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Zlatni novac - Solidus

Kovnica: Nikomedija

FLAVIJE GALERIJE VALERIJE LICINIJAN

LICINIJE (308-324)

Rezime

Licinije je rođen oko 250. godine u Dakiji ili Gornjoj Meziji. Kada se Galerije uzdigao do imperijalnog trona pomogao je 308. godine Liciniju da se uspne do avgusta. Nakon smrti Galerija 311. godine ovaj deo carstva je podeljen: Licinije je dobio evropski, a Maksimin Daja azijski deo. Sukob između Licinija i Daje kulminirao je u bici na Ergenskom polju. Pobedio je Licinije pridobivši 313. godine istočne provincije imperije. U više navrata uspeo je da izbegne značajnije gubitke u borbama sa Konstantinovom vojskom, ali je u bitkama kod Hadrijanopolja i Hrisopolja 324. godine poražen. Zarobljen je i odveden u Solun gde je živeo u kućnom pritvoru. Ubijen je zajedno sa sinom, po naredbi Konstantina Velikog, kada je pokušao da digne ustanak. Surovost, najistaknutija karakterna crta Licinija, predstavljena je i na mnogim njegovim portretima na kovanicama. To je naročito uočljivo na novcu gde Licinije ima lik Marsa Osvetnika. Inače, novac kovan za vladavine Licinija može se podeliti u dva razdoblja: tetrarhijski period i period zajedničke vladavine sa Konstantinom.

Ključne reči: Licinije, Dakija, Gornja Mezija, Galerije, Maksimin Daja, Konstantin Veliki, kovanice

JEL: B11, E42, N23

UDK 737.1(497.11)"308/324"

Svetlana Pantelić

Udruženje banaka Srbijesvetlana.pantelic@ubs-asb.com

pregledni naučni članak

Rad primljen: 21.06.2013.

Odobren za štampu: 04.07.2013.

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FLAVIUS GALERIUS VALERIUS LICINIANUS

LICINIUS (308-324)

Summary

Licinius was born around 250 A.D. in Dacia or Moesia Superior. When Galerius rose to the imperial throne, he helped Licinius become August in 308. After Galerius’s demise in 311, the Empire was divided: Licinius was entrusted with the European part and Maximinus Daia with the Asian part. The conflict between Licinius and Daia culminated in the battle of Tzyrallum (on the Ergenus field). Licinius won, thus in 313 acquiring the Eastern provinces of the Empire. On several occasions, he managed to avoid considerable losses in the battles against the Constantine’s army, but ended up defeated in the battles of Adrianople and Chrysopolis in 324. He was captivated and taken to Thessalonica where he was kept under house arrest. He was assassinated, together with his son, at the order of Constantine the Great, after he had conspired to launch a rebellion. Cruelty, as the most prominent character trait of Licinius, is represented on many of his portraits found on coins. This is particularly noticeable on coins where Licinius takes the image of Mars Ultor (the Avenger). The coins minted during Licinius’s reign can be divided into two periods: period of tetrarchy and period of joint rule with Constantine.

Key words: Licinius, Dacia, Moesia Superior, Galerius, Maximinus Daia, Constantine the Great, coins

JEL: B11, E42, N23

UDC 737.1(497.11)"308/324"

Svetlana Pantelić

Association of Serbian Bankssvetlana.pantelic@ubs-asb.com

scientific review article

Gold coin - Solidus

Mint: NicomediaPaper received: 21.06.2013

Approved for publishing: 04.07.2013

Za vreme tetrarhije, četvorovlašća u Rimskom carstvu, na prelazu iz 3. u 4. vek, prostor današnje Srbije bilo je mesto gde su se

rađali i stolovali njegovi brojni carevi. Vladali su ogromnim evropskim prostorom od Britanskih ostrva do Male Azije, od Dunava, Rajne i Majne do Severne Afrike. Učinili su da prostor današnje Srbije postane središte imperije, sagradivši u njoj gradove, palate, vile i bezbrojne druge građevine, ravne onima u dotadašnjim centrima antičkog sveta.

Licinije, poslednji tetrarh Rima, rođen je oko 250. godine. Kako ne postoje precizni podaci gde je rođen, pretpostavlja se da je to Dakija ili Gornja Mezija, odakle je i Galerije, jer njihovo prijateljstvo potiče iz rane mladosti i zavičaja. Kada se Galerije uzdigao do imperijalnog trona pomogao je 308. godine Liciniju da se uspenje do avgusta. Preuzeo je vlast od Flavija Severa i postao gospodar Ilirika, te sa svojim dobročiniteljem Galerijem vladao istočnim delom carstva. Nakon smrti Galerija 311. godine ovaj deo carstva je podeljen: Licinije je dobio evropski, a Maksimin Daja azijski deo. Sukob između Licinija i Daje kulminirao je u bici na Ergenskom polju. Pobedio je Licinije, pridobivši 313. godine istočne provincije imperije. Neprijateljstvo sa Konstantinom krenulo je nekoliko godina nakon njegove ženidbe sa Konstancijom, Konstantinovom polusestrom. U više navrata uspeo je da izbegne značajnije gubitke u borbama sa Konstantinovom vojskom, ali je u bitkama kod Hadrijanopolja i Hrisopolja 324. godine poražen. Zarobljen je i odveden u Solun gde je živeo u kućnom pritvoru. Ubijen je zajedno sa sinom, po naredbi Konstantina Velikog, kada je pokušao da digne ustanak.

Osnovne karakterne osobine Licinija bile su: ambicioznost, nedoslednost, surovost, prevrtljivost. Od svih nabrojanih čini se da je surovost ipak bila najdominantnija. Primer za to su i ubistva koja su izvršena po njegovoj naredbi: Galerijeve supruge i sina, sina i ćerke Maksimina Daje i sina Flavija Severa.

During the Tetrarchy in the Roman Empire, at the turn of the 3rd and 4th century, the territory of today’s Serbia was

the place where many Roman emperors were born. They ruled over the vast European expanse from the British Isles to Asia Minor, from the Danube, Rheine and Mein, to the North Africa.

They made the territory of today’s Serbia the heart of their Empire, having built in it the entire

cities, palaces, villas and numerous other edifices, equal to the ones in the then

centers of the ancient world.Licinius, the last Tetrarch of

Rome, was born around 250 A.D. Given that there have been no precise data as to where he was born, it is assumed to have been Dacia or Moesia Superior, the

place of Galerius’s origin as well, since their friendship started back

in their youth in their homeland. When Galerius rose to the imperial

throne, he helped Licinius become August in 308. He took over the reign from Flavius

Severus and became the ruler of Illyricum, after which he ruled over the eastern part of the Empire, together with his benefactor Galerius. After Galerius’s demise in 311, the Empire was divided: Licinius was entrusted with the European part and Maximinus Daia with the Asian part. The conflict between Licinius and Daia culminated in the battle of Tzyrallum (on the Ergenus field). Licinius won, thus in 313 acquiring the Eastern provinces of the Empire. The animosity against Constantine started several years after he married Constantia, Constantine’s half-sister. On several occasions, he managed to avoid considerable losses in the battles against the Constantine’s army, but ended up defeated in the battles of Adrianople and Chrysopolis in 324. He was captivated and taken to Thessalonica where he was kept under house arrest. He was assassinated, together with his son, at the order of Constantine the Great, after he had conspired to launch a rebellion.

The main character traits of Licinius were: ambitiousness, inconsistency, cruelty and unpredictability. It seems, however, that, out of these four, cruelty was the predominant one. This is exemplified by the murders executed at his order: of the wife and son of Galerius, the son and daughter of Maximinus Daia and the son of Flavius Severus.

Nekoliko je karakterističnih momenata iz Licinijevog života: poslednji je tetrarh

Rimskog carstva i supotpisnik Milanskog edikta sa Konstantinom Velikim, ne zato što je verovao u verske slobode već radi izbegavanja sukoba sa Konstantinom. Kasnije, kada je ušao u sukob sa Konstantinom, poništio je svoj potpis na Milanskom ediktu i nastavio sa progonima hrišćana u svom delu carstva smatrajući ih Konstantinovim sledbenicima. Bez tačno utvrđenih činjenica, Licinije se u srednjevekovnim letopisima pominje kao predak vladarske loze Nemanjića, odnosno kao predak Bele Uroša od koga po predanju potiče veliki župan Stefan Nemanja. Pretpostavka Licinijevog srodstva sa lozom Nemanjića potiče od povezanosti Srba sa Tribalima ili Sarmatima, plemenima koja su se nalazila na teritoriji današnje Srbije.

Surovost, najistaknutija karakterna crta Licinija, predstavljena je i na mnogim njegovim portretima na kovanicama. To je naročito uočljivo na novcu gde Licinije ima lik Marsa Osvetnika. Inače, novac kovan za vladavine Licinija može se podeliti u dva razdoblja: tetrarhijski period i period zajedničke vladavine sa Konstantinom. U prvom periodu Licinijev portret je dat kao kontura osobe snažnog vrata, izražajnih očiju i sa karakterističnom mimikom usana. U drugom razdoblju posebno su interesantne kovanice gde je Licinijev lik dat en face, okruglog širokog lica, niskog čela bez bora, široko otvorenih očiju, skršenih obrva i punih usana.

Najčešće kovnice ovih folisa bile su: Treveri, Siscia, Cyzicus, Heraclea i Thessalonica.

Several characteristic moments marked Licinius’s life: he was the last Tetrarch of the Roman Empire and the

co-signer of the Edict of Milan alongside Constantine the Great, not because he believed in religious freedom, but because he wanted to avoid a conflict with Constantine. Later on, when he already clashed with Constantine, he annulled his signature on the Edict of Milan and continued the persecution of Christians in his part of the Empire, considering them the followers of Constantine. Without any precisely determined facts, in the mediaeval chronicles Licinius is mentioned as the predecessor of the ruling dynasty of Nemanjic, i.e. as the ancestor of Bela Uros, who was, according to the legend, the forefather of the Great Prince Stefan Nemanja. The assumption of Licinius’s relation to the dynasty of Nemanjic originates from the connection of the Serbs with Tribals or Sarmatians, the tribes which dwelled in the territories of today’s Serbia.

Cruelty, as the most prominent character trait of Licinius, is represented on many of his portraits found on coins. This is particularly noticeable on coins where Licinius takes the image of Mars Ultor (the Avenger). The coins minted during Licinius’s reign can be divided into two periods: period of tetrarchy and period of joint rule with Constantine. During the first period, Licinius is portrayed as a person with strong neck, expressive eyes, and characteristic lips movement. In the second period, the particularly interesting coins are the ones picturing Licinius en face, with a round, wide face, low unwrinkled forehead, eyes wide open, frowning eyebrows and full lips.

These coins were most frequently minted in the following mints: Treveri, Siscia, Cyzicus, Heraclea and Thessalonica.

Literatura / References

1. Jovanović, Aleksandar. Tlo Srbije zavičaj rimskih careva. Beograd: Princip Bonart Pres. 2006.

2. Lopandić, Duško. Purpur imperije - Rimski carevi sa prostora Srbije i Balkana. Beograd: Book & Marso. 2007.

3. Duško Lopandić, Poslednji tetrarh, www.politikin-zabavnik.rs

4. Milica Đorđević, Od govedara do cara, Vestionline