

Tumca gamogonili siuJeti garkveul istoriul realiebs efuZneba.

nawarmoebis Janrul kods misi naratiuli struqturac ganapirobebs, kerZod,

personaJis perspeqtivaze orientireba. mTxrobeli aqcents personaJis Sinagan

refleqsiebze akeTebs, amdenad istoriul dro-sivrces meoradi mniSvneloba

eniWeba.

j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa citirebac gvarwmunebs, rom mwerlis ena

ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi, `zebuloni~, `igi~ da

`ganzomileba~ amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia. `zebulonSi~ j. qarCxaZe

iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis istoriul epoqasa da personaJis inteleqts. aqedan

gamomdinare, ,,zebulonis” ena zustad Seesabameba istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb

mwerliseul koncefciasa da mTavari personaJis Sinagan samyaros. mwerali

97

inarCunebs enis pirobiTobas, ar iyenebs Tanamedrove leqsikur erTeulebsa da

konstruqciebs. agreTve iTvaliswinebs mTavari personaJis fsiqotips,

inteleqts da misTvis adekvatur enobriv samyaros qmnis, romelic sadaa,

Tumca eWvebiTa da refleqsiebiT damZimebuli metyveleba axasiaTebs.

roman `zebulonis~ naratiul struqturas Semdegi komponentebi qmnis:

heterodiegeturi mTxroblis mier personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba (Sinagani

fokalizacia), Sinagani monologebi, semantikuri dro-sivrce, Txrobis drois

upiratesoba ambis drosTan. literaturul teqstSi yvela komponenti

funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli: literaturuli teqstis enobrivi stili, dro-

sivrculi organizeba mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviTaa gaerTianebuli.

amgvar naratiul struqturas zogadi istriuli foni da nawarmoebis

problematika gansazRvravs.

romanSi konkretuli istoriuli epoqis aRdgena hipoTeturia, vinaidan

literaturul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba romelime istoriuli periodis mkafio

suraTi, qronologiuri miniSneba an avTenturi personaJi. ioane batoniSvilis

cxovreba, moRvaweoba da msoflmxedveloba garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs

,,zebulonis” erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJis, iovel batoniSvilis

saxesTan. istoriuli foni konceptualuria, misi zogadi foni, romelic zust

aRdgenas ar eqvemdebareba, literaturuli teqstis intenciis nawilia, rac

roman ,,zebulonis” Janruli kodiT aixsneba.

qarTul istoriul prozaSi damkvidrda mnemoteqnika, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi saxis istoriuli narativebi:

`daRmasvlis~, `aRmasvlis~ da `zigzagis~ narativi. qarTul istoriul prozaSi

aRniSnuli mnemoteqnika nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri

protestis formirebisaTvis iyo mimarTuli. am TvalsazrisiT, `zebuloni~

imeorebs koleqtiur mexsierebaSi arsebul xatebs: saqarTvelos istoriis

krizisuli periodis asaxviTa da viqtimizebuli warsulis xatis

aqtualizebiT. Tumca swored individis interesebis aqcentirebiT, vfiqrobT,

romani `zebuloni~ gansxvavdeba qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan.

tradiciuli narativebis ganmeorebis miuxedavad, romanSi ar dgas

nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri protestis sakiTxi.

j. qarCaxZis istoriul romanSi wina planzea wamoweuli individi, misi

Tavisufleba. istoria, cxadia, aqac mexsierebis politikas emsaxureba,

saqarTvelo urjuloTagan Seviwroebul qveynadaa warmoCenili, Tumca avtoris

98

mizani amis xazgasma da antikoloniuri identobis formireba ar aris. misTvis

mniSvnelovania postkoloniuri realobisaTvis mzadebis procesi da

liberaluri ideologia. qarTuli istoriuli prozis mimoxilvam da

„zebulonis“ analizma gviCvena XIX saukunis, XX saukunis I periodisa da XX

saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozas Soris sxvaoba. Tu qarTul

istoriul prozaSi manamde ufro aqtualuri iyo mexsierebis politika,

mogvianebiT istoriuli prozaSi aqcentebi Seicvala: j. qarCxaZis „zebuloni“

_ individis uzenaesobis xazgamiT - amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia.

roman `zebulonis~ mTavari problema individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxia,

romlis warmosaCenadac avtorma Sesabamisi istoriuli dro-sivrce SearCia.

gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTlis istoria mwerlis droindel realobasTan

paralelebis gavlebis saSualebas iZleoda. romanSi erTi adamianis istoria

emsagvseba mTeli sazogadoebisa da qveynis bedsa da istorias.

romanis mTavar problematikas _ individis Tavisuflebis Temas _

safuZvlad unda edos liberaluri ideologia da ganmanaTlebluri

filosofia. romanSi individis Tavisufleba swored SemecnebiT procesTan

aris dakavSirebuli.

Tavi III

istoriuli fonis funqcia j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebSi

99

3.1. istoriuli moTxroba `antonio da daviTi~

3.1.1. moTxrobis naratiuli specifika

`antonio da daviTi~ j.qarCxaZis vrceli istoriuli moTxrobaa,

romelic 1987 wels gamoqveynda. nawarmoebis saTaurad avtorma mTvari

personaJebis saxelebi SearCia _ antonio da daviTi. aRniSnuli saTauri

mkiTxvels mTavar personaJTa xasiaTis, qcevisa Tu Sinagani samyaros

dakvirvebisaken ganawyobs. saTaurSi gamokveTilia ori gansxvavebuli tipaJi:

erTi mxriv, Tavisuflad moazrovne, zneobrivi antonio, meore mxriv, ki yaCaRi

daviTi. nawarmoebis saTaurSi Cadebuli diqotomia mTel teqsts gasdevs,

moTxrobis dasasruls am or radikalurad gansxvavebul xasiaTebs Soris

zRvari iSleba, kaTarzisi miRweulia: antonio daviTSi sindisis qenjnas

aRviZebs. j. qarCxaZes axasiaTebs saTaurSi garkveuli presignalis Cadeba,

romelsac Semdeg mniSvnelovani fuqncia eniWeba teqstis interpretaciis dros.

`antonio da daviTi~ istoriuli moTxrobaa. qarTul literaturul

kritikaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuliamoTxrobis problematikaze, Tumca

nawarmoebis Janrul specifikaze ar msjeloben. moTxrobaSi asaxulia misioner

berTa moRvaweobis periodi. `propaganda fides kongregaciis~ mier

warmogzavnili misioneri berebis saqarTveloSi mravalwliani moRvaweobis

Sedegad, evropaSi qarTvelTa istoriis, enisa da religiis Sesaxeb Zalze

faseuli cnobebi Sevida (don pietro avitabiles, arqanjelo lambertis, don

qristoforo de kastelis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba) (xinTibiZe 2003:27). aRniSnuli

istoriuli epoqis dakonkreteba da saerTo fonis Seqmna, `zebulonis~

msgavsad, am nawarmoebSic ar gulisxmobs epoqis rekonstruqcias. XX saukunis

70-80-iani wlebis istoriuli nawarmoebebis msgavsad, `antonio da daviTSic~

istoria mxolod fonia da mas garkveuli problematikis warmosaCenad iyenebs

avtori.

aRniSnuli istoriuli moTxrobis specifikidan gamomdinare, nawarmoebSi

ar gvxdeba avTenturi personaJebi an movlenebi da SeuZlebelia istoriuli

100

prototipebis dadgena. nawarmoebi mniSvnelovanwilad fiqciuria, masSi

naklebad aqtualuria istoriuli monacemebi. Tumca istoriul realiebs

ukavSirdebamxolod erTi epizodi, saxeldobr, kaTolike misionerTa

mogzauroba da socialuri foni: Tavadisa da xalxis cxovreba, qarTveli eris

Tvisebebis daxasiaTeba. qarTuli istoriuli prozis erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani

_ nacionaluri identobis sakiTxi _ moTxrobaSi dasmuli ar aris.

nawarmoebSi gaerTianebulia istoriuli prozisa da mogzaurobis

Janrebi. mogzaurobis JanrisaTvis tipobrivi niSnebi: subieqturi

STabeWdilebebis gadmocema, dRiuris forma, publicisturi paTosi,

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis, xasiaTisa da kulturis asaxva

mTlianad gasdevs teqsts. literaturis TeoriaSi `mogzaurobaSi~ rogorc

JanrSi, moazrebulia, erTi mxriv, realuri mogzaurobis suraTebi: sulxan-saba

orbelianis `mogzauroba evropaSi~, grigol orbelianis `mgzavroba Cemi

tfilisidan peterburRamdis~, cnobil mogzaurTa Canawerebi: marko polosi,

kaTolike misionerTa da a.S., xolo, meore mxriv, `mogzauroba~ rogorc

mxatvruli xerxi, sadac mxolod fiqciuri mogzaurobaa aRwrili. mag.: dantes

`RvTaebrivi komedia~, servantesis ,,don kixoti~, defos `robinzon kruzo~,

sviftis `guliveris mogzauroba~, ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasoba~

(saRiraSvili 1989:4-7).

istoriuli prozis Janruli konvenciebi ar gamoricxavs msgavsi tipis

Janrul Sewymas. ganviTarebis nebismier etapze istoriul prozaSi gvxvdeba

rogorc sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebi, ise sxvadasxva literaturuli

mimdinareobisa da stilis nazavi. msgavs sinTezs kargad gviCvenebs msoflio

istoriuli prozisgacnobis Sedegadac. warsulis reprezentacia yvela epoqis

mwerlobisaTvis aris aqtualuri, Tumca samecniero literaturaSi

aRiarebulia, rom istoriuli prozis Janruli formireba me-19 saukunis I

naxevrze adre ar momxdara. istoriuli prozis saxeebisa da Janruli

konvenciebis gamokveTisaTvis saWirod miviCnieT sxvadasxva epoqasa da

literaturaSi Seqmnili mniSvnelovani istoriuli nawarmoebebis

mimoxilvac.aRniSnuli dagvexmareba j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebis Janruli

specifikis gamovlenaSi.

v. skotis `ueverli~ (istoriul nawarmoebTa cikli) axali tipis

istoriul prozas sTavazobs mkiTxvels. rogorc aRniSnaven, mweralma

istoriuli prozis (da Temis) manamde arsebuli literaturuli tradicia

101

gaaerTiana da Tavisebur koncefciad Camoayaliba. misi romanebi realisturia,

riTac axlos dganan me-19 saukunis literaturul tendenciebTan (Lukacs

1962:35).man istoriul prozaSi Seitana istoriuli dro-sivrcis koloritis

momenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, ramdenime komponentis gamTlianebas gulisxmobda: 1)

imdroindeli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis Cveulebebis, rwmena-

warmodgenebis aRweras; 3) Sesabamisi Cacmulobis, dekoris, Sromis, sabrZolo

inventaris da a.S. ilustracias; 4) nacionaluri TviTmyofadobisa da

kulturis Taviseburebebis Cvenebas (kankava 1969:7).

v. skoti detalurad ecnoba istoriuli wyaroebsa da folklorul

masalas da maTze dayrdnobiT qmnis,,ueverlis” ciklis romanebs. misi

romanebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxveli ukeT ecnoba epoqis xasiaTsa da suls.

faqtobrivad, istoriuli mecnierebis ararsebobis dros, sazogadoeba

literaturisagan moiTxovda warsulis avTenturi suraTis rekonstruqciasa

da mkiTxvelSi empaTiis grZnobis gaRvivebas. amis gamo istoriul prozas

saganmanaTleblo Rirebuleba hqonda (De Groot 2010:34).misi STagonebiT bevri

saintereso istoriuli romani Seiqmna, romelTaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia

istoriuli epoqis avTenturi rekonstruqciisaken swrafva.

v. skotisa da sxva mwerlebisagan gansxvavebulia frangi mwerlis gustav

floberis istoriuli proza. Tu aqamde istoriuli prozis avtorebi

istoriis avTenturobis dacvas cdilobdnen, man Segnebulad uari Tqva

sizusteze, ramac Janris axali SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina. g.floberma

`wminda antonis cdunebaSi~ (1849 w.) istoriul Temaze weris konvenciuri

meTodi ugulebelyo, Secvala istoriuli qronika.g. floberis meore

istoriul nawarmoebSi `salamboSi~ istoria mxolod fonia, sadac miraJi da

antikuri samyaroa Serwymuli (De Groot 2010:40-43).am mxriv, aseve sainteresoa a.

fransis istoriuli romani ,,Taisi” (1890w). a. fransi istoriul nawarmoebSi

dainteresebulia im filosofiur-socialuri problematikiT, romelic misi

Tanamedrove epoqis sazogadoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mwerals romanSi

gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli istoriisa da istorikosis Sesaxeb.

misi TvalTaxedviT, istoriaSi Zlieria SemTxveviTobis roli, ris gamoc

istorikosisaTvis Znelia movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris povna.

amitomac istorikoss sakuTar naSromSi mxolodamxolod subieqturi

warmodgenis asaxva SeuZlia, rac, Tavis mxriv, mwerals ufro ukeT gamosdis.

istoriis Seswavlis dros mniSvnelovani xdeba is sakiTxebi, romlebic dResaa

102

aqtualuri. garda amisa, a. fransi romanSi anaqronizms mimarTavs, rasac

literaturulteqstSi Tavisi funqcia aqvs. mwerali amiT istoriuli prozis

JanrSi Tavisufali gamonagonis Tamam gamoyenebas uwyobs xels. floberisa da

fransis Semdeg, istoriuli prozis Janri axal saxes iRebs. maTSi meti

SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebaa gamovlenili (kankava 1969:39-42).

g. floberisa da a. fransis eqsperimenti mogvianebiT modernistma da

postmodernistma avtorebma gamoiyenes, riTac Janris umravi versia Seiqmna.

istoriuli prozis Janri icvleba.epoqis esTetikis gavlenas ganicdis,

winaaRmdegobrivia da cvlilebebisadmi midrekili. amas es mokle mimoxilvac

naTlad asaxavs.

istoriuli prozisadmi interesi me-20 saukunis I naxevarSic SeimCneva. v.

vulfis istoriul romanSi `orlando~ (1928), sadac darRveulia realisturi

da istoriuli romanis konvenciebi: mTavari personaJi sami saukune cxovrobs

da sqess icvlis. `orlandoSi~ mwerali Segnebulad axdens istorizmis,

genderuli da patriarqaluri ierarqiebis dekonstruqcias. istoriuli prozis

JanrSi mniSvnelovani teqstebi I da II msoflio omebis Semdegac iqmneba: s.

unsetis `qristini, lavransis qaliSvili~ (1920-22ww.), v. s. uestis

`edvardianeli~ (1930w), r. greivzis `klavdiusi~ (1934w), b. frankis ,,servantesi”

(1934 w), l. foixtvangeris ,,cru neroni” (1936w), T. manis tetralogia ,,iosebi

da misi Zmebi” (1942 w) da sxv.(De Groot 2010:43-46).istoriasa da istoriul

prozaze Taviseburi Sexeduleba aqvs l. foixtvangers: istorikosi xelovania,

amitomac isic subieqturia. mwerlis romanebSi bevria modernizebuli momenti.

l. foixtvangerisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor unda Caswvdes Tanamedrove adamiani

warsulis obieqtur suraTs, amitomacromanis personaJebi hgvanan mwerlis

Tanamedrove sazogadoebas (kankava 1969:56-58).

istoriuli prozis saintereso da sruliad gansxvavebuli nimuSebi me-20

saukunis bolosac mravlad gvxvdeba. u. eko romanSi `vardis saxeli~

konkretuli istoriuli epoqis enciklopediur suraTs gvTavazobs, sadac

fiqcias avTenturi realiebi erwymis. avtori mkiTxvels Janruli konvenciebiT

eTamaSeba (De Groot 2010:127).istoriuli romanis Janrs aqtiurad mimarTaven

nacionalizmisa da identobisaTvis brZolis procesSi (mag.: laTinoamerikuli,

induri, afrikuli proza: g.g. markesi, s. ruSdi, j. ngugi da sxv.) (Boehmer

2005:100-110). garda amisa, istoriul romans xSirad iyeneben marginalizebuli

jgufebi sakuTari identobis formirebisaTvis (mag.: feministuri, gei,

103

lesbosuri da sxv.). sainteresoa agreTve alternatiuli istoriisadmi

miswrafeba, romelSic istoriuli faqtebi absoluturad Secvlilia. (mag.: den

braunis skandaluri bestseleri `davinCis kodi~ (2003w.) (De Groot 2010:148-179).

rogorc am mimoxilvidanac Cans, sxvadasxva epoqisa da esTetikuri

Sexedulebis mqone avtorebs istoriisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba

aqvT; xolo istoriul prozaSi mniSvnelovania avTenturi masalisa da fiqciis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. istoriul Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi swored

imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, ramdenad zustad eyrdnoba istoriul

wyarosmwerali. garda amisa, istoriuli prozis JanrSi mwerali Tavisive

epoqis literaturul gemovnebas iTvaliswinebs, rac agreTve iwvevs

istoriuli prozis cvlilebas. istoriuli prozis saxeebs gansxvavebuli

Janruli specifika axasiaTebT, xolo droTa ganmavlobaSi axal konvenciebs

udeben safuZvels.

qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, politikur-istoriuli

garemoebebis gamo, damkvidrda istoriisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba

(xotivar-iungeri 1993:5): nacionaluri identobis xazgasma, antikoloniuri

protesti, istoriuli mexsierebis gaZliereba, amitomac avTenturi istoriuli

realiebi meorexarisxovani ar aris. mkvlevarTa azriT, qarTul istoriul

prozaSi viTareba icvleba XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi (xotivar-iungeri

1993:25-26) (miresaSvili 2005:5). istoriul prozaSi sxva problemebis dasmis

saWiroebac gaCnda, rasac Secvlili politikuri konteqsti ganapirobebda. am

tendenciebis amsaxvelia j. qarCxaZis istoriuli nawarmoebebi. masTan

nacionalur identobas liberaluri Rirebulebebi enacvleba, avTenturi

istoriuli realiebi ki maqsimalurad Semcirebulia.

j. qarCxaZis `antonio da daviTi~, mogzaurobis Janris literaturas

ganekuTvneba. masSi gamogonil mogzaurobazea saubari. mTxrobeli ucxoeli

mogzauri barTolomeoa. nawarmoebSi Txroba pirveli piriTaa gadmocemuli,

Sesabamisad mkiTxveli homodiegeturi mTxrobelis gancdebisa da subieqturi

STabeWdilebebis mowmea. es, erTi mxriv, pirveli piris TxrobiTaa gamowveuli,

meore mxriv ki mogzaurobis Janris konvenciebiT. ucxoeli saqarTveloSi

mogzaurobas aRgviwers. dasawyisi cnobil mogzaurTa Canawerebs mogvagonebs:

,,nawyvetebi wignidan ,,istoriebi da zneCveulebani, anu aRwera qveynebisa,

romlebic RvTis SewevniT mSvidobianad moiara mogzaurma da vaWarma

104

barTolomeo d’anitim, moTxrobili xsenebuli d’anitis mier dawvrilebiT da

Seulamazeblad” (qarCxaZe 2007:5).

istoriuli prozis specifikidan gamomdinare, j. qarCxaZe istoriuli

nawarmoebis enobriv stilSi garkveul pirobiTobas mimarTavs. kerZod,

`zebulonis~ ena zomierad Tanamedrovea, avtori ar qmnis arqaizebul enobriv

samyaros, amavdroulad Tavs ikavebs Tanamedrove leqsikis, nasesxebi

sityvebisa da konstruqciebis gamoyenebisaganac, cdilobs enobrivi samyaro

Seuxamos nawarmoebis dro-sivrcesa da personaJis Sinagan samyaros, `antonio

da daviTis~ SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT ufro Tavisufalia, radgan mTxrobeli

ucxoelia.

`zebulonisa~ da `antonio da daviTis~ enobriv stilze j. qarCxaZe

Tavad mianiSnebs: `rahaT-luxumisa~ da `antonio da daviTis~ ena am mxriv

kriteriumad ver gamodgeba, vinaidan enis Tanamedroveobas aq is gansazRvravs,

rom orive moTxrobaSi ambavi ucxoelis piriTaa moTxrobili. `antoniosa da

daviTSi~ enis Tanamedrove xasiaTi kidev ufro xazgasmulia imiT, rom, raki aq

mTxrobeli ganaTlebuli evropelia, daubrkoleblad xorciledeba (yovel

SemTxvevaSi, Canafiqris mixedviT ase unda iyos) istoriulad bunebrivi

laTinizacia leqsikisa da azrovnebis formaluri struqturis Sesaxeb~

(qarCxaZe 2005a: 108-109).

rogorc vxedavT, avtori Txrobis dros iTvaliswinebs mTxroblis

inteleqts, cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, amis gamo nawarmoebi Sesabamisi

enobrivi stiliTaa Sesrulebuli (mag. zebulonis ubralo buneba da Txrobis

stili romanSi). barTlomeos inteleqti da gamocdileba kargad Cans

nawarmoebis mTel teqstSi. faqtobrivad, swored is gansazRvravs moTxrobis

enobriv da stilur Taviseburebas. Txroba gadatvirTuli ar aris tropuli

saxeebiT, ZiriTadad gajerebulia laTinur-berZnuliwarmoSobis leqsikiT, rac

nawarmoebis enas samecniero diskursTan aaxloebs. amis magaliTi mravlad

gvxvdeba `antonio da daviTSi~: `vinc mogzaurobis wignsa wers, ueWvelad unda

gaiTvaliswinos adamianTa nair-nairi midrekileba da Wreli gemovneba. zogs

qveynebis geografia ainteresebs _ adgilmdebareoba, sazRvrebi, hava, niadagi,

mdinareTa sigrZe da tyeTa sixSire; zogs politika uyvars _ taxtisTvis

brZola, SeTqmuleba, intrigebi; zogi mSeneblobis xelovnebiTaa gatacebuli _

rogor saxlebs ageben, agurs wvaven Tu ara, cixeebs riTi amagreben, xidebi

ramden dawolas uZlebs...~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 7). `im dRidan moyolebuli antonios

105

aRarasodes Tavisi Tavgadasavali ar uxsenebia. Cemi mxriv mec, raki vxedavdi,

Tu rogor tanjavda es mogoneba, vcdilobdi sababi ar mimeca da salaparakod

ar gamomewvia. religiaze saubarsac gaurboda da mxolod maSin, roca Cemi

mogzaurobis ambebs vuyvebodi xolme, dainteresdeboda, ama Tu im qveyanaSi ra

aRmsareblobas misdeven, raSi mdgomareobs maTi religiis arsi, ra ritualebi

aqvT an ra dogmebs icaven~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 35). winamdebare amonarididanac

kargad Cans Txrobis enobrivi stili. avtorma gaiTvaliswina personaJis

buneba, riTac miRweulia Txrobis enis, mTxroblisa da nawarmoebis

problematikis Sesabamisoba.

mogzaurobis Janridan gamomdinare, ucxoeli mTxrobeli teqstis

dasawyisidanve qarTvelebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb msjelobs: `am xalxSi raRac

gaugebar Zalas muStiT uWiravs iseTi sapirispiro Tvisebebi, rogoricaa

Ralati da Tavdadeba, siZulvili da siyvaruli, laCroba da simamace,

boroteba da sikeTe~ (qarCxaZe 2008:12). `es xalxi ucxoelebs raRac

gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT uyurebs. erTi ucxoelis azrs met fass adeben,

vidre asi Tavisianisas, Tundac asive brZeni da saqmeSi kargad Caxeduli iyos.

rac yvelaze ufro saocaria, ase swored iseT sakiTxebSi iqcevian, rac

aSkarad maT ukeT ician. magaliTad, aq gansacvifreblad mRerian da ise arian

gawafuli meleqseobaSi, mgoni TviT homerossac tols ar daudeben, magram

miuxedavad amisa, roca karis momRerlebi simReras ityodnen, an romelime

karis poeti leqss warmoTqvamda, wamsve yvelani mogvitrialdebodnen da ise

mogvCerebodnen, TiTqos Cven poeziisa da musikis kanonmdeblebi vyofiliyaviT~

(qarCxaZe 2005: 37). moTxrobaSi kargadaa naCvenebi qarTvelis eris

winaaRmdegobrivi Tvisebebi. Tumca am msjelobas ar aqvs qilikis forma,

piriqiT obieqturi da keTilmosurne toniT gamoirCeva. ucxoeli mogzauris

mTxroblis rolSi gamoyvana xels uwyobs kritikis obieqtur xasiaTs.

mogzaurobis Janridan gamomdinare, am tipis Canawerebs gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba.

mogzaurobis Janrul specifikasac Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT, j. qarCxaZis

prozasa da publicistikas axasiaTebs msgavsi wiaRsvlebi, sadac avtori

sakuTari eris mkveTr da piruTvnel kritikas mimarTavs. am mxriv gamorCeulia

romani `ganzomileba~ da mwerlis publicistika: `Cveni Tandayolili

sizarmacec mogvexmara, rom sxvaze iolad SevrigebodiT beds, amitom axla,

SeZlebisdagvarad aRarafers vakeTebT da saboloo xelis Caqnevamdec bevri

106

aRaraferi gviklia~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 53). `Cveni ganTqmuli optimizmi baliSad

gvidevs da qveynis bedi RmerTisTvis gvaqvs mindobili~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 56).

`zedmetad Tavmoyvareebi varT, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli Tavmoyvareoba gvaqvs

gamZafrebuli. Cveni trabaxic aqedan modis. saqme isaa, rom trabaxi naklis

damalvis saukeTeso saSualeba gvgonia. amitom, rac ufro cudad migvdis

saqme, miT ufro mets vtrabaxobT~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 58).

j. qarCxaZis prozisa da publicistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia

qarTul literaturul krtikasac ar gamoparvia mxedvelobis aredan.

kritikosi T. vasaZe j. qarCxaZis kritikul, publicistur paToss imdroindeli

qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobrivi krizisis gaazrebiT xsnis: ,,man mwvaved

igrZno qarTuli sazogadoebis sulieri, zneobrivi krizisi da ganaxorciela

misi utyuari mxatvruli analizi”(vasaZe 2010:288).kritikosi n. muzaSvili

aRniSnavs: ,,igi (mwerali) eswrafvis gamoxatos sakuTari pozicia qarTuli

erovnuli xasiaTis fenomenis mimarT... is, rac gansakuTrebuli dakvirvebis

gareSec TvalSi xvdeba mkiTxvels aris avtoris dapirispireba erovnuli

buneba-xasiaTis idealizaciis friad fexmokidebul tendenciasTan” (muzaSvili

1990:112). `jemal qarCxaZe mwerali analitikosia, misTvis yvelaze didi

tragedia zneobrivi krizisia~ (vasaZe 2010:288).zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeblebi

mwerals i. WavWavaZis tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad warmogvidgens. Aam paToss

Tavisi gamarTleba aqvs: `eric iseve unda cdilobdes xasiaTis aRzrdas,

rogorc pirovneba. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia am xasiaTis gacnobiereba~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 58). eris zneobrivi saxesa da niSan-Tvisebebze msjeloba

nawarmoebis zneobriv problematikasa da RirebulebebTan uSualo kavSirSia.

`antonio da daviTSi~ mogzaurobis Janri da enobrivi stili

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs nawarmoebis naratiul struqturas. nawarmoebis

dasawyisi, Tavdapirvelad, mogzauris Canawerebs gvacnobs. Semdeg gadadis

uSualod samogzauro qveynis, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb cnobebis gadmocemaze. amis

saiulustraciod mohyavs ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelis magaliTi: `tiroda,

mkerdze mjiRs icemda da drodadro ise amoikvnesebda `Cemi qveyanao~, an `Cemi

samSobloo~, an `Cemi sayvareli samSobloo~, gegonebodaT gul-RviZli

amoayolao... ramdenime sasargeblo cnobac ki davtyue misi saTayvanebeli

samSoblos Sesaxeb, Tumca, unda iTqvas, es Zalian Zneli saqme iyo, radgan,

rogorc ki am saganze daviwydebdiT laparaks, maSinve mkerdze mjiRebis cemas

mohyveboda da iseTi zogadi sityvebiT kmayofildeboda, rogoricaa `miwa~,

107

`wyaro~, `mdelo~, `mama-papis Zvlebi~ da sxva, rac yvela qveynisa da yvela

samSoblosaTvis saerToa~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 14). qarTvelis patriotuli ganwyoba

distanciiT, ucxo TvaliTaa Sefasebuli,romelic imTaviTve amCnevs qarTvelis

artistizmsa da manerulobas sakuTari qveynisadmi emociebis gamoxatvisas.

aRniSnuli epizodis Semdeg, mTxrobeli mogzaurobis ambavs gviambobs,

sadac antonio da daviTis Sesaxeb detalurad msjelobs. gadmocemulia maTi

portretebi, Sinagani samyaro, Sexedulebebi, cxovrebis wesi, dramatuli

peripetiebi, romelic daviTis cxovrebas ukavSirdeba. pirveli piris Txroba

TavisTavad gansazRvravspersonaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobas, Sesabamisad,

nawarmoebSi yovelive barTlomeos TvaliTaa danaxuli.

moTxrobaSi CarTulia aseve erTi multiperspeqtiuli epizodi, sadac

ramdenime personaJis TvaliTaa gadmocemuli erTi da igive movlena. es

Txrobas simZafres aniWebs, Tumca mxolod am monakveTSia gamoyenebuli da

nawarmoebis stilur Taviseburebas ar gansazRvravs. mag.: `zangma Tqva: _ bebes

ZilSi floqvebis xma Caesma. bebes ezoSi eZina. mze jer ufskrulidan ar

amosuliyo, magram Tvali ukve gaxelili hqonda... TeTri batoni cxenze ijda

da didi Tvalebi hqonda... TeTr batons TvalebSi sanTlebi enTo~ (qarCxaZe

2007: 99). `antoniom Tqva: _ zangma kari SeaRo, magram TviTon ar Sesula. me

maniSna, Sedio, da wamsve ukan gabrunda. daviTs isev is xalaTi ecva, SiSveli

fexebi xis qoSebSi waeyo da SublSekruli idga~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 100). `daviTma

Tqva: _ antonio rom davinaxe, SevkrTi: Tvalebi cecxliviT uelavda da saxeze

iseTi almuri asdioda, rogorc haers asdis xolme zafxulis xvatSi~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 100). `antoniom Tqva: _ Cems danaxvaze daviTi erTi SekrToma

SekrTa, mere Subli kidev ufro SeiWmuxna da wynarad, magram susxiani xmiT

miTxra: `aki gagafrTxile, gadamTielo, meored rom moxvide, aqedan cocxali

veRar gaxval-meTqi!~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 100).

moTxroba `antonio da daviTSi~ aRwerilia evropel misionerTa

moRvaweobis periodi, Tumca nawarmoebSi istoria mxolod fonia garkveuli

problematikis warmosaCenad. literaturul teqstSi erTmaneTs erwymis

istoriuli da samogzauro literaturis Janrebi, masSic naratiuli

struqtura mTavari personaJis (am SemTxvevaSi I piris mTxroblis) garSemo

aris agebuli. Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis enobrivi stili da mTavari personaJis

enobrivi diskursi Tanxvdeba.

108

3.1.2. moTxrobis problematika

moTxroba `antonio da daviTis~ Janrul da naratiul struqturas

nawarmoebis problematika gansazRvravs. zogadi istoriuli foni, personaJis

perspeqtiviT Txroba personaJTa Sinagani samyaros reprezentacias uwyobs

xels. saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros, mTxrobeli,barTlomeo ramdenime

saintereso personaJis Sesaxeb gviambobs. nawarmoebSi vrceli adgili eTmoba

maTi Sinagani samyaros da Sexedulebebis gadmocemas.

erT-erTi mTavari personaJi, antonio, wminda inkviziciam mkrexelobis

braldebiT gaasamarTla.mas ki axloblebi daexmarnen da megobrebTagan

mxolod is gadaurCa inkviziciis mZime ganaCens. antonio amis gamo gamudmebiT

sindisis qenjnas grZnobs: `me ki sikvdilis SiSisa Tu Cemi warmavali sxeulis

mdabali siyvarulis gamo yvelaferi imwamsve maT vuTxari... Tavi ise meWira,

viTom aRSfoTebuli viyavi Cemi megobrebisa da naTesavebis aramkiTxe

gamosarClebiT! raRa Tqma unda, samivem maSinve imis mtkiceba damiwyo, rom

Sewyalebaze uaris Tqma aramc da aramc ar SeiZleboda. im wuTs rom vigoneb,

axlac mTeli sxeuli SiSiT mikankalebs da ofls masxams~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 32).

antonios sityvebSi aqcentirebulia sindisis problema. nawarmoebSi zneobrivi

problema masStabur xasiaTs iZens, antonios garda, sindisis qenjniT sxvebic

itanjebian, gansakuTrebiT _ avazaki daviTi.

moTxrobaSi kargad Cans antonios meaboxe pirovneba: `tanjvaa,

barTolomeo, iseT qveyanaSi cxovreba, sadac Sens azrs Tavisuflad ar

gaTqmevineben. rom SeeZloT Tavisuflad fiqrsac agikrZalavdnen. papi

CvensaviT adamiania da CvensaviT SeuZlia Secdes. mas ki Tavi Seumcdari hgonia,

amitom brmad migverekeba, saiTac surs... azric RvTiTa gvaqvs da gansasjelad

mogveca, isini ki gvaiZuleben Cveni azri CavixSoT da maTi azris kvalobaze

vsajoT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 27). moTxrobis dasawyisSi antonios pirovneba kargad

Cans barTlomeosTan dialogis dros. aRniSnul epizodSi ikveTeba misi

Sexedulebebi da mrwamsi.

109

antoniosaTvis yvelaze didi faseuloba individis Tavisufleba da

racionalizmia, masTan SedarebiT romis papida eklesiis dogmebiumniSvneloa.

mas gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvs mraval religiur sakiTxze: `me ara

mgonia, RmerTi Teatrons marTavdes, barTlomeo. xorcielad dabadebul

RmerTs rom is dahyves, rasac Sen erTxel `RvTaebrivi buneba~ uwode,

yvelaferi ioli da martivi iqneboda. RmerTs SeuZlia erTi bunebidan meoreSi

gadavides, magram ar SeuZlia erTi bunebis kanoni meoreSi waiRos, radgan

amiT swored imas daarRvevda, rac Tavisi yovlisSemZleobis meoxebiT

daurRveveli da absoluturi Seqmna~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 28).

cxadia, antonios Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia da ewinaaRmdegeba

kaTolikuri eklesiis dogmebsa da Teologiur Sexedulebebs. amis

sapirispirod nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia eklesiis mrwamsi, romlis

matarebeli misioneri winamZRvaria: `ganaTleba, Svilo Cemo, rwmenas ar

ganamtkicebs... metic: Tu rwmena mkvidr niadagze araa dafuZnebuli, ganaTleba

advilad iqceva cdunebad. eg antonio Tavis droze moZRvari iyo da mrevli

ebara. magram male miatova eklesia da ramdenime weli udabnoSi cxovrobda

gandegilad. ras akeTebda am xnis manZilze, aravin icis. etyoba, maSin mihyida

suli eSmaks... udabnodan rom dabrunda, wminda kaTolikuri eklesiis gmoba

daiwyo~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 24). winamZRolsa da antonios religiur Sexedulebebsa

da cxovrebiseul filosofias Soris gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobaa. aRniSnul

epizodSi kargad ikveTeba ori poziciis: eklesiisa da individualuri rwmena-

Sexedulebebis sxvaoba.

j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebi, cxadia, ar eZRvneba aRniSnul Teologiur

diskusias, moTxrobis am monakveTSi gasaTvaliswinebelia mTxroblis,

barTlomeos humanuri pozicia: `wamiT momeCvena, TiTqos es ori kaci, mdinaris

sxvadasxva napirze mdgomi da Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdegeni, orive marTali

iyo. roca ori kaci erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, an orive mtyuania, an erT-erTi

mainc. me ki meCveneboda, rom orive marTali iyo~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 34). marTalia,

barTlomeo eklesiis mimdevaria, antonios msgavsad gansxvavebulad ar

azrovnebs, Tumca misTvis orive pozicia misaRabi da gasagebia: `dogmebi,

romlebsac bavSvobidanve minergavdnen, mtkiced mqonda SeTvisebuli, amitom

antonios Sexedulebas... cxadia, ver gaviziarebdi, magram es xels ar miSlida

antonios simarTle damenaxa, radgan antonios simarTle mis aumRvrevel

patiosnebaSi iyo. CvenSic da ucxoeTSic bevri minaxavs, vinc Tavis gulSi

110

darwmunebuli araa, rom swams, da ubralod aRiarebs, vinaidan miaCnia, rom

asea saWiro. antonio mxolod imas aRiarebda, rac swamda... Tavis mrwamss

daufaravad da uSiSrad amJRavnebda, oRond Tavs aravis axvevda~ (qarCxaZe

2007: 34-35).

teqstis aRniSnuli monakveTidan vigebT, rom antonio Tavisuflad

moazrovne individia, gulwrfelia, ar aris moZalade, rom sakuTari mosazreba

sxvas Tavs moaxvios. am TvalsazrisiT, is liberaluri principebis

matarebelia, agreTve zneobrivi pirovneba, radgan misTvis miuRebelia

yovelgvari sicrue, sakuTar mrwmasTan kompromisi. amave dros antonio

moazrovne adamiania da mis Sexedulebebsa da qcevebs racionaluri safuZveli

aqvs. Tavis mxriv, winamZRvaric gulwrfeli adamiania, is WeSmaritad iziarebs

eklesiis saukunovan dogmatsa da ofcialur Sexedulebebs: `mama sebastianes

simarTlec missav patiosnebaze iyo aRmocenebuli. me es kaci kargad gavicani

Cvens xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi da misi patiosnebac davinaxe, misi

keTilSobilebac da gulisxmierebac... oRond antoniosgan gansxvavebiT, mama

sebastianes Tavisi rwmena samsjavroaze ar gamohqonda da sakamaTod ar xdida.

imitom, rom mis rwmenas eklesia da Tavad papi edga mcvelad, Zalaufleba

umagrebda zurgs, Zalaufleba ki iseTi ramaa, rwmenas Seuval da sayovelTao

mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Znelia gaamtyuvno simarTle, romelic eklesiis

saxeliT gamodis da ara Tavisi piradi saxeliT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 35).

nawarmoebis aRniSnul monakveTSi mTxrobeli Tanabar sibrtyeze ayenebs

mkrexeli antoniosa da eklesiis dogmatebis mimdevari winamZRvris

msoflxmdevlobas. am SemTxvevaSi mas romelime Teologiuri mimdinareobis

upiratesobis xazgasma ar surs, rac kargad Cans misi Sefasebebidan.

barTlomeosaTvis Sefasebis kriteriumi am pirovnebaTa gulwrfeloba da

Sinagani Tavisuflebaa. es Semynarebluri ganwyoba moTxrobis sxva

epizodebSic Cans. moTxrobisaTvis swored am tipis humanuri suliskveTebaa

mniSvnelovani.

aRniSnuli humanuri suliskveTebis safuZveli nawarmoebSi liberaluri

ideologia da ganmanaTlebluri filosofia unda iyos. i. kantis statiaSi

`pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?~ (1784 w.) mokled aris

Camoyalibebuli ganmanaTleblobis arsi, sadac sakuTari mosazrebis sajarod

gamoTqma, gansakuTrebiT religiur sakiTxebze, Tavisuflebis gamovlenis erT-

erTi formaa: `ganmanaTleblobisaTvis mxolod Tavisuflebaa saWiro, Tanac

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yvelaze uwyinari maT, Soris, rasac Tavisufleba SeiZleba ewodos, kerZod ki:

Tavisufleba sakuTari gansjis sajaro moxmarebisa yvela sakiTxSi~ (kanti

2011:) xolo religiur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: `sasuliero piri

valdebulia, sakuTar kaTakmevlebsa da mrevls im eklesiis simbolos

mixedviT uqadagos, romeliSic msaxurobs, radgan swored am pirobiT iqna is

miRebuli samsaxurSi. magram rogorc mecniers, mas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs _

metic, mowodebulic kia _ yvela Tavisi kargad awonil-dawonili da keTilad

ganzraxuli azri rogorc am simbolos Secdomebisa, ise religiisa da

eklesiis saqmeebis ukeT mowyobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebas gauziaros~ (kanti

2011:).

kantis Tanaxmad, eklesiis msaxureba misi wesebisadmi morCilebas

gulisxmobs, Tumca es sasuliero pirs ar ukrZalavs sajarod, rogorc

mecnierma, sakuTari racionaluri mosazrebebi gamoTqvas eklesiis Secdomebis

Sesaxeb. antonio, marTalia, eklesiam gandevna da mkrexelad miiCnia, magram is

ar erideba sajarod sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmasa da msjelobas. antonio

mxolod msjelobs da sakuTari Sexedulebebis dasasabuTeblad argumentebi

mohyavs, is ar cdilobs sakuTari azris vinmesaTvis Tavs moxvevas. moqmedebisa

da msjelobisdros, misTvis amosavali adamianis goneba da sindisia, amitomac

ambobs: `papi CvensaviT adamiania da CvensaviT SeuZlia Secdes. mas ki Tavi

Seumcdari hgonia, amitom brmad migverekeba saiTac surs... azric RvTiTa gvaqvs

da gansasjelad mogveca, isini ki gvaiZuleben Cveni azri CavixSoT da maTi

azris kvalobaze vsajoT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 27). antoniosa da barTolomeosaTvis

mTavari Rirebulebebi swored racionalizmi da individis Tavisuflebaa.

kantis SefasebiT: `yovel moqalaqes, upirveles yovlisa, sasuliero

pirs, eqneboda nebarTva, mecnierebis xarisxSi sajarod e.i. sakuTari

nawerebiT, Tanamedrove mowyobis Secdomebze azri gamoTqvas, magram

Semotanili wesrigi iqamde SenarCundeboda, sanam am viTarebis Sesaxeb codna

sajarod imdenad ar gavrceldeboda da cxadi ar gaxdeboda, rom moqalaqeebi

sakuTari xmebis gaerTianebiT (Tumca ara yvelasi) taxts winadadebiT

mimarTavdnen, is mrevlni mieRo dacvis qveS, romlebic ukeTesi gagebis Sesaxeb

sakuTari warmodgenebis Sesabamisad gaerTiandnen Secvlili religiuri

mowyobisaTvis, imis gareSe, rom maT SeuSalon xeli, visac Zvel wesze darCena

surs~ (kanti 2011). aRniSnuli ganmanaTleblobis epoqis monapovaria da

sazogadoebis liberalizaciis Sedegi. antonio inkviziciis dros cxovrobs,

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roca nebismieri gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba miuRebelia da adamiani

yvelafrisTvis wamebiT an sikvdiliT isjeba. Tumca msgavsi Seuwynarebloba,

tiraniis dros, nebismieri epoqisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sabWoTa diqtaturis

gamocdilebis Semdeg, aRniSnuli istoriuli analogiiT mwerali liberaluri

da ganmanaTlebluri faseulobebisaken mouwodebs qarTvel mkiTxvels.

antonio Sinaganad Tavisufali da Zlieri pirovnebaa, Tumca

inkviziciisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg sindisi awuxebs, man barTlomeosTan

saubris dros aRiara, rom ver SeZlo tanjvis atana da isargebla naTesavTa

gamosarClebiT. aRniSnuli mogzauroba da axali qveyana misTvis imedia, raTa

sindisis qenjnisgan Rirseulad gaTavisufldes: `iq aravin micnobs. aravin

icis Cemi araraobis ambavi. iqneb ucxo qveyanaSi Rirseuli sikvdili vpovo~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 33). antoniom icis kolxeTSi ra situacia daxvdeba, amitomac

mzad aris Rirseulad emsaxuros sxva adamianebs: `es xalxi saukuneebis

manZilze urjuloTa garemocvaSi cxovrobs da erTi da imave xmliT icavs

samSoblosac da qristes rjulsac, radgan samSoblosac da qristes rjulsac

iq erTi da igive xifaTi emuqreba. brZola ki igive mezoblobaa da am

xangrZlivi mezoblobis ganmavlobaSi maT bevri ram SeiTvises TavianTi

mtrebisgan. amitom WeSmariti rwmena moirya da SeibRala. ase rom, iq Cveni

vali iqneba ara Teologiuri dava da niSnebis ganmarteba, aramed im

saZirkvelis gamagreba, rac yvela qristianisaTvis saerTo da WeSmaritia~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 34). antonios Tavi uRirsad miaCnia da surs moyvasis damxareba,

raTa Sinaganad aRdges.

barTlomeosa da antonios Sinagani Tavisufleba da humanizmi sruliad

gansxvavdeba nawarmoebis sxva personaJTa Sinagan mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT.

saqarTveloSi Camosul ucxoelebs xvdebaT gansxvavebuli situacia:

yvelaTviTgadarCenisaTvis ibrZvis da antoniosa da barTlomeos maRali

idealebi maTTvis miuwvdomelia. qarTveli mTavari amis naTeli magaliTia.

mTavari qveynis ubedurebas mistiris: `SiSma goneba dagvibnela, siZulvilma

sisxli gagviciva, mSveleli arsaidan Cans, evropa Sorsaa da CvenTvis ara

scalia, yvela TavisTvis cdilobs da Tavis sargebels eZebs, Cven ki aRar

SegviZlia, sakuTar TavSi imeds veRar vpoulobT. amovwydebiT. male Cveni

saxsenebeli aRar iqneba~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 38).

aRniSnul pasaJSi kargad Cans imdroindeli saqarTvelos suraTi,

romelic axlosaa `zebuloniseul~ ganwyobasTan. kerZod, `daRmasvlis~

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narativTan, romlis Tanaxmadac oqros xanis Semdeg istoria daRmavali xaziT

ganviTarda da warsuli viqtimizebuli xatia (Toria 2008: 108). qveyana

mtrebiTaa garemoculi da mis SigniT orguloba da SuRlia gamefebuli:

`gaerTianeba rom SegveZlos, saqarTvelo arc ise patara da uZluri qveyanaa,

magram ra gagvaerTianebs! mtrebisagan waqezebulebi da gabriyvebulebi

erTmaneTs vWamT. mefe mefes mtrobs, Tavadi Tavads, aznauri aznaurs. xalxi

damfrTxalia da aRar icis romel erTs daemalos _ Semosul musulmans,

sakuTar batons, SimSils, uRmerTobas Tu sneulebas~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 38).

aRniSnuli paTosi damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli istoriuli prozisaTvis.

qveynis saerTo mZime foni adgilobrivTa cxovrebazec aisaxeba:

`saerTod, sicocxle aq, TiTqos raRac ZarRvi Cawydomia, ucnaurad Cumad

miedineboda, duned, gaubedavad, mfrTxali moTminebiT... ager ukve amdeni xania

am tafobze vcxovrobdiT da arc erTxel simRera ar gagvigonia. vinc

qarTvelebs icnobs, ueWvelad damidasturebs, rom es marTlac ucnauri da

sakvirveli ram aris. es xalxi yvelgan da yovelTvis mReris~ (qarCxaZe 2007:

47). antonio da barTlomeo Tavisufali individebi arian, marTalia antonios

Tavis samSobloSi azris gamoTqmis saSualeba warTmeuli aqvs, magram is

ibrZvis sakuTari TavisuflebisaTvis. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ki ufro

mZime situaciaSi arian, isini araTu sakuTari azris gamoTqmas, Tavisuflad

fiqrsac veRar bedaven. amis mizezi ki qveynis mZime mdgomareoba, mTavaris

sisuste, Tavadis usindisoba da yaCaRi daviTis borotebaa.

mTxrobeli dasawyisSi antonios Teologiur Sexedulebebs gvacnobs, mis

brZolas TavisuflebisaTvis, amis fonze kargad Cans adgilobriv mcxovrebTa

ubadruki yofa: maT arafris ufleba ar aqvT. am kontrastiT naTlad gamoCnda

individis Sinagani Tavisuflebis aucilebloba. antonio sakuTari rwmenis

TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis maSin, roca adgilobriv mcxovreblebi ise

daTrgunulan, rom simRerasac veRar bedaven. antonios Zlieri Sinagani neba

aRniSnul situaciaSic Tavs avlens da is ukve sxva adamianebis

TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis.

nawarmoebis saTaurSi Cadebuli kontrasti kargad ikveTeba teqstis im

monakveTSi, rodesac antonio da daviTi xvdebian erTmaneTs. antonio

Camoyalibebuli pirovnebaa, romelsac sakuTari Sexedulebebi aqvs religiis

Sesaxeb, amave dros zneobrivi pirovnebaa. man cxovrebaSi mZime gansacdeli

daZlia maSin, rodesac inkviziciam Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad daapatimra.

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antoniom ver gauZlo sikvdilis SiSs da miiRo axlobelTa gamosarCleba. is

gadarCa, xolo TanamoZmeebi Seewirnen saerTo ideas. antonioze am

gansacdelma Zlier imoqmeda, isedac zneobrivad Camoyalibebuli pirovneba,

ufro gulisxmieri da Tavisufali gaxda. man advilad daZlia sikvdilis SiSi,

amis Semdeg mas SeuZlia sxvac msgavs Sinagan Tavisuflebas aziaros. antonios

sapirispirod, daviTi yaCaRia, romelmac cxovrebaSi uamravi boroteba Caidina,

mas antoniosTan Sexvedramde ar awuxebda sindisi, piriqiT sakuTari

sulmokleobisa da SiSis tyve iyo. swored SiSi aiZulebda sxvaze maRla

dadgomas, borotmoqmedebis Cadenas, mas TviTgadarCenis instinqti swored am

mimarTulebiT ganuviTarda. Tumca daviTis pirovneba antoniosTan

urTierTobis Semdeg icvleba, mas zneobrivi kaTarzisi ewyeba da Sinaganad

icvleba. yaCaRis uecari cvlileba teqstSi motivirebulia, saxel daviTSi

mkiTxveli bibliuri daviTis konotaciasac grZnobs. bibliis Tanaxmad, daviTi

yvelaze RvTismosavi mefea. nawarmoebSi yaCaRi daviTi sakuTari cxovrebiTa da

xasiaTiT bibliuri daviTis antipodia, Tumca zneobrivi feriscvalebis Semdeg

is bibliuri daviTis zneobriv simaRlemde aRwevs. es metamorfoza potenciis

saxiT Cadebulia misi saxelis konotoaciaSi.

antoniom didi gavlena moaxdina yaCaRi daviTis cxovrebaze. Tavisufali

neba pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. es Cans,

rogorc antonios, ise xalxis SemTxvevaSi. romani faqtobrivad, Tavisufal

pirovnebad Camoyalibebas eZRvneba, radgan es sakiTxi met-naklebad TiTqmis

yvela personaJs moicavs. antoniosa da xalxis gverdiT, gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania yaCaRi daviTis pirovnuli zrda. antoniom sworad amoicno

daviTis sisuste da misi sindisis simi Searxia. antonios sityvebidan vigebT,

rom daviTi SiSis tyvea. misi Sinagani nebeloba SiSis gamoa SezRuduli: ,,kaci

siaves mxolod imitom sCadis, rom eSinia. borotebas boroti kacic iseve

Tvlis usamarTlobad, rogorc keTili, da arc Caidenda, SiSs rom laCrad ar

eqcia. laCari da boroti erTi da igivea... Sen laCari gamodeqi da SiSis

daZlevas SiSis damalva amjobine... Sen Sens Tandayolil SiSs ver gauZeli,

laCrad iqeci da ioli gza airCie... Sen yvelafris geSinia, rac Sens gareTaa,

amitom cdilob, rac Sens gareTaa, yvelaferi mospo, magram es SeuZlebelia.

mTeli qveyana rom monad gaixado, rogorc Seni sulmdabali siZe gaixade

monad, Sens SiSs araferi eSveleba” (qarCxaZe 2007:105). daviTi SiSis tyvea, rac

misi araswori qmedebis stimulia.

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daviTi bavSvobidanve garemoebebis msxverpli aRmoCnda, siZulviliTa da

gaWirvebiT gazrdili advilad moxvda yaCaRTa wreSi. misi cxovreba

borotebis uzarmzari jaWvi iyo. advilad imorCilebda laCrebs, amis kargi

magaliTia adgilobrivi Tavadi. antonios gambedaobam yaCaR daviTze

gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina, amitomac iqonia masze didi gavlena

da yaCaRis zneobrivi feriscvaleba gamoiwvia. antoniom Tavis droze

sikvdilis SiSis gamo uari ar Tqva naTesavTa gamosarClebaze, magram Semdeg

sindisis qenjnisgan didxans itanjeboda. amrigad, antoniom kargad uwyis Tu

ra aris SiSis tyveoba, Sesabamisad mas Seswevs unari gaxdes daviTis mentori,

moZRvari. sindisis qenjnam Sinaganad ufro aamaRla, daZlia sikvdilis SiSi,

amitomac SeZlo da gamoesarCla mRvdels, roca daviTma taZarSi yvelas

TandaswrebiT qamandi gamosdo yelSi. daviTis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda,

mas aseTi gambedavi adamini ar hyavda nanaxi: `daviTma warbebi odnav Sehyara

da saxeze niaviviT gadaurbina gakvirvebam. magram gakvirvebam wamsve gauara da

gaiRima. warbebi jer kidev Seyrili hqonda da ase warbSeyrili rom iRimeboda,

Zneli gasakviri iyo, ras niSnavda es Rimili _ antonios dascinoda Tu

antonios saqcielSi raRac saxaliso gasarTobi ipova. mere warbebi dauSva da

Rimilic erTbaSad gulRia gauxda, alali da miamituri~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 73).

yaCaRi daviTisaTvis marTlac moulodneli iyo msgavsi gambedaoba, miT

ufro adgilobrivi Tavadisa da mosaxleobis fonze. antonio valdebuli ar

iyo Careuliyo maT cxovrebaSi, magram man ver SeZlo am yvelafris

gulgrilad atana. daviTma, antonios gamo, mRvdlisstambulis bazarSi gayidva

ganizraxa, amitomac antoniom gadamwyveti nabiji gadadga. antonio sakuTari

surviliT ewvia yaCaR daviTs, manam ki aseTi xilva hqonda: `cota xnis Semdeg

didi da Rrma sinaTlis fonze oTxi kaci gaCnda... sami maTgani, TovliviT

TeTr, spetak samosSi gamowyobilebi da locvad xelapyrobilebi, gverdigverd

idgnen pirisaxiT Cemken, meoTxe ki... orTav muxlze daCoqili idga maT winaSe,

xelebi mkerdze daekriba da Tavi CaeRuna... spetaksamosiani mlocvelebi Cemi

sulieri moZmeebi iyvnen... xolo maT win muxlebze idga daviTi, Tavmodrekili

da monanie... me ara marto beqobidan vuyurebdi yovelive amas, aramed scenis

monawilec viyavi, Cemi arseba maTSi iyo gabneuli, rac maT unda ganecadaT, me

ganvicdidi~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 98). antonios xilvaSi kargad Cans yaCaRi daviTis

Sinagani, dafaruli saxe. amis Semdeg antonios xilva marTldeba, yaCaRi

daviTi zneobrivad icvleba, mas sindisis qenjna ewyeba.

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daviTis uecari cvlileba antonios gambedaobam gamoiwvia, amas daviTis

sityvebidanac vigebT: `misi (antoniosi _ T.C.) siTamame da guladoba

maSmagebda. mas aqeT, rac pirvelad vnaxe eklesiaSi, Cemdauneburad Turme sul

imas vcdilobdi, rogorme SemeSinebina, rom SeSinebuli momekla. mas ki ar

eSinoda, an, Tu eSinoda, ise malavdaTavis SiSs, verafers vamCnevdi~ (qarCxaZe

2007: 101). antoniom masSi adamianuri Rirsebis darCenili kvali aRmoaCina:

`vinc SenTan momavlina, isic maCvena, rom codvebisagan dabeCavebul Sens

arsebaSi ker kidev feTqavs suli da Seni simxdalisa da silaCris bnel

xaroSi jer kidev bJutavs simamacis naperwkali~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 103). antoniom

daviTs avazakobis mizezic auxsna: mas yovelTvis eSinoda. swored am mdabalma

SiSma miiyvana borotebamde: `SiSi yvela adamians dabadebiTve Tan dahyveba,

magram zogs hyofnis gambedaoba, Tvali gausworos Tavis SiSs, zogs ara. visac

ar hyofnis, is laCari da usamarTlo xdeba. Tandayolili SiSi sikvdilis

SiSia da, vinc SiSs batonad gaixdis, mas yvelaze mosafrTxilebeli amqveynad

Tavisi sicocxle hgonia...Sen laCari gamodeqi da SiSis daZlevas SiSis

damalva amjobine, radgan SiSis damalva ufro advilia, vidre SiSis daZleva,

mokvla ufro advilia, vidre gadarCena, gaZarcva ufro advilia, vidre

daxmareba~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 105).

antonio yaCaRs sulier gadarCenaSi exmareba, amave dros Tavadac

icvleba. Tavis droze antonios SeeSinda sikvdilis da uari ar uTqvams

cixidan gamosvlaze, rasac is sakuTari sulieri Zmebis Ralatad miiCnevda da

sindisi qenjnida. yaCaRi daviTis bunagSi mas yovel wuTs sikvdili eloda,

Tumca sikvdilis aRar SeSinebia. antoniom SeZlo sikvdilis SiSsa da

sakuTari sindisis winaSe amaRleba. misTvis sxva adamianze zrunva iyo

mniSvnelovani, yaCaRis gadarCena da ara sakuTari sindisis qenjnisagan

gaTavisufleba. antonio Tavad aris Sinaganad Zlieri pirovneba, amitomac mas

ZaluZs sxvaze dadebiTi gavlenis moxdena, maSin roca yaCaRi daviTi garSemo

mxolod monobas avrcelebda: `Sen cdilob, yvela monad gaixado, Tavad ki

sakuTari SiSis mona xar da mudam imas akeTeb, rasac SiSi gibrZanebs~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 106).

daviTis Semdgomi cxovreba sinanuls eTmoba, man daSala yaCaRTa gundi.

gaacnobiera sakuTari codvebis simZime.antoniom daaimeda: `vinc guliT

moinaniebs da ara mxolod sityviT, rogorc farisevlebs sCveviaT, mas

mieteveba kidec~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 114). antonio, marTalia,oficialurma eklesiam

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mkrexelad gamoacxada, magram moTxrobaSi kargad Cans, rom amis miuxedavad,

antonios sakmarisi Sinagani rwmena, Zala da Tavisufleba gaaCnia, raTa sxva

adamianebze dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinos, daixsnas araswori cxovrebisagan da

Rirseul gzas daayenos. amiT nawarmoebSi wina planzea wamoweuli humanuri

ideebi, romelic kacobriobis gadamrCeneladaa dasaxuli.

individis Tavisufali nebis, adamianuri Semwynareblobis, sindisisa da

zneobrivi problematikis garda, moTxrobaSi agreTve mniSvnelovania da

wamyvani racionaluri azrovneba. antonios sakuTari Sexedulebebi aqvs da

maTi gamoTqmis ar eSinia: `tanjvaa, barTolomeo, iseT qveyanaSi cxovreba,

sadac Sens azrs Tavisuflad ar gaTqmevineben. rom SeeZloT, Tavisuflad

fiqrsac agikrZalavdnen. papi CvensaviT adamiania da CvensaviT SeuZlia

Secdes... azric RvTiTa gvaqvs da gansasjelad mogveca, isini ki gvaiZuleben

Cveni azri CavixSoT da maTi azris kvalobaze vsajoT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 27).

barTlomeo adgilobriv mcxovrebTa crumorwmuneobisa da

araracionaluri azrovnebis Sesaxeb xSirad msjelobs: `rodesac qveyanaSi

WeSmariti rwmena moiryeva, ar SeiZleba iq crumorwmuneoba ar aRorZindes,

amitom me da antonios ar gagvkvirvebia, rom es xalxi daviTis satusaRodan

gaqcevas zebunebriv Zalebs miawerda~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 56). an: `me da antoniom

mravaljer vcadeT aqaurebisTvis agvexsna, rom araviTari eSmakeuli Zala

daviTs ar SeiZleboda hqonoda da yvelaferi es mxolod maT dasaSineblad

mougonia, xolo rac Seexeba im `eSmaks~, romelic mwyemsebma TavianTi TvaliT

naxes, es iseTive adamiania, rogorc yvela Cvengani da, rom aseTi Savi feris

adamianebi qveynierebis mraval kuTxeSi cxovroben, magram veravin davajereT~

(qarCxaZe 2007: 61).

moTxrobis aRniSnuli problematika mwerlis liberalur ideologiaze

metyvelebs. publicistikis gverdiT, j. qarCxaZe sakuTari SemoqmedebiT

aqtiurad ibrZoda am Rirebulebebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

damkvidrebisaTvis, risi erT-erTi magaliTi moTxroba `antonio da daviTia~.

moTxrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: personaluri Txroba, zogadi

istoriuli foni, personaJis Sinagan samyaroze aqcentireba; xolo moTxrobis

dasawyisSi mTxroblis Canaweri, kaTolike misionerTa gemiT mgzavroba da

publicisturi paTosi mogzaurobis Janris specifikiTaa Seqmnili. sazogadod,

`antonio da daviTi~ axlos dgas me-20 saukunis II naxevris qarTul da

msoflio istoriul prozasTan, romlisTvisac avTenturi istoriuli epoqis

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rekonstruqcia mniSvnelovani ar aris. moTxrobaSi personaluri Txroba da

personaJis Sinagani samyaros aqcentirebaa niSandoblivi. istoriuli foni

mwerals nawarmoebis problematikis gamosakveTad esaWiroeba.

3.2. istoriuli moTxroba `rahaT-luxumi~

j. qarCxaZis istoriuli moTxroba `rahaT-luxumi~ 1984 wels gazeT

`literaturul saqarTveloSi~gamoqveynda. am nawarmoebSic mTxrobeli kvlav

ucxoeli mogzauria. moTxrobis siuJeti stambulSi viTardeba. nawarmoebSi

Txroba pirveli piriT mimdinareobs,homodiegeturi mTxrobeli sakuTar

emociebsa da fiqrebs gviziarebs. ,,rahaT-luxumi” istoriuli moTxrobaa,

Tumca gansxvavdeba ,,antoniosa da daviTisagan” Janruli specifikiT. aRniSnul

literaturul teqstSi mTavari ambavia, romelic avTentur istoriul

realiebzea dafuZnebuli da yuradReba personaJis Sinagan samyaroze ar aris

gadatanili. Tumca moTxroba mainc gvitovebs mTavari personaJis samyaroze

(anu mTxrobelze) garkveul warmodgenas. mkiTxveli ecnoba mis gemovnebasa da

interesebs, fiqrebs, Sinagan gansjaSic erTveba. amis miuxedavad, aq mainc

swored ambavia mniSvnelovani.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, agreTve, nawarmoebis enobrivi mxarec. arsebiTad,

aq ,,antoniosa da daviTisagan” didi sxvaoba arc SeiniSneba. Oorive

SemTxvevaSi ucxoeli mogzauria mTxrobeli. enis stilizacias swored es

faqtori ganapirobebs: Txrobis ena Tanamedrovea, avtori Tanamedrove

saliteraturo enis normebiT sargeblobs, nasesxebi sityvebizomierad aris

gamoyenebuli. enobrivi stilis arCevis dros, am SemTxvevaSicgadamwyveti

personaJis samyaroa, rac gansazRvravs Txrobis stils.

moTxrobaSi aRwerilia Tevdore mRvdlis Tavdadebis ambavi, Tumca

mRvdlis saxeli teqstSi ar gvxvdeba. mefe luarsab-xani aseve istoriuli

personaJia, igive luarsab II, qarTlis mefe 1592-1622 wlebSi. nawarmoebis

119

fabulad aRebulia 1609 wels momxdari istoriuli movlena – Tevdore

mRvdlis Tavdadebis Sesaxeb.1609 wlis ivnisSi osmalebi moulodnelad

SeiWrnen qarTlSi. maT cnoba hqondaT imis Taobaze, rom mefe luarsabi mcire

amaliT cxireTSi iyo dabanakebuli. osmalebs surdaT moulodnelad Tavs

dasdgomodnenmefesda daemarcxebinaT. gzad, sofel kvelaTSi, Tevdore

mRvdeli SemoxvdaT, romelsac megzuroba ubrZanes. am ukanasknelma mteri

araswori gziT atara da amiT gadaarCina mefe da misi amala. amis gamo

osmalebma mRvdeli sastikad awames da STamomavlobam mas Tavdadebuli

mRvdeli Tevdore uwoda. amasobaSi ki mefe luarsabma Zalebi moikriba da

mteri ukuaqcia (saqarTvelos..1972:174).

MmoTxrobaSi avTentur istoriul epizods gamonagonic erwymis _

mTavari siuJeturi kvanZi, kerZod, oman faSas ambavi. brwyinvale momavlis

mqone sardlisa, romlis bedic ukuRma datrialda. es ukanasknelic garkveul

istoriul realiebs efuZneba, am tipis sardali da dampyrobeli saqarTvelos

istoriaSi mravlad gxvdeba. avTentur da fiqciur ambavs aerTianebs rahaT-

luxumis gamyidveli suleimanisa da mTxroblis dialogi.

,,antonio da daviTisagan” gansxvavebiT, am moTxrobaSi ZiriTadi sakiTxi

erovnuli Rirseba-mankierebis Temaa. erT-erTi personaJis ali-mirzasgan

vigebT: ,,bunebiT yvela gurji moRalatea, oRon eg aris, zogs eZleva Ralatis

saSualeba da zogs arao... Surianebi ariano, gviTxra, erTimeoris sikeTe

mosvenebas ukargavT da, vinc maTs am Tvisebas gamoiyenebs, roca dasWirdeba,

erTmaneTs iolad gadahkidebso. gurji unda aqoo, dagvariga, Tavi ise unda

moaCveno, viTom Sen imis ferxTa mtvrad ara Rirxaro, gurji gulubryviloa,

Tanac gadamTielis naTqvams yovelTvis ufro iolad ijerebs, vidre

Tavisianisas, amitom swrafad mogendoba da Seuyvardebi, xolo raki Sen

Seuyvardebi, sakuTari Zma SesZuldeba, radgan erTi gurjis gulSi ori

siyvaruli ver etevao. gurjebis ugunuroba yvelaze ukeT maTs ampartavnebaSi

Canso; TavianT uricxv nakls ise sasoebiT malaven, TiTqos erTi ram Zvirfasi

saganZuri iyos; yvelaferi SeiZleba gapation, magram maTi nakli Tu SeamCnie,

amas aramc da aramc ar gapatieben...” (qarCxaZe 2009: 500-501). moTxrobaSi

qarTveli eris mankieri Tvisebebi ucxo TvaliTaa Sefasebuli.

`rahaT-luxumi~ imiTacaa saintereso, romteqstSi am Sefasebebis

sapirispiro qmedebacaa warmoCenili. ali-mirzas naTqvami zustad ar cxaddeba,

vinaidan gurjebs Soris Tavganwiruli mRvdelic gamoCndeba. ali-mirzas

120

mosazreba gaabaTila mRvdeli Tevdores Tavdadebam, rac oman-faSasTvis didi

moulodneloba aRmoCnda: `aki ali-mirzam, im beberma qofakma, yvelanio?...~

(qarCxaZe 2009: 510). amiT naklis gverdiT qarTveli eris Rirsebacaa

warmoCenili da es kritikis simZafres keTilmosurne iers aniWebs. amis

miuxedavad, isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom moTxrobaSi erTaderTi Tevdore

mRvdelia, vinc ali-mirzas naTqvams absoluturad aqarwylebs. avtori aqcents

kvlav msxverplad Sewirul pirze akeTebs. aRniSnuli pasaJi, erTi mxriv,

agrZelebs qarTul istoriul prozaSi damkvidrebul viqtimizaciis ideals,

meore mxriv, Tevdore mRvdeli gmiria, e.i. gamonaklisi, xolo Cveulebriv

mokvdavTa Sefaseba bevriT ar gansxvavdeba ali-mirzas mZafri kritikisagan.

moTxrobas saintereso siuJeti kravs, rahaT-luxumis gamyidveli

suleimani ucxoel mTxrobels oman-faSas saocar Tavgadasavals uambobs,

romelic mRvdilis Tavdadebis gamo damarcxda. ucxoeli gaitaca ambavma,

magram SeeWvda: `aq pirvelad gamkra eWvma, egeb yvelaferi es mxolod da

mxolod savaWro xrikia, rahaT-luxumis gasasaReblad mogonili, da vin icis,

cbieri moxuci gulSi Cems miamitobaze icinis-meTqi~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 499). amiT

mTxrobeli mkiTxvels aeWvebs: namdvilad istoriul ambavTan hqonda saqme, Tu

gamonagonTan. moTxrobaSi sainteresod erwymis avTenturi istoriuli faqti

da fiqcia.

moTxrobebs `rahaT-luxumi~ da `antonio da daviTi~ msgavsi

publicisturi paTosi aqvT, Tumca gansxvavdebian Janruli specifikiT.

marTalia orive moTxroba istoriul prozas ganekuTvneba, Tumca maTSi

istorias Tanabari funqcia ar aqvs miniWebuli. `antonio da daviTSi~ istoria

mxolod fonia, romelic msgavsebas amJRavnebs garkveul istoriul

realiebTan. nawarmoebSi personaJTa Sinagani samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania.

`rahaT-luxumSi~ ki avTenturi istoriuli movlenaa asaxuli, masSi istoria

mxolod foni ar aris, mTavari mRvdlis Tavdadebaa, romelic aqarwylebs ali-

mirzas uaryofiT Sefasebebs. Tumca qarTuli istoriuli prozis

umravlesobisagan gansxvavebiT, avtori ar qmnis idealizebul saxes, piriqiT

mkiTxvels ali-mirzas sityvebisa da mRvdlis sqacielis gaanalizebisaken

ganawyobs.

121

Tavi IV

epoqis rekonstruqcia j. qarCxaZismoTxrobebSi

4.1. moTxroba `igi~

122

4.1.1. miTi da istoria

„igi“ j. qarCxaZis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia.

moTxroba pirvelad 1977 wels Jurnal „ciskarSi“ gamoqveynda. nawarmoebis

qvesaTaurSiaRniSnulia _ preistoriuli moTxroba. preistoria

winareistorias gulisxmobs, amdenad avtori mkiTxvels calsaxad mianiSnebs,

rom saqme miTosur epoqasTan eqneba;xolo moTxrobis Sinaarsi da tropebi am

ganwyobas aZlierebs. mTavari personaJi `igi~ metaforulad azrovnebs,

pirvelad aRmoaCens Semecnebis processa da xelovnebas.

miCneulia, rompresitoriul epoqaSi miTi `cocxali~ iyo, rac

gulisxmobs, imas, rom misi sjerodaT da is sazogadoebas qcevis wesebs

karnaxobda. azrovnebis garkveul safexurze kacobriobisaTvis miTi fiqciad

iqca. Tumca, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven miTiuri azrovnebis zogierTi

aspeqti Tanamedrove adamiansac SemorCa (eliade 2009: 7, 159). miTi yvela droSi

popularuli iyo. jer kidev hagiografiul literaturaSi mkvlevrebi

pouloben miTosur saxeebs. mogvianebiT ki saero literatura aqtiurad

mimarTavs mas: `amirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~, sulxan-saba orbelianis

Semoqmedeba, daviT guramiSvili, TergdaleulTa Taoba, vaJa, qarTveli

modernistebi. aseTive didi gavlena aqvs miTebsdasavlur literaturaSi.

samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia terminebi: remiTologizacia,

magiuri realizmi, literaturuli zRapari, fentezi da a.S. yoveli maTgani

miTTan siaxlovis Sedegad warmoiSva. msoflio literaturaSi

gansakuTrebulad popularulia miTosuri saxeebi, arqetipebi, motivebi da

Temebi. yoveli literaturuli mimdinareoba sakuTari esTetikidan da

koncefciidan gamomdinare gadaiazrebs maT.

moTxroba `igiSi~ gamoyenebuli ar aris romelime konkretuli

miTologiuri siuJeti, Tumca masSi gvxvdeba miTis niSnebi. m. eliade miTis

erT-erT niSnad axasiaTebs Semdegs: `miTi yovelTvis raRacis `SeqmnasTan~

aris mimarTebaSi; igi gviambobs, rogor mieca dasabami qveyanaze raRacas, an

rogor Camoyalibda esa Tu is qceva, instituti da muSaobis yaida; amitom

Seicaven miTebi yvela mniSvnelovani adamianuri aqtis paradigmebs~ (eliade

123

2009: 21). j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi gvxvdeba miTis aRniSnuli niSani: igi

pirveli eziareba SemecnebiT process, pirveli aRmoaCens xelovnebasa da

siyvaruls, romelic mxolod instinqtebze ar daiyvaneba.

moTxrobaSi `igi~ Semecnebisa da azrovnebis pirvel process

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. garda amisa, moTxroba `igiSi~ miTis

uamravi sxva niSanic gvxvdeba, rasac r. canava zedmiwevniT detalurad

ganixilavs Tavis statiaSi`miTis ena jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi

,,igi”.mkvlevris azriT,,,igi”: ,,preistoriuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis

rekonstruqciis erT-erTi warmatebuli cdaa” (canava 2009:288). mkvlevarma

statiaSi aRadgina moTxroba `igis~ miTosuri realoba, daaxasiaTa ritualebi:

samonadireo rituali (roca xelmocaruli beladi kvdeba; tabuireba _ avi

Tvalis gamo monadiris Sin datoveba), xatvis rituali, pirvelyofili

adamianis metaforuli azrovneba (bunebisa da adamianis qcevaTa gaigiveba,

abstraqtuli azrovnebis ararseboba). r. canavas statiidan kargad Cans, j.

qarCxaZis mier miTosuri samyaros detaluri codna da rac mTavaria: ,,Tamamad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmatebis sawindari swored miTis enis codnaa. am

codnas ver miiReb mxolod Sesabamisi samecniero literaturis gacnobiT. aq,

albaT, ufro mniSvnelovania mwerlis intucia, qvegamoxmoba da samyaros aRqma

misi TvalebiT” (canava 2009:288-293). moTxrobaSi swored am tipis stiluri

gardasaxvaa mniSvnelovani, radgan ,,igi” stiluri TvalsazrisiT sruliad

gansxvavebuli moTxrobaa j. qarCxaZis prozaSi. preistoriuli xanis adekvatur

gacocxlebaze kritikaSi sxvaganacaa aRniSnuli (z. kikviZe, T. vasaZe, m. niniZe).

marTalia, moTxroba `igiSi~ aSkaraa miTis niSnebi, mwerali aRniSnavda:

,,roca Cvens literaturaSi miTosiT gatacebis piki idga, im dros rom eSmaki

Semjdomoda da miTologiuri xmauri aetexa... albaT ar gavugonebdi da

cdunebas Tavidan gamovibertyavdi, swored im mizeziT rom modaSi iyo. es

aramarTebuli saqcielia da mkacri Semfaseblis TvalSi iqneb aramarTebulze

uaresic, magram subieqturi sinamdvile aseTia da, Tundac davmalo, mainc

aseTi iqneba” (qarCxaZe 2005: 102). amis miuxedavad, j. qarCxaZis `igi~ aSkarad

miTosuri struqturiT gamoirCeva.

r. canavas statiaSi amomwuravad aris Seswavlili moTxrobis miTosuri

Sre, amis gamo am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT. CvenTvis moTxrobaSi miTisa da

istoriis mimarTebaasaintereso. literaturul teqstSi aRwerili ar aris

romelime miTologiuri siuJeti da masSi mxolod miToritualebi,

124

miTopoeturi saxeebi da miTosuri qronotopia (sivrcis gamokveTiTa da drois

faqtoris SemcirebiT) warmodgenili, riTac r. canavas azriT, preistoriis

rekonstruqciaa miRweuli. preistorias uwodeben damwerlobamdel epoqas,

romlis Sesaxebac wyaroebi Zalze mcirea. miTebi, rogorc warsulis Sesaxeb

uZvelesi narativebi, istorikosebisaTvis am epoqis aRdgenisaTvis erT-erT

wyarod miiCneva. amis gamo preistoria da miTosi urTierTdakavSirebulad

aRiqmeba xolme (Gasden 2003:1). Tavis mxriv, miTebi Tanamedrove samyarosTvisac

aqtualuria. m. eliades azriT: `es niSnavs imas, rom miTosuri azrovnebis

zogierTi aspeqti da funqcia adamianuri arsebis Semadgeneli nawilia~

(eliade 2009: 158). amdenad miTi mxolod preistorias ar ukavSirdeba, xolo

kacobriobis istoria adamianis gaCenis dRidan iwyeba (miuxedavad imisa,

SemorCenilia Tu ara wyaroebi). j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi adamianebis uZvelesi

sazogadoebis (damwerlobamdeli, pirvelyofili tomis) istoriis

gasacocxleblad, swored miTosuri struqturaa gamoyenebuli. moTxrobaSi

samyaro uZvelesi adamianis TvaliTaa aRqmuli. amis gamo, pirobiTad, `igize~

SegviZlia visaubroT, rogorc istoriul moTxrobaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi

preistoriis rekonstruqciaze mainc.

nawarmoebis saxeldeba _ CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli `igi~ da qvesaTauri _

preistoriuli moTxroba mkiTxvelSi interess iwvevs. saTaurad am

SemTxvevaSic mTavari personaJis saxelia SerCeuli. Tumca CvenebiTi

nacvalsaxeli erTi SexedviT abnevs mkiTxvels, radgan nawarmoebis

wakiTxvamde gaugebaria saTauris Sinaarsi. moTxrobaSi Txroba mesame piriT

mimdinareobs, heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli pirvelyofili tomis wevria, misi

azrovneba miTosuria, Sesabamisad, mTxroblis enac miTopoeturia. mkiTxveli

igis, pirvelyofili sazogadoebis wevris TvaliT aRiqvams da Seimecnebs

samyaros, rac moTxrobis enobrivi stiliTa da naratiuli struqturiTaa

miRweuli. am SemTxvevaSic personaJis xedviT Txrobaaris sayuradRebo.

istoriul Tu Tanamedroveobaze SeqmnilnawarmoebebSi j. qarCxaZisaTvis

umTavresi personaJis Sinagani samyaro, misi monologebi, gansja-fiqrebia

mniSvnelovani. es momenti yvelaze metad ,,igiSia” gamJRavnebuli. nawarmoebis

enobrivi qsovili igis fiqrebisa da azrovnebis adekvaturia: ,,beladis

sityvebs cxeli xifaTis suni auvida, rogorc SiSvel mTas auva xolme, roca

Signidan cecxlis ena amoimarTeba da ca ferflis burusiT daifareba.

SeSfoTebam igis TaviT fexebamde dauara. aseTi ram jer arc erT belads ar

125

eTqva. igi mixvda, rom qveynad raRac axali gaCnda. oRond ise ki ara, cis

Zaxili cecxlad rom gaiklakneba da myisve gaqreba. ara. miwa rom gaibzareba

da naprali aRarasodes amoivseba, ise” (qarCxaZe 2009: 199).

siuJeti viTardeba igis garSemo. masSi igis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebac

Cans: ,,adre, ucxo sityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs asxmasa da dalagebas

Seudgeboda, gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad eRvreboda, Tvalebi

exuWeboda da Zili ereoda. Aaxla aseTi ram aRar emarTeba. axla ucnob

sityvebs iolad da swrafad alagebs. sityvebi gamwkvrivdebian da ise

miuyvebian maTTvis miCenil gzas, rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks

wyarosken.” (qarCxaZe 2009: 201).

igis transformacia iwyeba im momentidan, rodesac personaJi miwaze

adamianis nakvalevs amCnevs, romelic odesme mainc gaqreba. es beladis

nafexurebia. sinamdvileSi beladi arafriT arafriT gansxvavdeba

koleqtivisagan, miuxedavad imisa rom is marTavs. isic iseTive koleqtiuri

saxea, rogorc bevri sxva, romelic SemdgomSi mis adgils daikavebs. am

momentidan igi iwyebs samyaros Semecnebas, is xedavs sakuTar Tavs da iwyebs

msjelobas. distanciurad aRiqvams Tanatomelebs da maTgan gamoarCevs

belads. igi nel-nela wydeba miwas da izrdeba, rogorc individi. manamade Tu

misi interesebi mwiri iyo, droTa ganmavlobaSi farTovdeba. dakvirveba

sakuTar gansxvavebulobas aRmoaCeninebs: ,,beladi yvelaze metad iyo moxrili...

zogi-naklebad. magram yvelani moxrilebi iyvnen. Sublebi miwisTvis mieSviraT,

grZeli xelebi usicocxlod qanaobdnen... igis uceb saxeze almuris suni

auvida da mucelSi cxelma gemom dauara. igi iseTi ar iyo, rogoric iyvnen

sxvebi! gamarTuli idga Subli Soreuli mTis wverisTvis mieSvira” (qarCxaZe

2009: 204). fiqrebma da dakvirvebam SemoqmedebiT Ziebamde miiyvana: ,,uecrad

maxinji ni gaqra sxeulidan da myisve igis Tvalebma maxinji ni silaSi

dainaxes” (qarCxaZe 2009: 218). siyvarulma da Semoqmedebam mis axal aRmoCenas

daudo saTave: ,,igisagan swored is darCa, rac igiSi igi iyo”(qarCxaZe

2009:238).Mmisi azrovnebis ganviTareba teqstis enobriv qsovilSia gamokveTili.

moTxrobis sruliad originaluri stili, tropika, sintaqsuri wyoba da a. S,

swored igis cnobierisa da qvecnobieris Cvenebas emsaxureba.

personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobis dros (heterodiegeturi mTxroblis

SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT), rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, personaJis mentaluri

procesebis gadmosacemad produqtuli formaa Sinagani monologi. Tumca

126

moTxrobaSi `igi~ ar gvxvdeba Sinagani monologebi, rac, bunebrivia, radgan

Sinagani monologebi (Tavisi fsiqologiuri da inteleqtualuri gagebiT) igis

epoqis adamianis inteleqtualuri da SemecnebiTi ganviTarebisTvis ucxo

iqneboda, amis nacvlad moTxrobaSi warmodegenilia mTavari personaJis

msjeloba meore igisTan: ,,Tavidan igisac ase egona, magram axla, roca

mravali gakvirveba codnad eqca, mixvda, rom mudam araferi yofila,

yvelaferi odesRac gaCnda, da uxmod ikiTxa Tavis sxeulSi: ratom adis

damarcxebuli beladi didi daZinebis qarafze? imitom rom damarcxebuli

beladi mainc beladia, magram raki damrcxda, beladi aRaraa. xolo roca

beladia da Tan beladi aRaraa, raRac irRveva, risi darRvevac ar SeiZleba.

amitom adis...” (qarCxaZe 2009: 200).

moTxrobisaTvis mniSvnelovania personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba.

rogorc d. werediani aRniSnavs, igis personaJi j. qarCxaZis sxva nawarmoebebis

gmirebis msgavsad, Signidan Sendeba (werediani 2005: 101). `igiSi~ amas

preistoriuli adamianis azrovnebac erTvis, amis gamo igi yovelives sakuTar

sxeulTan akavSirebs: ,,igis sxeulSi gakvirveba SekrTa”, ,,igis sxeulSi ni

gaCnda”, ,,igim sxeulSi Tqva”.,,ni nel-nela qreboda sxeulSi da silaSi

Cndeboda”. ,,TiTqos gaiSala, gaizarda da mTeli sivrce amoavso. axla rac ki

iyo irgvliv, yvelaferi gaerTianda, erT arsad iqca yvelaferi... mere, roca

garemos mowyda da isev sakuTar sxeulSi moeqca, danarCeni sagnebic TavianT

sxeulSi dabrundnen” (qarCxaZe 2005: 220). igi acnobierebs, rom sxeuli

Caketili sivrcea da mis garda sxva ramec arsebobs: ,,igis SeeZlo, roca

moisurvebda, gaexsna es sxeuli da maSin qveyniereba weRandeliviT mxolod

igi iqneboda, erTiani da ganuyofeli igi, romelsac araferi eqneboda

sxeulad” (qarCxaZe 2009: 220).

mTavari personaJis Sinagani formirebis dros mTxrobeli sityvis

mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aq kargad Cans igis SemecnebiTi

aqtivobis Sedegebi. swored sityvebi ayalibeben igis Sinagan samyaros: ,,ucxo

sityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs asxmasa da dalagebas Seudgeboda,

gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad eRvreboda” (qarCxaZe 2009: 201). sityvis

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas jemal qarCxaZe publicistikaSic aRniSnavs:

,,albaT, arsad sityvas iseTi siyvaruliT ar eloliavebian, iseTi rudunebiT

ar Zerwaven, ise xarbad ar agroveben da ise uangarod ar xarjaven, rogorc

CvenSi. CvenSi yoveli kaci sityvis Semoqmedia. CvenSi sityva imdenad

127

komunikaciis iaraRi ar aris, ramdenadac sulis gamJRavnebisa. sityva CvenTvis

iseTi RmerTia, romelsac Tan mowiwebiT SevcicinebT da Tan Sinaurulad

beWebze xels vutyapunebT da qarTuli xasiaTis fesvebic, albaT, umTavresad

sityvasTan Cvens damokidebulebaSia saZiebeli (qarCxaZe 2009: 9).

igis Semecnebisaken swrafvas mTxrobeli sityvebTan urTierTobiT

gviCvenebs: ,,sityvebi gamwkrivdebian da ise miuyvebian maTTvis miCenil gzas,

rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks wyarosaken” (qarCxaZe 2009: 201).,,igis

ara aqvs sityvebi. sityvebi raRacaa da TavisTvisaa. xolo raRaca yvelganaa.

xeSi, zRvaSi, Soreul qedebSi, tyis mwvane sunSi, balaxis ReroSi. xandaxan

igis TavSi Semodis” (qarCxaZe 2009: 228). preistoriul realobaSi sityvam

gansakuTrebuli funqcia SeiZina: ,,rom ara sityva, azri Sida orbitas ver

gascdeboda, adamianTa jogi sazogadoebad ver gadaiqceoda” (qarCxaZe 2008:

36)_ aRniSnavda avtori bolo romanSi,,ganzomileba”.

igim nel-nela gaacnobiera sakuTari gansxvavebuloba. pirvel aRmoCenas

wuxili daupirispirda: ,,igim scada gamarTuliyo. tkivili dilandeliviT

Caafrinda zurgSi. igim daikvnesa da gaimarTa. cota xnis Semdeg kidev scada.

tkivili yviroda. igi ebrZoda tkivils, magram tkivili Zlieri iyo” (qarCxaZe

2009: 206). amis Semdeg igis arsebaSi ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebis momswre

vxdebiT. igi jer xelovans ipovis sakuTar TavSi, finalSi ki yvelaze

arsebiTs – sakuTar Tavs _ ,,is... rac igiSi igi iyo”.

,,igi” jemal qarCxaZis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTxrobaa, sadac

Tavisufal pirovnebad Camoyalibebis gza yvelaze cxadaa warmoCenili. igi

sabolood Tavisufal individad yalibdeba. moTxrobaSi mniSvnelovani ar

aris mxolod personalizmis ideebi, j. qarCxaZe sazogadoebazec msjelobs.

mwerali vaJa-fSavelas gzas agrZelebs. Tu vaJam sazogadoebis SigniT

arsebuli winaaRmdegoba gviCvena (gr. kiknaZe), jemal qarCxaZesTan ukve

sazogadoebis Sinagani, faruli impulsicaa warmoCenili _ es aris masad

qceuli, ganuyofeli jgufis pirovnebebad daSlis gaucnobierebeli wyurvili.

amas j. qarCxaZe publicistikaSic aRniSnavs da moTxrobis ZiriTadi

saTqmelicaa. moTxrobis aqtualuri problematika pirvelyofili adamianis

Sinagani xedviTaa gajerebuli, riTac xazi esmeba problemis maradiulobas.

nebismieri nawarmoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs finals,

sadac Tavs iyris kvanZis gaxsna, kaTarzisi, personaJis miaxloeba mizanTan, an

distancireba da a.S. aqve xdeba igis xasiaTis bolomde gaxsna: ,,igis sxeulSi

128

didi siswrafiT SemoiWra uricxvi tomi. yvela gamarTuli iyo, yvela –

mxrebSi gaSlili. cas uyurebdnen. sxivosani Tvalebi hqondaT.” (qarCxaZe 2009:

238). am SegrZmebamde igi siyvarulsa da SemoqmedebiT process mihyavs. es ori

momenti mniSvnelovani faqtoria pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi. swored

ni aiZulebs iyos is, rac sinamdvileSia, gamoamJRavnos Tavisi WeSmariti arsi.

,,am dros nim Tqva: igi iseTi sityvebi aqvs, rogoric sxvebs ara aqvT. beladma

isev moimarjva keti da daiZagra... igis nis silamazemac atkina raRac”

(qarCxaZe 2009: 227-235).

igi Tavdapirvelad sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCens Semecnebisa da

Tavisufalebisadmi swrafvas, Semdeg ki sxva adamianebSic ganaviTarebs am

impulss. jer nis gardaqmnis, Semdeg zu gamoCndeba, rogorc misi sulieri

memkvidre, finalSi ki brbos SigniTac xedavs maTi pirovnebad qcevis

potencials: ,,igi mixvda, rom yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze Soreul qedebze,

zRvaze da tyeze ufro, misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi SesTxovdnen

da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238). igim

isic aRmoaCina, rom miuxedavad beladisa da sazogadoebis uaryofiTi

damokidebulebisa, TiToeul maTganSic aris Tavisuflebis marcvali, romelic

saguldagulodaa damaluli. isinic atareben igis msgavs gamarTul, laR

suls sakuTar TavSi, romelic aseve Caketilia sxeulis sivrceSi da garRvevas

moelis. avtori amasTan dakavSirebiT publicistikaSi aRniSnavs: ,,TviTon

masac... pirovnebad daSlas iTxovs, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze meti

gaafTrebiT swored amis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis” (qarCxaZe 2009:1).

moTxrobis finali swored am ideis mxatvruli gansxeulebaa: igis masad

qceul adamianebSic SeuZlia dainaxos maTi yvelaze dafaruli,

individualuri saxe. mTxrobeli gviCvenebs, rom erTi adamiani mainc rCeba zus

saxiT, romelic ukve gamarTulia da igis ideis memkvidrea. es yvelaze

mniSvnelovani momentia, radgan mwerlis realobaSi am mxriv mZime situaciaa:

,,Cven is xalxi varT, visac sakuTari WkuiT gadawyvetileba ver gamoaqvs da

mxolod SekveTebs asrulebs. Cven is xalxi varT – axla es naTelia _ visac

komunizmis avTvisebiani simsivne aqvs da monobis bangiTaa gabruebuli... dRes

eri ara varT, sazogadoeba ara varT, damoukidebeli pirovnebebi ara varT”

(qarCxaZe 2009: 142).

mTxrobelma igis pirovnul zrdas socialuri datvirTva mianiWa,

vinaidan igis zrdam nis da zus Sinagani zrdac ganapiroba, riTac,

129

faqtobrivad, Tavisufali individebis sazogadoebas eyreba safuZveli. j.

qarCxaZisaTvis aRniSnul faqtors gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan

publicistikaSi aRniSnavs: ,,Tu problemas socialuri kuTxiT SevxedevT

SemTxveviTobaTa jaWvs adamiani maSin daaRwevs Tavs, roca igi sazogadoebaSia

da sazogadoebis wevria. CvenSi dResdReobiT yoveli kaci TavisTvisaa.

TavisTavad isini _ maTi didi umravlesoba _ wesieri da patiosani xalxia,

magram ufro xSirad pirovnulad arian patiosani, sazogadoebrivad – ara,

pirovnuli morali aqvT, sazogadoebrivi _ ara. es ki umTavresi mizezia imisa,

rom dResdReobiT araTu SemTxveviTobaTa jaWvisTvis ver dagviRwevia Tavi,

aramed Cven TviTonve vqmniT am jaWvs da Cvensav borkilebad viyenebT (qarCxaZe

2005: 161).

moTxroba `igis~ naratiuli struqtura mTavari personaJis garSemoa

agebuli. preistoriis rekonstruqcia moTxrobaSi dasmuli problematikis

gamokveTas emsaxureba: pirvelyofili sazogadoebis wevri pirvelad

acnobierebs Semecnebisaken swrafvas, rac misi Tavisufal individad

CamoyalibebiT sruldeba. moTxrobaSi xazgasmulia pirovnebad yofnis

aucileblobas da sazogadoebis (romelic masad iyo qceuli) pirovnul

sawyisebze arsebobis saWiroeba.

Q4.1.2. platonis gamoqvabulis alegoria

(interteqsti da problematika)

`igi~ gamoqvabulSi mcxovreb pirvelyofil adamianebze gviambobs.

literaturuliteqstis mTavari azri ganmanaTlebluria: igi, mTavari

personaJi, pirveli adamiania, romelmac sakuTar TavSi Semecnebisaken swrafva

130

aRmoaCina. igi gansxvavebulad azrovnebda, amis gamo Tanatomelebis risxva

daimsaxura da sikvdiliT daisaja. moTxrobis finali gviCvenebs, rom igis

pirovnulma zrdam sxvebzec moaxdina dadebiTi gavlena.

nawarmoebis Sinaarsi mogvagonebs platonis „saxelmwifoSi“ gadmocemul

gamoqvabulis alegorias. qarTul literaturul kritikaSi j. qarCxaZis `igis~

Sesaxeb saintereso statiebi arsebobs. Seswavlilia moTxrobis miTologiuri

Sre, enobrivi stili, problematika, Tumca platonis `saxelmwifosTan~

mimarTebis sakiTxi jer ar dasmula (yovel SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis xelmisawvdom

wyaroebSi).

moTxroba „igis“ platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriasTan kavSiri

Sinaarsobrivi msgavsebis garda, filosofiisadmi j. qarCxaZis

gansakuTrebulma damokidebulebamac gvafiqrebina. misi azriT, mwerali kargad

unda icnobdes filosofiur literaturas: „mxatvruli literaturis garda

mwerlisaTvis saWiroa filosofiisa da religiis codna“ (qarCxaZe 2005:22).

garda amisa, aseve sainteresoa xelovnebis miseuli ganmarteba: „adamianis

sulieri aqtivoba mZlavri vulkanuri rxevaa, romelsac erTi bolo ukidures

misticizmSi aqvs gadgmuli, meore - ukidures racionalizmSi, anu, am rxevis

erTi mxare religiad iSleba, meore - filosofiad, xolo SuaSi, iq, sadac

religia da filosofia erTmaneTSi gadadis, aris xelovneba“ (qarCxaZe 2005: 7).

j. qarCxaZisaTvis filosofosebidan yvelaze gamorCeuli adgili

platons ukavia: „filosofiidan CemTvis mudmivi Tanamgzavri da xSiri

monatrebis sagani platonia“ (qarCxaZe 2005: 22). amave dros mwerlis sxva

nawarmoebSi (,,ganzomilebaSi”) platonis, ekhartisa da kantis filosolofiaTa

Taviseburi sinTezis Sesaxebac saubroben (beriaSvili: 1). aqedan gamomdinare,

j. qarCxaZis prozaSi platonis filosofiis gavlenisa Tu recefciis Zieba

moulodneli da alogikuri ar unda mogveCvenos.

gamoqvabulis alegoria platonis „saxelmwifos“ (daaxloebiT 380 w. Zv.

w.) meSvide TavSia gadmocemuli. „saxelmwifo“ platonis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani dialogia, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflio

azrovnebis istoriaSi. masSi Tavmoyrilia filosofosis sxvadasxva dros

Camoyalibebuli filosofiuri koncefciebi, romelSic ganxilulia: ideaTa

Teoria, samarTlianoba, moqalaqeTa aRzrdis principebi, saxelmwifos saxeebi

(monarqia, aristokratia, tirania, demokratia, oligarqia) (Rosen 2005:1-3). xolo

131

dialogis monawileebi arian: sokrate da glavkoni, polimarqe, kefale,

adimante.

platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriisa da j. qarCxaZis `igis~ mimarTebis

gamokveTisaTvis saWirod mimaCnia gamoqvabulis alegoriis Sinaarsis

gadmocema. ,,saxelmwifos” meSvide Tavi Semdegnairad iwyeba: „ai, ras SegiZlia

Seadaro Cveni buneba ganaTlebisa Tu gaunaTleblobis mxriv: warmoidgine

adamianebi, romlebic TiTqos mRvimis msgavs miwisqveSa dilegSi arian

gamomwyvdeulni“ (platoni 2003: 241). dilegSi sinaTle Wrilidan aRwevs,

gamoqvabulSi ki xelfexSekruli patimrebi sxedan, romelTac ganZreva ar

SeuZliaT da verc sinaTles xedaven. sinaTles ki mogizgize cecxli asxivebs.

cecxlsa da patimrebs Soris dabali kedelia, romlis miRmac mgzavrebi

moZraoben, romelTac xelSi xisgan gamoTlili sagnebi uWiravT da maRla

sweven ise, rom gamoqvabulSi aCrdilebad aRiqvamen. patimrebs mobruneba ar

SeuZliaT, ris gamo ver xedaven namdvil viTarebas da iluziebis tyveobaSi

imyofebian (platoni 2003:241).

sokrate svams kiTxvas, sainteresoa ra moxdeboda romelime

patimrisaTvis borkilebi rom moexsnaT da sinaTlis mxares gaexeda.

bunebrivia, Tavidan sinaTle Tvals mosWrida da veRarafers gaarCevda, Semdeg

roca auxsnidnen WeSmarit viTarebas, patimari daibneoda da ver daijerebda

moulodnel sinamdviles. amis gamo ukan dabrundebas moisurvebda, ris

saSualebasac ar miscemdnen. sinaTles rom kargad SeaCvevda Tvals, ukve

SeZlebda realobis danaxvas. amis Semdeg sakuTari Zveli yofisa da

megobrebis gaxsenebisas, guli sibraluliT aevseboda: `mereda, Tavisi

uwindeli samyoflis, iqauri sibrZnisa da Tavisi megobari patimrebis

gaxsenebisas gana netarebad ar miiCnevs Tavis axlandel yofas da sibraluli

ar aReZvris dilegSi myofTa mimarT?~ (platoni 2003: 243).

cxadia, aRar isurvebda uwindel cxovrebas da ukan, gamoqvabulSi

dabrunebuls TvalSi moxvdeboda sibnele. misi mTavari mizani megobrebis

gadarwmuneba iqneboda, ris gamoc Tavs ver daaRwevda maTTan kamaTs

sinaTlisa da sibnelis Sesaxeb. mas ki aravin daujerebda da sasacilodac

aigdebdnen. ufro metic, Tu vinme Seecdeboda patimrebis tyveobidan daxsnas,

umalve moklavdnen, radgan maTTvis Zneli iqneboda WeSmaritebis gageba, manam

sanam Tavadac sinaTlisaken ar Semobrundebodnen: `xolo Tu mRvimeSi

samudamod gamomwyvdeul patimrebTan kvlav mouwevda paeqroba ama Tu im

132

landisa da misi mniSvnelobis gamo, vidre Tvals SeaCvevda sibneles, rasac,

albaT, sakmao dro dasWirdeboda, Seni azriT, gana masxrad ar aigdebdnen am

sityvebiT: ras miexeteboda im simaRleze, sul tyuila dakarga Tvalis Cinio?

ase rom, Tu vinme Seecdeboda tyveobidan daexsna da maRla aeyvana isini, gana

imwamsve suls ar gaafrTxobidnen, xelSi rom CavardnodaT?~ (platoni 2003:

241-245).

„saxelmwifos“ imave TavSi axsnilia alegoriis arsi: es aris adamianuri

yofis suraTi; gamoqvabuli xiluli samyaroa, sinaTle ki - mzis sxivi. maRla

asvla da sagnebis xilva aris: „sulis aRmasvla goniT sawvdomi samyaros

mimarT... goniT sawvdomi samyaros zRvari sikeTis ideaa, romelsac Znelad Tu

gaarCevs gonebis Tvali, magram sakmarisia bundovnad mainc aRviqvaT, rom

aqedan uSualod gamogvaqvs daskvna: swored sikeTis ideaa yovelive

WeSmaritisa da mSvenieris mizezi... romlisganac dasabams iRebs WeSmariteba da

goniereba“ (platoni 2003: 244). vinc am simaRles miaRwevs, mas ukve aRar

SeuZlia ubadruk yofas miubrundes da gamudmebiT simaRlisaken iswrafvis.

amis Semdeg sokrate saubrobs ganaTlebis Sesaxeb: „ganaTleba sulac ar

aris is, rac zog-zogierTs hgonia, visi mtkicebiTac gaunaTlebel suls

TiTqos ise unda CavunergoT ganaTleba, rogorc usinaTlo Tvals - xedvis

unari“ (platoni 2003:245-246). sokrates TqmiT, `yvela sulsa aqvs amis unari da

saTanado iaraRic moeZebneba~ (platoni 2003: 246), magram Tvali ver dainaxavs

sinaTles, sanam adamiani mTeli sxeuliT ar Semobrundeba. ganaTleba sulis

unaria, amitomac sokrate ase ganmartavs ganaTlebis arss: „swored aq

vlindeba moqcevis xelovneba... ra gziT SeiZleba ufro advilad da qmediTad

movaqcioT kaci?... is arasworadaa mimarTuli da iqiT rodi iyureba, saiTac

jer ars. swored aq gvmarTebs Zalisxmeva, rom misi mzera sworad mivmarToT“

(platoni 2003: 246). codnis unari, sokrates TqmiT, xan sasargebloa, xan

usargeblo, xanac borotebis momtani. mniSvnelovania riskenaa es unari

mimarTuli, sikeTisaken Tu borotebisaken.

platonic `saxelmwifos~ mixedviT, idealur saxelmwifoSi

filosofosebs gansakuTrebuli misia akisriaT: daeSvan wyvdiadSi da sxvebze

izrunon (platoni 2003:246). wyvdiadisagan namdvili sagnebis garCevis unars ki

sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi gawafva gviviTarebs. sokrates azriT, idealur

saxelmwifoSi aucilebelia yvela moqalaqe flobdes am unars: „swavlaSi

gamWriaxni unda iyvnen, Cemo keTilo, da advilad euflebodnen codnas.

133

radganac sulebs gacilebiT ufro akrTobs mecnierebaTa sirTule, vidre

gimnastikuri varjiSebisa. vinaidan tanjva-wameba, rasac codnis SeZena

moiTxovs, miT ufro mtkivneulia sulisaTvis, rom sxeuli ar iziarebs mas“

(platoni 2003: 267).

gamoqvabulis alegoria „saxelmwifos“ mniSvnelovani Tavia da

filosofiis istoriasa da msoflio literaturaSi erT-erTi cnobili Tema,

romelic platonis ideaTa Teoriis konteqstSi ganixileba da misi

filosofiis organuli nawilia (Rosen 2005:3). platonis`saxelmwifos~ motivebi

filosofiuri teqstebis garda, mraval mxatvrul nawarmoebSia gamoyenebuli.

maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~, jon miltonis

`dakarguli samoTxe~, f. baumis `ozis jadoqari~, t. uiliamsi `survilis

tramvai~, j. r. r. tolkinis `hobiti~, aseve filmebi: `matrica~, `hari poteri~

(Haymond 2005: 10-30).

gamoqvabulis alegoriis moxmobis Semdeg, mniSvnelovania j. qarCxaZis

moTxrobis detaluri gaazreba, radgan am teqstebs Soris msgavsebis garda

aSkarad ikveTeba bevri sxvaobac.

j. qarCxaZis moTxrobis mTavari personaJi igi, pirvelyofil tomTan

erTad, gamoqvabulSi cxovrobs. Tanatomelebis msgavsad, misi yofac

Cveulebria: ikvebeba, sanadirod dadis, welSi moxrilia da miwas misCerebia.

Tumca igi sxvebisagan mainc gansxvavdeba: mas uamravi kiTxva awuxebs, bevrs

fiqrobs da xSirad martoa. Tavdapirvelad igi beladis mier datovebulma

fexis kvalma daafiqra. Zveli beladis sikvdilis Semdeg darCa kvali, igim ki

aRmoaCina, rom adamiani garda fizikuri sxeulisa, kidev sxva ramisaganac

Sedgeba. am momentidan is Semecnebis process iwyebs da Seudgeba gonis

ganviTarebis gzas.

igis dasawyisSi sakuTari azrebi abnevda, mogvinebiT ki fiqrebis

dalagebac iswavla: „adre, ucxo sityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs

asxmasa da dalagebas Seudgeboda, gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad

eRvreboda, Tvalebi exuWeboda da Zili ereoda. axla aseTi ram aRar emarTeba.

axla ucnob sityvebs iolad alagebs. sityvebi gamwkrivdebian da ise miuyvebian

maTTvis miCenil gzas, rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks wyarosaken.

esec imis bralia, albaT, welSi rom gaimarTa“ (qarCxaZe 2009:201). nel-nela

xelovnebisadmi swrafvac gamoavlina, rac misi piradi aRmoCena iyo. igim xatva

134

iswavla, ni Seuyvarda, masSi mSveniereba dainaxa da mxolod instinqts ar

ahyolia. igi TandaTan Camoyalibda moazrovne arsebad.

igis gansxvavebuloba toms SeumCneveli ar darCa, pirvel rigSi

TvalsaCino gaxda misi welgamarTuloba (metaforuli miniSneba: igis

garegnuli saxe da misi Sinagani buneba harmoniulia da yvelaferi mis

individualobaze metyvelebs). igis mimarT agresia gaizarda, beladma mas

sanadirod wasvla aukrZala. Semdgom ki didi daZinebis qarafisaTvis (anu

sikvdilisaTvis) gaimeta. sikvdilis win igim gaacnobiera: „da igi mixvda, rom

yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze, Soreul qedebze, zRvaze da tyeze ufro, misi

welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi SesTxovdnen da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos

igi! dawinaurdes igi! igis sxeulSi didi siswrafiT SemoiWra uricxvi tomi.

yvela gamarTuli iyo, yvela - mxrebSi gaSlili“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238). mTeli

moTxroba mTavari personaJis Sinagani mdgomareobis gadmocemasa da misi

TvaliT danaxuli samyaros Cvenebas emsaxureba.

aRniSnul epizodSi gasaTvaliswinebelia moTxroba „igisa“ da

gamoqvabulis alegoriis Sinaarsobrivi msgavsebebi da sxvaobebi: platonis

gamoqvabulis alegoriis personaJi (cxadia, aq personaJi pirobiTad SegviZlia

vaxsenoT, radgan platonis alegoria mxatvruli nawarmoebi araa) gonebrivad

dawinaurebuli adamiania, man sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi WeSmariteba gauziara

megobrebs, magram ar daujeres da sasikvdilod gawires. igi gonebrivad

sxvebze adre mwifdeba, sxvagvarad metyvelebs da azrovnebs, sakuTar

aRmoCenebs Tanatomelebs uziarebs, amitomac arasasurveli adamiani xdeba,

bolos ki sasikvdilod imeteben. Sinaarsobrivi qarga j. qarCxaZis `igiSi~

meordeba, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: platonis gamoqvabulis

alegoria filosofosis ideaTa Teoriis gamomxatvelia. gamoqvabulis landebi

WeSmariti ideebis landebia, xolo gamoqvabuli amqveyniuri samyaros

alegoria, sinaTle da mzis naTeli - sikeTis, romelic yovelives mizezia

(qarCxaZe 2009:244-247).

rogorc vxedavT, es alegoria filosofosma sakuTari koncefciis

ilustrirebisaTvis moixmo. j. qarCxaZis teqsti ki moTxrobaa, dasrulebuli

mxatvruli Janri Tavisi personaJebiT, enobrivi stiliTa da naratiuli

struqturiT. „igiSi“ mTavari Tema Secvlilia: igispirovneba beladisa da

Caketili sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebelia. am azriT, mwerali liberaluri

ideologiis damamkvidrebelia. garda amisa, moTxrobaSi Sinaarsis

135

gansxvavebuli elementebia win wamoweuli da sxva Temebicaa gamokveTili.

amitomac moTxroba „igis“ ver CavTvliT platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis

mxatvrul transformaciad an ubralod misi gavleniT Seqmnil teqstad.

vfiqrobT, es mimarTeba, garkveulwilad, interteqstualur xasiaTs unda

atarebdes.

am or teqsts Soris interteqstualuri mimarTebis gamokveTamde,

saWirod migvaCnia ganvmartoT termini interteqstualoba. termin

,,interteqstualobas” Teoretikosebi calsaxad ukavSireben i. kristevas

saxels, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, m. baxtinis dialogurobis koncefciis gavlena

ganicada. amis safuZvelze Camoyalibda interteqstualobis ganmarteba,

romlis Tanaxmadac yvela teqsti iqmneba citatebisagan, interteqstualoba

teqstebs Soris dialogs gulisxmobs; samyaro uzarmazari teqstia. amgvari

abstraqtuli koncefciis garda, arsebobs interteqstualobis ufro

konkretuli ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmadac teqstebs Soris arsebobs

motivirebuli, winaswargansazRvruli mimarTeba (cagareli 2008:74).

interteqstualobis konkretuli gageba gulisxmobs axal teqstSi

winareteqstis arsebobas. imis mixedviT Tu ramdenad advilia axal teqstSi

winareteqstis aRdgena, miT ufro gamokveTilia maT Soris interteqstualuri

mimarTeba. amasTan interteqstualoba axal da winareteqstebs Soris

nebismieri saxis kavSirs (plagiati, gavlena da a.S.) ar moicavs. aqedan

gamomdinare, axal da winareteqstebs Soris interteqstualuri mimarTeba

SemTxveviTobas gamoricxavs da mxolod avtoris mizanmimarTuli Canafiqris

nawilia. interteqstualobis mTavari maxasiaTebelia is, rom mas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba teqstis Setyobinebis gaSifvris dros

(cagareli 2008:76).

samecniero literaturaSi gamoyofen ori saxis interteqstualur

signalebs: eqsplicituri da implicituri. eqsplicitur signalebSi Sedis:

winareteqstis citireba, citirebisas gansxvavebuli Srifti, sakuTari

saxelebi, winareteqstze raime saxis miTiTeba, epigrafi, sqolio, saTauri,

qvesaTauri, winaTqma, bolosityva. implicituri signalebia: winareteqstis

personaJebis, motivebisa da stilistikuri xerxebis ganmeoreba, aluziebi.

eqsplicituri interteqstualobis dros icvleba axali teqsti, gansakuTrebiT

citirebis dros; xolo implicituri interteqstualobis dros cvlilebas

ganicdis winareteqsti, radgan axal teqstSi misi gansxvavebuli gadaazreba

136

xdeba da axali teqstis SemadgenlobaSi saxecvlili Sedis. orive SemTxvevaSi

winareteqsti axali teqstis interpretirebaSi gvexmareba (cagareli 2008:78-79).

j. qarCxaZis moTxroba „igiSi“ ar gvxdeba interteqstualobis

eqsplicituri signalebi, maT Soris citireba platonis „saxelmwifodan“,

sakuTari saxelebi. Tumca maT Soris Sinaarsobrivi Tu konceptualuri

mimarTeba mainc aSkaraa, amitomac sainteresoa implicituri signalebi.

platonis „saxelmwifoSive“ mocemuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare,

komentatorebi alegorias ganmanaTlebluri filosofiis poziciidan xsnian.

misi mTavari azri (ganaTlebis Sesaxeb) Semdegia: yovel ganaTlebul

pirovnebas garkveuli movaleoba da pasuxismgebloba eniWeba sxvebis winaSe;

ganaTleba ar gulisxmobs informaciis moTavsebas cariel gonebaSi, aramed

gonebisa da gagebis unaris ganviTarebas, rasac yoveli adamiani flobs. am

TvalsazrisiT platoni racionalizmis fuZemdebelia (Cooney1993: 22-30).

gamoqvabulis alegoriis platoniseuli ganmartebiT, gamoqvabulidan gasvla

da sinaTlis xilva niSnavs goniT amaRlebas, Semecnebis process (platoni

2003: 246).

moTxroba „igiSi“ gamoqvabulidan gasvlis motivi simbolurad igis

welgamarTulobis metaforiT meordeba. igi iwyebs azrovnebas da misi Homo

Sapiens-ad qceva am metaforiTac Cans. tomis danarCeni wevrebi pirutyvis

msgavsad miwamde moxrilebi dadian, maTi gonebrivi ganviTareba am fizikuri

mdgomareobis adekvaturia. igis sxvebisagan swored SemecnebiTi procesis

gaaqtiureba ganasxvavebs. misi Camoyalibeba gansxvavebuli sityvebiTac Cans:

„igis iseTi sityvebi aqvs, rogoric sxvebs ara aqvT“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 227). igi ase

imarTlebs Tavs sakuTari tomisa da beladis winaSe: „igis ara aqvs sityvebi.

sityvebi aravis ara aqvs. sityvebi raRacaa da TavisTvisaa. xolo raRaca

yvelaganaa. xeSi, zRvaSi, Soreul qedebSi... xandaxan igis TavSi Semodis, iq

sityvebad iqceva da piridan gamodis. gana sxvebs ar damarTniaT aseTi ram?

gana belads ar damarTnia aseTi ram? - ara. belads ar damarTnia! - didi xmiT

Tqva beladma“ (qarCxaZe 2009:228). igis sityvebma beladSi brazi gamoiwvia da

Sedegmac ar daayovna: „roca ca dRis Tvals gaaxels da qveynierebas sibneles

gadaaclis, igi ava maRal qarafze da didi daZinebis xaxaSi CaeSveba“ (qarCxaZe

2009: 232). aseTia beladis ganaCeni, sadac Cans platonis gamoqvabulis

alegoriis personaJTan msgavseba. igi xedavs WeSmaritebas, magram sxvebs misi

ar swamT da klaven.

137

garda amisa, es epizodi individis Tavisuflebis konteqstSic SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, riTac am motivs damatebiTi azri eniWeba: igi Tavisufali

individia, mas zRudaven da gansxvavebul adamianad yofnis uflebas arTmeven.

igis pirvelyofili tomi Caketili, qsenofobiuri da aratolerantuli

sazogadoebis minimodelia. moTxroba alegoriaa im sazogadoebis, romlis

wevric Tavad mweralia. amdenad platonis alegoriis motivebi „igiSi“

Taviseburadaa gadaazrebuli.

platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis moxmoba damatebiT azrs sZens

moTxrobis finals. marTalia, igis klaven, magram mas Tanatomelebis mimarT

TanagrZnobis gancda uCndeba. igis SeuZlia maT TvalebSi dainaxos is, rasac

jer Tavadac ver acnobiereben: „misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi

SesTxovdnen da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!“ (qarCxaZe 2009:

238). es motivic, kerZod, filosofosis valdebuleba sakuTari

Tanamoqalaqeebis mimarT mogvagonebs platonis „saxelmwifos“.

igis sikvdiliswina xilva sainteresoa metaforuli TvalsazrisiTac:

„igis sxeulSi didi siswrafiT SemoiWra uricxvi tomi. yvela gamarTuli iyo,

yvela - mxrebSi gaSlili. cas uyurebdnen. sxivosani Tvalebi hqondaT. mxrebze

raRac TeTri wamoesxaT da es TeTri mosasxamebi dRis Tvalis Suqze dRis

TvalebiviT laplapebdnen. da sakvirveli tomi ise SemoiWra igis sxeulSi,

rom iq yvelaferi gaanaTa. igi zusac uyurebda, sxivosan tomsac da Tavis

ganaTebul sxeulsac. mere ukan gadadga nabiji. saxeze siTbos suni asdioda.

kidev gadadga ukan nabiji da, fexze rom miwa veRar igrZno, uxmad Tqva Tavis

sxeulSi: igisgan swored is darCa, rac igiSi igi iyo“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238).

mwerali platonis alegoriasTan garkveul asociaciur Zafebs abams.

bneli gamoqvabuli, xom, platonis Tanaxmad, adamianuri yofis

alegoriaa, xolo TvalismomWreli sinaTle mzis sxivia. gamoqvabulidan

maRla asvla da sinaTlis xilva utoldeba gonebis amaRlebas, SemecnebiT

process.gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gamoqvabuli

sxvadasxva kulturasa da miTologiaSi sibnelisa da bneli instinqtebis

adgilia. platonis `saxelmwifoSic~ swored es datvirTva aqvs gamoqvabuls.

j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSic da platonis gamoqvabulSic gamoqvabulidan

gamosvla simbolurad gonebriv da sulier amaRlebas gulisxmobs.

„saxelmwifos“ am monakveTSi mzis ideaa ganmartebuli, amitomac isev

movixmobT am citatas: „goniT sawvdomi samyaros zRvari sikeTis ideaa,

138

romelsac Znelad Tu gaarCevs gonebis Tvali, magram sakmarisia bundovnad

mainc aRviqvaT, rom aqedan uSualod gamogvaqvs daskvna: swored sikeTis ideaa

yovelive WeSmaritisa da mSvenieris mizezi... romlisganac dasabams iRebs

WeSmariteba da goniereba“ (platoni 2003: 244).

aqedan Cans, rom platonisaTvis sikeTis idea umTavresia, xolo

mSveniereba da WeSmariteba misgan iRebs saTaves. sokrate dialogSi iqve

aRniSnavs: „rac Seexeba codnis unars, es, etyoba, raRac ufro RvTaebrivia,

rakiRa arasodes ar kargavs Tavis Zalas da imis mixedviT, Tu riskenaa

mimarTuli, xan sasargebloa da sasikeTo, xanac usargeblo da ukeTuri“

(platoni 2003: 246). „saxelmwifos“ am TavSi dasmulia platonis idea „sikeTis

ideis rogorc yovelives gamformeblis da saboloo miznis“ (Sesavali... 2010:

7) Sesaxeb. amitomac, ,,codnis unari” sinaTlisaken - sikeTis ideisaken unda

iyos mimarTuli, raTa sasargeblo iyos. filosofosis funqcia ki

„saxelmwifos“ Tanaxmad, sxvebze zrunvaa (platoni 2003: 248).

moTxroba „igis“ finalSi gadmocemuli xilva _ ganaTebuli,

gasxivosnebuli Tanatomelebisa _ platonis `saxelmwifos~ alegoriis aluzia

unda iyos. igi gaborotebuli Tanatomelebis arsSi Rrmad ixedeba, amCnevs maT

dafarul potencials, SeuZlia da surs isinic swori mimarTulebiT

warmarTos. amis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa igis TvalSi maTi gasxivosneba,

sinaTlesTan miaxloeba. amiT igi TanatomelebSi msgavsebas xedavs. igi

pirveli iyo, vinc WeSmariteba ixila, magram maTac aqvT Sinaganad amis unari.

platonis „saxelmwifos“ mixedviT: „yvela suls aqvs amis (ganaTlebis)

unari da saTanado iaraRic moeZebneba“ (platoni 2003:245-246). igis xilva

swored am ideas imeorebs: Tanatomelebi igis mouwodeben gaimarTos,

dawinaurdes da Tavadac gasxivosnebuli Tvalebi aqvT, igis sxeulic

ganaTebulia. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli poziciebisa, igi da

misi tomelebi hgvanan erTmaneTs. es ki iZleva imis imeds, rom isinic

gamoavlenen sakuTar TavSi am dafarul niWs da igis msgavsad ganaviTareben.

moTxrobis imediani ganwyoba zus gamoCeniTa da igis xilviT marTldeba.

vfiqrobT, am pasaJSi avtorma gamoqvabulis alegoriis aluzia gamoiyena,

masSi impliciturad Cado interteqstualuri Zafebi da amdenad moTxrobis

sazrisSi garkveuli azri Seitana. interteqstualuri mimarTebis

gaTvaliswineba gvexmareba teqstis Setyobinebis axsnaSi, rac, Tavis

mxriv,interteqstualobis mTavari komunikaciuri aspeqtia.

139

j. qarCxaZis ,,igi“ imeorebs platonis gamoqvabulis garkveul motivebsa

da pasaJebs: gamoqvabulidan gamosvla simbolurad, anu gonebrivi amaRleba,

WeSmaritebis xilva, filosofosis martooba, TamoZmeTa mimarT sibraluli da

filosofosis moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba, Tanatomelebis mxridan zurgis

Seqceva da filosofosis ugulebelyofa, TanatomelTa SurisZieba,

SurismaZieblTa da msxverplis Sinagani msgavseba, sinaTle. es saerTo

filosofiuri paradigma gvexmareba j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebis interpretirebaSi.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia literaturuli teqstis finali, sadac

metaforuli aluzia isea daSifruli, rom gamoqvabulis alegoriasTan

interteqstualuri mimarTebaa xazgasmuli, rac imis Tqmis saSualebas iZleva,

rom `igi~, ra Tqma unda, damoukidebeli nawarmoebia.

komentatorebi platonis `saxelmwifos~ mixedviT Seqmnil idealur

saxelmwifos ar miiCneven Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos analogad,

romelSic individTa demokratiuli uflebebi iqneboda daculi. Tumca

`saxelmwifoSi~ gamoTqmulia garkveuli mosazrebebi, romelTac Taviseburi

gavlena moaxdines ganmanaTleblur da liberalur filosofiaze. kerZod,

adamianis bednierebis wyarod misi racionaluri SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri

ganviTarebaa dasaxelebuli, rac kargad Cans gamoqvabulis alegoriaSi, sadac

WeSmaritebis xilva, anu Semecneba umaRless idealadaa gamocxadebuli (Caplan).

moTxroba `igi~ am azriT ganmanaTlebluri da liberaluri idealebis

damakvidrebelia. platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis garda, aseve sainteresoa

misi ganmanaTlebluri filosofiis konteqstSi ganxilva. am pasaJisaTvisac

sainteresoai. kantis statia `pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?~.

statiaSi mokled da sainteresodaa gadmocemuli ganmanaTlebluri

filosofiis arsi, romelic, Cveni azriT, axlos aris moTxroba `igis~

sazrisTan. kantis azriT: `ganmanaTlebloba _ esaa adamianis gamosvla

umwifrobidan, romelic missive bralia. umwifroba uunarobaa, sakuTari

gansja sxvisi xelmZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro. umwifroba sakuTari Tavis

bralia maSin, roca misi mizezi gansjis naklulobaSi ki ara,

gadawyvetilebisa da simamacis arqonaSi Zevs. Sapere Aude! gabede sakuTari

gansjis gamoyeneba! _ esaa ganmanaTleblobis lozungi~ (kanti 2011). kantis

azriT, ganmanaTlebloba gulisxmobs damoukidebel azrovnebasa da individis

Camoyalibebas da amave dros gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis simamaces.

igis Semecnebisadmi swrafva jer kidev Zveli beladis kvalis aRmoCenidan

140

daiwyo, mogvianebiT sityvebis dalageba iswavla da azrovneba. gamovida

umwifrobidan, Tumca maleve aRmoaCina sakuTari martooba da

Tanatomelebisagan gansxvavebuloba.

igis moazrovne arsebad qceva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, avtorma misi

welgamarTulobis metaforiT gamoxata: `igi SeCerda, win mimaval TanamoZmeebs

daakvirda. yvelani mSvenivrad iyvnen moxrilebi. `igic maT unda daemsgavsos,

raki maTi TanamoZmea~, _ Tavis sxeulSi Tqva igim. magram odnav moixara Tu

ara, zurgSi avi nadiriviT Caafrinda tkivili~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 204). igim

umwifrobidan gamosvla daiwyo, Tumca jer kidev ar aqvs gambedaoba

damoukidebla iazrovnos da icxovros. mas Tanatomelebisagan gariyvis eSinia:

`igi yovelnairad cdilobda TanamoZmeebs damsgavseboda da moaxloebuli

xifaTi aecdina~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 207).

igi gaTavisuflda `ucxo xelmZRvanelobisgan~, Tumca umwifrobidan

gamosvlis gzaze mas SiSi eRobeba: igis eSinia martoobis da Tanatomelebis

risxvis. kantis Tanaxmad: `sizarmace da silaCre _ esaa mizezi, romelTa gamoc

adamianTa didi nawili, mas Semdeg, rac bunebam isini karga xnis win

gaaTavisufla ucxo xelmZRvanelobisgan, miuxedavad amisa, mTeli cxovreba

umwifrad rCebian; da romelTa gamoc maT meurveebad advilad iqcevian xolme

sxvebi. umwifrobaSi yofna Zalze komfortulia~ (kanti 2011). igimac igrZno,

rom umwifrobidan gamosvla gacilebiT met problemas Seuqmnida, vidre

Tanatomelebis msgavsad umwifrad darCena. Tumca igim damoukideblad

azrovnebisa da WeSmaritebis gemo SeigrZno, amitomac am axal mdgomareobaze

uars veRar ambobs (rogorc platonis gamoqvabulSia: sinaTlis xilva da

sagnebis namdvili viTarebis garCeva).

igis Tanatomelebi ki platonis gamoqvabulis binadarTa msgavsad:

`meurveebi, romlebmac ase keTilad aiRes sakuTar Tavze zedamxedvelobis

saqme, imaze zrunaven, rom adamianTa udidesma nawilma (maT Soris mTelma

mSvenierma sqesma) es rTuli nabiji simwifisken saSiSadac CaTvalos~ (kanti

2011: ). moTxroba `igis~ pirvelyofil tomSi es funqcia beladma itvirTa,

yvela mis brZanebas emorCileba da mSvidad cxovrobs, magram sakmarisia vinmem

gabedos sakuTari Tavisuflebis gamoyeneba, is mrisxanebs: `diliT beladma

keti maRla SemarTa da, roca yvelani gaCumdnen, Tqva:

_ igi ar wava sanadirod.

igis sxeulSi gakvirveba SekrTa... igim Tqva:

141

_ igi qali ar aris. igi bavSvi ar aris. ratom ar wava igi sanadirod?..

igi mixvda, rom belads Tqma undoda da sityvebs wyobisad ver alagebda.

bolos, didi dumilis Semdeg, mainc Tqva:

_ igi Tu wava sanadirod, monadireebi SimSils inadireben. _ aq isev

gaCumda. mere Tvali miwas mowyvita, igis axeda, TeTri kbilebi dakriWa, keti

miwas dahkra. _ igi ar wava sanadirod!

monadireebma ukan daixies da beladsa da igis gamoqvabulis SuaSi

adgili dauTmes. igis TavSi sityvebi Cndeboda da wyobisad lagdeboda. an

unda Sebmoda belads, an unda gascloda. beladi Zlieri iyo. igi gaecala~

(qarCxaZe 2009: 214).

beladi zrunavs imaze, rom igi umwifrad darCes, ver gamoiyenos

sakuTari goneba da Tavisufali neba: `isini maT safrTxes aCveneben, romelic

emuqrebaT, Tu marto gavlas Seecdebian. arada, es safrTxe ase didi sulac

araa, radgan ramdenime dacemiT isini sabolood siaruls iswavlidnen. magram

am saxis magaliTi adamianebSi gaubedaobas iwvevs da maT, Cveulebriv, SiSis

gamo sxva mcdelobebisgan xels aRebinebs~ (kanti 2011). igis Sinagani

gambedaoba aRmoaCnda, man sakuTar mcdelobebze uari ar Tqva. igis amaSi nis

siyvaruli da xelovneba daexmara. sikvdilis win ki sabolood gaTavisuflda

umwifrobisagan, goneba WeSmaritad gaunaTlda, amaze metyvelebs misi xilva,

romelic moTxrobis finalSia gadmocemuli da zemoT ukve miCneulia

platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis aluziad.

kantis Tanaxmad, umwifrobidan Tavisufal da moazrovne individad

Camoyalibeba urTulesi gzaa: `ase rom, TiToeuli adamianisaTvis rTulia,

gamoaRwios misTvis lamis ukve bunebad qceuli umwifrobisgan. man es

mdgomareoba TiTqmis ukve Seiyvara da Tavdapirvelad marTlac ar ZaluZs

sakuTari gansjis moxmareba, radgan misTvis arasodes miuciaT amisi cdis

SesaZlebloba. dadgenilebebi da formulebi, misi bunebrivi niWis gonebrivi

gamoyenebisa an, ufro sworad, vergamoyenebis es meqanikuri instrumentebi,

mudmivi umwifrobis borkilebia. isic ki, vinc am borkilebs moiSorebs,

yvelaze patara ormosac ki aramtkice naxtomiT Tu gadaevleba Tavs, radgan

araa miCveuli Tavisufal moZraobas. amitomac cotani arseboben, romlebmac

sakuTar gonze muSaobiT warmatebas miaRwies umwifrobidan gamoRwevisa da

mtkice nabijebis gadadgmis saqmeSi~ (kanti 2011).

142

igim swored am mcireTTagania, vinaidan TanatomelebSi mxolod is

cdilobs umwifrobidan gamosvlas. mas gauWirda borkilebisagan

gaTavisufleba, Tumca gonebrivma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo mis

gaTavisuflebas. kantis Tanaxmad, ganmanaTleblur filosofiaSi individis

Tavisufleba gonebriv ganviTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. j. qarCxaZec

moTxrobaSi swored Semecnebasa da Tavisuflebas ukavSirebs erTmaneTs. am

azriT, mwerali liberaluri faseulobebis damamkvidrebelia, radgan goneba

da individis Tavisufleba liberalizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi

Rirebulebebia.

igis msgavsi individebi sazogadoebis umwifrobidan gamosvlas uwyoben

xels: `yovelTvis gamoCndeba ramdenime damoukideblad moazrovene, maT Soris

didi masebis meurveebad dayenebulTa Soris, romlebic, mas Semdeg rac Tavad

gadaagdeben umwifrobis uRels, irgvlivac gaavrceleben sakuTari

Rirebulebebisa da TiToeuli adamianis damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken

mowodebis gonieri dafasebis suliskveTebas~ (kanti 2011). igis mier

gadadgmuli nabijebi, misi swrafva Semecnebisaken da umwifrobidan gamosvla,

Tanatomelebze axdnes gavlenas. erTi mxriv, mas beladi sikvdiliT sjis da

aravin esarCleba, meore mxriv, igis gavleniT gardaiqmneba ni da Semdeg zu,

romelic ukve igis suliskveTebis matarebelia. sikvdiliswina xilvaSi ki igi

Tanatomelebis, TviT beladis arsSi Rrmad ixedeba da maT dafarul,

gaucnobierebl swrafvas aRmoaCens, maTac surT daemsgavson igis: `da igi

mixvda, rom yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze, Soreul qedebze, zRvaze da tyeze

ufro, misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi SesTxovdnen da

evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!...~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238).

igis Tavisufal pirovnebad Camoyalibeba Semecnebisadmi swrafvam

ganapiroba. igim Tavisuflad azrovneba daiwyo, man sxvagvarad Sexeda yvela

movlenas. is aRar aris koleqtivze damokidebuli. igi Tavisufali individia,

romelsac SeuZlia racionalurad gansazRvros nebismieri qceva da sityva.

igis Tavisufal moazrovne individad Camoyalibeba rodi gulisxmobs mis

dapirispirebas sazogadoebasTan, piriqiT igis humanuri da tolerantuli

damokidebuleba aqvs sakuTari Tanatomelebis mimarT. misi sikvdiliswina

xilva amis damadasturebelia. igisgan gansxvavebiT, zebuloni ar aris

Tavisufali individi, is mudmivad sazogadoebriv azrzea damokidebuli. man

ver gamoiyena sakuTari inteleqtualuri potenciali, rasac mTeli cxovreba

143

ganicdis. j. qarCxaZis sxva nawarmoebSic (mag. `antonio da daviTSic~)

Tavisufali da racionaluri azrovneba Tavisufal individTa

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa.

amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom j. qarCxaZis moTxroba `igis~

filosofiuri wyaro platonis `saxelmwifo~ da liberaluri ideologiaa,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmanaTlebluri filosofiidan iRebs saTaves.

preistoriis rekostruqciiT, mweralma moTxrobaSi warmodgenili

problematikis maradiulobas gausva xazi. individis Tavisufali neba,

racionaluri azrovneba yvela epoqis adamianisaTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebia.

moTxrobis naratiulma struqturam xazi gausva am faqtors da

mkiTxvelisaTvis esTetikurad saintereso samyaro Seqmna.

4.2. istoriuli moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~

4.2.1. epoqis rekonstruqcia

j. qarCxaZis vrceli istoriuli moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~

Tavdapirvelad Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ 1988 wels gamoqveynda. nawarmoebSi

aRwerilia romaeli imperatoris neronis mmarTvelobis periodi. moTxroba

sainteresoa Janruli TvalsazrisiT, masSi avTenturi istoriuli realiebia

aRwerili da literaturuli teqsti zedmiwevniT mihyveba istoriul cnobebs.

istoriuli moTxrobis dasawyisi da dasasruli antikur dramas

mogvagonebs. nawarmoebis Sesavali iupiterisa da qoros dialogs eTmoba.

qoros monologi: `Zrwode, samyarov! ZrwodeT, mokvdavno! ZrwodeT, sagnebo,

sulierno da usulono! uzenaesi konveieris Rrma xveulebidan tyviis

Rrublebi moedinebian da cis Tavanze pirs muqariT ikraven! o, zRvarTa

bunebav, samyaros saxsrebSi CamontaJebulo! o, bedisweris idumalo

saxismetyvelebav, yofierebis uxilav porebSi Cabudebulo~ (qarCxaZe 1994:5).

144

istoriul prozaSi, rogorc wesi, met-naklebad arqaizebulia enobrivi

diskursi, aseTive viTarebaa j. qarCxaZis istoriul nawarmoebebSi, miT ufro,

antikuri dramis formati ar gulisxmobs am tipis Tanamedrove leqsikur

erTeuls. qorosa da iupiteris metyveleba qarCxaZiseul antikur dramas

parodiul elfers aniWebs.

moTxroba avTentur istoriul movlenebs asaxavs da mTavari personaJis

Sinagan samyaroSi Rrmad gvaxedebs. neroni Tavisi arsiT antiidealia.

tiberius klavdius drusus noron germanikus keisari _romaeli imperatori

(97-68ww), romelmac saxeli Tavisi boroti saqmeebiT gaiTqva. Nneronis saxe

popularulia istoriografiasa da mwerlobaSi. rogorc cnobilia, neroni

bavSvobidanve uzneod da fuqsavaturad izrdeboda. yvela mankieri TvisebiT

gamoirCeoda: ampartavnebiT, egoistobiT, garyvnilebiT, moSurneobiT.

xelovneba misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani akviateba iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom

niWierebiT ar gamoirCieoda, sakuTar Tavs xelovanad aRiqvamda da Txzavda

leqsebsa da simRerebs. sikvdiliT sjida maT, vinc saTanadod ver afasebda

mis `xelovnebas~ (sanikiZe 1969: 50).

mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi neroni liberaluri politikiTac ki

gamoirCeoda, ndobas ucxadebda senats, prefeqt burossa da sakuTar

aRmzrdels, filosofoss lucius aneus senekas. qveynis marTvaSi aqtiurad

ereoda neronis deda, agripina, romlis wyalobiTac neronma taxti moipova.

Tumca mogvianebiT neronma jer dedamisis geri da taxtis memkvidre

britanikusi moawamvlina, Semdeg sakuTari deda. neronma TandaTanobiT

moakvlevina: prefeqti burosi, filosofosi seneka da mravali sxva. yvela

sikvdiliT isjeboda, vinc aRfrTovanebuli ar iyo imperatoriT. amas erTvoda

qonebaTa konfiskacia. imperatorisa da misi amalis garyvnileba. 64 wels romi

sastikad gadaiwva, gavrcelda xmebi, rom neronma brZana xanZris gaCena, rac

qristianebs gadabraldaT. neronma kvlav aRadgina qalaqi, aago brwyinvale

Senobebi, maT Soris gamoirCeoda misi `oqros sasaxle~.

imperatoris drostareba da aRmSenebloba uamrav xarjebTan iyo

dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc romis provinciebs uzarmazari gadasaxadebi

dauweses. provinciebi mRelvarebam moicva. neroni Tavdapirvelad amarcxebda

ajanyebulebs da aleqsandre makedonelobaze ocnebobda. amave dros

agrZelebda `xelovnebiT~ tkbobas da saberZneTSi gastrolebs awyobda.

amasobaSi galiis mmarTvelma gaius iulius videqsma xalxis mRelvarebiT

145

isargebla da ajanyeba moawyo. neronis winaaRmdeg amboxeba moawyo espaneTis

legatma servius sulpicius galbam. maT sxvebic SeurTdnen. neroni damarcxda

da yvelsagan mitovebul imperators sikvdili miusajes. imperatorad galba

gamocxadda. SeSinebuli neroni erT-erT Tavis gadidkacebul monasTan gaiqca,

roca mdevaris cxenis fexis xma gaigona Tavis mokvla scada maxvilis yelze

mibjeniT, magram ver gabeda. monam xeli aukra da neronma ramdenime sityvis

Tqma moaswro: `oo, rogori artisti viRupebi!~ (sanikiZe 1969: 60-67).

j. qarCxaZis moTxroba ,,iupiteris sinanuli” zedmiwevniT imeorebs

aRniSnul cnobebs. nawarmoebSi imperatoris cxovrebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani da amazrzeni epizodia aRwerili: es sakuTari dedis

mkvlelobaa. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi iupiteri sinanuls gamoTqvams: ,,samyaros

Seqmna Secdoma iyo” (qarCxaZe 1994:7). iupiterisve TqmiT: ,,me maT zneobis

kanonebi miveci, maT ki Cemi kanonebi fexqveS gaTeles... minimaluri

damoukidebloba miveciT da, ager, ra ukuRmarTad gamoiyenes!” (qarCxaZe 1994:

10).

moTxrobis saTauri mkiTxvels molodins uCens, rom is amoicnobs

iupiteris sinanulis mizezs. am SemTxvevaSi avtors ar gamoaqvs mTavari

personaJis saxeli nawarmoebis saxeldebad. literaturuli teqstis

dasawyisSi mkiTxveli antikuri dramis signalebs awydeba: iupiteri qorosTan

gaTqvams sakuTari sinanulis mizezs. iupiteri is sawyisia, romlis mimarTac

unda miiswarfvodes mmarTveli. amis nacvlad ki neroni xdeba damangrveli

Zala, romelic verafers qmnis.

,,iupiteris sinanulSi” mniSvnelovania protagonistis Sinagani samyaro.

teqstis dasawyisSi iupiteris mier gamoTqmuli sinanuli yvelaze ukeT nerons

Seefereba: ,,samyaros Seqmna Secdoma iyo... adamiani Sxamiani yvavilia” (qarCxaZe

1994:7). moTxrobis dasawyisSi neroni mTavari gadawyvetilebis

gansaxorcieleblad emzadeba. es is SemTxvevaa, roca istoria gamonagonze

STambeWdavia. imperatoris usastikesi saxe adamianis uzneobis gamosaxatad

sakmaris masalas iZleva. mTavar danaSaulamde neroni sxva borotebas sCadis -

dedamisis geri Suris gamo mokla: ,,sabralo britanikusi politikis gamo ar

mogiklavs. simRera SegSurda misi da am patara, wvrilmani Suris gamo

mokali” (qarCxaZe 1994:16). amas, dedamisis, agripinas sityvebidan vigebT. saqme

is aris, rom istoriulad cnobilia neronis ambiciebi: mas imperatoris

gvirgvini ar hyofnida, xelovanis gvirgvins eswrafoda. es momenti kargadaa

146

warmoCenili j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi: ,,swamda, rom RmerTebma iseTi xvedri

gaumzades, rogoric manamade aravis Rirsebia: mas, romisa da mTeli

qveynierebis mpyrobels, es qveyniereba xelaxla amjerad Tavisi xelovnebiT,

unda daepyro da WeSmariti mpyrobeli Seqniliyo” (qarCxaZe 1994: 19).

nawarmoebi deda-Svilis dapirispirebazea agebuli. aq neronis boroti

vnebebia mniSvnelovani, xolo dedis mkvleloba da istoriuli realiebi am

saxes gamokveTs. j. qarCxaZe istoriuli qronikebiT ar kmayofildeba. is (am

SemTxvevaSi avTenturi) personaJis xasiaTis siRrmeebSi iWreba da misi arsebis

mTavar maxasiaTeblebs gviCvenebs, sadac mxolod uzneobis ukidegano da

sisastikis STamagonebeli Zalebi binadroben. masSi artistizmia, oRond,

borotebis momtani. neroni amaod mieltvoda poeziasa da simReras, maTgan

vermogvril STagonebas bneli saqmeebi aRuZravda, romic xom poeturi

STagonebis saxeliT gadawva.

`iupiteris sinanulis~ Janruli da naratiuli struqtura tiranis

Sinagan bunebas gamokveTs. neronis saxiT mweralma moZalade mmarTvelis saxe

Seqmna, sazogadod XX saukunes ar aklda msgavsi tiranebi, moTxrobiT

mweralma kidev erTxel xazi gausva liberaluri faseulobebis saWiroebas.

tiranis boroti fsiqologiis gasacnobad, platonis `saxelmwifos~ erT-erTi

Tavi dagvexmareba.

4.2.2. tiranis saxe (interteqstualuri mimarTeba platonis

`saxelmwifosTan~)

`iupiteris sinanulSi~, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba neronis Sinagan samyaros, misi tiranuli bunebis gamomzeurebas.

neronis saxiT avtorma tiranis saxe Seqmna, romelic axlos dgas platonis

`saxelmwifoSi~ aRweril tiran mmarTvelTan. Zneli saTqmelia ramdenad

isargebla avtorma am wyaroTi, Tumca `saxelmwifoSi~ aRwerilia ara mxolod

tiranuli saxelmwifos saxe da tiranis qcevebi, aramed tiranis

147

fsiqologiuri portretic, romelic axlosaa `iupiteris sinanulSi~

gadmocemul saxesTan.

platonis `saxelmwifos~ Tanaxmad, tirani Zalauflebis ganmtkicebamde

yvelas mimarT lmobieria: `Tavdapirvelad is alersiT uRimis yvelas, visac ki

xvdeba, da TavgamodebiT amtkicebs, Cemi tiranoba vis gaugiao? aTas rames

hpirdeba kerZo pirebsac da sazogadoebasac: valebs CamogawerT da miwis

nakveTebs dagirigebT Tqvenca da Cems mcvelebsaco, da, saerTod, cdilobs,

yvelas keTilmowyaled da Tvinierad moaCvenos Tavi~ (platoni 2003: 306).

neronic Tavdapirvelad uxvia maT mimarT visi gulis mogebac surs: `is

auracxeli simdidre, romelic senekas Tavisi elvare moZRvrebis ukan ewyo,

sul neronis wyaloba iyo~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 21).platonis Tanaxmad, tirani zog

mters dauzavdeba, zogs ki mospobs, riTac Zalauflebas ganimtkicebs. neronma

taxtis erT-erTi mocile, dedamisis geri, britanikusi mokla, mowamla, ramac

didi miTqmamoTqma gamoiwvia. nel-nela sakuTari dedac CamoiSora, sasaxlidan

gaaZeva da misi mkvlelobac dagegma, radgan agripina ver egueboda

Zalauflebisdakargvas da yvelanairad cdilobda SvilTan metoqeobas.

neronma sakuTari dedis mkvleloba dagegma, ganaxorciela da

mogvianebiT yvela Tavisi momxre Tu mowinaaRmdege rig-rigobiT gamoasalma

sicocxles. `saxelmwifos~ Tanaxmad: `Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad tirani

iZulebuli iqneba musri gaavlos yvelas, ase rom, bolos da bolos,

megobrebs vin Civis, rigiani mteric aRar SerCeba~ (platoni 2003: 307).

Zalauflebis SenarCunebis gzaze neroni nel-nela iwrToba da met

gamWriaxobas avlens, mudmivad mtris mosaSorebeli gegmebis CanafiqrSia,

radgan `tirani fxizlad unda adevnebdes Tvals, vin aris mamaci, vin aris

didsulovani, vin Wkviani an mdidari, radganac misi keTildReoba imazea

damokidebuli, rom, unda Tu ara, yvelas maxes ugebdes, vidre saxelmwifos

mTlianad ar gawmends maTgan~ (platoni 2003: 307). rogorc vxedavT, platonis

aRniSnuli pasaJebi kargad xsnis neronis, rogorc tiranis qcevis

fsiqologiur safuZvels.

nerons yvelaze did erTgulebas aniketusi uwevs: `aniketusis saunje

cota ufro qvemoT iyo, mkerdSi. iq xmamaRla, gamalebiT da TavdaviwyebiT

scemda veeberTela guli, romelic imperatorisTvis ikumSeboda,

imperatorisTvis farTovdeboda da imperators ekuTvnoda. mTels romSi

nerons sxva aravin eguleboda, visac ise alalad da gulwrfelad yvareboda,

148

rogorc aniketuss uyvarda~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 13). tirans erTgulebas yvelaze

metad gadidgvarovnebuli monebi uweven: `adgeba da moqalaqeebs CamoarTmevs

monebs, Tavisuflebas mianiWebs da Tavis mcvelebad daniSnavs maT... maTze

erTgulebs veravis naxavs~ (platoni 2003: 308). neroni gansakuTrebulad pativs

scems senekas, radgan `tiranTa brZnobis brZenTa Zmoba aris mizezi~ (platoni

2003: 308).

`saxelmwifoSi~ kargadaa gaanalizebuli tiranis Sinagani buneba:

`survilebs, romlebic iRviZeben, roca sulis mTavari, gonivruli da Tvinieri

sawyisi Tvlems, samagierod veluri da cxoveluri sawyisi, simaZRriTa da

simTvraliT aborgebuli, yalyze dgeba, Tavidan iSorebs Zils da Tavisi Jinis

dacxromas cdilobs... amnair mdgomareobaSi aRarc krZalva axsovs da aRarc

sircxvili... visic gnebavs, imis sisxlSi amoisvris xels... mokled ar arsebobs

siSlege da utifroba, risganac man SeiZleba Tavi Seikavos~ (platoni 2003:

311). neronis qcevebi amis dadasturebaa, is siamovnebiTa da `zeSTagonebiT~

sCadis yovelgvar borotebas: `neroni laparakobda da laparakobda. sityvebi

TavisTavad, uwyvet nakadad moedineboda romeliRac Soreuli da uxilavi

siRrmidan... es sityvebi misi arsebis ufskrulidan modioda da iseTi Zala

afrqvevda, romlis utyuarobas gonebis kontroli aRar sWirdeboda... es

swored is STagoneba iyo, romelsac... leqsebis SeTxzvis dros amaod uxmobda

xolme da amis gamo mzad iyo mTel qveyanaze eyara javri~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 61-62).

sakuTari dedis kvlelobis mzadeba msgavs siamovnebas aniWebs, masSi swored

is cxoveluri sawyisi mZlavrobs, razec saubaria `saxelmwifoSi~.

neronma borotebis mwvervals miaRwia, STagonebiT moifiqra da dagegma

sakuTari dedis mkvleloba. sakuTari bneli zraxvebiT Zalaufleba gaimyara.

yvela da yvelaferimas emorCileba, Tumca amis miuxedavad Sinaganad is mainc

ubeduria. adre sakuTari uniWoba ufuWebda ganwyobas: `neroni zogjer

TviTonac daeWvdeboda xolme sakuTar niWierebaSi da guneba ufuWdeboda”

(qarCxaZe 1994: 19). mogvianebiT roca yvela sikvdiliT dasaja, mterebi

CamoiSora, Tavad ver gadaurCa ajanyebulTa risxvas da marto darCenili

romis ukanasknel monaze ufro sacodavi aRmoCnda: `mkveTri biZgiT wamojda

sawolSi da Tavze gadafarebuli sabani orive xeliT fexebisaken gadakeca.

mcvelebi!.. nuTu samariseburi dumili, romelmac ise gamoaRviZa, rogorc

uecarma quxilma SeiZleba gamoaRviZos, imas moaswavebda, rom... amis

149

gafiqrebaze xel-fexi gaeyina da safeTqlebze ise daawva raRac, TiTqos

rkinis gaxurebuli salte SemouWireso~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 100).

tirani TviTon aris tiranul saxelmwifosaviT ubeduri: `gana yvelaze

ukeTesi kaci, imavdroulad, yvelaze ubeduric ar iqneba? da rac ufro

didxans da rac ufro meti tiranuli Zalaufleba moiyris Tavs mis xelSi,

miT ufro didxans da ufro metad ubeduri iqneba igi, Tumca umravlesobas

sul sxvadasxvanairad warmoudgenia es~ (platoni 2003: 318). neroni Tavad aris

sakuTari bneli zraxvebis mona, mas gamudmebiT stanjavs Zalauflebis

dakargvis SiSi: `Tu calkeuli tiranuli moqalaqe saxelmwifos unda hgavdes,

maSin mis arsebaSi aucileblad igive unda xdebodes, rac, sinamdvileSi, misi

suli simdabliTa da monobiT unda iyos savse, sulis yvelaze Rirseul

nawilebs qedze monobis uReli edgaT da yvelaze mcirericxovan, magram

yvelaze ukeTur da mZvinvare nawilebs hmorCilebdnen~ (platoni 2003: 319-320).

platonis `saxelmwifos~ aRniSnuli Tavi mniSvnelovnad avsebs j. qarCxaZis

`iupiteris sinanulSi~ Seqmnil saxes.

j. qarCxaZem neronis saxiT antiideali Seqmna. neronis saxe imeorebs

platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gakritikebul tiransa da tiranul saxelmwifos,

tiranis fsiqologiur portrets. amave dros, `iupiteris sinanuli~ qarTuli

sazogadoebisaTvis magaliTia, masSi kargad Cans ra emarTeba Zalauflebisagan

garyvnil mmarTvels da sazogadoebas, romelic,saubedurod,misi msxverplia.

antiidealis SeqmniT mweralma kidev erTxel gausva xazi Tavisufal

individad da Tavisufal sazogadoebad arsebobis aucileblobas.nawarmoebis

msoflmxedvelobriv wyarod SeiZleba moviazroT, erTi mxriv, platonis

`saxelmwifo~ da, meore mxriv, liberaluri ideologia.

. . . . . . . . .

,,iupiteris sinanulSi” mTavari istoriuli wyaros avTenturobaa, amis

miuxedavad, mwerali epoqis asaxvas rodi isaxavs miznad, moTxrobaSic

150

personaJis Sinagan samyaros eniWeba upiratesoba. istoria mxolod masalaa,

misi Sinagani peripetiebis gamosaxatad. am TvalsazrisiT moTxroba axlos

dgas me-20 saukunis II naxevris prozasTan. `iupiteris sinanulSi~

sainteresodaa Serwymuli istoriuli proza da antikuri dramis elementebi.

`iupiteris sinanulSi~ naCvenebi tiranis saxe platonis `saxelmwifodan~ unda

iRebdes saTaves. garda zogadi msgavsebisa, neronis Sinagani bunebis

daxasiaTebisas avtori platonis tiranis saxiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes,

radgan nawarmoebSi swored is Tvisebebia warmoCenili, rac platonis tiranis

fsiqologiuri porteretisaTvisac aris tipobrivi.

XIX saukunidan dRemde istoriulma prozam Janruli ganviTarebis

garkveuli etapebi gaiara, ris Sedegadac Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saxis

istoriuli proza. j. qarCxaZis istoriuli moTxrobebi gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan: `antonio da daviTSi~, marTalia, SegviZlia istoriuli epoqis

aRdgena, Tumca istoria mainc fonia, nawarmoebSi mniSvnelovani personaJTa

Sinagani samyaroa. `rahaT-luxumSi~ mwerali avTentur istoriul realiebs

gadmogvcems, xolo personaJTa Sinagan samyaros ar uRrmavdeba. fiqcia

aRniSnuli moTxrobisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia, Tumca istoriuli faqtebi

amiT ar iCrdileba. `iupiteris sinanulSi~ mwerali eyrdnoba istoriul

wyaroebs, gamonagoni ki personaJis xasiaTis gaxsnasa da Sinagani samyaros

warmoCenaSi exmareba. am moTxrobebSi istoriuli prozis sxvadasxva saxe da

Janruli konvenciaa Serwymuli.

naSromis ZiriTadi daskvnebi:

1) qarTuli istoriuli prozis analizma gviCvena, rom istoriuli

nawarmoebebis umravelesobaSi Janrul-esTetikuri kodis garda,

mniSvnelovania iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: mexsierebis politika,

nacionaluri identoba, antikoloniuri protesti. es procesi

gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis I naxevris

istoriul prozaSi, rac gamoixateba warsulis viqtimizebul suraTad

warmoCenaSi, istoriis saukeTeso periodebis gamokveTasa da warsulis

gaidealebaSi. istoriisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba ganapirobebda

151

istoriis avTenturi faqtebis win wamowevas, e.w. epoqis suraTis

panoramis Seqmnas. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli

Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi viTareba icvleba:

istoriul avTenturobas mTlianad enacvleba fiqcia, istoriul

nawarmoebSi mniSvnelovani mxolod nacionaluri identoba aRar aris.

avTenturobis fiqciiT Canacvleba da Janruli saxecvlileba dasavlur

literaturaTmcodneobaSic dasturdeba.

2) istoriul prozaze msjelobis dros gaviTvaliswineT ara mxolod

Janrul-esTetikuri faqtorebi, aramed qarTuli istoriuli prozis

socio-kulturuli faqtorebi, kerZod, nacionaluri identoba,

koleqtiuri mexsiereba, antikoloniuri protesti, rac termin istoriul

diskursSi gavaerTianeT.

istoriuli diskursi farTod aris warmodgenilijemal qarCxaZis

prozaSi, Tumca kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa arsebiTi sxvaobebi.

mwerali iyenebs tradiciul mnemoteqnikas, magram arRvevs tradiciuli

istoriuli prozis stereotips: misTvis istoria mniSvnelovania ara

nacionaluri identobis gamosakveTad, aramed individis Tavisuflebis

xazgasasmelad.

3) j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romanSi `zebuloni~ aisaxa XX saukunis 70-80-ian

wlebis qarTuli istoriuli prozis tendenciebi. kerZod, nawarmoebSi

istoriuli foni zogadia, masSi ar gvxvdeba avTenturi istoriuli

realiebi, Tumca gamogonili siuJeti garkveul istoriul faqtebs

efuZneba. nawarmoebis Janrul kods misi naratiuli struqturac

ganapirobebs, kerZod, personaJis perspeqtivaze orientireba. mTxrobeli

aqcents personaJis Sinagan refleqsiebze akeTebs, amdenad istoriul

dro-sivrces meoradi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

romanis zogadi istoriuli foni gaZlierebulia nawarmoebis saTauris

bibliuri SinaarsiT. analizma gviCvena, rom bibliuri saxeldeba

SemTxveviTi ar aris. avtorma saTaurSi implicituri Sinaarsi Cado:

zebuloni, bibliuri zabilonis msgavsad, mudmivad navsayudelis

ZiebaSia. misi Sinagani samyaro disharmoniulia, vinaidan mowyda mamiseul

mSvid wiaRsa da dakarga iovel batoniSvilis inteleqtualur sawyisTan

ziarebis saSualeba.

152

literaturul teqstSi mniSvnelovania personaJis Sinagani samyaro,

romelic gansazRvravs nawarmoebis naratiul struqturas. kerZod,

heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli personaJis perspeqtiviT aris SezRuduli,

Sesabamisad Txrobis ena personaJis inteleqtsa da interesebzea

morgebuli. nawarmoebis mniSvnelovani komponentia sivrce, romelic

semantikurad aris datvirTuli. am SemTxvevaSi avtori eyrdnoba

kulturul mexsierebaSi arsebul simbolur mniSvnelobebs. semantikur

sivrceSi impliciturad simboluri Sinaarsi ikiTxeba: iovel

batoniSvilis saswavlebli mTazea ganlagebuli. mTis simbolo

tradiciulad sulier da gonebriv amaRlebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,

xolo gamoqvabuli, romelSic zebulonma mkvleloba Caidina, negatiuri

sivrcea da disharmoniis simbolo. literaturul teqstSi yvela

komponenti funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli: enobrivi stili, dro-sivrculi

organizeba mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviTaa gaerTianebuli. amgvar

naratiul struqturas zogadi istoriuli foni da nawarmoebis

problematika gansazRvravs.

amis miuxedavad, jemal qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi `zebuloni~

meordeba tradiciuli mnemoteqnika: istoriis krizisuli periodis

gamokveTiTa da qarTvelTa mZime istoriis xazgasmiT. imavdorulad,

analizma gviCvena, rom aqcentebi gadanacvlebulia: ambis centrSi dgas

ara samagaliTo gmiri, aramed individi, romlis Tavisuflebac

SezRudulia. literaturul teqstSi individis Tavisuflebaze

aqcentirebis safuZveli liberaluri ideologiaa.

4) jemal qarCxaZis istoriul moTxrobaSi `antonio da daviTi~ istoriuli

foni zogadia, kaTolike misionerTa epoqa ori personaJis kontrastuli

Sinagani bunebis gamokveTas emsaxureba. istoriul dro-sivrcesa da enis

pirobiTobaze metad maTi Sinagani bunebis gaxsnaa mniSvnelovani. Tumca,

rogorc analizma gviCvena, istoriul fons jemal qarCxaZis

nawarmoebebSi funqciuri datvirTva aqvs, kerZod, konkretuli

problematikis gamokveTisaTvis saWiro safuZvels qmnis. miuxedavad

imisa, rom foni zogadia da epoqis panoramul suraTs ar gvawvdis

avtori.

5) moTxrobaSi `rahaT-luxumi~ avTentur istoriul ambavs, kerZod, Tevdore

mRvdlis Tavdadebis epizods erwymis fiqciuri siuJeturi kvanZi.

153

moTxrobaSi ar xdeba personaJTa Sinagani samyaros reprezentacia,

avtori qarTveli eris Tvisebebis analizs uTmobs did adgils, rac

nawarmoebs, erTi mxriv, aaxloebs qarTul istoriul prozaSi

dakvidrebul tradiciasTan, meore mxriv, ki gviCvenebs, rom eris

cxovrebaSi mxolod gmiris msxverpli sakmarisi ar aris.

6) moTxroba `igi~ miTosuri struqturiT Seqmnili nawarmoebia, Tumca

analizma saSualeba mogvca literaturuli teqsti gagveazrebina

istoriuli moTxrobis konteqstSi. `igiSi~ mniSvnelovania individis

Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, rasac am nawarmoebSic liberaluri ideologia

udevs safuZvlad.

analizma gamoavlina, rom moTxroba `igi~ platonis `saxelmwifoSi~

aRwerili gamoqvabulis miTis interteqstia. orive teqsts msgavsi

siuJeturi kvanZi aerTianebs, aseve msgavsi motivebi. Tumca „igiSi“

mTavari Tema Secvlilia: igis pirovneba beladisa da Caketili

sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebelia.

10) moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~ sainteresoa Janruli TvalsazrisiT,

masSi avTenturi istoriuli realiebia aRwerili da literaturuli

teqsti zedmiwevniT mihyveba istoriul cnobebs. `iupiteris sinanulis~

Janruli da naratiuli struqtura tiranis Sinagan bunebas gamokveTs.

neronis saxiT mweralma moZalade mmarTvelis tipi Seqmna.

neronis saxiT avtorma tiranis saxe Seqmna, romelic erTgvari

paralelia platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ warmodenilitiranisa da tiranuli

saxelmwifostiranis fsiqologiur portretTan. amave dros, `iupiteris

sinanuli~ sazogadoebisaTvis magaliTia, masSi kargad Cans ra emarTeba

Zalaufleba mitacebul mmarTvels da sazogadoebas, romelic misi

msxverplia. antiidealis SeqmniT mweralma kidev erTxel gausva xazi

Tavisufal individad da Tavisufal sazogadoebad arsebobis

aucileblobas.

11) jemal qarCxaZis istoriul nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba qarTuli istoriuli

prozis tendenciebi, Tumca sruliad aSkaraa, rom kolonializmis

epoqaSi mwerali nacionalur identobaze metad, individis

Tavisuflebis TematikiTaa dainteresebuli.

154

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