Godina (Volume) 16, Broj (Number) 3-4, Juli - Decembar ...mf.unze.ba/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/MASINSTVO-3-4-2019.pdf · - tehnologija prerade metala, plastike i gume, ... Postupak

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Godina (Volume) 16, Broj (Number) 3-4, Juli - Decembar (July - December) 2019.

ISSN 1512-5173 (Print)ISSN (On-line)2637-1510

ZAVOD ZA FIZIČKU METALURGIJU

UNIVERZITET U ZENICI

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Svjetlosni optički mikroskop

Uređaj za ispitivanje

tvrdoće i mikrotvrdoće

Presa za upresavanje

uzoraka

u plastičnu masu

CUT mašina za rezanje uzoraka

Mašina za brušenje i poliranje uzoraka Otisci tvrdoće HV 3 na presjeku uzorka

Temperatura ispitivanja : 25 °C

Zrno sa dvojnicima, legura na bazi NiNagriženo u reagensu KallingPosmatrano pri povećanju: x 500

Ugaono zavareni spojKonstrukcioni čelik S235

Sloj cinkaNenagriženo Posmatrano pri povećanju: x 100

Cink

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ISSN 1512-5173 (Print izdanje) ISSN 2637-1510 (on-line izdanje)

http://www.mf.unze.ba/masinstvo

MAŠINSTVO ČASOPIS ZA MAŠINSKO INŽENJERSTVO

JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Godina (Volume) 16, Broj (Number) 3-4, Zenica, Juli – Decembar (July – December) 2019.

Uredništvo (Editorial): Fakultetska 1, 72000 Zenica Bosnia and Herzegovina Tel: +387 32 449 143; 449 145 Fax: +387 32 246 612 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Osnivač i izvršni izdavač (Founders and Executive Publisher): University of Zenica Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Fakultetska 1, 72000 Zenica B&H Recenzioni odbor (Review committe): Dr. Ibrahim Plančić, Dr. Nedeljko Vukojević, Dr. Ismar Hajro, Dr. Josip Kačmarčik, Dr. Samir Lemeš, Dr. Safet Brdarević, Dr. Sabahudin Jašarević

Glavni i odgovorni urednik (Editor and Chief): Prof. Dr. Sc. Safet Brdarević

Časopis izlazi tromjesečno (The journal is published quarterly)

Urednički odbor (Editorial Board): Dr. Safet Brdarević (B&H), Dr. Jože Duhovnik (Slovenia), Dr. Vidosav Majstorović (Serbia), Dr. Milan Jurković (Croatia), Dr. Sabahudin Ekinović (B&H), Dr. Gheorge I. Gheorge (Romania), Dr. Alojz Ivanković (Ireland), Dr. Joan Vivancos (Spain), Dr. Ivo Čala (Croatia), Dr. Slavko Arsovski (Serbia), Dr. Albert Weckenman (Germany), Dr. Ibrahim Pašić (France), Dr. Zdravko Krivokapić (Montenegro), Dr. Rainer Lotzien (Germany)

Lektori: Azra Adžemović, profesor Tehnički urednik (Technical Editor): Prof. Dr. Sabahudin Jašarević Štampa (Print): Štamparija Fojnica d.o.o., Fojnica Uređenje zaključeno (Preparation ended): 30.11.2019.

Časopis je evidentiran u evidenciji javnih glasila pri Ministarstvu nauke, obrazovanja, kulture i sport Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine pod brojem 651. Časopis u pretežnom iznosu finansira osnivač i izdavač. Časopis MAŠINSTVO u pravilu izlazi u četiri broja godišnje. Rukopisi se ne vraćaju

The Journal is listed under No 651 in the list of public journals in the Ministry of science, education, culture and sport of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Journals is mostly financed by founder and publisher. Frequency of Journal MAŠINSTVO is 4 issues a year. Manuscripts are not returned

Časopis objavljuje naučne i stručne radove i informacije od interesa za stručnu i privrednu javnost iz oblasti mašinstva i srodnih grana vezanih za područje primjene i izučavanja mašinstva. Posebno se obrađuju slijedeće tematike: - tehnologija prerade metala, plastike i gume, - projektovanje i konstruisanje mašina i postrojenja, - projektovanje proizvodnih sistema, - energija, - održavanje sredstava za rad, - kvalitet, efikasnost sistema i upravljanje proizvodnim i poslovnim sistemima, - informacije o novim knjigama, - informacije o naučnim skupovima - informacije sa Univerziteta,

The journal publishes scientific and professional papers and information of interest to professional and economic releases in mechanical engineering and related fields. In particular, the following topics are treated: - Technology for processing metal, plastic and rubber, - Design and construction of machines and plants, - The design of production systems, - Energy, - Maintenance funds for the work, - Quality and efficiency of the system and the management of production and business systems, - Information about new books, - Information about scientific meetings - Information from the University,

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RIJEČ UREDNIKA Poštovane kolegice i kolege U ovom broju Vašeg časopisa smo Vam pripremili 6 radova iz šire tematike mašinstva: Jedan iz oblasti proizvodnih tehnologija (obrada deformacijom), drugi se odnosi na lomove metalnih dijelova (ispitivanje materijala); u trećem je dat zanimljiv eksperiment mjerenje mikrokontrolera arduino na hibridnom vozilu; u četvrtom je analiziran uticaj nekih karakteristika na broj povreda na radu u jednom rudniku u Bosni i Hercegovini; Peti rad se odnosi na mogućnost korištenja registra zagađivača (ekologija) i šesti rad je, prema usvojenoj koncepciji časopisa, preuzet sa 11. Međunarodnog naučno-stručnog skupa „QUALITY 2019“ održanog 15 i 16 juna 2019 godine u Neumu, gdje je bio prvi uvodni rad i odnosi se na stanje ukupnog upravljanja kvalitetom u malim i srednjim preduzećima Bosne i Hercegovine. U okviru informacija obavještavamo Vas o održavanju dva međunarodna naučno-stručna skupa održava u Bosni i Hercegovini iz šire oblasti mašinstva. U naporu promocije istraživačkih kapaciteta u Bosni i Hercegovini na prvoj strani korica Časopisa prikazana je jedna Laboratorija Instituta „Kemal Kapetanović“ Univerziteta u Zenici, a na zadnjoj strani predstavljen je jedan poslovni sistem sa programom prerade metala. Informišemo Vas takođe da je Časopis prošao evaulaciju za bazu Index Copernicus za 2018. sa ICV 86,77.

Vaš glavni i odgovorni urednikProf. emeritus dr. Safet Brdarević

EDITORIAL Dear Colleagues In this issue of your journal, we have prepared 6 papers on the broader subject of mechanical engineering: One in the field of production technologies (deformation processing), the other relates to fractures of metal parts (material testing); in the third, an interesting experiment was given to measure an arduino microcontroller on a hybrid vehicle; the fourth analyzes the impact of some characteristics on the number of occupational injuries at a mine in Bosnia and Herzegovina; The fifth paper is related to the possibility of using the pollutant register (ecology) and the sixth paper, according to the adopted concept of the journal, was taken from the 11th International Scientific Conference "QUALITY 2019" held on June 15 and 16, 2019 in Neum, where the first introductory work and refers to the state of overall quality management in small and medium-sized enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Within the information we inform you about the holding of two international scientific conferences held in B&H in the wider field of mechanical engineering. In an effort to promote research capacity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the front page of the magazine covers one Laboratory of the Kemal Kapetanović Institute at the University of Zenica, and one business system with a metal processing program on the back. We also inform you that the Journal has undergone an evaluation for Index Copernicus for 2018. with ICV 86.77. Your editor in chief Prof. emeritus dr. Safet Brdarević

SADRŽAJ

1. Kvalitet otkovka u funkciji postojanosti alata pri obradi rukavaca točkova motornih vozila Papić, S.; Klisura, F.; Velić, S. 53 2. Lomovi metalnih dijelova Oruč, M.; Sulunahpašić, R.; Hadžalić, M. 63

3. Upotreba arduino mikrokontrolera na studentskom hibridnom vozilu Hermes Ilanković, N.; Stojić, B.; Ružić, D.; Tepavac, N.; Živanić D. 77

4. Uticaj stručne spreme; godina radnog iskustva i mjesta nastanka na broj povreda na radu – primjer Rudnika „Abid Lolić Bila“ Jašarević, S.; Karić, M; Klisura, F. 83 5. Mogućnosti primjene registra postrojenja i zagađivanja u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu Šišić, M.; Goletić, Š.; Prcanović, H. 99 6. Prakse totalnog upravljanja kvalitetom u Bosni i Hercegovini: Da li su važni kontekstualni faktori organizacije? Kulenović, M.; Veselinović, LJ..........................109 Informacije 114 Uputstvo za autore 119

CONTENTS

1. Forging Quality in the Function of the Consistency of the Tools in the Processing of the Wheel Sleeves of Motor Vehicles Papić, S.; Klisura, F.; Velić, S. 53 2. Fractures of Metallic Parts Oruč, M.; Sulunahpašić, R.; Hadžalić, M. 63

3. Usage of the Arduino Microcontroller on the Student Hybrid Vehicle Hermes Ilanković, N.; Stojić, B.; Ružić, D.; Tepavac, N.; Živanić D. 77

4. Application of Compressed Air in Pit “Haljinići”, JP EP BiH D.D. - Sarajevo, ZD RMU ”Kakanj” d.o.o. Kakanj Jašarević, S.; Karić, M; Klisura, F. 83 5. Attributional Versus Consequentional Life Possibilities of Application of the Plant and Pollution Register in the Zenica-Doboy Canton Šišić, M.; Goletić, Š.; Prcanović, H. 99

6. Total Quality Management Practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Do Organizational Contextual Factors Matter?

Kulenović, M.; Veselinović, LJ..........................109

Informations 114 Instruction for authors 119

Mašinstvo 3-4(16), 53 – 62, (2019) S. Papić et al.: FORGING QUALITY IN THE FUNCTION …

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KVALITET OTKOVKA U FUNKCIJI POSTOJANOSTI ALATA PRI OBRADI RUKAVACA TOČKOVA MOTORNIH VOZILA

FORGING QUALITY IN THE FUNCTION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF

THE TOOLS IN THE PROCESSING OF THE WHEEL SLEEVES OF MOTOR VEHICLES

Sejfo Papić1, Fuad Klisura2, Safet Velić3

1 i 3 Univerzitet u Sarajevu, 2 IPI – Institut za privredni inžinjering, d.o.o. Zenica, Ključne riječi: Rukavac, otkovak, greške pri kovanju, postojanost reznog alata. Key Words: Wheel sleeve, Forging, Errors in forging, Cutting tool consistency. Paper received: 04.02.2019. Paper accepted: 20.03.2019.

Stručni rad REZIME Imajući u vidu da su rukavaci točkova motornih vozila izloženi jakim dinamičkim opterećenjima, te znajući da su to veoma odgovorni dijelovi konstrukcija, nameće se potreba za permanentnim istraživanjima uticaja pojedinih varijabli na proces izrade istih. Važnu ulogu ima pripremak koji se, u ovom slučaju dobija kovanjem iz odgovarajućeg čelika. Sam process kovanja, podrazumijeva pojavu određenih grešaka koje se mogu manifestovati na više načina. Takve greške, i pored rigorozne kontrole, teško je eliminisati u potpuinosti. U radu su tretirani pripremci sa greškama i njihov uticaj na postojanost alata, kao i analiza uticaja promjene procenta nekih elemenata na istu.

Professional paper

SUMMARY Bearing in mind that the wheel sleeves of motor vehicles are exposed to strong dynamic loads, and knowing that these are very responsible parts of the constructions, the need for permanent researches of the influence of certain variables on the process of production of them is imposed. The prepared part which, in this case, is obtained by forging from the appropriate steel has an important role. The process of forging, implies the appearance of certain errors that can manifest in many ways. Such mistakes, despite rigorous control, are difficult to eliminate completely. The paper deals with prepared parts with errors and their impact on the consistency of the tools, as well as the analysis of the influence of the change in the percentage of some elements on the same.

1. UVOD Postupak obrade metala kovanjem jedan je od najstarijih postupaka obrade metala deformisanjem zbog osobina koje ga karakterišu. Imajući u vidu da se kod metala pri njihovom zagrijavanju povećava plastičnost, postupak kovanja se najčešće izvodi u vrućem stanju. Kovanje u hladnom stanju moguće je za izradu otkovaka manjih dimenzija i relativno jednostavnijih geometrijskih oblika. Prednosti ovog postupka u odnosu na ostale postupke obrade plastičnom deformacijom se ogledaju kroz vrlo visoku efektivnost, tačnost, i relativno dobar kvalitet obrađene površine. Nedostaci se ogledaju kroz utrošak energije za zagrijavanje obratka i stvaranju sloja oksida na površinu usljed termohemijskih reakcija.

1. INTRODUCTION The method of processing metal by forging is one of the oldest procedures of metal processing with deformation due to its characteristic features. Bearing in mind that in metals, during their heating, plasticity increases and thus the forging process is most often performed in a warm state. Forging in a cold state is possible for the production of forgings of smaller dimensions and relatively simpler geometric shapes. The advantages of this procedure in relation to other processes of plastic deformation processing are reflected through very high efficiency, accuracy, and relatively good quality of the processed surface. The disadvantages are reflected through the energy consumption for heating the workpiece and the formation of a layer of oxide on the surface due to thermochemical reactions.


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Postoje tri osnovne grupe otkovaka [1]. Primjer otkovka rukavca motornih vozila, koje tretira ovaj rad, spada u drugu grupu. Kako je postupak obrade rezanjem, često završna obrada nekih površina otkovaka, pri projektovanju ovakvih dijelova neophodno je voditi računa o mogućnosti njegove primjene. Postojanost alata kod obrade metala rezanjem jedan je od važnijih faktora, kako sa ekonomskog aspekta, tako i sa aspekta postizanja odgovarajućeg kvaliteta.

There are three basic groups of forgings [1]. The example of the forging of the motor vehicle's wheel sleeve, which this paper deals with, belongs to the second group. Since the machining process by cutting is often the final processing procedure of some surfaces, in designing such parts it is necessary to take into account the possibility of its application. The consistency of tools in processing metal by cutting is one of the most important factors, both from the economic aspect and from the aspect of achieving the appropriate quality.

2. KARAKTERISTIKE OTKOVKA Otkovak rukavca motornih vozila, koji je predstavljen na slici 1., dobija se kovanjem u toplom stanju postupkom kovanja u ukovnjima. Masa otkovka je cca 1,4 kg i oblikuje se na kovačkom čekiću prostog dejstva. Superlegure su dizajnirane za upotrebu u temperaturnom intervalu od 600° do 1150 oC u uslovima djelovanja visokih opterećenja i agresivnih medija, zbog čega moraju imati visoke vrijednosti otpornosti na puzanje, koroziju i oksidaciju [1]. Materijal je srednjeugljenični čelik specijalnog sastava koji je po svojim karakteristikama najbliži čeliku EN-1C55 što odgovara čeliku oznake DIN-C55. Međutim, radi poboljšanja određenih karakteristika dodavani su pojedini elementi u manjim procentima. Tačan hemijski sastav čelika za izradu otkovaka dat je u tabelama 1 i 2. Treba napomenuti da su nešto različiti hemijski sastavi grupe A i grupe B otkovaka jer su različiti proizvođači istih.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORGINGS The forging of the motor vehicle sleeve, which is presented in Figure 1., is obtained by forging in a warm condition by the procedure of hammering in forging molds. The mass of the forging is approx. 1.4 kg and it is done on a hammer with free action. The material is a middle-carbon steel of special steel structure, which is by its characteristics the closest steel EN-1C55 which corresponds to the steel of the mark DIN-C55. However, in order to improve certain characteristics, some elements were added in smaller percentages. The exact chemical composition, of steel for making forgings is given in Tables 1 and 2. It should be noted that there are somewhat different chemical compositions of group A and group B forgings because they have different producers.

Tabela 1. Hemijski sastav čelika otkivaka iz grupe A Table 1. The chemical composition of the steel forging from group A

% C % Si % Mn % P % S % Cr % Mo % Ni 0,55 0,21 0,71 0,015 0,014 0,18 0,03 0,10

% Al % V % B % Ti % N % Cu % Sn 0,033 0,003 0,0002 0,001 0,009 0,13 0,008

Tabela 2. Hemijski sastav čelika otkivaka iz grupe B Table 2. The chemical composition of the steel forging from group B

% C % Si % Mn % P % S % Cr % Mo % Ni 0,55 0,25 0,72 0,016 0,013 0,16 0,04 0,13

% Al % V % B % Ti % N % Cu % Sn 0,031 0,003 0,0003 0,001 0,007 0,15 0,009


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Mehaničke karakteristike su date u tabeli 3. a dobijeni su ispitivanjem na epruvetama od materijala otkovka

The mechanical characteristics are given in Table 3 and were obtained by analysis of the test tubes of the forging materials.

Tabela 3. Mehaničke osobine čelika otkovaka iz grupe A i B Table 3. Mechanical properties of steel forgings from groups A and B

TIP Zatezna čvrstoća RM (N/mm2)

Konvencionalna zatezna čvrstoća Rp0,2(N/mm2)

IstezljivostA (%)

Kontrakcija Z (%)

Tvrdoća HB

A 791-821 425-429 14,0-14,5 40,0-45,0 216-241 B 790-803 427-433 14,5-15,0 43,0-44,0 211-239

Slika 1. Otkovak za izradu rukavca točka motornog vozila Figure 1. A forging for the making of wheel sleeves of motor vehicles 2.1. Greške na otkovcima Kako je ranije navedeno, pri postupku kovanja dolazi do formiranja raznih oksida na površini otkivka. Oksidi se stvaraju u toku procesa kovanja i nijedan od postupaka njihovog otklanjanja nije u potpunosti efikasan. Zato je neophodno stalno kontrolisati izradu otkivaka i otklanjanje raznih nepravilnosti. Svaka pojava grešaka ima višestruko nepovoljno djelovanje na proces izrade rukavaca i na kvalitet gotovog rukavca. Specifičnosti postupka kovanja ukazuju na to da je sam proces veoma teško pratiti. Česta pojava je dobijanje otkivaka sa greškama. Najmanje negativne posljedice nastaju kada se otkriju greške prije obrade rezanjem. [2] S obzirom da se radi o velikim serijama izrade otkivaka teško je primijeniti neke složenije metode kontrole svakog otkivka. Najjednostavnija metoda kontrole kvaliteta otkivaka je vizuelna metoda. Ona otkriva nepravilnosti otkivaka, a primjeri grešaka koje se mogu otkriti vizuelnom metodom dati su na slici 2.

2.1. Errors in forgings As stated earlier, during the forging process, various oxides on the surface of the forging are formed. Oxides are created during the forging process and none of the procedures for their removal are completely effective. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly control the production of forgings and to eliminate various irregularities. Each occurrence of errors has multiple adverse effects on the process of fabrication of the wheel sleeves and on the quality of the finished sleeve. The specificities of the forging process indicate that the process itself is very difficult to follow. A common occurrence is getting forgings with errors. The least negative consequences occur when errors are detected before cutting. [2] Considering that it is a large series of forging production, it is difficult to apply some more complex methods of controlling each forging. The simplest method of controlling the quality of the forgings is the visual method. It reveals the irregularities of the forgings and examples of errors that can be detected by the visual method are given in Figure 2.


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Posljedice ovakvih grešaka se završavaju sa završetkom procesa kovanja. Sa aspekta ekonomičnosti, daleko veće posljedice ostavljaju greške koje se ne mogu detektovati vizuelnom kontrolom. Takve greške je moguće otkriti samo pomoću neke od metoda kontrole bez razaranja materijala (primjer ultrazvučna metoda), koje su same po sebi skuplje i dugotrajnije od vizuelne metode, a zahtijevaju i više vremena pa ih je u praksi teško provoditi uz primjenu na 100 %-tnom uzorku kontrole, već na manji broj dijelova, što daje pretpostavku da se i dijelovi sa greškama nađu u grupi „dobrih“ dijelova. Takvi dijelovi se dalje upućuju na sljedeći korak u proizvodnji rukavaca -obradu rezanjem. Pri zahvatu reznog klina i otkivka koji u sebi ima razne oksidne uključke obavezno dolazi do loma reznog klina alata. U ovom slučaju to je strugarski nož sa izmjenjivom tvrdom pločicom. Na slici 3 su prikazani dijelovi sa takvom greškom nakon zahvata uzdužnog struganja.

The consequences of such mistakes end with the completion of the forging process. From the aspect of economy, far greater consequences are left by errors that can not be detected by visual control. Such errors can only be detected by using some of the methods of control without the destruction of the materials (for example the ultrasonic method), which are themselves more expensive and longer lasting than the visual method, and require more time which is why in practice they are difficult to implement with application at a 100% control sample, but on a smaller number of parts, which gives the assumption that parts of the errors are in the group of "good" parts. Such parts are being sent to the next step in the production of sleeves-processing by cutting. While the cutting wedge cuts through the forging, which involves various oxide inclusions, the cutting wedge of the tool must get broken. In this case, there is a rotary knife with a removable hard board. Figure 3 shows parts with such error after the longitudinal scraping procedure.

Slika 2. Izgled otkivka sa greškama otkrivenim vizualnom metodom

Figure 2. The appearance of a forging with errors detected with the visual method

Slika 3. Izgled dijelova sa greškom nakon obrade struganjem

Figure 3. The appearance of parts with error after scraping processing


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Ako se pažljivo pogleda hrapavost površine zahvata prije nego što rezni klin dodirne uključak i nakon što je rezni klin došao u zahvat sa uključkom, može se zaključiti da je došlo do loma vrha reznog klina jer se i vizuelno uočavaju „brazde“ na dijelu površine nakon zahvata, što je posljedica loma reznog klina, odnosno, posljedica promjene geometrije reznog klina. Jedan ovakav obradak dovodi do zaustavljanja procesa obrade jer se navedeni dio obrađuje na CNC mašinama u automatiziranom odvijanju procesa, te je neophodno izvršiti zamjenu alata (sječiva rezne pločice ili postaviti drugu pločicu ako su oštećeni svi njeni vrhovi). 2.2. Postojanost reznog alata Jedna od primarnih karakteristika alata kod obrade rezanjem jeste njegova postojanost. Postojanost alata podrazumijeva vrijeme trajanja alata u procesu obrade rezanjem. Vrijeme trajanja alata je ukupno vrijeme koje alat provede neposredno u zahvatau sa materijalom, pri obradi rezanjem, pri čemu se dobija obrađena površina odgovarajućeg kvaliteta. Ovakve i slične definicije su veoma uopštene i teško ih je primijeniti za pojedine vrste alata za obradu rezanjem.[3] Imajući u vidu da postoji više vrsta reznog alata za obradu rezanjem, kako sa aspekta vrste materijala od kojeg je izrađen, tako i sa aspekta njegove namjene ne postoji neka univerzalna mjera za postojanost alata već se određuje za konkretan slučaj. U ovom primjeru riječ je o strugarskom nožu za uzdužno struganje sa izmjenjivim trougaonim i kvadratnim tvrdim pločicama. Proizvođač datih pločica je definisao postojanost istih za obradu navedenih otkovaka. Istraživanje je pokazalo da rezni dio noža kad dođe u dodir sa uključkom koji je obrađen u dijelu 1.1. ovog rada, obavezno pretrpi lomove i takva pločica je neuoptrebljiva (na dijelu koji je bio u zahvatu) te je potrebna njena zamjene ili, u najboljem slučaju njeno zaokretanje za 1200, odnosno 900, što dovodi do zaustavljanja procesa obrade rezanjem, i zahtijeva dodatno vrijeme za obavljanje potrebnih aktivnosti. Na slici 4. su prikazane neke od pločica koje su bile u zahvatu sa takvim otkovkom gdje se vidi izgled polomljene pločice. Od čega zavisi veličina loma pločice je teško utvrditi.

If one carefully looks at the roughness of the surface of the engagement before the cutting wedge touches the inclusion and after the cutting wedge has come in contact with the inclusion, it can be concluded that there was a break of the tip of the cutting wedge because of the visible "furrows" on the part of the surface after the procedure, which is a consequence of a breakage of the cutting wedge, that is, the consequence of the change in the geometry of the cutting wedge. One such procedure leads to the stopping of the machining process because the said part is machined on the CNC machines in the automated unfolding of the process, and it is necessary to replace the tool (cutting blades or install another tile if all its tips are damaged). 2.2. Consistency of cutting tools One of the primary characteristics of the tools in processing by cutting is its consistency. The consistency of the tool implies the duration of the tool in the cutting process. The duration of the tool is the total time that the tool carries out directly in the material handling, in cutting processing, whereby the processed surface of the appropriate quality is obtained Such and similar definitions are very general and difficult to apply to certain types of cutting tools.[3] Bearing in mind that there are several types of cutting tools for cutting processing, both from the aspect of the type of material from which it is made, and from the aspect of its purpose, there is no universal measure of tool consistency but is determined for the particular case. In this example, it is a cutting knife for longitudinal scraping with interchangeable triangular and square hard tiles. The manufacturer of these tiles has defined the consistency of them for the processing of the mentioned forgings. The research showed that the cutting part of the knife when it came into contact with the inclusion mentioned in section 1.1. of this paper must suffer fractures and such a tile is unattainable (on the part that was in the process), and its replacement is needed or, at best, its rotation for 1200 or 900, which leads to the stopping of the cutting process, and requires additional time to perform the necessary activities. In Figure 4, some of the tiles that were engaging with such a forging are shown, showing the appearance of the broken tile. What the size of the tile fracture depends on is difficult to determine.


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Slika 4. Izgled polomljenog vrha pločice

Figure 4. The appearance of the broken top of the tile 3. ANALIZA REZULTATA Upoređivanjem srednjih vrijednosti navedenih mehaničkih osobina otkovaka grupe A sa srednjim vrijednostima mehaničkih osobina iz grupe B, može se vidjeti da nisu velika međusobna odstupanja. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su rezni alati manje trajali kod obrade rezanjem otkovaka iz grupe B, što govori o tome da su male promjene hemijskog sastava dovele do stvaranja oksida na površini otkovka koji nepovoljnije utiču na postojanost alata. S obzirom da se radi o serijskoj proizvodnji, podaci o postojanosti alata su prikupljani sedam dana za četiri zahvata, dva su uzdužna obrada i dva zahvata za poprečnu obradu. U tabeli 4. date su preporučene vrijednosti postojanosti četiri alata A1, A2, A3 i A4. Navedene postojanosti su definisane kroz broj komada na kojima se izvodi dati zahvat. Na grafikonima 1, 2, 3 i 4 su prikazane dnevne potrošnje alata za obradu otkovaka iz grupe A i B. Vidi se da je dosta veća potrošnja alata iz grupe B iako je veoma mala razlika u hemijskom sastavu materijala. Analiza je rađena na osnovu ukupne istrošenosti alata, što podrazumijeva i habanje pri obradi otkovaka koji nemaju izražene nepravilnosti u vidu uključaka.

3. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS By comparing the mean values of the abovementioned mechanical characteristics of forgings from Group A with the mean values of the mechanical properties of forgings from Group B, it can be seen that there are not large mutual deviations. The research showed that the cutting tools were less lasting in the processing of cutting group B forgings, which suggests that small changes in the chemical composition led to the formation of oxides on the surface of the forgings that adversely affect the tool's consistency. Since this is a serial production, the data on the consistency of the tools were collected seven days for four operations, two are longitudinal processing and two for transversal processing. Table 4 gives the recommended values of the consistency of four tools A1, A2, A3 and A4. The mentioned consistency is defined by the number of pieces on which the procedure is performed. Charts 1, 2, 3, and 4 show the daily consumption of processing tools from group A and B forgings. It can be seen that there is a much higher consumption of tools from group B, although there is a very small difference in the chemical composition of the material. The analysis was based on the total utilization of the tools, which also implies the wear while processing forgings that do not have any irregularities in the form of inclusions.

Tabela 4. Preporučene vrijednosti postojanosti alata Table 4. Recommended value of tool consistency

Oznaka alata A1 A2 A3 A4 Postojanost [kom.] 6x100=6001 6x250=1500 6x150=900 8x100=8002

1 Šest vrhova pločice po 100 kom 2 Jedina kvadratna pločica


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Grafikon 1. Prikaz dnevne potrošnje alata A1 za obradu otkovaka

Chart 1. Displaying the daily consumption of the A1 tool for processing forgings Na grafikonu 2 je vidljivo da je drugi dan potrošnja alata pri obradi otkovaka iz grupe A manja od potrošnje alata za obradu otkovaka iz grupe B. To se desilo zato što se javio otkovak sa greškom koji je prouzrokovao lom dva vrha rezne pločice.

Chart 2 shows that the second day the consumption of tools for processing Group A forgings is less than the consumption of tools for processing group B forgings. This happened because a forging with a fault caused the fracture of two tops of the cutting tile.


Chart 2. Display of the daily consumption of the A2 tool for processing the forgings Na trećem grafikonu se vidi da je drugog dana bila ista potrošnja alata iz obje serije, i tog dana došlo je do pojave otkovka sa greškom.

The third chart shows that in the second day the consumption of tools from both series was the same, and on that day there was an error with the forging.


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Chart 3. Display of the daily consumption of the A3 tool for processing the forgings


Chart 4. Display of the daily consumption of the A4 tool for processing the forgings Da bi se odredilo iskorištenje alata, mora se uzeti neka relevantna vrijednost koja neće zavisiti od broja komada. Zato je neophodno uzeti procentualno iskorištenje alata koje se računa na osnovu formule 1, gdje su:

- PI -procenat iskorištenja alata, - NO1 -broj obrađenih komada alatom A1, - NPO1 -broj komada koje bi trebalo obraditi

po preporuci proizvođača sa alatom A1 (Tabela 4),

- nA-Broj alata utrošenog za izvođenje date operacije.

Dobijeni rezultati procenta iskorištenja alata dati su u tabeli 5.

In order to determine the use of the tools, some relevant value must be taken that will not depend on the number of pieces. It is therefore necessary to take the percentage of the utilization of the tools calculated on the basis of formula 1, where: - PI -percentage of tool utilization, - NO1 - number of processed pieces with tool A1, - NPO1 - the number of pieces to be processed

according to the manufacturer's recommendation with the A1 tool (Table 4),

- nA- Number of tools used to perform the given operation.

The obtained results of the percentage of tool utilization are given in Table 5.


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∗ ∗ 100% (1)

Tabela 5. Procentualno iskorištenje alata Table 5. Percentage of tool utilization

Alat A1 A2 A3 A4 % iskorištenja 91,60 102,79 132,08 94, 77

Na grafikonu 5 je prikazano procentualno iskorištenje alata u posmatranom periodu od sedam dana.

From Table 5, it can be seen that the percentage of tool utilization is relatively large. The reasons for this should be in two facts. First, the toolmakers with their recommendations in some way guarantee the quality of their cutting tool tiles and, secondly, the material of the forgings and the quality of the finished forging are subject to more stringent controls. It is often possible that a complete series of delivered forgings is returned if it is determined that they are not of the appropriate quality observed by the chemical composition and from the aspect of unwanted inclusions in the forging itself. Chart 5 shows the percentage utilization of tools in the observed seven-day period.

Grafikon 5. Procentualno iskorištenje alata

Chart 5. Percentage of tool utilization 4. ZAKLJUČAK Hemijski sastav čelika otkovaka kao pripremka za izradu rukavca točkova motornih vozila igra važnu ulogu za postojanost reznog alata. Iz naprijed navedenog vidi se da vrlo mala promjena procenta nekih elementa (samo za 0,01 %), uslovljava relativno veliku razliku u postojanosti alata.

4. CONCLUSION The chemical composition of steel for forgings as a preparation for the manufacture of wheel sleeves plays an important role for the consistency of the cutting tool. From the above, it can be seen that a very small change in the percentage of some elements (only 0.01%) causes a relatively large difference in the tool's consistency.

Iz tabele 5, vidi se da je procenat iskorištenja alata relativno veliki. Razloge toga treba tražiti u dvije činjenice. Prvo, proizvođači alata svojim preporukama na neki način garantuju za kvalitet pločica reznog alata i drugo, materijal otkovka kao i kvalitet gotovog otkovka podliježe strožijim kontrolama. Često se zna dogoditi da se vrati kompletna serija isporučenih otkovaka ako se utvrdi da nisu odgovarajućeg kvaliteta posmatranog po hemijskom sastavu i sa aspekta neželjenih uključaka u samom otkovku.


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Pokazalo se da se obavezno lomi rezni klin ako dođe u zahvat sa uključkom u otkovku. Eksperiment je izvođen neposredno u samom procesu proizvodnje na CNC mašinama u stvarnom okruženju. Relevantniji podaci bi se dobili kada bi se ispitivanje izvodilo u laboratorijama. Također, precizniji podaci o postojanosti alata u funkciji promjene procenta nekog od elementa mogli bi da se dobiju ako bi se kontrolisano mijenjao procenat samo jednog elementa, što ovdje nije slučaj, već su istovremeno mijenjani procenti više različitih elemenata. Validan naučni pristup bi bio primjena metodologije planiranog eksperimenta.

It turned out that the cutting wedge is bound to break if it comes in contact with the inclusion in the forging. The experiment was performed directly in the production process on CNC machines in the real environment. More relevant data would be obtained if testing was carried out in laboratories. Also, more precise data on the consistency of the tool in function of the change of the percentage of an element could be obtained if the percentage of only one element is changed, which is not the case here, since at the same time the percentages of several different elements are changed. A proper scientific approach would be an application of methodology of the planned experiment.

5. REFERENCES [1] Musafija, B.; Obrada metala plastičnom

deformacijom-četvrto izdanje, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1979

[2] Kerin, Z.; Plitko gravurno kovanje s aspekta mikrooblikovanja,-doktorski rad, Sveučilište u Zagrebu fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Zagreb, 2010.

[3] Verlinden B., Driver J., Samajdar I., Doherty R.: Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Metallic Materials, 11, ELSEVIER, June 2007.

[4] K. Bond, Microforming Processes - Fundamental Studies and Developments, Northwestern University, Evanson, 2008.

[5] X. Lu, R. Balendra, Finite element

simulation for die-cavity compensation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2001.

Coresponding autor: Sejfo Papić, Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Pedagoški fakultet Email: [email protected]

Mašinstvo 3-4(16), 63 – 75, (2019) M. Oruč et al.: FRACTURE OF METALLIC PARTS

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LOMOVI METALNIH DIJELOVA

FRACTURES OF METALLIC PARTS

Mirsada Oruč1, Raza Sunulahpašić2, Mustafa Hadžalić3

1,2Metalurško-tehnološki fakultet, Univerzitet u Zenici 3Institut“ Kemal Kapetanović“, Univerzitet u Zenici Ključne riječi: lomovi, vrste lomova, uzroci i ispitivanje lomova Key words: fractures, types of fractures, causes and fracture testing Paper received: 10.09.2019. Paper accepteded: 14.11.2019.

Pregledni rad REZIME Lom nekog dijela ili elementa konstrukcije se može definisti i kao makroskopsko razdvajanje materijala koje dovodi do gubitka nosivosti čvrstog tijela. Lom je krajnji rezultat plastične deformacije i nastaje kada se iscrpi sva mogućnost materijala u pogledu elastične i plastične deformacije. To je najgori slučaj inženjerske prakse, jer može imati velike posljedice za ljude i okolinu. Istraživanje lomova i njihovih uzroka počelo je s mnogobrojnim katastrofalnim lomovima koji su prouzrokovali osim materijalnih šteta i gubitak ljudskih života. Ta istraživanja traju već godinama ali i pored velikih saznanja mnogi uzroci lomova nisu ni do danas u potpunosti utvrđeni. Radi toga istraživanja su dovela do razvoja novih metoda i novih postupaka ispitivanja u uslovima sličnim uslovima eksploatacije a u cilju svođenja lomova na najmanju mjeru, pogotovo onih iznenadnih i neočekivanih. U ovome radu daće se kratki pregled vrsta lomova, ispitivanja lomova i mogućih uzroka lomova metalnih dijelova u toku eksploatacije.

Subject review SUMMARY The fracture of a part or element of a construction can also be defined as a macroscopic separation of the material that leads to the loss of a solid body load. The fracture is the end result of plastic deformation and occurs when all the potential of the material in terms of elastic and plastic deformation is exhausted. This is the worst case of engineering practices, as it can have great consequences for people and the environment. The study of fractures and their causes began with numerous disastrous failures that caused apart from material damage and loss of human lives. These studies have been going on for years, but despite great knowledge, many of the causes of fractures have not been fully established till now. For this reason, research has led to the development of new methods and new testing procedures in conditions similar to exploitation conditions in order to minimize fracture, especially those sudden and unexpected. In this paper, a brief overview of the types of fractures, fracture testing and possible causes of fractures of metal parts during exploitation will be presented.

1. UVOD Lomovi su se počeli intenzivno istraživati nakon katastrofa i lomova nekih velikih konstrukcija u prvoj polovini XX vijeka. Rezultati tih istraživanja omogućili su izradu i korištenje prilično sigurnih konstrukcija i prevoznih sredstava. Lom u stvari nastaje kada opterećenje nadvlada kohezivne sile čestica materije. Na mjestima lomova nastaju nove slobodne površine s razdvojenim vezama između čestica. Uzroci povećanja naprezanja do prekida veza mogu biti različiti. Fizički uzrok loma je djelovanje naprezanja koje zajedno s uticajem sredine razara atomsku i/ili

1. INTRODUCTION Fractures began to be intensively explored after disasters and fractures of some large structures in the first half of the 20th century. The results of this research enabled the development and use of fairly safe structures and means of transport. Fracture actually occurs when the load overcome cohesive forces of particles of matter. Fractures result with new free area that separates connections between particles. The causes of increasing stress to break the connection may be different. The physical cause of the fracture is the stress, which together with the influence of the environment destroys the atomic and / or


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molekularnu vezu, te na taj način formira slobodnu površinu. Lomovima materijala bavi se i posebna grana nauke, Mehanika loma. Velika primjena metala kao konstrukcionog materijala pripisuje se prvenstveno vrlo povoljnim mehaničkim svojstvima koja se određuju putem određenih mehaničkih ispitivanja. Tokom eksploatacije konstrukcije dešavaju se nepoželjni lomovi konstrukcija. Do loma konstrukcije dolazi onda kada je materijal konstrukcije izložen opterećenjima koje ne može izdržati. Veličina tih opterećenja zavisi od vrste naprezanja te o tipu i stepenu promjenljivosti naprezanja. U praksi su češći lomovi nastali uslijed promjenljivih opterećenja u odnosu na statičke lomove. Opterećenja koja izazivaju dinamički lom znatno su manja od napona tečenja. Lom koji nastaje promjenljivim, tj. dinamičkim opterećenjima posljedica je pojave koja se naziva zamor ili zamaranje materijala. Razlozi otkazivanja nosivosti materijalnog medija (osnovnog materijala ili zavara) uslijed učestalog promjenjivog opterećenja privlače pažnju konstruktora i metalurga već više od 150 godina [1]. Čelični livovi, bijeli tvrdi liv, sivi liv, nodularni (žilavi) liv, temper (kovni) liv spadaju u skupinu željeznih livova, dok pod konstrukcione materijale se svrstavaju opšti konstrukcioni čelici, čelici povišene čvrstoće, ultračvrsti čelici, čelici za cementiranje, čelici za poboljšanje, čelici za opruge, koroziono postojani čelici, vatrootporni čelici [1]. Vrlo je velika primjena navedenih materijala u funkcionalnim konstru-kcijama, kao što su brodovi, automobili, vozovi, tramvaji, vjetroagregati i sl. (slika 1.). Gotovo se ne može ni zamisliti konstrukcija čiji sastavni materijali nisu metalni materijali.

molecular bond, thus forming a free surface. The special branch of science deals with the fracture of materials, Fracture Mechanics. Wide application of metals as structural materials is attributed primarily to the very favorable mechanical properties which are determined by specific mechanical tests. During the exploitation of the construction, undesirable fracture may occur. Fracture of the structure occurs when the material is exposed to loads that it cannot withstand. The size of these loads depends on the type of stress and the type and degree of variability of stress. In practice, there are higher number of fractures resulting from dynamic loads compared to fractures resulting from static loads. Loads that cause dynamic fracture are considerably less than the yield stress. Fracture resulting from changeable, ie dynamic loads is a consequence of a phenomenon called fatigue or material fatigue. The reasons for the failure of the construction material (basic material or welding) due to the dynamic load attract the attention of the constructors and the metallurgists for more than 150 years [1]. Steel castings, white cast iron, gray cast iron, ductile cast iron, malleable cast iron belong to a group of iron based castings, while general construction steels, high strength steels, ultra strength steels, case hardening steels, steels for quenching and tempering, spring steel, stainless steels, heat resistant steels are classified as construction materials [1]. There is a very large scale of application of above mentioned materials in the different constructions, such as boats, cars, trains, trams, turbines, etc. (Figure 1).

Slika 1. Primjeri primjene metalnih materijala [1]

Figure 1. Examples of the application of metallic materials [1] A sve ove slikom prikazane konstrukcije i mnoge druge ne prikazane izložene su vremenski promjenjivim nivoima opterećenja, tj. naprezanja. Na primjer, brodovi su izloženi vremenski promjenljivim nivoima opterećenja uslijed: talasnih opterećenja, sila inercije

It is almost impossible to imagine constructions whose integral materials are not metallic materials. And all of these metallic structures are exposed to time-varying loads, i.e. stresses. For example, ships are exposed to time-varying loads due to: wave loads, inertia force induced


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izazvanih ubrzanjem broda te dinamičkih opterećenja. Ispitivanja materijala se vrše i u svim slučajevima otkazivanja materijala u eksploataciji radi utvrđivanja njegovog uzroka. Zamjena havarisanog dijela mašine ili konstrukcije mora se bazirati na upotrebi dobro ispitanog materijala, respektujući pri izboru novog materijala, po mogućnosti, eventualno utvrđeni razlog otkazivanja. Pri zamjeni treba isključiti svako naknadno tretiranje materijala poslije ispitivanja, kao npr. savijanje, smanjivanje debljine, navarivanje, mjestimično zagrijavanje i sl. u cilju podešavanja dijela za primjenu (to se često dešava upravo u održavanju). Sva ova tretiranja mogu da cijelom komadu ili na njegovim pojedinim mjestima dovedu do promjene svojstava, odnosno najčešće do njihovih pogoršanja, što stvara još veći rizik da zamijenjeni dio neće izdržati ni približno onoliko kao original. Međutim, obimna ispitivanja vrše se pri razvijanju novih materijala ili tehnologija ili u slučaju potreba proširenja mjesta primjene postojećih materijala. Sakupljani rezultati ispitivanja kroz duži vremenski period služe kao osnova za standardizaciju kvaliteta materijala [2]. 2. ISPITIVANJE METALNIH MATERIJALA Ispitivanje materijala se vrši ne samo radi određivanja svojstava prilikom proizvodnje ili upotrebe već i u cilju poboljšavanja svojstava kako bi se dobili materijali za nove proizvode, odnosno nova područja primjene. Svakodnevni tehnološki razvoj prati uvođenje novih i usavršavanje postojećih metoda i postupaka ispitivanja materijala. Osnovni zadaci ispitivanja materijala su slijedeći [3]: - određivanje pogodnih veličina za

karakterizaciju svojstava materijala i njihovo kvantitativno izražavanje u obliku upotrebljivih karakteristika,

- kontinuirana i široka automatizirana kontrola promjena svojstava materijala koje nastaju kod proizvodnje, prerade i obrade materijala s otkrivanjem mogućih grešaka materijala,

- periodična kontrola stanja materijala nakon određenog vremena eksploatacije,

- istraživanje slučajeva raznih oštećenja i uzroka lomova mašinskih dijelova u eksploataciji,

- razvoj novih materijala. Na osnovu nekih mehaničkih i tehnoloških svojstava materijala utvrđuju se tehnološki parametri u proizvodnji. Uz ova svojstva dodaju

by movement and acceleration of the ship and dynamic loads. Material testing is carried out in all cases of failure of materials in service to determine its cause. Replacement of a failure part of the machine or construction must be based on the use of well-tested material, and if possible taking into account the cause of failure in new material selection. When replacing metallic parts, any subsequent treatment of the material after the test should be avoided, such as, for example, warping, reduction of thickness, weld-ons, spot heating etc. in order to adjust the part for application (this often happens during maintenance). All these treatments can lead to a change in properties, or most often to their deterioration, throughout the whole piece or in its particular places, which creates even greater risk that the replaced part will not withstand as much as the original. However, extensive tests are carried out in developing new materials or technology or in case of expansion of the application of existing materials. Test results collected over a longer period of time serve as the basis for standardization of quality of the materials [2]. 2. TESTING OF METALLIC MATERIALS Material testing is done not only to determine the properties during the production or use, but also to improve the properties in order to get materials for new products and new application areas. Everyday technological development follows the introduction of new and improvement of existing methods and procedures of materials testing. The main tasks of the materials testing are as follows [3]: - Determination of suitable size for

characterizing material properties and their quantitative expression as a useful feature,

- Continuous and wide automated control of material property changes that occur in the production, processing and treatment of materials by detecting possible defects in material,

- Periodic control of the material after a certain period of exploitation,

- Research of various examples of damage and causes of fractures of machine parts in exploitation,

- Development of new materials. Based on some mechanical and technological properties of materials specific parameters in production are determined. Besides mechanical and technological properties, also exploitation, ie. service properties, then the physical and


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se još i eksploataciona, tj upotrebna svojstva, zatim fizička i hemijska svojstva, koja uglavnom određuju područje primjene. U osnovna svojstva i za potrebe inžinjera najvažnija su mehanička svojstva materijala: čvrstoća, napon tečenja, modul elastičnosti, izduženje, žilavost, tvrdoća, dinamička izdržljivost. Mehanička karakteristika ili svojstvo materijala predstavlja mjerljivu veličinu materijala, koja se može brojčano odrediti pomoću standardizovanih metoda ispitivanja, npr. zatezna čvrstoća nekog čelika i sl. Tehnološka svojstva materijala pokazuju njegovu sposobnost za obradu različitim postupcima kao što je: livkost, deformabilnost u vrućem ili hladnom stanju, zavarivost, sabijanje, savijanje, duboko izvlačenje itd. uz obavezno opisno ocjenjivanje-zadovoljava ili ne zadovoljava. Hemijska svojstva su hemijski sastav materijala i otpornost na koroziju, dok fizička svojstva predstavljaju cijelu grupu svojstava kao što su električna, magnetna, toplotna, optička itd. Eksploataciona svojstva pokazuju otpornost materijala pri njegovoj upotrebi (npr. otpornost na trošenje). Za većinu mehanički opterećenih konstrukcija vrlo je važno osigurati kombinaciju dovoljne čvrstoće i žilavosti. Naime, praksa pokazuje da veliki broj lomova nastaje zbog nemogućnosti razgradnje naprezanja putem plastične deformacije. Dakle, pojam žilavosti je usko povezan s pojmom trajne (plastične) deformacije i pojavom loma. Površina ispod - krivulje pokazuje koliko je energije potrebno za deformaciju i lom materijala u uslovima statičkog zateznog opterećenja (slika 2.). 3. VRSTE LOMOVA Podjela lomova može biti različita a najčešća je podjela lomova koja uzima u obzir uslove opterećenja i tada se lomovi dijele na [2]: - trenutni lom i to: lom sa deformacijom i lom

bez deformacije, - trajni lom i to: lom uslijed puzanja i lom

uslijed zamaranja. Prema prisutnosti odnosno odsutnosti plastične deformacije u neposrednoj blizini loma razlikuju se krti i duktilni lom (slika 3.a i 3.b), odnosno materijali se dijele na krte i duktilne (žilave). Između krtog i žilavog loma nije moguće povući neku oštru granicu obzirom da u svim vrstama lomova postoji izvjesna plastična deformacija.

chemical properties, which mainly determine the area of application should be taken in consideration. The basic properties of the materials (mostly used by engineers) are mechanical properties of materials: strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation, toughness, hardness, and fatigue strength. Mechanical characteristic or property of the material represents the measurable quantity of the material, which can be numerically determined using standardized test method, for example the tensile strength of a steel, etc. Technological properties of materials exhibit their ability for processing using different methods such as: castability, deformability in the hot or cold state, weldability, compression, bending, deep drawing, etc. with the mandatory descriptive assessment-satisfies or fail. Chemical properties are chemical composition of materials and corrosion resistance, while physical properties represent an entire set of properties such as electrical, magnetic, thermal, optical, etc. Exploitation properties show the resistance of the material in its use (eg. wear resistance). For most mechanically loaded structures it is very important to ensure a combination of sufficient strength and toughness. Namely, practice shows that a large number of fractures arise due to the inability to compensate the stress through plastic deformation. Thus, the phenomena of toughness are closely connected with the phenomena of permanent (plastic) deformation and the appearance of fracture. The area below the - curve shows how much energy is required for deformation and material fracture under static tensile stress conditions (Figure 2). 3. TYPES OF FRACTURES Different types of the material fractures based on load conditions can be classified as follows,[2]: - the forced fracture: the fracture with or

without deformation, - the permanent fracture: the fracture due to

creep and fracture due to fatigue. According to the presence or absence of plastic deformation in the vicinity of the fracture the fracture can be divided to brittle and ductile (Figure 3a and 3b), or materials are divided to brittle and ductile. Between brittle and ductile fracture is not possible to draw a sharp boundary considering that in all kinds of fractures there is a certain plastic deformation.


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Slika 2.Shematski prikaz ispitivanja zatezanjem za krte i žilave materijale [4]

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of tensile tests for brittle and ductile materials [4]

a) b)

Slika 3. Izgled duktilnog loma poslije ispitivanja zatezanjem (a), izgled krtog loma posije ispitivanja zatezanjem (b) [5]

Figure 3. Ductile fracture after the tensile test (a), brittle fracture after the tensile test (b) [5]

To ukazuje na činjenicu da praktično nema čisto krtog loma i da bi se lom ovog tipa preciznije mogao nazvati kvazi-krti lom [3]. Žilavi lom se karakteriše intenzivnom plastičnom deformacijom u svim etapama loma i nastaje pri naponu znatno iznad napona tečenja. Za žilavi lom nije potrebno uvijek da nastane i propagira pukotina. Do loma lako dovode procesi plastične deformacije. Žilavi lomovi su transkristalni jer se pukotina kreće kroz kristalna zrna. Pojava krtog loma vezana je kako za strukturnu građu metala, tako i za eksploatacione uslove, prvenstveno radnu temperaturu, brzinu nanošenja opterećenja i postojanja ili odsustvo zareza. Osnovna razlika između žilavog i krtog loma je što kod žilavog loma pri rasprostiranju centralne pukotine mora postojati znatna plastična deformacija dok kod krtog loma prostiranje pukotine nije uslovljeno plastičnom deformacijom. Krti lom se javlja, po pravilu, u unutrašnjosti kristala, a širi se duž proste kristalografske ravni pojedinih zrna polikristala

That means that there is practically no clear brittle fracture and that the fracture of this type could be more precisely called quasi-brittle fracture [3]. Ductile fracture is characterized by severe plastic deformation in all stages of the fracture and it occurs at a stress significantly above the yield stress. Initiation and crack propagation is not always necessary for ductile fracture. Ductile fracture can easily starts due to plastic deformation processes. Ductile fractures are transgranular because crack moves through the crystal grains. The occurrence of brittle fracture is linked to the structure of metallic metal materials, and the exploitation conditions such as the operating temperature, the rate of application of the load and the existence or the absence of a notch. The main difference between ductile and brittle fracture is that ductile fracture crack propagation is a followed by significant plastic deformation while the crack propagation of a brittle fracture is not followed by plastic deformation. Brittle


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koja se naziva ravan loma. Sniženjem radne temperature krti lom, kao vrlo složen proces, uglavnom nastaje po granicama metalnog zrna, kada se govori o interkristalnom lomu, iako zavisno od strukturnih karakteristika može nastati lom po samim kristalima kada se govori o transkristalnom lomu. Sličan efekat, kao sniženje temperature, ima i povećanje brzine deformacije, tako se pri nekoj kritičnoj brzini deformacije javlja samo krti lom. Prikaz interkristalnog i transkristalnog krtog loma pri posmatranju na transmisionom elektronskom mikroskopu dat je na slici 4.

fracture occurs, as a rule, in the interior of the crystal and extends along the crystallographic free level of individual grains of polycrystal called the plane of fracture. By lowering the operating temperature brittle fracture, as a very complex process, generally follows grain boundaries, which is referring to as an intercrystalline fracture, although depending on the structural properties it can be formed by a single crystal fracture which is then referred to as a transgranular fracture. A similar effect, as a decrease in temperature, has an increase of deformation rate, so at some critical strain rate only a brittle fracture occurs. Figure 4. presents the intergranular and transgranular brittle fracture (transmission electron microscope).

a) b)

Slika 4. Interkristalni krti lom, čelik 4340 (a) i transkristalni krti lom, legura Alnico (b), TEM-replike [5]

Figure 4. Intergranular Fracture, Steel 4340 (a) and Transgranular Fracture, Alnico (b) alloy, TEM-Replica [5]

Poznato je da u praksi od 80% do 90 % lomova nastaje uslijed zamaranja. U eksploataciji mašina i uređaja je ustanovljeno da se izvjesni dijelovi, iako su statički pravilno proračunati, lome poslije izvjesnog vremena, ranije ili kasnije, zavisno od veličine dinamičkih naprezanja. Prema izgledu površine loma uslijed zamaranja, odnosno prema odnosu površine zone loma uslijed zamaranja i zone nasilnog loma (prema njihovom obliku i mjestu), mogu se pretpostaviti vrste i veličine naprezanja koje su izazvale lom. Shematski prikaz loma usljed zamaranja dat je na slici 5. Sa slike se vidi da lom počinje uglavnom na defektima na ili blizu površine (uključci, pukotine i sl.) i prostire se stepenasto linijama odmaranja dok ne zauzme više od polovine površine kada se završava nasilnim

It is known that in practice from 80% to 90% of fractures occur due to fatigue. In the exploitation of machines and devices it has been found that certain parts, even though they are statically correctly calculated, break after a certain time, earlier or later, depending on the amount of dynamic stresses. According to the appearance of the fracture surface due to fatigue, that is, according to the ratio of the fatigue fracture surface and the forced fracture surface (according to their shape and location), the types and quantities of stresses that caused the fracture can be assumed. The schematic representation of fracture due to fatigue is given in Figure 5. The figure shows that the fracture begins mainly on defects on or near the surface (inclusions, cracks, etc.) and extends stepwise with the resting lines until it


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lomom. Taj proces se odvija brzo i iznenada a zavisi od veličine i vrste promjenljivog opterećenja kojem je dio izložen te od vrste materijala, okoline i temperature. Površine zamornog loma su glatke a nasilni lom je uglavnom krti ili kombinacija oba tipa loma.

occupies more than half the surface when it ends with forced fracture. This process takes place quickly and suddenly and depends on the size and type of the variable load to which the part is exposed and the type of material, environment and temperature. The fatigue fracture surfaces are smooth and forced fracture is mainly a brittle fracture or a combination of both brittle and ductile fractures.

Slika 5. Shematski prikaz površine loma usljed zamaranja

Figure 4. Schematic representation of a fatigue fracture surface Najrealnija objašnjenja mehanizma procesa zamaranja su ona koja se daju uz posmatranje makropojava i promjena u mikrostrukturi. Pri tome se uvijek polazi od pretpostavke o postojanju inicijalnih pukotina u realnim metalima u koje se mogu uvrstiti svi diskontinuiteti mikrostrukture. Pod djelovanjem vanjskog opterećenja nastaju nakon nekoliko hiljada ili stotina hiljada ciklusa linije klizanja, što je znak da se izvršila lokalna plastična deformacija u kristalima koji se nalaze na vrhu inicijalne pukotine odnosno greške u materijalu. Inicijalne pukotine uvijek nastaju na slobodnoj površini i reda su veličine 10 do 100 nm. Žarište budućeg loma može biti bilo kakvo površinsko oštećenje, tvrdi nemetalni uključak ispod površine ili neki drugi diskontinuitet u materijalu. Lom elementa konstrukcije izloženog promjenljivom opterećenju teško je predvidjeti, jer je on posljedica postepenog oštećivanja materijala, a nastaje tek kad naprezanje u preostalom dijelu presjeka postigne vrijednost njegove zatezne čvrstoće [3]. Puzanje predstavlja laganu plastičnu deformaciju metala, koji se tokom dužeg vremena nalazi pod dejstvom konstantnog statičkog opterećenja ili opterećenja koje se sporo mijenja i koje je manje od napona tečenja

The most realistic explanations of the fatigue process mechanism are the one that are provided with observation of macro-phenomena and changes in the microstructure. In doing so, the existence of initial cracks is always assumed in real metals (all discontinuities of the microstructure). Under the influence of an external load, after several thousand or hundreds of thousands of working cycles, slipping lines arise which is a sign of the local plastic deformation in crystals located at the top of the initial cracks or defects in material. Initial cracks always occur on the free surface and are of the order of 10 to 100 nm. The initial point of future fracture can be any surface damage, hard nonmetallic inclusions below the surface or other discontinuities in the material. Fracture of an element exposed to variable load is very hard to predict, because it is a consequence of the gradual damage of the material, and occurs only when the stress in the rest of the section reaches a value of its tensile strength [3]. Creep is a slow plastic deformation of metal, which is over time subjected to constant static loads or loads that are slowly changing and which is less than the yield stress, at elevated temperature. For soluble metals, such as lead and tin, creep is a serious problem in


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i to pri povišenoj temperturi. Za lakotopive metale, slične olovu i kalaju, puzanje predstavlja ozbiljan problem pri njihovoj eksploataciji čak i pri sobnoj temperaturi; u drugim slučajevima taj proces predstavlja bitan problem tek pri povišenim temperaturama. Temperatura puzanja kod metalnih materijala praktično je jednaka temperaturi rekristalizacije. Pri određivanju pogodnosti metala u uslovima visokih temperatura i većih naprezanja (npr. dijelova gasnih turbina i reaktivnih motora) otpornost metala puzanju je svojstvo prvostepene važnosti. Ono je odlučujuće za ocjenu ponašanja materijala, proračun i za njihov izbor za datu namjenu u uslovima eksploatacije. Važno je naglasiti da se lom uslijed puzanja pri pritisnom opterećenju ne događa, a brzina puzanja se smanjuje tako brzo da primjetno razvijanje plastične deformacije ubrzo prestaje. Prema tome, puzanje pri sabijanju predstavlja ozbiljan problem samo u tim slučajevima kada je neophodno održati sasvim tačne dimenzije komada. Obrnuto je kod zatezanja jer deformacija pri zatezanju izaziva smanjenje poprečnog presjeka, što slabi efekat ojačavanja. U tom slučaju lom uslijed puzanja predstavlja običnu pojavu i suprotstavljanje puzanju u uslovima zateznog opterećenja često se mora uzeti kao osnovni zadatak pri projektovanju mašina i konstrukcija. Zbog toga su sva razmatranja u vezi puzanja vezana za djelovanje zateznog opterećenja. Izgled oštećenja puzanjem koji završava lomom dat je na slici 6.

exploitation even at room temperature; in other cases, this process is an important problem only at elevated temperatures. Creep temperature in metallic materials is practically equal to the temperature of recrystallization. In determining the suitability of metals under conditions of high temperatures and higher stresses (e.g., components of gas turbines and jet engines) creep resistance is a property of primary importance. It is crucial for the assessment of the behavior of materials for a given purpose in service conditions. It is important to emphasize that the creep fracture under compressive load does not happen, and the creep rate is reduced so quickly that the noticeable development of plastic deformation soon ceases. Therefore, creep under compression is a serious problem only in those cases when it is necessary to maintain very accurate dimensions of the component. The creep under the tensile stresses is different, because the tension causes a decrease in cross-section, which weakens the effect of reinforcement. In this case, fracture due to creep represents an ordinary occurrence and preventing of creep in case of tensile load often has to be taken as the basic task in the design of machines and structures. Therefore, all considerations regarding creep are linked to the operation of components under the tension load. Appearance of creep damage ending with fracture is shown in Figure 6.

Slika 6. Razvoj oštećenja puzanjem [6]

Figure 6. Development of creep damage [6]


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4. UZROCI I ISPITIVANJE LOMOVA Najčešći uzorci lomova koji se sreću u upotrebi [4] su: pretjerano habanje, erozija, korozija, pretjerana elastična deformacija, pretjerana plastična deformacija ili tečenje, pukotine, udarna i zamorna opterećenja, neodgovarajuća mikrostruktura, nepravilni oblik konstrukcije, neodgovarajuće održavanje, pogrešna primjena itd. Važno je napomenuti da greške u materijalu mogu i najčešće uzrokuju lomove te da se prije izrade dijelova konstrukcija ili postrojenja materijali moraju ispitati da li odgovaraju traženom kvalitetu nekom od metoda bez razaranja (magnetna, radigrafska, ultrazvučna itd.). 4.1. Ispitivanje lomova Koraci koji su neophodni u metodologiji izvođenja analize otkaza, odnosno loma nekog sistema zavise od vrste otkaza. Analiza loma bavi se određivanjem uzroka otkaza, u opštem smislu, odnosno loma dijelova ili komponenti metala, kao najopasnije vrste otkaza. Analiza loma može biti definisana kao ispitivanje polomljenih komponenti i trenutka loma da bi se odredili uzroci loma. Svrha analize loma je definisanje mehanizma i uzroka loma i obično je ovo neophodno radi predupređivanja takvih pojava u sličnim konstrukcijama. Određivanje krtog ponašanja materijala (kao najopasnijeg) pri lomu vrši se ispitivanjem žilavosti udarnim savijanjem epruveta sa zarezom (BAS EN 10045-1). Vrijednosti udarne žilavosti pri raznim postupcima ispitivanja su različite i one zbog toga ne mogu biti konstante materijala, već samo njegove karakteristike. To također važi i za prelaznu temperaturu, jer za sve postupke ispitivanja nije moguće definisati zajedničku prelaznu temperaturu.Veliki broj katastrofalnih oštećenja i krtih lomova u eksploataciji javljao se na elastičnom nivou napona. Zato je trebalo definisati laboratorijsko ispitivanje sa pojavom loma u elastičnom području i na osnovu njega bliže odrediti sigurnost materijala i konstrukcija te definisati zajedničku prelaznu temperaturu. Da bi se objasnila oštećenja i lomovi, prouzrokovani krtim lomom postavilo se pitanje, pod kojim uslovima se na dijelu od određenog materijala, koji pri ispitivanju na zatezanje ima povoljne karakteristike plastičnosti, pojavi krti lom. Na osnovu ovog pitanja razvijena je teorija mehanike loma, naročito na osnovu proučavanja iznenadnih i momentalnih lomova konstrukcija izrađenih od materijala za koje se smatralo da su

4. CAUSES AND TESTING OF THE FRACTURES The most common patterns of fracture encountered in use [4] are: excessive wear, flow, crack, impact and fatigue loading, erosion, corrosion, excessive elastic deformation, excessive plastic deformation or inappropriate microstructure, inadequate design, inadequate maintenance, misapplication, etc. It is noteworthy that defects in material can and usually do cause fractures and that before making structural components materials must be tested if they match the required quality using some methods of non-destructive testing (magnetic, radiographic, ultrasound, etc.). 4.1. Fracture testing The steps that are necessary in the methodology of performing a failure analysis, or failure of a system, depend on the type of failure. Failure analysis deals with the determination of causes of failure, in general, or fracture of parts or components of metals. The fracture analysis can be defined as the examination of the fractured components and the fracture moment to determine the causes of the fracture. The purpose of the fracture analysis is to define the mechanism and the cause of the fracture, and this is usually necessary to prevent such occurrences in similar structures. Determination of the brittle behavior of the material (as the most dangerous) in fracture is performed by testing the toughness with bending by a blow of notched test piece (BAS EN 10045-1). The values of impact toughness in different test procedures are different, and therefore they can not be constants of the material, but only its characteristics. This also applies to the transient temperature, since it is not possible to define a common transient temperature for all test procedures. A large number of catastrophic damage and brittle fracture in exploitation appeared in the region of the elastic stresses. Therefore, it was necessary to define a laboratory examination with fracture in the elastic region and based on it more closely determine the safety of materials and structures and define the common transient temperature. In order to explain the damage and breakage, caused by brittle fracture the main question was, under what conditions brittle fracture will appear on the parts of certain materials, which have favorable characteristics of plasticity when tested in tension. On the basis of this issue the theory of fracture mechanics was developed,


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se slomile pri opterećenju koje je bilo suviše nisko da prouzrokuje plastičnu deformaciju. Mehanika loma predstavlja primjenu zakona mehanike na rast pukotine. Polazna tačka je činjenica da nema idealnih materijala bez grešaka, tj. pretpostavlja se da u svakom materijalu postoji pukotina i vrše se teoretske i praktične analize uslova za njeno širenje kroz materijal. Osnovno je odrediti naprezanje pri kojem pukotina postaje nestabilna i počinje se širiti. Mehanika loma je na prijelazu od čistog krtog loma ka kvazi-krtom (žilavo-krtom) lomu morala da proučava ne samo fenomen loma, već i deformaciju koja prethodi lomu. U slučaju čisto krtog loma deformacija je samo elastična, energija se troši na razvoj pukotine do njene kritične dužine, dok se lom odvija bez dodatnog utroška energije. U slučaju žilavo-krtog i žilavog loma znatna energija se troši za razvoj plastične deformacije, koja prethodi lomu i koja se razvija u procesu loma. Istraživanja su pokazala da su kod komponenti prisutne greške tipa pukotine i značajna koncentracija naprezanja, a u nekim slučajevima i unutrašnja naprezanja, zaostala od zavarivanja. Mehanika loma pruža mogućnost da se pokaže koliko je neracionalno i neopravdano konstruisanje na konvencionalan način, na osnovu zatezne čvrstoće, napona tečenja i napona izvijanja, uz primjenu stepena sigurnosti. Konvencionalni način konstruisanja se može primijeniti kod mnogih konstrukcija, ali postaje neupotrebljiv ako se posmatra konstrukcija kod koje može postojati pukotina [7]. Nivo razvoja koji je do danas ostvaren u Mehanici loma omogućava njenu praktičnu primjenu u veoma važnim područjima projektovanja i konstruisanja. Projektant koji želi da realizuje pouzdanu konstrukciju primjeniće postavke Mehanike loma pri:

- procjeni vijeka konstrukcije prije puštanja u pogon i u toku eksploatacije;

- određivanju zaostalih naprezanja; - izboru materijala; - pri optimiziranju konstrukcije.

Konačno, ako je pukotina ostala neotkrivena u narednim kontrolama, ona može lako da dostigne kritičnu veličinu (označenu sa KIc), pri kojoj pojava loma više nije kontrolisana. U toj tački dolazi do katastrofalnog loma. Trenutak stvaranja mikropukotina pri krtom lomu je veoma teško odrediti, tako da se samo može govoriti o uslovno mogućem njihovom nastajanju. Za stvaranje mikropukotine povoljni

especially on the basis of a study of sudden and instantaneous fracture of structures made of materials that were thought that have failed under load that was too low to cause plastic deformation. Fracture mechanics is the application of the laws of mechanics to crack propagation. The starting point is the fact that there are no ideal materials without errors, i.e. it is assumed that there are cracks in any material and theoretical and practical analysis of the conditions for its propagation through the material are performed. It is essential to determine the stress at which the crack becomes unstable and begins to spread. The fracture mechanics had to investigate not only the fracture phenomenon, but also the deformation that preceded the fracture at the transition from a pure fracture to a quasi-brittle (ductile-brittle) fracture. In the case of a purely brittle fracture, the deformation is only elastic; the energy is spent on the development of the crack to its critical length, while the fracture takes place without additional energy consumption. In the case of a ductile-brittle and ductile fracture, considerable energy is consumed to develop a plastic deformation that precedes fracture and develops in the fracture process. Studies have shown that the errors as a crack and a significant stress concentration are present in components and in some cases the internal stress after welding process. Fracture mechanics provides opportunities to show how irrational and unwarranted are the conventional methods of design based on tensile strength, yield strength and straining stresses using the safety level. The conventional way of design can be applied in many structures, but it becomes unusable if considers the structure in which there may be a crack [7]. The level of development that has been achieved so far in the Fracture Mechanic enables its practical application in very important areas of design and construction. The designer who wants to realize a reliable construction will apply Fracture Mechanics parameters in case of:

- the estimation of lifetime of the structure before commissioning and during exploitation;

- determination of residual stresses; - selection of material; - structure optimization.

Finally, if the cracks remain undetected in subsequent controls, it can easily reach a critical size (indicated by KIc), in which the fracture phenomenon is no longer controlled. At this


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uslovi su samo u nekim mikrozapreminama, a najčešće su posljedica klizanja, lokalnog pritiska, traka savijanja, granice zrna, dvojnikovanog sloja i sl. Stvorena pukotina pod određenim uslovima se razvija sve do njenog prolaza kroz cijeli poprečni presjek, kada nastaje potpun lom. Mehanika loma je omogućila da se definišu „nova“ ispitivanja, kojim se određuju veličine parametara, potrebnih da se ocjeni sklonost ka razvoju pukotine i kritični uslovi brzog razvoja loma. Međutim, mnogi konstrukcioni dijelovi od materijala niske i srednje čvrstoće, a koji se susreću u velikom broju konstrukcija su nedovoljne debljine da bi se u njima održalo stanje ravne deformacije pri mirnom opterećenju i normalnim temperaturama eksploatacije. U takvim slučajevima analiza korištena za proračun vrijednosti KIc je neupotrebljiva zbog linearno-elastičnog ponašanja i veće plastične zone oko vrha pukotine. Pri ovim uslovima za analizu takvog stanja se koriste drugačije metode. Neke od tih metoda su [8]: 1. Otvaranje pukotine (COD); 2. Analiza R krive; 3. J – integral; 4. Metode cijepanja (kidanja). Razvoj konstrukcija i mašina, gdje je potrebna mnogo veća sigurnost (nuklearne instalacije avionska industrija, instalacije za transport fluida i sl.) inicirao je razvoj drugih metoda za definisanje lomne žilavosti. U uslovima specifičnih eksploatacionih situacija provedena su dalja istraživanja u oblasti mehanike loma i na osnovu rezultata tih istraživanja definisana je druga karakteristika materijala, tzv. dinamička lomna žilavost, KId, odnosno KIPC. Također, pojava i rast pukotina usljed promjenljivog opterećenja veoma je aktuelna u brodogradnji. Proces zamaranja materijala odvija se u tri faze: nastanak pukotine, rast pukotine, te nestabilan rast pukotine i lom materijala. Kako rast pukotine pri svakom ciklusu opterećenja zavisi o naprezanjima i deformacijama oko vrha pukotine, može se uspostaviti zavisnost između brzine rasta pukotine i raspona faktora intenziteta naprezanja, ∆K. Tako je rast pukotine u drugoj fazi dat Paris- Erdoganovom jednačinom: da/dN=C٠ ∆Km , gdje je da/dN brzina rasta pukotine a C i m su parametri rasta. Ovo je samo kratki pregled i ispitivanje lomova metalnih dijelova, povezan s ispitivanjem materijala s greškama koje mogu biti uzroci iznenadnih lomova pri eksploataciji i koji se

point a catastrophic fracture occurs. The moment of creation of microcracks in brittle fracture is very difficult to determine, so it can be only discussed about possibilities of their emerging. Favorable conditions for creation of microcracks are only in some micro volumes as a consequence of a slipping, local pressure, tape bending, grain boundaries, twinning condition, etc. Cracks created under certain conditions continue to develop until it passes through the entire cross section completing fracture process. Fracture mechanics has enabled definition of new tests, which determine the values of the parameters necessary for the assessment of the tendency to develop cracks and critical conditions for rapid development of fracture. However, many structural components of materials of low and medium strength are not thick enough to apply the state of plane strain in static load and normal temperature operation. In such cases, the analysis used to calculate the value of KIc is unusable due to the linear-elastic behavior and the larger plastic zone around the tip of the crack. Under these conditions, different methods are used to analyze this condition. Some of these methods are [8]: 1. Crack opening displacement (COD); 2. R curve analysis; 3. J - integral; 4. Methods of splitting (breaking). The development of construction and machines, where much greater safety is needed (nuclear installations, aircraft industry, fluid transportation, etc.) initiated the development of other methods for defining the fracture toughness. In terms of specific situations of exploitation further research were carried out and based on the results other characteristic of materials is defined, so-called dynamic fracture toughness, KId, or KIPC. Also, the emergence and growth of cracks due to variable load is very important in the shipbuilding industry. Material fatigue process takes place in three stages: crack initiation, crack growth, and unstable growth of cracks and fracture of the material. As the growth of cracks at each loading cycle depends on the stress and deformation around the crack tip, a relationship between the crack growth rate and the stress intensity factor range, ∆K, can be established. Thus the growth of the crack in the second phase was given to Paris-Erdogan's equation: da/dN=C٠ ∆Km , where is da/dN crack growth rate, and C and m are growth parameters. This is only a brief overview and examination of


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moraju provjeravati prije ugradnje ili tokom eksploatacije. Ispitivanja su zahtjevnija i opširnija ukoliko se radi o dijelu ili cijeloj konstrukciji koja ima zahtjevnu namjenu s aspekta sigurnosti i vremenu trajanja. 5. ZAKLJUČCI Projektovanje i izrada konstrukcija i dijelova postavlja pitanje izbora konstrukcionog materijala, što je kod konstrukcija uglavnom metalni materijal a od njih najširu primjenu ima čelik. U eksploataciji konstrukcija postoje mnogi slučajevi neočekivanih lomova pri naponima nižim od proračunskih a češći su kada se napon približava naponu tečenja. Prisustvo bilo kakve greške u materijalu, posebno površinske ili one blizu površine, smanjuje komponentu rada koja se troši za nastanak pukotine. Za mnoge metalne materijale zahtijeva se propisana vrijednost udarne žilavosti na određenoj, uglavnom sniženoj temperaturi (čelici koji pokazuju žilavi lom) što smanjuje vjerovatnoću od loma. Kada su u pitanju čelici visoke čvrstoće kod kojih se javlja mješoviti ili krti lom, kritični napon se određuje prema lomnoj žilavosti (KIc ) i kritičnoj veličini greške. Pored toga pred konstruktore se postavlja pitanje i maksimalne ekonomije materijala u svim stadijima proizvodnje i primjene. Povećanjem ekonomije materijala i smanjenje mase konstrukcije upućuje na korištenje metala visoke čvrstoće, za šta se preporučuje upotreba i analiza dijagrama konstrukcione čvrstoće Rp0,2- KIc radi najbolje odluke.Također, treba primjenjivati savremenu opremu za ispitivanje materijala i konstrukcija i to za određivanje parametara mehanike loma, mikrostrukture i izgleda prelomnih površina i samog loma.

fractures of metal parts, connected with testing of materials with errors that can be causes of sudden fractures in the exploitation of which must be checked before installation or during operation. The tests are more demanding and more extensive in case of structures than have demanging application in terms of safety and duration. 5. CONCLUSIONS Design and manufacture of structures and parts arise the question of the material, which is mainly metallic material and one of them with the widest application is steel. In the exploitation of structures there are many cases of unexpected fractures at stresses lower than calculated and they are more common when the stress approaches the yield stress. The presences of any defect in the material, in particular at the surface, or those close to the surface, increase possibilities for crack development. Many metallic materials require a prescribed value of impact strength, substantially at reduced temperature (steels that exhibit ductile fracture) which reduces the likelihood of fracture. In case of high-strength steels in which mixed or brittle fracture occurs, critical stress is determined by the fracture toughness (KIC) and critical defect size. In addition, designers have to consider the question of a cost of material at all stages of production and application. Increasing economy of material and reduction of structure mass idicate to use of high-strength metal, for which is recommended to use and analyze the diagrams of structural strength Rp0,2- KIc for the best decision. Also, modern equipment for materials and constructions testing should be used, for determining the parameters of fracture mechanics, microstructure and appearance of fracture surface and the fracture itself.

6. LITERATURA - REFERENCES [1] Dinamičko ispitivanje metalnih materijala /

Repozitorij... https://repozitorij.simet.unizg.hr>islandora>object>object>simet:26 [accesed on June 2019.]

[2] Oruč, M.; Sunulahpašić, R.: Lomovi i osnove mehanike loma, Fakultet za metalurgiju i materijale, Univerzitet u Zenici, 2009.

[3] Vitez,I.;Oruč,M.;Sunulahpašić,R.:Ispitivanje metalnih materijala, Fakultet za metalurgiju i materijale, Univerzitet u Zenici, 2006.

[4] Perković, M.: Utjecaj uvjeta ispitivanja na udarni rad loma, Diplomski rad, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Zagreb, 2013. https://repozitorij.fsb.hr>28_11_2013_Diplomski_rad_Perkovic [accesed on June 2019.]


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[5] Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Vol.11, Failure Analisys and Prevention, ASM, 1986.

[6] Agatanović, P.: Različite strategije određivanja preostale čvrstoće i veka, Integritet i vek konstrukcija, 2/2001, str.81.

[7] Sedmak, S.: Razvoj i osnovne definicije mehanike loma, Monografija - Uvod u

mehaniku loma i konstruisanje sa sigurnošću od loma, GOŠA i TM fakultet, Beograd, 1980.

[8] Barsom, J.M.; Rolfe, T.: Fracture and fatique control in structures, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1987.

Coresponding author: Raza Sunulahpašić University of Zenica, Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology Email: [email protected]


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Mašinstvo 3-4(16), 77 – 82, (2019) N. Ilanković et al.: USAGE OF THE ARDUINO….

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USAGE OF THE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER ON THE STUDENT HYBRID VEHICLE HERMES

UPOTREBA ARDUINO MIKROKONTROLERA NA STUDENTSKOM

HIBRIDNOM VOZILU HERMES

Nikola Ilanković, Boris Stojić, Dragan Ružić, Nikola Tepavac, Dragan Živanić University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Republic of Serbia Ključne riječi: Arduino, hibridno vozilo, studentski projekat Keywords: Arduino, hybrid vehicle, student project Paper received: 22.09.2019. Paper accepted: 30.10.2019.

Stručni rad REZIME Na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu, na Fakultetu tehničkih nauka, Republika Srbija, odvija se studentski projekat lakog paralelnog hibridnog vozila. Cilj projekta je da pruži studentima mogućnost da primene stečeno teorijsko znanje u praksi. Projekat omogućava studentima ne samo da unaprede inženjerske sposobnosti, već i da unaprede timski rad, komunikacij, organizacione sposobnosti itd. U ovom radu su opisane glavne konstrukcione odlike vozila u trenutnoj fazi. Nabrojani su zadaci Arduino mikrokontrolera. Opisano je kako se uz pomoć Arduino mikrokontrolera meri brzina vozila. Takođe, opisano je kako se meri broj obrtaja motora SUS, kako se meri nivo baterija i kako se utvrđuje pozicija menjača. Na kraju, dat je pregled korišćenog materijala sa pripadajućim cenama.

Professional paper

SUMMARY At the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Republic of Serbia, there is an ongoing student project of a light parallel hybrid vehicle. The purpose of the project is to provide students an opportunity to use their theoretical knowledge in praxis. The project enables students not only to improve their engineering skills, it enables them to improve their teamwork, communication, organization capabilities etc. In this paper, main design features of the vehicle in its current shape are described. Tasks of the Arduino microcontroller on the vehicle are listed. It is described how by the usage of Arduino for measurement of the vehicle speed is done. Also, it is described how the IC-engine rpm is measured, how the battery level is measured and how the determent of the gear position is done. Finally, a list of used material for measurements is shown with corresponding prices.

1. INTRODUCTION Hermes hybrid vehicle is a student project of the Department of Mechanization and Design Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia. Vehicle design process was carried out taking into account general rules of automotive engineering (e.g. [1]), and considering main features and requirements for hybrid-electric vehicles, e.g. [2, 3]. Practical aspects of project realization are described on the internet page of the Department for Mechanization and Design Engineering [4]. Informal name of the vehicle given by the student team is “H.E.R.M.E.S.”, which in this case stands for “Hybrid Educational Recuperative Moto-Electric Special vehicle”. It is conceived that this project will be under long term development, so that numerous steps of design improvement and optimization may be carried out by next generation of

students, enlarging impact of the project [5]. Subsequently, current stage of vehicle design is described. Current appearance of the vehicle is shown in Fig. 1. Powertrain is realized as in-parallel hybrid drive, so that the front wheels are driven by two in-wheel electric motors shown in Fig. 2, and for the rear axle conventional mechanical transmission is provided with the IC-engine as power source shown in Fig. 3. Thereby front and rear drive can be used together or independently of each other. IC-engine is one-cylinder, four-stroke 250 cm3-volume gasoline engine originating from all-terrain vehicle Loncin. Fuel system is based on carburetor. Maximum power according to available data [6] is 12 kW and maximum torque is 17 Nm. Mechanical gearbox is of the same origin, having four forward and one reverse gear.


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Figure 1 Current appearance of the vehicle

Shifting pattern of the gears is sequential. Differential drive at the rear axle is from passenger vehicle Zastava Yugo, slightly modified to accommodate chain drive by which the power is transmitted from the gearbox to the axle. Chain drive is custom made for this application.

Figure 2 Front axle with in-wheel electric

motors and batteries

Figure 3 Rear axle with conventional

passenger-car final drive, driven by IC engine At the front axle there are two in-wheel 48V BLDC-electric motors, each one for left and right wheel. According to available data [7], each motor has power of approximately 1 kW. Motors were produced in China. Manufacturer and exact specifications are not known. Power

supply is obtained through 4 12V semi-traction batteries connected in series, via motor controllers. Structure of the vehicle is made from steel tubes of Ø 21.3 mm diameter, with 2.6 mm wall thickness. Appearance of the frame in early stage of development is shown in Fig. 4. It was subsequently modified in several stages, including shortening of the wheelbase.

Figure 4 Tubular frame consisting of 3 modules

in early stage of development It was completely developed and realized by student team. Structure consists of front, middle and rear module that are connected to each other by using bolt connections. Main idea of using this modular approach is to enlighten future design modifications, above all regarding powertrain or suspension system [5]. Suspension system on the front axle is McPherson. It was mostly taken from the small electric vehicle originating from China, of unknown manufacturer, from which also front powertrain is used (integrated with other components of the front axle). Steering system is made by combining parts from this donor vehicle and components of the steering system of Zastava Yugo passenger car. 13” diameter wheels are used front. For the rear axle, almost complete McPherson axle from Zastava Yugo is used, though it is originally placed at the front end of the donor car. The only modification is substitution of steering rods by control arms with inner joints of fixed position, in order to disable steering movements of rear-axle wheels. One of the future plans is, though, to utilize this configuration by introducing electronically controlled rear-wheel steering. Rear wheels have diameter of 14”. Braking system also consists of elements already present on both front and rear axle from donor vehicles, and the master cylinder is also from Zastava Yugo. Mass of the vehicle: 500 kg. Mass distribution front/rear: approximately 50/50%. Wheelbase: 2500 mm [5].


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2. THE USAGE OF THE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER FOR THE CONTROL OF THE MEASURING DEVICES

To obtain the full potential of the Hermes vehicle, it was necessary to make possible to measure speed of the vehicle, rpm of the IC-engine, the battery level etc. Sensors and other devices had to be used with a control unit. For that purpose, the microcontroller Arduino was chosen. There are several types of the Arduino microcontroller. The basic one, Arduino Uno Rev3, is shown in Fig. 5. a. Arduino enables data processing from various types of sensors. Also, it provides the possibility to control devices which are connected to it. To accomplish this, programming of the Arduino has to be done. The programming takes place in a software package called Arduino IDE, shown in Fig. 5. b. The software has a large data base from which various code lines can be taken and implemented. For this occasion, Arduino Pro Mini was chosen.

Figure 5 Microcontroller Arduino Uno Rev3 a)

Arduino UNO, b) Software Arduino IDE

3. TASKS OF THE ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

Arduino PRO mini was used for next operations: Measurement of the vehicle speed; Measurement of the IC-engine rpm; Measurement of the battery level; Determent of the gear position.

3.1. Measurement of the vehicle speed For For the measurement of the vehicle speed, two Hall effect sensors, two neodymium magnets, a servomotor and a speedometer were used. The schematic of sensor connection is shown in Fig 6.

Figure 6 The schematic of the Hall effect

sensor (a) and the schematic of the velocity measurement (b)

The speedometer was reconstructed in order to make it compatible with the Arduino microcontroller. A little servomotor was placed in the speedometer and a pointer needle was attached to the servomotor. The principled schematic is shown in Fig. 7. On the inner side of the rear rims, neodymium magnets were placed. Near them, on the chassis, Hall effect sensor were placed so that the gap between the magnet and the sensor is few millimeters. On each full revolution of the wheel, the sensor detects the passing magnet and


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it sends the signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller counts the number of these signals in a specified time period and uses that data in the equation which contains the radius of the wheel to get the velocity of the vehicle. After that, the microcontroller sends a signal to the speedometer to place the pointer needle at the correct position.

Figure 7 The principled schematic of the

speedometer with a servomotor

The reason for the usage of the double Hall effect sensor and the double neodymium magnet is the need for precise velocity measurement. If the vehicle is moving in a road curve, the wheel of the inner side will rotate slower than the wheel of the outer side and in that case their rotation speed is different. The doubled sensor system provides the mean rotation speed which enables a more precise velocity calculation. This system functions in the normal road conditions. By modification of this system, ABS (Automatic Braking System) can be achieved. For road conditions which include slippery surfaces it is necessary to apply additional means of velocity calculation. 3.2. Measurement of the IC-engine rpm For the measurement of the IC-engine rpm, a Hall effect sensor, a servomotor and a rpm meter were used. As the IC-engine, which is used for the drive of the rear wheels, is a spark ignition engine, the measurement of the rpm can be achieved by counting when sparks occur. In other words, the Hall effect sensor detects the electromagnetic field which is created around the spark plugs conductor when electricity flow occurs. The servomotor was embedded into the rpm meter. The principled schematic of the measurement of the IC-engine rpm is shown in Fig. 8.

Figure 8 Detection of the electromagnetic filed around the conductor of the spark plug during

its ignition

3.3. Measurement of the battery level For the measurement of the battery level, a voltage distributor was used. The voltage of the battery was lowered to the voltage of the Arduino microcontroller so it could be directly measured. By knowing the capacity of the battery and with the amperage measurement, remaining time of battery usage can be calculated and the percentage of battery charge can be shown. Schematic is shown in Fig. 9.

Figure 9 The schematic of the battery level

measurement

3.4. Determining of the gear position For determining gear position, two neodymium magnets, two magnetic Reed switches and one


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seven-segment display were used. The functioning principle of this system is very simple. Two Reed switches were positioned near the shaft of the gear lever according to the Fig. 10.

Figure 10 The schematic of the gear position

determent system On the gear lever, two neodymium magnets were positioned and, on the chassis near the lever, two Reed switches were positioned. By shifting gears, the shaft of the gearbox is rotated in one or the other direction. The magnet gets near the switch which activates the switch and sends a signal to the microcontroller to change the value on the display according to the selected gear. The gearbox possesses a sensor which gives a signal when the gearbox is set in the neutral position. By using that signal, the microcontroller is capable to be precise when sending data to the display. In the case of gear position skipping, it is necessary to shift the gearbox to the neutral position to reset the display. After that the display continues to display the proper gear. 4. CALIBRATION METHOD Calibration was done for the measurement of the vehicle speed. It was done in three ways. First, the calibration was done by simple calculation of travelled distance and the time needed for it. The vehicle travelled 200 m straight at a constant speed rate and the distance was divided with the spent time. For the second calibration method, an Android application called Speedbot was used. Speedbot is a GPS speedometer with high precision that allows to visualize the speed of the vehicle [8]. The third method for calibration was done by the usage of police radar equipment which was lent by the local police station.

All the measurements matched the value that was on the control table with slight differences of 1% which was acceptable. The reading of the IC-engine measurement was checked when the vehicle speed measurement was calibrated. Because the transmission rates of all systems are known, it was calculated what the RPM should be when the gearbox was in second gear at constant speed rate of the vehicle. The calculation matched the readings on the control table. The system for determining gear position did not needed to be calibrated separately because the gearbox possesses a sensor which gives a signal when the gearbox is set in the neutral position. Finally, the measurement of the battery level was checked using a 4 1∕2-digit digital multimeter, the Fluke 87V. The result matched the readings on the control table. The final look of the control table is given in Fig. 11.

Figure 11 The control table with the

speedometer, rpm meter, battery voltage display and gear position display (H as in

Serbian Cyrillic neutral) 5. CONCLUSION The possibility of the usage of the microcontroller Arduino for data processing is given in this paper. Also, a brief introduction to the vehicle’s design and development is introduced. According to experience with this project gained so far, it was concluded that this project-based learning activity gives significant contribution to engineering education process, and widens and improves learning outcomes as well. It was also stated that this project provides numerous opportunities for the scientific and research work. 6. REFERENCES [1] J. Weber, “Automotive Development

Processes”, Springer, 2009. [2] A. Fuhs, “Hybrid Vehicles and the Future

of Personal Transportation”, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2009.


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[3] R. Hodkinson and J. Fenton, “Lightweight Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Design”, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

[4] Department of Mechanization and Design Engineering, Available at: https://bit.ly/2KtJ7MR, Accessed on 09. 08. 2019.

[5] B. Stojić, D. Ružić, Z. Ivanović, E. Adžić and N. Ilanković N, “Light hybrid-electric vehicle as educational and research platform”, 7. International Congress Motor Vehicles & Motors - MVM, Kragujevac: Faculty of Engineering, pp. 377-382, ISBN 978-86-6335-055-7, 2018.

[6] Lianmei Industrial, Available at: https://bit.ly/2MQGuWF, Accessed on 09. 08. 2019.

[7] T. Gabrić, “Projektovanje i ispitivanje sinhronog motora sa stalnim magnetima za primenu u električnim vozilima”, MSc Thesis, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia, 2017.

[8] Speedbot. Free GPS / OBD2 Speedometer Available at: https://bit.ly/2pM79Lk Accesed on 09. 08. 2019.

Coresponding author: Nikola Ilanković University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Republic of Serbia Email: [email protected] Phone: +381631815275

Mašinstvo 3-4(16), 83 – 97, (2019) S. Jašarević et al.: THE EFFECT OF PROFESSIONAL…

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UTICAJ STRUČNE SPREME; GODINA RADNOG ISKUSTVA I MJESTA NASTANKA NA BROJ POVREDA NA RADU – PRIMJER

RUDNIKA „ABID LOLIĆ BILA“

THE EFFECT OF PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, YEARS OF WORK EXPERIENCES AND PLACES OF OCCURENCES OF INJURIES

TO THE NUMBER OF INJURIES AT WORK - EXAMPLE OF THE BROWN COAL MINE „ABID LOLIĆ BILA“

Jašarević Sabahudin1, Karić Munir2, Klisura Fuad3 1University of Zenica, Polytechnic Faculty 2University of Zenica, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, student 3IPI Institute, Zenica Keywords: injury, brown coal mine, professional qualifications, working experience, place of origin of injury Ključne riječi: povreda, rudnik, stručna sprema, radno iskustvo, mjesto nastanka Paper received: 05.07.2019. Paper accepted: 18.09.2019.

Prethodno saopštenje REZIME Povreda na radu je neželjeni događaj koji se dešava na skoro svakoj vrsti posla. Posebno su izražene na teškim radnim mjestima kao što su rudnici, naročito sa podzemnom eksploatacijom, željezare sa radnim mjestima gdje su povišene temperature, hemijskoj industriji i slično. Jedan dio ovih povreda odvlači radnika od daljih aktivnosti na radnom mjestu te izaziva gubitak radnih sati. Zato svaki poslodavac odnosno osoba koju je on ovlastio, mora biti upoznat i s ostalim slučajevima koji se smatraju povredama na radu, kako bi zaposlenik ostvario i ostala svoja prava. Svakako da ove povrede mogu nastati na različiti radnim mjestima, u zavisnosti od njihove težine i vrste, kao i da u njima učestvuju gotovo svi radnici bez obzira na stručnu spremu i godine iskustva u radu. U radu će se dati pregled broja povreda u Rudniku mrkog uglja „Abid Lolić Bila“ sa aspekta mjesta nastanka, odnosno vrste poslova koji se obavljaju, kao i vrste stručne spreme i godina iskustva provedenih na radu.

Preliminary notes

SUMMARY Injury at work is an unwanted event that occurs on almost every type of job. Especially in heavy workplaces such as mines, especially underground exploitation, ironworks with workplaces where temperatures are high, chemical industry and the like. A part of these injuries will deprive the worker of further activities at the workplace and lose working hours. Therefore, every employer or person authorized by him must also be familiar with other cases considered to be injuries at work so that the employee can exercise his or her rights. Of course, these injuries can occur at different workplaces, depending on their weight and type, and that almost all workers are involved, regardless of their qualifications and years of work experience. The paper will give an overview of the number of injuries in the brown coal mine "Abid Lolić Bila" from the spectacle of the place of origin, the kind of work being carried out, as well as the types of professional education and years of work experience.

1. UVOD Organizacije, bez obzira na vrstu djelatnosti, sve više vode računa o zaštiti na radu i zaštiti zdravlja, upravljajući rizicima i poboljšavajući pozitivne učinke svojih aktivnosti, proizvoda i usluga, a to onda i pokazuju svojim dioničarima, zaposlenicima, klijentima i drugim zainteresiranim stranama. Obvezujuća regulativa, razvoj ekonomske politike, upravljanje ljudskim resursima i druge mjere sve se više koriste za poticanje razvoja zaštite na radu i zaštite zdravlja.

1. INTRODUCTION Organizations, regardless of their type of activity, are increasingly taking into account occupational safety and health protection, managing risks and improving the positive effects of their activities, products and services, and then present it to their shareholders, employees, customers and other stakeholders. Compulsory regulation, economic policy development, human resource management and other measures are increasingly used to foster the development of occupational safety and health protection.


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Iz općeg porasta zabrinutosti dioničara i drugih zainteresiranih strana nastala je preporuka, a onda i zahtjev za jasnim opredjeljenjem za zaštitu na radu i zaštitu zdravlja zaposlenika. Preko 6300 osoba izgubi život na radnom mjestu ili bolest povezana s radom ima fatalne posljedice, godišnje nestane 2,3 milijuna zaposlenih [1]. Teret ozljeda i bolesti je značajan, kako za poslodavce tako i za privredu, sve to rezultira gubicima zbog ranih penzionisanja, nedostatkom kvalificiranog i kompetentnog osoblja te diže premije osiguranja. Iz prakse je poznato da se pri obavljanju nekih poslova događa znatno više nezgoda nego pri obavljanju drugih poslova. Tako se, zbog različitog stepena opasnosti, događa više nezgoda pri obavljanju strojobravarskih, rudarskih, metalurških, hemijskih poslova nego pri obavljanju kancelarijskih poslova. Ali, pri obavljanju poslova jednakog stepena opasnosti primjećuju se znatne razlike u učestalosti nezgoda kod pojedinaca. Dakle, nezgode na radu osim o objektivnim prilikama, ovise i o osobinama (subjektivnim) radnika i ne može se govoriti o faktoru slučajnosti. Nezgode pri radu nastaju kao posljedica poremećaja u odnosima čovjeka i radne okoline. Povreda je krajnja karika u lancu uzroka koji su je prouzročili. Povredi prethodi nezgoda kao neželjeni neplanirani događaj. Nezgodi prethodi nečija pogreška. To je u osnovi ljudska pogreška, koja može biti direktna (kada radnik radi suprotno pravilima zaštite na radu i sam nastrada), ali i indirektna, kada pogriješi netko drugi, a radnik nastrada (projektant, proizvođač stroja, voditelj poslova ili drugi radnik). Svi neočekivani poremećaji ovog odnosa ne završavaju povredom. Statistički podaci govore, da se na 330 takvih poremećaja ili rizika, 300 puta ne dogodi ništa, odnosno, nema nikakvih štetnih posljedica, 29 puta se dogodi opasni poremećaj (slučajevi koji "zamalo nisu izazvali povredu "), a jedanput nastaje povreda, Slika 1. [1] Svaka povreda predstavlja teret za pojedinca, njegovu obitelj i širu zajednicu. Ključ rješenja je u sprečavanju nezgoda leži u odnosu čovjek – radna okolina. U neodgovarajućoj okolini nema sigurnog rada. Najvažnije je da znamo da i na čovjeka i na radnu okolinu možemo utjecati. Pogreške nastaju najčešće zbog toga što radnik:

ne zna raditi sigurno, ne može raditi sigurno ili ne želi raditi sigurno.

There was a general rise in concerns of shareholders and other interested parties, and then a demand for a clear commitment to occupational safety and health protection. More than 6300 people lose their lives while working or the work-related illness has fatal consequences, 2,3 million people disappear annually [1]. The burden of injury and illness is significant both for employers and for the economy, all of which results in losses due to early retirements, lack of qualified and competent staff and rising insurance premiums. It is known from the practice that there are lots of more accidents occurring when doing certain works than doing other jobs. Thus, due to a different degree of danger, there are more accidents in performing stoneware, mining, metalurgical and chemical jobs than in performing office affairs. But, in performing works of the same degree of danger, there are considerable differences in the frequency of accidents in individuals. Thus, accidents at work, except for objective opportunities, depend on the (subjective) worker's characteristics and there cannot be said about the coincidence factor. Work disruptions arise as a result of disturbances in the relationship between man and the working environment. The injury is the final link in the chain of causes that caused it. Injury is preceded by an accident as an unwanted unplanned event. Accident is preceded by someone's mistake. This is basically a human error, which can be direct (when a worker is in contravention of occupational safety and self-injuries), but also indirect when someone else is wrong, and a worker is injured (designer, machine manufacturer, job manager, or other worker). All unexpected disorders of this ratio do not end with injury. Statistics show that at 330 such disturbances or risks, nothing happens in 300 cases, and there are no damaging effects, but 29 times a dangerous disorder occurs (cases that have "almost caused no injury"), Picture 1. [1] Every injury is a burden to the individual, his family, and the wider community. The key solution in preventing accidents lies in the relationship between man and working environment. There is no safe work in an unsuitable environment. The most important thing is to know that we can influence both man and the working environment. Errors occur most often because a worker:

does not know to work safely, cannot work safely or does not want to work safely.


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Slika 1. Odnos nezgoda i povreda [1]

Picturet 1. Ratio between accidents and injuries [1] Ti problemi mogu se uspješno riješiti prilagodbom radne okoline čovjeku (uređenjem radnog prostora, izvedbom sigurnih sredstava za rad i sl.) te prilagodbom čovjeka radnoj okolini (formiranjem pravilnog stajališta, školovanjem i osposobljavanjem, te pravilnim odabirom ljudi). 2. KLASIFIKACIJA POVREDA NA RADU Povrede na radu su prvi negativni pojavni oblici nepovoljnih uslova rada, koje se odražavaju na živote i zdravlje učesnika u procesu proizvodnje. Osim toga, ove negativne neposredne posljedice nepovoljnih uslova rada prouzrokuju i negativne neposredne posljedice koje imaju ekonomski karakter. Za uspešnu obradu borbu protiv povreda na radu mora se znati gdje, kada, kako i zašto se dešavaju povrede i kakve su njihove posljedice. Ova znanja se stiču proučavanjem pojedinih povreda i cjelishodnom upotrebom rezultata klasifikovanih u što homogenije kategorije onih elemenata povreda koji su najkorisniji za preventivu. Zbog toga evidencije povreda na radu, a pogotovo statistike povreda u cjelini, su preventivno usmjerene na upoznavanje etiologije nastanka povreda na radu, tj. zašto i kako dolazi do povreda. Svrha ovih proučavanja je težnja da se upozna etiologija nastanka, kako bi bili u prilici da preuzmemo odgovornije mjere za sprečavanje nastanka povreda na radu u konkretnoj radnoj sredini.

These problems can be solved successfully by adjusting the working environment to a man (by arranging the work space, performing safe work tools, etc.) and by adapting man to the working environment (by establishing a proper attitude, education and training, and proper selection of people). 2. CLASSIFICATION OF THE WORK

INJURIES The work-related injuries are the first negative forms of adverse working conditions that reflect the lives and health of the participants in the production process. In addition, these negative direct consequences of unfavorable working conditions also cause negative direct consequences of an economic nature. For the successful treatment of injury at work, one has to know where, when, how and why the injuries occur and what are their consequences. This knowledge is acquired through the study of individual injuries and the overall use of results classified into a homogeneous category of those elements of injury that are most useful for prevention. Therefore, records of injuries at work, especially injury statistics as a whole, are preventively aimed at getting to know the etiology of injury at work, i.e. why and how injury occurs. The purpose of these studies is to find out the etiology of origin in order to be able to take more responsible measures to prevent injuries at work in a specific work environment.


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Inače, na upoznavanje etiologije nastanka povreda na radu usmjeren je cijeli niz traženih obilježja, koje želimo da saznamo pri svakoj povredi na radu. Zbog toga je neophodno potrebno da se izvrši klasifikacija povreda na radu, jer je ona osnova svakog naučnog uopštavanja i zbog toga je bitan elemenat statističke metodologije. Inače, statistička klasifikacija povreda na radu mora biti ograničena na određeni broj kategorija. Kao važna obilježja u tom smislu smatraju se, prije svega [3]:

- vrijeme dešavanja, - mjesto dešavanja, - pol, - doba života, - dužina radnog staža, - zanimanje, - školska sprema, - učestalost dešavanja povreda na radu

kod pojedinaca, - pojedinačne ili grupne povrede (broj

povređenih), - težina povrede, - povređeni dio tijela, - priroda povrede, - izvor povrede, - uzrok povrede, - način nastanka i dr.

Povrede na radu mogu se klasifikovati još i prema drugim faktorima koji su interesantni za analizu povreda, kao što su klasifikacije prema:

- odjeljenjima, - privrednim djelatnostima, - granama industrije i dr.

Svako od navedenih obilježja doprinosi nepovoljno ili, najčešće, posredno boljem poznavanju etiologije nastanka povreda na radu. Inače, analiza svih tih obilježja je dosta teška i traži temeljita poznavanja statističke metodike.granama industrije i dr. U okviru ovog rada opredijelili smo se da izvršimo sagledavanje uticaja mjesta rada radnika na broj povreda (mjesta karakteristična za unutrašnje kopove), stepena uticaja školske spreme i stepena stručnog obrazovanja, te godinama iskustva radnika na nastanak povreda. Ova saznanja omogućila bi preuzimanje adekvatnih mjera zaštite na radu.

Otherwise, a variety of features that we want to find out about every injury at work is focused at getting to know the etiology of injury at work. It is therefore necessary to perform a classification of injuries at work, as it is the basis of every scientific intervention, and is therefore an essential element of statistical methodology. Otherwise, the statistical classification of injuries at work must be limited to a number of categories. As important features in this regard are considered above all [3]:

- the time of the event, - the place of events, - gender, - age of life, - length of working experience (service), - interest, - degree of education, - frequency of injuries at work with

individuals, - individual or group injuries (number of

injured), - the severity of the injury, - the injured part of body, - the nature of the injury, - source of injury, - the cause of the injury, - the way of creation and others.

Injuries at work can be classified in addition to other factors that are of interest to injury analysis, such as classification according to:

- - departments, - economic activities, - branches of industry and others.

Each of these features contributes to the unfavorable or, most often, indirectly better understanding of the etiology of the occurrence of injuries at work. Otherwise, the analysis of all these features is quite difficult and requires thorough knowledge of statistical methodology. Within this paper, we have determined to look at the impact of the workplace's on the number of injuries (places that are characteristic of internal mines), the degree of impact of school education and the level of vocational education, and years of worker experience on the occurrence of injuries. This knowledge would enable the taking of adequate protection measures at work.


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3. RUDNIK MRKOG UGLJA “ABID LOLIĆ“, BILA - TRAVNIK Rudnik Kakanj započeo je 1942-1943 godine istraživanja u području Bile, mogućih ležišta mrkog uglja, sektor Karahođe - Pokrajčići. Nakon kraće pauze, istraživanja su nastavljena do kraja 1946 godine. Rudnik Bila osnovan je rješenjem Okružnog suda Travnik 19.10.1947 godine, upisan u registarsku knjigu privrednih organizacija kod Okružnog suda Travnik 23.02.1948 godine i kod privrednog Okružnog suda Sarajevo 27.01.1955 godine. U periodu 1955-2009 godine, rudnik je u određenim vremenskim periodima djelovao u sastavu rudnika „Srednja Bosna“ ili kao samostalni privredni subjekt. Prije ulaska u sastav koncerna JP EP d.d. Sarajevo, rudnik je djelovao kao samostalni privredni subjekt. Odlukom Vlade Federacije o prenosu udjela Federacije BiH u rudnicima uglja na JP EP BiH d.d. Sarajevo, službene novine FBiH broj 4/09, rudnik ulazi u sastav koncerna JP „Elektroprivreda“ d.d. Sarajevo kao Zavisno Društvo. Osnovna djelatnost Društva je proizvodnja, prerada i plasman uglja uz povremeno korištenje ostalih djelatnosti koje su upisane u sudski registar. Ova statusna promjena olakšala je i definisala budući koncept razvoja rudnika. Teritorijalno područje rudnika Bila pripada opštini Travnik. Površina eksploatacionog polja iznosi 22 km2 sa eksploatacionim rezervama 9,5 mil. tona i perspektivom eksploatacije 150 godina. Položaj Rudnika dat je na Slici 2. U periodu 2012-2014 godina, poslovanje društva obilježeno je velikim investicijskim ulaganjima, (15 mil. KM), na izradi glavnih ventilaciono-transportnih prostorija sa ciljem stvaranja pretpostavki za otvaranje, razradu i eksploataciju novih rezervi uglja u bloku TB-6, što je ujedno značilo i otklanjanje neizvjesnosti u kontinuitetu poslovanja i razvoja Društva. Broj uposlenika u Društvu je u tom periodu bio 356, sa ugovorom o radu na neodređeno vrijeme 271 uposlenik i 85 uposlenika sa ugovorom o radu na određeno vrijeme. Prema planskim i razvojnim dokumentima Društva, kao i projektovanim količinama vlasnika, proizvodnja iz jame u datom periodu je bila 122 000 tona uglja, u 2015 godini, treba ostvariti rast na 180 000 tona, odnosno 47,5%.

3. BROWN COAL MINE “ABID LOLIĆ“ Ltd. BILA - TRAVNIK The Kakanj mine started functioning in 1942-1943 in the area of Bila, possible brown coal deposits, the Karahođe - Pokrajčići section. After a shorter break, the research continued until the end of 1946. The Coal Mine Bila was established by the District Court Travnik on 19 October 1947, entered in the register of commercial organizations at the Travnik District Court on 23 February 1948 and at the Commercial District Court of Sarajevo on 27 January 1955. In the period 1955-2009, the coal mine had, for certain periods of time, been part of the "Middle Bosnia" mining or as an independent economic entity. Prior to entering the composition of JP EP Ltd. Sarajevo, the mining acted as an independent economic entity. By the decision of the Government of the Federation on the transfer of the share of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to coal mines at the EP EP BiH Ltd. Sarajevo, Official Gazette of FB&H No. 4/09, the mining company enters the group of companies JP "Elektroprivreda" Ltd. Sarajevo as a Subsidiary. The Company's core business is the production, processing and placement of coal, with the occasional use of other activities registered in the court register. This status change has facilitated and defined the future concept of mine development. The territorial mine area of Bila belongs to the municipality of Travnik. The exploitation field area is 22 km2 with exploitation reserves of 9.5 million tons and 150 years of exploitation prospects. The location of the mine is given in Picture 2. In the period 2012-2014, the business of the company was marked by large investment investments, (BAM 15 million), on the development of the main ventilation-transport rooms, with the aim of creating the preconditions for the opening, elaboration and exploitation of the new coal reserves in the TB-6 block which also meant eliminating uncertainty in the continuity of business and development of the Company. The number of employees in the Company was 356 in that period, with an employment contract for an indefinite period of 271 employees and 85 employees with a fixed-term contract. According to the Company's planning and development documents, as well as the projected quantities of owners, production from the pit in the given period was 122,000 tons of coal, in 2015, a growth of 180,000 tons and 47,5% respectively.


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Slika 2. Pozicija rudnika u odnosu na Travnik i Zenicu Picture 2. The location of coal mine in relation to Travnik and Zenica

4. EKSPERIMENTALNO ISTRAŽIVANJE 4.1. Uvod U ovom primjeru prezentovani su rezultati eksperimentalnog istraživanja o povredama u Rudniku „Abid Lolić Bila“ za period 2013-2017. godina. Ti podaci su sortirani prema zvaničnim godišnjim izvještajima o povredama, službe zaštite za posmatrani period. Za obradu podataka korištene su opcije u Excel-u, Trendline i Anova. Alat Anova koristi se za analizu varijanse koja predstavlja statističku metodologiju određivanja karaktera i jačine uticaja jednog ili više faktora na posmatrani objekt ili proces. Povrede su vezane za stručnu spremu uposlenika, određene grupe godina radnog iskustva, i mjesto (radilište) nastanka povrede za koje se direktno vežu određeni radni zadaci. Vremenski period posmatranja od pet godina sigurno je dovoljan period za definisanje određenih zaključaka. 4.2. Broj povreda prema mjestu nastanka Radilišta su svrstana u 5 grupa koja su karakteristična za rudnike sa jamama. To su:

- Pripremno radilište, - Komorni otkop, - Sanacija jamskih prostorija, - Tranasportni i drugi putevi i - Separacija (van jame).

U Tabeli 1. dat je pregled povreda prema mjestu nastanka (radilištu), u posmatranom vremenskom periodu. Tabela 2. daje pregled rezultata frekvencija povreda na osnovu podataka iz Tabele 1. Slika 3 prikazuje histogram frekvencija povreda prema podacima iz Tabele 1.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 4.1. Introduction In this example, the results of the experimental research on injuries in the "Abid Lolić Bila" brown coal mine for the period 2013-2017 were presented. These data are sorted according to official annual injury reports, protection services for the observed period. Data processing was used in Excel, Trendline and Anova. The Anova tool is used to analyze the variance that represents the statistical methodology of character determination and strength of one or more factors on the observed object or process. The injuries are related to the professional qualification of the employee, a certain group of years of work experience, and the place (work site) of the injury to which they directly associate certain tasks. The five-year observation period is certainly a sufficient period for the definition of certain conclusions. 4.2. Number of injuries by the place of origin The work sites are divided into 5 groups that are characteristic for coal mines with pits. These are:

- Preparatory work site, - Compression mine, - Repair of pit rooms, - Transports and other routes, and - Separation (outside the pit).

Table 1 gives an overview of the injury to the place of origin (work site) in the observed period of time. Table 2 shows the results of the injury frequency results based on the data from Table 1. Chart 3 shows the histogram of the frequency of injuries according to the data from Table 1.


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Iz ovako grupisanih i prezentovanih rezultata, vidljivo je da se 56% povreda dogodilo na poslovima koji se odvijaju u transportnim i drugim putovima, dok se na komornom otkopu dogodilo 12% povreda. Komorno radilište je najopasnije radilište u rudnicima sa komornim otkopom uglja, dok su transportni putovi sa stanovišta sigurnosti najsigurnija mjesta u rudniku. Broj povreda govori da se u komornim radilištima primjenjuju mjere zaštite na visokom nivou i da oprez i kontrola radnika na tom radilištu je vrlo visoka u funkciji samozaštite od povreda. Broj povreda u transportnim i drugim putovima, korespondira sa podacima o broju povreda prema kvalifikacionoj strukturi uposlenih u ovom slučaju NK radnika.

From this grouped and presented results, it is apparent that 56% of the injury occurred in the operations taking place in transport and in other ways, while 12% of the injuries occurred on the chamber. A rigid work site is the most dangerous site in mines with coal digging, while safety trains are the safest places in the mine. The number of injuries suggests that high-level protection measures are being applied in the workshops and that the safety and control of workers at that site is very high in self-protection. The number of injuries in transport and other routes corresponds to the number of injuries to the qualifying structure of the employees in this case of unskilled workers (low level of education).

Tabela 1. Pregled povreda po mjestu nastanka (radilištu) u periodu 2013-2017 godina [5] Table 1. Overview of injuries by the place of origin (work sites) [4]

Radno mjesto/ godina Work site /Year

Pripremno radilište

Preparatory work site

Komorni otkop

Compression mine

Sanacija jamskih

prostorija Repair of pit rooms

Transportni i drugi putevi Transports and other

routes

Separacija, vani

Separation outside the

pit

Ukupno Total

2013 6 6 0 11 6 29 2014 10 7 2 23 6 48 2015 9 5 5 20 1 40 2016 20 8 1 64 1 94 2017 17 9 4 47 5 82

Ukupno - Overall ∑ 62 35 12 165 19 293

Prosječna vrijednost

Average value 12,4 7 2,4 33 3,8 58,6

Tabela 2. Frekvencija povreda po mjestu nastanka (radilištu) u posmatranom periodu 2013-2017.

godina prema Tabeli 1 Table 2. Frequency of injuries at the place of origin (work sites) in the observed period 2013-2017

according to the Table 1.

Radno mjesto Work site

Apsolutna frekvencija Absolute frequency

Kumulativna Cumulative

Relativna frekvencija

Relative frequency

Relativna frek. x 100%

Relative freq. x100%

Separacija,Vani Separation outside 19 19 0,07 7

Transportni i drugi putevi Transports and other routes 165 184 0,56 56

Sanacija prostorija Repairing the rooms 12 196 0,04 4

Pripremna radilišta Preparatory work sites 62 258 0,21 21

Komorni otkop Compression mine 35 293 0,12 12

UKUPNO - OVERALL 293 1,00 100


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Slika 3. Ukupan broj povreda prema mjestu nastanka za period 2013-2017. godina [5]

Picture 3. Total number of injuries by place of origin for the period 2013-2017. [5] Ovi podaci upućuju nas na zaključak da se mjere zaštite i samozaštite ne poštuju u potrebnoj i zakonom predviđenom nivou na radnim zadacima u transportnim i drugim putovima. Drugi mogući razlog je u lošoj izvedbi prostorija za transport i druge putove, neredovna sanacija tih prostorija, postavljanje postrojenja i opreme u tim prostorijama nije u skladu sa propisanim pravilima i dodatno ugrožavaju sigurnost radnika. Rezultati analize varijanse dati u Tabelama 3. i 4. upućuju nas na zaključak da radni zadaci vezani za radilišta ovako grupisana u rudniku, bitno utiču na broj povreda.

These data point us to the conclusion that protection measures and self-protection are not respected in the required and statutory level of work duties in transport and other ways. Another possible reason is the poor performance of transport rooms and other routes, inauspicious repair of these premises, installation of equipment and equipment in these premises is not in accordance with the prescribed rules and further jeopardize worker safety. The results of the variance analysis given in Tables 3 and 4 point to the conclusion that work assignments related to sites thus grouped in the mine have a significant impact on the number of injuries.

Tabela 3. Rezultati proračuna za podatke prema Tabeli 1. Table 3. The results of calculation for the data according to Table 1.

SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Separacija-Vani Separation-Outside 5 19 3,8 6,7

Transportni i ostali putevi Transports and other routes 5 165 33 477,5

Sanacija prostorija Reparation of rooms 5 12 2,4 4,3

Pripremna radilišta Preparatory work sites 5 62 12,4 34,3

Komorni system Compression mine 5 35 7 2,5

19

165

12

62

35

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Separacija-Vani/Separation

outside

Transportni idrugi putevi/

Transports andother routes

Sanacijaprostorija/

Repairing therooms

Pripremnaradilišta/

Preparatory worksites

Komorni otkop/Compression

mine

Aps

olut

na fr

ekve

ncija

pov

reda

/ Abs

olut

e fre

quen

cyof

inju

ries

Radilište

Broj povreda prema mjestu nastankaNumber of injuries by place of origin


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Tabela 4. Rezultati analize varijanse za podatke prema Tabeli 1. Table 4. The results of analysis of variance according to Table 1.

ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 3125,84 4 781,46 7,438226 0,000769 2,866081 Within Groups 2101,2 20 105,06 Total 5227,04 24

4.3. Broj povreda prema stručnoj spremi Podaci o povredama na radu prema stepenu stručnog obrazovanja povređenih radnika pokazuju kako i u kojoj mjeri stručnost radnika utiče na povređivanje. Na taj način se omogućava sagledavanje uloge stečenog stručnog obrazovanja kod nastanka povreda na radu u procesu rada. Na osnovu podataka iz [2] može se zaključiti da se u Centralnoj Srbiji najčešće povređuju kvalifikovani radnici (KV), jer njihovo učešće iznosi čak 47,4% u odnosu na ukupan broj povreda na radu. Nakon toga, dolaze nekvalifikovani (NK) i polukvalifikovani radnici (PKV) koji u ukupnom broju povreda na radu u čestvuju sa 35,0%. Znači, na ove dvije grupe radnika otpada čak 82,4%, dok preostale stručne spreme učestvuju samo sa 17,6%. Osnovni razlozi zašto se ovoj grupaciji radnika dešava najveći broj povreda na radu su sljedeći:

- nekvalifikovani, polukvalifikovani i kvalifikovani radnici obavljaju najčešće i najopasnije poslove u preduzećima u kojima su zapošljeni uz intenzivni rad koji diktira tehnološki proces,

- ova grupacija radnika obavlja svoje poslove najčešće u nepovoljnim radnim uslovima (buka, vibracije, niska ili visoka temperatura, prašina, rad u smjenama i dr.),

- visoko učešće nekvalifikovanih, polukvalifikovanih i kvalifikovanih radnika u ukupnom broju zaposlenih i

- nedovoljna znanja iz oblasti zaštite na radu.

Nakon ove grupacije radnika, po brojnosti povreda dolaze radnici sa srednjom školskom spremom (SSS) – 7,8% i visokokvalifikovani radnici (VKV) – 6,9%. Znači, na ove dvije grupacije zaposlenih u Centralnoj Srbiji otpada 14,7% u odnosu na ukupan broj svih povreda na radu. U Centralnoj Srbiji se najmanje povređuju radnici sa završenim šestim stepenom stručne spreme – 1,0%, odnosno sedmim stepenom – 1,9%.

4.3. Number of injuries by the professional skills Data on injuries at work according to the level of professional education of injured workers show how and to what extent worker expertise affects the injury. In this way, it is possible to look at the role of vocational education acquired when work injuries occur in the work process. Based on data from [2] it can be concluded that in Central Serbia the most commonly injured are the qualified workers (KV), because their participation amounts to as much as 47.4% of the total number of injuries at work. Thereafter, there are unskilled (NK) and semi-qualified workers (PKV), who in the total number of injuries at work account for 35.0%. This means that 82.4% of the workers in these two groups of workers are left, while the remaining professional qualifications account for only 17.6%. The main reasons why this group of workers has the greatest number of injuries at work are as follows:

- Unskilled, semi-qualified and qualified workers perform the most common and most dangerous jobs in companies where they are employed with intensive work that dictates the technological process,

- this group of workers performs their jobs most often in adverse working conditions (noise, vibration, low or high temperature, dust, shift work etc.)

- High participation of non-qualified, semi-qualified and qualified workers in the total number of employed, and

- insufficient knowledge in the field of occupational safety.

After this group of workers, the number of injuries comes from secondary school workers (SSS) - 7.8% and highly qualified workers (VKV) - 6.9%. Thus, these two groups of employees in Central Serbia account for 14.7% of the total number of injuries at work. In Central Serbia, workers with a sixth degree of professional qualification are at least injured - 1.0%, respectively at the seventh grade - 1.9%.


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Ove dvije grupacije radnika se najmanje povređuju (2,9%), prije svega zbog činjenice da oni svoje poslove obavljaju na manje rizičnim radnim mjestima, pa su po brojnosti manje zastupljeni u ukupnom broju radnika i da raspolažu adekvatnijim znanjima o zaštiti na radu. Podaci iz Tabele 5 i Tabele 6 daju nam jasnu sliku povreda i frekvenciju povreda u posmatranom vremenskom periodu 2013-2017. godina, prema kvalifikacionoj strukturi uposlenika. Jasno je iz ovih podataka da se 50 % povreda odnosi na nekvalifikovane uposlenike (NK), 27 % za kvalifikovane uposlenike (KV) itd. Navodimo i istraživanje [4] provedemo u Arcelor Mittal Zenica koje je provedeno u periodu 2005-2012. U tom istraživanju se navodi da se broj povreda na radu signifikantno smanjivao svake godine; 259 povreda (2005.godina), 86 (2006.), 55 (2007.), 95 (2008.), 32 (2009.), 28 (2010.), 19 (2011.). U 2012. godini registrovano je 15 povreda na radu, od kojih je 12 (80%) bilo lakših i 3 (20%) težih povreda. U tom periodu nije bilo povreda sa smrtnim ishodom. Povredama su najčešće bili zahvaćeni ekstremiteti (60%). Povrijeđeni su bili samo muškarci, i najčešće u prvoj smjeni (46,6%). Najveći broj povrijeđenih su bili kvalifikovani radnici KV (67%). Na Slici 4. dat je histogram ukupnog broja povreda za podatke iz Tabele 5 koji jasno prikazuju odnos povreda prema kvalifikacionoj strukturi. Tabele 7. i 8. daju prikaz rezultata analize varijanse za podatke prema Tabeli 5. Tabela 6. sadrži podatke o broju posmatranja (5 god.), srednje vrijednosti i varijanse za svaki nivo kvalifikacione strukture. Ocjena diferencirajućih efekata faktora izračunava se po poznatoj metodologiji (za VSS iznosi α1= - 8,17, …, NK α7=21,03).

These two groups of workers are least affected (2.9%), primarily due to the fact that they carry out their jobs at less risky workplaces, so that the number of workers is less represented in the total number of workers and that they have more adequate knowledge of occupational safety. The data from Tables 5 and Tables 6 give us a clear picture of the injury and frequency of the injury in the observed period 2013-2017, according to qualifying structure of employees. It is clear from this data that 50% of injuries are related to unskilled staff (NK), 27% for Qualified Employees (KV), etc. We also cite the research [4] conducted at Arcelor Mittal Zenica conducted in the period 2005-2012. That study stated that the number of injuries at work was significantly reduced each year; 259 injuries (2005), 86 (2006), 55 (2007), 95 (2008), 32 (2009), 28 (2010), 19 (2011). In 2012, 15 occupational injuries were registered, of which 12 (80%) were minor and 3 (20%) were serious injuries. There were no fatal injuries during that period. Extremities were most commonly affected by injuries (60%). Only men were injured, most often on the first shift (46.6%). The highest number of injured were Qualified Employees (KV) (67%). In Figure 4, there is a histogram of the total number of injuries for the data from Table 5 which clearly shows the ratio of the injury to the qualifying structure. Tables 7 and 8 show the results of the variance analysis for the data according to Table 5. Table 6 shows data on the number of observations (5 years), average values and variances for each qualifying structure level. The rating of differentiating factor effects is calculated by the known methodology (for VSS values α1 = - 8.17, ..., NK α7 = 21.03).

Tabela 5. Pregled povreda u posmatranom periodu 2013-2017. god. po stručnoj spremi [5] Table 5. Overview of injuries in the observed period 2013-2017 by professional qualification [5]

Stručna sprema Professional skills Godina-Year

VSS VŠS SSS VKV KV PK NK Ukupno Total

2013. 0 0 9 0 7 4 9 29 2014. 0 0 5 0 15 6 22 48 2015. 0 0 4 2 15 2 17 40 2016. 1 0 8 0 22 4 59 94 2017. 0 0 9 2 21 10 40 82

Ukupno-Overall ∑ 1 0 35 4 80 26 147 293 Prosječna vrijednost

Average value 0,2 0 7 0,8 16 5,2 29,4 58,6


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Tabela 6. Frekvencija povreda prema stručnoj spremi na osnovu podataka iz Tabele 5 za posmatrani period 2013-2017. godina

Table 6. Frequency of injuries by professional qualification based on data from Table 5 for the observed period 2013-2017

Stručna sprema Professional qualification




Relative frequency




VSS 1 1 0,003 0,3 0,3 VŠS 0 1 0,0 0,0 0,3 SSS 35 36 0,12 12,0 12,3 VKV 4 40 0,013 1,3 13,6 KV 80 120 0,27 27,0 40,6 PK 26 146 0,09 9,0 49,6 NK 147 293 0,5 50,0 100,0

Ukupno-Overall 293 1,0 100,0

Slika 4. Ukupan broj povreda prema stepenu stručnosti za period 2013-2017. godina [5] Picture 4. Total number of injuries by the level of skills for the period 2013-2017 [5]

Tabela 7. Rezultati proračuna za podatke iz Tabele 5 Table 7. The results of calculation for the data from Table 5


VSS 5 1 0,2 0,2 VŠS 5 0 0 0 SSS 5 35 7 5,5 VKV 5 4 0,8 1,2 KV 5 80 16 36 PK 5 26 5,2 9,2 NK 5 147 29,4 403,3

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Tabela 8. je svodna tabela za analizu varijanse jednofaktornog plana eksperimenta. Kako je tablična vrijednost F-testa, F-crit = 2,445 manja od računske F = 9,0499, što znači da stručna sprema, odnosno radni zadaci koji su vezani za određenu stručnu spremu bitno utiču na broj povreda.

Table 8 is a joint table for analyzing variance of a one-factor experiment plan. As the F-test datum value, F-crit = 2,445 is smaller than compute F = 9,0499, which means that vocational qualifications or work assignments related to a particular qualification have a significant impact on the number of injuries.

4.4. Broj povreda prema godinama radnog iskustva Brojna istraživanja su pokazala da se na istovrsnim poslovima i u jednakim uslovima rada, mlađi radnici se češće povređuju, a da su povrede starijih radnika teže prirode. Uz to, podaci o povredama na radu prema dužini radnog staža povređenih radnika pokazuju koje se kategorije radnika, u odnosu na dužinu radnog staža, povređuju više, a koje manje. Istraživanja provedena u [2], na dvije firme u Centralnoj Srbiji, o povredama na radu prema dužini radnog staža povređenih radnika ukazuju da se u preduzeću „Polet” a.d. najčešće povređuju radnici sa manjim radnim stažom (do jedne godine radnog staža čak 28,5% i od jedne do pet godina- 31,8 %), do pet godina, jer na njih otpada čak 59,3 % svih povreda na radu. Radnici sa dužim radnim stažom preko deset godina znatni se manje povređuju (13,4 %) Podaci o povredama na radu prema dužini radnog staža povređenih radnika u “Carnex” a.d. pokazuju da se najčešće povređuju radnici sa manjim radnim stažom (dve godine radnog staža 5,87 % i sa 20 godina 5,87 % svih povreda na radu. Radnici sa radnim stažom od 25 godina takođe se značajno povređuju (5,68 %). Podaci iz Tabele 9 i 10 daju pregled povreda i frekvenciju povreda prema datim grupama radnog iskustva u godinama za posmatrani vremenski period 2013-2017. godina. Iz ovih podataka, vidljivo je da 50% povreda odnosi se na uposlenike sa radnim iskustvom od 1 – 3 godine.

4.4. Number of injuries by years of working experience Numerous studies have shown that, in similar jobs and in equal working conditions, younger workers are more likely to be injured and that older workers' injuries are of a more serious nature. In addition, data on injuries to work according to the length of working time of injured workers indicate which categories of workers, in terms of length of service, affect more, and less. Studies conducted in [2], on two companies in Central Serbia, about injuries at work according to the length of working experience of injured workers indicate that in the company "Polet" a.d. most often there are injured workers with a lower working life (up to one year of work experience up to 28.5% and one to five years - 31.8%), up to five years, as they account for as much as 59.3% of all injuries at work. Workers with longer working lives for more than ten years are significantly less affected (13.4%) Data on injuries at work according to the length of working time of injured workers in "Carnex" a.d. indicate that workers with less working time (two years of work experience 5.87% and with 20 years of age 5.87% of all injuries at work are most often violated.) Workers with 25 years of work also significantly injure (5.68%). The data from Tables 9 and 10 provide an overview of injuries and frequency of injuries according to the given work experience groups over the years for the observed period 2013-2017. From these data, it is apparent that 50% of injuries refer to employees with 1 to 3 years of work experience.

Tabela 8. Rezultati analize varijanse za podatke iz Tabele 5 Table 8. The resuls of analysis of variance for the data from Table 5 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 3532,571 6 588,7619 9,049919 1,56E-05 2,445259 Within Groups 1821,6 28 65,05714 Total 5354,171 34


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Tabela 9. Pregled povreda u 2013-2017. god. po datim grupama godina radnog iskustva [5] Table 9. Overview of injuries in 2013-2017 by given groups of years of work experience [5]

Radno iskustvo Work experience

Godina-Year

0 to 1 year

1 to 3 years

3 to 5 years

5 to 10 years

10 to 15 years

Over 15 years

Total ∑

2013. 1 1 7 10 7 3 29 2014. 11 1 5 17 8 6 48 2015. 6 8 0 10 8 8 40 2016. 26 41 4 10 10 3 94 2017. 16 38 6 5 13 4 82

Ukupno - Overall ∑ 60 89 22 52 46 24 293 Prosječna vrijednost

Average value 12 17,8 4,4 10,4 9,2 4,8 58,6

Tabela 10. Frekvencija povreda prema datim grupama godina radnog iskustva na osnovu podataka iz

Tabele 9 u posmatranom periodu 2013-2017. godina Table 10. Frequency of injury to given groups of years of work experience based on data from Table 9

in the observed period 2013-2017

Radno iskustvo Working

experience




Relative frequency




0 to 1 year 60 60 0,2 20 20 1 to 3 years 89 149 0,3 30 50 3 to 5 years 22 171 0,075 7,5 57,5

5 to 10 years 52 223 0,18 18 75,5 10 to 15 years 46 269 0,16 16 91,5 Over 15 years 24 293 0,08 8 100

Overall 293 1 100

Slika 5. Ukupan broj povreda prema godinama radnog iskustva za period 2013-2017. godina [5] Picture 5. Total number of injuries by years of work experience for the period 2013-2017 [5]

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Na slici 5. da je histogram frekvencija povreda prema podacima iz Tabele 9. Tabele 11. i 12. daju pregled rezultata analize varijanse prema podacima iz Tabele 9. Na osnovu vrijednosti za F-tablično F-testa (F-

crit=2,62 veće od F-računsko F=1,4) možemo zaključiti da ovako date grupe radnog iskustva u godinama, bitno ne utiču na broj povreda. Ukoliko bi se prve tri grupe svrstale u jednu (0-5 godina iskustva) onda bi taj procenat bio 57,5% i to bi bio znatan uticaj.

Picture 5 presents the histogram of the frequency of injury according to the data in Table 9. Tables 11 and 12 give an overview of the variance analysis results according to the data from Table 9. Based on the value for the F-table F-test (F-crit = 2,62 greater than F-compute F = 1,4) we can conclude that such given groups of working experience in years, does not significantly affect the number of injuries. If the first three groups were grouped into one (0-5 years of experience), then that percentage would be 57.5% and this would have a significant impact.

Tabela 11. Rezultati proračuna za podatke iz Tabele 9. Table 11. The results of calculation for tha dana from Table 9.


0 to1 year 5 60 12 92,5 1 to 3 years 5 89 17,8 401,7 3 to 5 years 5 22 4,4 7,3 5 to 10 years 5 52 10,4 18,3 10 to 15 years 5 46 9,2 5,7 Over 15 years 5 24 4,8 4,7

Tabela 12. Rezultati analize varijanse za podatke iz Tabele 9. Table 12. The results of analysis of variance for the data from Table 9.

ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 618,5667 5 123,7133 1,4 0,259762 2,620654 Within Groups 2120,8 24 88,36667 Total 2739,367 29

5. ZAKLJUČAK Iz date analize podataka o broju povreda prema podacima koji su sortirani prema godišnjim izvještajima službe zaštite rudnika, može se zaključiti sljedeće:

od svih podataka, samo podaci o broju povreda vezanih za kvalifikacionu strukturu uposlenika i mjestu nastanka povrede upućuju na zaključak da kvalifikaciona struktura (radni zadaci vezani za određene kvalifikacije) i radni zadaci vezani za određena radilišta (mjesto nastanka povrede), bitno utiču na broj povreda,

ovi podaci mogu poslužiti za kvalitetnu analizu povreda i donošenje potrebnih mjera i aktivnosti koje treba sprovesti kako bi se smanjio broj povreda i povećala sigurnost uposlenika,

5. CONCLUSIONS From the data analysis of the number of injuries to the data compiled according to the annual reports of the mine protection service, it can be concluded that:

• From all the data, only the data on the number of injuries related to the qualification structure of the staff and the origin of the injunction indicate that the qualification structure (work assignments related to certain qualifications) and work assignments related to the particular work site (place of injury) have a significant impact on the number violation,

These data can serve to provide a good analysis of injuries and to take the necessary measures and activities to be implemented in order to reduce the number of injuries and increase the safety of employees,


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ovo se posebno odnosi na izradu i održavanje transportnih i drugih putova, instalisanje postrojenja i opreme u njima u skladu sa zakon i obaveznim pravilima za rudarstvo sa podzemnom eksploatacijom što bi sigurno povećalo sigurnost uposlenika i smanjilo broj povreda,

bilo bi zanimljivo napravit stanje sa visinom novčanih sredstava koje rudnik izdvaja na godišnjem nivo za odštete uposlenicima kao i sa direktnim troškovima bolovanja koje izazivaju povrede,

ostali navedeni i analizirani podaci mogu poslužiti za preduzimanje potrebnih mjera samo na određene grupe uposlenika i određene radne zadatke koje bi parcijalno povećale sigurnost i smanjile broj povreda prema tim grupama uposlenika i grupama radnih zadataka;

na osnovu prikazanog donijeti mjere obuke za sigurnost na radu, naročito za one koji tek počinju raditi na rudniku.

This is particularly true for the construction and maintenance of transport and other roads, the installation of facilities and equipment therein, in accordance with the law and the mandatory rules for mining with underground exploitation, which would surely increase the safety of employees and reduce the number of injuries,

It would be interesting to make a situation with the amount of money that the mine allocates on an annual level for employee compensation as well as the direct costs of sickness that cause injury,

The other listed and analyzed data can serve to take the necessary measures only to certain groups of employees and certain work tasks that would partially increase security and reduce the number of injuries to these groups of employees and work task groups;

Based on the above, we need to adopt measures for safety at work, especially for those who are just starting to work on the coal mine.

5. REFERENCES [1] Vukorepa, K.; Burger, A.: Sigurnost i osnove

zaštie na radu, Priručnik, Kontrol biro, Zagreb, 2012

[2] Ivica Medak, Danijela Avramović, Dragan Spasić: Povrede na radu prema godinama života i dužini radnog staža povređenih radnika, Znanstveno-stručna konferencija s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem "Menadžment i sigurnost", Čakovec, Volume: VII, 14-15 juni 2012, pp 459-472

[3] Bakota, M.; Avramović, D.; Spasić, D.: Povrede na radu prema školskoj spremi i stepenu stručnog obrazovanja povređenih radnika, Znanstveno-stručna konferencija s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem "Menadžment i sigurnost", Čakovec, Volume: VII, 14-15 juni 2012, pp 473-481

[4] Muhamedagić, L.; Muhamedagić, B.: Povrede na radu i značaj zaštite na radu u metalskoj industriji, Bilten ljekarske komore, Glasilo Ljekarske Komore Zeničko - Dobojskog Kantona, broj 18, februar 2014, Ed. A.Efendić, pp.33-36, ISSN 1512-7419, Zenica 2014.

[5] Dokumentacija ZD RMU „Abid Lolić“ Bila-Travnik,

Coresponding author: Sabahudin Jašarević Univesity of Zenica, Polytechnic Faculty, Zenica, Fakultetska 1, B&H Email: [email protected]


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Mašinstvo 3-4(16), 99 – 108, (2019) M. Šišić et al.: POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION…

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MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE REGISTRA POSTROJENJA I ZAGAĐIVANJA U ZENIČKO-DOBOJSKOM KANTONU

POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION OF THE PLANT AND

POLLUTION REGISTER IN THE ZENICA-DOBOY CANTON

Muvedet Šišić Šefket Goletić Halim Prcanović University of Zenica Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,Institute “Kemal Kapetanović” Ključne riječi: registar, postrojenje, zagađivanje, primjena Keywords: register, plant, pollution, application Paper received: 07.10.2019. Paper accepted: 10.11.2019.

Prethodno saopštenje REZIME Registar zagađivanja i prijenosa zagađujućih materija predstavljaju važan mehanizam jačanja zajedničke odgovornosti, smanjivanja onečišćenja i promoviranja održivog razvoja. Nakon formiranja,registar postrojenja i zagađivanja biće dostupan javnosti te svako lice koje ima pravni interes može tražiti uvid u registar i izdavanje kopije podataka iz registra. Registar sadrži sljedeće podatke: ime i adresu operatora i lokaciju pogona i postrojenja, kratak opis aktivnosti i tehnološkog procesa, relevantne podatke koji se tiču e misija, opasnih supstanci prisutnih u pogonu i postrojenju, produkcije otpada i korištenja resursa i energije, podatke koji se odnose na izdavanje dozvole, promjene i sl. i podatke o kontroli, relevantnim rezultatima i poduzetim mjerama. Osnovna svrha i područje primjene Registra jeste unapređenje pristupa javnosti informacijama o stanju okoliša u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu te također i doprinos uspostavi cjelovitog nacionalnog registra emisija zagađujućih materija u zrak za sve zone i aglomeracije u Federaciji BiH.

Preliminary notes

SUMMARY The Plant and Pollution Registry is an important mechanism for strengthening shared responsibility, reducing pollution and promoting sustainable development. Once established, the plant and pollution register will be made available to the public and any person with a legal interest may request access to the register and issue a copy of the registry data. The register shall contain the following information: name and address of operator and location of facility and plant, short description of activities and technological process, relevant information regarding emissions, hazardous substances present at the facility and plant, waste production and use of resources and energy, related data license, changes, etc. and information on controls, relevant results and actions taken. The main purpose and scope of the Registry is to improve public access to environmental information in the Zenica-Doboj Canton and also to contribute to the establishment of a comprehensive national register of pollutant emissions into the air for all zones and agglomerations in the Federation of BiH.

1. UVOD Na osnovu člana 28. i 43. Zakona o zaštiti okoliša FBiH (Sl. novine Federacije BiH broj 33/03 i 38/09), člana 26. Zakona o zaštiti zraka (“Službene novine Federacije BiH“, broj 33/03 i 4/10) i odredaba Pravilnika o registrima postrojenja i zagađivanjima (“Službene novine Federacije BiH“, broj 82/07), kantoni su dužni uspostvatit i održavati registar postrojenja i zagađivanja. Izrada registra postrojenja i zagađivanjima je predviđena Kantonalnim ekološkim akcionim planom Zeničko - dobojskog

1. INTRODUCTION According to Articles 28 and 43 of the FBiH Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH No. 33/03 and 38/09), Article 26 of the Law on Air Protection (“Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH”, No. 33/03 and 4/10) and the provisions of the Rulebook on Plant and Pollution Registers (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH, No. 82/07), the Cantons are obliged to establish and maintain a register of plants and pollution. The establishment of a register of installations and


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kantona za period 2017.-2025. godina. Nosilac projekta izrade registra postrojenja i zagađivanja u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu (ZDK) je Institut „Kemal Kapetanović“ Zenica, Univerzitet u Zenici. Nadležno ministarstvo je Ministarstvo za prostorno uređenje, promet i komunikacije i zaštitu okoline ZDK. Pravni osnov za provedbu projekta je član 2. Zakona o povjeravanju javnih ovlaštenja iz oblasti zaštite okoliša (Sl novine ZDK broj 12/13). U skladu sa članom 5. stav 9. i članom 10. stav 2. Konvencije o pristupu informacijama, sudjelovanju javnosti u odlučivanju i pristupu pravosuđu u pitanjima okoliša iz 1998. godine (Aarhuska konvencija), registri zagađivanja i prijenosa zagađujućih materija predstavljaju važan mehanizam jačanja zajedničke odgovornosti, smanjivanja onečišćenja i promoviranja održivog razvoja.Cilj izrade Registra postrojenja i zagađivanja Zeničko-dobojskog kantona jest unapređenje pristupa javnosti informacijama uspostavom jedinstvenog, cjelovitog registara ispuštanja i prijenosa zagađujućih materija, čime se olakšava sudjelovanje javnosti u odlučivanju o okolišu te doprinosi sprječavanju i smanjenju onečišćenja okoliša. Pored toga, Registar predstavlja važnu podlogu za izradu atmosferskog disperzijskog modela fine rezolucije u prostornoj mreži 1 km x 1 km za proračun prizemnih koncentracija.Za taj pristup potrebno je osigurati podatke o emisijama u mreži 0,1°x0'1° za zone i 0,5x0,5 km za aglomeracije, kao i emisije tačkastih izvora.Tek tada se može raditi analiza i razdvajanje različitih utjecaja (npr. kućnih ložišta, pojedinih industrijskih izvora ili energetskih postrojenja). Za razvoj takvog modela za područje ZDK, na osnovu kojeg bi se dobili kvalitetni rezultati i njihova ovisnost o vremenskim uvjetima potrebno je što kvalitetnije uraditi Registar postrojenja i zagađivanja.Glavna tehnička podloga za provedbu ovog projekta je metodologija koja je razvijena i prihvaćena u okviru LRTAP konvencije, stoga Registar emisija za male i difuzne izvore treba obuhvatiti sve antropogene djelatnosti sukladno ovoj nomenklaturi i metodologiji.

pollution is foreseen in the Cantonal Environmental Action Plan of the Zenica-Doboj Canton (ZDK) for the period 2017-2025. The holder of the project for the development of a register of plants and pollution in the Canton of Zenica-Doboj is the Institute "Kemal Kapetanović" Zenica, University of Zenica. The competent ministry is the Ministry of Physical Planning, Transport and Communications and Environmental Protection of ZDK. The legal basis for the implementation of the project is Article 2 of the Law on the entrustment of public authorities in the field of environmental protection (Official Gazette ZDK No. 12/13). In accordance with Article 5, paragraph 9, and Article 10, paragraph 2, of the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), 1998, the registers of pollution and the transfer of pollutants constitute an important mechanism for strengthening shared responsibility, reducing pollution and promoting sustainable development. The aim of the Register of Plants and Pollution of Zenica-Doboj Canton is to improve public access to information through the establishment of a single, comprehensive register of pollutant discharges and transfers, which facilitates public participation in making environmental decision and contributes to the prevention and reduction of environmental pollution. In addition, the Registry is an important basis for developing a fine-resolution atmospheric dispersion model in a 1 km x 1 km spatial network for the calculation of ground concentrations. This approach requires the provision of mesh emission data of 0.1 ° x 0'1 ° for zones and 0.5x0.5 km for agglomerations, as well as point source emissions. Only then the analysis and separation of the various impacts (eg home furnaces, individual industrial sources or energy plants) can be done. In order to develop such a model for the ZDK area, on the basis of which quality results and their dependence on the weather conditions would be obtained, it is necessary to make the Plant and Pollution Register as high as possible. The main technical basis for the implementation of this project is the methodology developed and adopted under the LRTAP Convention, therefore, the Register should cover all activities in accordance with this nomenclature and methodology.


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2. MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMJENE REGISTRA POSTROJENJA I ZAGAĐIVANJA U ZENIČKO-DOBOJSKOM KANTONU

Predmetni registar emisija za male i difuzne izvore je izrađen na osnovu podataka za 2016 godinu a obuhvata (u skladu sa tačkom 7 Smjernica ECE/EB.AIR/125) sljedeće zagađujuće materije: Sumpor (SOx), Azotne okside (NO2), Amonijak“ (NH3),Ne-metanske isparljive organske spojeve“ (NMVOC), Ugljikov monoksid (CO), Čvrste čestice (PM), Kadmij (Cd) i njegove spojeve,Olovo (Pb) i njegove spojeve, Živu (Hg) i njezine spojeve,Policikličke aromatske ugljikovodike (PAH): benzo(a)piren, benzo (b) fluoranten, benzo (k) fluoranten i indeno (cd) piren, Dioksine i furane (PCDD/F), Poliklorirane bifenile (PCB), Heksaklorobenzen (HCB). Osnovne kategorije izvora emisija, koje su određene prostornim podatkom o emisijama onečišćujućih tvari pritom su:Energetika, izgaranje, nepokretno, Energetika, izgaranje, pokretno (saobraćaj), energetika, fugitivne emisije iz fosilnih goriva, proizvodni procesi, poljoprivreda, otpad, ostali izvori.Registar postrojenja i zagađivanja Zeničko-dobojskog kantona podrazumijeva pohranjivanje sljedećih podataka: Podaci o emisijama onečišćujućih tvari u zrak

prema izvorima ispuštanja (GNFR-prostorni podaci o emisijama namijenjeni zaizvještavanja prema LRTAP konvenciji i za izradu atmosferskog disperzijskog modela fine rezolucije u prostornoj mreži 1 km x 1 km za proračun prizemnih koncentracija, SNAP-podaci visoke razine detaljnosti namijenjeni korisnicima koji se bave klimatologijom i osnova su za izradu atmosferskog disperzijskog modela fine rezolucije u prostornoj mreži 1 km x 1 km za proračun prizemnih koncentracija);

Proxy podaci- Pomoćni podaci kojima se emisija određenog izvora ispuštanja raspodjeljuje u prostoru;

Prostorna raspodjela emisija. Unos podataka u bazu vrše operatori postrojenja koja imaju obavezu izvještavanja, a sve ostale podatke unosi te unesene podatke kontrolira i po potrebi obrađuje ovlašteni administrator. Podaci se unose popunjavanjem odgovarajućih tabela nakon unosa pristupne šifre i osnovnih podataka o operatoru, kako je prikazano na Slici 1.

2. POSSIBILITIES OF APPLICATION OF THE PLANT AND POLLUTION REGISTER IN THE ZENICA-DOBOY CANTON

The subject emission register for small and diffuse sources has been made on the basis of data for 2016 and includes (in accordance with point 7 of ECE / EB.AIR / 125 Guidelines) the following pollutants: Sulfur (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NO2), Ammonia ” (NH3), Non-methane volatile organic compounds' (NMVOC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Particulate matter (PM), Cadmium (Cd) and its compounds, Lead (Pb) and its compounds, Mercury (Hg) and its compounds, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene and indeno (cd) pyrene, dioxins and furans (PCDD / F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The main categories of emission sources, which are determined by spatial data on pollutant emissions, are: Energy, combustion, stationary; Energy, combustion, mobile (traffic), Energy, fugitive emissions from fossil fuels, Production processes, Agriculture, Waste, Other sources. The Register of Plants and Pollution of Zenica-Doboj Canton implies the storage of the following data: • Air pollutant emissions data by source (GNFR-

spatial emission data intended for reporting under the LRTAP Convention and for the development of a fine-tuned atmospheric dispersion model in a 1 km x 1 km spatial grid for high-level ground concentrations calculation, high-level SNAP data details intended for climatology users and the basis for the development of a fine-resolution atmospheric dispersion model in a 1 km x 1 km spatial network for the calculation of ground concentrations);

• Proxy data - Auxiliary data that distributes the emission of a particular source of discharge into a space;

• Spatial distribution of emissions. Data entry into the database is performed by operators of the plants that have a reporting obligation, and all other data is entered and controlled by the authorized administrator. The data is entered by filling in the appropriate tables after entering the access code and basic information about the operator, as shown in Figure 1.


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Slika 1. Elektronska platforma za unos podataka u bazu Registra

Figure 1. Electronic platform for entering data into the registry database Registar postrojenja i zagađivanja ZDK je izrađen u skladu sa definiranim ciljevima Federalne strategije zaštite okoliša 2008-2018. godine i Kantonalnim ekološkim akcionim planom ZDK za period 2017-2025. godina. Uspostavljanjem registra predviđeno je da se osiguraju preduvjeti za provedbu povezanih mjera u širokom spektru primjene kao što su: ocjena kvalitete zraka na teritoriji Federacije

BiH, izrada modela kvaliteta zraka u procjeni

onečišćenja prizemnim ozonom, razvoj modela za analizu, praćenje i

prognozu stvaranja prizemnog ozona i njihovih prekursora,

kartiranje pragova štetnog djelovanja taloženja azotnih oksida kako bi se utvrdio stepen ugroženosti biološke raznolikosti u zaštićenim područjima u Federaciji BiH

kartiranje kritičnog opterećenja s obzirom na teške metale te izraditi i uspostaviti program praćenja.

Korisnici rezultata projekta su Ministarstvo za prostorno uređenje, promet i komunikacije i zaštitu okoline Zeničko-dobojskog kantona, Federalni hidrometeorološki zavod, jedinice lokalne i područne samouprave, institucije zadužene za izvještavanje, praćenje i analizu postrojenja i zagađivanja, stručna i šira javnost.Unešeni i obrađeni podaci svakako mogu poslužiti za

The ZDK Plant and Pollution Register is prepared in accordance with the defined goals of the Federal Environmental Strategy 2008-2018. and the ZDK Cantonal Environmental Action Plan for the period 2017-2025. The establishment of the register provides for the preconditions for the implementation of related measures in a wide range of applications such as: air quality assessment in the Federation of

BiH, development of an air quality model for the

assessment of ground-level ozone pollution, development of models for the analysis,

monitoring and forecasting of the formation of ground-level ozone and their precursors,

mapping the thresholds for the harmful effects of nitrogen oxide deposition to determine the degree of threat to biodiversity in protected areas in the Federation of BiH

critical load mapping with respect to heavy metals and to develop and establish a monitoring program.

Beneficiaries of the project results are the Ministry of Physical Planning, Transport and Communications and Environmental Protection of the Zenica-doboy canton, the Federal Hydro-Meteorological Institute, local and regional self-government units, institutions responsible for reporting, monitoring and analysis of plants and pollution, expert and general public. The periodične i prostorne ocjene stanja okoliša te kao podloga u naučno-istraživačkom radu.


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Za pristup aplikacijama i korištenje informacija iz baze Registra kreiran je portal kao aplikacija koja je optimizirana za rad u besplatnim Internet preglednicima Mozilla Firefox i Google Chrome te se preporučuje korištenje ovih preglednika u kojima se garantira puna funkcionalnost aplikacije. Osnovna funkcionalnost omogućena je u Microsoft Internet Explorer-. Naslovnica portala predstavljena je na Slici 2. Aplikacija se sastoji od dvije logičke cjeline: opis projekta (naslovnica, o projektu, poveznice, radni paketi I metodologija) i podaci. Naslovnica Portala prostorne raspodjele emisija (Slika 2) se sastoji iz tri djela. U gornjem dijelu naslovnice se nalaze osnovni podaci o Portalu (web aplikaciji) te poveznice na ostale stranice aplikacije kao i na stranice Metalurški institut “Kemal Kapetanović“, Univerzitet u Zenici.Logo i naziv Metalurškog instituta “Kemal Kapetanović“ služe kao poveznica na stranice Metalurškog instituta “Kemal Kapetanović“. Na naslovnici su, također, dostupne i poveznice na stranicu s podacima o projektu te poveznica na stanicu s bitnim tematskim poveznicama na druge aplikacije. Aplikacija implementira pravila tzv. „responsive designa“ te se zbog toga dizajn stranice prilagođava uređajima s kojih se pristupa aplikaciji. Dizajn je nešto drugačiji ukoliko se aplikaciji pristupa s mobilnog uređaja u usporedbi s dizajnom koji se pruža korisniku prilikom pristupa aplikaciji putem stolnih računala.

Aplikacija omogućava praćenje prostornih emisija onečišćujućih tvari u zrak za sve kategorije izvora ispuštanja koje su prisutni na teritoriju Zeničko-dobojskog kantona i koje su u skladu s propisima, smjernicama, vodičima i sl. vezanih uz temu Projekta, u izdanju Sekretarijata LRTAP konvencije.

data entered and processed can certainly serve for periodic and spatial assessments of the state of the environment and as a basis for scientific and research work. To access applications and use information from the registry database, a portal has been created as an application that is optimized for use in the free Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome Internet browsers, and it is recommended to use these browsers in which the full functionality of the application is guaranteed. Basic functionality is enabled in Microsoft Internet Explorer. The cover of the portal was shown in Figure 2. The application consists of two logical units: project description (cover, about the project, links, work packages and methodology) and data. The cover of the Emissions Spatial Distribution Portal (Figure 2) consists of three parts The upper part of the cover contains basic information about the Portal (web application) and links to other pages of the application as well as to the pages of the Kemal Kapetanović Metallurgical Institute, the University of Zenica. Logo and the name of the Kemal Kapetanović Metallurgical Institute serve as link to the pages of the Kemal Kapetanović Metallurgical Institute. The cover also has links to the project information page and a link to the station with important thematic links to other applications. The application implements the so-called Responsive design, which is why the page design adapts to the devices that access the application. The design is slightly different if the application was accessed from a mobile device compared to the design provided to the user when accessing the application via desktops. The application enables the monitoring of the spatial emissions of pollutants into the air for all categories of sources of discharges that are present in the territory of Zenica-Doboj Canton and which comply with regulations, guidelines, guides, etc. related to the Project topic, published by the Secretariat of the LRTAP Convention.


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Slika 2. Naslovnica portala prostorne raspodjele emisija

Figure 2. Cover of the Emissions Spatial Distribution Portal Svi podaci u bazi su javno dostupni te stoga ne postoje podaci koji su dostupni samo pojedinim skupinama korisnika. Osnovni podaci dostupni u aplikaciji koji se aktiviraju odabirom u središnjem dijelu naslovnice su: Podaci o emisijama; Prostorna raspodjela emisija; Konačni podaci GNFR; Konačni podaci SNAP; Stranica Podaci o emisijama sadržava podatke o emisijama po području prikaza.Moguće je odabrati godinu, mjernu jedinicu i područje prikaza. Izmjenom kriterija za pretraživanje podaci na stranici se automatski osvježavaju. Rezultati se prikazuju u tabličnom i kartografskom formatu. Podaci se dodatno mogu filtrirati po izvoru ispuštanja (GNFR, NFR ili SNAP) odabirom jednog od izvora s lijeve strane ekrana. Dobivene rezultate moguće je i preuzeti u tabličnom formatu (Excel).

All data in the database is publicly available and therefore there is no data available only to certain groups of users. The basic information available in the aplication that is activated by selecting in the center of the cover is: Emissions data; Spatial distribution of emissions; GNFR Final Data; SNAP Final Data. The Emissions Data page contains emission data by display area. You can select the year, unit of measure and display area. Changing the search criteria will automatically refresh the information on the page. The results are presented in tabular and cartographic format. The data can be further filtered by source of discharge (GNFR, NFR or SNAP) by selecting one of the sources on the left side of the screen. The obtained results can also be downloaded in tabular format (Excel).


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Na stranici raspodjele emisija (Slika 3 ) dostupni su tablični i kartografski podaci o emisijama u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu, u 9 zona: Breza, Doboj Jug, Olovo, Tešanj, Vareš, Visoko, Zavidovići, Žepče i Usora i u tri aglomeracije: Maglaj, Kakanj i Zenica. Podatke je moguće filtrirati prema području prikaza, onečišćujućoj tvari, mjernoj jedinici mase te izvorima ispuštanja (GNFR-NFR-SNAP). Izmjenom kriterija pretraživanja, podaci se automatski osvježavaju.Onečišćujuće tvari je moguće i automatski mijenjati odabirom plave opcije pokraj padajućeg menija za onečišćujuće tvari.Dobiveni kartografski prikaz moguće preuzeti u kao sliku (.png format). Odabirom jednog kvadranta mreže na karti, dobivaju se dodatni podaci o promatranom kvadrantu.

The Emissions Distribution page (Figure 3) provides tabular and cartographic data on emissions in the Zenica-Doboj Canton, in 9 zones: Breza, Doboj Jug, Olovo, Tesanj, Vares, Visoko, Zavidovici, Zepce and Usora and in three agglomerations: Maglaj, Kakanj and Zenica. Data can be filtered by display area, pollutant, unit of measure, and discharge sources (GNFR-NFR-SNAP). By changing the search criteria, the data is automatically refreshed. Pollutants can also be changed automatically by selecting the blue option next to the pollutants drop-down menu.The resulting map view can be downloaded as an image (.png format). By selecting one grid quadrant on the map, additional information about the observed quadrant was obtained.

Slika 3. Stranica „Raspodjela emisija“ Figure 3. „Emissions Allocation“ Page

Odabirom jednog od kvadranata na karti otvara se novi prozor s informacijama za odabrani kvadrant: ID kvadranta, naziv onečišćujuće tvari, A: ukupna emisija onečišćujuće tvari u

odabranom kvadrantu za odabrane parametre;

B: Udio emisije onečišćujuće tvari u ukupnoj emisiji te tvari za odabrano područje prikaza;

Selecting one of the quadrants on the map opens a new window with information for the selected quadrant: quadrant ID, name of the pollutant, A: total pollutant emission in the selected

quadrant for the selected parameters; B: Share of pollutant emission in total

emissions and substances for the selected display area;

A B

C

D E


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C: Udio emisija onečišćujuće tvari u odabranom kvadrantu iz promatranog izvora ispuštanja,

D: Emisija onečišćujuće tvari iz promatranog izvora ispuštanja u odabranom kvadrantu;

E: Ukupna emisija onečišćujuće tvari iz promatranog izvora ispuštanja za odabrano područje prikaza.

Element koji se nalazi na desnoj strani u području prikaza karte koja daje pregled emisija u pojedinom kvadrantu EMEP mreže za odabrane parametre područje prikaza, godina, onečišćujuća tvar, mjerna jedinica, GNFR i NFR izvori ispuštanja. Element je vizualno određen intervalom boje od zelene prema ljubičastoj pri čemu tamno zelena označava vrijednost najmanje emisije, a ljubičasta vrijednost najveće emisije za odabrane parametre. Prikazuju se samo kvadranti koji imaju emisiju. Svakom kvadrantu dodijeljen je identifikacijski broj (ID kvadranta) koji ga povezuje sa kartom.

C: Share of pollutant emissions in the selected quadrant from the observed discharge source,

D: Emission of the pollutant from the observed discharge source in the selected quadrant;

E: Total pollutant emission from the observed discharge source for the selected display area.

The element on the right in the Map view area that gives an overview of the emissions in each quadrant of the EMEP network for the selected parameters display area, year, pollutant, unit of measure, GNFR and NFR discharge sources. The element is visually determined by the color interval from green to purple, with dark green indicating the minimum emission value and the purple maximum emission value for the selected parameters. Only quadrants that have an emission are shown. Each quadrant is assigned an identification number (quadrant ID) that connects it to the ma

Konačni podaci GNFR (Slika 4) su prostorni podaci o emisijama namijenjeni za izvještavanja prema LRTAP konvenciji i za izradu atmosferskog disperzijskog modela fine rezolucije u prostornoj mreži 1 km x 1 km za proračun prizemnih koncentracija. Na stranici su dostupni podaci u tabličnom formatu te ih je moguće filtrirati prema području prikaza, godini i GNFR izvoru ispuštanja. Na stranici su dostupni i prostorni podaci o emisijama velikih točkastih izvora (LPS).

The GNFR final data (Figure 4) are spatial emission data intended for reporting under the LRTAP Convention and for the construction of a fine-tuned atmospheric dispersion model in a 1 km x 1 km spatial network for the calculation of ground concentrations. Tabular data are available on the page and can be filtered by view area, year, and GNFR source. Larger point sources (LPS) emissions are also available on the site.

Slika 4. Končni podaci GNFR

Figure 4. GNFR final data


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Konačni podaci SNAP (Slika 5) su podaci visoke razine detaljnosti namijenjeni korisnicima koji se bave klimatologijom i osnova su za izradu atmosferskog disperzijskog modela fine rezolucije u prostornoj mreži 1 km x 1 km za proračun prizemnih koncentracija. Stranica s konačnim podacima SNAP sadrži veću količinu podatka koja se automatski dohvaća iz baze podataka.

The final SNAP data (Figure 5) are high-level detail data intended for climatology users and are the basis for the development of a fine-resolution atmospheric dispersion model in a 1 km x 1 km spatial network for the calculation of ground concentrations. The SNAP Final Data Page contains a larger amount of data that is automatically retrieved from the database

Slika 5. Končni podaci SNAP

Figure 5. SNAP final data

Dodatni izbornici kod konačnih podataka omogućavaju izbor jednog od ponuđenih područja prikaza: EMEP mreža rezolucije 0,1°x0,1° za

Zeničko-dobojski kanton; EMEP mreža rezolucije 0,1°x0,1° za 9 zona:

Breza, Doboj Jug, Olovo, Tešanj, Vareš, Visoko, Zavidovići, Žepče i Usora;

mreža rezolucije 0,5 km x 0,5 km za tri aglomeracije: Maglaj, Kakanj i Zenica.

Dodatni izbornici omogućavaju i izbor svih ili jednog od ponuđenih GNFR izvora ispuštanja. Podaci su u tabličnom formatu i moguće ih je filtrirati prema području prikaza i godini. Podaci se dohvaćaju automatski dolaskom korisnika na promatranu stranicu. Dobivene podatke je moguće sačuvati u tabličnom formatu (Excel) iz kojeg je moguće dobiti i csv format.

Additional menus for finite data allow you to select one of the offered display areas: EMEP network resolution 0.1 ° x0.1 ° for

Zenica-Doboj Canton; EMEP grid resolution 0.1 ° x0.1 ° for 9 zones:

Breza, Doboj Jug, Olovo, Tešanj, Vareš, Visoko, Zavidovići, Žepče and Usora;

0.5 km x 0.5 km grid for three agglomerations: Maglaj, Kakanj and Zenica.

Additional menus also allow you to select all or one of the GNFR release sources offered. The data is in tabular format and can be filtered by view area and year. Data is automatically retrieved when users arrive at the page being viewed. The obtained data can be saved in a spreadsheet format (Excel) from which it is possible to obtain the csv.


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3. ZAKLJUČAK Osnovni doprinos uspostave Registra jeste unapređenje pristupa javnosti informacijama o stanju okoliša u Zeničko-dobojskom kantonu. Također, realizacijom ovog projekta doprinosi se uspostavi cjelovitog nacionalnog registra emisija zagađujućih materija u zrak za sve zone i aglomeracije u Federaciji BiH i uspostavi nacionalnog modelarskog sistema za proračun prijenosa, disperzije i depozicije zagađujućih materija, planiranju, pripremi i nadzoru politika, instrumenata i mjera za smanjenje utjecaja zagađenja zraka te razvoju stručnih znanja i tehničkih kapaciteta za prikupljanje podataka i izvještavanje o emisijama na nivoima jedinica lokalne samouprave. Metodologija korištena u formiranju Registra i model primjenjen ukonačnoj verziji elktronske baze može biti primjenjen i kod sličnih Registara za područje ostalih kantona u Federaciji BiH.

3. CONCLUSION The main contribution to the establishment of the Register is to improve public access to environmental information in the Zenica-Doboj Canton. In addition, the implementation of this project contributes to the establishment of a comprehensive national registry of pollutant emissions into the air for all zones and agglomerations in the Federation of BiH and the establishment of a national modeling system for the calculation, transfer, dispersion and deposition of pollutants, planning, preparation and monitoring of policies, instruments and measures for reducing the impact of air pollution and developing expertise and technical capacity to collect data and report on emissions at the levels of local government units. The methodology used to form the Register and the model applied to the final version of the electronic database can be applied to similar Registers for the territory of other cantons in the Federation of BiH.

4. LITERATURA - REFERENCES [1] Prcanović, H.,Tais, P., Duraković, M.,

Beganović, S.: Projektni zadatak za izradu Registra postrojenja i zagađivanja Zeničko-dobojskog kantona, Univerzitet u Zenici, Institut »Kemal Kapetanović, Zavod za zaštitu i ekologiju. Zenica, april 2017.

[2] Ekonerg - institut za energetiku i zaštitu okoliša d.o.o.: Priručnik za korisnika-portal prostorne raspodjele emisija, Zagreb, 2019.

[3] United nations economic commission for

Europe: Guidelines for reporting emissions and projections data under the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, New York and Geneva, 2015.

Coresponding author: Muvedet Šišić University of Zenica Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Email: [email protected] Phone: +387 61 470 627

Mašinstvo 3-4(16), 109 – 113, (2019) M. Kulenović et al.: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT…

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TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: DO ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXTUAL FACTORS

MATTER?

PRAKSE TOTALNOG UPRAVLJANJA KVALITETOM U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI: DA LI SU VAŽNI KONTEKSTUALNI FAKTORI

ORGANIZACIJE?

Kulenović Mirza1, Veselinović LJ2,

1University College “CEPS - Center for Business Studies”, Kiseljak Bosnia and Herzegovina 2School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Keywords: Total quality management, Contextual factors, Bosnia and Herzegovina Ključne riječi: Totalno upravljanje kvalitetom, Kontekstualni faktori, Bosna i Hercegovina Paper received: 05.04.2019. Paper accepted: 18.05.2019.

Originalan naučni rad REZIME Glavni cilj ovog rada je predstaviti prakse totalnog upravljanja kvalitetom (TQM) za 593 kompanije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Pored toga, naši rezultati potvrđuju da postoji statistički signifikantna razlika u TQM praksama između firmi koje se nalaze u visoko konkurentnom okruženju i onih u manje konkurentnom okruženju; kao i između firmi sa i bez ISO certifikata. TQM prakse se ne razlikuju između kompanija koje pripadaju grupama konstruisanim na osnovu godine osnivanja, lokacije, izvozne orijentacije i veličine firme. Kroz ovaj rad dajemo doprinos postojećoj teoriji tako što identificiramo kontekstualne faktore organizacije koji bi mogli imati uticaja na rezultate istraživanja u kompleksnijim strukturalnim modelima.

Original scientific paper

SUMMARY The main focus of this paper is to present the TQM practices of 593 companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, our results confirm that there are statistically significant differences in TQM practices between firms in a highly competitive and less competitive environment, as well as between firms with and without ISO certificates. TQM practices do not differ between companies that belong to different groups that we constructed based on their age, location, export-orientation and the firm size. We contribute to the existing body of knowledge by identifying organizational contextual factors that might matter in designing more complex structural models.

1. INTRODUCTION In today's era of globalization and market liberalization, companies face increasing competition, on domestic and foreign markets. As the business environment is under influence of ever-increasing customer demands and technological progress, companies opt for the implementation of various management systems, such as Lean Management, Six Sigma or Total Quality Management (hereinafter: TQM). The quality has become one of the key topics in business magazines and among consultants. Existing literature suggests that TQM increases flexibility, reduces costs, improves product

quality, the responsiveness of employees to work tasks, and employee satisfaction [1,2]. The main focus of this paper is to analyze the TQM practices of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to confirm whether TQM practices differ between companies in different competitive intensity and with different contextual factors. 2. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Over the past three decades, there has been an increased interest in TQM as a strategy that is able to provide companies a competitive advantage [3]. Companies that apply TQM and


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continue to improve product quality will improve their competitive positions, business success and differentiate their products [4,5]. One of the main issues of TQM implementation is its universal applicability [6]. Some authors [7,8] questioned this argument suggesting that these principles could, in fact, be context-dependent, which could render certain TQM practices and tools inappropriate. In that sense, we will focus on the different characteristics of the company, ie. ISO certification, size of the company, affiliation of the company, export/import orientation of the company and the age of the company. ISO 9000 can be considered to be a subset of TQM [6]. Comparing ISO 9001: 2015 with TQM approaches [9] concluded that it is a step towards TQM, with significant organizational benefits, such as less emphasis on documentation and new/enhanced approaches. However, the literature [10,11,12] reveals different conclusions regarding ISO certified companies and the implementation of TQM practices. Companies of different sizes possess different characteristics that could affect the effects of TQM implementation and how TQM contributes to organizational performance [6]. On the one hand, small companies have equal management structures and greater flexibility than larger companies [13], greater customer orientation, and therefore can more easily implement TQM. On the other hand, large companies have a much more formal and complex structure [14] and have more funds to take action for TQM. In general, the emergence of TQM is related to the industrial sector, while lately more and more attention is given [15,16] to the service sector. The attention of the authors [17,18] also captures the effect of TQM in the context of different sectors. Market competition is considered a key situational factor in the total number of factors that make up the business environment [19]. With the increasing intensity of competition in the market, companies face increasing competition threats and challenges. A study [19] suggests that companies must produce and distribute high-quality products to meet customer and competition standards in highly competitive markets. In that sense, in highly competitive markets, the TQM practices should also be at a higher level.

3. METHODS The research strategy employed in this paper is based on survey design. The questionnaire was constructed based on the previously validated measurement models of TQM [20] and competitive intensity [21]. We used enablers from the EFQM model, which is validated in the literature [22] as a frame for operationalization of TQM practices. Based on the information from Financial–intelligence Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Agency for Intermediary, IT and Financial Services Banja Luka and Municipal Court of Brcko District, the population size was estimated to be 7,062, excluding micro-sized enterprises. The emails were sent to managers of the companies between September and November 2018. The response rate was 12.62% (or 685 firms), but our analyses were conducted on the sample of 593 firms after elimination of those firms that provided inaccurate data. After assessing confirmatory and discriminatory validity of the TQM construct (consisting of leadership, human resources, processes and resources, policy and strategy and partnership), we calculated average values for each construct and finally average TQM, representing a level of TQM implementation for the specific firm. As our aim was to analyze differences between several groups, we run several statistical tests in STATA 15.1. Our aims were not to established the causal relationships between variables, but to identify if there are differences in TQM practices between (a) companies doing business in a highly competitive environment and those doing business in less competitive markets; (b) older and younger companies; (c) companies with ISO and firms without ISO certificates; (d) export-oriented and non-export-oriented companies; (e) small-sized and medium-sized enterprises and (f) companies in Republic of Srpska and companies in Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Effect sizes (r) were estimated by using Stata “bootstrap” function and interpreted in according to the Cohen’s rules of thumb for interpreting these effect sizes: (a) small effect size for |r| > .1; (b) medium effect size for |r| > .3 and (c) large effect size for |r| > .5. 4. RESULTS Table 1 provides a ranking of the industries based on the TQM average score. Industries with NACE codes of R, L, O, N and B should be interpreted with cautions due to a small number of observations in these industries. Managers of


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the companies from Transportation and Storage (H) industry perceived their total quality management practices the highest, closely followed by Human Health and Social Work Activities (Q), Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities (M), Accommodation and Food Service Activities (I) and Financial and Insurance Activities (K). The average TQM

scores are very close in each of these industries. On the other hand, Mining and Quarrying (B), Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply (D), Education (P) and Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities (E) have the lowest average TQM score.

Table 1. Total Quality Management Practices of the Companies in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Industry Obs. L HR PR PS P TQM CI

R Arts, Entertainment and Recreation 2 6.80 6.14 5.90 6.21 6.17 6.24 4.00H Transportation and Storage 14 6.11 6.17 6.29 6.18 6.29 6.21 4.64Q Human Health and Social Work Activities 37 6.31 6.22 6.26 5.98 6.15 6.19 3.58

M Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities 26 6.03 6.18 6.35 5.94 6.40 6.18 4.07

I Accommodation and Food Service Activities 17 6.27 6.06 6.50 5.80 6.25 6.18 3.98

K Financial and Insurance Activities 23 6.23 6.09 6.41 5.99 6.06 6.16 4.27

L Real Estate Activities 2 6.00 6.21 6.55 5.64 6.33 6.15 4.60

F Construction 90 6.17 5.91 6.25 5.60 6.34 6.06 4.28

S Other Service Activities 63 6.10 6.06 6.19 5.61 6.12 6.01 3.92

C Manufacturing 116 6.07 5.92 6.24 5.71 5.96 5.98 3.89

G Wholesale and Retail Trade; Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles 82 6.09 5.92 6.05 5.67 6.05 5.96 4.46

A Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing 12 6.03 5.98 5.88 5.31 5.97 5.83 4.17

J Information and Communication 46 5.90 5.91 5.92 5.24 5.80 5.75 3.98

B Mining and Quarrying 6 5.57 5.79 6.12 5.50 5.72 5.74 3.90

D Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply 10 5.86 5.77 5.80 5.56 5.70 5.74 3.56

P Education 18 5.77 5.75 5.90 5.44 5.54 5.68 3.84

E Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management, and Remediation Activities 27 5.96 5.44 5.74 5.35 5.27 5.55 2.21

O Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory Social Security 1 4.60 4.86 4.90 4.00 4.00 4.47 2.00

N Administrative and Support Service Activities 1 4.80 5.00 4.00 4.14 4.33 4.46 3.40

All industries 593 6.08 5.94 5.65 6.15 6.03 5.97 3.98Legend: L - Leadership; HR - People; PR - Process & Resources; PS - Policy & Strategy; P - Partnership; TQM - Total Quality Management; CI - Competitive intensity In the following section, we present the results of six statistical tests, comparing whether TQM practices differ between (a) companies conducting their businesses in more and in less

competitive environment; (b) younger and older companies; (c) companies with and without ISO certificate; (d) export-oriented and non-export-oriented companies and, finally, (e) small and


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medium-sized enterprises. On average, TQM practices were greater in the competitive environment (M = 6.19, SE = 0.04) than in the less competitive environment (M = 5.78, SE = 0.04). This difference was significant t(591) = 7.08, p < 0.001; it represents a large-sized effect (r = 0.58). This might imply that companies in a more competitive environment are forced to focus on quality issues more than those companies in a lower competitive environment. TQM practices were not greater for the companies older than 19 years (M = 5.99, SE = 0.04) than for the companies younger than 19 years (M = 5.95, SE = 0.04). This difference was not significant t(591) = 0.63, p > 0.05; it also represents a weak-sized effect (r = 0.05). The same results were obtained when we compare differences between TQM practices of firms younger than 10 and older than 10 years. Thus, TQM practices do not vary with the age of the company, i.e. being a long established company does not imply that TQM practices would be ignored; or vice versa. TQM practices were not greater for the companies conducting their businesses in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (M = 5.95, SE = 0.06) than for the companies in the Republic of Srpska (M = 5.95, SE = 0.03). This difference was not significant t(591) = 0.83, p > 0.05, r = 0.08. As expected, there is nothing specific in each entity that would make TQM practices differ. On average, TQM practices were greater in the companies that possess ISO certificates (M = 6.04, SE = 0.05) than in those without ISO certificate (M = 5.91, SE = 0.04). This difference was significant t(591) = -2.10, p < 0.05; however it represents a medium-sized effect (r = 0.17). While ISO and TQM have many similarities, having an ISO certification does not necessarily mean that the company will focus on total quality management. However, as our results confirm, ISO certificated companies have reported better TQM practices. On average, TQM practices were not greater for the companies that are export-oriented (M = 5.99, SE = 0.04) than for those that are not (M = 5.95, SE = 0.04). This difference was not significant

t(591) = -0.68, p > 0.05, r = 0.06). This result was contrary to our expectation: we expected that companies with higher export orientation would demonstrate a higher level of TQM practices, but this is not the case. This might be explained by the fact that quality matters both in the local and foreign markets; therefore all companies are focusing on ensuring a higher quality of their products and processes. Finally, we could not find statistically significant difference in TQM practices between small-sized enterprise (M = 5.97, SE = 0.04) and medium-sized enterprise (M = 5.98, SE = 0.04). This difference was not significant t(591) = 0.21, p > 0.05, r = 0.02. Both small-sized and medium-sized enterprises focus on the quality issues, suggesting that the voice of customer matters the most, and being large or small does not allow ignoring TQM practices. 5. CONCLUSION This paper analyzes the TQM practices of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and conducts several tests in order to discover whether TQM practices differ between companies in various competitive intensity settings as well as between companies with different organizational contextual factors. Our results confirm that TQM practices differ between companies in different competitive settings, as well as between companies that acquired ISO certificates and the ones that did not. Statistically significant differences in TQM practices were not found between the companies that belong to different groups, based on the following criteria: age, location, export orientation, and the size. We contribute to the existing body of knowledge by analyzing organizational contextual factors that might matter in conducting research in more complex structural models. Such studies are especially not available for the developing country. As this paper presents a level of TQM implementation of the companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this research provides useful information for the managers in order to compare TQM practices with the industrial average.

5. REFERENCES [1] Sharma, U.; Lawrence, S.; Lowe, A.:

Institutional contradiction and management control innovation: A field study of total quality management practices in a privatized telecommunication company. Management Accounting Research, Volume 24, No. 4, 2010, pp. 251-264.

[2] Boulter, L.; Bendell, T.; Dahlgaard, J.: Total quality beyond North America: A comparative analysis of the performance of European Excellence Award winners, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 33, No.2, 2013, pp. 197-215.

[3] Prajogo, D.I.; Sohal, A.S.: The relationship between organization strategy, total quality management (TQM), and organization


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performance––the mediating role of TQM, European journal of operational research, Vol. 168, No.1, 2006, pp. 35-50.

[4] Pérez, V.F.; Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, L.: External managerial networks, strategic flexibility and organisational learning: a comparative study among non-QM, ISO and TQM firms, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, Vol. 24, No.3-4, 2013, pp. 243-258.

[5] Lam, S. Y.; Lee, V. H.; Ooi, K. B.; Lin, B.: The relationship between TQM, learning orientation and market performance in service organisations: An empirical analysis, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, Vol. 22, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1277-1297.

[6] Sila, I.: Examining the effects of contextual factors on TQM and performance through the lens of organizational theories: An empirical study, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007, pp. 83-109.

[7] Dean, J. W.; Bowen, D. E.: Management theory and total quality: improving research and practice through theory development, Academy of management review, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1994, pp. 392-418.

[8] Sitkin, S. B.; Sutcliffe, K. M.; Schroeder, R. G.: Distinguishing control from learning in total quality management: a contingency perspective, Academy of management review, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1994, pp. 537-564.

[9] Fonseca, L. M.: From Quality Gurus and TQM to ISO 9001: 2015: a review of several quality paths, International Journal for Quality Research (IJQR), Vol. 9, No.1, 2015, pp. 167-180.

[10] Chapman, R.; Al-Khawaldeh, K.: TQM and labour productivity in Jordanian industrial companies, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 14, No.4, 2002, pp. 248-262.

[11] Martínez-Costa, M.; Choi, T. Y.; Martínez, J. A.; Martínez-Lorente, A. R.: ISO 9000/1994, ISO 9001/2000 and TQM: The performance debate revisited, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2009, pp. 495-511.

[12] Terziovski, M.; Samson, D.; Dow, D.: The business value of quality management systems certification. Evidence from Australia and New Zealand, Journal of operations management, Vol. 15, No, 1, 1997, pp. 1-18.

[13] McAdam, R.: Three leafed clovers?: TQM, organisational excellence and business improvement, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 5, 2000, pp. 314-320.

[14] Germain, R.; Spears, N.: Quality management and its relationship with organizational context and design, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1999, pp.

371-392. [15] Jaafreh, A. B.; Al-abedallat, A. Z.: The effect of

quality management practices on organizational performance in Jordan: An empirical study, International Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, pp. 93-109.

[16] Sabella, A.; Kashou, R.; Omran, O.: Quality management practices and their relationship to organizational performance, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 34, No. 12, 2014, pp. 1487-1505.

[17] Brah, S. A.; Tee, S. S.; Madhu Rao, B.: Relationship between TQM and performance of Singapore companies, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2002, pp. 356-379.

[18] Jayaram, J.; Ahire, S. L.; Dreyfus, P.: Contingency relationships of firm size, TQM duration, unionization, and industry context on TQM implementation—A focus on total effects, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2010, pp. 345-356.

[19] Das, A.; Handfield, R. B.; Calantone, R. J.; Ghosh, S.: A contingent view of the quality management‐the impact of international competition on quality, Decision Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2000, pp. 649-690.

[20] Santos-Vijande, M. L.; Álvarez-González, L. I.: Innovativeness and Organizational Innovation in Total Quality Oriented Firms: The Moderating Role of Market Turbulence, Technovation. Vol. 27, No. 9, 2007, pp. 514-532.

[21] Jaworski, B. J.; Kohli, A. K.: Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences, The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57, No. 3, 1993, pp. 53-70.

[22] Bou-Llusar, J. C.; Escrig-Tena, A. B.; Roca-Puig, V.; Beltrán-Martín, I.: An empirical assessment of the EFQM Excellence Model: Evaluation as a TQM framework relative to the MBNQA Model, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No, 1, 2009, pp. 1-22.

Coresponding author: Kulenović Mirza University College “CEPS - Center for Business Studies”, Josipa bana Jelačića bb 71250 Kiseljak Kiseljak Bosnia and Herzegovina Email: [email protected]

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114

ODRŽANA SVEČANA PROMOCIJA ZVRŠENIKA PRVOG I DRUGOG CIKLUSA STUDIJA UNIVERZITETA U ZENICI

U subotu, 26. oktobra 2019. godine u Gradskoj areni „Husejin Smajlović“ održana je svečana Promocija završenika prvog i drugog ciklusa studija Univerziteta u Zenici.

Svečano je promovirano ukupno 514 završenika, od toga 461 završenika prvog ciklusa, 45 magistara struke i 8 magistara nauke.

I ove godine studentima sa najboljim uspjehom uručene su Nagrade rektora.

Nagrade Rektora dobili su:

Kristina Udovičić (prosjek ocjena 9,70) sa Filozofskog fakulteta i Eldar Ćerim (9,70) sa Islamsko-pedagoškog fakulteta, završenici prvog ciklusa, te Anesa Ključanin, Amina Čaušević i Emina Vardo sa drugog ciklusa, inače svi studenti Metalurško-tehnološkog fakulteta sa prosjekom ocjena 10,00.

Čestitke završenicima i njihovim porodicama, kao i nastavnicima i zaposlenicima Univerziteta uputili su prof.dr.sc. Damir Kukić, rektor Univerziteta u Zenici i prof.dr.sc. Spahija Kozlić, ministar za obrazovanje, nauku, kulturu i sport Zeničko – dobojskog kantona.

Derviša Zahirović, MA prava

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SVEČANO OBILJEŽENO 60 GODINA METALURŠKO-TEHNOLOŠKOG FAKULTETA

Dana, 24. Oktobra 2019. godine na Metalurško –tehnološkom fakultetu održana je svečanost u povodu obilježavanja „Šezdest godina Metalurško-tehnološkog fakulteta i šest decenija razvoja visokog obrazovanja u Zenici.

U prisustvu predstavnika srodnih fakulteta iz Hrvatske, Srbije, Crne Gore, Slovenije i Bosne i Hercegovine, predstavnika Vlade Zeničko-dobojskog kantona, rukovodstva i zaposlenika Univerziteta u Zenici, bivših zaposlenika Metalurško-tehnološkog fakulteta, brojnih gostiju i prijatelja, održan je prigodan svečani program na kojem se govorilo o značaju razvoja visokog obrazovanja u Zenici, samim počecima, nastanku i radu prve visokoškolske institucije u Zenici, davne 1959. godine, te o uspjesima ovog fakulteta, ali i planovima za budući razvoj.

Ono što su svi govornici danas istakli jeste značaj metalurgije za sve aspekte života i razvoj ekonomije kako u Bosni i Hercegovini, tako i u svijetu.

Prof.dr.sc. Ilhan Bušatlić, dekan Metalurško-tehnološkog fakulteta istakao je da je značajno to da je tadašnje vodstvo grada i Bosne i Hercegovine pokazalo da ima jasnu viziju budućnosti, kada je 20.oktobra 1959. godine odlučeno da se formira Visoka tehnička škola, koja je kasnije prerasla u Fakultet za metalurgiju i materijale, a danas je to Metalurško-tehnološki fakultet. Dekan je također istakao da su elaborati o formiranju dva nova studijska odsjeka na prvom ciklusu i jednog odsjeka na trećem ciklusu prošli proceduru usvajanja na Univerzitetu u Zenici, te se očekuje uskoro i usvajanje od strane Osnivača.

Prof.dr.sc. Damir Kukić, rektor Univerziteta u Zenici, osvrnuo se na činjenicu da je osnivanjem Visoke tehničke škole ustvari i počeo proces razvoja visokog obrazovanja u Zenici.

Bez obzira kakva bude budućnost i metalurgije i Željezare Zenica, kolege i kolegice sa Metalurško-tehnološkog fakulteta, tokom tih šest decenija, pokazali su kako se može vršiti transformacija i koliki je značaj visokog obrazovanja kako za fakultet, tako i za akademsku zajednicu, a rekao bih i šire - kazao je prof.dr.sc. Damir Kukić, koji je dodao kako je to put kojim treba ići i u budućnosti.

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Prisutnima se obratio i prof.dr.sc. Spahija Kozlić, minister za obrazovanje, nauku, kulturu i sport Zeničko-dobojskog kantona i istakao da je i on upravo svoj radni angažman kao nastavnik započeo na ovom fakultetu, te zaželio uspješan rad fakultetu u budućnosti.

Osim toga prisutne su pozdravili i predstavnici fakulteta iz inostranstva, te uručili prigodne poklone.

Derviša Zahirović, MA prava

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6th International Conference

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University of Tuzla, University of Zenica, University

Sarajevo, Sarajevo School of Science and Technology,

Society for Advanced Technology Sarajevo

will be held in Sarajevo from 25th to 27th June

entrepreneurs to exchange knowledge and

information about conference, including

be found at conference webpage www.icnt.ba

written in four to eight (4 - 8) pages.

us by e-mail.

Karabegović, University of Bihać, Bosnia and Hezegovina

December 2019

All papers from the 6th International Conference “New Technologies,

lopment and Application” NT-2020, will be published by “SPRINGER”

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319908922

l and research papers from the 6th International Conference „New

Technologies, Development and Application NT-2020“, which successfully pass


3971)

//www.springer.com/snappliedsciences)

APPLICATION”

"New Technologies ,

Academy of Sciences and Arts

Herzegovina, University ”Džemal

University of Sarajevo,

Technology, International

and Technology park

June 2020. Conference

and to implement new

including topics, deadlines,

www.icnt.ba

Hezegovina

International Conference “New Technologies,

, will be published by “SPRINGER”

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319908922)

International Conference „New

“, which successfully pass


Mašinstvo 3-4 (16), 119 – 123 (2019) N. Surname 1 et al.: TITLE OF PAPER….

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INSTRUKCIJE ZA AUTORE (Style: Times New Roman, 14pt, Bold)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS (Style: Times New Roman, 14pt, Bold)

Name Surname 1, Name Surname 2, Name Surname X (Author's name, Co-author's name - Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold) Authors’Institution (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt) Ključne riječi: abecedni popis ključnih riječi na bosanskom, hrvatskom ili srpskom jeziku (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt) Keywords: Alphabetic list of keywords in English (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt) Paper received: xx.xx.xxxx. Paper accepted: xx.xx.xxxx.

Kategorizacija članka (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Bold, Italic) REZIME (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Bold) Naslov rada (do 15 riječi). Puna imena i prezimena autora (bez navođenja zvanja i akademskih titula). Rezime rada (do 150 riječi). Rezime treba što vjernije odražavati sadržaj rada. U njemu se navode upotrebljene metode i ističu ostvareni rezultati kao i doprinos rada. Naslov, rezime rada i ključne riječi autori sa ex-YU prostora pišu i na bosanskom, hrvatskom ili sprskom jeziku. Ključne riječi u pravilu su iz naslova rada, a samo eventualno iz sažetka rada. Ovaj dio rada se ne lektoriše i autori su odgovorni za njegovu jezičnu i gramatičku ispravnost. Nakon završetka recenzentskog postupka autori mogu biti zamoljeni da naprave određene popravke ili dopune svoj rad. (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Italic)

Categorization of paper (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Bold, Italic)

SUMMARY (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Bold) Title of the paper (up to 15 words). The full list of authors (without specifying grades and ranks). Summary (up to 150 words). Summary should be as faithfully reflect the content of the paper. It outlines the methods used and highlight the results achieved as well as the contribution of the paper. Title, summary of paper and keywords, authors from ex-Yugoslavia area, write to the Bosnian, Croatian or Serbian languages. Keywords are generally from the title of paper, and just possibly from the summary. This part of the paper is not proofread and authors are responsible for the linguistic and grammatical correctness. After completion of the review process, authors may be asked to make certain repairs or additions to their paper. (Style: Times New Roman, 10pt, Italic)

1. INTRODUCTION (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)

Upon its acceptance the article is categorized as follows: original scientific paper, preliminary notes, subject review, professional paper and conference paper. Original scientific papers should report original theoretical or practical research results. The given data must be sufficient in order to enable the experiment to be repeated with all effects described by the author, measurement results or theoretical calculations. Preliminary notes present one or more new scientific results but without details that allow the reported data to be checked. The papers of this category inform about experimental research, small research projects or progress reports that are of interest.

Subject reviews cover the state of art and tendencies in the development of the specific theory, technology and application with given remarks by the author. Such a paper ends with a list of reference literature with all the necessary items in the related field. Professional papers report on the original design of an instrument, device or equipment not necessarily resulting from the original research. The paper contributes to the application of well-known scientific results and to their adaptation for practical use. Papers presented at scientific conferences can also be published in the journal upon the agreement of the conference organizer and the author. (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal) Papers to be published in the journal Tehnički vjesnik/Technical Gazette, should be written in


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English. The metrology and terminology used in the paper have to meet legal regulations, standards and International System of Units (SI) 1.1. Subtitle 1 (Writing Instructions)

(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold) The text of the paper is arranged in sections and when necessary into subsections. Sections are marked with one Arabic numeral and subsections with two Arabic numerals, e.g. 1.1., 1.2., 1.3., ... When a subsection is arranged in smaller parts, each of them is marked with three Arabic numerals, e.g. 1.1.1., 1.1.2., ... Further divisions are not allowed. The text has to be organized in the following order: Title of the paper (up to 15 words). Papers should be headed by a concise but informative title that clearly reflects the subject of the paper. Authors' full names (without grades and ranks). Summary-Abstract (up to 150 words) should present a brief and factual account of content and conclusions of the paper, and an indication of the relevance of the new material presented. Title and abstract in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). Only for authors from ex-Yugoslavian area. Alphabetic list of keywords in English and in (BCS). Keywords normally originate from the title and from the abstract. Introduction should state the reason for the work, with brief reference to previous work on the subject. It informs about the applied method and its advantages. Central part of the paper may be arranged in sections. Complete mathematical procedures for formula derivations should be avoided. The necessary mathematical descriptions may be given in an appendix. Authors are advised to use examples to illustrate the experimental procedure, applications or algorithms. In general all the theoretical statements have to be experimentally verified. In Conclusions all the results are stated, and all the advantages of the used method are pointed out. The limitations of the method should be clearly described as well as the application areas. List of references should be brought together at the end of the article and numbered in square brackets in order of their appearance in the text followed by other literature. Coressponding authors' full names followed by the name and address of the institution in which the work was carried on. A List of used symbols and theirs SI units is optional after list of references.

1.1.1. Subtitle 2 (Preparation of Manuscript) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)

The paper should be written using Latin characters. Greek letters may be used for symbols. The volume of the article is limited to 10 pages (A4 format). That includes blanks and equivalent number of characters covered by figures and tables. Number of pages must be even. The text should be sent to the Editorial Board using e-mail. For the text preparing may be used only MS Word for Windows respectively *.doc, *.docx (Word Document) or *.rtf (Rich Text Format) format of records. The text has to be prepared in accordance with this template. The Editorial Board may exceptionally request the CD-ROM with recorded articles and figures and tables. In that case the figures (drawings, diagrams and photographs) should be submitted stored on the CD-ROM in JPG/JPEG, PNG, TIF (TIFF Bitmap) or BMP (Windows Bitmap) format, min. resolution of 300 dpi. Each figure is labelled the same as it is in the paper and recorded format (e.g. fig-1.JPG). If figures inserted into text they must be also with min. resolution of 300 dpi. Latin or Greek characters in italics are used for physical symbols and normal characters for measuring units and numerical values. Text in figures is also written with normal letters. Character size is to be chosen on the basis of the following criteria: after expected figure size reduction a capital Latin character should be about 2 mm high (no less than 6pt). All figures in the Journal will be printed in black and white technique. Coloured figures will be seen only in the PDF format on the Web address http://www.mf.unze.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118&Itemid=107 Tables are created with the word processing program. Each table is positioned in the desired place in the text. In the case of decimal numbers use comas (e.g. 0,253); use a small gap separating the thousands (e.g. 25.000, but not in the case of 1500). The texts under figures and table titles are in English language and in BCS for authors from ex-YU area. Section titles and titles of subsections are typed in small letters only in English language. Equations are numbered with Arabic numerals in parenthesis at the right margin of the text. In the text an equation is referenced by its number in parenthesis like "... from Eq. (3) follows ...".


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Create equations with MS Word Equation Editor (some examples are given below).

)( 214

iiiiiii rxqxpwfwO (1)

2)( 2ii

iyoE

(2)

22

2

2 nn

n

sssG

(3)

(Notice: If you convert and save your document as a MS Word 2010 file and then add equations to it, you will not be able to use previous versions of MS Word to change any of the new equations.). Figures and tables are numbered with Arabic numerals (1 ÷ n). In the text in figure or table is referenced by its number (e.g. in Fig. 1, in Tab. 1, etc.).

Slika 1. Tekst unutar formula (samo za autore sa ex-YU prostora)

Figure 1 The texts under figures (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

Figure 2. Simplified musculoskeletal model of an arm

(Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

When reference to literature is made the publication number from the list of references in square brackets is used like "... in [7] the authors showed ...". In the list of references literature is cited in accordance with examples in Section. 2 COPYRIGHT TRANSFER AGREEMENT Copyright assignment. The author hereby assigns to the journal "Mašinstvo" the copyright in the above article (for U. S. government employees: to the extent transferable), throughout the world, in any form,

in any language, for the full term of copyright, effective upon acceptance for publication. Author's warranties. The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before and it will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by "Mašinstvo", contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. Rights of authors. Authors retain the following rights: - all proprietary rights relating to the article,

other than copyright, such as patent rights, - the right to use the substance of the article in

future own works, including lectures and books,

- the right to reproduce this article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale.

Co-authorship. If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.


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Figure 3. Page setup (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic)

Figure X. Photography resolution of 300 dpi (min) (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Italic) 3. PUBLICATION ETHICS AND PUBLICATION MALPRACTICE STATEMENT The publication of an article in a peer reviewed journal is an essential model for our journal "Mašinstvo". It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behaviour for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the peer reviewer and the publisher. Publication decisions. The editor of the "Mašinstvo" is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the Journal should be published. The editor may be guided by the policies of the Journal's editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force

regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision. Fair play. An editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors. Confidentiality. The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate. Disclosure and conflicts of interest. Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the express written consent of the author. Contribution to editorial decisions. Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. Acknowledgement of sources. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.


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Table 1. Table titles (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal)

Engineering stress σe / MPa

Engineeringplastic strain εe,pl / %

True stress σt / MPa

True plastic strain εt,pl / %

250,0 0,00 250,8 0,00 250,0 0,21 250,8 0,21 285,7 1,35 290,0 1,34 322,7 2,13 330,1 2,10 358,4 3,06 370,0 3,00 393,1 4,35 411,0 4,24 423,6 6,05 450,1 5,85 449,7 8,76 490,1 8,36 457,0 15,79 530,1 14,59 467,9 21,58 570,0 19,45 475,0 29,77 617,5 25,94

(Style in table: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal) X. CONCLUSION Paper manuscripts, prepared in accordance with these Instructions for Authors, are to be submitted to the Editorial Board of the "Mašinstvo" journal. Manuscripts and the CD-ROM are not returned to authors. When being prepared for printing the text may undergo small alternations by the Editorial Board. Papers not prepared in accordance with these Instructions shall be returned to the first author. When there are several authors the first author is to be contacted. The Editorial Board shall accept the statements made by the first author. The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before and it will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by "Mašinstvo", contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s.

XX. REFERENCES (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Normal) [1] P.E. Nikravesh, Computer-Aided Analysis

of Mechanical Systems, Prantice Hall Inc.,Englewood Cliff,NJ,1988.

[2] Gordon Robertson, Graham Caldwell, Joseph Hamill, Gary Kamen, Saunders Whittlesey: Research Methods in Biomechanics, Human Kinetics; 2nd edition, 2014.

[3] Imai, M.: KAIZEN: the key to Japan’s competitive success, Editorial CECSA, Mexico. In Spanish, 1996.

[4] Nemoto, M.: Total quality control for management. Strategies and techniques from Toyota and Toyoda Gosei, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987.

[5] Cheser, R.: The effect of Japanese KAIZEN on employee motivation in US manufacturing, Int J Org Anal 6(3):197–217, 1998.

[6] Aoki, K.: Transferring Japanese KAIZEN activities to overseas plants in China, Int J Oper Prod Manag 28(6):518–539, 2008.

[7] Tanner, C.; Roncarti, J.: KAIZEN leads to breakthroughs in responsiveness and the Shingo prize at Critikon, Natl Prod Rev 13(4):517–531, 1994.

[8] Rink, J.: Lean can save American manufacturing. Reliable plant. http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/330/lean-manufacturing-save. Accessed at 14 April 2014.

[9] SolidWorks, http://www.solidworks.com (12.5.2015)

Coresponding author: Name and surname Institution Email: [email protected] Phone: +xxx xx xxxxxx (Style: Times New Roman, 11pt, Bold)


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