Gàidhlig Albannach - Sabhal Mòr Ostaig€¦ · Web viewLiosta Bhriathrachais Beurla gu Gàidhlig. agus. ... bun-riochd. Basic-level term, briathar bun-ìre. ~ word order,

Briathrachas Cànanach

Liosta Bhriathrachais Beurla gu Gàidhlig

agus

Clàr-amais Gàidhlig gu Beurla

le Roy WentworthDraft

Am Faoilleach 2003

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http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/wentworth/cead/

Roy Wentworth

"Copyleft" statement'S e dreachd a tha san sgrìobhainn seo de dh'obair a tha a' dol air adhart. Chan eil i anns an "raon phoblach". Tha mi toilichte daoine a bhith a' dèanamh feum dhith ann an dòighean nach eil a chum prothaid, agus a bhith a' cur lethbhreac saor 's an asgaidh gu daoine eile, cho fad agus nach tèid atharrachadh a dhèanamh oirre, agus gum fuirich an sanas seo an ceangal rithe. Chan fhaod i a bhith air a sgaoileadh ann an riochd eadar-dhealaichte sam bith no air a cur a-steach ann an bathar no làrach-lìn sam bith a tha a chum prothaid gun chead sgrìobhte bhuamsa. Airson tuilleadh fios faic:

http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/wentworth/cead/

Roy Wentworth

Gàidhlig Albannach Gàidhlig Èireannach

Aabbreviate v tr giorraich, vn -achadh m giorraímabbreviation n giorrachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. ~s and sources, giorrachaidhean

agus bunangiorrú m, nod m

abduction (phil) abductadh m, gen -aidh (phil) abduchtú mabductive a abductach. ~ change, atharrachadh abductachabessive 1 a aibeiseach, gen -ich. ~ case, tuiseal aibeiseach

2 n aibeiseach m, gen & pl -ichAbkhaz pr n (lang) Abchas mablative (ABL) 1 a ablatach. ~ case, tuiseal ablatach

2 n ablatach m, gen -aich. ~ absolute, ablatach absalaideachochslaíochochslaíoch m. The ~ absolute, an t-ochslaíoch leithliseach

ablaut n ablabht m. An example of ~ or vowel gradation, eisimpleir de dh’ablabht no de cheumadh fhuaimreag

ablabht m, ablaut m

abnormality n mì-nòrmalachd f, pl —an. Abnormalities of grammatical usage, mì-nòrmalachd ann an co-chleachdadh gràmadach

mínormáltacht f

abrupt a grad-bhriste. ~ consonant, consan grad-bhriste giorraiscabsolute (ling) a 1 absalaideach. ~ use of the verb, cleachdadh absalaideach air a’

ghnìomhair. Ablative ~, ablatach absalaideach. ~ case, tuiseal absalaideach. ~ comparative, coimeas absalaideach. ~ construction, gleus-cainnte absalaideach. ~ possessive, seilbheach absalaideach. ~ value, luach absalaideach

2 iomlan. ~ neutralisation, neodrachadh iomlan. ~ universal, uile-choitcheann iomlan

absalóideach, leithliseach, iomlan, neamhnasctha. ~ value, luach absalóideach, dearbhluach

absolutive (ABS) 1 n absalaideach m, gen & pl -ich2 a absalaideach. ~ case, tuiseal absalaideach

absorption n sùghadh m gen -aidh. Tonal ~, sùghadh tònail sú m; maolú mabstract a eascruthach. ~ noun, ainmear eascruthach teibíabstractness n eascruthachd faccent n 1 (pros, gram) aiceann m, gen -inn, pl —an. The ~ is on the last syllable, tha an

t-aiceann air an lide mu dheireadh. Stress ~, aiceann beuma. Pitch ~, aiceann tòn-àirde2 sràc f, gen -àice, pl —an. Acute ~, sràc gheur. Grave ~, sràc throm3 (variety of speech) blas m, gen -ais. ~s will be a term used in considering diversity

in spoken Gaelic, ’s e briathar a tha ann am blas a bhithear a’ cleachdadh ann am beachdachadh air iomadalachd sheòrsachan cainnt-bheòil Ghàidhlig. Pupils will encounter a range of dialects and ~s, bidh a’ chlann a’ coinneachadh ri caochladh sheòrsachan dualchainnt agus blais. She has a Lewis ~, tha blas Leòdhais (air a’ Ghàidhlig) aice. He has an English (from England) ~, tha blas Sasannach aige, tha blas Sasannach air a’ Bheurla aige. He has an English (of English) ~ (to his Gaelic), tha blas Beurla aige, tha bristeadh Beurla air. She has a foreign ~, tha blas cànain eile air a’ Ghàidhlig, air a’ Bheurla, aice

(prosody) béim ghutha, aiceann m.Grammatical ~, aiceann gramadaíAcute ~, agúid f, Grave ~, graif f(speech) blas m

accent, accentuate, v tr cuir aiceann air (facal, lide), vn cur aicinn airaccented a le aiceann. ~ syllable, lide le aiceann

cuirim béim, meáchan, aiceann, ar (fhocal, shiolla)

accentuation n aiceannachadh m, gen -aidh aiceannú macceptable a (ling) ion-ghabhail inghlacthaacceptation n ciall f aithnichte. Positive ~ and negative connotation, ciall aithnichte

dheimhinneach agus co-chiallachadh àicheilciall f (aitheanta) focail

accessibility (ling) so-ruigsinneachd f. ~ scale, sgèile sho-ruigsinneachd insroichteacht faccidence n (gram = inflectional morphology) deilbheachd f deilbhíochtaccusative (ACC) 1 a cuspaireach. The ~ case, an tuiseal cuspaireach. ~ and infinitive

construction, gleus-cainnte cuspaireach is neo-fhinideach. ~ language, cànan cuspaireach

2 n cuspaireach m, gen & pl -ich

cuspóireach (m), áinsíoch

Achinese pr n (lang) Aichinis facoustic, acoustical a fuaim-eòlach. ~ phonetics, fogharachd fhuaim-eòlach

acoustically adv gu fuaim-eòlach. The room is ~ unsuitable, tha an rùm mì-fhreagarrach a thaobh an fhuaim-eòlais

fuaimeolaíochta

acoustics n fuaim-eòlas m, gen -ais(familiar) The ~ of the hall are good, tha èisteachd an talla math

fuaimeolaíocht f

acquired a (of speech disorder) air fhaighinnacquisition n (of languages) togail f. Gaining a command of Gaelic is a process

involving the gradual ~ and expansion of knowledge, skills and understanding, gus a’ Ghàidhlig ionnsachadh feumar eòlas, sgilean agus tuigse a thogail agus a leudachadh mean air mhean. An apprenticeship for the ~ of a third language, oileanachadh airson an treas cànain a thogail. Not least for the ~ of yet more languages, agus gu h-àraidh gus an tuilleadh ’s am barrachd chànan a thogail

• ionnsachadh m, gen -aidh. A natural way of contributing to the ~ of Gaelic, dòigh

To acquire a language, teanga a fhoghlaim

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nàdarrach air a bhith a’ cur ri ionnsachadh na Gàidhlig• buannachadh m, gen buannachaidh

acquisition planning n phr dealbhachadh m buannachaidh, gen dealbhachaidh bhuannachaidh

acrolect n acrachainnt facronym n acranaim m, pl —ean

• geàrr-ainm m, pl —eanacrainm

acrostatic a tùs-sheasmhach tús-seasmhachact n gnìomh m, pl -an, -aran. A speech ~, gnìomh cainnte gníomhaction noun n phr ainmear m gnìomha, gen ainmeir ghnìomha, pl ainmearan gnìomhaactive a (gram) 1 (ACT) spreigeach. ~ voice, guth spreigeach

2 (ling) gnìomhach. ~ vocabulary, briathrachas gnìomhach. ~ articulator, altaiche gnìomhach

gníomhach. ~ voice, faí ghníomhach

active language n phr cànan m gnìomhach, gen cànain ghnìomhaich, pl cànain ghnìomhach

actor n gnìomhaiche m, pl —an. ~ and goal, gnìomhaiche agus bàiractuation n gnìomhachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ problem, ceist a’ ghnìomhachaidhacute a 1 (referring to diacritic (´)) geur. ~ accent, sràc m geur, gen sràic ghèir, pl sràcan

geura2 (referring to distinctive feature) geur

~ accent, agúid f

adapt v tr freagarraich, vn freagarrachadhadaptation n freagarrachadh m, gen -aidh oiriúnú madditive bilingualism n phr dà-chànanas m cuir-ris, gen dà-chànanais chuir-risaddressee n neach-amais m, pl luchd-amais seolaí maddressing system n phr siostam m seòlaidh, gen siostaim sheòlaidh, pl siostaman

seòlaidhadduce v tr thoir, vn toirt f, also thoir air aghaidh, vn toirt air aghaidh. The examples ~d

as evidence above, na h-eisimpleirean a chaidh a thoirt mar fhianais shuas. It was adduced as proof, chaidh a thoirt mar dhearbhadh

adessive (ADESS) 1 a aideiseach, gen -ich. ~ case, tuiseal aideiseach2 n aideiseach m, gen & pl -ich

adjacency n comhgharachd f. ~ principle, prionnsabal na comhgharachd cóngaracht fadjacency pair n phr paidhir m an comhgharachd, pl paidhirichean an comhgharachdadjacent a comhgharachadjectival 1 a buadhaireach. ~ phrase, abairt bhuadhaireach. ~ suffix, iar-leasachan

buadhaireach2 n buadhaireach m, gen & pl -ich. Supplementive ~, buadhaireach for-lìontachadjectivally adv gu buadhaireach, a thaobh bhuadhairean

aidiachtach, aidiachtúil

adjective n buadhair m, pl —ean. Compared ~, buadhair coimeasta. Demonstrative ~, buadhair comharrach. Numerical ~, buadhair àireamhach. Possessive ~, buadhair seilbheach. Predicative ~, buadhair aisneiseach

aidiacht f. Demonstrative ~, aidiacht thaispeántach. Possessive ~, aidiacht shealbhach

adjunct n (gram) frith-cheangal m, gen & pl -ail (gram) aguisín madjunction n frith-cheangal m, gen -ailadjunctive a (gram) frith-cheanglachadnominal 1 a co-ainmearach

2 n co-ainmear m, gen -eir, pl —anadposition n co-fhacal m, gen & pl -ailadsentential 1 a co-sheantansach

2 n co-sheantansach m, gen & pl-aichadstratum n adstratam m, gen -aimadvanced a for-ghluaiste. A~ Tongue Root, Bun Teangaidh For-ghluaisteadventitious a tuiteamach. This is only an ~ phenomenon, ’s ann a thoradh air tuiteamas

a-mhàin a thachras seotaismeach, teagmhasach

adverb n co-ghnìomhair m, pl —ean. ‘Whence’ ~, co-ghnìomhair ‘às’. ‘Where’ ~, co-ghnìomhair ‘ann’. ‘Whither’ ~, co-ghnìomhair ‘thuige’.

dobhriathar m. ‘Whence’ ~, dobhriathar ‘às’. ‘Where’ ~, dobhriathar ‘ann’. ‘Whither’ ~, dobhriathar ‘chuige’.

adverbial 1 a co-ghnìomhaireil. ~ phrase, abairt cho-ghnìomhaireil. ~ particle, mion-fhacal co-ghnìomhaireil

2 n co-ghnìomhaireil f, pl —eanadverbially adv gu co-ghnìomhaireil

dobhriathartha

adversative a co-aghaidheach. ~ conjunction, naisgear co-aghaidheach codarsnachaerometry n èadhar-thomhas m, gen -aisaesthetic n aisteiteach aestéitiúilaesthetics n aisteitig f aestéitic faffected object n oibseig f bhuailte. Affected and effected objects, oibseigean buailte is

èifeachda

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affirmative a (gram) aontach. The ~ form, an riochd aontach dearfachaffix n (gram) co-leasachan m, gen & pl -ain. Derivational and inflectional ~es, co-

leasachain bhunachail agus in-fhillteachfoirceann m, deireadh m

affixal a co-leasachanach. ~ negative, àicheach co-leasachanachaffixation n co-leasachanachadh m, gen -aidh

• cur m co-leasachain ri (facal)affixed a co-leasaichteaffricate 1 n (ling) aifricead m, gen -eid, pl —an

2 a aifriceadachn aifricéad ma aifricéadach

African languages n phr cànain m pl AfraganachAfrikaans pr n (language) Afragànais fAfro-Asiatic a Afra-Àisianach. A~ languages, cànain Afra-Àisianachagent n (ling) obraiche m, pl —an. ~ and patient, obraiche agus fulangach

agent noun n phr ainmear m obraiche, gen ainmeir obraiche, pl ainmearan obraicheoibrí m, gníomhaí

agentive a. ~ role, roile obraicheagentless passive n phr fulangach m gun obraicheagglutinating a (ling) co-ghlaodhach. ~ language, cànan co-ghlaodhachagglutination n (ling) co-ghlaodhadh m, gen -aidhagreement n (gram) co-aontas m, gen -ais géilleadh maicill n aicill f, gen —eair n èadhar m, gen -air. Puff of ~, puth èadhairair-stream n sruth-èadhair m, pl sruthan-èadhair. ~ initiation, tionnsgnadh sruth-èadhairair-stream mechanism n phr uidheam m sruth-èadhairAkkadian pr n (lang) Acàidis faktionsart n aktionsart m

• gnè f aogasailAlbanian pr n (lang) Albàinis fAlexandrine 1 n Alastraineach m, gen & pl -ich

2 a AlastraineachAlaistríneach (m)

Algonquian pr n (lang) Algoincis falgorithm n algairim m, pl —eanalienable possession n phr sealbhachadh m so-dhealaichteallative (ALL) 1 a alatach

2 n alatach m, gen -aichallegorical a samhl-aithriseach fáithchiallachallegory n samhl-aithris f, pl —ean fáithscéal m, fáithchiall fallegro form n phr riochd m allegro, pl riochdan allegroalliteration n uaim f, gen uama uaim falliterative a uamach uamachallomorph n alamorf m, pl —anallomorphy n alamorfachd fallophone n alafon m, pl —an. Extrinsic ~, alafon eistreach. Intrinsic ~, alafon intreachallophonic a alafonach. ~ variation, caochlaideachd alafonachalphabet n aibidil f, pl —ean

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), Aibidil Fhogharach Eadar-Nàiseanta (AFE)aibítir f

alphabetical a 1 aibidileach2 na h-aibidil. In ~ order, ann an òrdugh na h-aibidil

In ~ order, do réir na haibítre

alternant n iomlaideach m, gen & pl -ichalternation n iomlaid f. Automatic ~, iomlaid fhèin-ghluasadach. Recurrent ~, iomlaid

ath-thachartachalveolar a ailbhealach. ~ ridge, druimean ailbhealach

alveolo-palatal a ailbheal-phalatachailbheolach

ambiguity n dà-sheaghachas m, gen -ais. Lexical ~, dà-sheaghachas leicseachail. Grammatical, syntactical, ~, dà-sheaghachas gràmadach, co-chàrail. If one were seeking a concise way to represent a type of metre definitely, without ~, one would have to name the kind of feet occurring in the lines as well as give the formula for the syllables, nam bite a’ lorg dòigh ghoirid gus gnè mheadrachd a riochdachadh gu cinnteach, gun dà-sheaghachas, dh’fheumte an seòrsa throìghean a bha air na sreathan ainmeachadh cho math ri foirmle nan lidean a thoirt

athbhrí f

ambiguous a dà-sheaghach athbhríochambilingual 1 a aimbe-chànanach

2 n aimbe-chànanach m, gen & pl -aichambisyllabic a aimbe-lideachameliorative a co-fheabhasach. ~ change, atharrachadh co-fheabhasachAmerindian a AmeirinnseanachAmharic pr n (lang) Amaraig mamphikinetic a iom-ghluasadach imghluaisteach

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amplitude n meudachd f. Sound ~, meudachd fuaim luascleithead manacoluthon n ao-ceangal m

• anacolut méigeangal m

anacrusis n anacruis f, gen —e, pl —eananalogical a analaigeach. ~ change, atharrachadh analaigeach analachúilanalogy n analaigidh m, pl —ean. By ~ with other verbs, tro analaigidh ri gnìomhairean

eileanalach f

analyse v tr anailisich, vn -eachadh m• dèan anailis f air, vn dèanamh anailis air

anailísím

analysis n (gram) anailis f anailís f, taifeach manalytic a (ling) anailiseach. An ~ form, riochd anailiseach. ~ languages, cànain

anailiseach. ~ verb, gnìomhair anailiseachscartha. ~ form, form scartha

anapaest n anaipeist f, pl —ean anaipéist fanaphor n anafor m, pl —an iarthagraí manaphora n anafora m, anaforachd f. Bound ~, anafora ceangailte iarthagra manaphoric a anaforach. ~ pronoun, riochdair anaforach iarthagrachanaptyxis n (= svarabhakti n) anaiptig m (= svarabhakti m)anastrophe n anastroif mAnatolian pr n (lang) Anatòilis fancestor language n phr cànan m sinnsireilangled brackets n phr camagan f pl biorachanglicise v tr cuir an riochd Beurla

anglicised a. The name has been ~, tha riochd Beurla air a chur air an ainmanglicisation n. An ~ of the Gaelic name, riochd Beurla air an ainm GhàidhligAnglo-Frisian pr n (lang) Angla-Fhreaslainnis fanglophone a expressed with luchd na Beurla. The dominance and attractions of ~

culture, uachdranachd agus tarraingeachd dualchas luchd na Beurlaanimacy n beodhas m, gen -ais. Degree of ~, ìre beodhais. ~ hierarchy, rangachd

bheodhaisanimate a beodha. ~ noun, ainmear beodha beo; beogaanomalous a aimhriaghailteach. ~ behaviour, gnìomhadh aimhriaghailteach aimhrialtaanomaly a aimhriaghailteachd f, pl —an aimhrialtacht fantecedent 1 n (gram) ro-theachdaire m, pl —ean

2 a ro-theachdaireil. ~ phrase, abairt ro-theachdaireilréamhtheachtaí. (Of proleptic pronoun) iartheachtaí m

antepenultimate a ro-leth-dheireannach. The ~ syllable, an lide ro-leth-dheireannach. In the fourth phrase of each strophe the second stress is on the ~ syllable, anns a’ cheathramh abairt de gach stròf tha an dara beum air an lide ro-leth-dheireannach

réamhleathdhéanach

anterior a ro-shuidhichte. ~ consonant, consan ro-shuidhichte réamhtheachtachanthropological a antrap-eòlach. ~ linguistics, cànanachas antrap-eòlach antraipeolaíochanthropologist n antrap-eòlaiche m, pl —ananthropology n antrap-eòlas, gen -ais. Social ~, antrap-eòlas sòisealta antraipeolaíocht fanthroponym n antrapanaim m, pl —eananticipatory n ro-ghlaicte. ~ assimilation, co-choslachadh ro-ghlaicte. ~ coarticulation,

co-altachadh ro-ghlaicte. ~ subject, suibseig ro-ghlaicte. ~ internal rhyme, comhardadh-meadhain ro-ghlaicte

antinomy n antanomaidh f, pl —ean frithdhleathacht fantipassive (ANTIPASS) 1 a an-fhulangach. ~ verb, gnìomhair an-fhulangach

2 n an-fhulangach m, ge an-fhulangaichantithesis n (a) ainteis f. Thesis, ~ and synthesis, tèis, ainteis agus sinteis

(b) anchoimeas m, gen -eisfritéis f

antonym n antanaim m, pl —ean. ~ and synonym, antanaim agus sionanaim frithchiallach mantonymy n antanaimidh faorist 1 a ao-riochda. ~ aspect, aogas ao-riochda

2 n ao-riochd m, pl —anéigríochta (m)

aperiodic a neo-phèireadachaperture n fosgladh m, gen -aidh oscailt faphaeresis n aifeiris faphasia n afàise m afáise faphesis n aifeise faphetic a aifeiseach. ~ form, riochd aifeiseachaphorism n aforas m gen & pl -ais nathán m, seanrá mapical a (ling) apaiceach. ~ consonant, consan apaiceach

apico-alveolar a apaice-ailbhealach. ~ stop, consan dùinte apaice-ailbhealachapocope n eàrr-ghiorrachadh m, gen -aidh

• apacoip fcoimriú m deiridh, teascadh m deiridh

apodosis n apadois f iarbheart mapo koinou a. ~ ~ construction, gleus-cainnte apo koinou

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aporia n apaire faposiopesis n apaisipeis fapostrophe n 1 (figure of speech) apastroif m

2 (punctuation) asgair m, pl —ean(a) (Figure of speech) apastróf f ; aitheasc m. (b) (Punctuation) uaschama m

appellative n ainmear m gnàthach, gen ainmeir ghnàthaich, pl ainmearan gnàthachappendix n 1 eàrr-ràdh m, gen -àidh, pl —an

2 aipeandaig m. Core syllable and ~, cridhe-lide agus aipeandaigaguisín m

applicative 1 a in-ghnìomhach. ~ inflection, infhilleadh in-ghnìomhachapplied linguistics n phr cànanachas m gnìomhaichte, gen cànanachais ghnìomhaichteapposition n co-shuidheachadh m, gen -aidh. Words in ~, facail ann an co-shuidheachadh comhaisnéis fappositional a co-shuidheachail. ~ noun phrase, abairt ainmearach co-shuidheachail. ~

relative clause, clàsa dàimheach co-shuidheachailcomhaisnéiseach

apprehensional n faiteasail. ~ clause, clàsa faiteasailapproximant n co-fhagasach m, gen & pl -aich. ~s and obstruents, co-fhagasaich agus

amalaichapproximation n tuairmse f, pl —anArabic n (lang) Araibis f Araibis fAramaic n (lang) Aramais f Aramais farbitrariness n neo-riaghailteas m, gen -eis. ~ and motivation, neo-riaghailteas agus in-

ghluasadarbitrary a neo-riaghailteach neamhshrianta, ansmachtúilarchaic a àrsaidh ársaarchaism n facal m àrsaidh, cainnt f àrsaidh caint f ársaarchilexeme n airci-leicseim m, pl —eanarchiphoneme n airci-fòineim m, pl airci-fòineimeanareal a ceàrnaidheil. ~ linguistics, cànanachas ceàrnaidheil. ~ feature, feart ceàrnaidheil ~ feature, tréith limistéirargument n argumaid f, pl —ean. ~ structure, structar argumaideacharhyzotonic a airiosatonachArmenian pr n (lang) Airmèinis farrow n (indicating synchronic process) saighead f, gen saighde, pl saighdean saighead farsis n airse farticle n 1 (piece of prose) artaigeal m, gen & pl -eil

2 (gram) alt m, gen & pl uilt. The definite ~, an t-alt cinnteach. The indefinite ~, an t-alt neo-chinnteach

alt m

articulate v tr & i (of speech sounds ) altaich, vn -achadh m fuaimnímarticulation n (ling) altachadh m, gen -aidh. Place of ~, àite altachaidh. Manner of ~,

dòigh altachaidhfuaimniú

articulator n altaiche m, pl —an. Active, passive, ~, altaiche gnìomhach, fulangacharticulatory a altachail. ~ gesture, gluasad altachail. ~ parameters, paraimeadaran

altachail. ~ phonetics, fogharachd altachail. ~ setting, in-shuidheachadh altachail. ~ targets, targaidean altachail

artificial language n phr cànan m innealta, gen & pl cànain innealtaascension n dìreadh m, gen -idh. Possessor ~, dìreadh sealbhadairascriptive a cuir-às-leth. ~ sentence, seantans cuir-às-lethaspect n (ling) aogas m, gen -ais, pl -aisean. Inchoative ~, aogas tòiseachail gné faspectual a aogasail. ~ character, gnè aogasailaspiration n 1 analachadh m, gen -aidh

2 = lenition n, qvanálú m

aspirate n anailichte m, pl —an. Voiced and voiceless ~s, anailichtean guthach agus neo-ghuthach

aspirate v tr 1 anailich, vn analachadh m2 = lenite v tr, qvaspirated a anailichte. ~ plosive, pleasgach anailichte. Post-~, iar-anailichte. Pre-~,

ro-anailichte

anáilím. Aspirated, análaithe

Assamese pr n Asaimis fassertive a ceannasach. ~ verb, gnìomhair ceannasach ceannasachassibilation n co-shiosachadh m, gen -aidhassign v tr dailich, vn daileachadhassimilate v tr (gram) co-choslaich, vn -achadh m comhshamhlaímassimilation n (gram) co-choslachadh m, gen -aidh. Progressive and regressive ~, co-

choslachadh for-cheumnach agus ais-cheumnachcomhshamhlú m

association n co-cheangal m, gen -ail. ~ line, lìne cho-cheangail comhcheangal massociative a co-cheanglach. ~ relation, dàimhealachd cho-cheanglachassonance n amas m, gen -ais. This unstressed rhyme occurs in a number of lines, and

perhaps also in line 6d if one counts the ~ between ‘co-dhùnadh : chuir’, gheibhear an comhardadh gun bheum seo ann an grunnan shreathan, agus dh’fhaodadh cuideachd

comhshondas m

5


ann an sreath 6d nam bite a’ cunntadh an amais eadar ‘co-dhùnadh : chuir’assonate v i dèan amas, vn dèanamh amais. These syllables usually do not rhyme, but

sometimes two or three of them at least ~, mar as trice chan eil na lidean seo a’ dèanamh comhardaidh ann, ach uaireannan tha a dhà no a thrì dhiubh a’ dèanamh amais co-dhiù

asterisk n reul f, gen rèil, pl —tan. Asterisked form, riochd le reul réiltín fasymmetrical a aisimeadrach. Symmetrical and ~ relations, dàimhealachdan simeadrach

agus aisimeadrachasymmetry n aisimeadrachd fasyndeton n aisindeaton masyndetic a aisindeatach. ~ sentence, seantans aisindeatachatelic a neo-theiligeach. ~ verb, gnìomhair neo-theiligeach éigríochnúil,

neamhchríochnaitheachathematic a neo-thèamatach. ~ verb, gnìomhair neo-thèamatach neamhthéamachatonic a neo-thònach. ~ syllable, lide neo-thònach

• gun bheum(siolla) gan bhéim; (siolla) neamhaiceannta

attested a dearbhte. ~ form, riochd dearbhte dearfaattraction n tarraing f tarraingt fattribute n facal m buaidh-aithriseach cáilíocht f, aitreabúid fattribution n buaidh-aithris fattributive a buaidh-aithriseach. ~ adjective, buadhair buaidh-aithriseach aitreabúideach. ~ adjective,

aidiacht cáilíochtaaudible a so-chluinntinn. ~ release, fuasgladh so-chluinntinn inchloisteauditory a claistinneach. ~ phonetics, fogharachd chlaistinneach éistitheachaugment n for-leasachan m (gnìomhair) breisghuta m. (= Particle) mír faugmentation n for-leasachadh m, gen -aidh breisiú maugmentative a meudachail. ~ affix, co-leasachan meudachailaugmented a for-leasaichte. ~ conjunction, naisgear for-leasaichte. ~ stem, stoc for-

leasaichte~ stem, breistamhan

aural a cluasach cluasachAustralian a Astràilianach. A~ languages, cànain Astràilianach AstrálachAustro-Asiatic a Astra-Àisianach. A~ languages, cànain Astra-ÀsianachAustronesian a Astrainèisianach. A~ languages, cànain Astrainèisianachautomatic a fèin-ghluasadach. ~ally predicted, fàisnichte gu fèin-ghluasadachautomatic alternation n phr iomlaid f fhèin-ghluasadachautonomous a fèin-eisimeileach. ~ community, coimhearsnachd fhèin-eisimeileach. ~

verb, gnìomhair fèin-eisimeileach~ verb, saorbhriathar

auxiliary a taiceil. ~ verb, gnìomhair taiceil ~ verb, briathar cúntaaverage 1 a cuibheasach

2 n cuibheas m, gen -eis, pl —an1 a meán2 n meán

aversive 1 a gràineach. ~ case, tuiseal gràineach2 n gràineach m, gen -ich

avoidance style n phr (= mother-in-law language n phr) stoidhle f sheachnaidhaxiom n 1 aicseam m, pl —an aicsíom mAzerbaijani, Azeri pr n (lang) Aiseiris f

Bbabbling n plubadaich f (leanaibh) plubaireacht fbaby-talk n (= motherese n) cainnt-leanaibh f plubaireacht f leanbaíback n cùl m, gen & pl cùil. ~ of the tongue, cùl na teangaidhback a. ~ vowel, fuaimreag chùlaibh cúil m gsback-formation n ais-riochdachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidheanbackground n. ~ knowledge, cùl-fhiosrachadh m, gen -aidhbackgrounded a cùl-ionadaichtebackness n. ~ of a vowel, an ìre chun a’ chùil a tha fuaimreagbackslash n cùl-sgoradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidheanbackshifting n ais-seaftadh m, gen -aidhbahuvrihi n bahuvrihi m. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh bahuvrihiBalkan a Bàlcanach. B~ languages n phr cànain Bhàlcanach B~ a BalcánachBantu a Bantuthach. B~ languages, cànain Bhantuthach Bantúchbarbarism n (gram) borb-ràdh m, gen -àidh, pl —an barbarachas mbare infinitive n phr neo-fhinideach m lombarytone n baraton m, gen -oinbase n bun-riochd m, pl —an. ~ and non-base forms, bun-riochdan is neo-bhun-riochdanbasic a bunaiteach. ~ form, riochd bunaiteach. ~ oral competence, comas-labhairt

bunaiteach. ~ stem, stoc bunaiteachbunúsach. ~ stem, buntamhan

6


• bun-. ~ form, bun-riochd. Basic-level term, briathar bun-ìre. ~ word order, bun-òrdugh fhacal

basilect n ìseal-chainnt fBasque pr n (lang) Basgais f Bascais fbathos n turnamh m, gen -aimh leimhe f, toirneamh mbeat n (musical) buille f, gen —, pl —an. Up-beat, buille-thuigebehaviour n gnìomhadh m, gen -aidh. Anomalous ~, gnìomhadh aimhriaghailteachbenefactive 1 a oircheasach. ~ case, tuiseal oircheasach

2 n oircheasach m, gen -aichBengali pr n (lang) Beangàilis fbias n claon-bhreith f laofacht fbibliographic(al) a leabhar-eòlach leabhareolachbibliography n 1 leabhar-eòlas m, gen -ais

2 (a) clàr m leabhraichean, gen clàir leabhraichean, pl clàran leabhraichean(b) also leabhar-chlàr m, gen -àir, pl —an3 liosta f leabhraichean, pl liostaichean leabhraichean ; also leabhar-liosta f, pl —

ichean

leabhareolas m; leabharliosta m; clár m leabhar

bidialectal n dà-dhualchainnteachbilabial 1 a dà-bhileach

2 n dà-bhileach m, gen & pl -ichdéliopach (m), débheolach

bilateral a dà-thaobhach déshleasach, déthaobhachbilingual a dà-chànanach. In ~ schools, ann an sgoiltean dà-chànanach. ~ and

multilingual children and adults are an asset, is nì feumail e clann agus inbhich dhà-chànanach agus ioma-chànanach a bhith ann

dátheangach

bilingualism n dà-chànanas m, gen -ais. Additive ~, dà-chànanas cuir-ris. The advantages of ~ should have an important place in teaching and learning, bu chòir àite cudthromach a bhith aig na buannachdan a tha an cois dà-chànanais ann an teagasg ’s ann an ionnsachadh

dátheangachas m

bimoraic a dà-mhorathachbinarism n dà-àireimheachd fbinary a dà-àireimh. ~ feature, feart dà-àireimh. ~ opposition, comhaireachd dhà-

àireimh. ~ branching, craobhadh dà-àireimhdénártha

binding n ceangal m, gen -ail greamú mbinomial n dà-fhacal. Irreversible ~, dà-fhacal do-atharrachaidhbiuniqueness n co-neo-shamhlachd f. Principle of ~, prionnsabal co-neo-shamhlachd.

Violation of ~, briseadh air co-neo-shamhlachdbivalent a dà-vàlantach f. ~ verb, gnìomhair dà-vàlantachblade n (ling) liagh f, gen lèigh. ~ of the tongue, liagh na teangaidh ~ of the tongue, bos f na teangablank verse n phr dubh-rannaigheachd f véarsaíocht f neamhrímeachbleaching n (ling) blianadh m, gen -aidh tuaradh m, gealadh mbleeding n cuingealachadh m, gen -aidh. feeding and ~, biathadh agus cuingealachadhblend n cothlamadh m, gen -aidh cumasc m, measgán mblocking n casg m, gen -aisg cosc mbody language n cànan m bodhaig, gen cànain bhodhaigborrowing n iasad m, gen -aid. Dialect ~, iasad dualchainnteachbottom-up a bonn-suas. ~ procedure, dòigh-obrach bhonn-suasbound a ceangailte. ~ form, riochd ceangailte. ~ morpheme, moirfeim ceangailte. ~

anaphora, anafora ceangailteboundary marker n phr comharra m crìche, pl comharran crìcheboundary symbol n phr samhla m crìche, pl samhlaidhean crìcheboundary tone n phr tòna m crìche, pl tònaichean crìchebounded a iomallaichtebrace n (symbol { or } = curly bracket) cuing f, pl —ean (typ) cuing fbracket n camag f, gen -aig, pl —an. Angled ~s, camagan biorach. Round ~s, camagan

cruinne. Square ~s, camagan ceàrnach. Phonetic ~s, camagan fogharach. Phonemic ~s, camagan fòineimeach

lúibín m. Square ~, lúibín chearnach. Round ~, lúibín chruinn

branch n meur m, gen & pl meòir craobh f, géag fbranching node n phr nòd m craobhaidh, pl nòdan craobhaidhbreaking n briseadh m, gen -idhbreathed a sèideachbreathing n (ling) (a) analachadh m, gen -aidh

(b) (Greek gram). Rough, smooth, ~, garbh-analachadh m, sèimh-analachadh manálu m. Rough, smooth, ~, garbhanálú m, séimhanálú m

breathy a sèideach. ~ voice quality, càileachd ghutha shèideachBreton pr n (lang) Breatnais f Briotáinis fbreve n sràc f ghiorraid, pl sràcan giorraid (pros) comhartha m giorrachtaBrittonic, Brythonic a Brittonach. B~ branch, meur Brittonach. B~ and Goidelic,

Brittonach agus Goídealach

7


broad a leathann. ~ vowel, fuaimreag leathann. ~ transcription, tar-sgrìobhadh leathann. Broad term, briathar leathann

leathan

bucolic a buachailleach. ~ verse, rannaigheachd f bhuachailleachBulgarian pr n (lang) Bulgàiris fBurmese pr n (lang) Bùrmais fby-form n frith-riochd m, pl —an

Ccacuminal, cacuminous a (= retroflex a, q.v.) cacumanailcaducous a às-tuislidh. ~ schwa, schwa às-tuislidhcaesura n caesar m, gen -air, pl —an. The ~ sometimes comes after a dactylic foot, and

sometimes after a trochaic foot, tha an caesar uaireannan a’ tighinn an dèidh troighe dactailich, agus uaireannan an dèidh troighe tròicèich. Post-caesural syllable, lide iar-chaesarail. Pre-caesural syllable, lide ro-chaesarail

caesúr m

calculus n calcalas m, gen -ais. Predicate ~, calcalas aisneiseach. Propositional ~, calcalas ciall-ràdhach

calcalas m

calque n cailc f, pl —ean s. lomaistriúchán. vn lomaistriúcanonical n cananach. ~ form, riochd cananach canóntacapital n, capital letter n phr ceann-litir f, gen -reach, pl -richean. Small ~s, ceann-

litrichean beagaCapital letter, n capital, ceannlitir f

capture v tr glac, vn -adh mcardinal number n phr àireamh f àrdail bunuimhir f. The ~ ~s, na

bunuimhreachacardinal vowel n fuaimreag f bhunasach, pl fuaimreagan bunasach

• bun-fhuaimreag f, pl —an~ ~, guta cairdineálta, bunghuta m

caret n comharradh-easbhaidh m, gen comharraidh-easbhaidh, pl comharraidhean-easbhaidh

case n (gram) tuiseal m, gen -eil, pl —an. Ablative ~ tuiseal ablatach. Absolutive ~, tuiseal absalaideach. Accusative ~, tuiseal cuspaireach. Dative ~, tuiseal tabhartach. Ergative ~, tuiseal èirgeadach. Genitive ~, tuiseal ginideach. Instrumental ~, tuiseal innealach. Locative ~, tuiseal ionadach. Nominative ~, tuiseal ainmneach. Objective ~, tuiseal oibseigeach. Possessive ~, tuiseal sealbhach. Radical ~, tuiseal bunasach. Vocative ~, tuiseal gairmeach. The preposition here puts a definite feminine singular noun into the genitive ~, tha an roimhear an seo a’ cur ainmeir chinntich bhoireanta shingilte don tuiseal ghinideach. Abstract ~s, tuisealan eascruthach. ~ role, roile tuiseil. ~ stacking, stacadh thuiseal. ~ syncretism, sioncratachd thuiseal

tuiseal m

catachresis n cataicreis fCatalan pr n (lang) Catalainis fcatalectic a cataileiseachcatalexis n cataileis fcataphor n catafor m, pl —an réamhthagraí mcataphora n catafora m réamhthagra mcataphoric a cataforach. ~ element, eileamaid chataforach réamhthagrachcategorial grammar n phr gràmar catagarailcategorical rule n phr riaghailt f chatagarach, pl riaghailtean catagarachcategorisation n catagarachadh m, gen -aidhcategory n catagaraidh m, pl —ean. Category-neutral, neodrail a thaobh catagaraidh catagóir mcatenative a cuibhreachail. ~ verb, gnìomhair cuibhreachailCaucasian a Cacàiseanach. C~ languages, cànain Chacàiseanachcausal a adhbharail. ~ conjunction, naisgear adhbharail cúise f gs. (Gram) ~ conjunction,

cónasc cúisícausative (CAUS) a adhbharach. ~ construction, gleus-cainnte adhbharachcavity n cuas m, gen -uais, pl —an. Nasal ~, cuas srònach. Oral ~, cuas beòilCeltic 1 a Ceilteach

2 pr n (lang) Ceiltis f1 a Ceilteach2 n (ling) Ceiltis f

central a meadhanach. ~ vowel, fuaimreag mheadhanach meánach, láircentralised a meadhanaichte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag mheadhanaichtecentrifugal a meadhan-sheachnach. ~ language, cànan meadhan-sheachnach lártheifeachcentripetal a meadhan-aomach. ~ language, cànan meadhan-aomach láraimsitheachcerebral a, see retroflex achain shift n phr seaftadh m slabhraidheach, gen seaftaidh shlabhraidhichchange n atharrachadh m, gen -aidh. Phonological ~, atharrachadh fòn-eòlach.

Morphological ~, atharrachadh morf-eòlach. Syntactic ~, atharrachadh co-chàrailathrú m

character n litir f, gen -reach, pl -richean. Phonetic ~s, litrichean fogharach litir fcharacterisation n caractarachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Underlying ~,

caractarachadh ìochdarach. Full phonetic ~, làn charactarachadh fogharach

8


characterise v tr caractaraich, vn caractarachadh mcharacteristic n buadh f, gen buaidh, pl —an, —annan. Realisation ~s, buadhan

rèalachaidhchiasmus n cros-eagar m, gen -air croseagar mchiastic a cros-eagarachChinese pr n (lang) Sìnis f Sínis fchronology n cron-eòlas m, gen -ais. Relative ~, cron-eòlas dàimheach croineolaíocht fcircumfix n iom-leasachan m, gen & pl -aincircumflex 1 a cuairt-lùbach. ~ accent, sràc chuairt-lùbach

2 n cuairt-lùb f, gen -ùibe, pl —ana & s. ~ (accent), cuairím m, aiceann cuar

circumlocution n iom-labhairt ncircumstantial a iom-shuidhichte. ~ adverb, co-ghnìomhair iom-shuidhichtecitation form n phr riochd m luaidhte, pl riochdan luaidhtecite v tr luaidh, vn luaidh f

cited pp luaidhteluaim

class n clas m, pl —aichean. Inflectional ~, clas in-fhillteach. Word ~, clas fhacal. Form ~es, clasaichean riochd

aicme f

Classical Gaelic pr n Gàidhlig f Chlasaigeach. Classical Modern Gaelic, Nuadh-Ghàidhlig Chlasaigeach

classification n seòrsachadh m, gen -aidh. Genetic ~, seòrsachadh gin-eòlach. Typological ~, seòrsachadh gnè-eòlach

rangú m

classificatory a seòrsachail. ~ function, fuincsean seòrsachailclassifier n seòrsaiche m, pl —anclause n clàsa m, pl —n. Conditional ~, clàsa cumhach. Dependent ~, clàsa eisimeileach.

Principal ~, prìomh-chlàsa. Subordinate ~, clàsa fo-inbheach. ~ union, aonadh clàsaclásal m. Main ~, príomhchlásal. Subordinate ~, fochlásal

cleft 1 a sgoilte. ~ construction, gleus-cainnte sgoilte2 n sgoilteach m, gen & pl -ich

scoilte. ~ sentence, abairt scoiltescoilt f

click n gliog m, pl —an cniog mclipping n bearradh m, gen -aidh bearradh mclitic 1 n claonan m, gen & pl -ain

2 a claonach. ~ doubling, dùblachadh claonach. ~ pronoun, riochdair claonachclose a 1 dlùth. ~ juncture, ceangal dlùth. ~ approximation fagasachd dhlùth

2 dùinte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag dhùinte (ling) ~ vowel, guta m dúntaclosed a dùinte. ~ class, clas dùinte. ~ syllable, lide dùinte dúntaclosing diphthong n phr dà-fhoghar m dùnaidh, gen dà-fhoghair dhùnaidh, pl dà-

fhogharan dùnaidhclosure n dùnadh m, gen -aidh dúnadh mcloze test n phr deuchainn f cloze. Using techniques such as cloze procedure, a’

cleachdadh dhòighean-obrach mar tha lìonadh bheàrnachancluster n còmhlan m, gen & pl -ain. Consonant ~, còmhlan chonsan. Member of a ~, ball

de chòmhlancoalescence n, see fusion ncoarticulation n co-altachadh m, gen -aidhcoda n còda mcode n còd m, gen -òid, pl —an

code switching n phr suidseadh m còid, gen suidsidh chòidcoefficient n co-èifeachdach m, gen & pl -aich. Correlation ~, co-èifeachdach co-

dhàimhecomhéifeacht f. Correlation ~, comhéifeacht chomhghaolúcháin

cognate a càirdeach. Choose two words in the second line which are ~, and show the connection between them, tagh dà fhacal anns an dara sreath a tha càirdeach, agus seall dè an ceangal a tha eatorra. ~ object, oibseig chàirdeach

~ words, focail ghaolmhara

cognitive a fiosail. ~ linguistics, cànanachas fiosail. ~ meaning, brìgh fhiosailcoherence n leanailteachd fcohesion n ion-leanailteachd fcollapse n tuiteam m, gen -eim. Leading to ~ of the opposition, ag adhbharachadh gun

tuit a’ chomhaireachdcollective a trusaidh. ~ noun, ainmear trusaidh. Distributive and ~ plurals, iomarran co-

roinnteach agus trusaidh~ noun, cnuasainm m

collocation n co-ionadachadh m, gen -aidhcolloquial a expressed with mith-chainnte f gen. Drama scripts present chances for

dialect and ~ forms, gheibhear cothrom ann an sgriobtaichean dràma air modhan dualchainnt agus mith-chainnte

(caint) choitianta

colloquialism n modh m mith-chainnte, pl modhan mith-chainnte• mith-fhacal m, gen -ail, pl mith-fhaclan, -ail

gnáthleagan m cainte

colon n còilean m, gen -ein, pl —an idirstad mcombinatory variants n phr caochlaich m pl chothlamachcombining form n phr riochd m cothlamaidh, pl riochdan cothlamaidh

9


comitative 1 a coimiteach. ~ case, tuiseal coimiteach2 n coimiteach m, gen & pl -ich

comma n cromag f, gen -aige, pl —an. Including simple use of ~s, le cleachdadh sìmplidh air cromagan

inverted comma n phr cromag f thurrach, pl cromagan turrach

camóg f. Inverted ~s, uaschamóga f pl

command n àithne f, pl àithntean. Indirect ~, àithne neo-dhìreach ordú m, aithne fcommensurability n ion-cho-thomhasachd fcommensurable a ion-cho-thomhais inchomhthomhaistecomment n (ling) luaidh f. Topic and ~, topaig agus luaidhcommitment n geall-bheachd m. Ontological ~, geall-bheachd ont-eòlachcommon core n phr cridhe m coitcheanncommon gender n phr gnè f choitcheanncommon noun n phr ainmear m gnàthach, gen ainmeir ghnàthaich, pl ainmearan gnàthach ~ ~, ainm coitiantacommissive a geall-daingneachailcommunication n co-luadar m, gen -air. This unit of language may contain non-linguistic features of ~, faodaidh an t-aonad cànain seo seòrsachan co-luadair a ghabhail a-staigh nach buin do chànain

communications n eadar-cheangal m, gen eadar-cheangail

idir-riaradh m

communicative a co-luadair m gen. ~ competence, comas co-luadair. ~ presumption, ro-bharail cho-luadair

community mod coimhearsnachd f, pl —an. ~ language, cànan coimhearsnachd. Pupils from a home or ~ background where Gaelic is a regular feature of their language environment, clann à dachaighean no à coimhearsnachdan anns a bheil a’ Ghàidhlig na pàirt cunbhalach den àrainneachd-chànain aca

(den phobal)

commutation n co-iomlaid f. ~ test, deuchainn f cho-iomlaideach iomalartú mcommutative a co-iomlaideach. ~ property, comas co-iomlaideach inmhalartaithecomparative 1 a coimeasach. ~ adverb, co-ghnìomhair coimeasach. ~ linguistics,

cànanachas coimeasach. ~ method, dòigh choimeasach2 n coimeasach m, gen & pl -aichcomparative degree n phr (gram) ìre f choimeasach. Often in the bard’s dialect it is

an adjective in the ~ ~ which follows the adverb “cho”, and not one in the positive degree, gu tric ann an dualchainnt a’ bhàird ’s e buadhair anns an ìre choimeasaich a leanas an roimhear “cho”, agus chan e fear anns a’ bhun-ìre

• coimeas m, gen -eis, pl —an. First ~ ~, a’ chiad choimeas. Second ~ ~, an dara coimeas

comparáideach. Comparative adverb, dobhriathar comparáideach. Comparative degree, breischéim f. Comparative clause, clásal comparáideach. Comparative philology, focleolaíocht chomparáideachbreischéim f

compare v tr (gram) dèan coimeas air, vn dèanamh coimeis air. ~ the adjective “daor”, dèan coimeas air a’ bhuadhair “daor”

compared a coimeasta. ~ adjective, buadhair coimeasta

To compare an adjective, céimeanna comparáide aidiachta a thabhairt

comparison n coimeas m, gen -eis. ~ of adjective, coimeas buadhair Degrees of ~, céimeanna comparáide

compatibility n co-chòrdachd f comhoiriúnacht f, freagracht fcompatible a co-chòrdailcompensatory lengthening n phr fadachadh m co-leasachail, gen fadachaidh co-

leasachailfadú cúitimh

competence n comas m, gen -aiscommunicative competence n phr comas m co-luadair, gen comais co-luadairlinguistic competence n phr comas m cànain. To enhance their ~ ~, gus an comas

cànain a chur am feobhasoral competence n phr comas m labhairt. To provide children from non-Gaelic

backgrounds with basic ~ ~ in Gaelic, comas-labhairt bunaiteach a bhuileachadh air clann à àrainneachd gun Ghàidhlig

inniúlacht f

complement n (gram) coileanadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Subject and ~ suibseig is coileanadh. Subject ~, coileanadh suibseigeach. ~ clause, clàsa coileanaidh

comhlánú m

complementary a coileantach. ~ terms, briathran coileantach. ~ distribution, co-roinn choileantach. ~ contexts, co-theacsaichean coileantach

comhlántach. ~ distribution, dáileadh comhlántach

complementarity n coileantachd fcomplementation n coileanachd fcomplementiser n (facal) coileanaidhcomplete sentence n phr seantans m co-iomlan, gen seantans co-iomlaincomplex a co-thoinnte. ~ preposition, roimhear co-thoinnte. ~ sentence, seantans co-

thoinnte. ~ nucleus, niuclas co-thoinnte. ~ transitive, aisigeach co-thoinnte(briathar) coimpléascach

component n co-fhillteant m, pl —an comhábhar mcomponential analysis n phr anailis f cho-fhillteantachcomposition n 1 (putting together) co-fhillteachd f

2 (essay) aiste f, pl aistidhean1 comhshuíomh m2 aiste f

compositional a co-fhillteach. ~ meaning, brìgh cho-fhillteachcompositionality n co-fhillteachas m, gen -ais. Principle of ~, prionnsabal a’ cho-

10


fhillteachaiscompound 1 n co-fhilleadh, gen -idh, pl -idhean. The word is a ~, ’s e facal co-fhillte a

tha ann. ~ formation, co-dhèanamh co-fhillidh2 a co-fhillte. ~ clause, clàsa co-fhillte. ~ preposition, roimhear co-fhillte. v sentence,

seantans co-fhillte. ~ word, facal co-fhillte. ~ stress, beum co-fhillte. ~ tense, tràth co-fhillte. ~ tone, tòna co-fhillte

~ word, comhfhocal ma comhshuite

compounding n (= composition) co-fhillteachd fcompulsory a for-èigneachail

• èigneachail. ~ rhyme, comhardadh èigneachailéigeantach, riachtanach

conative a feuchainneach. ~ function, fuincsean feuchainneachconcatenation n co-chuibhreachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidheanconcept n 1 coincheap m, pl —an

2 bun-bheachd m, gen —a, pl —an. Audience is an important ~, ’s e bun-bheachd cudthromach a tha ann an luchd-amais

• bun-smuain f, pl —tean. A cognitive grasp of quite sophisticated ideas and linguistic ~s, greim agus tuigse air bun-bheachdan agus air bun-smuaintean cànain a tha gu math adhartach

coincheap m

conceptual a coincheapail. ~ field, raon coincheapail coincheapúilconcessive a gèillteach. ~ clause, clàsa gèillteach (gram) faobhach, faomhachconcomitant a co-cheumnach. ~ feature, feart co-cheumnachconcord n (gram = agreement) co-aontas m, gen -aisconcrete a nitheil. ~ case, tuiseal nitheil. ~ level, ìre nitheil. ~ noun, ainmear nitheil nithiúilcondition n cumha f, pl —ichean. Preparatory ~, cumha ullachail. Output ~s,

cumhaichean às-solaircoinníoll m, cuntar m

conditional a cumhach. ~ clause, clàsa cumhach. ~ sentence, seantans cumhach. ~ tense, tràth cumhach. This is the word ending which normally occurs in the dialect for the second person singular of the ~ tense, ’s e seo an deireadh-facail a gheibhear am bitheantas san dualchainnt air an dara pearsa shingilte den tràth chumhach

coinníolach. ~ mood, an modh coinníolach

condition v tr cumhaich, vn -achadh mconditioned a cumhaichte. ~ sound change, atharrachadh fuaim cumhaichte. ~

variation, caochlaideachd chumhaichte. ~ conditioned, cumhaichte gu gràmadach• fo chumha. The sound change is ~ as follows, tha an t-atharrachadh san fhuaim fo

chumha mar a leanas, fo na cumhaichean a leanasconditioning n cumhachadh m, gen -aidh. Grammatical ~, cumhachadh gràmadach.

Phonological ~, cumhachadh fòn-eòlach. Progressive and regressive ~, cumhachadh for-cheumnach agus ais-cheumnach

faoi choinníoll

configurational language n phr cànan m co-dhealbhach, gen cànain cho-dhealbhaichconfirmative a deimhinneach. ~ particle, mion-fhacal deimhinneach dearfach, deimhnitheachconflation n co-shèideadh m, gen -idhconfusion n troimh-chèile m. Semantic ~, troimh-chèile seimeantachcongener n co-ghinearach m, gen & pl co-ghinearaich. Certain segments and their

palatalised ~s are not found here, tha cuid de theasgain agus an co-ghinearaich phalataichte nach fhaighear an seo

congruence n congruachd f comhionannas m, congruacht fcongruent n congruach comhionann, congruachcongruity n congruachd f. Pattern ~, congruachd phàtrain. System ~, congruachd

shiostaimconjecture n tuairmeas m, gen -eis. All this is merely ~, in the absence of evidence, chan

eil ann a sin uile ach tuairmeas, ann an uireasbhaidh fhianaisemeath-thuairim f

conjoining rule n phr riaghailt f nasgaidh, pl riaghailtean nasgaidhconjugate v tr co-naisg, vn co-nasgadh m réimnímconjugation n co-nasgadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. ~ vowel, fuaimreag cho-nasgaidh réimniú mconjunct 1 a naisgte. ~ phrases, abairtean naisgte

2 n naisgte m, pl —ancónasctha

conjunction n 1 (gram) naisgear m, pl —an, Augmented ~, naisgear for-leasaichte. Co-ordinating ~, naisgear co-inbheachaidh. Subordinating ~, naisgear fo-inbheachaidh

2 (logic) nasgadh m, gen -aidh

cónasc m

conjunctive a naisgeil. ~ particle, mion-fhacal naisgeil. ~ pronoun, riochdair naisgeil cónascachconnotation n co-chiallachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Positive acceptation and

negative ~, ciall aithnichte dheimhinneach agus co-chiallachadh àicheil(phil) cuimse f

consecutive a co-leanailteach. ~ clause, clàsa co-leanailteach iarmharta. Consecutive ~, clásal iarmhartach

conservatism n glèidhteachd f. Innovation and ~, nuadhas agus glèidhteachdconservative a glèidhteachailconsistency n co-sheasmhachd f comhsheasmhacht fconsistent a co-sheasmhach. ~ VO language, cànan GO co-sheasmhach. Typologically ~,

co-sheasmhach gu gnè-eòlach(phil) comhsheasmhach

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consonance n uaithne m comhfhoghar m, comhfhuaim fconsonant n consan m, gen & pl -ain. A ~ group, cluster, còmhlan-chonsan. This

pronunciation, as palatal “-nt-”, occurs generally in the dialect for the palatal ~ group “-thn-”, gheibhear am fuaimneachadh seo, mar “-nt-” phalatach, am bitheantas san dualchainnt a tha ann air a’ chòmhlan-chonsan “-thn-” phalatach. ~ cluster, còmhlan chonsan. ~ harmony, co-fhuaimneachd chonsan

consan m. ~ cluster, càrn consan

consonantal a consanach consantaconstant n buan-sheasmhach m, gen & pl -aich

• (math) buan-àireamh f, gen buan-àireimh, pl buan-àireamhan. Logical ~, buan-àireamh lòidsigeach

(math) buanuimhir f

constant opposition n phr comhaireachd m bhuan-sheasmhach, gen comhaireachd buan-sheasmhaich

constative a constaideach. Performative and ~, iomairteach agus constaideachconstituency n co-adhbharachd fconstituent n co-adhbhar m, gen & pl -air. Immediate ~s, co-adhbhair neo-mheadhanach.

Immediate ~ analysis, anailis cho-adhbhar neo-mheadhanach. Ultimate ~s, co-adhbhair dheireannach. ~ structure, structar cho-adhbhar

comhábhar m

constraint n co-èigneachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Deep structure ~s, co-èigneachaidhean structair-dhomhainn

cosc m

construction n (gram) gleus m, pl —an. Inflectional ~ gleus in-fhillteach. Derivational ~, gleus bunachail. ~s having two elements, gleusan anns am bheil dà eileamaid

• gleus-cainnte m, pl gleusan-cainnte

dul m, gléas m (cainte)

construe v tr (gram). A ~s with B, tha A an co-rèir ri B. Preposition ~d with the dative, roimhear a ghabhas an tabhartach

consuetudinal a (= habitual a) sìor-ghnàthach. ~ present, làthaireach sìor-ghnàthach ~ present, gnáthláithreachcontact n. ~ language, cànan co-thadhail. ~ dialect, dualchainnt cho-thadhail. Language

~, co-thadhal chànan. In immediate ~ with, ann an co-thadhal neo-mheadhanach ricontamination n truailleadh m, gen -idh

contamination product n phr truaill-thoradh m, gen -aidhtruailliú m

contemporal a co-aimsireil. ~ clauses are introduced by agus, gheibhear agus aig toiseach chlàsan co-aimsireil

content n susbaint f. Form and ~, cruth is susbaint ábhar mcontested a connsaichtecontext n co-theacsa m, pl —n co-théacs mcontext-sensitive a mothachail air co-theacsa. ~ rule, riaghailt mhothachail air co-theacsacontext-specific a co-theacs-sònraichte. ~ devoicing, dì-ghuthachadh co-theacs-sònraichtecontextualisation n co-theacsachadh m, gen -aidhcontinuant 1 n leanmhainneach m, gen & pl -ich. Frictionless ~, leanmhainneach gun

suathadh2 a leanmhainneach. ~ consonant, consan leanmhainneach

n & a leanúnach (m)

continuity n leantalachas m, gen -ais leanúnachas m, feidhle fcontinuous a leantalach. ~ constituent, co-adhbhar leantalach leanúnachcontoid n contaid f, pl —ean. ~s and vocoids, contaidean agus fuaimreideancontour n iom-lìne f, pl iom-lìnean. Pitch ~, iom-lìne tòn-àirdecontract v i (ling) co-ghiorraich, vn -achadh m giorraímcontraction n (ling) co-ghiorrachadh m, gen -aidh giorrú mcontradictory a co-àicheil. ~ propositions, tairgsean co-àicheil. ~ terms, briathran co-

àicheilfrithráiteach

contrary a contrarrach. ~ propositions, tairgsean contrarrach contrárthacontrast n co-chontrarrachd f, pl —an. Leading to collapse of the ~, ag adhbharachadh

gun tuit a’ cho-chontrarrachdcontrárthacht f, (phil) frithshuíomh m

contrast v co-chontrarraich, vn -achadh contráraímcontrastive n co-chontrarrach. ~ distribution, co-roinn cho-chontrarrach. ~ function,

fuincsean co-chontrarrach. ~ stress, beum co-chontrarrachcontrol n 1 smachd m

2 ball-smachda m, gen & pl buill-smachda. This will be a ~ on the experiment, bidh seo na bhall-smachda air a’ phrobhadh

smacht m, ceannas m

control verb n phr gnìomhair m smachda, pl gnìomhairean smachdaconvention n co-ghnàths m, pl —an. Marking ~, co-ghnàths comharrachaidh

• nòs m, pl nòsan. Making some use of appropriate literary ~s, leis na h-uiread de chleachdadh air nòsan-litreachais iomchaidh

gnás m

conventional n co-ghnàthach. ~ implicature, impleachdas co-ghnàthach coinbhinseanach, comhghnáthsachconverb n geàrr-ghnìomhair m, pl —eanconvergence n co-aomadh m, gen -aidh comhchlaontacht fconversation n còmhradh m, gen -aidh comhrá mconversational a còmhraiteach. ~ implicature, impleachdas còmhraiteach comhráiteachconverse n co-iompachadh m, gen -aidh. The ~ is not true, chan eil an suidheachadh co-

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iompachail fìorconverse a co-iompachail. ~ terms, briathran co-iompachail contrárthaconversion n iompachadh m, gen -aidh iompú mcoordinate a co-inbheach. ~ clause, clàs co-inbheach. ~ bilingualism, dà-chànanas co-

inbheach~ clause, clásal m comhordaitheach

coordinate v co-inbhich, vn co-inbheachadh m. Coordinating conjunction, naisgear co-inbheachaidh

comhordaím

co-ordinating, co-ordinative, a co-inbheachailcoordination n (ling) co-inbheachd f. Phrasal ~, co-inbheachd abairteach. Sentential ~,

co-inbheachd seantansachcomheagar m, comhordú m

coordinator n = coordinating conjunction n phrcopula n copail f copail fcopular a copaileach. ~ verb, gnìomhair copaileach. ~ construction, gleus copaileachcopulative a copaileach. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh copaileach copaileachcopying n copaigeadh m, gen -idh

• ath-riochdachadh m, gen -aidhcóipeáil f

core n cridhe m, pl —achan. Common ~, cridhe coitcheann. ~ grammar, cridhe-ghràmar. Core vocabulary, ~-bhriathrachas. Core syllable and appendix, cridhe-lide agus aipeandaig

coreference n co-iomradh m, gen -aidhcoreferential a co-iomraideil. ~ noun phrases, abairtean ainmearach co-iomraideilCornish pr n (lang) Còirnis f Coirnis fcorollary n co-thoradh m, -aidh, pl -aidheancoronal a coronach. ~ articulation, altachadh coronachcorpus n corpas m, gen -ais. ~ linguistics, cànanachas corpais. díolaim m, bolg m soláthaircorpus planning n phr dealbhachadh m corpais, gen dealbhachaidh chorpaiscorrect a ceart ceartcorrect v tr ceartaich, vn -achadh m ceartaímcorrection n ceartachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean ceartú mcorrelation n co-dhàimh f, pl —ean. ~ of voicing, co-dhàimh ghuthachaidh. ~ coefficient,

co-èifeachdach co-dhàimhecomhchoibhneas m

correlative 1 a co-dhàimheach. ~ construction, gleus co-dhàimheach. ~ adverbs, co-ghnìomhairean co-dhàimheach

2 n co-dhàimheach m, gen & pl -ich. Objective ~, co-dhàimheach oibseigeach

comhchoibhneasach (m)

correspondence n co-fhreagairt f. ~ theory, teòiridh cho-fhreagairt freagairt f, comhfhreagracht f, comhchosúlacht f

corrigibility n so-cheartachd fcorrigible a so-cheartachaidhcountable n so-chunntaidh. ~ noun, ainmear so-chunntaidhcounter-example n contra-eisimpleir m, pl —eancounterfactual a contra-fhìorasach. ~ clause, clàsa contra-fhìorasachcounter-intuitive n contra-imfhiosach. ~ analysis, anailis chontra-imfhiosachcount noun n phr = countable noun n phrcouplet n (a) leth-rann f, pl —an

• leth-cheathramh m, gen -aimh, pl —an(b) rann-chàraid f

leathrann m

cover term n phr briathar m còmhdaich, gen briathair chòmhdaich, pl briathran còmhdaich

covert a ceilte. ~ gender, gnè cheilte. ~ prestige, cliù ceilte. ~ pronoun, riochdair ceiltecrasis n craisis fcreaky voice n phr guth m dìosgailcreole n creole fcriterion n crìtear m, pl —an. Semantic criteria, crìtearan seimeantach caighdeán m, critéar mcross-categorisation n tar-chatagarachd fcross-linguistic a tar-chànanachailcue n sanas m, gen -ais, pl —anculture n 1 cultar m, gen -air. Through its literature and ~, tro a litreachas agus a cultar.

Diversity of language, ~ and progression, iomadalachd cànain, cultair agus adhartais. While it will be important to give an historical sense of Gaelic as a ~, ged a bhitheas e cudthromach mothachadh eachdraidheil a thoirt air a’ Ghàidhlig mar chultar

2 dualchas m, gen -ais, pl —an. Gaelic ~ is a key issue, ’s e prìomh chùis a tha ann an dualchas na Gàidhlig. Diversity of ~, iomadalachd sheòrsachan dualchais. Forge strong links with the language and ~ that children bring to school, dlùth cheangal a dhèanamh ris a’ chànain agus ris an dualchas a tha a’ chlann a’ toirt don sgoil. The values and knowledge which motivate ~s are deeply intertwined in their languages, tha na prìomh-bheachdan agus an t-eòlas a tha a’ gluasad dhualchasan a’ freumhachadh gu domhain nan cuid chànan

cultúr m

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cultural a culturach. ~transmission, aiseag culturachcumulation n càrnadh m, gen càrnaidhcumulative a càrnach. ~ exponents, easpònantan càrnach carnach, breisitheachCymric a Cuimreach CoimreachCzech pr n (lang) Seicis f Seicis f

Ddactyl n dactail f, pl —ean dachtail fdactylic a dactaileach. ~ feet, troighean dactaileach. In the fourth phrase the first foot is

trochaic and the second foot ~, anns a’ cheathramh abairt tha a’ chiad troigh tròicèach agus an dara troigh dactaileach

dachtaileach

Danish pr n (lang) Danmhaircis f Danmhairgis fdangling participle n phr rann-gabhail f chrochaidh, pl rann-gabhailean crochaidhdash n (typ) sgrìob f, pl —an fleasc fdata n dàta m. ~ base, stòr-dàta sonraí, dálaí. ~ base, bunachar

sonraídative (DAT) 1 a tabhartach. The ~ case, an tuiseal tabhartach. The ~ form of this

feminine word has taken the place of the radical case in this dialect, tha an riochd tabhartach air an fhacal bhoireanta seo air àite an tuiseil bhunasaich a ghabhail anns an dualchainnt a tha ann. ~ movement, shift, seaftadh tabhartach. ~ subject, suibseig thabhartach

2 n tabhartach m, gen -aich. # of advantage, tabhartach leasa

tabharthach (m)

daughter language n phr inghean-chànan m, gen & pl -aindeadjectival a dì-bhuadhaireachdecimal a deicheach. ~ and pental systems, siostaman deicheach agus còigeach deachúlachdeclarative a ràiteasach. ~, interrogative and imperative sentences, seantansan

ràiteasach, ceisteach agus àithneach(declaration n ráiteas m)

declension n dì-chlaonadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. The first ~ a’ chiad dhì-chlaonadh díochlaonadh mdeclinable a ion-dì-chlaonaidh in-díochlaontadeclination n (often = downdrift) co-ìsleachadh m, gen -aidhdecline v tr (gram) dì-chlaon, vn —adh m díochlaonaimdecomposition n dì-thàthadh m, gen -aidh. Lexical ~, dì-thàthadh leicseachaildeduce v tr (logic) deaduct, vn —adh m (logic) déaduchtaímdeduction n (logic) deaductadh m, gen -aidh (logic) déaduchtú mdeductive a deaductach. ~ and inductive logic, lòidsig dheaductach agus ionductach. ~

inference, foidheam deaductachdéaduchtach

deep structure n phr structar m domhainn, gen structair dhomhainn. ~ ~ constraints, co-èigneachaidhean structair-dhomhainn

default a eugmhais. ~ category, catagaraidh eugmhais. ~ value, luach eugmhais. ~ rule, riaghailt eagmhais

(s loiceadh m)

defective a (gram) uireasbhach. ~ verb, gnìomhair uireasbhach uireasachdefinite a cinnteach. The ~ article, an t-alt (cinnteach). ~ pronoun, riochdair cinnteach. ~

noun phrase, abairt ainmearach cinnteach. Past ~, an tràth caithte cinnteach. The preposition here puts a ~ feminine singular noun into the genitive case, tha an roimhear an seo a’ cur ainmeir chinntich bhoireanta shingilte don tuiseal ghinideach

sonrach. ~ article, an t-alt (cinnte). Past ~, an aimsir chaite chinnte

definition n deimhneid f, pl —ean. Extensional ~, deimhneid leudachail. Ostensive ~, deimhneid os-comharraichte. Semantic ~, deimhneid sheimeantach

sainmhíniú m, deifníd f

definitive a deimhneideach. ~ text, teacsa deimhneideach cinnte, cinntitheach, dearfachdegemination n dì-chàraideachadh m, gen -aidhdegree n ìre f, pl —ean. ~s of freedom, ìrean saorsa

positive degree n phr (in comparison of adjective) a’ bhun-ìre f, gen na bun-ìre. superlative degree n phr (in comparison of adjective) an ìre f fheabhasach, gen na h-

ìre feabhasaichfirst comparative degree n phr a’ chiad choimeas m, gen a’ chiad choimeissecond, third, comparative degree n phr an dara, an treas, coimeas m, gen an dara,

an treas, coimeis

Degree of comparison, céim comparáide. Degrees of freedom, céimeanna saoirse

deictic a deicteach. ~ elements, eileamaidean deicteach deicteachdeixis n deicse f. Social ~, deicse shòisealtadelabialisation n dì-bhileachadh m, gen -aidhdelayed release n phr fuasgladh m dàilichte, gen fuasglaidh dhàilichtedelenition n dì-shèimheachadh m, gen -aidh díshéimhiú mdeletion n às-dubhadh m, gen -aidh scriosadh a-machdeliberative a meòrachail. ~ construction, gleus meòrachaildemarcative a co-chrìochnach. ~ accent, aiceann co-chrìochnachdemonstrative 1 a comharrach. ~ particle, mion-fhacal comharrach. ~ pronoun,

riochdair comharrachtaispeántach. ~ particle, iarmhír thaispeántach, aidiacht

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2 comharrach m, gen & pl -aich thaispeántachdemotic a deamaiteach. Hieratic and ~, hiaraiteach agus deamaiteachdemotion n ceum-ìsleachadh m, gen -aidh. Promotion and ~, ceum-àrdachadh agus

ceum-ìsleachadhdenasalisation n dì-shrònachadh m, gen -aidhdenominal, denominative, a dì-ainmearach. Denominal adjective, buadhair dì-

ainmearachdí-ainmneach

denotation n ciallachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean comharthú mdenote v tr ciallaich, vn -achadh m. The word “text” ~s the unit of language that is

being studied, tha am facal “teacsa” a’ ciallachadh an aonaid chànain a thathar a’ sgrùdadh

cuireann i gcéill

dental a (ling) deudach. ~ stop, consan dùinte deudachdenti-alveolar a deud-ailbhealach

déadach

deontic a deontach. ~ modality, mòdaileachd dheontachdepalatalisation n dì-phalatachadh m, gen -aidh leathnú mdepalatalise v tr dì-phalataich, vn -achadh m

depalatalised a dì-phalataichtedependency n (gram) eisimeileachd f. Structure-dependency, eisimeileachd f structair.

Unilateral ~, eisimeileachd aon-taobhachdependent 1 a (gram) eisimeileach. ~ clause, clàsa eisimeileach. ~ verb, gnìomhair

eisimeileach2 eisimeileach m, gen & pl -ich

spléach. ~ clause, fochlásal m

deponent 1 a dì-sgartach. ~ verb, gnìomhair dì-sgartach2 dì-sgartach m, gen & pl -aich

a & n (gram) diúscartach

deprecated term n phr briathar m lochdach, gen briathair lochdaich, pl briathran lochdach téarma lochtachderivation n 1 (ling) bunachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean

• expressed with bun m, gen —a, pl —an. What is the ~ of the word…? dè am bun a tha aig an fhacal…?

2 (familiar) expressed with co às a thàinig…. To give pupils an interest in the roots, ~s and make-up of words which are especially interesting, gus ùidh na cloinne a thogail ann am faclan a tha sònraichte inntinneach: na freumhaichean aca, co às a thàinig iad, agus mar a tha iad air an cur ri chèile

fréamhú m (focail)

derivational a bunachail. ~ morphology, morf-eòlas bunachail. ~ and inflectional affixes, co-leasachain bhunachail agus in-fhillteach

derive v tr & i 1 (ling) bunaich, vn -achadh m2 (familiar) expressed with thig. A word ~d from Latin, facal a thig bhon Laidinnderived a bunaichte. ~ noun, ainmear bunaichte

fréamhaím. A word ~d from Latin, focal a thagann ón Laidin

descendant n fear m, tè f, de shliochd sliochtach mdescent n teàrnadh m, gen -aidh tuirlingt fdescription n tuairisgeal m, gen & pl -eil. Phonetic ~, tuairisgeal fogharach. Structural ~,

tuairisgeal structarachdescriptive a tuairisgealach. ~ grammar, gràmar tuairisgealach. ~ order, òrdugh

tuairisgealach. This list is ~ and not prescriptive, ’s ann tuairisgealach agus chan ann òrdachail a tha an liosta seo

tuairisciúil

desiderative a miannachasach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh miannachasach mianaitheachdesign feature n phr feart m dealbhachaidhdesinence n (= inflectional ending) dèisineas m, gen -eis, pl —an. Shared ~s, dèisineasan

com-pàirtichtede-stressed a a chaill beum. A stressless or ~ proclitic, ro-chlaonan gun bheum no a

chaill a bheumdeterminative 1 a cinnteachasach. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh cinnteachasach

2 n cinnteachasach m, gen & pl -aich. Phonetic ~, cinnteachasach fogharacha & s cinntitheach (m)

determiner n cinntiche m, pl —andeuterotonic a deotratonach deotratonachdevelopment n cinneachadh. The ~ was as follows, bha an cinneachadh mar a leanasdeverbal a dì-ghnìomhaireach. ~ noun, ainmear dì-ghnìomhaireachdeviant a faondrach. ~ sentence, seantans faondrach (deviationism n claonachas m)devoice v tr dì-ghuthaich, vn -achadh m

devoicing n dì-ghuthachadh m, gen -aidhdíghlorú m

diachronic a diacronach. ~ and synchronic, diacronach agus sioncronach diacrónachdiacritic n eadar-dhealaiche m, pl —an

• diacraitig m, pl —eanidirdhealaitheach m

diacritical a eadar-dhealachaidh. ~ mark, comharra eadar-dhealachaidh• diacraiteach. ~ mark, comharra diacraiteach

(gram) (comhartha) idirdhealaitheach

diaeresis n dèirise f déirise fdialect n dualchainnt f, gen —e, pl —ean. To take full advantage of Gaelic ~s, a’ gabhail

làn chothroim air dualchainntean na Gàidhlig. Pupils will encounter a range of ~s and canúint f

15


accents, bidh a’ chlann a’ coinneachadh ri caochladh sheòrsachan dualchainnt agus blas. Listening to different ~s on tape, ag èisteachd ri caochladh dhualchainnt air teip. Drama scripts present chances for ~ and colloquial forms, gheibhear cothrom ann an sgriobtaichean dràma air modhan dualchainnt agus mith-chainnt. A greater variety of texts including ~ forms, barrachd sheòrsachan theacsaichean, nan lùib modhan dualchainnte

dialect atlas n phr atlas m dualchainnte, gen atlas dhualchainnte, pl atlasan dualchainnte

dialect continuum n phr eadar-leantalas m dualchainnte, gen eadar-leantalais dhualchainnte

dialect geography n phr cruinn-eòlas m dualchainnteach, gen cruinn-eòlais dhualchainntich

dialectic n dialaictig m dialactaic f, díospóireacht f loighciúil

dialectical a dualchainnte f gen, dualchainnteach canúnachdialectology n dualchainnt-eòlas m, gen -ais. Structural ~, dualchainnt-eòlas structurachdialogue n co-chòmhradh m, gen -aidh. Writing a brief imaginative ~, a’ sgrìobhadh co-

chòmhraidh ghoirid o mhac-meanmaagallamh f, comhrá m

dianoia n dianàia mdiaphone n tar-fhoghar m, gen -air, pl —andiasystem n tar-shiostam m, gen -aimdibrach n diobrac m, pl -aicdichotic a dà-sgarte. ~ stimulation, brodachadh dà-sgartedichotomising a dà-sgarach, a nì dà-sgaradh. Basic ~ feature, feart bunaiteach a nì dà-

sgaradhdichotomy n dà-sgaradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean déscaradh mdictionary n faclair m, pl f—ean. Using a ~, a’ cleachdadh faclair. Personal dictionaries,

faclairean pearsantafoclóir m

differentiate v tr diofaraich, vn -achadh mdifferentiated a diofaraichte

idirdhealaím

differentiation n diofarachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean idirdhealú mdiffusion n lìonsgaradh m, gen -aidh. Lexical ~, lìonsgaradh leicseachail spré mdiglossia n dà-theangachas m, gen -achais. Permanent ~, dà-theangachas maireannach.

Temporary ~, dà-theangachas sealachdiglossic a dà-theangach. ~ community, coimhearsnachd dhà-theangachdigraph n dà-ghraf m, pl —an délitir fdimeter n dà-mheadar m, gen & pl -airdiminutive 1 a meanbhain m gs. In this dialect very often the masculine ~ suffix does

not change in the genitive case, anns an dualchainnt seo glè thric cha bhi iar-leasachan a’ mheanbhain fhireanta ag atharrachadh anns an tuiseal ghinideach ann

2 n meanbhan m, gen -ain, pl —an. Masculine ~, meanbhan fireanta

díspeagadh m

Dionysian a Dinìosach Dionysus pr n Diníosas mdiphthong n dà-fhoghar m, gen -air, pl —an défhoghar mdiphthongal a dà-fhoghrach défhoghrach mdiphthongisation n dà-fhoghrachadh m, gen -aidh défhoghrú mdipode, dipody n, diopoid f, gen —e, pl —eandirect a dìreach. ~ object, oibseig dhìreach. ~ speech, cainnt dhìreach. ~ and inverse

forms of verb, riochdan dìreach agus iom-thionntaidh air a’ ghnìomhairdíreach

directional 1 a treòrachail. ~ phrase, abairt threòrachail2 n treòrachail f, pl —ean. ~s in the prepositional system, treòrachailean ann an

siostam nan roimheardisambiguate v tr dì-dhà-sheaghaich, vn -achadh mdiscontinuity n neo-leantalachas m, gen -aisdiscontinuous a neo-leantalach. ~ constituent, co-adhbhar neo-leantalach. ~ morpheme,

moirfeim neo-leanaltachneamhleanúnach

discourse n conaltradh m, gen -aidh. Direct ~, conaltradh dìreach. ~ marker, comharra conaltraidh. Universe of ~, uile-choitcheannas conaltraidh

discourse analysis n phr anailis f chonaltraidh

tráchtas m, aitheasc m, caint f

discrete a disgreiteach. ~ unit, aonad disgreiteach• sgarte. ~ unit, aonad sgarte

scoite. (Math) discréideach

discussion n beachdachadh m, gen -aidh díospóireacht fdisjunct 1 a dì-naisgte

2 n dì-naisgte m, pl —andisjunction n dì-nasgadh m, gen -aidhdisjunctive a dì-naisgeil. ~ pronoun, riochdair dì-naisgeil deighilteachdislocation n dì-ionadachadh m, gen -aidh. Left ~, dì-ionadachadh clìdissective a snasachail. ~ verb, gnìomhair snasachail

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dissimilation n dì-choslachadh m, gen -aidh díshamhlú mdistal a cèineil. ~ and proximal, cèineil agus fagasaildistinction n eadar-sgaradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Length and quality ~s, eadar-

sgaraidhean ann am fad agus ann an càileachdidirdhealú m, difríocht f

distinctive a (ling) 1 eadar-sgarach. ~ feature, feart eadar-sgarach2 eadar-sgaraichte

idirdhealaithe

distinguish v tr cuir sgaradh m eadar, vn cur sgaraidh eadardistinguished a eadar-sgaraichte

distribution n co-roinn f, gen —e. ~ mode, mòd co-roinne. Complementary ~, co-roinn choileantach. Marginal ~, co-roinn oireach

dáileadh, dáileachán

distributive a co-roinnteach. ~ and collective plurals, iomarran co-roinnteach agus trusaidh

roinnteach

disyllabic a dà-lideach. According to the metre this loan-word is ~, a-rèir na meadrachd tha am facal-iasaid seo dà-lideach

déshiollach

disyllable n dà-lide m, pl —an déshiolla mdithyramb n diotaram m, pl —an rosc m, diotaram mditransitive a dà-aisigeach. ~ construction, gleus dà-aisigeachdivergance n às-aomadh m, gen -aidhdiversity n iomadalachd f. Language ~, iomadalachd chànan. Environmental ~,

iomadalachd san àrainneachddomain n 1 raon-cleachdaidh m, gen raoin-chleachdaidh, pl raointean-cleachdaidh

2 uachdranachd f fearannas m, tighearnas mdorsal a droma. ~ articulation, altachadh le druim na teangaidh (eite, etc.) dromadorsum n druim m. ~ of the tongue, druim na teangaidhdotted a. ~ line, loidhne phuingeannan ~ line, líne poncannadouble a dùbailte. ~ articulation, altachadh dùbailte. ~ cross, (symbol #) crois dhùbailte.

~ negative, àicheach dùbailtedúbailte

doublet n dùblag f, pl —an dúblógdowndrift n drioft-sìos mdowngrading n ìre-ìsleachadh m, gen -aidhDravidian a Draibhideach. D~ languages, cànain Dhraibhideachdrift n drioft mdual (DU) 1 a deise. ~ number, àireamh dheise. ~, trial and paucal, deise, trianach agus

tearcail2 n deiseach m, gen -ich

a & s (gram) déach (m)

dubitative 1 a teagmhasach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh teagmhasach2 n teagmhasach m, gen -aich

dummy n breugan m, gen & pl -ain. ~ element, eileamaid bhreugain bréagóg f, dumaíduple a (music) dà-bhuilleach. ~ time, tìm dhà-bhuilleachduration n rè f achar m, fad m, ré fdurational a rèitheil. ~ adverb, co-ghnìomhair rèitheildurative a rèitheach. ~ aspect, aogas rèitheach leanúnachDutch pr n (lang) Duidsis f Ollanais fdvandva n dvandva mdynamic a dionamach. ~ and stative verbs, gnìomhairean dionamach is staideach. ~

passive, fulangach dionamachdinimiciúil

dynamics n dionamaig m. Voice ~, dionamaig a’ ghutha

EEarly Gaelic pr n Gàidhlig f Thràthail, gen Gàidhlig Tràthail Gaeilge f Luathear-training n trèanadh-cluaise m, gen trèanaidh-chluaiseecho question n ceist f mhic-thalla, pl ceistean mic-thallaecho-word n facal m mic-thalla, gen & pl facail mhic-thallaeclipsis n (gram) ur-dhubhadh m, gen -aidh urú meclogue n eaclaige f, pl —an eaclóg feffected object n phr oibseig f èifeachda. Effected and affected objects, oibseigean

èifeachda is buailteegressive a às-imeachail. ~ air stream, sruth èadhair às-imeachail. Glottalic ~ air-

stream, sruth-èadhair glotaiseach às-imeachailEgyptian n (lang) Èipheitis fejective a (ling) às-tilgeil. ~ consonant, consan às-tilgeilelative (ELAT) 1 (a) a ealatach. ~ case, tuiseal ealatach

(b) n ealatach m, gen ealataich2 (a) a fèin-fheabhasach. ~ adjective, buadhair fèin-fheabhasach (b) n fèin-fheabhasach m, gen & pl -aich

electropalatography n eileactra-palatagrafachd f

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elegy n (a) marbhrann m, gen -ainn, pl —an(b) eileige f, pl —an

marbhna m, caoineadh m, tuireamh m

element n 1 eileamaid f, pl —ean. Syntactic ~, eileamaid cho-chàrail. Construction ~, eileamaid ghleusa. Place-name ~, eileamaid a gheibhear ann am ainm-àite

eilimint f

elicit v tr faigh a-mach bho, vn faighinn a-mach bho faighim amachelide (gram) bàth, vn -adh m

elided a air a bhàthadh. The article is completely ~ here, occurring as it does between the final vowel of “mi” and word-initial “l-” of “làmh”, tha an t-alt air a bhàthadh gu h-iomlan an seo, is e eadar an fhuaimreag dheireannach de “mi” agus an “l-” aig toiseach an fhacail “làmh”

báim

elision n (gram) bàthadh m, gen -aidh. “Ceund” comes by ~ from “ceunda”, which itself came by metathesis from “ceudna”, tha “ceund” a’ tighinn le bàthadh bho “ceunda”, riochd a thàinig e fhèin tro eadar-chàradh bho “ceudna”

bá m

ellipsis n beàrnadh m, gen -aidh• eilipsis f

focalbhá m

elliptical a eilipteach. ~ usage, cleachdadh eilipteachembedding n in-shocrachadh m, gen -aidh-eme n -eim memergence n teachd-am-follais m foilsiú m, nochtadh memic a eimig a. ~ and etic, eimig agus eitigemotive a inntinn-ghluasadach. ~ meaning, ciallachadh inntinn-ghluasadachempathy n iom-fhaireachdainn memphasiser n neartaiche m, pl —anemphatic a neartmhor. ~ suffix, iar-leasachan neartmhor. ~ consonant, consan neartmhor.

~ particle, mion-fhacal neartmhorfuinniúil. ~ particle, mír threise

empirical a eimpireach. ~ principle, prionnsabal eimpireach turgnamhaíoch, triaileach, eimpíreach

empiricism n eimpireachas m, gen -ais. ~ and nativism, eimpireachas agus nàdarras turgnamhacht f, eimpíreachas mempty a falamh. ~ morph, morf falamhenantiosemy n eineantaiseimidh mencapsulation n co-ghlacadh m, gen -aidhenclitic 1 a iar-chlaonach

2 n iar-chlaonan m, gen & pl -aina iar-chlaonachn iarchlaonán m

encode v tr in-chòd, vn —adh mencomium n (a) duan-mholaidh m, gen & pl duain-mholaidh

(b) eancòimeam m, pl —anadhmholadh m

end v i crìochnaich, vn -achadh m. Each line ~s with stress on the final syllable, tha gach sreath a’ crìochnachadh le beum air an lide dheireannach

ending n deireadh m, gen -idh, pl -idhean. Word ending, deireadh facail. Word ~s, deiridhean fhaclan. End rhyme, comhardadh-deiridh

críochnaímending n deireadh m, foirceann m

endocentric a in-cheantrach. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh in-cheantrachEnglish pr n (lang) Beurla f

• a’ Bheurla f, gen na Beurla. Schools may report to parents through the medium of Gaelic or ~, faodaidh sgoiltean iomradh a thoirt do phàrantan tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig no na Beurla

in English prep phr ann am Beurla• expressed with Beurla. Teachers should use texts ~ ~ on Gaelic matters, bu chòir

do thidsearan teacsaichean Beurla air cùisean na Gàidhlig a chleachdadh

Béarla m

English-speaking a expressed with a’ Bheurla pr n. Gaelic speaking children whose competence in the language may diminish in a predominantly ~ environment, clann aig a bheil a’ Ghàidhlig ach a dh’fhaodas an comas a dhol air ais ann an àrainneachd anns a bheil a’ Bheurla a’ toirt bàrr

entail v tr co-dhearbh, vn —adh mentailment n co-dhearbhachd f, pl —anentity n nì m, pl nithean. In sentences where two specified entities are equated, ann an

seantansan far a bheil dà nì shònraichte gan cur co-ionannenvironment n àrainneachd f timpeallacht fenvoy n (envoi) ceangal m, gen & pl -ail ceangal mepenthesis n eipinteis fepenthetic a eipinteiseach. ~ vowel, fuaimreag eipinteiseach. The phrase “ceanna maol”

has in fact only two syllables, with an ~ vowel occurring between the noun and the adjective, ’s ann a tha dà lide a-mhàin anns an abairt “ceanna maol”, leis an fhuaimreig eipinteisich eadar an t-ainmear is am buadhair

cúnta. ~ vowel, guta cúnta

epexegesis a eipeisigis mepexegetic a eipeisigeach. ~ infinitive, neo-fhinideach eipeisigeachepic 1 a eipigeil

2 n eipig n, pl —eana eipiciúiln dán m eipiciúil, eipic f

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epicene a eipiceineach. ~ noun, ainmear eipiceineachepideictic a eipideicteachepiglottal a for-ghlotasachepiglottis n for-ghlotas m, gen -ais forghlotas mepigram n eipeagram m, gen -aim, pl —an eipeagram m, nath mepigrammatic a eipeagramach eipeagramach, nathannachepigraph n eipeagraf m, pl —anepilogue n (a) iar-ràdh m, pl —an

(b) eipealag m, gen & pl -aigiarfhocal m

epiphenomenon n eipifeinimean m, gen -einepistemic a eipisteimeach. ~ and deontic, eipisteimeach agus deontachepistemology n eipisteim-eòlas m, gen -aisepistolary a eipistileach eipistileachepistrophe n deir-atharrais f

• eipeastroif mepitaph n (a) leac-sgrìobhadh m, gen -aidh, pl l-aidhean

(b) eipeataf n, pl —anfeartlaoi f

epithalamium n (a) beannachadh-bàird m• duan-bainnse m, gen & pl duain-bhainnse(b) eipeatalaimeam m, pl -eim

dán m pósta

epithet n buaidh-fhacal m, gen -ail. ~ adjective, buadhair buaidh-fhaclach buafhocal m. ~ adjective, bua-aidiacht

eponym n eipeanaim m, pl —eaneponymous a eipeanaimeachequate v tr cuir co-ionann, vn cur co-ionann. In sentences where two specified entities

are ~d, ann an seantansan far a bheil dà nì shònraichte gan cur co-ionannequational a cothromaideach. ~ sentence, seantans cothromaideach (equation, cothromóid f)equative (EQUAT) 1 a co-ionannach. ~ construction, gleus co-ionannach. ~ case, tuiseal

co-ionannach2 n co-ionannach m, gen & pl -aich

n céim f chothroim

equipollent a co-neartmhor. ~ and privative oppositions, comhaireachdan co-neartmhor agus cùmhntach

equivalent 1 a co-ionann• co-bhrìgheach2 n co-bhrìgheach, gen & pl -ich

a coibhéiseach. To be ~ to sth., bheith air chomhbhrí le rud ; n (Mth) comhbhríoch m

equivocal a (phil, = ambiguous a) dà-sheaghachergative (ERG) 1 a èirgeadach. ~ case, tuiseal èirgeadach. ~ language, cànan èirgeadach

2 n èirgeadach m, gen & pl -aicherosion n bleith ferror n mearachd f, pl —an earráid fEskimo-Aleut a Eisgimis-Ailiutais fEsperanto pr n (lang) Esperanto messay n aiste f, pl aistidhean aiste fessive (ESS) 1 a eiseach. ~ case, tuiseal eiseach

2 eiseach m, gen -ichestablished a stèidhte. ~ form, riochd stèidhte socraithe, bunaitheestimate n measrachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean meastachán mEstonian pr n (lang) Eastòinianis fethic a eitigeil. ~ dative, tabhartach eitigeil (gram) ~ dative, an tabharthach

eiticiúilethnic a 1 eitnigeach. We believe that no family should be excluded from the group’s

activities on the grounds of disability, colour or ~ origin, tha sinn a’ creidsinn nach bu chòir gum bitheadh teaghlach sam bith air an dùnadh a-mach bho ghnìomhan na buidhne mar thoradh air ciorram, dath no bunadh eitnigeach. ~ revival, ath-bheothachadh eitnigeach

2 cinnidheach. ~ revival, ath-bheothachadh cinnidheachethnic group n phr 1 buidheann f eitnigeach, gen buidhne eitnigich, pl buidhnean

eitnigeach• buidheann f chinnidheach, gen buidhne chinnidhich, pl buidhnean cinnidheach2 cinneadh m, gen -idh, pl -idhean. Language of the ~ ~, cànan a’ chinnidh

eitneach

etic a eitig. ~ and emic, eitig agus eimigEtruscan pr n (lang) Èatrasgais f (Etruscan, a & n Éatruscach (m))etymological a freumh-eòlach

etymological dictionary n phr faclair m freumh-eòlach, gen faclair fhreumh-eòlaich, pl faclairean freumh-eòlach

• freumh-fhaclair m, pl —eanetymologically adv a thaobh freumh-eòlais

sanasaíoch

ó thaobh na sanasaíochta

19


etymologise v tr & i freumh-eòlaich, vn -achadh metymologising n freumh-eòlachadh m, gen -achaidh

etymologist n freumh-eòlaiche m, pl —an sanasaí metymology n freumh-eòlas m, gen -ais sanasaíocht fetymon n freumh-fhacal m, gen -ail, pl freumh-fhaclan, -ail. ~ and reflex, freumh-fhacal

agus iar-riochdeuphemism n caomh-ràdh m, pl —an sofhriotal meuphony n deagh-fhoghras m, gen -ais dea-fhoghras meuphuism n glòramas m, gen -ais bréagmhaorgacht f, galamaisíocht feurhythmy n so-ruitheamachd fevaluative a luachail. ~ particle, mion-fhacal luachailevent n tachartas m, gen -ais, pl —an. Speech ~, tachartas cainnteevidence n fianais f, gen f—e. All this is merely conjecture, in the absence of ~, chan eil

ann a sin uile ach tuairmeas, ann an uireasbhaidh fhianaisefianaise f

evidential a fianaiseach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh fianaiseachevolution n eabhlaid f. ~ of language, eabhlaid chànain éabhlóid fexception n eisgeachd f eisceacht fexceptional a eisgeachdail. ~ case marking, comharrachadh tuiseil eisgeachdail eisceachtúilexclamation n clisgreadh m, gen -idh

exclamation mark n phr clisg-phuing f, pl —ean• comharradh-clisge m, gen comharraidh-chlisge, pl comharraidhean-clisge. Speech

marks and ~ ~s are further descriptions of punctuation, tha comharraidhean-labhairt agus comharraidhean-clisge a’ dèanamh an tuilleadh iomraidh air pungadh

uaillbhreas m

exclamative, exclamatory, a clisgreach uaillbhreasachexclusive a às-àireimh. ~ first person, ciad phearsa às-àireimh toirmeascach, eisiatachexhaustiveness n uile-ghabhalachd f (exhaustive a uileghabhálach,

iomlán)exhortative a ìmpidheach. ~ particle, mion-fhacal ìmpidheachexiguous a caol. The material however is very ~, ’na dhèidh sin chan eil an t-

adhbharrach ach glè chaolgiortach, gortach, mion

existential a eiseantail. ~ construction, gleus eiseantail eiseachexistentialism n eiseantalas m, gen -ais eiseachas mexocentric a às-cheantrach. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh às-cheantrachexophora n eacsafora mexpansion n atachadh m, gen -aidh leathnú m, fairsingiú m, forbairt f,

borradh mexperiencer n fiosraiche m, pl —anexpiratory a às-analach. ~ pressure, brùthadh às-analachexplanation n mìneachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Teleological ~, mìneachadh teil-

eòlachexpletive 1 a co-atachaidh. ~ word, facal co-atachaidh

• n facal m co-atachaidh2 (familiar) mionn m, pl —an

(gram) focal m le cois, spalla m

explicature n eispleachdas m, gen -aisexplicit a 1 eisplichte. ~ performative, iomairteach eisplichte. ~ sentence, seantans

eisplichte. Implicitly and ~ly reflexive, ath-fhillteach gu h-implichte agus gu h-eisplichte

2 (familiar) soilleir, so-thuigsinn, follaiseach. Without ~ knowledge of rules and terminology, gun eòlas follaiseach air riaghailtean agus briathrachas

dearfa

explicitness n soilleireachd f, pungalachd f. ~ explicitness, pungalachd fhogharachexponence n co-mhìneachadh m, gen -aidh. Extended ~, co-mhìneachadh leudaichteexponent n co-mhìniche m, pl —an. Mutation is an important semiotic ~ of gender, tha

mùthadh na cho-mhìniche cudthromach seimeotach air gnèexpression n ràdh m, pl —an leagan m cainteexpressive a faireachail lán de bhrí; tromchiallachextension n (gram) leudachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ to the subject, leudachadh air an t-

suibseig. ~ of meaning, leudachadh cèille(gram) leathnú m; (phil) sìnteacht

extensional a leudachail. ~ definition, deimhneid leudachailextensive a às-leudachaidh. ~ and intensive verbs, gnìomhairean às-leudachaidh agus in-

leudachaidhleathan, fairsing

external a 1 eachdranach. ~ causes, adhbhair eachdranach. ~ history, eachdraidh eachdranach

2. External sandhi, sandhi taoibh-a-muigh. External and internal sandhi, sandhi taoibh-a-muigh agus taoibh-a-staigh

seachtrach; lasmuigh, forimeallach, imeallach

extraction n às-tarraing fextrametrical a às-mheadrachail. ~ syllable, lide às-meadrachailextraposition n às-suidheachadh m, gen -aidh

20


extrasystemic a às-siostamach aextrinsic a eistreach. ~ and intrinsic allophones, alafonan eistreach agus intreach eistreach

Fface n eineach m, gen -ich. Positive and negative ~, eineach deimhinneach agus àicheil oineach mfactitive a dèanadach déanmhachfactor n factar m. gen -air, pl —an. Conditioning ~, factar cumhachaidhfalling a tuiteamach. ~ diphthong, dà-fhoghar tuiteamach, dà-fhoghar a tha a’ tuiteam titimeachfall-rise a tuit-èirich. ~ intonation, in-tònachd tuit-èirighfamiliar a. ~ form of pronoun, riochd eòlach an riochdair. ~ usage, gnàth-chleachdadh muinteartha. ~ usage, gnáthchaintFaroese pr n (lang) Fàrothais ffalsetto a falsetto ~ voice, guth m cuachachfault n meang f, gen —a, pl —anfaulty a meangailfeature n feart m, gen —a, pl —an. Concomitant ~, feart co-cheumnach. Distinctive ~,

feart eadar-sgarach. They describe ~s of non-verbal communication, tha iad a’ dèanamh iomraidh air feartan conaltraidh às aonais fhaclan

tréith f

feeding n biathadh m, gen -aidh. ~ and bleeding, biathadh agus cuingealachadhfelicitous a (of word, expression) ion-eirmseach. ~ expression, ràdh ion-eirmseach trathúil, oiriúnachfelicity conditions n phr cumhaichean f pl soirbheachdfeminine (FEM) a boireanta. ~ gender, gnè bhoireanta. The dative form of this ~ word

has taken the place of the radical case in this dialect, tha an riochd tabhartach den fhacal bhoireanta seo air àite an tuiseil bhunasaich a ghabhail anns an dualchainnt a tha ann

• (pros) boireanta. ~ rhyme, comhardadh boireanta. ~ ending, deireadh boireanta

baininscneachbaininscne f

fiction n ficsean m, gen -ein cumadóireacht f, ficsean mfield n raon m, gen -aoin, pl —tean. Conceptual ~, raon coincheapail. Lexical ~, raon

leicseachail. Semantic ~, raon seimeantachfigurative a tropach. ~ sense, ciall thropach fíortha, meafarach, tropachfigure of speech n phr trop m, pl —an. “Ithidh iad beò mi” is a common figure of

speech in connection with midges, tha “ithidh iad beò mi” na throp cumanta a thaobh nam meanbh-chuileag

trop m, fìor f chainte

filter n sìoltachan m, gen & pl -ain. Surface ~, sìoltachan uachdairfinal a 1 deireannach. ~ devoicing, dì-ghuthachadh deireannach. ~ and initial,

deireannach agus tòiseachail. The last stress in each long line comes on the ~ syllable, tha am beum mu dheireadh anns gach sreath fada a’ tighinn air an lide dheireannach. Between the ~ vowel of “mi” and word-initial “l-” of “làmh”, eadar an fhuaimreag dheireannach de “mi” agus an “l-” aig toiseach an fhacail “làmh”

2 aig deireadh facail. ~ mutation, mùthadh aig deireadh facail ~ and initial, aig deireadh agus aig toiseach facail

3 (purposive). ~ clause, clàsa amais

deireannach. ~ clause, clásal aidhme

finite a (gram) finideach. ~ verb, gnìomhair finideach. ~ clause, clàsa finideach finideachFinnish pr n (lang) Fionlainnis f

• SuòmaisFionlainnis f

first person (1ST) n phr ciad phearsafixed a suidhichte. ~ stress accent, aiceann beuma suidhichte. ~ word order, òrdugh

fhaclan suidhichte. ~ expression, ràdh suidhichteseasta

flap n flapa m. ~ consonant, consan flapa plapa mfluctuation n neo-sheasmhachd ffluency n fileantachd f. Teachers will ensure that pupils acquire ~ as quickly as

possible, bidh tidsearan a’ dèanamh cinnteach gu bheil a’ chlann a’ tighinn gu fileantachd cho luath ’s a ghabhas

oral fluency n phr comas m labhairt. To enable pupils to acquire ~ ~ in Gaelic, gus comas a thoirt do chloinn comas labhairt a thogail anns a’ Ghàidhlig

líofacht f

fluent a 1 fileanta. For ~ Gaelic-speaking pupils, do chloinn a tha fileanta sa Ghàidhligfluent speaker n phr fileantach m, gen & pl -aich. Gaelic for ~ ~s, Gàidhlig do

dh’fhileantaich. Programmes for ~ ~s, prògraman airson fhileantach• expressed with fileanta a. In the case of children who are not fluent Gaelic

speakers, a thaobh clann aig nach eil Gàidhlig fhileantafluently a gu fileanta

líofa

focal area n phr ceàrnaidh fòcasach (focal, fócasach)focus n fòcas m, gen -ais fócas mfocused interrogative n phr ceisteach fòcastafolk etymology n phr freumh-eòlas f nan daoinefolklore n beul-aithris f

• beul-oideas m, gen -eisbéaloideas m

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folk-song n mith-òran m, gen & pl -ain amhrán m béaloidisfolk tale n phr uirsgeul m, gen -eoil, pl —an

• mith-sgeul m, gen -eòil, pl —anfolk taxonomy n phr tacsanamaidh m nan daoinefoot n (pros) troigh f, gen —e, pl —ean. Dactylic ~, troigh dhactaileach. Iambic ~, troigh

iambach. Paeanic ~, troigh phaeanach. Proceleusmatic ~, troigh phroiceileasmatach Spondaic ~, troigh spoindèach. Trochaic ~, troigh thròicèach. The caesura sometimes comes after a dactylic ~, and sometimes after a trochaic ~, tha an caesar uaireannan a’ tighinn an dèidh troighe dactailich, agus uaireannan an dèidh troighe tròicèich

troigh f

foregrounded a ro-ionadaichte (foreground, réamhionad m)foreign n coimheach. ~ languages, cànain choimheachform n 1 cruth m, pl —an. Features of ~ and content, feartan cruth is susbaint

2 riochd m, pl —an. The ~ of the noun, riochd an ainmeir. Dependent ~, riochd eisimeileach. Independent ~, riochd neo-eisimeileach. ~ classes, clasaichean riochd

3 foirm f. ~ word n phr facal foirm

gné f, leagann m, foirm f

formal a foirmeil. ~ grammar, gràmar foirmeil. ~ and informal style, stoidhle fhoirmeil agus neo-fhoirmeil. Substantive and ~ universals, uile-choitcheannan susbainteach agus foirmeil

foirmiúil

formant n foirmeant f, pl —an. First ~, ciad fhoirmeant. ~ chart, cairt fhoirmeantanformation n co-dhèanamh m, gen -aimh. Inflectional ~, co-dhèanamh in-fhillteach.

Compound ~, co-dhèanamh co-fhillidhdéanamh m, cruthú m, déanmhas m

formative n foirmeadach m, gen -aichformula n foirmle f, pl -ichean. This may be represented by the formula, formulae,

faodar seo a riochdachadh leis an fhoirmle, leis na foirmlicheanfoirmle f

fortis n fortis f, pl fortesfortition n neartachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ and lenition, neartachadh agus sèimheachadhfossilised a. ~ form, riochd neo-shaor, riochd glaisteframe n frèama m, pl —icheanfree a saor. ~ and bound forms, riochdan saor agus ceangailte. ~ relative clause, clàsa

dàimheach saor. ~ stress accent, aiceann beuma saor. ~ variation, caochlaideachd shaor. ~ word order, òrdagh fhaclan saor

French pr n (lang) Fraingis f an Fhraincis ffrequency n minigeachd f, pl —an. Fundamental ~, minigeachd bhunasach minicíocht ffrequentative (FREQ) 1 a minigeach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh minigeach

2 n minigeach m, gen & pl -ichfricative 1 a suathach. ~ consonant, consan suathach, consan suathaidh

2 n suathach m, gen & pl -aich. Labiodental ~ suathach bile-dheudach. Groove ~, suathach caol-eagach. Slit ~, suathach leathann-eagach

cuimilteach (m)

friction n (ling) suathadh m, gen -aidh cuimilt ffrictionless continuant n phr leanmhainneach m gun suathadh, gen & pl leanmhainnich

gun suathadhFrisian pr n (lang) Freaslainnis f Freaslainnis ffront n beul m, gen & pl beòil. ~ of the tongue, beul na teangaidhfront a. ~ vowel n phr fuaimreag f bheulaibh. ~ palatal, palatach beulaibh tosaigh m gsfront v tr cuir chun a’ bheulaibh, vn cur m chun a’ bheulaibh. The vowel is ~ed, tha an

fhuaimreag air a cur chun a’ bheulaibhfronting n cur m chun a’ bheulaibh

fugitive a teichmheach. Lip-spread is in general sporadic and ~, ’ s ann sporadach, teichmheach a tha sgaoilteachd-lipean sa chumantas

full stop n phr 1 puing f stad, pl puingean stad. Pupils will learn that capitals and ~ ~s make the meaning clear to readers, bidh a’ chlann ag ionnsachadh gu bheil ceann-litrichean agus puingean stad a’ soilleireachadh brìgh do luchd-leughaidh

lánstad m

full word n facal m iomlan, gen facail iomlain, pl facail iomlan. ~ ~s and form words, facail iomlan agus facail foirme

function n 1 fuincsean m, gen -ein, pl —an. Direct object ~, fuincsean mar oibseig dhìreach. Classificatory ~, fuincsean seòrsachail. Contrastive ~, fuincsean co-chontrarrach. Descriptive ~, fuincsean tuairisgealach

2 gnìomh m, gen —a, pl —an. Syllable and root will be used in discussion which centres on individual words, their origins, meanings and ~s, cleachdar lide agus freumh ann am beachdachadh air faclan fa leth agus air co às an tàinig iad, air dè as ciall daibh agus dè as gnìomh dhaibh

feidhm f, fónamh m

functional a fuincseanail. ~ grammar, gràmar fuincseanail. ~ linguistics, cànanachas fuincseanail

feidhmiúil

functional yield, functional load, n phr luchd m fuincseanail, gen luchd fhuincseanailfunction word n phr facal m fuincsein m, gen & pl facail fhuincseinfundamental 1 a bunasach. ~ frequency, minigeachd bhunasach

2 n bunasach m, gen & pl -aich(mus) fréamhaí

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fuse v i co-leagh, vn —adh mfused a co-leaghte. ~ exponents, co-mhìnichean co-leaghte

comhleáim, comhtháthaím

fusion n co-leaghadh m, gen -aidh comhleá m, comhtháthú mfusional a co-leaghteach. ~ language, cànan co-leaghteachfuture 1 a teachdail. The ~ tense, an tràth teachdail. ~ perfect, foirfe theachdail

2 teachdail m, pl —eanfáistineach. ~ tense, an aimsir fháistineach

GGaelic pr n Gàidhlig f. Principal teachers of G~, prìomh-thidsearan Gàidhlig

• a’ Ghàidhlig. Talking in G~, a’ bruidhinn anns a’ Ghàidhlig. In communities where G~ is rarely encountered, ann an coimhearsnachdan far nach fhaighear a’ Ghàidhlig ach ainneamh. G~ has currency in the home and the workplace, tha àite agus inbhe aig a’ Ghàidhlig anns an dachaigh agus anns an ionad-obrach

• expressed with sa Ghàidhlig. Skills in talking G~, sgilean labhairt sa Ghàidhlig. Pupils who are not fluent speakers of G~, a’ chlann nach eil fileanta sa Ghàidhlig

Common Gaelic pr n Gàidhlig f Choitcheann, gen Gàidhlig CoitchinnEarly Gaelic pr n Gàidhlig f Thràthail, gen Gàidhlig TràthailEarly Modern Gaelic pr n Nuadh-Ghàidhlig f ThràthailIrish Gaelic n phr Gàidhlig f Èireannach, gen Gàidhlig Èireannaich• Gàidhlig f na h-ÈireannManx Gaelic n phr Gàidhlig f Mhanainneach, gen Gàidhlig ManainnichMiddle Gaelic pr n Meadhan-Ghàidhlig fModern Gaelic pr n Nuadh-Ghàidhlig fOld Gaelic pr n Seann Ghàidhlig fScots Gaelic n phr Gàidhlig f Albannach, gen Gàidhlig Albannaich• Gàidhlig na h-Alba, Gàidhlig na h-Albann

Gaeilge fGaeilge f Albannach

Gaelic a Gàidhlig. To bridge the differences between the two forms of G~ education, gus a’ bheàrn a lìonadh eadar an dà sheòrsa foghlaim Ghàidhlig. G~ arts and crafts should be displayed, bu chòir ealdhain agus ciùird Ghàidhlig a thaisbeanadh

• expressed with anns a’ Ghàidhlig. Pupils’ G~ language skills and knowledge, sgilean cànain agus eòlas na cloinne anns a’ Ghàidhlig

• expressed with ann an Gàidhlig. Computer games with G~ text, geamannan coimpiutair le teacsa ann an Gàidhlig. Pupils receiving a G~ education, clann a tha a’ faighinn oideachadh ann an Gàidhlig

• expressed with na Gàidhlig. G~ culture is a key issue, ’s e prìomh chùis a tha ann an dualchas na Gàidhlig. Develop inter-relationships with the G~ community, co-cheangal ri coimhearsnachd na Gàidhlig a thoirt gu ìre. To take full advantage of G~ dialects, a’ gabhail làn chothroim air dualchainntean na Gàidhlig. The curriculum must establish the setting for the growth of appreciation in these vital areas of the G~ experience, feumaidh an clàr-teagaisg na crìochan a shuidheachadh anns am bi tuigse a’ fàs air na raointean ro-chudthromach seo de dh’fhiosrachadh na Gàidhlig

• expressed with co-cheangailte ris a’ Ghàidhlig. Making full use of opportunities for G~ activities and development, a’ dèanamh làn fheum de gach cothrom airson gnìomhan agus leasachadh co-cheangailte ris a’ Ghàidhlig

non-Gaelic a gun Ghàidhlig. To provide children from non-Gaelic backgrounds with basic oral competence in Gaelic, comas-labhairt bunaiteach a bhuileachadh air clann à àrainneachd gun Ghàidhlig

Gaelic language n phr cànain na Gàidhlig. In the G~ ~ classroom, ann an clas cànain na Gàidhlig

Gaelic learners a phr expressed with luchd-ionnsachaidh plus Gàidhlig. They may be in Gaelic Learners’ classes beginning either in P1, or in S2, faodaidh iad a bhith ann an clasaichean luchd-ionnsachaidh, agus iad a’ tòiseachadh air a’ Ghàidhlig ann am B1 no an A1

Gaelic medium n phr meadhan na Gàidhlig. Either for G~ ~ or learners, an dàrna cuid airson meadhan na Gàidhlig no airson luchd-ionnsachaidh

Gaelic-medium a phr meadhan-Gàidhlig. In the case of children entering a G~ school who are not fluent Gaelic speakers, a thaobh clann aig nach eil Gàidhlig fhileanta nuair a thig iad do sgoil mheadhan-Gàidhlig

• expressed with tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig. Who are in G~ classes, a tha ann an clasaichean tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig. Such pupils may be receiving a G~ education, faodaidh an leithid seo de chloinn a bhith ’gan oideachadh tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig. G~ education is a new initiative, is e iomairt ùr a tha ann am foghlam tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig

• expressed with tro Ghàidhlig or tron Ghàidhlig. G~ education, foghlam tro Ghàidhlig. Who have not followed a G~ or similar programme, nach d’fhuair oideachadh tron Ghàidhlig no a leithid sin

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• expressed with Gàidhlig. Practice in G~ schools varies, tha caochladh dhòighean a’ dol anns na sgoiltean Gàidhlig

• expressed with a tha ag obair tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig. Teaching resources for G~ schools, goireasan-teagaisg airson sgoiltean a tha ag obair tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig

• expressed with anns a bheil an t-oideachadh tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig. Assessment in G~ schools, measadh airson sgoiltean anns a bheil an t-oideachadh tro mheadhan na Gàidhlig

• expressed with oidich tro Ghàidhlig v phr, vn oideachadh tro Ghàidhlig. For G~ pupils, airson clann a tha ’gan oideachadh tro Ghàidhlig

Gaelic speaker n phr neach-bruidhne m Gàidhlig, gen neach-bhruidhne Gàidhlig, pl luchd-bruidhne Gàidhlig. In meetings with G~ ~s in his constituency, ann an coinneamhan le luchd-bruidhne na Gàidhlig san roinn-thaghaidh aige

Gaelic-speaking a phr expressed with na Gàidhlig. The G~ world, saoghal na Gàidhlig. Half of the G~ population, dàrna leth sluagh na Gàidhlig. The socio-economic reasons for the dispersal of G~ people to the Commonwealth, na h-adhbhair shòise-eacanomaigeach a chuir sgapadh air sluagh na Gàidhlig don Cho-Fhlaitheas

• expressed with aig a bheil Gàidhlig or a’ Ghàidhlig. Educators will require to equip G~ pupils with the skills necessary, bidh e mar uallach air luchd-oideachaidh clann aig a bheil Gàidhlig uidheamachadh leis na sgilean a dh’fheumas iad. To reinforce the existing skills of Gaelic speaking children, neartachadh a dhèanamh air sgilean a tha a-cheana aig clann aig a bheil a’ Ghàidhlig

• expressed with sa Ghàidhlig. For fluent G~ pupils, do chloinn a tha fileanta sa Ghàidhlig

• expressed with Gàidhlig. Exploring the images of G~ communities will provide a basis for later work, bidh rannsachadh air na h-ìomhaighean de choimhearsnachdan Gàidhlig na bhunait do dh’obair a nithear a-rithist. In communities which are G~ or, at the other extreme, in communities where Gaelic is rarely encountered, ann an coimhearsnachdan Gàidhlig no, ann an suidheachadh tur eadar-dhealaichte, ann an coimhearsnachdan far nach fhaighear a’ Ghàidhlig ach ainneamh

gaelicise v tr cuir an riochd Gàidhliggaelicised a. The name has been ~, tha riochd Gàidhlig air a chur air an ainm

gaelicisation n. A ~ of the Scots name, riochd Gàidhlig air an ainm am Beurla na h-Albagapping n (ling) expressed with gleus-cainnte m beàrnach (air a’ ghnìomhair)Gaulish pr n (lang) Gaillis fgeminate, geminated, a càraideach, càraidichte. ~ consonant, consan càraideach dúbailtegemination n càraideachadh m, gen -aidh dúblú mgender n gnè f. Feminine ~, gnè bhoireanta. Masculine ~, gnè fhireanta. Neuter ~, gnè

neodrach. Grammatical ~, gnè ghràmadachinscne f

generalisation n ginearalachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean ginearálú mgeneralise v i ginearailich, vn ginearalachadh m

generalised a ginearalaichte. ~ use of the dative form of the feminine singular adjective, cleachdadh ginearalaichte air riochd tabhartach a’ bhuadhair bhoireanta shingilte

generation n (ling) gineadh m, gen -idh. ~ of forms, gineadh riochdangenerative a (ling) ginearadach. ~ dialectology, dualchainnt-eòlas ginearadach. ~

grammar, gràmar ginearadach. ~ phonology, fòn-eòlas ginearadach. ~ semantics, seimeantaig ginearadach

giniúnach

generic 1 a ginearach. ~ and specific elements, eileamaidean ginearach agus sònraichte. ~ reference, tar-iomradh ginearach. ~ statement, aithris ghinearach. ~ term, briathar ginearach

2 n ginearach m, gen & pl -aich

aicmeach. ~ term, téarma aicmeach

genetic a gin-eòlach. ~ classification, seòrsachadh gin-eòlachgenitive (GEN) 1 a ginideach. The ~ case, an tuiseal ginideach

2 n ginideach m, gen & pl -ich. Objective ~, ginideach oibseigeachginideach (m)

genre n gnè f. “Genre” is a term used to describe a property of texts, that each text belongs to a group, or set, of texts with which it shares common features, tha “Gnè” air a chleachdadh gus iomradh a dhèanamh air nàdar theacsaichean, a’ comharrachadh gum buin a h-uile teacsa do bhuidheann theacsaichean agus gu bheil dòighean ann sa bheil e coltach riutha sin

genuine a fìorachGeorgian pr n (lang) Geòirgis fGerman pr n 1 (lang) Gearmailtis f

High German pr n Gearmailtis f UachdarachLow German pr n Gearmailtis f Ìochdarach

Gearmáinis f(ling) Low German, Gearmáinis f íochtarach

Germanic 1 a Gearmaineach. G~ languages, cànain Ghearmaineach2 n Gearmainis f

a Gearmánach, Gearmándan Gearmándais

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gerund (GERUND) n geireann m, gen -inn, pl —an geireann mgerundive (GERUND) 1 n geireannach m, gen & pl -aich

2 a geireannacha geireannach

Gesamtbedeutung n Gesamtbedeutung mgesture n 1 gluasad m, gen -aid, pl —an. Articulatory ~, gluasad altachail. Tongue-tip ~,

gluasad bàrr-theangaidh2 gluasad-bodhaig m, pl gluasadan-bodhaig. She will recognise ~s and eye contact,

aithnichidh i gluasadan-bodhaig agus glacadh-sùla

comhartha m

gingival a càireanach• gingibheach

(gingiva n dranndal m, gingibhe f)

glide n sleamhnan m, gen & pl -ain (ling) sleamhnán m, sleamhnóg fglobal a co-iomlangloss n gluais f, pl —ean gluais fglossary n briathradair m, pl —ean gluais fglottal a glotasach. Glottal stop, consan dùinte glotasach. ~ reinforcement, ath-

neartachadh glotasachglotasach. Glottal stop, stop glotais, scornain

glottalic a glotasail. ~ airstream mechanism, uidheam sruth-èadhair glotasail. ~ theory, teòiridh ghlotasail

glottalise v tr glotasaich, vn -achadh mglottalised a glotasaichte

glottalisation n glotasachadh m, gen -aidhglottis n glotas m, gen glotais glotas mglottochronology n glota-chron-eòlas m, gen -ais glotochróneolaíocht fgnomic a nomaigeachgoal n bàir f. Actor and ~, gnìomhaiche agus bàirGod’s truth a phr fìrinn Dè. God’s truth phonemes, fòineimean fìrinn DèGoidelic a Goídelach. G~ branch, meur Goídelach. Brittonic and G~, Brittonach agus

GoídealachGothic pr n (lang) Gotais f Gotais fgovern v tr (gram) riaghail, vn riaghladh m. This preposition ~s the genitive case, tha an

roimhear seo a’ riaghladh an tuiseil ghinidich• also This preposition ~s the genitive case, tha an roimhear seo a’ cur an ainmeir

don tuiseal ghinideach

A verb which ~s the dative, briathar a rialaíonn an tuiseal tabharthach ; briathar a leanann tuiseal tabharthach é

government n riaghladh m, gen -aidhgovernor n riaghladair m, pl —ean rialtóir mgradation n ceumadh m, gen -aidh. Vowel ~, ceumadh fhuaimreag (ling) Vowel ~, grádaíocht f gutaígrade n ìre f, pl —an. ~ of comparison, ìre choimeis céim m, grád m, rang mgradience n ceumachas m, gen -aisgradual opposition n phr comhaireachd m cheumnach, gen comhaireachd ceumnaich, pl

comhaireachdan ceumnach(gradual a céimseach, dréimreach, céim ar chéim)

grammar n gràmar m, gen -air. A selection of terms referring to the words, ~ and sounds of the language, taghadh de bhriathran a bhuineas do dh’fhaclan, do ghràmar agus do dh’fhuaimean na cànain. ~ book, leabhar gràmair

categorial grammar n phr gràmar m catagarailfunctional grammar n phr gràmar m fuincseanailMontague grammar n phr gràmar m Mhontaguereference grammar n phr lorg-ghràmar mrelational grammar n phr gràmar m dàimhealachdtransformational grammar n phr gràmar tar-iomlaideach

gramadach f. ~ book, graiméar m

grammatical a gràmadach. ~ agreement, co-aontas gràmadach. ~ ambiguity, dà-sheaghachas gràmadach. ~ case, tuiseal gràmadach. ~ category, catagaraidh gràmadach. ~ meaning, ciall ghràmadach. ~ morpheme, moirfeim gràmadach. ~ relation, dàimh ghràmadach. ~ subject, suibseig ghràmadach. ~ word, facal gràmadach

• a bhuineas do ghràmar. Teachers need to introduce pupils to the ~, literary and other technical terms of language, feumaidh na tidsearan a’ chlann a chur an aithne nam briathran cànain a bhuineas do ghràmar, do litreachas agus an leithid sin

• expressed with gràmar m. The confidence and the need to communicate are more important than absolute ~ accuracy, tha misneach ann an conaltradh, agus am feum air conaltradh a dhèanamh, nas cudthromaiche na an gràmar a bhith uile gu lèir gun mhearachd

grammatically adv gu gràmadach. ~ conditioned, cumhaichte gu gràmadach

gramadúilde réir gramadaí

grammaticalisation n gràmadachadh m, gen -aidhgrammaticalised a gràmadaichtegrammaticality n gràmadachd fgraphic medium n phr meadhan m grafach, gen meadhain ghrafaichgrave a trom. ~ accent, sràc throm (gram) ~ accent, graif fGreek pr n (lang) Grèigis f Gréigis f

25


Greenlandic pr n (lang) Graonlainnis fgroove fricative n phr suathach m caol-eagach, gen suathaich chaol-eagaich. pl suathaich

chaol-eagachgroup n còmhlan m, gen & pl -ain. Stress ~, còmhlan bheumannan. Svarabhakti ~,

còmhlan svarabhaktiguna n guna mguttural a = velar a, q.v.

Hhabitual a sìor-ghnàthach. ~ aspect, aogas sìor-ghnàthach. ~ present, làthaireach sìor-

ghnàthach. Past ~tense, tràth caithte sìor-ghnàthachgnáth, gnách. ~ present, gnáthláithreach

half-close a leth-dhùinte. Half-close vowel, fuaimreag leth-dhùintehalf-open a leth-fhosgailte. Half-open vowel, fuaimreag leth-fhosgailtehapax legomenon n hapax legomenon m & fhaplology n haipleòlas m, gen -aishard palate n phr glainean m cruaidh, gen glainein chruaidhharmonic 1 a (a) àrmanach. ~ tones, tònaichean àrmanach

(b) co-fhuaimneach. ~ vowels, fuaimreagan co-fhuaimneach2 n àrmanach m, gen & pl -aich. First ~, ciad àrmanach

a & s armónach (m)

harmony n co-fhuaimneachd f. Vowel ~, co-fhuaimneachd fhuaimreaghash mark (#) n phr = double cross n phr, q.v.head n ceann m, gen & pl cinn. ~ of a phrase, ceann abairt. ~ marking, comharrachadh

cinn. ~ noun, ainmear cinnceann m, roinn f. ~ noun, ainmfhocal cinn

hearer n èistear m, gen -eir, pl —an. ~s and addressees, èistearan agus luchd-amais éisteóir mheavy a trom. Heavy noun phrase, abairt ainmearach throm. ~ syllable, lide trom tromHebrew pr n (lang) Eabhra f, Eabhrais f an Eabhraishedge n leth-taobhadh m, gen -aidh (hedge v i téim i leataobh)hendiadys n einneadais f einniad mheptameter n heiptimeadar m, gen & pl -air heiptiméadar mhermeneutics n eirmeineòtaig mhesitation n stadaich f. Speech ~, stadaich chainnte braiteoireacht fhesitation form n phr riochd m stadach, pl riochdan stadachhesternal a eisteirneil. ~ tense, tràth eisteirneilheterogeneous a heitrigineach ilchineálachheterogloss n heitreaglos m, pl —anheterorganic a heitre-altaichte. ~ and homorganic consonants, consain heitre-altaichte

agus homa-altaichteheterosyllabic a heitreilideach. ~ vowels, fuaimreagan heitreilideachheuristic a 1 eòraisteach

2 eòraisteach m, gen -ichhexameter n heicsimeadar m, gen & pl -air heicsiméadar mhieratic a hiaraiteach. ~ and demotic, hiaraiteach agus deamaiteachhiatus n hiatas m, gen -ais hiatas m, séanas mHibernicism n. H~s in their speech, buaidh Beurla na h-Èireann air a’ chainnt aca (ling) GaelachasHiberno-English pr n Beurla f na h-ÈireannHiberno-Latin pr n Laideann f na h-Èireannhierarchical a rangach cliarlathachhierarchy n rangachd f, pl —an cliarlathas m, ordlathas mhieroglyphics a hiaraiglifean f pl iaraiglifi f plhigh a àrd. ~ tone, tòna àrd. ~ vowel n phr fuaimreag àrd ardHindi pr n (language) Indig fhistorical, historic, a 1 eachdraidheil

historical linguistics n phr cànanachas m eachdraidheil, gen cànanachais eachdraidheil

stairiúil

historic present n phr làthaireach m eachdraidheil, gen làthairich eachdraidheilhocus pocus a phr na sgoile duibhe. ~ ~ phonemes, fòineimean na sgoile duibhehodiernal a oideirneil. ~ tense, tràth oideirneilholistic a co-iomlanholokinetic a uile-ghluasadach uileghluaisteachholophrase n holabairt f, pl —eanhomogeneous a homaigineach

• aon-ghnèitheachaonchineálach, homaigineach

homograph n homagraf m, pl —an comhghraf mhomonym n homanaim m, gen & pl —ean comhainm mhomonymy n homanaimidh f. Full ~, làn-homanaimidh comhainmneachas m. Full ~, lán-

chomhainmneachas m

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homophone n hom-fhuaimear m, gen -eir, pl —an téarma comhfhuaimneachhomophony n hom-fhuaimearas m, gen -ais comhfhuaimneachas mhomorganic a hom-altaichte. ~ nasal consonant, consan srònach hom-altaichte homorganach. ~ consonant, consan

homorganach, consan gaoilhonorific (HON) a urramach urramach, ómósachhortative a (ling) earalach. ~ mood, modh earalachhost n òstach m, gen & pl -aich. ~ and clitic, òstach agus claonan (òstach m)human a daonna daonnahumorous a àbhachdach greannmhar, barrúilHungarian pr n (lang) Ungairis f an Ungáiris fhybrid word n phr facal m cros-chinealach, gen facail chros-chinealaich, pl facail chros-

chinealachhybrid a & s croschineálach (m), crossíolrach (m)

hydronym n hiodranaim m, pl —eanhypallage n hiopalaige fhyperbole n àibheiseachadh m, gen -aidh. The bard is of course using ~ here, tha e

soilleir gu bheil am bàrd ri àibheiseachadh an seourtheilgean m

hypercorrect a ro-cheart forchearthypercorrection n ro-cheartachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean forcheartúhypernym n hipearnaim m, pl —eanhypernymy n hipearnaimidh fhyphen n sgrìob-cheangail f, pl sgrìoban-ceangail

• tàthan m, gen & pl -ainfleiscín m

hypocorism n meas-ainm m, pl —eanhypocoristic a meas-ainmeachhyponym n hiopanaim m, pl —eanhyponymy n hiopanaimidh fhypotaxis n (= subordination n) hiopataicis f (= fo-inbheachd f)hypothesis n hipiteis f, pl —ean. ~ test, deuchainn hipiteise. Null ~, neoni-hipiteis hipitéis f. ~ test, triail hipitéisehypothesise v i hipiteisich, vn -eachadh m

• (familiar) barailich, vn -eachadh m. You are only hypothesising, chan eil thu ach a’ baraileachadh

hypothetical a hipiteiseach• (familiar) baralach

hipitéiseach

hypothetico-deductive method n phr dòigh f hipiteise-dheaductachhysterokinetic a iar-ghluasadach iarghluaisteachhysteron proteron n hysteron proteron m & f

Iiambic a iambach. ~ foot, troigh iambach. We should simply have ~ feet throughout the

whole song, ’s e dìreach troighean iambach a bhitheadh againn tron òran air fadiambach

iambus n iamb m, pl —an iamb mIcelandic pr n (lang) Ìoslainnis f an Íoslainnis ficonic a ìceanachiconicity n ìceanachd fidea n idèaidealism n idèalachas m, gen -ais. ~ and materialism, idèalachas agus adhbharachasideation n idèadh m, gen idèidhideational a idèach. ~ meaning, ciallachadh idèach (idea n idé)identical a ionann, co-ionann

• ionannachionann, comhionann

identify v tr ionannaich, vn ionannachadh midentifying a ionannachaidh m gen. ~ imperative, àithneach ionannachaidh

identity n 1 ionannachd f. Sloppy ~, ionannachd luideach2 (of persons) fèin-aithneachadh m, gen -aidh

ionannas m

ideogram n idèagram m, gen -aim, pl —anidiolect n leitheaschainnt f, pl -eanidiolectal a leitheaschainnteach. ~ variation, caochlaideachd leitheaschainnteachidiom n gnàthas-cainnt m, gen gnàthais-chainnt, pl gnàthasan-cainnt. ~ chunk, bloigh

ghnàthais-chainntcanúint f, teilgean m cainte, nath m cainte

idiomatic a gnàthasach. ~ Gaelic, Gàidhlig ghnàthasach• expressed with gnàthas-cainnt m, pl gnàthasan-cainnt. Pupils will use language with

some grasp of ~ expressions, bidh a’ chlann a’ cleachdadh cànain agus tomhas de ghreim a bhith aca air gnàthasan-cainnt. In ~ and proverbial sayings, ann an gnàthasan-cainnte ’s ann an seanfhaclan

canúnach, de réir ghnàthchainte

idiosyncratic a sònraichte. The plural declension of adjectives is ~, tha dì-chlaonadh sònraichte air na buadhairean iolra

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idyll n ìdil f ídil fillative (ILL) 1 a ileatach. ~ case, tuiseal ileatach

2 n ileatach m, gen -aichill-formed a an-chruthachillocutionary a in-labhairteach. ~ speech act, gnìomh-cainnt in-labhairteachimitate v tr atharrais (air), vn atharrais f (air). Real models of effective Gaelic whose

features they can explore, ~ or adapt to suit their needs, eisimpleirean dligheach de Ghàidhlig dhòigheil a dh’fhaodas iad a rannsachadh no atharrais orra no atharrachadh mar as fheàrr a fhreagras orra fhèin

déanaim aithris (ar)

imitation n atharrais f. In poetry writing ~ of specific forms can be demonstrated and explored, ann an sgrìobhadh bàrdachd faodar atharrais air modhan sònraichte a thaisbeanadh agus a rannsachadh

aithris f

immediate a 1 neo-mheadhanach. Immediate constituents, co-adhbhair neo-mheadhanach. In ~ contact with, ann an co-thadhal neo-mheadhanach ri

2 aithghearr. Immediate tense, tràth aithghearr

cóngarach ; neamh-mheánach

imparisyllabic a neo-cho-lideach. ~ noun, ainmear neo-cho-lideachimperative (IMP) 1 a (gram) àithneach. ~ mood, modh àithneach

2 àithneach m, gen & pl -ichordaitheach. The ~ (mood), an modh ordaitheach

imperfect (IMPF) 1 a neo-fhoirfe. ~ tense, tràth neo-fhoirfe2 neo-fhoirfe f, pl —animperfectly a gu neo-fhoirfe. In this verse there is rhyme between

“dhiumb : bùrn”, and, ~, “shaoileas”, anns an rainn seo tha comhardadh eadar “dhiumb : bùrn”, agus, gu neo-fhoirfe, “shaoileas”

neo-fhoirfe. Imperfect (tense), (aimsir) neo-fhoirfegnáchaite a

imperfective (IMPERF) 1 a neo-fhoirfeach. ~ aspect, aogas neo-fhoirfeach2 neo-fhoirfeach m, gen & pl -ich

impersonal (IMPERS) a neo-phearsanta. The ~ voice, an guth neo-phearsanta. ~ passive, fulangach neo-phearsanta

neamhphearsanta. ~ verb, briathar neamhphearsanta

implicate v tr (logic) implich, vn -eachadh mimplication n (logic) impleachd f

(familiar) buaidh f. Listening has ~s for speech development, tha buaidh aig èisteachd air leasachadh cainnte

impleacht f

implicational a impleachdail. ~ scale, sgèile impleachdail. ~ universal, uile-choitcheann impleachdail

implicature n impleachdas m, gen -aisimplicit a implichte. ~ly and explicitly reflexive, ath-fhillteach gu h-implichte agus gu h-

eisplichteintuigthe, impleachtaithe

implosive 1 a in-phleasgach2 n in-phleasgach m, gen & pl -aich. Bilabial ~, in-phleasgach dà-bhileach

imprecative n mallachdach m, gen & pl -aichimpressionistic transcription n phr tar-sgrìobhadh m co-thuairmseach (impressionistic, impriseanaíoch)impure vowel n fuaimreag f neo-shlàn. Pure and ~ vowels, fuaimreagan slàna agus neo-

shlàninalienable possession n phr sealbhachadh m do-dhealaichteinaudible a do-chluinntinn. ~ release, fuasgladh do-chluinntinn dochloisteincentive n adhbhar m, gen & pl -air. Morphological ~s are sometimes discernible,

aithnichear uaireannan gur e nithean morf-eòlach as adhbharinceptive a = inchoative a, q.v.inchoative a (ling) tòiseachail. ~ aspect, aogas tòiseachail (briathar) tionscantachincidence n co-thricead m, gen -eid. Lexical ~ of phonemes, co-thricead leicseachail

fhòineimeanminicíocht f

incisor n clàr-fhiacail f, gen -cla, pl -claninclusion n co-àireamh f, gen -eimh cur m san áireamh, cur m sa

chomhaireamh, comhaireamh m, áireamh m

inclusive a co-àireamhach. ~ pronoun, riochdair co-àireamhach. ~ units, aonadan co-àireamhach

incommensurability n do-cho-thomhasachd fincommensurable a do-cho-thomhais dochomhthomhaisteincompatibility n neo-cho-fhreagarrachd fincorporation n in-chorpachadh m, gen -aidh comhshnaidhmeadh mincorporating language n phr cànan m in-chorpachaidh, gen & pl cànain in-chorpachaidhincorrect a mì-cheart mícheartindeclinable a do-dhì-chlaonaidh. ~ noun, ainmear do-dhì-chlaonaidh (gram) dodhíochlaontaindefinite a neo-chinnteach. ~ article, alt neo-chinnteach. ~ pronoun, riochdair neo-

chinnteach. ~ noun phrase, abairt ainmearach neo-chinnteach. ~ reference, tar-iomradh neo-chinnteach

éiginnte, neamhshonrach. Past ~, aimsir chaite éiginnte. ~ pronoun, forainm éiginnte

independent a neo-eisimeileach. ~ clause, clàsa neo-eisimeileach. ~ form, riochd neo- neamhspléach

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eisimeileach. ~ verb, gnìomhair neo-eisimeileachindependent motivation n phr adhbharachadh m neo-eisimeileach, gen adhbharachaidh

neo-eisimeilichindeterminacy n neo-chinnteachas m, gen -aisindeterminate, indeterminated a neo-chinntichte. Indeterminated nominal phrase,

abairt ainmearach neo-chinntichteneamhchinntithe

Indian a 1 Innseanach. I~ languages, cànain InnseanachAmerican Indian mod Innseanach Ameireagaidh. A~ I~ languages, cànain

Innseanach Ameireagaidh

IndiachIndiach-Mheiriceánach

indicative (IND) 1 a taisbeanach. The ~ mood, am modh taisbeanach2 taisbeanach m, gen & pl -aich

táscach. ~ (mood), (modh) táscach m

indices n pl in-chomharran m plindirect a neo-dhìreach. ~ anaphora, anafora neo-dhìreach. ~ object, oibseig neo-

dhìreach. ~ question, ceist neo-dhìreach. ~ relative phrase, abairt dhàimheach neo-dhìreach. ~ speech, còmhradh neo-dhìreach. ~ speech-act, gnìomh cainnte neo-dhìreach

~ speech, insint neamhdhíreach

Indo-European a Ind-Eòrpach. I~ languages, cànain Ind-Eòrpach Ind-EorpachIndo-Iranic a Ind-Iaraineach. I~ languages, cànain Ind-Iaraineachinduction n (logic) ionductadh m, gen -aidh (logic) ionduchtú minductive a ionductach. ~ and deductive logic, lòidsig ionductach agus dhèaductach. ~

inference, foidheam ionductachdéaduchtach

inessive (INESS) 1 a ineiseach. ~ case, tuiseal ineiseach2 n ineiseach m, gen & pl -ich.

infection n truailleadh m, gen -idh. u-infection, u-thruailleadhinfectum n infectum minfelicitous a (of word, expression) neo-eirmseach. ~ expression, ràdh neo-eirmseach. ~

language, cainnt neo-eirmseachmíthráthúil

inference n foidheam m, gen -eim. Inductive, deductive, ~, foidheam ionductach, deaductach

(logic) infeireas m

inferential a foidheamail. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh foidheamailinfinitive (INF) 1 a (gram ; also infinitival) neo-fhinideach. Infinitive mood, modh neo-

fhinideach. Infinitival clause, clàsa neo-fhinideach2 n neo-fhinideach m, gen & pl -ich

(modh) infinideach

infix n in-leasachan m, gen & pl -ain inmhír finfixed a in-leasaichte intáiteinflect v tr in-fhill, vn —eadh m

inflected a in-fhillteinfhillim (focal)

inflecting a in-fhillidh. ~ language, cànan in-fhillidhinflection n in-fhilleadh m, gen -idh, pl -idhean infhilleadh minflectional a in-fhillteach. ~ class, clas in-fhillteach. ~ affix, co-leasachan in-fhillteach. ~

morphology, morf-eòlas in-fhillteach. Derivational and ~ affixes, co-leasachain bhunachail agus in-fhillteach. ~ ending, deireadh-facail in-fhillteach

infhillte

informal a neo-fhoirmeil neamhfhoirmiúilinformant n neach-fiosrachaidh m, pl luchd-fiosrachaidh faisnéiseoir minformation n fiosrachadh m, gen -aidh. Phonologically ~ information, fiosrachadh a tha

buntainneach gu fòn-eòlach. Redundant ~, fiosrachadh os-barrasachinformation theory n phr teòiridh f fhiosrachaidhingressive a in-imeachail. ~ air stream, sruth èadhair in-imeachailinherent feature n phr feart m in-ghnèitheach, pl feartan in-ghnèitheachinitial a 1 tòiseachail. ~ mutation, mùthadh tòiseachail. ~ and final, tòiseachail agus

deireannach2 aig toiseach facail. ~ mutation, mùthadh aig toiseach facail. ~ and final, aig

toiseach facail agus aig deireadh facail

~ mutation, athrú m tosaigh

initiation n tionnsgnadh m, gen -aidh. Air-stream ~, tionnsgnadh sruth-èadhairinjunctive 1 a in-leantach. ~ form, riochd in-leantach

2 n in-leantach m, gen & pl -aichinnate a in-nàdarra dúchasach, inbheirtheinnateness n in-nàdarrachd. ~ hypothesis, hipiteis na h-in-nàdarrachdinnovation n nuadhas m, gen & pl -ais. ~ and conservatism, nuadhas agus glèidhteachd nuacht f, athrú m nuainnovatory a nuadhasach nuálachinorganic a neo-organach. ~ -this used to mark hiatas, tha -th- neo-organach ga

chleachdadh gus hiatas a chomharrachadhin pausa adv in pausainseparable a do-sgaraichte. ~ prefix, ro-leasachan do-sgaraichteinstantaneous a làithreach. The non-habitual or ~ present, an tràth làthaireach neo-

shìor-ghnàthach no làithreachinstrumental 1 a innealach. ~ case, tuiseal innealach

2 n innealach m, gen & pl -aichuirliseach

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integration n in-aonachadh m, gen -aidhintellect n inntleachd f, pl —an intleacht fintellectual a inntleachdail intleachtúilintelligible a so-thuigsinn. Mutually ~, so-thuigsinn do chèile

• tuigseanta. Mutually ~, eadar-thuigseantaintensifier n (gram) co-neartaichear m, gen -eir, pl —anintensify v tr co-neartaich, vn -achadh m

intensifying a co-neartachaidh. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh co-neartachaidhgéaraím, neartaím

intension n (logic) cuimse fintensional a (logic) cuimseilintensive a (gram) 1 co-neartachail a. ~ aspect, aogas co-neartachail. ~ prefix, ro-

leasachan co-neartachail2 in-leudachaidh. ~ verb, gnìomhair in-leudachaidh. ~ complement, coileanadh in-

leudachaidh

neartaitheach

interchangeability n eadar-mhalairteachd finterdental a eadar-dheudachinterdependence n eadar-eisimeileachd finterdependent a eadar-eisimeileach spleách le chéileinterference n eadar-ghabhail m idirghabháil f. (Physics, wireless

telegraphy) trasnaíocht finterfix n eadar-leasachan m, gen & pl -ainintergenerational a eadar-ghinealaich mod. ~ mother-tongue transmission, tar-chur a’

chànain mhàthaireil eadar-ghinealaichinterjection n clisgear m, gen -eir, pl —an agall m, intriacht finternal a in-mheadhanach. ~ causes, adhbhair in-mheadhanach. ~ history, eachdraidh in-

mheadhanach. ~ reconstruction, ath-chruthachadh in-mheadhanach. ~ sandhi, sandhi in-mheadhanach. ~ syntax, co-chàradh in-mheadhanach

inmheánach

International Phonetic Alphabet, Aibidil f Fhogharach Eadar-nàiseantainterpersonal a eadar-phearsanta. ~ function, fuincsean eadar-phearsantainterpolation n eadar-shuidheachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidheaninterpolate v tr eadar-shuidhich, vn eadar-shuidheachadh minterpretant n eadar-mhìneant m, pl —aninterpretive a eadar-mhìneachailinterrogative (INTERROG) 1 a ceisteach. ~ pronoun, roimhear ceisteach. ~ particle,

mion-fhacal ceisteach. ~ tag, taga cheisteach2 ceisteach m, gen & pl -ich. Polar ~, ceisteach pòlarach

ceisteach. ~ pronoun, forainm ceisteach

intervention n eadar-ghabhail m, gen -alach, pl -alaichean. Linguistic ~, eadar-ghabhail cànanach

idirghabháil f

intervocalic a eadar-fhuaimreagach. ~consonant, consan eadar-fhuaimreagach idir dhá ghuta, idirghuthachintonation n (ling) in-tònachd f tuin fintra-dialectal a eadra-dhualchainnteach. ~ variation, caochlaideachd eadra-

dhualchainnteachintransitive (INTRANS) 1 a neo-aisigeach. ~ verb, gnìomhair neo-aisigeach

2 neo-aisigeach m, gen & pl-ichneamhaistreach

intransitive preposition n phr roimhear m neo-aisigeach, gen roimheir neo-aisigich, pl roimhearan neo-aisigeach

intransitiviser n neo-aisigiche m, pl —anintrinsic a intreach. ~ and extrinsic allophones, alafonan intreach agus eistreach. ~ pitch,

tòn-àirde intreacheistreach

intrusive a sàithteach. Intrusive r, r shàithteach (ling) sáiteachintuition n imfhios m imfhios mintuitive a imfhiosach imfhiosachinvariable a neo-atharrachail. ~ word, facal neo-atharrachail. This noun is ~ in the

singular, tha an t-ainmear seo neo-atharrachail san t-singiltedo-athraithe

invariant a do-atharraichte. The distinctive features must remain ~, feumaidh na feartan eadar-sgarach mairsinn do-atharraichte

inventory n liosta (-iomlan) f. Phoneme ~, liosta-iomlan de dh’fhòineimean liosta minverse a iom-thionntaidh. ~ affix, co-leasachan iom-thionntaidh. Direct and ~ forms,

riochdan dìreach agus iom-thionntaidh. ~nominal, ainmearach iom-thionntaidhinbhéartaithe

inversion n iom-thionntadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Rule ~, iom-thionntadh riaghailt inbhéartú minverted a iom-thionntaidh. ~ nominal, ainmearach iom-thionntaidh inbhéartaitheinverted commas n phr cromagan f pl turrachIranian a Iaraineach. I~ languages, cànain IaraineachIrish pr n (lang) Gàidhlig f Èireannach, gen Gàidhlig Èireannaich

• Gàidhlig f na h-ÈireannGaeilge f

ironic a ìorantaironically adv gu h-ìoranta, ann an dòigh ìoranta. It has to be admitted that this was

íorónta

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said ~, feumar aideachadh gun deach seo a ràdh ann an dòigh ìorantairony n ìoranas m, gen -ais. This is a sarcastic song in which the bard makes

considerable use of ~, ’s e òran-magaidh a tha seo anns a bheil am bard a’ dèanamh tomhas mòr de dh’fheum de dh’ìoranas

íoróin f

irrealis n irrealis firregular a mì-riaghailteach, comp -iche. ~ verb, gnìomhair mì-riaghailteach. The

pattern of stresses is more ~ in Ross’ song, tha pàtran nam beumannan nas mì-riaghailtiche ann an òran Rois

neamhrialta

irrelevance n neo-bhuntainneas m gen -eis. Relevance and ~, buntainneas agus neo-bhuntainneas

neamhfheidhm f

irrelevant a neo-bhuntainneach. Relevant and ~, buntainneach agus neo-bhuntainneach deorantairreversible a do-atharrachaidh. ~ binomial, dà-fhacal do-atharrachaidh do-athraitheisland n eilean m, gen -ein, pl —anisochrony n iosacronachd f (isochronic, iosacroineach)isogloss n iosaglos m, pl —an. Bundle of ~es, pasgan de dh’iosaglosan iseaghluaisisolated opposition n phr comhaireachd m in-sònrachaidh, pl comhaireachdan in-

sònrachaidhisolating a (ling) in-sònrachaidh. ~ language, cànan in-sònrachaidhisomorphism n iosamorfachd f (isomorphic, iosamorfach)Italian pr n (lang) Eadailtis f Iodáilis fItalic 1 a Eadalach. I~ languages, cànain Eadalach

2 n Eadalais fa Iodáldan Iodáldais

italics n pl clò m eadailteach To print in ~, a chló in iodáilighiterative (a) (ling) (ITERAT) 1 a itearatach. Iterative inflection, in-fhilleadh itearatach

2 n itearatach m, gen & pl -aich(b) a iom-atharraiseach. Iterative process, pròiseas iom-atharraiseach

athráiteach

JJapanese pr n (lang) Seapainis f Seapainis fjunction n (= sandhi) co-cheangal m, gen -ail (= sandhi f)juncture n tar-cheangal m, gen -ail. Close ~, tar-cheangal dlùth. Open ~, tar-cheangal

fosgailteceangal m

jussive 1 a co-àithneach2 n co-àithneach m, gen & pl -ich

juxtaposition n co-chomhgharachd f

Kkernel mod eitneach. ~ sentence, seantans eitneach eithne fkey n gleus m, pl gleusankey word n prìomh fhacal m, gen & pl prìomh fhacailkinship n cinneadas m, gen -ais. ~ terms, briathran cinneadais. ~ system, siostam

cinneadaisKiswahili pr n (lang) Ciosuahili fkoiné n koiné mkoinéisation n koinéachadh m, gen -aidhKorean pr n (lang) CòirèisKurdish pr n (lang) Coirdis f Coirdis f

Llabelled bracketing n phr camagan f pl comharraichtelabial 1 a bileach. ~ articulation, altachadh bileach

2 n bileach m, gen & pl -ichliopach a & s m

labialisation n lipeachadh m, gen -aidhlabialise v tr bilich, vn -eachadh m

labialised a bilichtelabiodental 1 a bile-dheudach

2 n bile-dheudach m, gen & pl -aichliopadhéadach a & s m

labiovelar 1 a bile-vèilearach2 n bile-vèilearach m, gen & pl -aich

liopachoguasach

lag n maille f. Voice onset ~, maille ann an ionnsaigh ghutha moilliú mlambdacism n lambdachas m, gen -aislaminal 1 a liaghach

2 n liaghach m, gen & pl -aichlamino-alveolar 1 a liagh-ailbhealach

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2 n liagh-ailbhealach m, gen & pl -achlamino-dental 1 a liagh-dheudach

2 n liagh-dheudach m, gen & pl -aichlangage n langage flanguage n 1 cànan m, gen & pl -ain, also cànain f, pl cànanan or —ean, gen pl cànan.

Isolating ~, cànan in-sònrachaidh. As a member of the family of Celtic ~s, mar bhall de theaghlach nan cànan Ceilteach. The values and knowledge which motivate cultures are deeply intertwined in their ~s, tha na prìomh-bheachdan agus an t-eòlas a tha a’ gluasad dhualchasan a’ freumhachadh gu domhain nan cuid chànan. They will have a greater empathy with those whose ~s and cultures are different, bidh am barrachd co-fhaireachdainn aca riuthasan aig a bheil cànanan agus dualchasan a tha eadar-dhealaichte

• (ling, = “langue”) cànan m, gen & pl -ain2 cainnt f, gen —e. Learning to read is dependent upon the spoken ~ that pupils

bring to school, tha ionnsachadh leughaidh an urra ris a’ chainnt-bheòil a tha a’ chlann a’ toirt leotha don sgoil. When children will be given the opportunity to learn new ~, an uair a bheirear cothrom don chloinn cainnt ùr a thogail

• (ling, = “parole”) cainnt f, gen —e3 briathrachas m, gen -ais. Occasions when the teacher is developing pupils’

familiarity with the ~ of listening/watching, amannan a bhitheas an tidsear a’ toirt gu buil eòlas na cloinne air briathrachas èisteachd/amhairc

language mod 1 cànain. ~ registers, modhan cànain. From collaborative ~ tasks to group projects, bho obair cho-chuideachail cànain gu pròiseactan-buidhne. Some ~ attainment targets may be incapable of being fully realised, faodaidh e bhith nach gabh cuid de chuimsean cànain an coileanadh gu h-iomlan

• a thaobh cànain. Practice in Gaelic medium schools varies, reflecting this range of ~ backgrounds, tha caochladh dhòighean a’ dol anns na sgoiltean Gàidhlig mar thoradh air na tha ann de sheòrsachan shuidhichidhean a thaobh cànain

• mar chànain. Speakers and messages that employ a wide range of Gaelic ~ features, luchd-labhairt agus teachdairean a bhitheas a’ cleachdadh caochladh nithean a bhuineas don Ghàidhlig mar chànain

2 ann an cainnt. Pupils’ ~ performances will be facilitated by recording their own performances, bidh e na chuideachadh don chloinn, ann a bhith ’gan cur fhèin an cèill ann an cainnt, ma bhitheas na tha iad a’ labhairt air a chlàradh

bad language n phr droch cainnt f, gen droch cainntelanguage death n phr bàs m cànain, gen bàis cànainlanguage family n phr teaghlach-chànan m, gen teaghlaich-chànan, pl teaghlaichean-

chànanlanguage isolate n phr cànan m in-sònraichte, gen & pl cànain in-sònraichtelanguage laboratory n phr 1 obair-lann f chànain, pl obair-lannan cànain2 cainnt-lann m, gen cainnt-lainn, pl cainnt-lannanlanguage murder n phr mort m cànain, gen muirt chànainlanguage planning n phr dealbhachadh m cànain, gen dealbhachaidh chànainlanguage practice n phr cleachdadh-cainnte m, gen cleachdaidh-chainntelanguage psychology n phr sìc-eòlas cànain m, gen sìc-eòlais chànainlanguage shift n phr seaftadh-cànain m, gen seaftaidh-chànainlanguage specific a phr cànan-shònraichte. ~ ~ rule, riaghailt chànan-shònraichtelanguage suicide n phr fèin-mhort m cànain, gen fèin-mhuirt chànainlanguage system n phr siostam m cànain, gen siostaim chànain, pl siostaman cànain

teanga f, caint fbad language, droch-chaint f

langue n langue fLapp, Lappish pr n (lang) Laplainnis f Laplainnis flaryngeal a 1 = glottal a

2 laraingeachlaraingeach

laryngealised a laraingichte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag laraingichtelateral 1 a taobhach. ~ consonant, consan taobhach. ~ resonant, ath-shònach taobhach. ~

plosive, pleasgach taobhach2 taobhach m, gen & pl -aich

taobhach. ~ consonant, consan m taobhach

laterality n taobhachas m, gen -aisLatin pr n Laideann f, gen Laidinne. Vulgar L~, Gnàth-Laideann. Hiberno-Latin,

Laideann na h-Èireann(An) Laidin f

Latinate a LaideannachLatvian pr n (ling) Laitbhis f Laitvis flax a bog. ~ vowel, fuaimreag bhog. ~ and tense vowels, fuaimreagan boga agus teann ~ vowel, guta boglayering n expressed with breath f, pl —an. These clauses show ~, chithear breathan sna

clàsan seolead n ro-iomairt f. Voice onset ~, ro-iomairt ann an ionnsaigh ghuthalearnability n so-ionnsachaidheachd f

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left-branching a clì-chraobhaidh. ~ language, cànan clì-chraobhaidhleft dislocation n phr dì-ionadachadh m clì, gen dì-ionadachaidh chlìlength n fad m, gen faid. Vowel ~, fad fuaimreig. Sentences of different ~, seantansan de

dh’fhad eadar-dhealaichte. Effects of verse ~ can also be explored, faodar buaidh fad rannan a rannsachadh cuideachd. ~ mark, comharra faid

fad m. ~ mark, síneadh m fada

lengthen v tr cuir am fad, vn cur am fadlengthening n cur m am fad

lengthening n fadú m

lenis n lenis f, pl leneslenite v tr sèimhich, vn -eachadh m

lenited a sèimhichtelenition n sèimheachadh m, gen -aidh. The preposition “dha” does not cause ~ in this

dialect, chan eil an roimhear “dha” a’ dèanamh sèimheachaidh anns an dualchainnt seoséimhiú m

Leonine a Leòmhannach. L~ verse, rannaigheachd Leòmhannach. L~ rhyme, comhardadh Leòmhannach

letter n litir f, gen -reach, pl -richeanlevel n ìre f, pl —an. ~ of phonology, ìre fòn-eòlais. ~ of syntax, ìre co-chàraidh. ~s of

representation, ìrean riochdalachdlevelling n rèidheachadh m, gen -aidh cothromú mlevel tone n phr tòna m rèidhlexeme n leicseim m, pl —eanlexical a leicseachail. ~ ambiguity, dà-sheaghachas leicseachail. ~ category, catagaraidh

leicseachail. ~ diffusion, lìonsgaradh leicseachail. ~ field, raon leicseachail. ~ gap, beàrn leicseachail. ~ item, nì leicseachail. ~ meaning, ciall leicseachail. ~ morpheme, moirfeim leicseachail. ~ unit, aonad leicseachail. ~ word, facal leicseachail. ~ly conditioned, cumhaichte gu leicseachail. ~ly governed, air a riaghladh gu leicseachail

lexical decomposition n phr dì-thàthadh m leicseachail, gen dì-thàthaidh leicseachaillexicalise v tr leicsich, vn -eachadh m

lexicalised a leicsichtelexicalisation n leicseachadh m, gen -aidhlexicographer n faclairiche m, pl —an foclóirí mlexicography n faclaireachd f foclóireacht flexicology n leics-eòlas m , gen -aislexicon n 1 faclair m

2 leicsigean m, gen -ein. Dictionary, and mental ~, faclair, agus leicsigean inntinneilfoclóir m

liaison n liaison mlight a aotrom. ~ syllable, lide aotrom. ~ verb, gnìomhair aotrom éadromlimerick n luimneach f, gen -ich, pl -ichean. This is the only ~ amongst what we have of

the bard’s songs, ’s i seo an aon luimneach am measg na fhuair sinn de dh’òrain a’ bhàird

limerick mod luimnich f gs, na luimnich f gs. This song is in ~ metre, ’s e meadrachd na luimnich a tha air an òran seo

luimneach m

line n 1 lìne f, pl —achan• (familiar) loidhne f, pl —achan2 (pros) sreath m, gen —a pl —an. In poetry writing ~ length can be demonstrated

and explored, ann an sgrìobhadh bàrdachd faodar faid sreatha a thaisbeanadh agus a rannsachadh. In opening ~s, ann an sreathan-tòiseachaidh

half-line n (pros) leth-shreath m, pl —an. In this song there are four “long lines” in each verse, though the song is written as eight “half-lines”, anns an òran seo tha ceithir “sreathan fada” anns gach rainn, ged a tha an t-òran air a sgrìobhadh mar ochd “leth-shreathan”. At the end of each first ~, aig deireadh gach ciad leth-shreath. Metrical ~, leth-shreath mheadrachail. Syntactic ~, leth-shreath cho-chàrail

long line n phr (pros) sreath m fada, gen sreath fhada, pl sreathan fada. Each ~ ~ forms two half-lines with the division coming after the second stress, tha gach sreath fada a’ dèanamh dà leth-shreath leis an roinn a’ tighinn an dèidh an dara beuma. The last stress in each ~ ~ comes on the final syllable, tha am beum mu dheireadh anns gach sreath fada a’ tighinn air an lide dheireannach. The syllables having the second and third main stress within each ~ ~ rhyme together, tha na lidean air a bheil an dara is an treas prìomh bheum air taobh a-staigh gach sreath fhada a’ dèanamh comhardaidh ri chèile

líne f

linear a lìneach líneachlinearisation n lìneachadh m, gen -aidhlinearity n lìneachas m, gen -ais. ~ violation, briseadh air lìneachaslingual 1 a teangach. ~ trill, roileadh teangach

2 teangach m, gen & pl -aicha teangach

linguist n cànanaiche m, pl —an teangeolaí mlinguistic a cànanach. ~ sign, sìn chànanach. ~ universal, uile-choitcheann cànanach

• expressed with cànain m gs. To enhance their ~ competence, gus an comas cànain a teangeolaíoch

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chur am feobhas. The teacher will broaden pupils’ experience to involve texts of greater maturity of ~ demand, leudaichidh an tidsear air fiosrachadh na cloinne a dh’ionnsaigh theacsaichean a tha nas adhartaiche ann an dùbhlan cànain. Teachers will offer knowledge about language when it is likely to help pupils extend their ~ range, bithidh tidsearan a’ tairgse eòlais air cànan an uair a tha coltas ann gun cuidich sin a’ chlann gus an comas-cànain a leudachadh

• expressed with cànan m rad. Pupils will begin to appreciate ~ diversity, tòisichidh clann air tuigsinn cho iomachruthach ’s a tha cànan

• expressed with air cànan, or a bhuineas do chànan, or a thaobh cànain. Increased cultural and ~ awareness, barrachd mothachaidh air dualchas agus air cànan. Using appropriate ~ and literary terms, a’ cleachdadh briathrachas iomchaidh a bhuineas do chànan agus do litreachas. The contemporary nature of Gaelic in its cultural and ~ senses, mar a bhuineas a’ Ghàidhlig don t-saoghal a tha ann a thaobh cultair is cànain

linguistic insecurity n phr iomagain f chànanachlinguistic palaeontology n phr palae-ointeòlas m cànanach, gen palae-onteòlais

chànanaichlinguistics n cànanachas m, gen -ais. Structural ~, cànanachas structarach teangeolaíocht flinguo-labial 1 a teanga-bhileach. ~ consonant, consan teanga-bhileach

2 teanga-bhileach m, gen & pl -ichlinking r n phr r cheangaillip n 1 (ling) bile f, pl -ean

2 (familiar) lip f, gen —e, pl —ean. ~ rounding, cruinne lipeanliopa m

liquid (ling) 1 a lionnach. ~ consonant, consan lionnach2 n lionnach f, gen -aich, pl -aichean

leachtach a

literal meaning n phr ciall f litearail (literal, litriúil)literary a 1 litreachasach. Conventions of ~ form, cleachdaidhean a bhuineas do mhodh

litreachasach2 litreachais m gs. ~ criticism, breithneachadh litreachais. Making some use of ~

conventions, leis na h-uiread de chleachdadh air nòsan-litreachais. Using appropriate linguistic and ~ terms, a’ cleachdadh briathrachas iomchaidh a bhuineas do chànan agus do litreachas

liteartha

literate a litearra inléimh, litearthaliterature n litreachas n, gen -aisLithuanian pr n (lang) Liotuàinis f Liotuáinis flitotes n àicheamhas m, gen àicheamhais

• liotòid fliotóid f

loan n iasad m, gen -aid. ~ blend, coimeasgadh iasaid. ~ concept, coincheap iasaid. ~ translation, eadar-theangachadh iasaid. Semantic ~, iasad seimeantach

iasacht f

loan word n phr facal-iasaid, gen & pl facail-iasaid. ~ ~ phonology, fòn-eòlas facail-iasaid

local a ionadail. ~ relation, dàimhealachd ionadail. ~ case, tuiseal ionadaillocational a ionadachdail. ~ case, tuiseal ionadachdaillocative (LOC) 1 a ionadach. ~ case, tuiseal ionadach

2 n ionadach m, gen & pl -aich. Relativised ~, ionadach dàimhealaichteáitreabhach a & s m

locus n lòcas m, gen -ais. ~ of change, lòcas atharrachaidh. ~ of place of articulation, lòcas àite altachaidh

locutionary a labhairteach. ~ act, gnìomh labhairteachlogic n lòidsig f. Deductive and inductive ~, lòidsig dheaductach agus ionductach loighic flogical a lòidsigeach. ~ form, cruth lòidsigeach. ~ relations, dàimhealachdan lòidsigeach.

~ subject, suibseig lòidsigeachloighciúil

logical constant n phr buan-àireamh f lòidsigeach, pl buan-àireamhan lòidsigeachlogogram n logagram m, gen -aim, pl —anlogophoric a logaforach. ~ pronoun, riochdair logaforachlong a fada, comp faide. ~ vowel, fuaimreag fhada fadalong-distance a fad-astarach. ~ reflexivisation, ath-fhillteachd fhad-astarach cian-longitudinal a (ling) tar-aimsireil. ~ survey, suirbhidh tar-aimsireil domhanfhaidlong measure, long metre, n phr meadrachd f fhadaloose a las, comp laise scaoilteloud a labhar ard, glórach, gárthaloudness n labhrad m, gen -aid áirde f (gutha)low a ìosal. ~ tone, tòna ìosal. ~ vowel, fuaimreag ìosal íseallower v tr ìslich, vn -eachadh m

lowered a ìslichte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag ìslichtelowering n ìsleachadh m, gen -aidh. Vowel ~, ìsleachadh fuaimreig

cromaím, íslímlowering n ísliú m, cromadh m

lower-case letter n phr litir f chèise-bige, gen litreach cèise-bige, pl litrichean cèise-bige• meanbh-litir f, gen meanbh-litreach, pl meanbh-litrichean

(typ) lower case, cás beag

Luxembourgish pr n (lang) Lucsamburgais f (Luxembourg pr n Lucsamburg f)

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lyric 1 n liric f, pl —ean• ealaidh f, pl —ean2 a liriceach

n liric fa liriceach

Mmacaronic 1 a macarònach. It is a song which is, to a degree, ~ in type, for the bard

makes use of a large number of English words throughout it, is òran e a tha, gu ìre, macarònach na ghnè, oir tha am bàrd a’ dèanamh feum de dh’àireamh mhòr de dh’fhaclan Beurla air fheadh

2 n macarònach m, gen & pl -aich

(Dán) macarónach

Macedonian pr n (lang) Macadoinis fmacron n macran m, gen & pl -ainmain clause n phr prìomh chlàsa m, pl —n príomhchlásal mmain verb n phr prìomh ghnìomhair m, pl —eanmajor word class n phr mòr-chlas m fhacal, pl mòr-chlasaichean fhacalmalapropism n ain-eirmseachd f mífheilteachas mMalay pr n (lang) Mailèidhis f Máltais fmanner n dòigh f, gen —e. Adverb of ~, co-ghnìomhair dòighe. ~ of articulation, dòigh

altachaidhmodh m, dóigh f, caoi f

Manx pr n Gàidhlig f Mhanainneach, gen Gàidhlig Manainnich• Manainnis f

Manannais f, Gaeilge f Mhanann

Maori pr n (lang) Maoiris fmargin n oir m, pl —ean. Nucleus and ~, niuclas agus oir imeall mmarginal a oireach. ~ distribution, co-roinn oireach imeallach. Marginal distribution,

dáileadh imeallachmark n comharradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. ~ of correlation, comharradh co-dhàimh comhartha mmark v tr comharraich, vn -achadh m

marked a comharraichte. ~ value, luach comharraichte. ~ and unmarked, comharraichte agus neo-chomharraichte

marking n comharrachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ convention, co-ghnàths comharrachaidh

marcálaim, cuirim comhartha ar

markedness n comharrachd f. ~ reversal, contrarrachd comharrachdmarker n comharra m, pl -idhean. Case ~, comharra tuiseilmasculine (MASC) a fireanta. The ~ gender, a’ ghnè fhireanta. In this dialect very often

the ~ diminutive suffix does not change in the genitive case, anns an dualchainnt seo glè thric cha bhi iar-leasachan a’ mheanbhain fhireanta ag atharrachadh anns an tuiseal ghinideach ann

• (pros) fireanta. ~ rhyme, comhardadh fireanta. ~ ending, deireadh fireanta

firinscneachfirinscne f

mass comparison n phr meall-choimeas m, gen -eismass noun n phr (= uncountable noun n phr) meall-ainmear m, gen -eir, pl —an (=

ainmear m do-àireimh)material n adhbharrach, gen -aich. The ~ however is very exiguous, ’na dhèidh sin chan

eil an t-adhbharrach ach glè chaolmaterialism n adhbharachas m, gen -ais. Idealism and ~, idèalachas agus adhbharachasmatrix n meatrags m, pl —an. Distinctive feature ~, meatrags fheartan eadar-sgarachmaxim n (ling) bun-ràdh m, pl —an. ~s of conversation, bun-ràdhan còmhraidh. ~ of

quality, bun-ràdh càileachd. ~ of quantity, bun-ràdh cainneachd. ~ of relation, bun-ràdh dàimhealachd. ~ of manner, bun-ràdh dòighe

seanrá m, riail f

maximal n macsaimeil. ~ly rhematic, rèamatach gu macsaimeilmaximum n 1 uas-mheud m, pl —an

2 macasaimeam m, gen -eimmeaning n 1 brìgh f. Pupils will write to convey ~ in Gaelic appropriate to audience

and purpose, bidh sgoilearan a’ sgrìobhadh ach an cuir iad brìgh an cèill ann an Gàidhlig mar a fhreagras air luchd-amais agus adhbhar. The ~ of new words and phrases should usually be indicated through visual cues, bu chòir brìgh fhaclan ùra agus abairtean ùra a chur an cèill le comharraidhean a chithear. When discussing the relationships of words and ~s, ann am beachdachadh air dàimh fhaclan agus brìgh

2 ciall f, gen cèille. Syllable and root will be used in discussion which centres on individual words, their origins, ~s and functions, cleachdar lide agus freumh ann am beachdachadh air faclan fa leth agus air co às an tàinig iad, air dè as ciall daibh agus dè as gnìomh dhaibh

•ciallachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Different ~s, ciallachaidhean eadar-dhealaichte. To make the ~s of the words clear, gus dèanamh soilleir dè tha na facail a’ ciallachadh

ciall f, brí f

meaning-changing a atharrachaidh-chèille. ~ rule, riaghailt atharrachaidh-chèillemeaningful a brìoghmhormeaningless a gun bhrìgh gan bhrí

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meaning-preserving a glèidhidh-chèille. ~ rule, riaghailt ghlèidhidh-chèillemeasure phrase n phr abairt f thomhaismediae n pl mediae m plmedial a meadhanail. ~ syllable, lide meadhanail (litir) láir, lárnach, meánachmedio-palatal 1 a meadhan-phalatach

2 n meadhan-phalatach m, gen & pl -aichmedio-passive 1 a meadhan-fhulangach. ~ form, riochd meadhan-fhulangach

2 n meadhan-fhulangach m, gen & pl -aichmedium n meadhan m, gen -ain, pl —an. Phonic ~, meadhan fònach. Graphic ~,

meadhan grafachmeán m

meiosis n meiòis fmelody n meileodaidh m, pl —eanmental lexicon n phr leicsigean m inntinneil, gen leicsigein inntinneilmention n iomradh m, gen -aidh. ~ and use, iomradh agus cleachdadh trácht m, teacht m, lua mmerger n coimeasg m, gen -isg cumasc mmeronym n mearanaim m, pl —eanmeronymy n mearanaimidh fmesolect n meadhan-chainnt f, pl —eanmesostatic a meadhan-sheasmhach meánsheasmhachmeta- pfix meata-. Metagrammar, meata-gràmar. Metarule, meata-riaghailtmetalanguage n meata-chànan m, gen & pl -ainmetalinguistic a meata-chànanachmetanalysis n meat-anailis fmetaphony n meatafonaidhmetaphor n meatafor m, gen -oir. Simile and ~, simile agus meatafor. Mixed ~, meatafor

measgtemeafar m. Mixed ~, meafar measctha

metaplasm n meata-phlasma mmetathesis n eadar-chàradh m, gen -aidh, pl -ean. “Ceund” comes by elision from

“ceunda”, which itself came by ~ from “ceudna”, tha “ceund” a’ tighinn le bàthadh bho “ceunda”, riochd a thàinig e fhèin tro eadar-chàradh bho “ceudna”

• meititeis f

meititéis f

metonym n meatanaim m, pl —eanmetonymic a meatanaimeachmetonymy n meatanaimidh m meatainime fmetre (pros) n meadrachd f, pl —an. Strophic ~, meadrachd stròfach. This song is in

strophic ~, ’s e meadrachd stròfach a tha air an òran seo. This unstressed rhyme sometimes survives in more modern ~s, tha an comhardadh gun bheum a tha seo uaireannan a’ mairsinn ann am meadrachdan a tha nas nuadh-aimsireile. This song has the same type of amhran ~ as two other of the bard’s songs, tha an aon ghnè de mheadrachd amhrain air an òran seo ’s a tha air a dhà eile de chuid òran a’ bhàird

meadaracht f

metrical a meadrachail. ~ phonology, fòn-eòlas meadrachail. ~ feet, troighean meadrachail

meadarach

metrics n meadraig mmetrist n meadraiche m, pl —anmid a meadhain n gin ~ vowel, fuaimreag mheadhain

mid-high a meadhan-àrd. ~ vowel, fuaimreag mheadhan-àrdmid-low a meadhan-ìosal. ~ vowel, fuaimreag mheadhan-iosal

meánach, lárnach, meán-, lethard

middle a meadhain. ~ voice, guth meadhain meánachMiddle Gaelic pr n Meadhan-Ghàidhlig f Meán-Ghaeilge fmid-sagittal a meadhan-shaighdeach. ~ plane, plàna meadhan-shaighdeachmimesis n atharraiseachd fmimetic a atharraiseach aithriseachminimal free form n phr riochd m saor mionamail minimal form, íosfhoirm fminimal pair n phr paidhir m mionamail, pl paidhreannan mionamail péire íosmhéideminimum n 1 ìos-mheud m, pl ìos-mheudan

2 mionamam m, gen -aimminor sentence n phr mion-sheantans m, pl —anminor word class n phr mion-chlas m fhacal, pl mion-chlasaichean fhacalmisdivision n mì-roinn f mìdhealú mmistake n iomrall m, gen & pl -aill

• mearachd f, pl —anearráid f

mixed language n phr cànan m measgaichte, gen & pl cànain mheasgaichtemodal a mòdail. ~ particle, mìrean mòdail. ~ system, siostam mòdail. ~ verb, gnìomhair

mòdailmódúil, caoi f gs

modality n mòdaileachd f módúlacht fmode n mòd m, pl —an. Distribution ~, mòd co-roinne (logic, phil) mód mmodel n modail f, pl —ean samhail f, mionsamhail f, riochdán

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mmodel v modailich, vn modaileachadh

modelled a modailichtemodern a nuadh-aimsireil. This unstressed rhyme sometimes survives in more ~

metres, tha an comhardadh gun bheum a tha seo uaireannan a’ mairsinn ann am meadrachdan a tha nas nuadh-aimsireile

• nuadh-. ~ English, Nuadh-BheurlaModern Gaelic pr n Nuadh-Ghàidhlig f

Early Modern Gaelic pr n Nuadh-Gàidhlig ThràthailNua-Ghaeilge f

modernity n nuadh-aimsireas m, gen -eismodification n (gram) mion-atharrachadh m, gen-aidh mionathrú mmodifier n (gram) mion-atharraiche m, pl —anmodify v tr mion-atharraich, vn -achadh m mionathraímMongolian pr n (lang) Mongoilis fmonody n monòid f monóid fmonogenesis n monaigineachas m, gen -aismonolingual 1 a aon-chànanach

2 n aon-chànanach m, gen & pl -aichmonolingualism n aon-chànanas m, gen -aismonologue n monalog m, gen -oig monalóg fmonomoraic a aon-mhorathachmonometer n monaimeadar mmonophthong n aon-fhoghar m, pl —an aonfhoghar mmonosemous a aon-seimeach. ~ noun, ainmear aon-seimeach aonchiallachmonosemy n aon-seimidh aonchiallachasmonostratal a aon-stratach. ~ model, modail aon-stratachmonosyllabic a aona-lideach. Adjectives (~ or disyllabic) are commonly in the

comparative degree after “cho” in this dialect, bidh buadhair (aona-lideach no dà-lideach) gu cumanta anns an ìre choimeasaich an dèidh “cho” san dualchainnt seo

aonsiollach

monosyllable n aona-lide m, pl —an aonsiolla mmonosystemic a aon-siostamach. ~ and polysystemic, aon-siostamach agus ioma-

shiostamachmonotransitive a aon-aisigeach. ~ verb, gnìomhair aon-aisigeachmonovalent a aon-vàlantach. ~ verb, gnìomhair aon-vàlantachMontague grammar n phr gràmar m Montague, gen gràmair Montaguemood n (gram) modh m, pl —an. Hortative ~, modh earalach. Imperative ~, modh

àithneach. Indicative ~, modh taisbeanach. Optative ~, modh roghainneach. Subjunctive ~, modh fo-leantach

modh m

mora n mora m, pl moraemorph n morf m, pl —an morf fmorpheme n moirfeim m, pl —ean moirféim fmorphemic a moirfeimeachmorphemics n moirfeimig mmorpholexical a morfa-leicseachail. ~ rule, riaghailt mhorfa-leicseachailmorphological a morf-eòlach. ~ process, pròiseas morf-eòlachmorphologisation n morf-eòlachadh m, gen -aidhmorphology n (ling) morf-eòlas m, gen -ais. Inflectional ~, morf-eòlas in-fhillteach.

Morphological case, tuiseal morf-eòlachdeilbhíocht f

morphoneme n = morphophoneme n, q.v.morphonemics n = morphophonemics n = morphophonology n, q.v.morphonology n = morphophonology n, q.v.morphophoneme n morfa-fòineim m, pl —eanmorphophonemic a morfa-fòineimeach. ~ script, sgriobta morfa-fòineimeachmorphophonemics n = morphophonology n, q.v.morphophonology n morfa-fòn-eòlasmorphosyntactic a morfa-cho-chàrail. ~ category, catagaraidh morfa-cho-chàrail. ~

feature, feart morfa-cho-chàrail. ~ word, facal morfa-cho-chàrailmorphotactics n morfa-tactaig mmorphotonemics n morfa-tòineimig mmotherese n (= baby-talk n) màthairis fmother-in-law language n phr = avoidance style n phr, q.v.mother-tongue n cànan m màthaireil, gen & pl cànain mhàthaireil. Intergenerational ~

transmission, tar-chur a’ chànain mhàthaireil eadar-ghinealaichmotif n moitif m, pl moitifeanmotion n gluasad m, gen -aid. Adverb of ~, co-ghnìomhair gluasaidmotor theory n phr teòiridh f mhòtarachmotto n facal-suaicheantais m, gen facail-shuaicheantais, pl faclan-suaicheantais mana m, rosc m

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mouth n beul m, gen & pl beòilmovable a so-ghluasaid inaistrithemulti-language a expressed with ioma-chànanas m, gen -ais. A positive attitude to ~ use,

spiorad neartmhor a thaobh ioma-chànanaismultilateral a ioma-taobhach. ~ opposition, comhaireachd ioma-taobhachmultilevel a iom-ìremultilingual a ioma-chànanach. Bilingual and ~ children and adults are an asset, is nì

feumail e clann agus inbhich dhà-chànanach agus ioma-chànanach a bhith annmultiple a iomadail. ~ correlation, co-dhàimh iomadail iolrúilmultiplex a iom-fhilltemultiplicative a iomadachail iolraithemultistratal a ioma-stratachmultivalued a ioma-luachail. ~ feature, feart ioma-luachail. ~ logic, lòidsig ioma-luachailmurmur n monmhar m, gen -air monabhar m, manrán mmurmured a monmharach. ~ stop, consan dùinte monmharachmutation n mùthadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Vowel ~, mùthadh fhuaimreag. Initial

mutations, mùthaidhean tòiseachail. ~ is an important semiotic exponent of gender, tha mùthadh na cho-mhìniche cudthromach seimeotach air gnè

(ling) claochlú m. Initial ~, claochlú tosaigh, athrú tosaigh

mutually intelligible a phr so-thuigsinn do chèile• eadar-thuigseanta

myth n miotas m, gen -ais miotas mmythology n miot-eòlas m, gen -ais miotaseolaíocht f

Nnarrow term n phr briathar m cumhang, gen briathair chumhaing, pl briathran cumhang téarma m cúngnarrow transcription n phr tar-sgrìobhadh m caol, gen tar-sgrìobhaidh chaoil, pl tar-

sgrìobhaidhean caolanarrow vowel n phr fuaimreag f chaol, gen fuaimreig caoile, pl fuaimreagan caolan-ary a n-àireamh. The features of these vowels in their phonetic function are n-ary in

nature, tha feartan nam fuaimreagan seo, nam fuincsean fogharach, n-àireamh nan gnènasal 1 a srònach. ~ vowel, fuaimreag shrònach. ~ assimilation, co-choslachadh srònach.

~ release, fuasgladh srònach2 srònach m, gen & pl -aich

(consan, guta) srónach (m)

nasalisation n srònachadh m, gen -aidh srónaíl fnasalise v tr srònaich, vn -achadh m

nasalised a srònaichte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag shrònaichtecuirim srónaíl le (fuaim)

nasality n srònachd. Degree of ~, ìre shrònachd srónaíl fnasal tract n phr slighe na sròinenational language n phr cànan m nàiseanta, gen & pl cànain nàiseantanative a dùthchasach. ~ word, facal dùthchasach

native language n phr cànan m dùthchasach, gen cànain dhùthchasaich, pl cànain dhùthchasach

native speaker n phr neach m aig an robh an cànain bho dhùthchas, pl daoine…. A ~ ~ of Gaelic, neach aig a bheil a’ Ghàidhlig bho dhùthchas

• neach-bruidhne m dùthchasach, pl luchd-bruidhne dùthchasach

native language, teanga dhúchais

nativised a dùthchasaichte. ~ loan, iasad dùthchasaichtenativism n nàdarras m, gen -ais. Empiricism and ~, eimpireachas agus nàdarrasnatural n nàdarrach. ~ class, clas nàdarrach. ~ language, cànan nàdarrach. ~

morphology, morf-eòlas nàdarrachnaturalness n nàdarrachd f. Arbitrariness and ~, neo-riaghailteachas agus nàdarrachdNavajo pr n (lang) Navajo mnegate v tr tar-àicheidh, vn -eadh mnegation n àicheachd f. Scope of ~, sgopa àicheachdnegative 1 a àicheil. ~ form, cruth àicheil. ~ particle, mìrean àicheil. ~ prefix, ro-

leasachan àicheil2 n àicheach m, gen & pl -ich. Affixal ~, àicheach cho-leasachanach

diúltach

negative polarity item n phr nì m (facal m etc) le pòlaras àicheilnegator n àicheadair m, gen & pl —eanneologism n nuadh-fhacal m, gen -ail, pl -ail, -lan nuafhocal mnesting n neadachadh m, gen -aidhnetwork n lìon-ceangail m gen lìn-cheangail, pl lìn-cheangail, lìontan-ceangail. Social ~,

lìon-ceangail sòisealtaneurolinguistics n neòra-chànanachas m gen -aisneuter (NEUT) 1 a neodrach. ~ gender, gnè neodrach

2 n neodrach m, gen & pl -aich1 a neodrach, neamhinscneach. ~ gender, neamhinscne. This word is ~, tá an focal seo neodrach,

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neamhiscneach. 2 n neodrach m, neodar m, neamhinscne f

neutral a neodrail. ~ position, suidheachadh neodrail. ~ vowel, fuaimreag neodrail. ~ quality, càileachd neodrail

leathan. ~ quality, leithne f

neutralisable a so-neodrachaidh. ~ and constant oppositions, comhaireachdan so-neodrachaidh agus buan-sheasmhach

neutralisation n neodrachadh m, gen -aidh. Absolute ~, neodrachadh iomlannexus n neacsas m. ~ substantive, ainmear neacsaisnode n nòd m, gen -òid, pl —an. Branching ~, nòd craobhaidhnoise n (ling) farum m, gen -uimnomenclature n clàr m ainmean, gen clàir ainmean clár mnominal 1 a ainmearach. ~ constituent, co-adhbhar ainmearach. ~ phrase, abairt

ainmearach. ~ root, freumh ainmearach. ~ sentence, seantans ainmearach2 ainmearach m, gen & pl -aich. Predicate ~, ainmearach aisneiseach

ainmniúil, ainmfhoclach

nominalisation n ainmearachadh m, gen -achaidhnominalism n (phil) ainmeachas m, gen -ais. ~ and realism, ainmeachas agus fìorachasnominative (NOM) 1 a ainmneach. ~ case, tuiseal ainmneach

2 n ainmneach m, gen -ichainmneach (m). In the ~, sa tuiseal ainmneach

non-anterior a neo-ro-shuidhichte. ~ consonant, consan neo-ro-shuidhichtenon-aspirated a neo-anailichte neamhanálaithenon-base n neo-bhun-riochd m, pl —an. Base and ~ forms, bun-riochdan is neo-bhun-

riochdannonce-word n facal-fàth m, gen & pl facail-fhàth focal m ócáidenon-configurational language n phr cànan m neo-cho-dhealbhach, gen cànain neo-cho-

dhealbhaich, pl cànain neo-cho-dhealbhachnon-continuant n neo-leanmhainneach, gen & pl neo-leanmhainnich. ~ sonorancy,

sònarachas ann an consan neo-leanmhainneachnon-count a = uncountable a, q.v.non-discrete a neo-dhisgreiteach. ~ category, catagaraidh neo-dhisgreiteach. ~ language,

cànan neo-dhisgreiteach• neo-sgarte

non-final a neo-dheireannachnon-finite a neo-fhinideach. ~ clause, clàsa neo-fhinideach neamhfhinideachnon-Gaelic a gun Ghàidhlig. Children from non-Gaelic backgrounds, clann à

àrainneachd gun Ghàidhlig• nach buin don Ghàidhlig. Television presents views of the world which are

determined by non-Gaelic concerns, tha an telebhisean a’ cur fa chomhair dhaoine seallaidhean den t-saoghal a tha air am bonntachadh air nithean nach buin don Ghàidhlig

non-Gaelic speaking a phr expressed with neg plus a’ Ghàidhlig na cànain…. For some schools in non-Gaelic speaking areas, do chuid de sgoiltean ann an àiteachan far nach eil a’ Ghàidhlig na cànain choimhearsnachd

non-habitual a neo-shìor-ghnàthach. ~ present, làthaireach neo-shìor-ghnàthach gnáth, gnách. ~ present, gnáthláithreach

non-inflection n neo-in-fhilleadh m, gen -idh, pl -idhean infhilleadh mnon-initial a neo-thòiseachailnon-kernel a neo-eitneachnon-lateral a neo-thaobhachnon-lexicalised a neo-leicsichte. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh neo-leicsichtenon-linear a neo-lìneach. ~ phonology, fòn-eòlas neo-lìneachnon-linguistic a 1 neo-chànanach

2 nach buin do chànain. This unit of language may contain ~ features of communication, faodaidh an t-aonad cànain seo seòrsachan co-luadair a ghabhail a-staigh nach buin do chànain

non-nuclear a neo-niuclasach. ~ valent, vàlant neo-niuclasachnon-palatalised a neo-phalataichtenon-phonemic a neo-fhòineimeachnon-redundant a neo-bharrasach. Phonemic representations are only specified in

terms of ~ features, tha riochdachaidhean fòineimeach air an sònrachadh a-mhàin bho thaobh fheartan neo-bharrasach

non-relative a neo-dhàimheach neamhchoibhneastanon-restrictive a neo-chuingealach. ~ modifier, mion-atharraiche neo-chuingealach. ~

relative clause, clàsa dàimheach neo-chuingealachnon-rhotic n neo-rotach. Rhotic and ~ dialects, dualchainntean rotach agus neo-rotachnon-sentence n neo-sheantans m, pl —annon-syllabic a neo-lideachnon-verbal a neo-fhaclach. ~ communication, co-luadar neo-fhaclach

• Pupils can be entertainingly introduced to simple ~ skills, faodar a’ chlann

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cuideachd, ann an dòigh spòrsail, a chur an aithne sgilean sìmplidh nach eil a’ cur feum air faclan. Pupils should be made aware of ~ aspects, bu chòir mothachadh a thoirt don chloinn air nithean nach buin idir do dh’fhaclan. ~ enhancement of talk should also be more evident, tha còir gum bitheadh feobhas labhairt às aonais fhaclan nas fhollaisiche cuideachd

norm n nòrm m, gen -òirm, pl —an norm mnormal a nòrmalach

• gnàthachnormalach

normalise v tr nòrmailich, vn nòrmalachadhnormalised a nòrmailichte

normalisation n nòrmalachadh m, gen -aidhnormative a nòrmatach. ~ grammar, gràmar nòrmatachNorse pr n (lang) Lochlannais f

Old Norse 1 pr n Seann Lochlannais f2 mod san t-Seann Lochlannais. The O~ N~ sagas, na sagathan san t-Seann

Lochlannais

Ioruais f, Lochlainnis f

Norwegian pr n (lang) Nirribhis fBokmål pr n Bokmål mNynorsk pr n Nynorsk m

Ioruais f

notation n notaireachd f. Phonetic ~, notaireachd fhogharach nodaireacht fnotional a nòiseanach. ~ agreement, co-aontas nòiseanach. ~ category, catagaraidh

nòiseanach(notion, éirim f, smaoineamh m, nóisean m)

notional syllabus n phr clàr-oideachaidh m nòiseanach, gen clàir-oideachaidh nòiseanaich, pl clàir-oideachaidh nòiseanach

noun n ainmear m, gen -eir, pl —anabstract noun n phr ainmear m eascruthach, gen ainmeir eascruthaich, pl ainmearan

eascruthachagent noun n phr ainmear m obraiche, gen ainmeir obraiche, pl ainmearan obraichecollective noun n phr ainmear m trusaidh, gen ainmeir thrusaidh, pl ainmearan

trusaidhcommon noun n phr ainmear m gnàthach, gen ainmeir ghnàthaich, pl ainmearan

gnàthachnumerical noun n phr ainmear m àireamhach, gen ainmeir àireamhaich, pl ainmearan

àireamhachproper noun n phr ainmear m dìleas, gen ainmeir dhìlis, pl ainmearan dìleasverbal noun n phr ainmear m gnìomhaireach, gen ainmeir ghnìomhairich, pl

ainmearan gnìomhaireach

ainm m, ainmfhocal m

nounal a ainmearach. ~ phrase, abairt ainmearachnoun class n phr clas m ainmear, pl clasaichean ainmearnoun classification n phr seòrsachadh m ainmear, gen seòrsachaidh ainmearnoun clause n phr clàsa m ainmearach, gen clàsa ainmearaich, pl clàsan ainmearach ainmchlásal mnoun-complement n coileanadh m ainmearach, gen coileanaidh ainmearaich, pl

coileanaidhean ainmearachnoun phrase n phr abairt f ainmearach, pl abairtean ainmearachNP accessibility hierarchy n rangachd f sho-ruigsinneachd abairtean ainmearachnuclear a niuclasach eithneachnucleus n niuclas m, gen -ais, pl —an. Syllabic ~, niuclas lideach, niuclas an lidenull a neonitheach. ~ realisation, rèalachadh neonitheach. ~ hypothesis, neoni-hipiteis (law) ar neamhní, ar ceal. Null

hypothesis, sainhipitéisnumber n (gram) àireamh f, gen -eimh

dual number n phr àireamh f dheiseplural number n phr àireamh f iomarrasingular number n phr àireamh shingilte

(gram) uimhir f

number v tr àireamh, vn àireamhnumbered a àirmhichte

numeral n àireamh f, gen -eimh, pl —ancardinal numeral n phr àireamh f àrdailordinal numeral n phr àireamh f òrdail

uimhir f

numeric, numerical a 1 àireamhach; àireamhail. Numerical adjective, buadhair àireamhach. Numerical noun, ainmear àireamhach. Numeric particle, mion-fhacal àireamhail

uimhriúil

Oobject n 1 (gram) oibseig f, pl —ean. Direct ~, oibseig dhìreach. Indirect ~, oibseig neo-

dhìreachobject mod oibseigeach. ~ clause, clàsa oibseigeach. ~ complement (= objective

(gram) cuspóir m. ~ clause, clásal cuspóireach

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complement), coileanadh oibseigeach. ~ control, smachd oibseigeachobjective a (gram) oibseigeach. The ~ case, an tuiseal oibseigeach. ~ complement,

coileanadh oibseigeach. ~ genitive, ginideach oibseigeach(gram) ~ case, tuiseal cuspóireach

object of result n phr (= effected object n phr) oibseig f thoraidh (= oibseig f èifeachda)obligatory a èignichte. ~ element, eileamaid èignichte. Optional and ~, roghnach agus

èignichteéigeantach

oblique 1 a fiar. ~ case, tuiseal fiar2 n (= oblique slash) fiar-sgoradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean

(gram) ~ case, claontuiseal m(lìne) fhiar

observer’s paradox n phr paradacsa m a’ bheachdairobsolescent a às-chleachdach. ~ usage, cleachdadh às-chleachdach ag dul as feidhm, i léigobsolete a às-chleachdte. ~ term, briathar às-chleachdte ~ term, téarma i léigobstruent n amalach m, gen & pl -aich. Approximants and ~s, co-fhagasaich agus

amalaichobviative (OBV) 1 a seachnach. Proximative and ~, fagasach agus seachnach

2 n seachnach m, gen & pl -aichocclusion n = closure n, q.v.occlusive n = stop n, q.v.octameter n ochdaimeadar mode n òid f, pl òidean óid foff-glide n (ling) sleamhnan-dheth m, gen & pl sleamhnain-dhethofficial language n phr cànan m oifigeil, gen & pl cànain oifigeilogham n ogham m, gen -aim oghamchraobh f, ogham mOld Church Slavonic pr n Seann Slàbhais f na h-EaglaiseOld English pr n Seann Bheurla fOld Gaelic pr n Seann Ghàidhlig f Sean-Ghaeilge fOld High German pr n Seann Ghearmailtis f UachdarachOld Irish pr n = Old Gaelic pr n, q.v.Old Norse pr n Seann Lochlannais fone-place predicate n phr aisneis f aon-àiteon-glide n (ling) sleamhnan-air m, gen & pl sleamhnain-aironomasiology n onamais-eòlas m, gen -ais. ~ and semasiology, onamais-eòlas agus

seimeis-eòlasonomastics n onamastaig monomatopoeia n fuaimealas m, gen -ais onamataipé f, fuaimfhoclaíocht fonomatopoeic n fuaimealasach onamataipéachonset n ionnsaigh m. ~ and rhyme, ionnsaigh agus rìm. Voice ~ time, ùine ionnsaigh

ghuthaontogeny n ontaighineachd f. ~ recapitulates phylogeny, nì ontaighineachd atharrais air

fìolaighineachdontogenesis, ontaighiniúint

ontological a ont-eòlach. ~ commitment, geall-bheachd ont-eòlachontology n ont-eòlas m, gen -ais onteolaíocht fopacity n trìd-dhoilleireachd f. Transparency and ~, trìd-shoilleireachd agus trìd-

dhoilleireachdteimhneacht f

open a fosgailte. ~ class, clas fosgailte. ~ juncture, tar-cheangal fosgailte. ~ syllable, lide fosgailte. ~ transition, tar-atharrachadh fosgailte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag fhosgailte

oscailte. ~ vowel, guta oscailte

open approximation n phr co-fhagasachd f fhosgailteoperand n obrant m, pl —anoperation n obrachadh m, gen -adh, pl -aidhean (math) oibriú moperator n obraiche m, pl —anopposite a comhaireach

n comhair f• dearbh-aghaidh m

n contrárthacht f

opposition n comhaireachd f, pl —an. Bilateral ~, comhaireachd dhà-thaobhach. Binary ~, comhaireachd dhà-àireimh. Leading to ~ of the opposition, ag adhbharachadh gun tuit a’ chomhaireachd

optative (OPT) 1 a guidheach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh guidheach2 guidheach m, gen & pl -ich

a & s guítheach

Optimality Theory n phr Teòiridh m na Feabhasachdoptional a roghnach. ~ and obligatory, roghnach agus èignichte. ~ valent, vàlant

roghnach. It is an extraordinary thing that the exemplar should have been so closely followed, not only in the end rhymes but also in the frequency of these ~ rhymes on the first stressed syllable, is rud iongantach e gun rachadh an ro-shamhla leantainn cho dlùth, chan ann a’ mhàin anns na comhardaidhean-deiridh, ach cuideachd ann an tricead nan comhardaidhean roghnach a tha seo air a’ chiad lide le beum

roghnach

oral a 1 expressed with labhairt. ~ skills, sgilean labhairt. There will be a continuing emphasis on ~ skills, leanaidh cudthrom air sgilean labhairt. To provide children from non-Gaelic backgrounds with basic ~ competence in Gaelic, comas-labhairt

oral examination, scrúdú m cainteorally adv ó bhéal

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bunaiteach a bhuileachadh air clann à àrainneachd gun Ghàidhlig. A greater emphasis on ~ work, cudthrom nas motha air obair labhairt. From ~ or written materials, bho stuthan labhairt no stuthan sgrìobhte. The genre of ~ messages is often revealed as much by intonation as by the words themselves, tha gnè labhairt gu tric ’ga foillseachadh le fuaimneachadh cainnte agus chan ann a-mhàin leis na faclan fhèin

• expressed with beòil. ~ fluency, fileantachd bheòil. ~ literature, litreachas beòil• expressed with cainnt-bheòil gen. To concentrate on the development of ~ skills, a

bhith a’ cur cudthroim air sgilean cainnt-bheòil a thoirt gu fàs. It is the ~ outcomes that will provide the main basis for thinking about experiences, ’s e cainnt-bheòil a’ phrìomh stèidh gus smaoineachadh mu nithean a dh’fhiosraichteadh. Children will be asked to produce short ~ or written accounts, iarrar air a’ chloinn cunntasan goirid ann an cainnt-bheòil no ann an sgrìobhadh a chur ri chèile. A brief ~ account might be given to the group, dh’fhaoidte iomradh goirid a thoirt don bhuidhinn, ann an cainnt-bheòil

• expressed with beul-aithris f. Stories, songs and legends, powerful ~ bases of the culture, sgeulachdan, òrain is uirsgeulan, beul-aithris chumhachdach a tha aig bonn ’s aig bunait an dualchais. ~ source, stòr beul-aithris

2 (ling) beòil. ~ vowel, fuaimreag bheòil. ~ stop, consan dùinte bheòil. ~ and nasal vowels, fuaimreagan beòil agus srònach

oral competence n phr comas m labhairt, gen comais labhairt. Gaining ~ ~ in Gaelic, gus comas labhairt fhaotainn sa Ghàidhlig

oral composition n phr aiste-bheòil f, pl aistidhean-beòiloral fluency n phr 1 comas m labhairt, gen comais labhairt. To enable pupils to

acquire ~ ~ in Gaelic, gus comas a thoirt do chloinn comas labhairt a thogail anns a’ Ghàidhlig

2 fileantachd bheòil. Writing will begin after ~ ~ is developed, tòisichidh sgrìobhadh an dèidh fileantachd bheòil a thoirt air adhart

oral language n phr cainnt-bheòil f. Emphasis on ~ ~, cudthrom air cainnt-bheòiloral proficiency n phr comas m labhairtoral tradition n phr beul-aithris forally adv expressed with cainnt-bheòil. Providing, either ~ or in writing a

considered personal view, a’ toirt, ann an cainnt-bheòil no ann an sgrìobhadh, làn bheachd pearsanta. In order to respond either ~ or in writing, gus freagairt a thoirt ann an cainnt-bheòil no ann an sgrìobhadh

• expressed with beòil. They will report ~ to teacher, bheir iad aithisg bheòil don tidsear

orality n beulas m, gen -aisoral tract n phr slighe f a’ bheòilorder n 1 òrdugh m, gen -uigh, pl -uighean. Linear ~, òrdugh lìneach. Structural ~,

òrdugh structarach2 ìre f, pl —an. First ~, ciad ìre. Second ~, dàrna ìre. Third ~, treas ìre. Third ~

nominal, ainmearach den treas ìreorder v tr òrdaich, vn -achadh m

ordered a òrdaichte, an òrdugh. ~ rules, riaghailtean òrdaichteordering n òrdugh m, gen -uigh, also òrdachadh m, gen -aidh. Intrinsic and extrinsic

~, òrdachadh intreach agus eistreachordinal a òrdail. ~ numeral, cunntair òrdail 1 a (uimhir) oird. 2 n orduimhir forganic a organachoriginal a tùsail. ~ consonant, consan tùsail. ~ vowel, fuaimreag thùsail ~ consonant, bunchonsan m. ~

vowel, bunghuta moro-nasal a beul-shrònachoropharyngeal a beul-fharaingeach. ~ cavity, cuas beul-fharaingeachorthography n 1 ceart-litreachadh m, gen -aidh

• litreachadh m, gen -aidh. Standardisation of ~, bun-tomhasachadh litreachaidh2 dòigh-litreachaidh f, pl dòighean-litreachaidh

ceartlitriú m, litriú

ostension n os-comharrachadh m, gen -aidhostensive a os-comharraichte. ~ definition, deimhneid os-comharraichteOSV language n cànan m OSGottava rima n phr ottava rima moutput n às-solar m, gen -air, pl —an. ~ conditions, cumhaichean às-solairoverdifferentiated a ro-dhiofaraichteoverdifferentiation n ro-dhiofarachadh m, gen -aidhoverextension n ro-leudachadh m, gen -aidhovergeneration n ro-ghineadh m, gen -idhoverlap n, overlapping n, tar-iathadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean scair f, rádal moverlapping a tar-iathach. ~ allophones, alafonan tar-iathachover-length n ro-fhad m, gen ro-fhaid

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over-long a ro-fhada. ~ vowel, fuaimreag ro-fhadaovert a follaiseachOV language n cànan m OGOVS language n cànan m OGSoxymoron n ocsamòran m, gen -ainoxytone n ocsaton m, gen -oin

Ppaean n paean m, pl paeanan paeán mpaeanic a paeanach. ~ feet, troighean paeanach. In the first three lines of the verse there

are three syllables with lesser stress between each syllable with main stress, which we might call “paeanic feet”, anns a’ chiad trì sreathan den rainn tha trì lidean le beum as lugha eadar gach lide le prìomh bheum, ris am faoidte “troighean paeanach” a ràdh. The second foot is ~ or trochaic, i.e. having an odd number (three or one respectively) of syllables with lesser stress between the syllables having main stress, tha an dara troigh paeanach no tròicèach, i.e. le àireimh chòrr (a trì no a h-aon fa leth) de lidean le beum as lugha eadar na lidean air a bheil prìomh bheum

pairwise a eadar paidhir (de nithean). ~ opposition, comhaireachd eadar paidhir (de nithean)

palaeography n palaegrafachd f palaegrafaíocht fpalaeontology n palae-ointeòlas m, gen -ais. Linguistic ~, palae-ointeòlas m cànanachpalatal 1 a palatach. ~ consonant, consan palatach. This pronunciation, as ~ “-nt-”,

occurs generally in the dialect for the palatal consonant group “-thn-”, gheibhear am fuaimneachadh seo, mar “-nt-” phalatach, am bitheantas san dualchainnt a tha ann air a’ chòmhlan-chonsan “-thn-” phalatach. Front ~, palatach beulaibh. Medio-palatal, meadhan-phalatach

2 n palatach m, gen & pl -aich

1 a carballach, pailitiúil. 2 n consan carballach, pailitiúil

palatalisation n palatachadh m, gen -aidh caolú mpalatalise v tr palataich, vn -achadh m

palatalised a palataichte. This is a dative form of a feminine word with the word-ending ~, ’s e seo riochd tabhartach de dh’fhacal boireanta leis an deireadh-fhacail palataichte. ~ quality, càileachd phalataichte

palatalised a caol. Palatalised quality, caoile f

palate n (anat) palat m• glainean m, gen -ein. Hard ~, glainean cruaidh. Soft ~, glainean bog

(hard) ~, carball m. Soft ~, coguas m

palato-alveolar a palat-ailbhealachpalatography n palatagrafachd fpalimpsest n pailimseist f pailmseist fpalindrome n paileandrom m, gen -oim, pl —an palandróm mpanchronic a pancronachpanegyric 1 a. ~ verse, bàrdachd mholaidh

2 n duan-molaidh m, gen & pl duain-mholaidh1 n adhmholadh m. 2 a adhmholtach

panlectal a uile-chainnteachparadigm n paradaim m, pl —ean. ~ and syntagm, paradaim agus siontam. ~ economy,

eaconamaidh paradaimtábla m, paradaím

paradigmatic a paradaimeach. ~ and syntagmatic, paradaimeach agus siontamach. ~ relation, dàimhealachd pharadaimeach

táblach, paradaímeach

paradox n paradacs m, pl —an paradacsa mparagoge n eàrr-fhadachadh m, gen -aidh

• paragoig fparagraph n paragraf m, pl —an. ~ is a further feature of textual organisation, tha

paragraf a-rithist ri fhaotainn ann an òrdanachadh theacsaichean. Verse and ~ are descriptive terms for features of text, ’s e ainmean a tha ann an rann agus paragraf a bheir iomradh air nithean a bhuineas do theacsa

paragraf m

paralanguage n para-chànan m, gen -ainparallel constructions, gleusan m pl co-shìnteparallelism n co-shìnteachas m, gen -ais comhthreomhaireacht f,

parailéachas mparameter n paraimeadar m, gen -air, pl —an. Articulatory ~s, paraimeadaran altachailparasitic gap n phr beàrn m parasaiteach, gen beàrn pharasaitichparasitic vowel n phr = epenthetic vowel n phr, q.v. s.v. epenthetic aparasynthetic a para-cho-thàthte. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh para-cho-thàthteparataxis n (= coordination n) parataicis f (= co-inbheachd f)parenthesis n (gram) eadar-ràdh m, gen -àidh, pl —an idiraisnéis fparenthetical verb n phr gnìomhair m eadar-ràdhach, gen gnìomhair eadar-ràdhaich, pl

gnìomhairean eadar-ràdhachparent language n phr cànan m pàrantach, gen cànain phàrantaich, pl cànain phàrantach

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parisyllabic a co-lideach. ~ noun, ainmear co-lideachparody n paròid f scigaithris fparole n parole fparonomasia n paranamasaidh m

• cainnt-chluich fimeartas m focal

paronym n paranaim m, pl —eanparonymic a paranaimeach. ~ attraction, tarraing pharanaimeachparoxytone n parocsaton m, gen -oinparse v tr pàirtich, vn -eachadh m

parsing n pàirteachadh m, gen -aidhmiondealaím, parsálaimmiondealú m, parsáil f

part npart of speech n phr mìr-cainnte m, pl mìrean-cainnteprincipal parts (of verb) prìomh-mhìrean (gnìomhair)

(gram) parts of speech, ranna m pl cainte. Principal parts (of verb), prìomhranna (briathair)

partial a pàirteil. ~ correlation, co-dhàimh phàirteil ~ correlation, páirt-chomhghaolupartial assimilation n phr co-choslachadh m pàirteil, gen co-choslachaidh phàirteilparticipant n com-pàirtiche m, pl —an a & s rannpháirteach (m)participial a rann-gabhalach. ~ adjective, buadhair rann-gabhalach. ~ relative clause,

clàsa dàimheach rann-gabhalachrangabhálach

participle n rann-gabhail m, pl —ean. Past ~, rann-gabhail caithte. Present ~, rann-gabhail làthaireach

rangabháil f

particle n (gram) mion-fhacal m, gen & pl -ail. Adverbial ~, mion-fhacal co-ghnìomhaireil. Conjunctive ~, mion-fhacal naisgeil. Interrogative ~, mion-fhacal ceisteach. Negative ~, mion-fhacal àicheil. Numeric ~, mion-fhacal àireamhail. Relative ~, mion-fhacal dàimheil. Vocative ~, mion-fhacal gairmeach. ~ movement, gluasad mion-fhacail

páirteagal m, mír f

particularise v tr sònraich, vn sònrachadh mparticularised a sònraichte

particularising a sònrachaidh m gen. The ~ postclitic -sa, an t-iar-chlaonan sònrachaidh -sa

partitive (PART) 1 a pàirteach. ~ case, tuiseal pàirteach2 n pàirteach m, gen & pl -ich

rannaíoch

passage n earrann f, gen -ainn, pl -ainnean sliocht mpassive (gram) (PASS) 1 a (a) fulangach. ~ voice, guth fulangach. ~ participle, rann-

gabhail fulangach(b) neo-ghnìomhach. Active and ~ vocabulary, briathrachas gnìomhach agus neo-

ghnìomhach2 n fulangach m, gen -aich

(gram) céasta. The ~ voice, an fhaí chéasta

past a (gram) caithte. ~ tense, tràth caithte. The effects possible with present and ~ tense narration, na buaidhean a ghabhas a chruthachadh le seanchas anns an tràth làthaireil no chaithte

(gram) caite. ~ tense, an aimsir chaite

past anterior a phr caithte ro-shuidhichte. ~ ~ form, riochd caithte ro-shuidhichtepastoral a. Pastoral poem, dàn-aoghaireach m, gen & pl dàin-aoghaireach 1 a tréadach. 2 n (music, lit)

tréadachpast participle n phr rann-gabhail m caithte, gen rann-gabhail chaithte, pl rann-gabhailean

caithtepath n slighe f, pl —anpatient n iom-fhulangach m, gen & pl -aich. Agent and ~, obraiche agus iom-fhulangachpatron n pàtranach m, gen & pl -aich pátrún mpatronymic n patranaim m, pl —ean

• sloinneadh m, gen -idh, pl -idheanainm m sinsearachta

pattern n pàtran m, gen & pl -ain. ~ congruity, congruachd phàtrain. Pitch ~, pàtran tòn-àirde

paucal a tearcail. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh tearcail. Dual, trial and ~, deise, trianach agus tearcail

pause n fosadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Silent ~, fosadh sàmhach moilliú mP-Celtic pr n P-Cheiltispeak n bàrr m, gen barra, pl barran. Syllable ~, bàrr an lidepejorative 1 a tarcaiseach. ~ sense, seagh tarcaiseach

2 tarcaiseach m, gen & pl -ich(a) a tarcaisneach. (b) n focal tarcaisneach

pental a còigeach. Decimal and ~ systems, siostaman deicheach agus còigeachpentameter n peintimeadar m peintiméadar mpenultimate a leth-dheireannach. In the chorus the second stress comes on the ~

syllable, anns an fhonn tha an dara beum a’ tighinn air an lide leth-dheireannach1 a leathdhéanach. 2 n siolla m leathdhéanach

perception n mothachadh m, gen -aidhperceptual a mothachail. Principle of sufficient ~ separation, prionnsabal a thaobh na

dh’fhòghnas de dhealachadh mothachail percolation n tar-shìothladh m, gen -aidh síothlú m

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perfect (PF) 1 a (gram) foirfe. The ~ tense, an tràth foirfe. Past ~, foirfe caithte. Present ~, foirfe làthaireach. Future ~, foirfe teachdail

2 n foirfe f, pl —an

(gram) foirfe. The ~ (tense), an aimsir fhoirfe, an foirfe. Future ~, fáistineach foirfe

perfective (PERF) a foirfeach. The ~ aspect, an t-aogas foirfeach foirfeachperfectivity n foirfeachd f foirfeacht fperformance n iomairt f

• coileanadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidheanléiriú m

performative 1 a iomairteach. ~ utterance, gnìomh-labhairt iomairteach. ~ verb, gnìomhair iomairteach. ~ and constative, iomairteach agus constaideach

2 iomairteach, m & pl -ich. Explicit ~, iomairteach eisplichteperiodic a pèireadach (math) peireodachperiodicity a pèireadachas mperipheral a for-iomallach. ~ case role, roile tuiseil fhor-iomallachperiphery n for-iomall m, gen & pl -aill forimeall mperiphrasis a for-leathnachadh m, gen -aidh. Escape strategies by ~ are common in

more complex cases, gu tric thathar a’ faighinn às bhon duilgheadas tro fhor-leathnachadh sna cùisean as toinnte

timchaint f, imlabhra f

periphrastic a for-leathnach. ~ construction, gleus-cainnte for-leathnach timchainteachperispomenon n peireaspoman m, gen -ainperlative (PERL) 1 a peirleatach. ~ case, tuiseal peirleatach

2 n peirleatach m, gen & pl -aichperlocutionary a trìd-labhairteach. ~ speech act, gnìomh-cainnt trìd-labhairteachpermanent a maireannach. ~ diglossia, dà-theangachas maireannachpermansive 1 a feasdach. ~ tense, tràth feasdach

2 n feasdach m, gen & pl -aichpermissive a ceadachail. ~ mood, modh ceadachail ceadaitheachpermitted a ceadaichte. ~ term, briathar ceadaichte ~ term, téarma ceadaithepermutation n iom-mhalairt fperseveration n buanachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ error, mearachd bhuanachaidh (persevering a buanseasmhach)perseverative a buanachail. ~ coarticulation, co-altachadh buanachail. ~ assimilation,

co-choslachadh buanachailPersian pr n (lang) Peirsis f Peirsis fperson n (gram) pearsa m, pl —chan. First ~ singular, a’ chiad phearsa singilte. Second

~ dual, an dara pearsa deise. Third ~ plural, an treas pearsa iomarra. Effects created by first or third ~ narrative, buaidhean a tha mar thoradh air seanchas anns a’ chiad no anns an treasa pearsa. Inclusive person, pearsa co-àireamhach. ~ deixis, deicse phearsa

(gram) pearsa f. Verb in the first ~, briathar sa chéad phearsa

personal a pearsanta. ~ infinitive, neo-fhinideach pearsanta. ~ pronoun, riochdair pearsanta

pearsanta

personification n pearsanachadh m, gen -aidhpetrified a reothta. ~ form, riochd reothta sioctha, reoite, iontaisithe, cailcithepharyngeal a faraingeach. ~ consonant, consan faraingeach faraingeachpharyngealisation n faraingeachadh m, gen -aidhpharynx n faraing f faraing fphase n co-phàsa m pas f, comhphas fphatic a fataigeach. ~ function, fuincsean fataigeachphenomenon n feinimean m, gen & pl -ein

• tachartas m, gen -ais, pl —an. This is only an adventitious ~, ’s ann a thoradh air tuiteamas a-mhàin a thachras seo

feiniméan

philological n a thaobh eòlais-cànain focleolaíochphilologist n eòlaiche-cànain m, pl eòlaichean-cànain focleolaíphilology n eòlas-cànain m, gen eòlais-cànain focleolaíocht fphonation n fònachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ types, seòrsachan fònachaidhphonatory setting n phr in-shuidheachadh m fònachail, gen in-shuidhichidh fhònachail, pl

in-shuidhichidhean fònachailphone (gram) n foghar m, gen & pl -airphonematic a fòineimeadach. ~ unit, aonad fòineimeadachphoneme n fòineim m, pl —ean fóinéim mphonemic a fòineimeach. ~ transcription, tar-sgrìobhadh fòineimeach. ~ script, sgriobta

fòineimeach. ~ representation, riochdachadh fòineimeachfóinéimeach

phonemicise v tr fòineimich, vn fòineimeachadh mphonemicisation n fòineimeachadh, gen fòineimeachaidhphonemics n fòineimig mphonetic a fogharach. ~ status, inbhe fhòineimeach. ~ spelling, litreachadh fogharach. ~

symbol, comharra fogharach. ~ determinative, cinnteachasach fogharach. ~ form (PF), riochd fogharach. ~ notation, notaireachd fhogharach. . ~ representation, riochdachadh fogharach. ~ similarity, cosmhaileachd fhogharach. ~ transcription, tar-sgrìobhadh fogharach

foghraíochta. ~ spelling, litriú foghraíochta. ~ symbol, comhthartha foghraíochta. ~ transcription, fogharscrìobh m

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phonetician n fogharaiche m, pl —an foghraíphonetic naturalness n phr nàdarrachd f fhogharachphonetics n fogharachd f. Acoustic ~, fogharachd fhuaim-eòlach. Articulatory ~,

fogharachd altachail• eòlas m fogharachd, gen eòlais fhogharachd

foghraíocht f

phonic a fònach. ~ substance, susbaint fhònach. ~ medium, meadhan fònach• fuaim. Through a programme which should develop ~ and blending skills, tro

phrògram a dh’fheumadh sgilean fuaim agus cothlamaidh a thoirt air adhart

foghrach

phonogram n fònagram m, gen f-aim, pl f—anphonological a fòn-eòlach. ~ system, siostam fòn-eòlach. ~ word, facal fòn-eòlach. ~ly

conditioned, cumhaichte gu fòn-eòlach. ~ change, atharrachadh fòn-eòlachfóineolaíochta. ~ change, athrú fóineolaíochta

phonologisation n fòn-eòlachadh m, gen -aidhphonologised a fòn-eòlaichte. ~ difference, eadar-dhealachadh fòn-eòlaichtephonology n fòn-eòlas m, gen -ais. Generative ~, fòn-eòlas ginearadach. Level of ~, ìre

fòn-eòlais. Loan word ~, fòn-eòlas facail-iasaid. Metrical ~, fòn-eòlas meadrachail. Non-linear ~, fòn-eòlas neo-lìneach

fóineolaíocht f

phonotactics n fòna-tactaig mphrasal a abairteach. ~ category, catagaraidh abairteach. ~ comparative, coimeasach

abairteach. ~ coordination, co-inbheachd abairteach. ~ genitive, ginideach abairteach. ~ verb, gnìomhair abairteach

phrase n abairt f, gen —e, pl —ean. Adjectival ~, abairt bhuadhaireach. Adverbial ~, abairt cho-ghnìomhaireil. Conjunctive ~, abairt naisgeil. Nounal ~, abairt ainmearach. Prepositional ~, abairt roimhearach. Verbal ~, abairt ghnìomhaireach. New words and ~s, faclan ùra agus abairtean ùra. Reading the first ~s of a text, a’ leughadh a’ chiad dhà no trì abairtean de theacsa. Some everyday courtesy ~s, na h-uiread de dh’abairtean-modh làitheil. This song is in strophic metre, with one strophe in each verse and four ~s in each strophe, ’s e meadrachd stròfach a tha air an òran seo, le aon stròf anns gach rann agus ceithir abairtean anns gach stròf

frása m

phrase marker n phr comharra m abairte, pl comharraidhean abairtephrase structure n phr structar m abairte, gen structair abairte. ~ ~ grammar, gràmar

structair abairte. ~ ~ rule, riaghailt structair abairte. ~ ~ tree, craobh structair abairtephylogeny n fìolaighineachd f. Ontogeny recapitulates ~, nì ontaighineachd atharrais air

fìolaighineachdphylum n fìolam m, gen -aim, pl —anpictogram n pioctagram m, gen -aim, pl —anpidgin n pidsin m, pl —eanpidginisation n pidsineachadh m, gen -aidhpied piping n phr slaodadh m leis, gen slaodaidh leispitch n tòn-àirde f, gen —, pl tòn-àirdean. ~ morpheme, moirfeim tòn-àirde. ~ phoneme,

fòineim tòn-àirde. ~ pattern, pàtran tòn-àirde. Low and high voice will be used to describe ~ in spoken texts, bithear a’ cleachdadh guth ìosal agus guth àrd gu bhith a’ comharrachadh tòn-àirde ann am teacsaichean beòil

pitch accent n aiceann m tòn-àirde, gen aicinn tòn-àirde, pl aiceannan tòn-àirdehigher-pitched sound n phr fuaim m le tòn-àirde as àirdelower-pitched sound n phr fuaim m le tòn-àirde as ìsle

(music) áirde f

pivot n maighdeag f, gen -eig, pl —an maighdeóg fplanning n dealbhachadh m, gen -aidh. Language ~, dealbhachadh cànainplace n àite m, pl —an, —achan. ~ of articulation, àite altachaidh

• ionad m, gen -aid, pl —an. Adverbial of ~, co-ghnìomhaireil ionaidplace-name n ainm-àite m, pl ainmean-àiteplace of articulation n phr àite m altachaidh, pl àiteachan altachaidhpleonasm n ro-fhaclachas m, gen -ais iomarcaíocht f focal, rófhoclachas

mpleonastic a ro-fhaclach iomarcach, rófhoclachplosion n pleasgadh m, gen -aidh. Alveolar ~, pleasgadh ailbhealach. Dental ~, pleasgadh

deudach. Lateral ~, pleasgadh taobhach. Nasal ~, pleasgadh srònachplosive 1 a pleasgach. ~ consonant, consan pleasgach

2 n pleasgach, gen & pl -aich. ~s and implosives, pleasgaich agus in-phleasgaicha & n (consan) pléascach (m)

pluperfect 1 a os-fhoirfe. ~ verb, gnìomhair os-fhoirfe2 n os-fhoirfe f, pl —an

a & s ollfhoirfe (m)

plural (PL)1 a iomarra. The ~ number, an àireamh iomarra2 n iomarra m, pl —n. We have here an unusual singular form created by back-

formation from the ~, ’s e a tha againn an seo riochd singilte neo-àbhaisteach a thàinig tro ais-riochdachadh bhon iomarra

(gram) a & n iolra (m)

pluralia tantum n pluralia tantumplus sign (+) n phr soighne m cuir-rispoem n 1 dàn m, gen & pl -àin. The text may be, for example, a ~, an illustrated page dàn m

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from a children’s book, or a spoken message, mar eisimpleirean de theacsaichean tha dàn, duilleag le dealbh bho leabhar chloinne, no teachdaireachd bheòil. Tales and ~s, stòiridhean agus dàin. They should expect the ~ to develop through its verses, bu chòir dùil a bhith aca gum bi an dàn a’ fàs o rann gu rann

2 duan m, gen & pl -uain. ~s have strong rhymes, tha comhardadh làidir ann an duain. ~s may no longer always have rhymes, ’s dòcha nach bi comhardadh daonnan a-nis anns na duain

3 pl expressed with bàrdachd f. There must be early exposure of pupils to a wide range of stories and ~s, feumar a’ chlann a chur gu tràth an lùib sreath fharsaing de stòiridhean agus de bhàrdachd

dramatic poem n phr dàn-dràmadach m, gen dàin-dhràmadaich, pl dàin-dhràmadachepic poem n phr dàn-mòr m, gen dàin-mhòir, pl dàin-mhòraeulogy n dàn-molaidh m, gen & pl dàin-mholaidhlyric poem n phr ealaidh f, pl —eanpastoral poem n phr dàn-aoghaireach m, gen dàin-aoghairich, pl dàin-aoghaireachpoem sequence n phr sreath-dhàn m, pl sreathan-dhàn

poet n bàrd m, gen & pl -àird. Biographical details about ~s, fiosrachadh mu bheatha nam bàrd

file m

poetic a bàrdail. ~ function of language, fuincsean bàrdail aig cànan fileatapoetical a bàrdail. ~ word, facal bàrdailpoetics n eòlas-bàrdachd m, gen eòlais-bhàrdachd ealaín f na filíochtapoetry n bàrdachd f. ~ will have simple imagery, ’s e ìomhaigheachd shìmplidh a bhios

anns a’ bhàrdachd. ~ writing depends on wide experience of listening to and reading poems, tha sgrìobhadh bàrdachd an urra ri eòlas farsaing air a bhith ag èisteachd ri dàin agus ’gan leughadh

bardic poetry n phr bàrdachd f nan sgoilnarrative poetry n phr bàrdachd-sgeòil f. This approach is also valuable with ~ ~,

tha an dòigh-obrach seo feumail cuideachd le bàrdachd-sgeòil

filíocht f

polar a pòlarach. ~ interrogative, ceisteach pòlarach polachpolarity n pòlaras m, gen -ais polaraíocht fPolish pr n (lang) Polainnis fpolite form n phr riochd m modhail, gen riochd mhodhail, pl riochdan modhailpolygenesis n poiligineachas m, gen -aispolylectal a ioma-chainnteach. ~ grammar, gràmar ioma-chainnteachpolysemous a poiliseimeach. ~ noun, ainmear poiliseimeach ilchiallachpolysemy n poiliseimidhpolysyllabic a ioma-lideach, comp -ich. ~ word, facal ioma-lideach ilsiollachpolysyllable a ioma-lide m, pl —an ilsiolla mpolysyndeton n poilisindeaton mpolysynthetic a ioma-cho-thàthte. ~ language, cànan ioma-cho-thàthtepolysystemic a ioma-shiostamach. ~ analysis, anailis ioma-shiostamach. Monosystemic

and ~, aon-siostamach agus ioma-shiostamachpolytonicity n ioma-tònachd fpopular etymology n phr = folk etymology n phr, q.v.portmanteau morph n phr morf m cothlamaidh (cf. blend n)Portuguese pr n (lang) Portagailis f Portaingéilis fposition n suidheachadh m, gen suidhichidh, pl suidhichidhean suíomh mpositional a suidheachail. ~ variants, caochlaich shuidheachailpositive a (= affirmative a) deimhinneach (= aontach). ~ sentence, seantans

deimhinneachpositive degree (of adjective) n phr bun-ìre f. Often in the bard’s dialect it is an

adjective in the comparative degree which follows the adverb “cho”, and not one in the ~ ~, gu tric ann an dualchainnt a’ bhàird ’s e buadhair anns an ìre choimeasaich a leanas an roimhear “cho”, agus chan e fear anns a’ bhun-ìre

deimhneach, dearfach(gram) Positive (degree), bunchéim f

positive polarity item n phr nì m (facal m etc) le pòlaras deimhinneachpositivism n posaitibheachas m, gen -ais. Logical ~, posaitibheachas lòidsigeach posaitíbheachas mpossessive (POSS) 1 a seilbheach. ~ adjective, buadhair seilbheach. ~ pronoun, riochdair

seilbheach. ~ case, tuiseal seilbheach. ~ construction, gleus seilbheach2 n seilbheach m, gen & pl -ich. Independent ~s, seilbhich neo-eisimeileach

1 a. ~ adjective, aidiacht shealbhach. 2 a & n. The ~ (case), (an tuiseal) sealbhach (m)

possessive compound n (= bahuvrihi n) co-fhilleadh m seilbheach, gen co-fhillidh sheilbhich, pl co-fhillidhean seilbheach (= bahuvrihi m)

possessor ascension n phr dìreadh m sealbhadair, gen dìridh shealbhadairpossibility n. This is one possibility, seo aon suidheachadh a dh’fhaodadh a bhith ann.

The various possibilities that exist, an caochladh suidheachadh a dh’fhaodadh a bhith ann

post-aspirated a iar-anailichtepost-aspiration n iar-analachadh m, gen -aidh

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post-alveolar a iar-ailbhealach. ~ consonant, consan iar-ailbhealachpostclitic n iar-chlaonan m, gen & pl iar-chlaonain. The particularising ~ -sa, an t-iar-

chlaonan sònrachaidh -sapostdeterminer n iar-chinntiche m, pl —anpostmodifier n iar-mhion-atharraiche m, pl —anpostposition n iar-fhacal m, gen & pl -ailpostpositional a iar-fhaclach. ~ phrase, abairt iar-fhaclachpost-lexical a iar-leicseachail. ~ rule, riaghailt iar-leicseachailpostulate n postalaid f, pl —eanpost-vocalic a iar-fhuaimreagach. ~ consonant, consan iar-fhuaimreagachpotential 1 a in-chothromach. ~ mood, modh in-chothromach

• le cothrom. Unstressed forms of non-lexical words that are ~ly stressed in certain conditions, riochdan gun bheum de dh’fhaclan neo-leicseachail aig a bheil cothrom beum a bhith orra fo chuid de chumhachan

2 in-chothromach m, gen & pl -aich

tualangach. The ~ mood, an modh cumais

potentiality n in-cothromachd f tualangacht fpower n cumhachd fpowerful a cumhachdachpragmatic a (ling) pragmatach. ~ ambiguity, dà-sheaghachas pragmatach. ~

presupposition, ro-bharail phragmatach(phil) pragmatach

pragmatics (ling) n pragmataig mpre-antepenultimate a for-ro-leth-dheireannach. ~ syllable, lide for-ro-leth-dheireannachpreaspirate v tr ro-analaich, vn -achadh m

preaspirated a ro-anailichtepreaspiration n ro-analachadh m, gen -aidhprecative 1 a iarrtach. ~ mood, modh iarrtach

2 iarrtach m, gen & pl -aichprécis n geàrr-thuairisgeal m, gen & pl -eil coimre fpredeterminer n ro-chinntiche m, pl —anpredicate 1 n aisneis f, pl —ean. Two-place ~, aisneis dà-ionaid

2 mod aisneiseach. ~ nominal, ainmearach aisneiseach. ~ calculus, calcalas aisneiseach

(gram) faisnéis f

predication n aisneiseachadh m, gen -aidhpredicator n aisneisiche m, pl —anpredicative a aisneiseach. ~ verb, gnìomhair aisneiseach. ~ and attributive adjectives,

buadhairean aineiseach agus buaidh-aithriseach(gram) faisnéisach

predict v tr fàisnich, vn fàisneachadhpredicted a fàisnichte. ~ by realisation rules, fàisnichte le riaghailtean rèalachaidh

predictable a ion-fhàisneachailprediction n fàisneachd f fáistinepredictive 1 a ro-aithriseach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh ro-aithriseach tairngeartach, réamhaithriseachpreface n ro-ràdh m, gen -àidh, pl —an réamhrá mprefix n ro-leasachan m, gen & pl -ain. Feminine ~, ro-leasachan boireanta. Inseparable

~, ro-leasachan do-sgaraichte. Negative ~, ro-leasachan àicheil. ~ and suffix will be used in discussion which centres on individual words, cleachdar ro-leasachan agus iar-leasachan ann am beachdachadh air faclan fa leth

réimír f

prefix v tr cuir mar ro-leasachan (ri facal)prefixed a ro-leasaichte• air a chur mar ro-leasachan (ri facal). The ~ “d-” occurs in the conditional forms of

this verb, gheibhear an ro-leasachan “d-”anns na riochdan cumhach den ghnìomhair seo

(gram) cuirim mar réimír (le focal)

prefixal a ro-leasachanach. ~ form, riochd ro-leasachanach. ~ negative, àicheach ro-leasachanach

prefixation n ro-leasachanachadh m, gen -aidh• cur m ro-leasachain ri

prelinguistic a ro-chànanach. ~ stage, ìre ro-chànanachpremise n ro-stèidh f. A conclusion may be built up from a basic set of facts or ~s,

faodar oibreachadh a dh’ionnsaigh co-dhùnaidh bho fhiosrachadh no ro-stèidh bunaiteach

(logic) réamhleagan m

premodifier n ro-atharraiche m, pl —anprenasalised a ro-shrònaichte. ~ stop, consan dùinte ro-shrònaichtepreparatory condition n phr cumha f ullachail, pl cumhaichean ullachailprepose v tr ro-chuir, vn ro-chur m

preposed a air ro-churpreposition n roimhear m, gen -eir, pl —an. Augmented ~, roimhear for-leasaichte.

Complex ~, roimhear co-thoinnte. Compound ~, roimhear co-fhillte. Intransitive ~, roimhear neo-aisigeach. Simple ~, roimhear sìmplidh. Transitive ~, roimhear aisigeach. The ~ “dha” does not cause lenition in this dialect, chan eil an roimhear “dha” a’

réamhfhocal m

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dèanamh sèimheachaidh anns an dualchainnt seoprepositional a roimhearach. ~ phrase, abairt roimhearach. ~ relative, dàimheach

roimhearach. ~ verb, gnìomhair roimhearachprepositional pronoun n phr riochdair roimhearach, gen riochdair roimhearaich, pl

riochdairean roimhearach. Many of the ~ ~s are quite different in this dialect, tha cuid mhòr de na riochdairean roimhearach gu math eadar-dhealaichte san dualchainnt seo

réamhfhoclach

preposition stranding n phr trèigeadh m roimheirprescriptive (PRESCR) 1 a òrdachail. ~ grammar, gràmar òrdachail. This list is

descriptive and not ~, ’s ann tuairisgeulach agus chan ann òrdachail a tha an liosta seo. This is the form of the verbal noun in the dialect, and not what one would expect from ~ grammar, ’s e seo an riochd a tha air an ainmear ghnìomhaireach anns an dualchainnt, chan e am fear ris am bite an dùil a-rèir gràmair òrdachail. Prescriptive inflection, in-fhilleadh òrdachail

2 n òrdachail, f, pl òrdachaileanpresent a (gram) làthaireach. ~ tense, tràth làthaireach. The effects possible with ~ and

past tense narration, na buaidhean a ghabhas a chruthachadh le seanchas anns an tràth làthaireach no chaithte. ~ participle, rann-gabhail làthaireach

(gram) láithreach. The ~ (tense), (an aimsir) láithreach (m)

presentational a foillseachail. ~ construction, gleus foillseachailpresent participle n phr rann-gabhail m làthaireach, gen rann-gabhail làthairich, pl rann-

gabhailean làthaireachpresequence n ro-leantainn mprestige n cliù m cáil f, clú mpresumption n ro-bharail f, pl —ean. Communicative ~, ro-bharail cho-luadairpresupposition n ro-bharail f, pl —ean. Semantic ~, ro-bharail sheimeantach. Pragmatic

~, ro-bharail phragamatachpreterite 1 a preitiriteach

2 preitiriteach m, gen & pl -icha & n préitiríteach (m)a caite

preterminal a ro-chrìochnach. ~ node, nòd ro-chrìochnachpretheoretical a ro-theòiridheil. ~ term, briathar ro-theòiridheilpretonic a ro-thònach reamhaicinnprevarication n (ling) mealltaireachd f caint sheachantach, caint

dhéchiallach, cocaireacht fpreverb n ro-ghnìomhair m, pl —ean réamhbhriathar mpreverbal a ro-ghnìomhaireach. ~ particle, mìrean ro-ghnìomhaireachprevocalic a ro-fhuaimreagach. ~ consonant, consan ro-fhuaimreagach réamhghuthachprimary a prìomh preceding n. ~ sources, prìomh mhàthraichean, or prìomh bhunan. ~

and subsidiary stress, prìomh bheum agus fo-bheum. ~ tense, prìomh thràth~ tense, príomhaimsir f. ~ tenses, bun-aimsirí f pl

prime n (typ) prìomhan m, pl -ain. Marked with a ~, comharraichte le prìomhan. L prime, L phrìomhain

(math) n prime, n príomha

primitive 1 a primideach. ~ unit, aonad primideach. ~ Gaelic, Gàidhlig Phrimideach2 primideach m, gen & pl -ich

bunúsach, fréamhaí, cianach; (attrib) bunaidh. ~ Gaelic, Gaeilge Chianach

principal aprincipal clause n phr prìomh-chlàsa m, pl —nprincipal parts (of verb) n phr prìomh-mhìrean f plprincipal sentence n phr prìomh sheantans m, pl —an

(gram) Principal clause, príomhchlásal m

principle n prionnsabal m, gen & pl -ail. General ~s, prionnsabail choitcheann. Principle of least effort, prionnsabal beag oidhirp

print n 1 clò m. Whether in ~, sound or moving image, co-dhiù tha iad ann an clò, ann am fuaim no ann an ìomhaigh ghluasadaich. Knowledge children have gained about the conventions of ~ itself, eòlas a fhuair a’ chlann mu chleachdaidhean clò fhèin. Fine ~, clò mìn. Large ~, clò garbh

(typ) cló m. Large ~, small ~, clò mòr, clò beag

private verb n phr gnìomhair m prìobhaideach, gen gnìomhair phrìobhaidich, pl gnìomhairean prìobhaideach

privative a cùmhntach. Equipollent and ~ oppositions, comhaireachdan co-neartmhor agus cùmhntach

privilege of occurrence n phr àiteachan m pl suidheachaidhprobability n dòchaileachd f, pl —an. Transitional probabilities, dòchaileachdan tar-

atharrachaildóchúlacht f, cosúlacht f

procedure n dòigh-obrach f, pl dòighean-obrach. Top-down ~, dòigh-obrach mhullach-sìos. Using techniques such as cloze ~, a’ cleachdadh dhòighean-obrach mar tha lìonadh bheàrnachan

proceleusmatic a proiceileasmatach. We have no name for the kind of foot found here, in which four syllables with lesser stress come between the two main stresses of the half-line, unless we borrow, with a slight change of sense, the term “proceleusmatic”, chan eil ainm againn air an t-seòrsa troighe a gheibhear an seo, anns am faighear ceithir lidean le beum as lugha eadar an dà phrìomh bheum den leth-shreath,

49


mur dèan sinn iasad, le beagan atharrachadh cèille, den bhriathar “proiceileasmatach”process n pròiseas m, gen -eis, pl —an. Morphological ~, pròiseas morf-eòlach.

Stochastic ~, pròiseas stocaisteach. Syntactic ~, pròiseas co-chàrail. Historical and synchronic ~es, pròiseasan eachdraidheil agus sioncronach

(logic) pròiseas m

proclitic 1 a ro-chlaonach2 n ro-chlaonan m, gen & pl -ain

a réamhchlaonachn réamhchlaonán m

prodelision n ro-bhàthadh m, gen -aidhproductive a cinneasach torthúil, bisiúil, táirgiúil, giniúnachproductivity n cinneasachd f torthúlacht f, bisiúlacht f,

táirgiúlacht fpro-form n leas-riochd m, pl —anprogressive 1 (PROG) (a) a adhartach. ~ verb form, riochd gnìomhair adhartach

(b) n adhartach m, gen & pl -aich. Present ~, adhartach làthaireach. Past ~, adhartach caithte

2 a for-cheumnach. ~ and regressive assimilation, co-choslachadh for-cheumnach agus ais-cheumnach

projection principle n phr prionnsabal m tionnsgnaidh, gen prionnsabail thionnsgnaidhprohibitive (PROHIB) 1 a casgach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh casgach

2 casgach m, gen & pl -aichtoirmeasgach

prolepsis (gram) n ro-thagradh m, gen -aidh (gram) réamhthagra mproleptic (gram) a ro-thagrach. ~ pronoun, roimhear ro-thagrach (gram) réamhthagrach. ~ pronoun,

réamhthagraí mprologue n ro-ràdh m, gen -àidh, pl —an brollach mprolongation n sìneadh m, gen -idhprominence n for-fhollaiseachd f suntasacht fprominent a for-fhollaiseach suntasach, feiceálachpromissive a gealltanach. ~ auxiliary verb, gnìomhair taiceil gealltanachpromotion n ceum-àrdachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ and demotion, ceum-àrdachadh agus ceum-

ìsleachadhpronominal a riochdaireil. ~ forms, cumaidhean riochdaireil forainmneachpronominalisation n riochdaireachadh m, gen -aidhpronoun n riochdair m, pl —ean. Demonstrative ~, riochdair comharrachaidh. Indefinite

~, riochdair neo-chinnteach. Interrogative ~, riochdair ceisteach. Personal ~, riochdair pearsanta. Possessive ~, riochdair seilbheach. Prepositional ~, riochdair roimhearach. Reciprocal ~, riochdair co-chèileach. Reflexive ~, riochdair fèineach. Relative ~, riochdair dàimheach

forainm m. Possessive ~, forainm sealbhach

pronounce v tr fuaimnich, vn -eachadh m fuaimním (focal)pronunciation n fuaimneachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. That is the usual ~ of the

vowel, ’s e sin am fuaimneachadh àbhaisteach a bhitheas air an fhuaimreigfuaimniú m. He has a foreign ~, tá blas gallda aige

proparoxytone n ro-pharocsaton m, gen -oinproper a (ling) dìleas. ~ constituent, co-adhbhar dìleasproper noun n phr ainmear m dìleas, gen ainmeir dhìlis, pl ainmearan dìleas

• ainmear m sònrachaidh, gen ainmeir shònrachaidh, pl ainmearan sònrachaidh(gram) ~ ~, ainm dílis

property n buadh f, gen buaidh, pl —an, —annan. Redundant properties, buadhan os-barrasach

proportional a co-rèireach. ~ analogy, analaigidh cho-rèireach. ~ opposition, comhaireachd cho-rèireach

comhréireach

propose v tr cuir an tairgse, vn cur an tairgseproposed a. ~ underlying characterisation, caractarachadh ìochdarach a thathas a

cur an tairgseproposition n ciall-ràdh m, gen -àidh, pl —anpropositional a ciall-ràdhach. ~ content, susbaint chiall-ràdhach. ~ calculus, calcalas

ciall-ràdhachproscribe v tr toirmeasg, vn — mprose n rosg m, gen -uisg, pl —an. They will retain strong rhythms which no ~ text is

likely to possess, bi ruitheam làidir annta fhathast nach bi e coltach a bhith aig teacsa sam bith ann an rosg

prós m

prosecutive a for-leanailteach leanúna f gspro-sentence n leas-seantans m, pl —anprosodic a prosaideach. ~ phonology, fòn-eòlas prosaideachprosody n prosaid f prosóid fprosopopoeia n prosapapaìa mprospective (PROSP) 1 a ro-bheachdach. ~ aspect, aogas ro-bheachdach

2 ro-bheachdach m, gen & pl -aichatá le teacht

prosthesis n (ling) ro-shuidheachadh m, gen -aidhprosthetic a (ling) ro-shuidhichteprotasis n protais f. ~ and apodosis, protais agus apodois

50


protean a caochlaideach a an cruth. The article in Gaelic is somewhat ~, tha an t-alt sa Ghàidhlig gu math caochlaideach an cruth

proterokinetic a ro-ghluasadach réamhghluaisteachprothesis (ling) n, see prosthesis nprotoform n tùs-riochd m, pl —anProto-Indo-European pr n Pròta-Ind-Eòrpais fprotolanguage n pròta-chànan m, gen & pl -ainprototonic a pròtatonach prótatonachprototype n tùs-shamhail m, gen -la, pl —ean. ~ theory n teòiridh f thùs-shamhailean (prototype n fréamhshamhail f)provection n ro-ghiùlan m, gen -ainproverb n sean-fhacal m, gen -ail, pl -lan seanfhocal mpro-verb n leas-ghnìomhair m, pl —eanproverbial a expressed with seanfhacal m, pl -lan. In idiomatic and ~ sayings, ann an

gnàthasan-cainnte ’s ann an seanfhaclan(rud) atá ina sheanfhocal

proximal a fagasail. Distal and ~, cèineil agus fagasailproximative (PROX)1 a fagasach. ~ and obviative, fagasach agus seachnach

2 n fagasach m, gen & pl -aichpseudo-, breug-. Pseudo-adjective, breug-bhuadhair. Pseudo-intransitive, breug-neo-

aisigeach. Pseudo-passive, breug-fhulangach. Pseudo-relative clause, clàsa breug-dhàimheach

pseudo-cleft n breug-sgoilteach m, gen & pl -ich. Reversed ~, breug-sgoilteach contrarrapsychology n sìc-eòlas m, gen -ais. Language ~, sìc-eòlas cànain síceolaíocht fpsycholinguistics n sìce-chànanachas m, gen -aispuff n puth m, gen —a, pl —an. ~ of air, puth èadhairpulmonic a sgamhanach. ~ air steam, sruth èadhair sgamhanach sgamhógachpun n car-fhacal m

• cainnt-chluich fimeartas m focal

pun v i bi ri car-fhacal• dèan cainnt-chluich

déanaim imeartas focal

punctual a pungail. ~ aspect, aogas pungail sprioctha, poncúil, féiltiúilpunctuate v tr puingich, vn pungadh m. Constructing, punctuating and linking

sentences, a’ cur ri chèile, a’ pungadh agus a’ ceangal sheantansan. Some of the main ways in which sentences are constructed and ~d, cuid de na prìomh dhòighean air seantansan a dheilbh agus a phungadh

poncaím

punctuation n pungadh m, gen -aidh. ~ and structure, pungadh agus rian, also pungadh agus cumadh. Writing fluently and with accurate spelling and ~, a bhith a’ sgrìobhadh gu fileanta, le litreachadh agus pungadh a tha dòigheil cothromach. Pupils will develop confidence in the manipulation of ~, bidh a’ chlann a’ fàs nas misneachaile ann a bhith a’ làimhseachadh pungaidh

poncaíocht f

punctum delens n phr puing f às-dubhaidh ponc m an scriostapure vowel n fuaimreag f shlàn. ~ and impure vowels, fuaimreagan slàna agus neo-shlànpurport n bun-bhrìgh f míniú m, brí f, ciall fpurposive a rùnach. ~ construction, gleus rùnachPyrrhic 1 a Piorrach

n Piorrach m, gen & pl -aicha Piorrachn Piorrach m

QQ-Celtic pr n Q-Cheiltis fquadrisyllabic a ceithir-lideachquadrisyllable n ceithir-lide m, pl —anquadruple a (music) ceithir-bhuilleach. ~ time, tìm cheithir-bhuilleachqualifier n càiliche m, pl —anqualify v tr càilich, vn -eachadh m

qualified a càilichtequalifying a càileach. ~ adjective, buadhair càileach

(gram) cáilíonn (focal)qualifying a (gram) (aidiacht) cháilitheach

qualitative a càileachdail. A ~ description, tuairisgeal càileachdail cineálach, comhdhamhnachquality n càileachd f. Vowel ~, càileachd fhuaimreig. Voice ~, càileachd ghutha. ~

distinctions, eadar-sgaraidhean ann an càileachdcáilíocht f m

quantal a cantail. ~ vowels, fuaimreagan cantail (quantum n candam m)quantifier n cainniche m, pl —an. ~ floating, seòladh cainnichequantification n cainneachadh m, gen -aidhquantify v tr cainnich, vn -eachadh m

quantified a cainnichte. ~ pronoun, riochdair cainnichtequantifying a cainneach

quantitative a cainneachdail. A ~ description, tuairisgeal cainneachdail cainníochtúil quantity n cainneachd f. Vowel ~, cainneachd fhuaimreig. ~ distinctions, eadar- cainníocht f, cuid f, méid m

51


sgaraidhean ann an cainneachdquaternary a ceathrachaquatrain n ceathramh m, gen -aimh, pl —nan

half quatrain n phr leth-cheathramh m, gen -aimh, pl —nan. The first line of each ~ ~ ends with penultimate stress, tha a’ chiad sreath de gach leth-cheathramh a’ crìochnachadh le beum leth-dheireannach. The last word in the first line of each ~ ~ makes an aicill rhyme with a word inside the second line, tha am facal mu dheireadh anns a’ chiad sreath de gach leth-cheathramh a’ dèanamh comhardaidh aicill ri facal ann am broinn an dàrna sreath

ceathrú f

question n ceist f, pl —ean. ~ marker, comharra ceistquestion-mark n comharradh-ceiste m, gen comharraidh-cheiste, pl comharraidhean-

ceiste. Including simple use of commas and ~s, le cleachdadh sìmplidh air cromagan agus comharraidhean-ceiste

comhartha-ceiste

quinquernary a còigeachaquotation n às-aithris f, pl —ean

• expressed with pìos air a thogail (à leabhar)sliocht m, athfhriotal m

quotative (QUOT) 1 a às-aithriseach. ~ inflection, in-fhilleadh às-aithriseach2 às-aithriseach m, gen & pl -ich

quotation-marks n pl comharraidhean-labhairt m pl• (inverted commas) cromagan f pl turrach

comharthaí m pl athfhriotail

quote v tr 1 às-aithris, vn — f• expressed with tog (à leabhar)2 thoir mar ùghdarras, vn toirt mar ùghdarras

luaim (údar, sliocht)

tugaim mar údarás

Rrace n cineal m, gen -eil, pl —anracial a cinealtach

• cinealtais mod. Racial discrimination, lethbhreith cinealtais. Racial tension, frionas cinealtais

racialism n, racism n cinealtas m, gen -aisradical 1 a (a) bunasach. ~ case, tuiseal bunasach. The dative form of this feminine

word has taken the place of the ~ case in this dialect, tha riochd tabhartach an fhacail bhoireanta seo air àite an tuiseil bhunasaich a ghabhail anns an dualchainnt a tha ann

(b) bunach. ~ consonant, consan bunach(c) radaigeach. ~ consonant, consan radaigeach2 n (ling) freumhach f, gen -aich, pl -aichean. ~s and classifiers, freumhaichean agus

seòrsaichean

~ consonant, consan raidiceach(ling) fréamh f

raising n àrdachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ and lowering, àrdachadh agus ìsleachadh. Vowel ~, àrdachadh fuaimreig. ~ to object, àrdachadh gu oibseig. ~ to subject, àrdachadh gu suibseig

raising verb n phr gnìomhair m àrdachaidh, pl gnìomhairean àrdachaidh. Raising and control verbs, gnìomhairean àrdachaidh agus smachdachaidh

random a randamach. The gaps in the system are not ~ but systematic, chan ann randamach a tha na beàrnan san t-siostam, ach siostamatach

randamach

range n 1 raon m, gen raoin, pl raointean. ~ of articulation, raon altachaidh2 sreath m, gen —a, pl —an. ~ of realisations, sreath de rèalachaidhean

rank n rang m, gen —a, pl —an. Rank-shifting, seaftadh ranga rang m, aicme f, céim frapid speech n phr cainnt f luath, gen cainnte luaitherate n ràta f, pl —ichean ráta mrationalism n reusanachas m, gen -ais réasúnachas mready-made a ro-dhèante. ~ sentence, seantans ro-dhèante réamhdhéantareal a rèalta. ~ condition, cumha rèalta. ~ and unreal, rèalta agus neo-rèalta (phil) réaltarealisation n rèalachadh m, gen -aidh. Null ~, rèalachadh neonitheach. Range of ~s,

sreath de rèalachaidhean. ~ rules, riaghailtean rèalachaidhréaladh m

realisational a rèalachail. The differences are mainly ~, tha na h-eadar-dhealachaidhean san rèalachadh sa mhòr-chuid

realise v tr rèalaich, vn -achadh mrealised a rèalaichte. ~ condition, cumha rèalaichte

réalaim

realism n rèalachas m réalachas mrealistic a rèalaidheach réalaíochreality n rèaltachd f réaltacht freanalysis n ath-anailis freason mod reusain m gs. ~ clause, clàsa reusain. ~ conjunction, naisgear reusainrebus principle n phr prionnsabal m an rèabais (rebus n réabas m)Received Pronunciation (RP) n phr Fuaimneachadh m Beurla RPrecent a deireannach. Comparatively ~, deireannach an coimeas ri … eile

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recessive a cùl-thilgte. ~ accent, aiceann cùl-thilgterecipient n (semantics) faightear m, gen -eir, pl —an. ~ role, roile fhaighteir faighteoir mreciprocal a co-chèileach. ~ pronoun, riochdair co-chèileach cómhalartachrecitation n aithris f, gen —ereconstruct v tr ath-dhèan, vn —amh m

reconstructed a ath-dhèante. ~ form, riochd ath-dhèantereconstruction n ath-dhèanamh m, gen -aimh, pl —an athdhéanamh m, atógáil frecoverability condition n phr cumha f sho-ath-chosnaidhrecurrent a ath-thachartach. ~ alternation, iomlaid ath-thachartach athfhillteachrecursive a ath-thachartasach. ~ categories, catagaraidhean ath-thachartasach (recur v i atarlaíonn, athfhilleann)reduce v tr lùghdaich, vn -achadh m

reduced a lùghdaichte. ~ clause, clàsa lùghdaichte. ~ passive, fulangach lùghdaichte. ~ vowel, fuaimreag lùghdaichte

laghdaim

reduction n lùghdachadh m, gen -aidh crapadh mredundancy n os-barras m, gen -ais. Universal ~ rule, riaghailt os-barrais uile-

choitcheannbarraíocht f, iomarca f

redundant a os-barrasach. ~ information, fiosrachadh os-barrasach. ~ properties, buadhan os-barrasach

reduplicate v tr ath-bhreacaich, vn -achadh mreduplicated a ath-bhreacaichte

eamhnaithe

reduplication n ath-bhreacachadh m, gen -aidh. Partial ~, ath-bhreacachadh pàirteil. Complete ~, ath-bhreacachadh co-iomlan

athchóipeáil f, eamhnu m

reduplicative compound n phr co-fhilleadh m ath-bhreacach, gen co-fhillidh ath-bhreacaich, pl co-fhillidhean ath-bhreacach

refer v tr. Refer to, thoir iomradh air, vn toirt iomraidh airreference n 1 tar-iomradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. ~ tracking, sgeulachadh m tar-

iomraidh2 iomradh m, gen —aidh, pl -aidhean. See the ~s in…, faic na h-iomraidhean an…

tagairt f, tagra m

reference grammar n phr lorg-ghràmar m, gen & pl -airreferent n tar-iomraiche m, pl —anreferential a tar-iomraideil. ~ function, fuincsean tar-iomraideilreferentially opaque a phr trìd-dhoilleir a thaobh tar-iomraidhreferring expression n phr ràdh tar-iomraideachreflex n (ling) iar-riochd m, pl —anreflexive (REFL) 1 a ath-fhillteach. ~ pronoun, riochdair ath-fhillteach. ~ passive,

fulangach ath-fhillteach. ~ verb, gnìomhair ath-fhillteach. Implicitly and explicitly ~, ath-fhillteach gu h-implichte agus gu h-eisplichte. The reflexive postclitic fhèin, an t-iar-chlaonan ath-fhillteach fhèin

2 ath-fhillteach m, gen & pl -ich

(gram) a & n athfhillteach (m), aisfhillteach

reflexivity n ath-fhillteachd freflexivisation n ath-fhillteachas m, gen -ais. Long-distance ~, ath-fhillteachas fad-

astarachregister n (gram) rèim f, gen —e, pl —ean. Language ~, rèim chànain. ~ tone, tòna rèime

• modh m, pl —an. In language ~s and with degrees of formality that will depend on the writer’s familiarity with the target readership, ann am modhan cànain agus aig ìrean foirmealachd a bhitheas a’ dol a rèir ’s dè an t-eòlas a tha aig an sgrìobhadair air a luchd-amais

• ìre-chànain f. Pupils will learn how ~ operates in language, ionnsaichidh a’ chlann mar a tha ìre-chànain ag oibreachadh

(music) réim f

regressive a ais-cheumnach. Progressive and ~ assimilation, co-choslachadh for-cheumnach agus ais-cheumnach

regular a riaghailteach. ~ verb, gnìomhair riaghailteach. ~ and irregular forms, riochdan riaghailteach agus mì-riaghailteach

(gram) (briathar) rialta

regularity n riaghailteachd f rialtacht freification n rudachadh m, gen -aidhreify v tr rudaich, vn -achadh m réadaímreiteration n iom-atharrais f. Internal rhyme ~, atharrais comhardaidh-mheadhain athrá m, athlua m ; athdhéanamh mreiterative a iom-atharraiseachrelate v tr dàimhich, vn -eachadh m

• cuir ann an dàimh, vn cur m ann an dàimhrelated a dàimhichte. ~ languages, cànain ann an dàimh ri chèile

áirím gaol idirrelated a gaolmhara, gaolta

relation n dàimhealachd f, pl —an. Local ~, dàimhealachd ionadail. Sense ~, dàimhealachd sheagh. Symmetrical and asymmetrical ~s, dàimhealachdan simeadrach agus aisimeadrach

relational a dàimhealachdail. ~ grammar, gràmar dàimhealachdail. ~ adjective, buadhair dàimhealachdail. ~ noun, ainmear dàimhealachdail

relative 1 a dàimheach. ~ clause, clàsa dàimheach. ~ construction, gleus dàimheach. ~ gaolmhar. (Gram) ~ pronoun,

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particle, mìrean dàimheach, mion-fhacal dàimheach. ~ pronoun, riochdair dàimheach. ~ chronology, cron-eòlas dàimheach. ~ universal, uile-choitcheann dàimheach. ~ verb, gnìomhair dàimheach

• an dàimh a chèile, a rèir a chèile, dha rèir fhèin. It is the ~ values that are significant, ’s iad na luachan an dàimh a chèile (a rèir a chèile) a tha brìoghmhor. The value is ~ly high, tha an luach dhà rèir fhèin àird

2 n dàimheach m, gen & pl -ich. Prepositional ~, dàimheach roimhearach

forainm coibhneasta

relative superlative n phr feabhasach m dàimheach, gen feabhasaich dhàimhich, pl feabhasaich dhàimheach. ~ ~s and elatives, feabhasaich dhàimheach agus fèin-fheabhasaich

relativisation n dàimhealachadh m, gen -aidhrelativise v tr dàimhealaich, vn -achadh m

relativised a dàimhealaichte. ~ subject, suibseig dhàimhealaichte. ~ locative, ionadach dàimhealaichte

release n fuasgladh m, gen -aidh. Audible and inaudible ~, fuasgladh so-chluinntinn agus do-chluinntinn

relevance n buntainneas m, gen -eis. ~ and irrelevance, buntainneas agus neo-bhuntainneas

ábharthacht f

relevant a buntainneach. ~ and irrelevant, buntainneach agus neo-bhuntainneach. Phonologically ~ information, fiosrachadh a tha buntainneach gu fòn-eòlach

ábharthach

relexification n ath-leicseachadh m, gen -aidh. Pidgin ~, ath-leicseachadh pidsinrelic mod iarmadach. ~ form, riochd iarmadach. ~ area, ceàrnaidh iarmadach Relics of the past, iarsmaí ón

tseansaolremodel v ath-mhodailich, vn ath-mhodaileachadh

remodelled a ath-mhodailichteremote a cèin. ~ conditional clause, clàsa cumhach cèin iargúlta, imigéiniúilrepartition n ath-roinn f, gen —e. ~ between substantive and copular constructions,

ath-roinn air gleausan susbainteach agus copaileachrepeat v tr atharrais, vn — f. Beginners will ~ new language, bidh luchd-tòiseachaidh ag

atharrais cainnt ùire. Pupils will be given chances to ~ favourite parts, gheibh a’ chlann cothrom air a bhith ag atharrais nan earrann as fheàrr leotha fhèin

• ath-aithris, vn — f. This short phrase is ~ed, tha an abairt ghoirid seo air a h-ath-aithris. He first sang the chorus, ~ing the first phrase of the chorus, and he then sang the first verse with the chorus following, sheinn e an toiseach am fonn, agus dh’ath-aithris e a’ chiad abairt den fhonn, agus sheinn e an uair sin a’ chiad rann agus am fonn na dèidh

athdheirim (caint)

repetition n 1 atharrais f. Especially songs involving action and ~, gu sònraichte òrain anns a bheil gnìomh agus atharrais. ~s, rhythms and rhymes, atharrais, ruitheam agus duanagan. These skills will be consolidated by the ~ of language, bidh na sgilean seo air an daingneachadh le atharrais air cainnt

2 ath-aithris f, gen —e

athrá m, aithris f (cainte)

replacive a àite-gabhalach. ~ morph, morf àite-gabhalachreplication n mac-samhlachadh m, gen -aidh macasamhlúreported speech n phr cainnt f air aithrisrepresentation n 1 riochdalachd f. Semantic ~, riochdalachd sheimeantach. Levels of ~,

ìrean riochdalachd2 riochdachadh m, gen aidh, pl aidhean. ~ representation, riochdachadh fòineimeach

(phil) athláithriú m

representational a riochdalachdail. ~ function, fuincsean riochdalachdailrepresentative a riochdalach. ~ speech act, gnìomh cainnt riochdalachresonance n ath-fhuaimneachas m, gen -ais athshondas mresonant 1 a (a) ath-fhuaimneach

(b) ath-shònach. ~ consonant, consan ath-shònach2 n ath-shònach m, gen & pl -aich. Lateral ~, ath-shònach taobhach. ~s and

obstruents, ath-shònaich agus amalaich

athshondach

respect n 1 Dative of ~, tabhartach iomraideil2 urram m, gen -aim. Pronoun of ~, riochdair urraim

(gram) accusative of ~, cuspóireach m tagrach

respectively adv fa lethrest n 1 stad m, gen —. Adverb of ~, co-ghnìomhair stad

2 (music) clos m, gen —, pl —anrestricted language n phr cànan m cuingealaichte, gen & pl cànain chuingealaichte (restricted a teoranta, cúngaithe)restriction n cuingealachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ of meaning, cuingealachadh cèille.

Extension and ~, leudachadh agus cuingealachadh. Selectional ~, cuingealachadh taghadhail

teórannú m, cúngú m

restrictive a cuingealach. ~ modifier, mion-atharraiche cuingealach. ~ relative clause, clàsa dàimheach cuingealach

teorantach

restructuring n ath-structaradh m, gen -aidhresultative a co-thorach (resultant a comhthorthach)

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resume v tr (e.g. of a phrase by a pronoun) ath-aithris, vn ath-aithris f. The usual practice is to resume the subject by a pronoun, ’s e an cleachdadh àbhaisteach ath-aithris a dhèanamh air an t-suibseig le riochdair

resumptive a ath-aithriseach. ~ pronoun, riochdair ath-aithriseach (resumption n atosú m)resyllabification n ath-lideachadh m, gen -aidhretracted a ais-ghluaiste. R~ Tongue Root, Bun Teangaidh Ais-ghluaisteretroflected a ais-lùbte. ~ stop, consan dùinte ais-lùbteretroflex a ais-lùbaidh. ~ consonant, consan ais-lùbaidh aislúbtharewrite rule n phr riaghailt f ath-sgrìobhaidh, pl riaghailtean ath-sgrìobhaidhreversal n contrarrachd. Markedness ~, contrarrachd comharrachd aisiompú mreverse v tr cuir an contrarrachd, vn cur an contrarrachadh. The rule ~s the statement of

redundancy, tha an riaghailt seo a’ cur ràiteas an os-barrais an contrarrachdreversed a contrarra. ~ pseudo-cleft, breug-sgoilteach contrarra

• an contrarrachdreversing language shift v phr seaftadh-cànain an contrarrachd. The bringing about of ~

~ ~, seaftadh-cànain an contrarrachd ga thoirt gu builrhematic a rèamatach. Maximally ~, rèamatach gu macsaimeilrheme n (ling) (vs theme) rèama m, pl —n. Theme and ~, tèama agus rèamarhetoric n reataraig f reitric f, rosc mrhetorical a reataraigeil. ~ question, ceist reataraigeil reitriciúilrhotacisation n rotachadh m, gen -aidhrhotacism n rotachas m, gen -aisrhotic 1 a rotach. ~ and non-rhotic dialects, dualchainntean rotach agus neo-rotach

2 n rotach m, gen & pl -aichrhyme n I (pros) 1 comhardadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Poems may no longer always

have ~s, ’s dòcha nach bi comhardadh daonnan a-nis anns na duain. Content, rhythm and vocabulary are more important than ~, tha susbaint, ruitheam agus briathrachas nas cudthromaiche na comhardadh. There is ~ between these syllables, tha comhardadh eadar na lidean seo. Pattern of stresses and ~s, pàtran bheumannan agus chomhardaidhean. Sometimes this ~ continues on the same sound through more than one verse, uaireannan tha an comhardadh seo a’ buanachadh air an aon fhuaim tro bharrachd is aon rann. It may be that the same kind of creative process is somehow involved here as results in the survival of the unstressed ~s in the other songs, faodaidh e bhith gu bheil an aon seòrsa obrach-cruthachaidh a’ sàs ann, rathad-eigin, ’s a tha ag adhbharachadh gun do mhair na comhardaidhean gun bheum anns na h-òrain eile

2 duanag f, pl —an. Repetitions, rhythms and ~s, atharrais, ruitheam agus duanagan• duan m, pl -uain. Songs, ~s and word-games, òrain is duain is cleasan-fhacal.

Pupils will learn songs and ~s, bidh a’ chlann ag ionnsachadh òran agus dhuanaicill rhyme n phr aicill f, gen —eend rhyme n phr comhardadh-deiridh m, gen comhardaidh-dheiridh, pl

comhardaidhean-deiridh. It is an extraordinary thing that the exemplar should have been so closely followed, not only in the ~ ~s but also in the frequency of these optional rhymes on the first stressed syllable, is rud iongantach e gun rachadh an ro-shamhla leantainn cho dlùth, chan ann a’ mhàin anns na comhardaidhean-deiridh, ach cuideachd ann an tricead nan comhardaidhean roghainneil a tha seo air a’ chiad lide le beum

internal rhyme n phr comhardadh-meadhain m, gen comhardaidh-mheadhain, pl comhardaidhean-meadhain. Sometimes this ~ ~ remains on the same sound through more than one long line, uaireannan bithidh an comhardadh-meadhain seo a’ mairsinn air an aon fhuaim tro bharrachd air aon sreath fada. It is the other two syllables that make the usual ~ ~ in this line, ’s e an dà lide eile a tha a’ dèanamh a’ chomhardaidh-mheadhain àbhaistich anns an t-sreath seo. Primary ~ ~, prìomh chomhardadh-meadhain. Secondary, tertiary, ~ ~, darnacha, tritheacha, comhardadh-meadhain. Anticipatory ~ ~, comhardadh-meadhain ro-ghlaicte. ~ ~ reiteration, atharrais comhardaidh-mheadhain

rhyme scheme n phr rian-comhardaidh f, pl rianan-comhardaidh. Ross has the same ~ ~ in that song as MacKenzie has here, ’s e an aon rian-comhardaidh a tha aig Ros anns an òran sin ’s a tha aig MacCoinnich an seo. This is a type of strophic metre having an extremely complex ~ ~, ’s e gnè de mheadrachd stròfaich a tha seo aig a bheil rian-comhardaidh a tha glè ioma-fhillte

II (ling) rìm m. Onset and ~, ionnsaigh agus rìm

1 (pros) rím f. Alternate rhymes, rím gach dara líne. 2 rann m. Nursery rhymes, rainn páistí. In rhyme, i véarsaíocht

rhyme v i dèan comhardadh, vn dèanamh comhardaidh. The syllable having the first stress ~s with the syllable having the third stress, tha an lide air a bheil a’ chiad bheum a’ dèanamh comhardaidh ris an lide air a bheil an treas beum. The penultimate syllables in the fourth phrase of each verse ~ on “a” with svarabhakti throughout the whole song, tha na lidean leth-dheireannach anns a’ cheathramh abairt de gach rainn a’ dèanamh comhardaidh air “a” le svarabhakti tron òran air fad. The syllables having

déanann rím

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the first stress in the first three phrases of each verse do not ~, chan eil na lidean air a bheil a’ chiad bheum anns a’ chiad trì abairtean de gach rainn a’ dèanamh comhardaidh ann. The syllables having the second and third main stress within each long line ~ together, tha na lidean air a bheil an dara is an treas prìomh bheum air taobh a-staigh gach sreath fhada a’ dèanamh comhardaidh ri chèile

rhyming a. Sometimes rhyme occurs where one or two of the ~ syllables do not have main stress, uaireannan tha comhardadh a’ tachairt far nach eil prìomh bheum air a h-aon no a dhà de na lidean a tha ’ga dhèanamh

rhythm n ruitheam m, gen -eim. Repetitions, ~s and rhymes, atharrais, ruitheam agus duanagan. They will retain strong ~s, bi ruitheam làidir annta fhathast. Effects of ~ can also be explored, faodar buaidh ruitheim a rannsachadh cuideachd. Sprung ~, ruithim-leuma

rithim f

rhythmical a ruitheamach rithimeachrhyzotonic a riosatonachridge n (anat) druimean m. Alveolar ~, druimean ailbhealachright-branching a deas-chraobhaidh. ~ language, cànan deas-chraobhaidhright dislocation n phr dì-ionadachadh m deas, gen dì-ionadachaidh dheisrigorous a teann cunbhalach. ~ description, tuairisgeul teann cunbhalachrill fricative n phr suathach m caol-eagach, gen suathaich chaol-eagaich. pl suathaich

chaol-eagach (= groove fricative n phr)rising a èirigheach. ~ diphthong, dà-fhoghar èirigheach, dà-fhoghar a tha ag èirigh éiritheachrolled a roilte. ~ consonant, consan roilteRoman a Ròmanach. R~ numerals, àireamhan Ròmanach

roman script n phr sgriobta m ròmanach, gen sgriobta romanaichRómhánach

Romance a Ròmansach. R~ languages, cànain Ròmansach The R~ languages, na teangacha rómánsacha

Romanian pr n (lang), see Rumanian pr nRomany pr n (lang) Ròmainis f Rómáinis froot n freumh m, pl —an. Showing that they understand the following terms: ~, stem,

a’ nochdadh gun tuig iad na faclan a leanas: freumh, stoc. Syllable and ~ will be used in discussion which centres on individual words, cleachdar lide agus freumh ann am beachdachadh air faclan fa leth. To give pupils an interest in the ~s, derivations and make-up of words which are especially interesting, gus ùidh na cloinne a thogail ann am faclan a tha sònraichte inntinneach: na freumhan aca, co às a thàinig iad, agus mar a tha iad air an cur ri chèile

(ling) fréamh f (focail)

root compound n phr co-fhilleadh m freumhach, gen co-fhillidh fhreumhaich, pl co-fhillidhean freumhach

root modality n phr mòdaileachd f fhreumhach. Root and epistemic modalities, mòdaileachdan freumhach agus eipisteimeach

round a cruinn. ~ brackets, camagan cruinne ~ bracket, lúibín chruinnrounded a cruinn. Lip-rounded, le lipean cruinnerounding n cruinne m, gen — f. Lip ~, cruinne lipeanrule n riaghailt f, pl —ean. Categorical ~, riaghailt catagarach. Variable ~, riaghailt

atharrachail. ~ inversion, iom-thionntadh riaghailtRumanian pr n (lang) Rùmainis f (Rumania pr n an Rúmáin f)Russian pr n (lang) Rùisis f (ling) Rúisis f

Ssaga n saga m, pl —than. The Old Norse ~s, na sagathan san t-Seann Lochlannais saga msagittal a saighdeach. ~ plane, plàna saighdeachsalience n for-fhollaiseachd fsalient a for-fhollaiseachSamoyedic pr n Samòidis f Samóidis fsample n sampall m, gen & pl -aill samplasandhi n sandhi fSanskrit pr n Sansgrait f Sanscrait fSapphic 1 a Safach

2 n Safach m, gen & pl -aichSafach (m)

satellite n saideal m, gen -eil, pl —ansatire n aoir f, gen —e, pl —ean aoir fsatirical a aoireil aorachsatirise v tr aoir, vn —eadh m

• dèan aoireadh air, vn dèanamh aoiridh airaoraim

scalar a sgèileach. ~ implicature, impleachdas sgèileach. ~ feature, feart sgèileach scálachscale n sgèile f, pl —achan. Accessibility ~, sgèile sho-ruigsinneachdscan v tr sgan, vn —adh m scanaim

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Scandinavian a Lochlannach. S~ languages, cànain Lochlannach a & n Lochlannach (m)scansion n sganadh m, gen -aidh scanadh mschwa n schwa mscope n sgopa m, pl —n. ~ of negation, sgopa àicheachd réimse f, raon m, limistéar mScots pr n (lang) Beurla f na h-Alba To talk S~, Béarla n hAlban a

labhairtScottish Gaelic n phr Gàidhlig Albannach, gen Gàidhlig Albannaich Gaeilge f na hAlbanscript n sgriobta m, pl —ichean. Phonemic ~, sgriobta fòineimeach. Phonetic ~, sgriobta

fogharach. Morphophonemic ~, sgriobta morfa-fòineimeachsecondary a dàrnacha. ~ articulation, dàrnacha altachadh. ~ speech community,

dàrnacha coimhearsnachd chainnte. ~ stress, dàrnacha beum1 tánaisteach, fo-, iochdarach. 2 beagthábhachtach

second language n phr dàrna cànan m, gen & pl dàrna cànainsecond person (2ND) n phr dàrna pearsa msegment n teasgan m, gen & pl -ain teascán msegmental tier n phr co-bhreath f theasganach (segmental a cuar)segmentation n teasganachadh m, gen -aidh roinnt f i dteascáinselection n taghadh m, gen -aidh toghadh m, roghnúselectional restriction n phr cuingealachadh m taghadhail, gen cuingealachaidh

thaghadhail, pl cuingealachaidhean taghadhailself-embedding n fèin-in-shocrachadh m, gen -aidhsemanteme n seimeinteim m, pl —eansemantic a seimeantach. ~ categories, catagaraidhean seimeantach. ~ change,

atharrachadh seimeantach. ~ component, co-fhillteant seimeantach. ~ criteria, crìtearan seimeantach. ~ definition, deimhneid sheimeantach. ~ features, feartan seimeantach. ~ field, raon seimeantach. ~ marker, comharra seimeantach. ~ representation, riochdalachd sheimeantach. ~ role, roile sheimeantach. ~ triangle, triantan seimeantach

séimeantach

semanticity n seimeantaigeachd fsemantics n seimeantaig m séimeantaic fsemasiology n seimeis-eòlas m, gen -ais. Onomasiology and ~, onamais-eòlas agus

seimeis-eòlasséimiseolaíocht f

semelfactive a aon-tachartach. ~ verb, gnìomhair aon-tachartachsememe n seimeim m, pl s—eansemi-colon n leth-chòilean m, gen -ein, pl -ein, —an leathstad msemi-deponent 1 a leth-dhì-sgartach. ~ verb, gnìomhair leth-dhì-sgartach

2 leth-dhì-sgartach m, gen & pl -aich(deponent a & n (gram) diúscartach)

semiology n = semiotics n, q.v.semiotic a seimeotach. Mutation is an important ~ exponent of gender, tha mùthadh na

cho-mhìniche cudthromach seimeotach air gnèsemiotics n seimeotaig msemi-productive a leth-chinneasachSemitic a Seimiteach. S~ languages, cànain Sheimiteach Seimíteachsemivowel n leth-fhuaimreag f, gen -eige, pl —an leathghuta msense n seagh m. ~ relation, dàimhealachd seagh ciall f, brí f, míniú msensitive a mothachail. A rule ~ to context, riaghailt a tha mothachail air co-theacsasensorimotor a mothachaidh-motar. ~ activity, gnìomhachd mhothachaidh-motarsentence n (gram) seantans m, pl —an. Utterances and ~s, gnìomhan-labhairt agus

seantansansentence mod 1 seantans, sheantansan. ~ fragment, fuigheall seantans. ~ type, gnè

sheantans. ~ structures can be discussed in terms of how they create meaning, faodar beachdachadh air cumaidhean sheantansan a thaobh ’s mar a tha iad a’ cruthachadh brìgh. Pupils will ensure that ~ construction is accurate and varied, bidh a’ chlann a’ dèanamh cinnteach gu bheil deilbh sheantansan neo-mhearachdach agus ioma-chruthach

2 seantansach. ~ grammar, gràmar seantansach. ~ meaning, ciall sheantansach. ~ stress, beum seantansach

(gram) abairt f

sentential a seantansach. ~ adverb, co-ghnìomhair seantansach. ~ complement, coileanadh seantansach. ~ coordination, co-inbheachd seantansach. ~ relative clause, clàsa dàimheach seantansach

septenarius, septenary, n seaptanaire msequence of tenses n phr co-leanmhainn m nan tràthan (gram) Sequence of tenses,

comhleanúint m na n-aimsiríSerbian pr n (lang) Sèirbis f Seirbis fserial verb construction n phr gleus m ghnìomhairean sreathachseries n sreath m, gen —a pl —an. Labial ~, sreath bileach sraith f, réim fset n seata m, pl —ichean tacarsetting n in-shuidheachadh m, gen in-shuidhichidh, pl in-shuidhichidhean. Articulatory ~,

in-shuidheachadh altachail. Phonatory ~, in-shuidheachadh fònachailshort a goirid. ~ vowel, fuaimreag ghoirid gearr

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share v tr com-pàirtich, vn com-pàirteachadh mshared a com-pàirtichte. ~ inflectional endings, deiridhean-facail in-fhillteach com-

pàirtichteshorten v tr cuir an giorrad, vn cur m an giorrad

shortening n cur m an giorradcoimriú m

shortness n giorrad m, gen -aid giorra fsibilance n siosachas m, gen -aissibilant 1 a siosach

2 n siosach m, gen & pl -aicha & s siosach (m)

sigmatic a siogmatach. ~ aorist, ao-riochd siogmatachsign n sìn f, gen —e, pl —eachan. Linguistic ~, sìn chànanach

• (familiar) soighne m, pl -ichean(math) sín f

signifiant n signifiant msignificance n brìgh f, ciall f brí f, ciall f, suntasacht fsignificant a brìoghmhor. ~ difference, eadar-dhealachadh brìoghmhorsignification n sìneachadh m ciall f, brí f, éifeacht f síniúsignifié n signifié msignifier n sìniche m, pl —ansignify v tr sìnich, vn -eachadh m

signified 1 a sìnichte2 n sìnichte f, pl —an

comharthaíonn, ciallaíonn ; sínigh

sign language n phr cànan m shoighnichean, gen & pl cànain shoighnicheansilent pause n phr fosadh m sàmhach, gen fosaidh shàmhaich, pl fosaidhean sàmhachsimilarity n (ling) cosmhaileachd f. Phonetic ~, cosmhaileachd fhogharach cosúlacht fsimilative a cosmhaileach. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh cosmhaileachsimile n simile f. ~ and metaphor, simile agus meatafor samhail fsimple a sìmplidh. ~ clause, clàsa sìmplidh. ~, complex and compound words, facail

shìmplidh, co-thoinnte agus co-fhillte. ~ and special clitics, claonain shìmplidh agus speisealta. ~ future, teachdail sìmplidh

simplí. ~ sentence, abairt shimplí

simplex n sìmplis m, pl —eansimplification n sìmpleachadh m, gen -aidh. It is the form “fairtich” rather than

“fairtlich” that occurs in this dialect, though ~ of the consonant cluster, ’s e an riochd “fairtich” agus chan ann “fairtlich” a gheibhear san dualchainnt seo, tro shìmpleachadh a’ chòmhlain-chonsan

simpliú m

simplify v tr sìmplich, vn -eachadh m simplímsine wave n phr tonn m sìneis, gen tuinn shìneis, pl tonnan sìneis (sine n sìneas m)singular (SG) a singilte. The ~ number, an àireamh shingilte. ~ and plural, singilte is

iomarra(gram) a uatha. n In the ~, san uatha

singulative a singilteachSinhalese pr n (lang) Sionailis f Siolóinis fsister language n phr piuthar-chànan m, gen & pl piuthar-chànainskew, skewed, a fiarach. Skew distribution, co-roinn fhiarach sceabhach. Skew distribution,

sceabhdháileadhslack voice n phr guth m lasach, gen gutha lasaich. ~ ~ and stiff voice, guth lasach agus

guth righinnslang n beurla f reagar. ~ words, facail am beurla reagar Béarlagair mslash n (typ) sgoradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean

backslash n cùl-sgoradh m, gen -aidh, pl-aidheanoblique slash n phr (= oblique n) fiar-sgoradh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean

Slavic, Slavonic, (ling) a Slàbhach. S~ languages, cànain Shlàbhach 1 a Slavach. 2 n Slaivis fslender a (gram) caol, comp caoile. ~ vowels, fuaimreagan caola caolslenderisation n caolachadh m, gen -aidhslenderise v tr caolaich, vn -achadh m

slenderised a caolaichte. ~ consonant, consan caolaichteslip of the tongue n phr tapag f, pl —an. He made a slip of the tongue, leum a theanga

airsciorradh m focail

slit fricative n phr suathach m leathann-eagach, gen suathaich leathann-eagaich, pl suathaich leathann-eagach

sloppy identity n phr ionannachd f luideachslot n sliotan m, gen & pl -ain. Subject ~, sliotan suibseig. Determiner ~, sliotan

cinntichesliotán m

Slovakian pr n (lang) Slòbhaicis fSlovenian pr n (lang) Slòibheinis fsmall capital n phr ceann-litir bheag f, gen ceann-litreach bige, pl ceann-litrichean beagasocial a sòisealta. ~ deixis, deicse shòisealta. ~ dialect, dualchainnt shòisealta. ~ marker,

comharra sòisealta. ~ network, lìon-ceangail sòisealtasóisialta

society n comann-sòisealta, gen & pl comainn-shòisealta cumann m sóisialta, sochaí f

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sociolinguistic a sòise-chànanach. ~ variables, caochlaidich shòise-chànanachsociolinguistics n sòise-chànanachas m, gen -aissoft a bog. ~ consonant, consan bog. ~ consonant, consan bogsoft palate n phr (= velum n, q.v.) glainean m bog, gen glainein bhuigsolecism n baoth-labhairt f

• soileicis fdearmad m grámadaí; earráid teanga

solid a. Solid line, loidhne thàthtesolidarity n dlùth-chomann m, gen -ainnsolidus n = slash n, q.v.soliloquy n òraid f aonair, pl òraidean aonair caint f aonairsonant n sònach m, gen & pl -aich a & s glórach (m); siollach (m)song n 1 òran m, gen & pl -ain. Making use of ~ and story, a’ cleachdadh stòiridhean

agus òrain. This ~ has the same type of amhran metre as two other of the bard’s songs, tha an aon ghnè de mheadrachd amhrain air an òran seo ’s a tha air a dhà eile de chuid òran a’ bhàird

amhrán m

sonnet n sonaid f, pl —ean soinéad msonorancy n sònarachas m, gen -ais. Non-continuant ~, sònarachas ann an consan neo-

leanmhainneachsonorant 1 n sònarach m, gen & pl -aich

2 a sònarachsonority n sònarachd f. Peak of ~, bàrr sònarachd sondas m; glóraí fsortal a seòrsailsound-change n atharrachadh-fuaim m, gen atharrachaidh-fhuaim, pl atharrachaidhean-

fuaim. Spontaneous ~, atharrachadh-fuaim m spontaineach. Sporadic ~, atharrachadh-fuaim m sporadach

sound law n phr lagh m fuaim, pl laghan fuaimsound symbolism n phr samhlachas m fuaim, gen samhlachais fhuaimsource n (ling) bun f, gen —a, pl —an. Abbreviations and ~s, giorrachaidhean agus

bunan. Main ~s, prìomh bhunan. ~s of information, bunan fiosrachaidh• màthair f, pl màthraichean. Texts taken from a wide range of ~s, teacsaichean a

thugadh à mòran sheòrsachan màtharsource mod buna m gs. ~ language and target language, cànan buna agus cànan

amais• bunach. ~ case role, roile thuiseal bhunach

foinse f, buntobar m, ábhar m, údar m

SOV language n cànan m SOGspace n spàs m, gen —, pl spàsan. Phonological ~, spàs fòn-eòlachSpanish pr n (lang) Spàinnis f (ling) Spáinnis fspatial a spàsail. ~ deixis, deicse spàsail spásúilspecial clitic n phr claonan m speisealta, gen & pl claonain speisealta. Simple and special

clitics, claonain shìmplidh agus speisealta(special, speisialta)

specialisation n speisealtachadh m, gen -aidh speisialtóireacht fspecies term n phr briathar m gnè, pl briathran gnè téarma fo-aicmeachspecific a sònrachaidh m gen. ~ element, eileamaid shònrachaidh specification n sònrachadh m, gen -aidh sainiú m, sonrú mspecified a sònraichte. In sentences where two ~ entities are equated, ann an seantansan

far a bheil dà nì shònraichte gan cur co-ionannspectrograph n speactragraf m, pl —anspectrogram n speactragram m, pl —anspeech n 1 cainnt f. Listening has implications for ~ development, tha buaidh aig

èisteachd air leasachadh cainnte• cainnt-bheòil f. Although the ~ children bring to school already makes use of

complex structures, ged a tha a’ chainnt-bheòil a tha a’ chlann a’ toirt don sgoil a’ dèanamh feum cheana de structairean ioma-fhillte

2 labhairt f. The models of ~ provided by the teacher in talking to pupils, na h-eisimpleirean-labhairt a tha an tidsear a’ cur fa chomhair na cloinne an uair a tha e a’ bruidhinn riutha

3 bruidhinn f, gen -ne. The teacher will identify those with hearing and ~ problems, cuiridh an tidsear aithne orrasan aig a bheil trioblaidean claisneachd is bruidhne

direct speech n phr labhairt f dhìreach, gen labhairt dìrich. ~ ~ can be taught by looking at texts, faodar labhairt dhìreach a theagasg le bhith a’ sealltainn ri teacsaichean

indirect speech n phr labhairt f neo-dhìreach, gen labhairt neo-dhìrichpart of speech n phr mìr-cainnte m, pl mìrean-cainntespeech act n phr gnìomh-cainnte m, pl gnìomhan-cainntespeech community n phr coimhearsnachd f chainnte, pl coimhearsnachdan cainntespeech error n phr mearachd f chainnte, pl mearachdan cainntespeech event n phr tachartas f cainnte, gen tachartais chainnte, pl tachartasan cainntespeech island n phr eilean-cainnte m, gen eilein-chainnte, pl eileanan-cainnte

caint f, urlabhra fFigure of speech, fíorchainte, trop m(gram) Parts of speech, ranna f pl cainte(gram) Direct speech, insint dhíreach. Indirect speech, insint neamhdhíreach

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speech marks n phr comharraidhean-labhairt m pl. ~ ~ and exclamation marks are further descriptions of punctuation, tha comharraidhean-labhairt agus comharraidhean-clisge a’ dèanamh an tuilleadh iomraidh air pungadh

speech sound n fuaim-cainnte m, pl fuaimean-cainnte. The ~ ~ that occur in the languages of the world, na fuaimean-cainnte a gheibhear ann an cànain an t-saoghail

spell v litrich, vn -eachadh m. ~ing accurately, a’ litreachadh gu dòigheilspelling n litreachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Writing fluently and with accurate

~ and punctuation, a bhith a’ sgrìobhadh gu fileanta, le litreachadh agus pungadh a tha dòigheil cothromach. Pupils can check and correct ~s, faodaidh am pàiste dearbhadh is ceartachadh a dhèanamh air litreachadh. Diagnostic ~ tests, deuchainnean sgrùdail litreachaidh

spelling pronunciation n phr fuaimneachadh m litreachaidh, gen fuaimneachaidh litreachaidh, pl fuaimneachaidhean litreachaidh

litrímlitriú m

spirant n = fricative n, q.v.spirantisation n suathachadh m, gen -aidhsplit n sgàineadh m, gen -idh. Merger and ~, coimeasg agus sgàineadh scoilt f, deighilt fsplit a sgàinte. ~ antecedent, ro-theachdaire sgàinte. ~ ergative, èirgeadach sgàinte. ~

infinitive, neo-fhinideach sgàinte. ~ intransitive, neo-aisigeach sgàintespondaic a spoindèach. A ~ foot, troigh spoindèach. If one were to count secondary

stresses all the feet would be trochaic, except that in half-line h there would be a ~ foot, nam bite a’ cunntadh dharnacha beumannan ’s e troighean tròicèach a bhitheadh ann air fad, ach a-mhàin ann an leth-shreath h gum bitheadh troigh spoindèach ann

spoindéach

spondee n spoindè m, pl —an spoindé mspontaneous a spontaineach spontaneous a spontáineachspontaneous sound-change n phr atharrachadh-fuaim m spontaineach, gen atharrachaidh-

fhuaim spontainich, pl atharrachaidhean-fuaim spontaineachspoonerism n spùnaireachd f, pl —an Spúnaraíocht fsporadic a sporadach. Lip-spread is in general ~ and fugitive, ’ s ann sporadach,

teichmheach a tha sgaoilteachd-lipean sa chumantassporadic sound-change n phr atharrachadh-fuaim m sporadach, gen atharrachaidh-fhuaim

sporadaich, pl atharrachaidhean-fuaim sporadach(sporadic a treallach, tallannach)

Sprachbund n Sprachbund mSprachgefühl n Sprachgefühl mspread 1 a sgaoilte. ~ lips, lipean sgaoilte. ~ and rounded, sgaoilte agus cruinn

2 n sgaoilteachd f. Lip ~, sgaoilteachd lipeanspreading n sgaoileadh m, gen -idhsquare bracket n phr camag f cheàrnach, gen camaig ceàrnaich, pl camagan ceàrnach lúibín m ceàrnachstacking n stacadh m, gen -aidh. Case ~, stacadh thuisealStammbaum model n phr (= Stammbaumtheorie n) modail-Stammbaum f

(= Stammbaumtheorie m)Stammbaumtheorie n Stammbaumtheorie mstandard 1 n bun-tomhas m, gen -ais, pl —an

2 a bun-tomhasach. ~ Gaelic, Gàidhlig bhun-tomhasach. ~ form, riochd bun-tomhasach. ~ variety, seòrsa bun-tomhasach.

caighdeán ma caighdeánach. ~ English, an Béarla ceart, caighdeánach

standardise v tr bun-tomhasaich, vn bun-tomhasachadh mstandardisation n bun-tomhasachadh m, gen -aidh. ~ of orthography, bun-tomhasachadh

litreachaidhcaighdeánú m

stanza n 1 (pros) rann f, gen -ainn, pl —an. See also verse n2 (psalmody) earrann f, gen -ainn, pl —an. Three ~s from the fourth verse, trì

earrannan bhon cheathramh rann

rann m, véarsa m

statal a staideil. ~ passive, fulangach staideilstatement n ràiteas m, gen -eis, pl ràiteasan ráiteas mstatistical a staitisteach. ~ analysis, anailis staitisteach staitistiúil fstatistics n staitistig m staitistic fstative a staideach. ~ and dynamic verbs, gnìomhairean staideach is dionamachstatus n inbhe f, pl —an. Phonemic ~, inbhe fhòineimeach. ~ of the verbal noun, inbhe

a’ ghnìomhair ainmearaichstatus planning n phr dealbhachadh m inbhe, gen dealbhachaidh inbhestem n stoc m, gen & pl stuic. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh stoc. ~ vowel, fuaimreag stuic.

Augmented ~, stoc for-leasaichte. Basic ~, stoc bunaiteach(ling) stoc m (focail), tamhan m. Augmented ~, breistamhan. Basic ~, buntamhan

stereotype n lèir-sheiseachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. ~ semantics, seimeantaig lèir-sheiseachaidh

stiff voice n phr guth m righinn. Slack voice and ~ ~, guth lasach agus guth righinnstigmatised a. ~ form, riochd nàirichtestimulation n brodachadh m, gen -aidh. Dichotic ~, brodachadh dà-sgartestimulus-response model n phr modail f bhrodaidh-fhreagraidh

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stochastic process n phr pròiseas stocaisteachstop n (ling) consan f dùinte (ling) pléascach mstory n stòiridh f, pl —ean. Listening to a simple ~, poem or dramatic text, ag èisteachd

ri stòiridh, dàn no teacsa dràma a tha sìmplidh• sgeul m & f, gen & pl -eòil. The teacher should also take this as a teaching

opportunity by re-telling the ~ in Gaelic, bu chòir don tidsear cothrom-ionnsachaidh a dhèanamh dheth le bhith ag innse an sgeòil as ùr anns a’ Ghàidhlig

• sgeulachd f. The first paragraph of a ghost ~, a’ chiad pharagraf de sgeulachd mu thaibhsean. Stories, songs and legends, sgeulachdan, òrain is uirsgeulan

scéal m

storyteller n sgeulaiche m, pl —an scéalaí m, seanchaí mstrategic a ro-innleachdailstrategy n strataidsidh f, pl —ean

• ro-innleachd f, pl —anstraitéis f

stratification n stratachadh m, gen -aidh srathústratum n stratam m, gen -aim, pl —an (geol) sraith fstrength n neart m, gen -eirtstress n (gram, pros) beum m, gen —a, pl —annan. Word ~, beum facail. Lexical ~,

beum faclaireach. Morphological ~, beum morf-eòlach. Final ~, beum deireannach. Penultimate ~, beum leth-dheireannach. Antepenultimate ~, beum ro-leth-dheireannach. Compound ~, beum co-fhillte. In the chorus and in verse 2 the second ~ comes on the penultimate syllable, anns an fhonn agus ann an rann 2 tha an dara beum a’ tighinn air an lide leth-dheireannach. There is rhyme between the syllables having the second ~ in the first three phrases and the syllable having the first ~ in the fourth phrase, tha comhardadh eadar na lidean air a bheil an dara beum anns a’ chiad trì abairtean agus an lide air a bheil a’ chiad bheum anns a’ cheathramh abairt. Pattern of ~es and rhymes, pàtran bheumannan agus chomhardaidhean

lesser stress n phr beum m as lugha, gen beuma as lugha, pl beumannan as lugha. In the first three lines of the verse there are three syllables with ~ ~ between each syllable with main stress, anns a’ chiad trì sreathan den rainn tha trì lidean le beum as lugha eadar gach lide le prìomh bheum

main stress n phr prìomh bheum m, gen —a, pl —annan. There are two ~ ~es in each phrase, tha dà phrìomh bheum anns gach abairt. The syllables with ~ ~ rhyme with each other, and sometimes with a syllable not having ~ ~, tha na lidean le prìomh bheum a’ dèanamh comhardaidh ri chèile, agus uaireannan ri lide gun phrìomh bheum

secondary stress n phr dàrnacha beum m, gen —a, pl —annan. If ~ ~es between the main stresses were counted, we should simply have trochaic (or iambic) feet throughout the whole song, nam bite a’ cunntadh dhàrnacha beumannan eadar na prìomh bheumannan, ’s e dìreach troighean tròicèach (no iambach) a bhitheadh againn tron òran air fad

sentence stress n phr beum m seantansach, gen beuma sheantansaichstress accent n phr aiceann m beuma, gen aicinn bheuma, pl aiceannan beumastress group n phr còmhlan m bheumannan, gen & pl còmhlain bheumannan

(ling) ~ (-accent), béim f gutha, aiceann m

stress v tr cuir beum air (facal, lide)stressed a le beum. ~ syllable, lide le beum. The last ~ syllable, an lide mu dheireadh

le beum. There are two unstressed syllables between the second stressed syllable in the third phrase and the ~ syllable in the fourth phrase, tha dà lide gun bheum eadar an dara lide le beum anns an treas abairt agus an lide le beum anns a’ cheathramh abairt

• The penultimate syllable is ~, tha beum air an lide leth-dheireannach

cuirim béim, aiceann, ar (fhocal, shiolla)stressed a aiceannta, faoi bhéim. Stressed word, aiceantach

stressless a gun bheum. A ~ or de-stressed proclitic, ro-chlaonan gun bheum no a chaill a bheum

stress-timed a beum-thìmichte. ~ and syllable-timed languages, cànain bheum-thìmichte agus lide-thìmichte

stricture n cuingealachd f. Degrees of ~, ìrean cuingealachdstrident a sgalantastring n sreang f, gen -einge, pl —anstripping n rùsgadh m, gen -aidhstrong a làidir. ~ verb, gnìomhair làidir. ~ plural, iomarra làidir (gram) ~ verb, briathar láidir,

tréanbhriathar m. ~ plural, tréaniolra

strophe n stròf f, pl —an. This song is in strophic metre, with one strophe in each verse and four phrases in each ~, ’s e meadrachd stròfach a tha air an òran seo, le aon stròf anns gach rann agus ceithir abairtean anns gach stròf

stróf f

strophic a stròfach. ~ metre, meadrachd stròfachstructural a structarach. ~ dialectology, dualchainnt-eòlas structurach. ~ linguistics,

cànanachas structarach. ~ change, atharrachadh structarach. ~ description, tuairisgeal structarach

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structuralism n structarachas m, gen -aisstructure n structar m, gen -air, pl —an. Constituent ~, structar cho-adhbhar. Deep ~

constraints, co-èigneachaidhean structair-dhomhainnstructure-dependency n eisimeileachd f stuctairstyle n stoidhle f, pl -ichean. Describing the simpler aspects of ~, a’ toirt iomraidh air na

nithean as sìmplidh a bhuineas do stoidhle. Poetry will encompass a wider range of ~s, bidh bàrdachd a’ cuartachadh barrachd sheòrsachan stoidhle. They should be introduced to a variety of authors and ~s, tha còir an cur an aithne caochladh ùghdairean agus stoidhlichean

• dòigh f, pl —ean. To helps pupils to extend their repertoire of presentational ~s, gus a’ chlann a chuideachadh gus leudachadh air na dòighean a tha aca air iad fhèin a chur an cèill

• modh m, pl —an. Pupils will be given familiarity with structures and ~s of language, gheibh a’ chlann eòlas air structairean agus modhan cànain

modh m, stíl f

stylistic a expressed with stoidhle f. Pupils will explore through wide reading a variety of models of ~ techniques, bidh a’ chlann a’ rannsachadh tro leughadh farsaing caochladh eisimpleirean de dhòighean stoighle. Pupils are expected to show awareness of technique through skilled deployment of appropriate ~ devices, thàtar a’ sùileachadh gum bi a’ chlann a’ nochdadh mothachaidh air modh-cànain anns a bheil cleachdadh sgileil air nithean iomchaidh a bhuineas do stoidhle

stíleach

stylistics n stoidhl-eòlas m, gen -ais stílíocht fsubapical a (ling) fo-apaiceach. A ~ consonant, consan fo-apaiceachsubcategorisation n fo-chatagarachadh m, gen -aidh. Strict ~, fo-chatagarachadh teannsubcategory n fo-chatagaraidh m, pl —eansub-clause n fo-chlàsa m, pl —nsubessive 1 a suibeiseach. ~ case, tuiseal suibeiseach

2 n suibeiseach m, gen -ichsubglottal a fo-ghlotasachsubjacency n fo-chomhgharachd fsubject n (gram) suibseig f, pl —ean. ~ and complement, suibseig is coileanadh

subject mod suibseig. ~ raising, togail f suibseig• suibseigeach. ~ clause, clàsa suibseigeach. ~ complement, coileanadh suibseigeach.

~ control, smachd suibseigeach. ~ pronoun, riochdair suibseigeach

(gram) ainmní m

subjective a (gram) suibseigeach. ~ genitive, ginideach suibseigeach ainmníoch. The ~ case, an t-ainmneach

subjectivity n suibseigeachd f (subjectivism n suibíochtachas m)subjectivisation n suibseigeachadh m, gen -aidhsubject-prominent a suibseig-fhollaiseach. ~ and topic-prominent, suibseig-fhollaiseach

agus topaig-fhollaiseachsubjunct a fo-naisgeil. ~ adverbial, co-ghnìomhaireil fho-naisgeilsubjunctive (SUBJ) 1 a fo-leantach. In the ~ mood, sa mhodh fho-leantach

2 n fo-leantach m, gen -aicha & n foshuiteach (m). In the ~ mood, sa mhodh foshuiteach

sublative 1 a sublatach. The ~ case, an tuiseal sublatach2 n sublatach m, gen -aich

submodification n fo-mhion-atharrachadh m, gen-aidh mionathrú msubmodifier n fo-mhion-atharraiche m, pl —an. The ~ cha mhòr, am fo-mhion-

atharraiche cha mhòrsubordinate a fo-inbheach. ~ clause, clàsa fo-inbheach. ~ verb, gnìomhair fo-inbheach ~ clause, fochlásal msubordinate v tr fo-inbhich, vn -eachadh m

subordinating a fo-inbheachaidh. ~ conjunction, naisgear fo-inbheachaidhsubordination n fo-inbheachd f fo-ordú msubordinator n fo-inbhiche m, pl —ansub-predicate n fo-aisneis f, pl —ean fofhaisnéis fsubscript a fo-sgrìobhte foscríofasubstance n (ling) susbaint f (phil) substaint fsubstandard a fo-thomhasach. ~ form, riochd fo-thomhasachsubstantive 1 a susbainteach. ~ verb, gnìomhair susbainteach. ~ and formal universals,

uile-choitcheannan susbainteach agus foirmeil. ~ construction, gleus susbainteach2 n susbainteach m, gen & pl -ich

(gram) 1 a substainteach ~ verb, briathar substainteach. 2 n ainmfhocal m

substitutability n so-mhalairteachd fsubstitution n co-mhalairt f, pl —ean. ~ frame, frèama m co-mhalairt ionadaíocht f, malartú msubstratum n substratam m, gen -aimsubtraction n subtraicsean m, gen -einsubtractive bilingualism n phr dà-chànanas m subtraicseach, gen dà-chànanais

shubtraicsichsubtree n fo-chraobh f, gen -aoibhe, pl —ansuction n in-sùghadh m, gen -aidh. Suction consonant, consan in-sùghaidh sú m, tarraingt f

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suffix n iar-leasachan m, gen & pl -ain. Prefix and ~ will be used in discussion which centres on individual words, cleachdar ro-leasachan agus iar-leasachan ann am beachdachadh air faclan fa leth. In this dialect very often the masculine diminutive ~ does not change in the genitive case, anns an dualchainnt seo glè thric cha bhi iar-leasachan a’ mheanbhain fhireann ag atharrachadh anns an tuiseal ghinideach ann

iarmhír f

suffixation n iar-leasachanachadh m, gen -aidh• cur m iar-leasachain ri

suffixed a iar-leasaichte iartháitesulcal a sulcail. ~ fricative, suathach sulcailsummative a suimeach. ~ adverb, co-ghnìomhair suimeachsuperessive 1 a foireiseach. ~ case, tuiseal foireiseach

2 foireiseach m, gen & pl -ichsuperlative 1 (a) a feabhasach. ~ degree n phr ìre f fheabhasach, gen ìre feabhasaich

(b) n feabhasach m, gen & pl f-aich2 (a) a forlatach. ~ case, tuiseal forlatach(b) n forlatach m, gen & pl -aich

(gram) 1 a sárchéimeach. 2 n sárchéim f

superordinate a for-inbheach. ~ clause, clàsa for-inbheachsuperscript a for-sgrìobhtesuperstratum n forstratam m, gen -aimsupine n faonan m, gen & pl -ain (Latin gram) faonán m. In the ~,

san fhaonánsupplementive a for-lìontach. ~ adjectival, buadhaireach for-lìontach. ((geom) supplemental a

forlíontach)suppletion n fo-lìonadh m, gen -aidh. Partial ~, fo-lìonadh pàirteil ilfhréamhachas m, folíonadhsuppletive a fo-lìontach. ~ verb, gnìomhair fo-lìontach ilfhréamhach, folíontachsupraglottal a os-glotasach. ~ closure, dùnadh os-glotasachsuprasegmental a os-teasganach. ~ phonemes, fòineimean os-teasganachsurface n uachdar m, gen -air. ~ filter, sìoltachan uachdair. ~ structure, structar uachdair dromchla m, uachtar m, barr msurvey n suirbhidh m, pl —ean. Longitudinal ~, suirbhidh tar-aimsireilsuspension n casgadh m, gen -aidh. Suspension of phonemic contrasts, casgadh air co-

chontrarrachdan fòineimeachsvarabhakti n svarabhakti m. ~ vowel, fuaimreag svarabhakti. The bard does not

generally make a word having ~ rhyme with a word without it, chan eil am bàrd sa chumantas a’ toirt air facal anns a bheil svarabhakti comhardadh a dhèanamh ri facal gun e

SVO language n phr cànan SGOSwahili pr n (lang) Suaihili fSwedish pr n (language) Suainis f Sualainnis fswitch-reference n suids-iomradh m, gen -aidhsyllabary n lideire m, pl —ansyllabic a lideach. The mediaeval ~ metre called Ochtfhoclach bec, a’ meadrachd

lideach mheadhan-aoiseil air an robh Ochtfhoclach bec. ~ consonant, consan lideachsiollach

syllabicity n lideachas m, gen -aissyllabification n lideachadh m, gen -aidhsyllable n lide m, pl —an. ~ and root will be used in discussion which centres on

individual words, cleachdar lide agus freumh ann am beachdachadh air faclan fa leth. Final ~, lide deireannach. Penultimate ~, lide leth-dheireannach. Antepenultimate ~, lide ro-leth-dheireannach. Pre-antepenultimate ~, lide for-ro-leth-dheireannach. In the chorus the second stress comes on the penultimate ~, anns an fhonn tha an dara beum a’ tighinn air an lide leth-dheireannach. In verse 1 the second stress comes on the final ~ in the first three phrases and on the penultimate ~ in the fourth phrase, ann an rann 1 tha an dara beum a’ tighinn air an lide dheireannach anns a’ chiad trì abairtean agus air an lide leth-dheireannach anns a’ cheathramh abairt. Phonological and phonetic ~s, lidean fòn-eòlach agus fogharach

siolla m

syllable-timed a lide-thìmichte. Stress-timed and ~ languages, cànain bheum-thìmichte agus lide-thìmichte

syllepsis n sileipse f siléipse fsymbol n samhla m, or —dh m, gen —idh, pl —idhean. Phonetic ~, samhla fogharach. ~

economy, eaconamaidh shamhlaidhean• comharra m, pl —idhean

comhartha m, samhail f, samhailchomhartha m

symmetrical a simeadrach. ~ relations, dàimhealachdan simeadrach comhchruthach, siméadrachsymmetry a simeadrachd f comhchruthaíocht f, siméadracht fsynaeresis n sineirise fsyncategorem n sioncatagoireim m, pl —eansyncategorematic a sioncatagoireimeach. ~ words, facail shioncatagoireimeachsynchronic a sioncronach sioncrónachsyncope n meadhan-ghiorrachadh m, gen -aidh (gram) meánchoimriú m, coimriú m

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• sioncoip fsyncopation n (music) sioncoipeadh m, gen -idh sioncóipiú msyncretism n sincreiteachd fsyndetic a sindeatachsyndeton n sindeaton msyndrome n siondram. ~ of properties, siondram de bhuadhannansynecdoche n mìr-riochdachadh m, gen -aidh

• sineacdoic fsynonym n sionanaim m, pl —ean. Absolute ~, sionanaim iomlan. Quasi-synonym, leth-

shionanaim. Antonym and ~, antanaim agus sionanaimcomhchiallach m. Quasi-synonym, téarma leath-chomhchiallach

synonymous a sionanaimeach comhchiallachsynonymy a sionanaimidh n comhchiallachas msynopsis n sionopsas m, gen -ais achoimre fsynoptic a sionoptach achoimreachsyntactic, syntactical, a co-chàrail. ~ category, catagaraidh co-chàrail. ~ function,

fuincsean co-chàrail. ~ process, pròiseas co-chàrailcomhréireach

syntagm n siontam m, gen -aim, pl —ansyntagmatic a siontamach. Paradigmatic and ~, paradaimeach agus siontamachsyntax n co-chàradh m, gen -aidh comhréir fsynthesis n (a) co-thàthadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean

(b) sinteis f, pl —ean. Thesis, antithesis and ~, tèis, ainteis agus sinteis(a) comhtháthú m(b) sintéis f

synthetic a (gram) co-thàthte. ~ verb, gnìomhair co-thàthte. ~ proposition, ciall-ràdh co-thàthte. ~ compound, co-fhilleadh co-thàthte. Analytic and ~, anailiseach agus co-thàthte

(gram) táite

Syriac pr n (lang) Sìris f (ling) Síris fsystem n siostam m, gen -aim, pl —an. ~ congruity, congruachd shiostaim. ~ network,

lìon-cheangail siostamachcóras m, sistéam m

systematic a siostamatach. ~ sample, sampall siostamatach. The gaps in the system are not random but ~, chan ann randamach a tha na beàrnan san t-siostam, ach siostamatach

sistéamach. ~ sample, sampla córasach

systemic a siostamach. ~ Grammar, Gràmar Siostamach

Ttaboo word n facal m tabù, gen & pl facail thabù (taboo n tabú m)tacit knowledge n phr eòlas m balbh, gen eòlais bhailbhtactics n tactaig mtag n taga f, pl —ichean. Interrogative ~, taga cheisteach. ~ question, tag-cheist ~ question, ceist tathaintetagmeme n taigmeim m, pl —eantagmemics n taigmeimig mtail n earball m, gen & pl -ailltailless arrow (>, <) n phr saighead f gun eàrr, pl saighdean gun eàrrtale n sgeulachd f, pl —an. International ~s, sgeulachdan eadar-nàiseanta

• stòiridh f, pl —ean. ~s and poems, stòiridhean agus dàin• pl also expressed with seanchas m, gen seanchais. ~s of the Fianna, Seanchas na

Fèinnetale type n phr seòrsa m sgeulachd, pl seòrsachan sgeulachd

scéal m

Tamil pr n (lang) Taimil ftap n cnap n, gen -aip, pl —an. Single ~, aon chnap a-mhàintarget n targaid f, pl —ean. Articulatory ~s, targaidean altachailtarget language n phr cànan m amais, gen & pl cànain amais. Source language and ~ ~,

cànan buna agus cànan amaistautology n ath-bhriathrachas m, gen -ais athluaiteachas mtautosyllabic a tàtailideach. ~ and heterosyllabic vowels, fuaimreagan tàtailideach agus

heitreilideachtaxonomy n tacsanamaidh m, pl —ean. Folk ~, tacsanamaidh nan daoineteleological a teil-eòlach teileolaíochteleology n teil-eòlas m, gen t-ais teileolaíochtelic a teiligeach. ~ verb, gnìomhair teiligeach críochnúil, críochnaitheachtemplate n teamplaid f, pl —ean fíoraí mtempo n tempo m, pl tempitemporal n tìmeil. ~ adverb, co-ghnìomhair tìmeil. ~ adverbial, co-ghnìomhaireil

thìmeil. ~ clause, clàsa tìmeil. ~ conjunction, naisgear tìmeil. ~ deixis, deicse thìmeilama m gs

temporary a sealach. ~ diglossia, dà-theangachas sealachtendency n buailteachas m, gen -ais. There is a ~ for a vowel before a nasal consonant

to be itself nasalised, tha e buailteach do dh’fhuaimreig ro chonsan srònach i fhèin a claonadh m

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bhith srònaichtetense n tràth m, pl —an. Conditional ~, tràth cumhach. Future ~, tràth teachdail.

Immediate ~, tràth aithghearr. Imperfect ~, tràth neo-fhoirfe. Past ~, tràth caithte. Past habitual ~, tràth caithte sìor-ghnàthach. Perfect ~, tràth foirfe. Pluperfect ~, tràth os-fhoirfe. Present ~, tràth làthaireach. Preterite ~, tràth preitiriteach. Compound ~, tràth co-fhillte

(gram) aimsir f. In the future ~, san fháistineach

tense a teann. ~ vowel, fuaimreag theann ~ vowel, guta teanntensed n tràthte. ~ verb, gnìomhair tràthtetension n teanntachd f teannas mtentative a 1 neo-chinnteach

tentatively adv gu neo-chinnteach, air sgàth feuchainntenuis n tenuis f, pl tenuesterm n 1 briathar m, pl -ran. This will include a selection of ~s referring to the words of

the language, an lùib seo bidh taghadh de bhriathran a bhuineas do dh’fhaclan na cànain. Teachers need to introduce pupils to the grammatical, literary and other technical ~s of language, feumaidh na tidsearan a’ chlann a chur an aithne nam briathran cànain a bhuineas do ghràmar, do litreachas agus an leithid sin. Broad ~, briathar leathan. Deprecated ~, briathar lochdach

• ainm m, pl —ean. The technical ~s by which teacher and pupil can discuss such matters, na h-ainmean-eagair leis am faod an tidsear agus am pàiste beachdachadh air nithean den t-seòrsa seo. Setting and motives are additional ~s which will be used in considering texts, tha suidheachadh agus rùintean nan ainmean a bharrachd a bhithear ’gan cleachdadh ann am beachdachadh air teacsaichean

téarma m. ~s, briathra m pl. Broad ~, téarma leathan. Deprecated ~, téarma lochtach

terminal node n phr nòd m crìochnach, gen nòid chrìochnaich, pl nòdan crìochnachterminate v i crìochnaich, vn -achadh m críochnaíonntermination n deireadh m (facail), gen -idh, pl -idhean. ~s of the verb, deiridhean a’

ghnìomhair(gram) deireadh m, foirceann m

terminologist n briathar-eòlaiche m, pl —an téarmeolaí mterminology n 1 briathrachas m, gen -ais. Abstract ~, briathrachas eascruthach. Without

explicit knowledge of rules and ~, gun eòlas follaiseach air riaghailtean agus briathrachas. Most of the words they need to use, including specialist ~, a’ mhòrchuid de na faclan a tha iad ag iarraidh a chleachdadh, agus sin a’ cunntas briathrachais shònraichte

2 (terminology science) briathar-eòlas m, gen -ais

~ n 1 téarmaíocht f. 2 (terminology science) téarmeolaíocht

ternary a 1 trì-àireamh2 (= tertiary) treasach. ~ feature, feart treasach

tessitura n tessitura mtest n deuchainn f, pl —ean. Hypothesis ~, deuchainn hipiteise triail f. Hypothesis ~, triail hipitéisetertiary a treasach treasachtetrameter n teitrimeadar m, gen & pl -air teitriméadar mtetrasyllabic a ceithir-lideach (gram) ceathairshiollachtetrasyllable n ceithir-lide m, pl —antext n 1 teacsa m, pl —ichean. The word “text” denotes the unit of language that is

being studied, tha am facal “teacsa” a’ ciallachadh an aonaid chànain a thàtar a’ sgrùdadh. The ~ may be, for example, a poem, an illustrated page from a children’s book, or a spoken message, mar eisimpleirean de theacsaichean tha dàn, duilleag le dealbh bho leabhar chloinne, no teachdaireachd bheòil

2 ceann-teagaisg m, gen & pl cinn-theagaisg. Biblical ~, ceann-teagaisg às a’ Bhìoball

téacs mScripture ~, sliocht as an Scriptiúr

textual a teacsail. Other ~ markers, comharraidhean teacsail eile. ~ criticism, breithneachadh teacsail

• expressed with teacsa. Paragraph is a further feature of ~ organisation, tha paragraf a-rithist ri fhaotainn ann an òrdanachadh theacsaichean. Such reading will help pupils become familiar with ~ features, bidh leughadh den t-seòrsa seo na chuideachadh don chloinn gus eòlas a chur air nithean a bhuineas do theacsaichean

téacsach. ~ error, earráid théacsa

textuality n teacsaileachd fThai pr n (lang) Tai fthematic a tèamatach. Maximally ~, tèamatach gu macsaimeil téamachthematisation n tèamatachadh m, gen -aidh téamú mtheme n (gram, vs rheme) tèama m, pl —n. ~ and rheme, tèama agus rèama tèama mtheoretical a teòiridheil teoiriciúiltheory n teòiridh f, pl —ean. ~ of language, teòiridh chànain teoiric fthesaurus n tèasaras m, gen & pl -ais foclóir mthesis n (a) tèis f, pl —ean. ~, antithesis and synthesis, tèis, ainteis agus sinteis

(b) tràchdas m, gen & pl -ais. PhD ~, tràchdas ollamhachd(a) téis f(b) tráchtas m

third a treas. The ~ person plural, an treas pearsa iomarra. ~ person imperative, àithneach an treas pearsa. Effects created by first or ~ person narrative, buaidhean a tha mar thoradh air seanchas anns a’ chiad no an treasa pearsa

~ person (gram) (an) triú pearsa f

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third person (3RD) n phr treas pearsa mthrenody n treanòid f tuireamh mthroat n sgòrnan m, gen & pl -ain scornach fTibetan pr n (lang) Tibeatais ftier n co-bhreath f, pl —antilde (~) n tilde ftimbre n timbre f tondath mtime n (music) tìm f, gen —e, pl —ean. Duple ~, tìm dhà-bhuilleach. Quadruple ~, tìm

cheithir-bhuilleach. Triple ~, tìm thrì-bhuilleach. Compound ~, tìm cho-fhillte. Time-signature, tìm-chomharradh

am m

time depth n phr doimhne f thìm, pl dòimhnean tìmtimeless a neo-thìmeil. ~ proposition, ciall-ràdh neo-thìmeiltip n bàrr m, gen —a. Tongue ~, bàrr teangaidhtmesis n tmèisis ftoken n ball-comharra m, pl —an. ~s and types, ball-comharran agus gnèitheantonal a (ling) tònail tonúiltone n (ling) tòna m, pl —ichean. ~ languages, cànain thòna. ~ group, còmhlan

thònaichean. ~ sandhi, sandhi thònaichean. Word ~(s), tona(ichean) air faclan(ling) ton m

toneme n tòineim m, pl —eantongue n teanga f, gen -aidh, pl -an. ~-tip, bàrr teangaidh. Front of the ~, beul na

teangaidh. Blade of the ~, liagh na teangaidh. Back of the ~, cùl na teangaidhtongue-body mod meall-teangaidh. ~ features, feartan meall-teangaidhtongue root n phr bun m teangaidh gen buna theangaidh. Advanced T~ R~, Bun

Teangaidh For-ghluaiste. Retracted T~ R~, Bun Teangaidh Ais-ghluaistetonic a tònach. ~ and atonic syllables, lidean tònach agus neo-thònach (gram) (béim) thonachtonicity n tònachd ftonogenesis n tònaigineachas m, gen -aistop-down a mullach-sìos. ~ procedure, dòigh-obrach mhullach-sìostopic n (ling: vs comment) topaig m, pl —ean. ~ and comment, topaig agus luaidh.

Discourse and sentence ~s, topaigean conaltraidh agus seantansábhar m, cleite m (comhrá)

topicalisation n topaigeachadh m, gen -aidhtopicalised a (ling) topaigtetopic-prominent a (ling) topaig-fhollaiseach. ~ language, cànan topaig-fhollaiseach.

Subject-prominent and ~, suibseig-fhollaiseach agus topaig-fhollaiseachtoponym n topanaim m, pl —eantoponymic a topanaimeachtoponymy n topanaimidh f logainmnaíocht ftotal accountability n phr cunntachaileachd f iomlantrace n lorg f, gen -uirge, pl —an lorg m, rian mtrachea n traiche f traicé ftract n slighe f. Vocal ~, slighe a’ ghutha. Nasal ~, slighe na sròine. Oral ~, slighe a’

bheòil(anat) respiratory ~, limistéar m, bealach m, análaithe

trade language n phr cànan m malairt, gen & pl cànain mhalairttrading relation n phr dàimhealachd f mhalairteachtraditional grammar n phr gràmar m traidiseanta, gen gràmair thraidiseanta, pl gràmaran

traidiseantatransactional a tar-gnìomhail. ~ sentence, seantans tar-ghnìomhailtranscribe v tr tar-sgrìobh, vn —adh m athscríobhaimtranscription n tar-sgrìobhadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. Phonetic ~, tar-sgrìobhadh

fogharach. Phonemic ~, tar-sgrìobhadh fòineimeachathscríobh m. Phonetic ~, fogharscrìobh m

transferred meaning n phr ciall f thar-ghluaiste (transfer v tr aistrím)transfix n tar-leasachan m, gen & pl -aintransform n tar-iomlaid f, pl —eantransform v tr tar-iomlaidich, vn -eachadh m

transformed a tar-iomlaidichtetransformation n tar-iomlaideachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean athrú m cruthatransformational a tar-iomlaideach. ~ grammars, gràmaran tar-iomlaideach. ~ rules,

riaghailtean tar-iomlaideach. A ~ approach, dòigh thar-iomlaideachtransition n tar-atharrachadh m, gen -aidh. Open ~, tar-atharrachadh fosgailte aistriú m, athrú mtransitional a tar-atharrachail. ~ formants, foirmeantan tar-atharrachail. ~ probabilities,

dàchaileachdan tar-atharrachailtransitive (TRANS) 1 a aisigeach, comp -ich. ~ verb, gnìomhair aisigeach. ~ preposition,

roimhear aisigeach2 n aisigeach m, gen & pl -ich

(gram) aistreach

transitiviser n aisigiche m, pl —antranslate v tr 1 eadar-theangaich, vn -achadh m

2 tar-thionntaidh, vn -adh maistrím

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translation n 1 eadar-theangachadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean2 tar-thionntadh m, gen -aidh. Noun role ~, tar-thionntadh gu roile ainmeir

aistriú m

translative a tar-thionntaidheach. ~ element, eileamaid thair-thionntaidheachtransmission n (ling) aiseag m, gen -eig. The ~ of the tales from generation to

generation, aiseag nan sgeulachdan bho ghinealach gu ginealach2 tar-chur m, gen tar-chuir. Intergenerational mother-tongue ~, tar-chur a’ chànain

mhàthaireil eadar-ghinealaich

iompar m (scéil)

transparency n trìd-shoilleireachd f. ~ and opacity, trìd-shoilleireachd agus trìd-dhoilleireachd. ~ principle, prionnsabal trìd-shoilleireachd

trédhearcacht f

transposition n eadar-ghluasad m, gen -aid, pl —an aistriú m, malartú mtree diagram n diagram m craobhach, gen diagraim chraobhaich, pl diagraman craobhachtrial 1 a trianach. Dual, ~ and paucal, deise, trianach agus tearcail

2 n trianach m, gen -aichtriangular a triantanach. ~ vowel system, siostam fhuaimreag triantanach triantánachtrigger n (ling) gluaistear m, gen -eir truicear mtrill n roileadh m, gen & pl -idh. Lingual ~, roileadh teangach consan m rolltatrilled a roilte ~ a creathach. Trill v tr (ling)

rollaim (r-anna)trimeter n trì-mheadar m, gen & pl -air

a trì-mheadrachn trímhéadar ma trímhéadrach

triphthong n trì-fhoghar m, gen -air, pl —an trífhoghar mtriple n triobailte triarachtrisyllabic n trì-lideach tríshiollachtrisyllable n trì-lide m, pl —an tríshiollatrivalent a trì-vàlantach f. ~ verb, gnìomhair trì-vàlantachtrivial a beag-seaghach. Interesting statements and ~ statements, ràiteasan inntinneach

agus ràiteasan beag-seaghachtrochaic a tròicèach. In the fourth phrase the first foot is ~ and the second foot

dactylic, anns a’ cheathramh abairt tha a’ chiad troigh tròicèach agus an dara troigh dactaileach. The second foot is paeanic or ~, i.e. having an odd number (three or one respectively) of syllables with lesser stress between the syllables having main stress, tha an dara troigh paeanach no tròicèach, i.e. le àireimh chòrr (a trì no a h-aon fa leth) de lidean le beum as lugha eadar na lidean air a bheil prìomh bheum. The caesura sometimes comes after a dactylic foot, and sometimes after a ~ foot, tha an caesar uaireannan a’ tighinn an dèidh troighe dactailich, agus uaireannan an dèidh troighe tròicèich

a & n trócaech (m)

trochee n tròicè f, pl —an trócae mtrope n trop m, pl —an trop mtruth-conditional semantics, seimeantaig m chumhaichean-fìrinnetruth conditions n phr cumhaichean f pl fìrinneTuring machine n phr inneal m Turing, gen inneil Turing, pl innealan TuringTurkish pr n (lang) Tuircis f (ling) An Tuircis fturn n turas m, gen -ais, pl -san. Turn-taking system n siostam gabhail-thursanturned period n puing f os cionn na loidhne ponc m os cionn na línetwo-place a dà-ionaid. ~ predicate, aisneis dà-ionaidtype n gnè f, pl —ithean. Examples of the same ~s of texts, eisimpleirean den aon ghnè

theacsaichean. This song has the same ~ of amhran metre as two other of the bard’s songs, tha an aon ghnè de mheadrachd amhrain air an òran seo ’s a tha air a dhà eile de chuid òran a’ bhàird

cineál m, sort m, saghas m

typographical a clò-ghrafachtypography n clò-ghrafachd ftypological a gnè-eòlach. ~ classification, seòrsachadh gnè-eòlach. ~ly consistent, co-

sheasmhach gu gnè-eòlachtypology n gnè-eòlas m, gen -ais

UUkrainian pr n (lang) Ucràinis f Ucráinis fultimate constituent n phr co-adhbhar m deireannach, gen co-adhbhair dheireannaich, pl

co-adhbhair dheireannachumlaut n umlabht m umlabht munaccusative a neo-chuspaireach. ~ intransitive, neo-aisigeach neo-chuspaireachunambiguous a neo-dhà-sheaghach gan athbhrí, cruinnunaspirated a neo-anailichte. ~ plosive, pleasgach neo-anailichte neamhanálaitheunbounded a neo-iomallaichte. ~ relation, dàimhealachd neo-iomallaichte gan teorainn, éaguimseachuncompounded a neo-fhillte simplíunconditioned a neo-chumhaichte

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uncountable n do-chunntaidh. ~ noun, ainmear do-chunntaidhunderdifferentiation n fo-dhiofarachadh m, gen -aidhunderextension n fo-leudachadh m, gen -aidh (gram) leathnú m; (phil) sìnteachtunderlining n loidhne-fodha funderlying a ìochdrach. ~ characterisation, caractarachadh ìochdrach. Present in the ~

representation, an làthair san riochdalachd ìochdraich. ~ly present, an làthair gu h-ìochdrach

underlying form n phr riochd m ìochdrach, gen riochd ìochdraich, pl riochdan ìochdrach (underlying a iochtarach, bun-, fo-)underspecified a fo-shònraichte. ~ representation, riochdalachd fho-shònraichteunderstood a ri tuigsinn. The construction has an ~ adverbial, tha co-ghnìomhaireil ri

thuigsinn sa ghleus seo(gram) le tuiscint

unergative a neo-èirgeadach. ~ intransitive, neo-aisigeach neo-èirgeadachunfilled pause n phr fosadh m neo-lìonte, gen fosaidh neo-lìonte, pl fosaidhean neo-lìonteungrammatical a neo-ghràmadach neamhghramadúilunification n (ling) co-aonadh m, gen -aidh comhaontú muniformitarian principle n phr prionnsabal m aon-dealbhachdaireil (uniformity n aonghné f,

comhionannas m)unilateral a aon-taobhach. ~ dependency, eisimeileachd aon-taobhachunintelligible a do-thuigsinn. Mutually ~ dialects, dualchainntean do-thuigsinn do chèile

• neo-thuigseanta. Mutually ~ dialects, dualchainntean neo-eadar-thuigseantaunion n aonadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean comhcheangal m, aontas muniplex a aon-fhillte. ~ and multiplex, aon-fhillte agus iom-fhillteunit n aonad m, gen -aid, pl —an aonad muniverbation n aon-ghnìomhaireachd funiversal 1 a uile-choitcheann. ~ grammar, gràmar uile-choitcheann. ~ redundancy

rule, riaghailt os-barrais uile-choitcheann. ~ly valid tàbhach gu h-uile-choitcheann2 n uile-choitcheann m, gen -inn, pl —an. Linguistic ~, uile-choitcheann cànanach,

Absolute ~, uile-choitcheann iomlan. Relative ~, uile-choitcheann dàimheach

uilíoch, comhchoitianta

universe of discourse n phr uile-choitcheannas m conaltraidh, gen uile-choitcheannais chonaltraidh

univocal a aon-seaghach aonchiallachunmarked a neo-chomharraichteunordered a neo-òrdaichte. ~ rules, riaghailtean neo-òrdaichteunpredictable a neo-ion-fhàisneachailunproductive a neo-chinneasach. ~ formation, co-dhèanamh neo-chinneasachunreal a neo-rèalta. ~ condition, cumha neo-rèalta. Real and ~, rèalta agus neo-rèalta bréagach, samhaltaunrealised a neo-rèalaichte. ~ condition, cumha neo-rèalaichteunreleased a neo-fhuasgailteunrounded a (ling) neo-chruinn. ~ vowel, fuaimreag neo-chruinn neamhchruinnunsettled a neo-sheasmhachunstressed a gun bheum. An ~ syllable, lide gun bheum. There are seven or eight

syllables, depending on the number of ~ syllables, in each line, tha seachd no ochd a lidean, a-rèir àireamh nan lidean gun bheum, anns gach sreath. There will often be an extra ~ syllable in one of the half-lines, gu tric bithidh lide gun bheum a chòrr ann am fear de na leth-shreathan. It is likely that this ~ rhyme came from the mediaeval metre Ochtfhoclach bec, tha e coltach gun tànaig an comhardadh gun bheum seo bhon mheadrachd mheadhan-aoiseil Ochtfhoclach bec

(of syllable) neamhaiceanta; gan béim gutha

untensed a neo-thràthte. ~ verb, gnìomhair neo-thràthteunvoiced a neo-ghuthach néamhghlórachu quality n u-chàileachd f u-cháilíocht fUralic pr n Ùrailis Úráilis fUrdu pr n (language) Urdù f, Urdùthais f An Urdúisusage n co-chleachdadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean úsáid f (focail)usage planning n phr dealbhachadh m cleachdaidh, gen dealbhachaidh chleachdaidhuse n cleachdadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean

• feum m, pl —anÚsáid f, feidhm f

utterance n gnìomh-labhairt m, gen gnìomha-labhairt, pl gnìomhan-labhairt. ~ meaning, brìgh ghnìomha-labhairt. ~s and sentences, gnìomhan-labhairt agus seantansan

uvula n cìoch-shlugain f. Her ~ is inflamed, tha a cìoch-shlugain is ainteas innte sine f siainuvular a. Uvular r, r chìche-slugain Uvular r, r sine siain

Vvalency n vàlantachd f. ~ grammar, gràmar vàlantachd. ~ dictionary, faclair vàlantachd fiús mvalent n vàlant m, pl —an. Optional ~, vàlant roghnach. Obligatory ~, vàlant èignichtevalid a tàbhach. Universally ~, tàbhach gu h-uile-choitcheannvalidity n tàbhachd f bailíocht f

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value n luach m, pl —an luach m, fiúntas mvariable 1 a caochlaideach. ~ feature, feart caochlaideach. ~ rule, riaghailt

chaochlaideach2 n caochlaideach m, gen & pl -ich. Sociolinguistic ~s, caochlaidich shòise-chànanach

1 a claochlaitheach, malartach, luaineach, athraitheach. (Math) ~ quantity, cainníocht shóinseálach. 2 n athróg, (math) sóinseálach m

variance n caochlachas m, gen -ais. Analysis of ~, anailis chaochlachais athraitheas m. Analysis of ~, anailís athraithis

variant n caochlach m, gen & pl -aich. Combinatory ~, caochlaich chothlamach. Conditioned ~, caochlach cumhaichte. Positional ~s, caochlaich shuidheachail

malairt f

variation n caochlaideachd f. Conditioned ~, caochlaideachd chumhaichte. Free ~, saor-chaochlaideachd

athrú m, malartú m, claochlú m. Free ~, saormhalartú

variety n seòrsa m, pl—ichean (nat hist) sórt m, saghas mVedic pr n (lang) Vèidis fvelar a vèilearach, comp -aich. ~ consonant, consan vèilearach a & n (ling) coguasach (m)velaric a vèilearail. ~ airstream mechanism, uidheam sruth-èadhair vèilearailvelarisation n vèilearachadh m, gen -aidhvelarise v tr vèilearaich, vn -achadh m

velarised a vèilearaichtevelic a vèileach. ~ closure, dùnadh vèileach. ~ release, fuasgladh vèileachvelum n 1 (ling) vèileam m

2 (familiar) glainean m (bog)coguas m

verb n gnìomhair m, pl —ean. Active ~, gnìomhair spreigeach. Analytic ~, gnìomhair anailiseach. Auxiliary ~, gnìomhair taiceil. Defective ~, gnìomhair uireasbhach. Dependent ~, gnìomhair eisimeileach. Finite ~, gnìomhair finideach. Impersonal ~, gnìomhair neo-phearsanta. Inceptive ~, gnìomhair tòiseachail. Independent ~, gnìomhair neo-eisimeileach. Intransitive ~, gnìomhair neo-aisigeach. Irregular ~, gnìomhair mì-riaghailteach. Passive ~, gnìomhair fulangach. Predicative ~, gnìomhair aisneiseach. Regular ~, gnìomhair riaghailteach. Relative ~, gnìomhair dàimheach. Substantive ~, gnìomhair susbainteach. Synthetic ~, gnìomhair co-thàthte. Transitive #, gnìomhair aisigeach. ~ of motion, gnìomhair gluasaid. ~ of perception, gnìomhair faireachdainn

verb phrase n phr abairt f ghnìomhaireach, gen abairt gnìomhairich, pl abairtean gnìomhaireach

briathar m

verbal a gnìomhaireach. ~ phrase, abairt ghnìomhaireach. ~ root, freumh gnìomhaireach. ~ component, co-fhillteant gnìomhaireach. ~ paradigms, paradaimean, clàir, ghnìomhairean

verbal noun n phr ainmear m gnìomhaireach, gen ainmeir ghnìomhairich, pl ainmearan gnìomhaireach. This is the form of the ~ ~ in the dialect, ’s e seo an riochd a tha air an ainmear ghnìomhaireach anns an dualchainnt

briatharthaverbal noun n phr ainm briatharthaverbal noun mod ainmbhriathartha

verb-second order n phr òrdugh m le gnìomhair san dàrna àitevernacular 1 n cànan m dualchasach, gen cànain dhualchasaich, pl cànain dhualchasach

2 a. ~ form, riochd sa chànan dhualchasach. ~ language, cànan dualchasachverse n 1 (properly, stanza) rann f, gen -ainne, pl —an. ~ and paragraph are descriptive

terms for features of text, ’s e ainmean a tha ann an rann agus paragraf a bheir iomradh air nithean a bhuineas do theacsa. This song is in strophic metre, with one strophe in each ~ and four phrases in each strophe, ’s e meadrachd stròfach a tha air an òran seo, le aon stròf anns gach rainn agus ceithir abairtean anns gach stròf. In ~ 2 the second stress comes on the penultimate syllable, ann an rainn 2 tha an dara beum a’ tighinn air an lide leth-dheireannach. They should expect the poem to develop through its ~s, bu chòir dùil a bhith aca gum bi an dàn a’ fàs o rainn gu rann

2 bàrdachd f. A piece of ~, pìos bàrdachd. Bucolic ~, bàrdachd bhuachailleach. Mackenzie here reaches a level of ornamentation in his ~ that demonstrates to us how high in his artistry it is possible for a bard that is not of the first degree to go when he is working in a firm tradition, tha MacCoinnich an seo a’ ruighinn inbhe de sgeadachadh na bhàrdachd a sheallas dhuinn cho àrd na ealdhain ’s a tha e an comas do bhàrd nach eil den chiad ìre a dhol, agus e ag obair ann an dualchas daingeann

blank verse n phr dubh-rannaigheachd f3 rannaigheachd ffree verse n phr saor-rannaigheachd fmake verse v phr bi a’ bàrdachd. They used to meet and ~ ~ amongst themselves,

bhitheadh iad a’ coinneachadh agus a’ bàrdachd nam measg fhèin

1 véarsa m; ceathrú m, rann m. 2 véarsaíocht f; filíocht f

version n innse m, pl —achan (of, air). Probably there is only one ~ of this song in existence, is coltach nach eil ach an aon innse air an òran seo ann. We have only one ~ of this song, the one in E, chan eil againn ach aon innse air an òran seo, am fear ann an E

• tionntadh m, gen -aidh, pl -aidhean. The original ~, an tionntadh tùsail. Variant ~s, tionntaidhean de chaochladh sheòrsachan. There should be Gaelic ~s of all official

insint f, leagan m (ar scéal)

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documents, bu chòir gum bitheadh sgrìobhainnean oifigeil air fad rim faotainn ann an tionntadh Gàidhlig

2 expressed with teacsa m, pl —aichean. Taped ~, teacsa air clàrbasic version n phr bun-innse m, pl —achan. This song has only one ~ ~, chan eil

ach aon bhun-innse aig an òran seovertical line (') n phr loidhne f ingearach, pl loidhneachan ingearachvibrant 1 a critheach

2 n critheach m, gen & pl -ichVietnamese pr n (lang) Viet Namais fvigesimal a ficheadach. ~ numeral system, siostam àireamhan ficheadachViking 1 n Uigeanach m, gen & pl Uigeanaich

2 a Uigeanach. This change was strengthened by the traditions of the V~ settlers, chaidh an t-atharrachadh seo a dhaingneachadh le traidiseanan an luchd-thuineachaidh Uigeanaich

a & s Uigingeach (m)

violation n briseadh m, gen brisidh, pl brisidhean. ~ of biuniqueness, briseadh air co-neo-shamhlachd. Linearity ~, briseadh air lìneachas

vocabulary n briathradair m, gen & pl —ean. Pupils will be alert to the structures of words from specialist vocabularies, bidh a’ chlann mothachail air cumaidhean fhaclan à briathradairean speisealta

• briathrachas m, gen -ais. With adequate ~, le briathrachas a dh’fhòghnas. Discussion of author’s style, in terms of ~ choice, beachdachadh air stoidhle an ùghdair a thaobh taghadh briathrachais

foclóirín m, gluais f

vocal cords n phr teudan m pl a’ ghutha téada f pl an ghuthavocalic a fuaimreagach guthachvocalised a fuaimreagaichte. ~ text, teacsa fuaimreagaichtevocal organs n phr buill m pl a’ ghuthavocal tract n phr slighe f a’ ghutha (anat) respiratory tract, limistéar

m, bealach m, análaithevocative 1 a gairmeach. ~ case, tuiseal gairmeach. ~ particle, mion-fhacal gairmeach

2 n gairmeach m, gen & pl -ich(gram) ~ (case), an (tuiseal) gairmeach (m). In the ~, sa ghairmeach

vocoid n fuaimreid f, pl —ean. Contoids and ~s, contaidean agus fuaimreideanvoice n 1 (ling) guth m, gen —a. Clear ~, guth soilleir. Loud ~, guth cruaidh. Soft ~, guth

sèimh. Normal or modal ~, guth nòrmalach or guth mòdail. Creaky ~, guth dìosgail. ~ quality, càileachd gutha

2 (gram) guth m, gen —a, pl —an. Active ~, guth spreigeach. Impersonal ~, guth neo-phearsanta. Middle ~, guth fèineach. Passive ~, guth fulangach. Personal ~, guth pearsanta

1 guth m. 2 (gram) faí f. In the active ~, san fhaí ghnìomhach

voice v tr (linguistics) guthaich, vn -achadh mvoiced a guthach. ~ consonant, consan guthach. ~ and voiceless apirates,

anailichtean guthach agus neo-ghuthach• le guthvoicing n guthachadh m, gen -aidh

(ling) glóraím consanvoiced a glórach, faoi ghlórvoicing n glórú m

voice dynamics n phr dionamaig m a’ ghuthavoiceless a neo-ghuthach. ~ consonant, consan neo-ghuthach. ~ apirate, anailichte neo-

ghuthach• gun ghuth

(ling) neamhghlórach, gan ghlór

voice onset time n phr ùine f ionnsaigh ghutha. Voice onset lag, maille ann an ionnsaigh ghutha. Voice onset lead, ro-iomairt ann an ionnsaigh ghutha

volitional a = volitive a, q.v.volitive a toileasach. ~ modality, mòdaileachd thoileasachVOS language n phr cànan m GOSvowel n fuaimreag f, gen -eig, pl —an. Broad and slender ~s, fuaimreagan leathann agus

caola. Epenthetic ~, fuaimreag eipinteiseachvowel gradation n phr ceumadh m fhuaimreag, gen ceumaidh fhuaimreagvowel harmony n phr co-fhuaimneachd f fhuaimreagvowel height n phr àirde f fhuaimreig, pl àirdean fuaimreigvowel mutation n phr mùthadh m fuaimreig, gen mùthaidh fhuaimreig, pl

mùthaidhean fuaimreigvowel quality n phr càileachd f fhuaimreig, pl càileachdan fuaimreig

guta m

vrddhi n vrddhi mVSO language n phr cànan m GSOVulgar Latin pr n (lang) Gnàth-Laideann f, gen Gnàth-Laidinn

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Wwave model n phr (= Wellentheorie n) tonn-mhodail f (= Wellentheorie m)Wellentheorie n Wellentheorie mweak a lag. ~ verb, gnìomhair lag. ~ formation, co-dhèanamh lag. ~ conjugation, co-

nasgadh lag~ conjugation, réimniú m lag. ~ verb, lagbhriathar

weather verb n phr gnìomhair m aimsire, pl gnìomhairean aimsireweight n truimead m, gen -eid, pl —anwell-formed a deagh-chruthachWelsh pr n (lang) Cuimris f. The W~ Language Act should serve as a model for

Scottish legislation, bu chòir do dh’Achd a’ Chànain Chuimris a bhith na modail airson lagh a chruthachadh ann an Alba

(ling) Breatnais f

whisper n cagar m, gen -air cogar mwhispery voice n phr guth m cagarach, gen gutha chagaraichwide vowel n phr fuaimreag f leathann, gen fuaimreig leathainn, pl fuaimreagan leathannwindpipe n pìob-sgòrnain f (anat) pìoban m (garbh)word n facal m, gen -ail, pl -lan, -ail. We have so many ~s to describe the weather, tha

uimhir de dh’fhacail againn a dh’innse mun t-sìde. Using common linking ~s, a’ cleachdadh fhaclan-ceangail cumanta. A selection of terms referring to the ~s, grammar and sounds of the language, taghadh de bhriathran a bhuineas do dh’fhaclan, do ghràmar agus do dh’fhuaimean na cànain. ~ form, riochd facail. ~ stress, beum facail

word class n phr clas m fhacal, pl clasaichean fhacalword division n phr roinn f fhacalword ending n phr deireadh m facail, gen deiridh fhacail, pl deiridhean facail. This is

the ~ ~ which normally occurs in the dialect for the second person singular of the conditional tense, ’s e seo an deireadh facail a gheibhear am bitheantas san dualchainnt air an dàra pearsa shingilte den tràth chumhach

focal mword division, roinnt f na bhfocal

word-final a aig deireadh facail. Elision of ~ schwa vowels is common, tha bàthadh na nì cumanta air fuaimreagan schwa aig deireadh facail

word-formation n phr co-dhèanamh m fhacal, gen co-dhèanaimh fhacalword-initial a aig toiseach facail. The article is completely elided here, occurring as it

does between the final vowel of “mi” and ~ “l-” of “làmh”, tha an t-alt air a bhàthadh gu h-iomlan an seo, is e eadar an fhuaimreag dheireannach de “mi” agus an “l-” aig toiseach an fhacail “làmh”

word-medial a aig meadhan facail. ~ position, suidheachadh aig meadhan facailword order n phr òrdugh m fhacal, gen òrduigh fhacal, pl òrduighean fhacal. Free ~ ~,

òrdugh fhacal saorord m na bhfocal

XX-bar syntax n phr co-chàradh m X-bàr, gen co-chàraidh X-bàr

YYiddish pr n (language) Giùdais f Giúdais f

Zzero n nialas m, gen & pl -ais

zero mod nialasach. ~ anaphora, anafor nialasach. ~ derivation, bunachadh nialasach. # determiner, cinntiche nialasach. ~ morph, morf nialasach

nialas m

zero-valent a nialas-vàlantach. ~ verb, gnìomhair nialas-vàlantachzeugma n sèagma m séagma mzoonym n sònaim m, gen & pl —eanZulu pr n (lang) Sùlùthais f

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