giáo trình cấu tạo kiến trúc 06

8/4/2019 gio trnh cu to kin trc 06

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Chng 5

SN BTNG CT THP

5.1. V TR, TC DNG V C IM

Sn l b phn kt cu ng thi lm hai nhim v chu lc v bao che cho cng trnh. Sn chu tt c ccloi ti trng thng xuyn v tm thi tc ng ln, nh ti trng bn thn ca tng vch, thit b, c v ca con ngi bn trn truyn xung qua cc kt cu gi nh tng, ct. Sn cn c coinh mt sn nm ngang ging gi v lin kt cc tng ng v ct ng vi nhau m bo tnhn nh v cng chung cho ton nh, ng thi truyn lc x ngang vo tng v ct. Nhim vngn che ca sn nh l phn chia khng gian trong nh thnh cc tng khc nhau, m bo cho tngkhng gian ch nhit,m, n theo yu cu.

Sn c cu to vi ba b phn chnh:

- Lp mt sn: cu to b mt hon thin t trn lp kt cu chu lc, c thc hin vi vt liu ltmt nh gch, vn g, cht do...

- Lp kt cu chu lc: gm dm hoc dn bng g, thp, btng ct thp v cc cu kin chn knkhong trng gia cc dm cc tm panen hay tm an btng ct thp c sn. Ton b sn gc lnu tng chu lc hoc khung chu lc.

- Lp trn sn: c cu to di lp kt cu chu lc, nhm tng cng khnng cch m, cch nhitv lm cho b mt di ca sn c phng theo yu cu m quan v v sinh.

Sn btng ct thp l loi sn c p dng ph bin cho nhng cng trnh t cp 3 tr ln hocnhng cng trnh c bit nh kho ho cht n, kho xng du hoc ni thng tip xc vi ho cht,hay vi nc, thng bm t.

Sn btng ct thp c u im cu to n gin, bn chc c cng ln. Khnng chng chy tt,khng mc nt, t phi bo tr, d tho mn cc yu cu vsinh. Vt c cc khu ln, din tchrng. Thun tin trong vic cng nghip ho xy dng.

Tuy nhin sn btng ct thp c nhc im kh sa cha, khnng cch m khng cao, ti trng bnthn ln.

5.2. PHN LOI

5.2.1. Theo gii php kt cu

Sn sn: c cc dm l sn ca sn c b tr theo mt hoc hai phng, trn h dm c bn sn


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c c lin khi vi dm hoc panen lp ghp.

- Sn sn ton khi c bn k hai cnh.

- Sn sn ton khi c bn k bn cnh.

- Sn sn kiu c.

- Sn sn lp ghp dng panen.

- Sn sn bn lp ghp.

Sn khng sn: loi sn ch c bn sn hoc panen t trc tip ln tng chu lc. Nhm ny c csn nm ton khi, lp ghp hoc bn lp ghp.

5.2.2.Theo bin php thi cng

Sn btng ct thp c thc thi cng theo ba cch.

Sn btng ct thp ton khi: loi sn ny m bo cng ln v lin kt tt cho sn. p dng choloi nh c mt bng khng theo mt qui tc nht nh hoc nh c yu cu c bit. Tuy nhin loi snny c nhc im l tn vn khun v sc lao ng, thi gian thi cng chm v bnh hng ca thitit.

Sn btng ct thp lp ghp: loi sn ny m bo yu cu cng nghip ho sn xut v c gii ho thicng. Kt cu chu lc ca sn c chto nh my hoc cng trng, sau lp ghp vo v tr. Loisn ny nng cao hiu sut lao ng, tc thi cng khng b hn chbi thi tit, tit kim vn khun.Tuy nhin loi sn ny khng c cng bng loi sn ton khi, do cn c bin php gia c nhtl nhng v tr lin kt rp ni.

Sn btng ct thp bn lp ghp: loi sn trong c c mt phn ton khi, mt phn lp ghp. N tnghp cu nhc im ca hai loi trn.

5.3. CU TO SN BTNG CT THP TON KHI

L loi sn m trong nhng thnh phn cu to nh bn hay bn dm c thc hin tr thnhmt khi duy nht v lin tc mi im ngay khi sn.

5.3.1. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn

5.3.1.1. Sn bn k hai cnh


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L loi sn ton khi n gin nht. Bn sn chu lc theo mt phng, vi t s chiu di ln hn haybng hai ln chiu rng. Nhp ca bn sn nn ly trong khong 2000-3000, sn c b dy khong 60-100, c gc su vo tng ti thiu 100. Loi sn ny thch hp cho hnh lang, sn nh v sinh haycc phng c khu nh (hnh 5.01).

5.3.1.2. Sn bn k bn cnh

L loi sn m bn sn chu lc theo hai phng, vi t s chiu di bng hoc nhhn 2 ln chiu rng.Nhp ca bn sn nn ly trong khong 4000-5000, sn c b dy khong 80-120, c gc su votng ti thiu 100. Loi sn ny thch hp cho sn nh c mt bng gn vung (hnh 5.02).

5.3.1.3. Sn nm (hnh 5.03)

L loi sn ch c bn, khng c dm chu lc. Chiu dy bn sn thng ly bng 1/35-1/40 khong cchct, thng bng 150-200, vi mt strng hp bn sn c th dy hn. Bn sn ta ln mt li ct

60006000 n 80008000. Ch sn ta ln u ct, ng sut cc b rt ln, c thm thng sn. khc phc, u ct c cu to c tn nh hnh nm sn. Tn ct c th l hnh vung, hnhtrn, hnh ch nht hay hnh a gic u, trn loe to theo gc 45, rng 0,2-0,3 khu bc ct.


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Loi sn ny c u im mt trn phng, m quan v c khnng chu lc chn ng, cng nh ti trngln. Nhng c nhc im khng kinh tv tn vt liu. Sn nm p dng trong trng hp khi sn phichu ti trng ln hay c yu cu c bit.

5.3.2. Sn btng ct thp hnh thc bn dm

5.3.2.1. Sn kiu dm chnh, dm ph


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L loi sn c sn gm cc bn sn v h dm to thnh trn mt bng nhng hnh ch nht. Hnhthc bn dm c p dng trong trng hp nhp ca sn tng i ln. t hiu qu kinh tkhi snc nhp trung bnh. Tuy nhin s tn vn khun, mt di sn khng phng v phi lm trn treo khi c

yu cu (hnh 5.04)

c p dng khi khu phng ln hn 3000. S kt cu c tnh xem nh bn k ln dm ph,dm ph gi ln dm chnh t ln ct. Cc dm chnh c gc theo phng ngn ca phng, c chiudi thng 6000-9000, khng cn ct chng v cch nhau 4000-6000. Dm pht vung gc vi dmchnh, cch nhau khong 1500-3000. Dm phi c gc su vo tng 200-250. Theo chu vi sn, bn vdm chnh c th k trc tip ln tng chu lc (di u dm cn t tm m btng ct thp) hocc lin ton khi vi ging tng. Bn sn c chiu dy khong 60-100, tuz theo khu bn nh hayln.

Nhc im ca loi sn ny l mt trn khng phng, chim nhiu khng gian c ch ca phng. lm

phng mt trn c th lm trn treo bng vi rm, li thp phun va ximng mt di sn, g dn,thch cao, nha cch ny c nhc im l t tin v tn cng.

Ngoi ra lm phng mt trn sn, cn c th cu to sn (dm) quay ln pha trn, cc khong trngc chn bng cc vt liu nhnh than x, ct... (hnh 5.05). Tuy nhin cch ny cng c nhc imbn nm vng di khng chu nn, nn khng tham gia vo s lm vic ca dm, i khi lng thpchung tng ln, khi lng vt liu tn sn tng i ln lm sn s nng hn.

Kch thc tit din dm v bn do tnh ton quyt nh (hnh 5.06).

S b c th chn:

- Dm chnh: h=(1/8-1/15)l; b=(1/2-1/3)h.

- Dm ph: h=(1/15-1/20)l; b=(1/2-1/3)h.


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5.3.2.2. Sn c (hnh 5.07)

L loi sn m kt cu ca sn c cu to bi h dm giao nhau theo hai phng, chia mt sn thnh

cc bn k bn cnh. C th chia ra hai loi sn c: sn c kiu bn k bn cnh v sn c kiuli nh.

Loi sn c kiu bn k bn cnh l loi sn sn, trong dm chnh, dm ph ly bng nhau. Chgp nhau ca dm ngang, dm dc l cc ct . Li ct to nn mt mng li vung hay chnht gn vung, vi din tch khng qu 36m2. Chiu cao ca dm ly bng 1/10-1/12 khu dm.Bn sn c chiu dy t 80-150. Loi sn ny c u im to nn mt trn p, d trang tr, p dng cho


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cc khng gian ln c th b tr ct.

Loi sn c kiu li nh l loi sn sn, trong cc dm ngang dm dc ly chiu cao bng nhau,to thnh li vung t 800-2000. Chiu cao dm c ly bng 1/30-1/35l (l l khu ln ca

phng hay khu bc ct). Bn sn c chiu dy 50, bn sn ta trc tip ln bn tng hay cc gi

ta xung quanh. Sn c th ph ln phng c din tch 60-70m2 m khng cn ct gia, ch dngkhi phng c kch thc vung hay gn vung.

H thng dm c th song song vi cc cnh ca phng hay t chch 45o so vi cc cnh ca phng.

5.4. CU TO SN BTNG CT THP LP GHP

5.4.1. Sn btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin nh

C th chto tng cu kin nh (tm an btng ct thp), thng t 50-200kg, c thdng phngtin th cng hoc c gii lp dng.

Cu kin chu lc theo kiu bn k hai cnh, c kch thc chiu di 1200-2400, chiu rng 450-800,chiu dy 60-80 (hnh 5.08). Dm c nhp l = 4000-5000, chiu cao dm h = 1/20 l, tit din dm c th lhnh ch nht, hnh ch T. Bn c thgc ln tng hoc mt trn ca dm hoc ln cnh ch T. Chiusu gc cu kin ti thiu phi 100 (hnh 5.09). Trng hp gc kt hp vi panen, sn tm an c thgc trn ging tng bng cch xy thm hng gch bng va ximng.


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Loi sn ny hay c dng cho hnh lang hoc cc phng c khu nh. Thi cng v chto n ginnhng cch m, cch nhit km. tng khnng cch m, cch nhit c th ph thm ln sn mt lpvt liu ri nh than x, song thi cng skh khn hn (hnh 5.10 - 5.11).


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5.4.2. Sn btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin trung bnh

Loi sn ny c trng lng cu kin nhhn hoc bng 500kg, c th dng thit bc gii, thit b nh lp dng. Ch yu c hai loi: sn panen ch U, sn panen hp.

5.4.2.1. Sn panen ch U

Panen ch U c bn v sn chu lc c c lin thnh mt khi. Do s dng vt liu tit kim.Kch thc c bn ca panen U chiu di 3000-6000, chiu rng 800-2400, chiu dy 200-250. Chiu caoca sn ph thuc vo nhp. tng cng cng cho panen v tin cho vic gi ln tng, hai upanen nn c kn (hnh 5.12 - 5.13)

Panen ch U dc l, thch hp vi cc loi phng, tng c nhiu ngng nh bp, v sinh.


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Cch b tr sn panen ch U (hnh 5.14)

- Phn lm hng xung di, nh vy mt trn phng c th thi cng trc tip lp mt sn ln trn.

Cch b tr ny hp l vphng din chu lc, nhng trn khng phng, nu c yu cu trn phng

phi lm thm trn treo.

- Phn lm hng ln trn, nh vy pha di phng, cn pha trn lm thm mt lp m bng vt liunh, sau thi cng lp mt sn pha trn. Loi ny cch m tt v gi thnh khng cao.


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5.4.2.2. Sn panen hp

L rng ca panen c th l hnh ch nht, hnh thang, hnh trn, hnh bu dc (hnh 5.15). Hin naysn panen hp c dng nhiu sn hn panen ch U. Tuy panen hp tn vt liu hn, chto phctp hn, nhng sn panen hp c mt trn v mt di phng nhau, thi cng n gin v cch m tthn.


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Kch thc c bn ca panen hp thng thng c chiu di 2400-6000, chiu rng 450-600, chiu dy200, bn pha trn dy 40, bn pha di dy 25, chiu dy sn 50. Vi mt strng hp chiu rngpanen c kch thc n 1200-1500, i khi 1600-3000 (hnh 5.16).

Panen hp cch m khng kh tt, nhng cch m va chm km. Khc phc nhc im ny l ph lntrn mt lp vt n hi c tc dng lm gim yu nng lng m thanh truyn ti, sau mi thi cngmt sn.

Cch b tr sn panen hp (hnh 5.17)

Kch thc ca phng c quan h mt thit vi kch thc panen. Khi lp panen sn c th va kht vikch thc phng hoc c th khng va kht vi kch thc ca phng m h ra mt khong. khcphc tnh trng ny c th sl{ theo cc phng php sau:


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- Dng hai loi panen lp sn.

- Dng to nh ca mch va iu chnh. Mch va ca panen thng t 10-20, c th m rngmch va iu chnh, nhng khng qu 20. Nu mch va rng qu phi t thm ct thp phng

khnng gim yu ca sn.

- Xy tng nh ra hoc btng ct thp chn kn khong h.

Vi cc phng ln panen c gc ln dm. m bo cng ca sn, cn phi lin kt cc u capanen li vi nhau bng ging cho hnh ch X bng thp 6, sau va chn khe panen hoc cth dm n cao gc panen, sau khi lp panen xong tin hnh btng tip (hnh 5.18).


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Cc hnh thc gc sn panen hp (hnh 5.19)

- Hai u gc ln tng dng panen khuyt hai u, k hiu PHA.

- Mt u gc ln dm, mt u gc ln tng dng panen mt u khuyt, mt u nguyn, k hiuPHB.

- Hai u gc ln dm dng panen hai u nguyn, k hiu PHC.


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Cc yu cu khi gc sn panen hp (hnh 5.20)

- Chiu su gc tm panen vo tng, dm hoc ct phi ln hn 100.

-Panen c u gc trong t

ng ph

i lm khuyt u

trnh d

p m

t panen, n

u khng ph

i chn g

chvo pha trong panen.

- Chiu dc ca panen gc song song vi tng phi gi vo tng ht b dy ca panen, khong 60 trnh hin tng nt. Khe h gia hai tm panen c chn bng btng si nh mc 150.


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5.4.3. Sn btng ct thp lp cu kin ln

Loi sn ny c trng lng cu kin t 1-3 tn, chiu rng bng 1/3 nh hay c gian nh. Khi thi cngphi dng phng tin nng c sc nng ln.

Sn btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin ln c u im ch ni t hoc khng c, tn t vt liu, thi cngnhanh.

Sn btng ct thp lp ghp cu kin ln c cc loi sau:

- Bn phng (hnh 5.21): c th lm bn mt chiu (hai cnh) hoc hai chiu (bn cnh) chu lc. C thdng mt hoc hai loi vt liu, chia thnh nhiu lp. Pha trn v di ca bn dy 25-30, gia lbtng than x dy khong 160-200. Bn c khnng cch m tt.

- Bn c sn (hnh 5.22): ging nh panen chU, nhng c kch thc ln hn nhiu, do phi lmsn theo mt hay hai phng. Nu cn trn phng phi t chiu lm quay ln trn v c th x l


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thm lp m cch m.

5.5. CU TO MT SN V TRN SN

5.5.1. c im v yu cu

Mt sn c cu to ch yu vi cc lp o sn, lp lt v lpp chn tng

- Lp o sn l lp trn cng ca sn, chu tc ng trc tip khi s dng. Tuz theo vt liu lm lp osn m mt sn chia ra lm mt sn lng, mt sn lt. Thng c lm bng cc loi vt liu nh lng

va ximng ct, granit, lt cc loi gch, hay g.

- Lp lt sn l lp to nn v cng c chc, lin kt gia lp o sn vi lp kt cu chu lc ca sn.Thng c lm bng va ximng ct mc 50-100. Tuz theo yu cu m c th cu to thm lp cchm, cch nhit cho sn gia lp lt sn v lp chu lc ca sn.

- Lpp chn tng l lp bo v v tr gia tng v sn, do cn phi m bo chu lc va chm,chng thm v lm v sinh tt. Thng c lm bng cc loi vt liu ca lp o sn nh va ximng,granit, cc loi gch, hay g.

Tuz theo tch cht s dng ca phng m mt sn c cc yu cu:

- bn v n hi chng li cc lc xung kch, ma st hay va chm trong khi s dng.

- Cch m tt, h s dn nhit nh to cm gicm.

- Chng thm v chu nc tt, c bit vi cc phng c m cao cng nh thng xuyn phi dngnc.

- Khng chy, chu c nhit cao, ch yu cc phng ni hi, bp l, cu thang, li thot


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5.5.2.4. Sn lt g vn ghp

Cu to bng cc tm vn g dy 22-37 c ghp st vi nhau theo mt hng. G lm vn phi l loi

g tt, t vnh. Vn khng t trc tip ln lp kt cu chu lc ca sn m c t ln cc dm gm

v lin kt vi n bng inh. Khong cch gia cc dm gm tuz thuc vo chiu dy vn g v titrng bn trn, thng ly khong cch t 500-1000. hn chcc khe hv vnh gia cc tmvn, chiu rng ca vn khng nn lm qu rng, thng khng qu 100-120, dc cc tm vn nn lmmng rnh.

5.5.2.5. Sn lt g pack

Cu to bng cc vin g mng kch thc nh bng loi g cng. Sn pack c nhiu loi, nhng c thphn lm hai loi chnh: pack lt trn lp vn th v pack gn trn nn cng btng.

Cc vin pack thng c kch thc hnh ch nht di 150-400, rng 30-60, dy 15-18. Bn mt xungquanh u c lm mng rnh khi lp ghp d lin kt cht thnh mng ln, hn chs co ngt, congvnh cc b lm cho mt sn gn sng khng phng. Lp sn bn di phi phng lt lp packc d dng.

Trng hp pack lt trn vn th, lp vn th c cu to bng nhng thanh vn c b rng khngqu 150-180, dy 20-37, ghp gn st vo nhau v nghing theo phng 45o so vi dm m l tt nht.Pack lin kt vi vn th bng inh, nhng cn ch du inh trong b dy lp vn pack. Gia lppack v vn lt nn t mt lp giy du. Cch lt thng gp l lt song song, lt chnhn v lt anphn.

Trng hp pack lt trn nn btng, dng atfan lng hay cht h dnh xy dng (keo matstich) linkt. Vin pack lt trn lp atfan dy 20-25 cn cu to mng c bit c th bm cht vo lp nykhi n kh cng.

Sn pack p,m, sch nhng t tin v thi cng phc tp. h gi thnh v cng nghip ho xydng, c th sn xut nhng vin pack kch thc ln do nhiu vin pack nh ghp li.

Mt sn pack cn nh vecni cng nghip sau khi thi cng gip bo v mt sn sch, p v chngm tt.

5.6. CU TO MT S LOI SN KHC

5.6.1. Cu to sn chng thm (sn v sinh)

5.6.1.1. c im v phn loi


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Sn khu vc thng xuynm t v tip xc vi nc hoc cc cht lng c khnng xm thc, tchi n vt liu, ngng, kt cu chu lc sn nh khu v sinh, bp, phng th nghim do cnphi c cu to chng thm.

Sn chng thm phi m bo khng thm nc ln tng, xung tng di v sang cc phng xung

quanh, khng trn nc ra bn ngoi v thot nc tt.

Theo bin php thi cng th c th chia sn chng thm thnh hai loi: sn chng thm ton khi ( tich) v sn chng thm lp ghp. Sn chng thm ti ch c khnng chng thm cao vn nhnn c s dng rng ri, cn sn chng thm lp ghp c chng thm khng cao v kmn nh

nn t c s dng.

5.6.1.2. Cu to sn chng thm

Sn chng thm ton khi (hnh 5.23)

Bao gm cc lp cu to: lp mt sn, lp to dc, lp kt cu chu lc v lp trn sn.

Lp mt sn c tc dng lm sch, p v bo v cho lp to dc, thng c lm bng cc loi gchchng trn, v mt sn thng xuyn c nc.

Lp to dc c tc dng gip mt sn khng bng nc, lun kh ro. Thng c lm bng btngthan x, btng gch vhay ct, c dc 1-2% v pha phu thu nc.

Lp kt cu chu lc c lm bng btng ct thp ti ch mc 200, dy 80-100.

Lp trn sn c tc dng lm sch, p v bo v cho lp kt cu chu lc. Thng c trt bng vaximng mc 75 dy 10. Vi trng hp yu cu lm trn phng v che cc ngng k thut th c thlm trn gi bng nha hay cc loi vt liu khc ...

trnh nc thm ln tng v sang cc phng xung quanh, c th g chng thm bng btng

ct thp lin vi lp kt cu chu lc, dy 40, cao 200. trnh nc thm xung tng di c th ngmnc ximng cho lp kt cu chu lc vi t lngm 5kg ximng / 1m3 nc, ngm cho ti khi no nc

khng ngm qua sn xung tng di c th thi (thng khong mt tun). Hoc chng thm bngcc loi keo, sn chng thm i vi nh c dm khung, thng h sn v sinh thay cho g btngchng thm (hnh 5.24).

Ti cc vtr c ngng xuyn qua sn, cu to chng thm bng cch cu to g chng thm gingnh g chng thm tng, sau chn khe h bng matt hay nha ng do.


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Sn chng thm thng thp hn so vi sn nh t 50-70, trnh tnh trng nc bn trong trn rangoi. B tr dm trong khu v sinh phi ch kt hp vi tng ngn. tng ca phng x, tm dc ra th phn tng xung quanh phi trt va chng thm mc 50-75, sau nh mu bng ximngnguyn cht hocp gch men knh cao t 1200-2000.

Sn chng thm lp ghp (hnh 5.25).

C cu to v yu cu c bn ging nh sn chng thm ti ch, nhng lp kt cu chu lc thngdng tm an btng ct thp hoc panen ch U, khng nn dng panen hp v thi cng phc tp vkhng kinh t. Lc ny phi cu to thm mt lp btng ct thp chng thm mc 200, dy 40, trn

lp kt cu chu lc.


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5.6.1.3. Cc thit b trong khu v sinh

Phng x (hnh 5.26 - 2.29)

C th dng x xm hoc x bt, b x bng s trng men hoc granit.

Kch thc ti thiu ca mt phng x (x xm): chiu rng ca phng x phi 800; chiu di ca phngx 1200 th ca m ra ngoi; chiu di ca phng x 1500 th ca c th m vo trong.

Tiu nam (hnh 5.30 - 5.31)

C th cu to tiu nam thnh mng, t v tr mt sn hoc cao hn sn mt khong 500-600, rnh

thot nc tiu lng va ximng mc 75, ch mng nht dy 20, dc v pha phu thu nc bn, lngxong c thnh mu bng ximng nguyn cht hocp gch men.

Tiu nam c th chia thnh cc nh bng cc vch ngn mng, thng c lm bng gch, btngct thp, tm nha hoc nhm, khong cch gia cc vch phi 600 m bo yu cu s dng.

Ngoi ra cn c loi tiu treo chto sn, lp st mt tng, t v tr mt sn hoc cao hn mt sn

500-600 v c ngng dn nc tiu v phang thot.

Tiu n (hnh 5.32 - 5.33)

Tng t tiu nam, tiu n c th cu to tiu n thnh mng, t v tr mt sn hoc chia thnh cc nh bng cc vch ngn mng, nhng khong cch gia cc vch phi 740 m bo yu cu sdng.

Ngoi ra cn c loi tiu chto sn, cu to ging nh x bt.


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Chu ra (hnh 5.34)

C th cu to chu ra bng btng ct thp lp ghp hoc ti ch, t cao hn sn mt khong700-900, b mt chu ra c lng va ximng mc 75, ch mng nht dy 20, dc v pha phu thunc bn, lng xong c thnh mu bng ximng nguyn cht hocp gch men.

Ngoi ra cn c loi chu s, chto sn, lp st mt tng, t vtr cao hn mt sn 700-900 v c


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ngng dn nc bn v phang thot. Loi ny thng c s dng, v sch, p, v thi cngn gin.

Bn tm, gng, vi, my sy tay nhng thit bny c cc nh sn xut chto sn.

5.6.2. Sn ban cng - lgia

5.6.2.1. c im v yu cu

Ban cng l mt phn ca sn gc c lm nh ra khi tng ngoi nh, khng c ct bndi v c th khng c mi che bn trn. Ban cng c th trong phm vi mt phng, dc theonh hay gc tng.

Lgia cng l mt phn ca sn gc nhng c th lm nh ra hoc tht vo trong tng ngoi

nh. Khi lm nh ra th c ct bn di v c mi che bn trn. Lgia thng c lm ringcho tng phng.

Bancng v lgia u c cng dng lm ni hng mt, vui chi, ngm cnh hoc git gi, hongphi bn ngoi nh. ng thi cng c tc dng to v p cho mt ng ca nh. Do bancng v lgia phi m bo kt cu chu lc tt, ng thi kt cu bao che t yu cu cao v sdng v thm m.

Kt cu chu lc c yu cu ch yu l m bo cng cao, kin c v an ton. Kt cu baoche phi m bo chu c tc ng trc tip ca bc x mt tri, ma gi. Nn mt sn c yucu cch nhit, chng thm v thot nc tt, lan can cn thng gi v bo v tt.

5.6.2.2. Cu to bancng - lgia

Kt cu chu lc ca bancng, lgia: thng c cu to cng loi vt liu lm kt cu chu lccho sn, nh btng ct thp (hnh 5.35 - 5.39)


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- Kt cu chu lc ca bancng: tu theo v tr, yu cu s dng v vt liu xy dng m bancngs c cu to theo cc kiu sau: bn sn c bi cngxon, cngxon c lin kt ngmvi khi xy, vi dm hoc ging tng. Trng hp ny cn quan tm chng lt cho bancng.Nhp vn ra ca bancng khng qu 1000 (hnh 5.36)

Bn sn c bi cngxon, cngxon c lin kt vi khi xy hay khung sn nh. Tu


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theo vt liu m cngxon t cch nhau khong 1000-2000. Nhp vn ra ca ban cng s tutheo kh nng chu lc ca cngxon, khong 1000-1500, thng l 1200 (hnh 5.37).

Bn sn c c lin vi cngxon, cngxon l kt cu ca phn sn nh ko di ra vi cc dmmt nhp, c phn cngxon a ra khi mt tng ngoi v mt dm bin kim u dm, ngthi chu lan can. Nhp vn ra ca ban cng c th theo yu cu s dng, nhng khng qu1800. Kt cu ny thng p dng cho nh khung chu lc (hnh 5.38).


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- Kt cu chu lc ca lgia: do v tr ca lgia c lm pha trong nh, hoc nu nh ra ngoith c ct , nn kt cu chu lc ging nh sn nh (hnh 5.40).

Kt cu bao che ca ban cng, lgia

Do vic mt sn ban cng, lgia chu tc ng trc tip ca nng, gi, ma cn phi cch nhit,chng thm v t chc thot nc tt.

Mt sn ban cng, lgia thng c lt bng gch c tc dng chng trn, c dc 1 -2% vpha rnh thu nc v c lm thp hn hn sn nh khong 50-70, phng nc ma ht tngoi vo trong nh.


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5.6.3. Cu to sn khe co dn (hnh 5.41)

Khe co dn xut hin cc v tr:

- Trng hp kt cu khung c ct kp, khe co dn c cu to gia dm kp ni ct.

- Trng hp ct c vai mt dm chu sn gi ta, khe co dn c cu to gia dm chusn v dm lin kt chu sn.


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- Trng hp bn sn c cu to theo kt cu cngxon, khe co dn c cu to khong giahai dm sn t dm n mp hai bn khe. Mt khe cho trng hp dm thi u hay bn thiu, hai khe cho cho trng hp gi dm t do.

m bo s co dn ca sn ti v tr khe co dn, nhng ng thi cng phi m bo chng thm

tt v kn, khng cho nc v bi ri xung tng di, m bo v sinh v m quan. Thngthng dng mt l ng t dc khe co dn, chn vt liu n hi, chng thm v che mt trnbng tm kim loihnh ch V, ch Z hoc tn... c lin kt im vo dm hai bn mp khe.Mt di sn, ti v tr khe co dn c che bng np g hoc cht do.

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