Teoria

ganaTlebisaTvis

greg dimitriadisi da jorj kamberelisi

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტითბილისი — 2010 წელი

Teoria ganaTlebisaTvisgreg dimitriadisi da jorj kamberelisi

Theory for EducationGreg Dimitriadis and George Kamberelis

All Rights Reserved. Authorized translation from English language edition published by Routledge, Inc., part of Taylor & Francis Group LLC.

saxelmZRvanelo iTaArgmna da daibeWda tempusis prog ramiT da fi nansebuli proeqtis _ Tuningis midgomebis gamoyeneba sa qarT ve los umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi _ mier.

© 2010 ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

redaqtori: nino javaxiSvili

koreqtori: nino kurtaniZe

kompiuteruli

uzrunvelyofa: nino Tofuria, qeTevan gogava

ISBN 978-9941-18-008-8

ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა ქაქუცა ჩოლოყაშვილის 3/5, თბილისი, 0162, საქართველო

ILIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

sarCevi

Sesavali ............................................................................................ v

winamorbedebi

1. jon diui .............................................................................. 13 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili

2. zigmund froidi ................................................................. 27 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. dali berekaSvili

3. karl marqsi ......................................................................... 41 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. dali berekaSvili

4. ferdinand de sosiuri ...................................................... 49 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. naTela imedaZe

Teoretikosebi

5. mixeil baxtini .................................................................... 59 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red. naTela imedaZe

6. bezil bernstaini ............................................................... 73 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. naTela imedaZe

7. pier burdio ........................................................................ 81 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. nino javaxiSvili

8. jerom bruneri .................................................................... 91 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red marina jafariZe

9. judiT batleri .................................................................. 97 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. nino javaxiSvili

10. Jil deliozi da feliqs guatari ................................ 103 mTargmn. cira barqaia, red. nino javaxiSvili

11. Jak derida .......................................................................... 117 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili

12. miSel fuko ........................................................................ 129 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berikaSvili

13. paulo freiri ................................................................... 137 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili

14. kliford gerci ................................................................ 143 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili

15. antonio gramSi ................................................................. 149 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili

16. stiuart holi ................................................................... 157 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili

17. bel huksi ............................................................................ 165 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili

18. Jak lakani ........................................................................... 173 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili

19. Jan piaJe .............................................................................. 191 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red. marina jafariZe

20. eduard seidi .................................................................... 203 mTargmn. nanuli CitaSvili, red. dali berekaSvili

21. gaiatri Cakravorti spivaki .............................................211 mTargmn. eka miqaZe, red. nino javaxiSvili

22. lev vigotski ..................................................................... 217 mTargmn. giorgi lacabiZe, red. marina jafariZe

23. reimond uiliamsi ............................................................ 227 mTargmn. cira barqaia, red. dali berekaSvili

jon diui

sakvanZo cnebebi:

• pragmatuli epistemologia

• instrumentalizmi

• kvleva

• pragmatuli metafizika

• pragmatuli eTika

• pragmatuli esTetika

• ganaTleba da gamocdileba

• gonivruli qmedeba

• refleqsia

• progresuli ganaTleba

jon diui (1859­1952) daibada barlingtonSi, vermontSi saSu­a lo socialuri klasis ojaxSi. imxanad barlingtonSi cxov­robd nen ZirZveli ingliselebi, irlandielebi da kvebekeli (provincia da qalaqi kanadaSi) frangi imigrantebi. umaRlesi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, diui gadavida vermontis univer­sitetSi, saswavlebelSi, romelic xels uwyobda studentebSi inteleqtualuri damoukidebelobis ganviTarebas. diui poli­tikur, socialur da moralur filosofiaze sakurso Temis weras Seudga. 1879 wels vermontis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg igi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda umaRlesi skolis maswavleblad oil sitiSi, pensilvaniaSi. 1879 wels vermontSi dabrunda, sadac aswavlida da amavdroulad agrZelebda fi­losofiis Seswavlas.

1882 wels diuim swavla gaagrZela aspiranturaSi jons hop­kinsis universitetSi filosofiis ganxriT. misi profesorebi iyvnen Carlz senders pirsi, stenli holi da jorj silvester morisi, visma Sromebmac hegelisa da kantis Sesaxeb diuize udidesi zegavlena iqonia. diuim disertacia emanuel kantis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb dawera.

14 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis

pirveli akademiuri Tanamdeboba mas miCiganis universi­te t Si filosofiis kaTedraze mieniWa, sadac ZiriTad mimar­Tulebad miiCneoda XIX saukunis britanuli da kontinenturi (Sua evropuli) filosofia, gansakuTrebiT ki germanuli ide­alizmi. 1886 wels diuim Jurnal Mind­Si, ori statia gamoaqvey­na, romelmac akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba mi­ipyro. statiebSi gamokvleuli iyo msgavsebebi filosofiasa da fsiqologias Soris. diui amtkicebda, rom filosofias ar sWirdeboda specialuri meTodologia, radgan is iyo gagebiTi fsiqologia, romlisTvisac warmatebuli meTodologiebi ukve arsebobda. diuis pirveli wigni `fsiqologia,~ romelic 1887 wels gamoica, ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda da ganavrcobda zemox­senebul ideas. zogierTma mkvlevarma moiwona wigni da is ram­denime universitetSi saswavlo saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyenebo­da, stenli holma da uiliam jeimsma gaakritikes is.

1890­iani wlebis miwuruls diuim Seicvala Sexeduleba ger­manuli idealizmidan axali filosofiuri perspeqtivisken, romelsac SemdgomSi pragmatizmi ewoda. is amavdroulad Zli­er dainteresda kurikulumiT. 1900 wlidan man Cikagos uni­versitetSi Camoayaliba 23 sxvadasxva saswavlo kursi an xeli Seuwyo am kursebis ganviTarebas. man agreTve didi wvlili Seitana universitetis skola­laboratoriis daarsebaSi, ro­melic gaixsna 1896 wels. saukunis dasasruls diuis programa (romelic axla ganaTlebis departamentad iwodeba) miCneul iqna qveyanaSi yvelaze srulyofil da inovaciur programad. sabolood diuis saganmanaTleblo programam mas Tavisi drois saukeTeso saganmanaTleblo filosofosis saxeli mouxveWa.

skola­laboratoriis mmarTvelobis mniSvnelovani poli­tikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo 1904 wels diuim datova Tavi­si Tanamdeboba Cikagos universitetSi. mcire xnis Semdeg igi gaxda kolumbiis universitetis profesori, rogorc filoso­fiis faklutetze, agreTve maswavlebelTa kolejSi. diui ag r ­Zelebda swavlebas da kvlevebis warmoebas kolumbiaSi 1930­iani wlebis CaTvliT, vidre Ppensiaze gavidoda. niu­iorkis da Crdilo­aRmosavleTis1 inteleqtualuri garemo, rogorc Cans, motivacias matebda diuis da man swored kolumbiaSi Seq­mna Tavisi cnobili naSromebi. isini moicavda filosofiis iseT mniSvnelovan wignebs, rogorebicaa: darvinis gavlena fi­losofiaze da sxva narkvevebi Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi (1910), narkvevebi eqsperimentul logikaSi (1916), rekonstruqcia fi­losofiaSi (1920), adamianis buneba da qceva (1922), gamocdile­ba da buneba (1925), WeSmaritebis, mtkicebulebis Zieba (1929),

1 aSS­s Crdilo­aRmosavleTi regioni, romelSic Sedis niu­iorki, axali inglisis Statebi, zogjer pensilvania da niu­jersic.

jon diui 15

logika: gamokvlevis Teoria (1938), Semecneba da codna (1949). diuim agreTve gamosca ZiriTadi saxelmZRvaneloebi ganaT­lebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic Sedioda: `rogor vfiqrobT Cven?~ (1910) da `demokratia da ganaTleba~ (1916). bevri am wignebs mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan namuSevrebad miiCnevs. diui gar­dacvalebamde agrZelebda filosofiuri da saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb werasa da saubars.

diui yovelTvis dainteresebuli iyo epistemologiiT anu codnis TeoriiT da imiT, Tu rogor viZenT codnas. misi azriT tradiciuli epistemologebi, racionalistebi iqnebian isini Tu empiristebi, mkacrad mijnaven erTmaneTisagan `gonebas~ da `samyaros,~ da man daiwyo axali epistemologiuri modelis konstruireba, romelsac Cven pragmatul epistemologias vu­wodebT. am problemis irgvliv mis adreul naSromSi, romelic warmodgenilia statiebSi: `aris logika dualisturi mecniere­ba?~ (1890) da `logikuri Teoriis amJamindeli roli~ (1891), misi daskvna pirdapir gamomdinareobda hegelis idealizmidan. is varaudobda, rom obieqturi samyaro ar aris azrovnebisgan gancalkevebuli, Tumca, is azrovnebis saSualebiT ganimarte­ba, rogorc misi obieqturi manifestaciiT. mogvianebiT, diuim uaryo es gadawyvetileba garkveuli mizezebis gamo. hegelis idealizms ar SeeZlo insaitis da eqsperimentuli mecnierebis meTodebis miReba, romlebsac is iziarebda. am mxriv diui mo­eqca uiliam jeimsis epistemologiis Sesaxeb ufro naturalis­turi argumentebis gavlenis qveS, romlebic idealizms ga­daWarbebulad miiCnevdnen. diuim agreTve damajerebelad mi­iCnia darvinis naSromi saxeobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, gansa­kuTrebiT ki yuradReba, romelsac darvini organizmebsa da ga remos Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs uTmobda. amrigad, diuim daiwyo imis gaazreba, rom adamianuri codnis ganviTa­reba iyo adaptaciuri, Semguebluri pasuxi garemoze, garemos imgvari ganmartebis mixedviT, rom `nebismieri viTareba, mdgo­mareoba gavlenas axdens pirovnul saWiroebebze, survilebze, miznebze da unarebze, raTa Seqmnas gamocdileba, romelic mas mieca~. (Dewey, 1938, gv. 44).

wina epistemologebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac azri ganixileboda, rogorc gonebis martivi gamovlena, diuis ge­netikuri epistimologiis mixedviT azrovneba organizmsa da garemos Soris urTierTobis Sedegs warmoadgenda. misi mo­sazreba misi Tanamedroves Jan piaJes mosazrebas gavda. diui agreTve varaudobda, rom codna safuZvelSive iyo praqtikuli an instrumentuli _ raTa uzrunveleyo im problemebis ga da­Wra, romlebsac adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze awydeba. faqtobrivad, diui iyenebda termins `instrumentalizmi,~ rom aReniSna sakuTari epistemologiuri midgoma.

16 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis

diuim Tavis maorientirebel narkvevSi `refleqsuri `rka­lis~ cneba fsiqologiaSi~ (1896) gansazRvra, Tu ras gulisx­mobda is instrumentalizmSi. am narkvevSi is gamodis swavlis bihevioristuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg fsiqologiasa da swav­lebaSi, radgan efuZneba gonebisa da sxeulis mcdar dualizms. diui gvTavazobs konstruqtivizmis adreul versias, rogorc biheviorizmis alternativas. am versiis mixedviT organizmi urTierTqmedebaSia garemosTan TviT­marTuli moqmedebiT, romelic koordinirebs da aerTianebs sensorul da motorul reaqciebs.

codna da swavla Sesabamisad warmoiqmneba garemos aqtiu­ri manipulaciis Sedegad. amgvari xedvisTvis uiliam jeimsis mimarT madlierebis gamoxatviT, diui agrZelebda am ZiriTadi poziciis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas Tavis sxva bevr nark­vevSic. es gaxda misi pragmatizmis gansakuTrebuli versiis Zi riTadi elementi. diuis pragmatizmis fundamentur rols kvleva asrulebs. diuis mixedviT kvleva moicavs sam fazas: (a) pro blemur situacias, (b) situaciis parametrebis identi­fikacias da (g) refleqsias am parametrebsa da TviT situaci­aze gadawyvetilebis gamomwvev mizanTan erTad. diui xazgas miT aRniSnavda, rom problemuri situaciis perturbacia ar aris

maincdamainc kognituri, magram aris praqtikuli da egzis­tenciuri. Sesabamisad, problemuri situaciis gadawyveta ar aris fundamenturad kognituri, Tumca Semecnebas aSkarad mo icavs. samagierod es aris praqtikuli moqmedeba, mcdeloba gadaadgilo, aamoZravo raime an kvlav aamuSavo. es Sexeduleba dRemde upirispirdeba umetes idealist epistemologebis mo­sazrebebs, sadac erTmaneTisgan gaTiSulia azrovneba da qceva. araidealisturis garda diuis pozicia antifundamentalis­turi iyo. misi mtkiceba, rom folibilizmi _ idea, rom mTeli codna aris pirobiTi, WeSmaritia mxolod manam, sanam sawinaaR­mdego dadasturdeba _ pragmatizmis ZiriTad elements war­moadgens.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi diui xvewda da aRrmavebda instrumen­talizms, tradiciuli ganaTlebis epistemologebis ZiriTadi principebis sakuTar WrilSi ganxilvis Sedegad. magaliTad, is amtkicebda, rom tradiciuli WeSmaritebis fardobiTobis Teo­ria _ idea, rom Cven SegviZlia faqtebis aRmoCena da obieqtu­ri realobis apriori faqtebis warmodgena _ mxolod iTxovs warmodgenis arsebul realobasTan `Sesabamisobis~ sakiTxs. di uis mtkicebiT nebismieri Sesatyvisoba warmodgenasa da SiS vel faqts Soris WeSmaritia mxolod maSin, Tu is efeqtu­ria realuri cxovrebis problemebis gadaWraSi. WeSmaritebis es pragmatuli Teoria Zlier winaaRmdegobas waawyda, gansa­kuTrebiT enis da logikis iseTi britaneli filosofosebis mxridan, rogoricaa magaliTad bertran raseli. diui eWvis

jon diui 17

TvaliT uyurebda am kritikas, radgan es kritika ZiriTadad ori entirebuli iyo modernistul varaudebze, gansakuTrebiT subieqtisa da obieqtis gancalkevebis ideaze da privilegias aniWebda am ukanasknels. man folibalizmi mogvianebiT Secvala cnebiT `mtkicebulebis garantirebuloba,~ rogorc ideebis `WeS maritebis~ gamosarkvevi sacdeli testi, romelic Sedgeni­lia warmatebuli gamokiTxvis safuZvelze. mniSvnelovania, rom am gadasvlam iwinaswarmetyvela ZiriTadi epistemologiuri mtki cebulebebi, romlebic amJamad samecniero kvlevebSi cno­bilia `Tvisebrivi paradigmis~ saxelwodebiT.

codnis, rogorc mizanmimarTuli moqmedebis rezultatad ganxilvisas apriori fsiqologiuri an ontologiuri fenome­nis nacvlad, diuim Secvala klasikuri metafizikis absolu­tizmi da gauxsna kari empiriulad Camoyalibebul metafizikas. diuim warmoadgina Tavisi pragmatuli metafizika naSromSi `uSualobis empiriuli postulati~ (1905). mniSvnelovania, rom man SeimuSava fenomenologiuri safuZveli metafizikisTvis, imis mtkicebiT, rom empiriulad gancdili ram aris is, Tu ro­gor iqna is gancdili. rom ganemarta Tu ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi, diuim SemogTavaza Semdgomi magaliTi. pirovnebas esmis xma bnel oTaxSi. Tavidan xma SiSis momgvrelad miiCneva, gamokvlevis Semdeg (magaliTad, sinaTlis anTeba da garSemo daTvaliereba) dgindeba, rom xma rogorc Cans gamowveuli iyo fanjris darabis braxuniT, rac ar qmnida SiSis safuZvels. am magaliTis arsi aris is, rom codna yalibdeba samyarosTan Cve­ni urTierTobebis procesSi. xma Tavidan iyo SiSis momgvreli, magram es SiSi am SemTxvevaSi iyo amJamindeli codnis araadek­vaturobis efeqti, rom warmatebiT gadaeWra am SemTxvevaSi am­Jamindeli mdgomareobis, viTarebis pragmatuli moTxovna.

Semdgomma kvlevam ver gamoaaSkarava axali realoba arsebu­li xilvadobis miRma. sanacvlod, man dinamikuri kavSiri Secva­la me­sa da aRqmas Soris da Sesabamisad imoqmeda realobis Secvlazec. man sawyisi SiSis gamocdileba Cado SinaarsSi, misi mniSvnelobisa da Zalis cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

diuis Sexedulebam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia meta fi­zikaze. upirvelesad igi gardaqmnis arastabilur da SesaZlo codnas validurad an kanonierad da, Sesabamisad, kiTxvis niS­nis qveS ayenebs metafizikis idealistur versiebs. (magaliTad platonis eidos (ideebi) an kantis wminda goneba). meore mxriv, faqti, rom codna icvleba ganaxlebuli gamokvlevis saSuale­biT, romelic win uZRvis bunebrivi SemTxvevis, movlenis ad­ekvatur gagebas, varaudobs, rom Cveni gamocdileba samyaros mimarT nebisemier mocemul dros mTlianad mcdari ar aris. ase rom, skepticizmi gamocdilebis sandoobisadmi gaumarTlebe­lia. grZnobebi, hipoTezebi, ideebi, xelaxali warmodgenebi da ase Semdeg, yvela potenciurad codnis Rirebul Suamavals, me­

18 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis

diators warmoadgens. warmatebuli gamokvlevis saSualebiT es mediatorebi qrebian, wyveten arsebobas da aaSkaraveben sagnebs `moqmedi pirisTvis yvelaze realuri sada bunebrivi formiT.~ umTavresi aq aris idea, rom nebismieri saxis gamocdileba fa­seuli da Rirebulia codnis agebis procesSi. sagulisxmoa, rom am narkvevebma winaswar gansWvrites martin haidegeris cnobili hermenevtuli wris artikulacia, sadac yovelgvari codnis safuZvelad praqtikuli monawileoba gvevlineba Das-ein­Si (yofnaSi) anu samyaroSi.

SesaZloa diuis pragmatuli metafizika yvelaze sruli sa­xiT Camoyalibebulia `gamocdileba da buneba~­Si (1925). am tom­Si diui asabuTebs, rom socialuri urTierTobebi mniSvnelova­nia ara mxolod socialuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi, aramed agreTve metafizikis ganviTarebaSic, radgan adamianTa koleq­tiuri aqtivobebis Sedegad dgindeba, rom goneba Tavad gamov­lindeba saganmanaTleblo tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ganixilavda gonebas, rogorc primitiul, individualur Tvise­bas da winaswar ganzraxuli moqmedebis winapirobas. diui aya­libebs genetikur Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac goneba aris koleqtiuri aqtivobis Sedegi simboloebis, gansakuTrebiT ki enis SuamavlobiT. am mxriv misi azrovneba SesamCnevad axlosaa rogorc simboluri interaqcionistebis mosazrebebTan, ro­goricaa magaliTad jorj herberti visTan erTadac igi muSaob­da, agreTve, lev vigotskisTan, mis TanamedrovesTan, vis Sesa­xebac albaT diuim araferi icoda. yvela am moazrovnisaTvis cnobiereba da codna iwarmoeba samyaroSi socialurad da se­miotikurad gaSualebuli aqtivobis meSveobiT.

diuis Teoria kvlevis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia srulad iqnes gagebuli, Tu misi pragmatuli eTikis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. is uaryofda racionalistur interesze dafuZnebul eTikis sistemebs (magaliTad Tomas hobsis socialuri kontraqti) radgan miaCnda, rom individualuri azrovnebis da moqmedebis sakiTxi socialur gamocdilebebs Soris pirvel adgilze dgas. diuis mixedviT eTikis karnaxi aZlevs adamianis moqmede­bas mimarTulebas, im mxriv, rom igi akmayofilebs individs sa­kuTriv Tavis socialur konteqstSi. diuis eTika aris ufro gamomxatvelobiTi vidre sistemuri, igi gvTavazobs eTikuri Tavsatexisadmi midgomis meTods da ara gansakuTrebul prin­cipebs, an algoriTmebs, romelTac unda mivyveT. marTlac, igi cdilobda Tavi aeridebina misi azriT sxva moralisti fi­losofosebis mcdari praqtikisTvis, anu maTgan vinc eZiebda kantis kategoriuli imperativis romelime versias moraluri cxovrebisaTvis.

diuis mixedviT eTika warmoadgens safuZvels cxovrebis de­mokratuli formebisTvis, raSic is gulisxmobda TanamSrom­lobisa da sajaro interesis ganviTarebas, romelsac SeuZ­

jon diui 19

lia individebisgan koleqtivebis Seqmna, romlebic uzrunve­lyofdnen cxovrebis gaumjobesebas ufro eqsperimentis da Semoqmedebis gziT, vidre erTi da igive dogmis gaziarebiT. di­uis azriT, amgvari eTikis miyola SesaZlebelia maSin, rodesac, demokratuli Cvevebis ganviTarebas bavSvis socializaciis ad­reul asakSi, skolidan eyreba safuZveli. diuisTvis skolaSi siaruli TviT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gagrZelebas warmoad­genda. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, mas skola miaCnda adgilad, sadac moswavleebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni TanamSromlobis gziT erToblivi miznebis, da rogorc sakuTari, aseve sxve­bis interesebis ganxorcielebaSi. diui darwmunebuli iyo, rom pedagogiuri aqtivoba, romelic amgvarad aris organize­buli, Segnebuli, pasuxismgebeli, demokratuli moqalaqeebis saukeTeso momzadebis sawindars warmoadgens.

diuis `xelovneba rogorc gamocdileba~ (1934) mravalmxriv ucnauri wignia, Tumca mis erT nawilSi aRiniSneba pragmatu­li esTetikis ganviTarebis mcdeloba. misi epistemologiuri, metafizikuri da eTikuri Teoriebis msgavsad misi esTetikis Teoria genetikuric aris da pragmatulic. magaliTad is amt­kicebda, rom esTetikuri gamocdilebis fesvebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis zogad gamocdilebaSia. roca ki mniSvnelobebis xarisxobrivi, Tvisebrivi erTobis da Rirebulebebis gamocda xdeba wina gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, am gamocdilebas gansx­vavebuli esTetikuri Tviseba eniWeba. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, es perspeqtiva arRvevs elitarul gansxvavebulobas `maRal~ da `dabal~ xelovnebasa da kulturas Soris. xelovanis Semo­qmedebiTi samuSao aRar aris ufro SesaniSnavi, vid re Cveu­lebriv adamianTa yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. proble mebis Se­saZ lo gadawyvetilebebis warmosaxviTi ganviTareba, ro melsac gamocdilebis damakmayofilebel rekonstruqciamde mivyavarT aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba. is, rac xelovnebis Semoqmedebi­Tobas sxva formis Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs ufro raode­nobrivia vidre Tvisebrivi. mas saqme unda hqondes xelovanis unarTan miiRos siamovneba, datkbes unificirebuli Tvisob­rivi sirTuliT, imis dawyobiTa da ganwmendiT, rac ufro me­tia, vidre adamianis cxovrebis mniSvneloba da Rirebulebis uSualo, lokaluri da konkretuli SesaZleblobebi. xelovani xelovnebis nimuSSi emociis saSualebiT arkvevs da acocxlebs am elementebs _ ara myisieri, uSualo, daumuSavebeli emociis saSualebiT, aramed im emociis, romelic friad refleqsuria da win uZRvis Semoqmedebis process.

mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor avlebs paralels diuis esTe­tikis Teoria mis epistemologiasTan, metafizikasTan da eTi­kasTan. yvela maTgani pragmatuli an instrumenturia, rogorc individualur aseve koleqtiur doneze. igi amtkicebs, rom xe­lovneba aris kulturuli produqti, romlis meSveobiTac ada­

20 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis

mianebi gamoxataven sakuTari cxovrebis maTTvis mniSvnelo­van faqtebs iseve, rogorc mxiarulebas, tanjvas, imedebsa da idealebs. xelovnebis Seqmna da moxmareba axlos aris iseT Cveulebriv adamianur gamocdilebasTan rogoricaa magali­Tad, Wama, seirnoba, mebaReoba an ojaxis movla. es siaxlove eTanxmeba xelovnebis kritikul mademokratizebel rols ga­batonebul socialur viTarebasTan kavSirSi. rodesac azriani, damakmayofilebeli cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebi ganxorcieldeba an yalibdeba xelovnebaSi, Tumca amavdrou­lad ar realizdeba adamianTa mier, am SemTxvevaSi xelovneba asrulebs Tundac am socialuri viTarebis mdgomareobis mxi­lebis funqcias. diuis ideebi aq motivirebulia amerikis in­dustrializaciis mcdelobiT, rasac igi im periodSi TiTqmis yvelgan xedavda Tavis garSemo. es mcdeloba moiTxovda muSa­Ta Cabmas maTTvis uazro, ganmeorebad, aradamakmayofilebel samuSaoSi, romelic maT maTi samuSaosgan gamijnavda da miR­wevis da pirovnuli siamayis grZnobisken ar ubiZgebda. diuis daJinebuli mtkicebis Tanaxmad xelovneba da yoveldRiuri cxovreba erTi da igive Zafisgan aris moqsovili strategiu­li politikuri miznebisaTvis. rodesac xelovneba realuri cxovrebisagan gancalkevebulad miiCneva, maSin transformaci­uli, kontr­hegemonuri potenciali mkrTaldeba, brwyinvale­bas kargavs an, sulac ukuigdeba.

diuis ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis Teoria gamomdina­re obs misi pragmatuli epistomologiidan, metafizikidan, eTi kidan da esTetikidan. diuisTvis ganaTlebis mizans war­moadgens individis inteleqtualuri, socialuri, emociuri da moralu ri ganviTareba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. am sakiTxebis ganviTareba erTi mxriv damokidebulia da meore mxriv, xels uwyobs mzard demokratiul da mademokratizebel konteqsts. ganaTleba socialuria, igi uzrunvelyofs indi­videbis pirovnul investiciebs `socialur urTierTobebSi da kontrolSi, agreTve fsiqikur CvevebSi, rac icavs socialur cvlilebebs, maTSi socialuri areulobisa da uwesrigobis Setanis gareSe~ (1916/1944, gv. 99). ganaTleba da gamocdileba erTi masalisgan aris Seqmnili: `gamocdilebis rekonstruq­cia an reorganizacia, romelic mniSvnelobas matebs gamoc­dilebas da romelic zrdis unars mimarTos kursi momdevno gamocdilebisken~ (1916/1944, gv.74). ganaTleba gamocdilebaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli da ara gareSe faqtorebiT gamowveuli, radgan: `realuri gamocdilebis processa da ganaTlebas So­ris Zalian Rrma da aucilebeli kavSiri arsebobs~ (1938, gv. 20). diuis damokidebuleba gamocdilebis, rogorc ganaTlebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi safuZvelis mimarT emyareba urTierTobas da gagrZelebadobis principebs. piaJes msgavsad, diuis miaCnda, rom yoveli axali gamocdileba igeba da efuZneba wina gamoc­

jon diui 21

dilebas. is mtkiced acxadebda, rom maswavleblis pasuxismge­blobaa gansazRvros mimarTuleba, romelSic wamyvani adgili gamocdilebas daekisreba. amasTanave, mas miaCnda, rom gamoc­dilebebi (da maTi aTviseba) SesaZlebelia iyos ganaTlebadic da araganaTlebadic. man ganaTlebadi gamocdileba ganmarta, rogorc codnis da gamocdilebis horizontis gafarTovebis sawindari, romelsac swori mimarTulebiT mivyavarT gaazre­buli qmedebisaken. gaazrebuli qmedeba Seicavs ganviTarebi­sa da warmatebisken mudmivad swrafvis unars, ganviTarebis mdgradobisa da ucvlelobis sawinaaRmdegod. is ufro winas­war ganzraxul process warmoadgens, vidre impulsurs. garda amisa igi gaazrebulia. amis sapirispirod, araganaTlebadi ga­mocdileba `atyvevebs da arRvevs~ ganviTarebas. is avlens uz­runvel, ararefleqsur, mxolod sakuTar Tavze orientirebul xasiaTs. is individs mimarTavs `rutinuli moqmedebebisaken~ da `aviwrovebs mis sferos, misi miznebis an Rirebulebis Tval­sawieris SezRudviT da gadafaravs problemuri gamocdilebis SesaZlo gadawyvetas. araganaTlebadi gamocdileba arc uSvebs da arc xels uwyobs me­s cnobierebas, Segnebas an sazogadoeb­riv urTierTobebs da zogad socio­politikur ekologias, ro melSic is (individi) cxovrobs. is arTulebs im gzebis danax­vas, romliTac individebis moqmedebebs dadebiTi zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia zemoT xsenebul ekologiaze.

`kvleva~ aris termini, romelsac diui yvelaze xSirad iye­nebda swavlebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb saubrisas. misi xedva kvlevis bunebisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb srulad aris Camoya­libebuli naSromSi: narkvevebi eqsperimentuli logikis Sesa­xeb da logika: kvlevis Teoria (1953), romelSic igi amtkicebs kvlevis cvladobas cxoveluri organizmebidan adamianis CaT­vliT. diuim kvlevis yvela forma ganixila, rogorc arsebiTi saWiroebebis miRwevis mizniT gamowveuli adaptaciuri pasuxi garemo viTarebaze. man adamianur kvlevas uwoda `inteleq­tualuri kvleva,~ romlis damaxasiaTebeli niSania eniT ga­Sualebuloba. radgan ena sruliad simboluria, is realur samyaroSi adapturi qcevis hipoTeturi gamocdis saSualebas iZleva am qcevis realur danergvamde. diuis mixedviT logi­kuri forma, tradiciuli logikis Seswavlis gansakuTrebuli sagani, efuZneba ara gonebas, aramed funqciur Rirebulebebs. logikuri forma moicavs problemuri situaciis Sesabamis Ta­vis garTmevis TvalsaCinoebas, romelic waaqezebs kvlevas da akontrolebs im procesebs, romlebic CarTulia am situaciis mimarT mravalmxrivi hipoTezuri gadawyvetilebebis SemuSave­baSi. isev da isev, es iyo diuis kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli uni­kaluri xedva (perspeqtiva), romelic kvlav uaryofda klasi­kur dualizms (magaliTad: subieqti/obieqti, universaluri/gansakuTrebuli, racionalizmi/empirizmi) da kiTxvis qveS aye­

22 Teoria ganaTlebisaTvis

nebda ideas, rom adamianis arsebobis gamarTleba mxolod WeS­maritebis danergvaSi mdgomareobs. gamokvlevis Sesaxeb diuis formulirebebma mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia filosofiur sazogadoebaze da dasabami misca Semdgomi Sromebis gaCenas logikis TeoriaSi.

diuis kvlevis ideis aTvlis wertilad gvevlineba misi gan­sakuTrebuli xedva gansjis, refleqsiis bunebisa da fun­qciebis Sesaxeb. man refleqsia ganmarta, rogorc `nebismieri saxis rwmenis an codnis savaraudo formis aqtiuri da frTx­ili ganxilva, romelic icavs mas da im Semdgom daskvnebs, rom­lebiskenac miemarTeba~ (1938 gv. amonaridi originalidan). ram ­denadac amgvari refleqsia devs `inteleqtualuri wyobis da disciplinirebuli gonebis centrSi~ (1938, gv 87) diuisTvis refleqsia aris azrovnebis saxe, `romelic Sinaarsis gonebri­vad damuSavebasa da mis seriozul da TanmimdevrobiT gaazre­baSi mdgomareobs.~ igi warmosaxviT azrovnebas emorCileba da moicavs `uwyvet swrafvas martivi dasasrulisken~ (1933, gv. 5). diuim refleqsiis oTxi ZiriTadi kriteriumi Camoayali ba. pirveli, moicavs mniSvnelobisa da miznis uwyvet agebas, ro­melsac Semswavleli gadayavs erTi gamocdilebidan meoreze, gamocdilebebsa da ideebs Soris kavSirebis ufro Rrma da sa­fuZvliani gagebiT. igi codnis gaRrmavebas da gagebas uzrun­velyofs uwyvetobis saSualebiT. meore, refleqsia aris gaaz­rebuli, disciplinebuli da zusti. mesame, refleqsia aris Ta namonawileobiTi. is warmogvidgeba xangrZlivi praqtikisa da dauzareli Sromis safuZvelze sazogadoebaSi da win uZR­vis saerTo miznebis miRwevisken swrafvas. bolos, refleqsia emyareba im ganwyobebs (atitudebs) romelTaTvisac Rirebulia rogorc pirovnuli, ise koleqtiuri zrda da keTildReoba.

diuis mixedviT, refleqsia, rogorc gamokvlevis yvelaze amaRlebuli forma moicavs 6 ZiriTad fazas: a) problemuri gamocdileba, b) gamocdilebis intuiciuri an spontanuri in­ter pretacia, g) gamocdilebis safuZvelze warmodgenili cal ­keuli problemebis gansazRvra an dasaxeleba d) am proble­mebis gadaWris savaraudo ganmartebebis Camoyalibeba e) gan­martebebis gaazreba hipoTezebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, proble­muri situaciebisTvis Tavis garTmevis mizniT, da v) hipoTe­zuri Semowmeba inteleqtualuri da pragmatuli Rirebulebis gansazRvris mizniT (anu gonebrivi qmedeba).

am procesSi umniSvnelovanesia garkveuloba. movlena ar niS navs aucileblad imas, rac igulisxmeba, sanam maT Soris logikuri urTierTkavSiri ar Camoyalibdeba. diuisTvis swav­la aris `azrovnebis swavla~ da `Sedgeba azrovnebis vrceli, frTxili, detalurad gaazrebuli Cvevebisgan~ (1933, gv.78) am mxriv diui kritikuli iyo iseTi saskolo ganaTlebis mimarT, romelic ar uzrunvelyofs processa da produqts Soris kav­

jon diui 23

Sirs da logikurad Camoyalibebul, mza informacias, instruq­cias ucvleli saxiT awvdis moswavles.

amis sapirispirod, igi afasebda imgvar ganaTlebas, ro mel­Sic azrovneba miCneulia xelovnebad da `azrovnebis procesze sistematur zrunvad~ imisTvis, `rom azrovnebis procesi WeS­maritad refleqsuri gaxdes~ (1933, gv. 85).

man maswavleblebisTvis SeimuSava moswavleebSi refleqsu­ri gonebrivi Cvevebis ganviTarebis unikaluri meTodi, xerxi romelic cnobilia `socialuri kontrolis~ saxeliT. diuis `socialuri kontrolis~ mixedviT, rodesac maswavlebeli moq­medebs rogorc `mimTiTebeli gacvliT saswavlo procesebSi, romelSic yvela moswavles miuZRvis wvlili, igi erTpirovnu­li mmarTvelis da diqtatoris funqcias kargavs da jgufur aqtivobebSi lideris rolSi gvevlineba~ (1938, gv. 59). sxva si­tyvebiT rom vTqvaT maswavleblis mizani aris eqsperimentuli swavlis SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa. maswavleblebi da studentebi Tanaarseboben dialogur urTierTobaSi (baxtinis gagebiT) an SesaZloa funqcionireben uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonaSi (vigotskis terminologiiT). maswavleblebic da mos­wavleebic arian Semswavlelebi socialuri jgufis an sazoga­doebrivi praqtikis miRma da Tumca maswavlebels SesaZloa meti codna an gamocdileba (Tundac uaxloesi ganviTarebisas) hqondes, mas mwyemsis da fasilitatoris roli unda hqondes da ara avtoritetuli figuris an eqspertis. mocemul konteqst­Si Semswavlelebi TanamSromloben maswavleblebTan da Tana­tolebTan sakuTari miznebis Seqmnis procesSi, iseve rogorc imis garkvevaSi Tu ras an rogor swavloben. diui rukis meta­foras iyenebda am mosazrebis gatarebis mizniT: `ruka, Sinarsi, wina gamocdilebis wesrigSi moyvana da sworad gaazreba, Semd­gomi gamocdilebis gzamkvlevs warmoadgens, is aCvenebs mimar­Tulebas, da exmareba kontrolis ganxorcielebaSi, amao mcde­lobebis Semcirebis xarjze~ magram `ruka ver daikavebs mogza­urobis adgils~ (1902, gv. 199)

platonis (magaliTad _ menoni, saxelmwifo) Semdeg sxva fi­losofosebze metad diui ikvlevda da ganavrcobda saganma­naTleblo sakiTxebs Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze. da Tumca mas ar Seuqmnia termini `progresuli ganaTleba~, igi mainc asocirdeba progresul ganaTlebasTan. diui darwmunebuli iyo, rom ganaTleba da socialuri demokratia Tanaziaria. misi azriT, skolebi Sefasebaze ufroa koncentrirebuli vidre codnis gadacemaze. studentebs codnis mopovebaSi unda davex­maroT, rom Semdgom maT SeZlon sxvebTan erTad TanamSrom­lobis gziT cxovreba an muSaoba da gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rac maT swavlaze moaxdens zegavlenas. amasTanave igi kargad acnobierebda, rom skolebi xSirad represiul saswavlo dawe­sebulebebs warmoadgenen, romlebic ar aRviveben an ar iZlevi­