Good Afternoon! Everybody!

Systematic Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 1

Good Afternoon! Everybody!Good Afternoon! Everybody!Hello! Welcome to study the Hello! Welcome to study the Systematic Human AnatomSystematic Human Anatom

yy..

My name:My name: Ding ShihaiDing Shihai

(( 丁士海丁士海 ))


Introducing MyselfIntroducing MyselfGraduatedGraduated: (1954): (1954) Shandong UniversityShandong University & & Peking Medical CollegePeking Medical CollegeSpecialitySpeciality: : Human AnatomyHuman AnatomyProfessionProfession: : ProfessorProfessorAgeAge: : 73 years73 years


1. Textbooks (1. Textbooks ( 教科书教科书 )) 1) 1) 柏树令柏树令 ,, 应大君应大君 :: 《系统解剖学》《系统解剖学》 ,, 第第 55

版版 ,, 人民卫生出版社人民卫生出版社 ,2001,2001

2) 2) Shihai Ding: Shihai Ding: Synopsis of Systematic HuSynopsis of Systematic Hu

man Anatomy man Anatomy (( 人体系统解剖学纲要人体系统解剖学纲要 ),), ReRe

vised ed. Medical College, Qingdao University, 2003vised ed. Medical College, Qingdao University, 2003

Points for AttentionPoints for Attention


2. Reference Books2. Reference Books (( 参考书参考书 ))1)1) 于频于频 : : 《彩色人体解剖图谱》《彩色人体解剖图谱》 , , 人民卫生出人民卫生出版社版社 , 1998, 1998

2)2) 于频王序于频王序 :: 《新编人体解剖图谱《新编人体解剖图谱》》 ,, 辽宁辽宁出版社出版社 , 1999, 1999

3)3) 丁士海韩棣丁士海韩棣 :: 《人体解剖学》《人体解剖学》 ,, 第第 22版版 , , 上海科技出版社上海科技出版社 ,2000,2000

4)4) 杨琳高英茂杨琳高英茂 : : 《格氏解剖学》《格氏解剖学》 , , 第第 3838版版 ,, 辽宁教育出版社辽宁教育出版社 , , 沈阳沈阳 , 1999, 1999



3. About Teaching (3. About Teaching ( 关于教学关于教学 )) 1) Total class hours (1) Total class hours ( 总学时总学时 ): ): 108 hrs, 108 hrs,

6hrs/week6hrs/week 2) Teaching progress (2) Teaching progress ( 教学进度教学进度 ): ): by the by the

Teaching Progress FormTeaching Progress Form 3) Teaching method (3) Teaching method ( 教学方法教学方法 ): ): a. Lecture (a. Lecture ( 讲课讲课 ): ): 2/3, using English and 2/3, using English and

Chinese by Power Point.Chinese by Power Point. b. Practice (b. Practice ( 实习实习 ): ): 1/3, in Lab.Room No21/3, in Lab.Room No2..



4. About Some Rules (4. About Some Rules ( 有关规则有关规则 ))

11) Starting the lesson: Monitor shou) Starting the lesson: Monitor should say “Stand up! Good morning!” ld say “Stand up! Good morning!” (( 班长喊起立班长喊起立 ).).

2) Everyone should take the white o2) Everyone should take the white overcoat in the lab vercoat in the lab

(( 穿白大衣穿白大衣 ).).



Points for AttentionPoints for Attention 3) Every group should be turned on 3) Every group should be turned on

duty to clean the room, blackboarduty to clean the room, blackboar

d and all the specimens and modeld and all the specimens and model

s should be put in order after the cs should be put in order after the c

losing of the lesson (losing of the lesson ( 小组值日小组值日 ).).


4) All the specimens and models do no4) All the specimens and models do no

t permit to take out of the lab (t permit to take out of the lab ( 标本标本模型不准带出室外模型不准带出室外 ).).

5. About Studying5. About Studying ( ( 有关学习有关学习 ))

1) Prepare the textbook before tea1) Prepare the textbook before teaching ching (( 预习预习 ).).



2) Review the textbook and no2) Review the textbook and notebook after teaching tebook after teaching (( 复习复习 ).).

3) Watching the specimens as 3) Watching the specimens as much as possible much as possible (( 多看标本多看标本 ).).

4) If you have any question, pl4) If you have any question, please ask teacher as soon as pease ask teacher as soon as possible ossible (( 及时提问及时提问 ).).



SYSTEMATIC SYSTEMATIC HUMAN HUMAN

ANATOMYANATOMY

For Class No 5, Grade 2003For Class No 5, Grade 2003Department of Human AnatomyDepartment of Human Anatomy

Medical CollegeMedical CollegeQingdao UniversityQingdao University


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONA. Definition and PurposeA. Definition and Purpose(( 定义和目的定义和目的 )) Human Anatomy Human Anatomy (( 人体解剖学人体解剖学 )) is the ba

sic science dealing with the gross morphology, structure and function of the normal human body.

Human AnatomyHuman Anatomy is the basic coursebasic course (( 基础基础课课 )) of preclinical and clinical curriculum, so it is important to lay a foundationlay a foundation for being a doctor.


B. Classifications (B. Classifications ( 分科分科 )) 1. Systematic Anatomy ( 系统解剖学 ) -- co

mposed by systems. e.g. skeletal system, digestive system, nervous system etc.

2. Regional (Topographic) Anatomy ( 局部解剖学 ) -- composed by regions. e.g. head, neck, upper limb, abdomen etc.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION


C. The General Structure of the Human BodC. The General Structure of the Human Body (y ( 人体基本结构人体基本结构 ))

1. Cells ( 细胞 ) -- the cell is the unit of the structure of the body. 2. Tissues ( 组织 ) -- groups of cells make differentiated to form

the tissues of body.

3. Organs ( 器官 ) -- various tissues composed an organ. e.g. stom

ach, liver, etc.

4. Systems ( 系统 ) -- a series of organs make up a system to serve as an unified function.

e.g. bony system, muscular system, urinary system etc.



D. Terms of Direction (D. Terms of Direction ( 方位术语方位术语 ))

1.Anatomical position ( 解剖学姿势 ): All

descriptions of location or position assu

me the body to be in standing erect, facin

g forward with arms at the sides as well a

s the palms and the toes anterior.



2. 2. Directions: Directions: 1) Superior ( 上 ) and Inferior ( 下 ) S

uperior means above. Inferior means below.

On limbs -- proximal ( 近侧 ) and distal ( 远侧 ) On trunk -- cranial ( 头侧 ) and caudal ( 尾侧 )



2) Anterior and Posterior ( 前和后 ) -- Anterior toward the front. Posterior refers to the back.

Sometimes instead of

ventral ( 腹侧 ) and dorsal ( 背侧 )

3) Medial and Lateral ( 内侧和外侧 ) - Medial means nearest median plane of the body.

Lateral towards the side.



4) Superficial and Deep ( 浅和深 ) --

superficial - nearer to the surface of the body.

deep - farther from the surface of the body.

5) Internal and External ( 内和外 ) -

internal -- nearer to a cavity.

external -- farther from a cavity.



E. E. Terms of Axes Terms of Axes (( 轴术语轴术语 ))

1. Sagittal Axis ( 矢状轴 ) -- An axis is define

d by anterior and posterior directions.

2. Coronal (Frontal) Axis ( 冠状轴 ) - An a

xis is defined by right and left directions.

3. Vertical Axis ( 垂直轴 ) -- An axis is verti

cal to the horizontal level.



E. E. Terms of Plane Terms of Plane (( 切面术语切面术语 ))

1. Sagittal Plane ( 矢状面 ) -- A plane dividing t

he body into right and left portions.

2. Coronal (Frontal) Plane ( 冠状面 ) - A plan

e dividing the body into anterior and posterior.

3. Horizontal (Transverse) Plane ( 水平面 )

-- A plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.



PART I THE THE LOCOMOTIVE SYSTEMLOCOMOTIVE SYSTEM

1. Bones ( 骨 ) (Osteology 骨学 )

2. Joints ( 关节 )

(Arthrology 关节学 )

3. Muscles ( 骨骼肌 )

(Myology 肌学 )

1. Bones ( 骨 ) (Osteology 骨学 )

2. Joints ( 关节 )

(Arthrology 关节学 )

3. Muscles ( 骨骼肌 )

(Myology 肌学 )


Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1

BONY SYSTEMBONY SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)(OSTEOLOGY)

骨骼系统骨骼系统 (( 骨学骨学 ))

BONY SYSTEMBONY SYSTEM (OSTEOLOGY)(OSTEOLOGY)

骨骼系统骨骼系统 (( 骨学骨学 ))


Section 1 IntroductionIntroductionSection 1 IntroductionIntroductionA. Classification of Bones A. Classification of Bones (( 分类分类 )) (Acc

ording to shape)

1. Long Bones ( 长骨 ) --

shaft (body) and two extremities

(ends). long, levers, in limbs.

2. Short Bones ( 短骨 ) --

short, support, in wrist & foot.

A. Classification of Bones A. Classification of Bones (( 分类分类 )) (Acc

ording to shape)

1. Long Bones ( 长骨 ) --

shaft (body) and two extremities

(ends). long, levers, in limbs.

2. Short Bones ( 短骨 ) --

short, support, in wrist & foot.


IntroductionIntroduction3. Flat Bones ( 扁骨 ) -- flat, protect, around cavities.

4. Irregular Bones ( 不规则骨 ) --

varied, in spinal column &

face.

5. Sesamoid Bones ( 籽骨 ) --

like soybean, derive from tendon.


IntroductionIntroductionB.B. Structure of BoStructure of Bo

nesnes 1. Bone Substance ( 骨质 ) 1) compact (dense) bone (骨密质 ) 2) cancellous (spongy) bon

e (骨松质 ): trabeculae (骨小梁 )

[osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 ]


IntroductionIntroduction




2. Periosteum ( 骨膜 ) -- envelops all the outer parts of the bone except the cartilage.

1) fibrous membrane (纤维层 ) 2) vascular membrane (血管层 ): os

teoblast (成骨细胞 )- bone forming



3. Bone Marrow ( 骨髓 ) --

1) red bone marrow ( 红骨髓 ): blood-forming, developing blood cells (RBC, WBC) of varied periods.

[aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血 ] [bone marrow puncture 骨髓穿刺 ]

2) yellow bone marrow ( 黄骨髓 ): fat tissue.




C. Chemical CompositionC. Chemical Composition and Physical Propertiesand Physical Properties 1. Organic material (有机物 ) 30-40% collagen (骨胶原 ), ossein (骨蛋白 ) resilience and toughness 2. Inorganic material (无机物 ) 60-70% Ca3(PO4)2, CaCO3, Mg3(PO4)2

hardness and rigidity



D. Development of BonesD. Development of Bones 1. Membranous ossification ( 膜化骨 ) clavicle, most cranial bones. 2. Endochondral ossification ( 软骨化骨 ) the other bones primary center (初级骨化中心 ) secondary center (次级骨化中心 )


E. Functions of Bones (E. Functions of Bones ( 功能功能 ))1. Supporting ( 支持 ) framework of the body.

2. Levers ( 杠杆 ) for muscles.

3. Protection ( 保护 ) of viscera.

4. Formation ( 造血 ) of blood cells.

5. Storehouse ( 储 Ca,P) of Ca and P.



F. Divisions of the SkeletonF. Divisions of the Skeleton

1. Axial skeleton1. Axial skeleton ( 中轴骨 )

1) bones of the trunk ( 躯干骨 ).

2) skull ( 颅骨 ).

2. Appendicular skeleton2. Appendicular skeleton ( 附肢骨 )

1) bones of the upper limb ( 上肢骨 ).

2) bones of the lower limb ( 下肢骨 ).




Section 2 Section 2 BonesBones of the of the TrunkTrunk

1. The Vertebrae ( 椎骨 ) 2. The Sacrum ( 骶骨 ) 3. The Coccyx ( 尾骨 ) 4. The Sternum ( 胸骨 ) 5. The Ribs ( 肋骨 )


A. The Vertebrae (A. The Vertebrae ( 椎椎骨骨 ))

1. 1. General Characteristics of a Vertebra General Characteristics of a Vertebra 1) body (centrum) ( 椎体 ) 2) arch ( 椎弓 ) -- a. pedicles ( 根 ) superior & inferior notc

hes(切迹 ) b. laminae ( 板 ) 3) vertebral foramen ( 椎孔 )


A. The Vertebrae (A. The Vertebrae ( 椎骨椎骨 ))

processes ( 突起 ) i. Spinous process

( 棘突 ) ii. Transverse proc

ess ( 横突 )iii. Superior articula

r process ( 上关节突 )

iv. Inferior articular proc. ( 下关节突 )


2. The Main Characteristics of 2. The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in each Region.Vertebrae in each Region.

1) Atlas ( 寰椎 ) (C1) a. anterior arch

( 前弓 ) b. posterior arch

( 后弓 ) c. lateral masses

( 侧块 ).


2) Axis ( 枢椎 ) (C2)

odontoid process ( 齿突 )

2. The Main Characteristics of 2. The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in each Region.Vertebrae in each Region.


3. 3. Comparison of the Comparison of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar cervical, thoracic and lumbar

vertebrae.vertebrae. Cervical Thoracic Lumbar───────────────────────────── Body (Shape) elliptic heart-shape bean shaped (Size) small medium large (Structure) uncus process costal facets noVertebral Foramen (Shape) triangular round triangular (Size) large small medium


3. Comparison of the cervical,3. Comparison of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.

Cervical Thoracic LumbarSpinous Process (Direction) posterior inferoposterior posterior (Shape) bifid slender flattened (Size) small long large Transverse Process (Direction) anterolateral posterolateral lateral (Shape) widened club-shaped slender (Structure) transverse costal facet accessoryArticular Surface foramen [process. (Position) horizontal coronary sagittal


Cervical vertebrae (Cervical vertebrae ( 颈椎颈椎 ))

CC33

CC77

CC55

CC77

CC22

CC44


Thoracic Vertebrae (Thoracic Vertebrae ( 胸椎胸椎 ))

TT66

TT77

TT99

TT66

TT1212


Lumbar Vertebrae (Lumbar Vertebrae ( 腰椎腰椎 ))

LL22

LL33

LL44LL55

LL11


The Sacrum ( 骶骨 ) S1 - S5 sacral vertebrae fused at 20 years.

1. Base ( 底 ) -- promontory (岬 ), ala (翼 ), superior articular process (上关节突 ).

2. Apex of Sacrum ( 骶骨尖 )

B. The Sacrum B. The Sacrum (( 骶骨骶骨 )) & & Coccyx Coccyx (( 尾尾骨骨 ))


3. Pelvic (Anterior) Surface ( 盆面 ) –

transverse lines (ridges)

(横线 ) anterior sacral fora

men (骶前孔 )



4. Dorsal (Posterior) Surface ( 背面 ) --

median sacral crest

(骶正中嵴 )

posterior sacral foramen (骶后孔 )

sacral horn (骶角 )[acupuncture therapy at eight holes

八蓼穴针刺疗法 ]



5. Lateral Part ( 侧部 ) -- auricular surface (耳状面 ) sacral tuberosity (骶粗隆 ).

6. Sacral Canal ( 骶管 ) -- sacral hiatus (骶管裂孔 ).

[sacral anesthesia 骶管麻醉 ][sacralization 腰椎骶化 ][lumbarization 骶椎腰化 ]



Coccyx( 尾骨 ) fused of 3-4 coccygeal vertebraeat 30 years.



FemaleFemale MaleMale

The Sacrum The Sacrum (( 骶骨骶骨 ))


FF FFMM MM

The Sacrum The Sacrum (( 骶骨骶骨 ))


The Sacrum (The Sacrum ( 骶骶骨骨 ))

FF MM


.D. The Sternum (D. The Sternum ( 胸胸骨骨 ))1. Manubrium ( 柄 ) -- clavi

cular notch (锁切迹 ) jugular notch(颈静脉切迹 )

2. Body ( 体 ) -- costal notches (肋切迹 )

3. Xiphoid Process ( 剑突 )4. Sternal Angle ( 胸骨角 )[localization of rib 肋骨定位 ]


Post. View Post. View Ant. View Ant. View

D. The Sternum (D. The Sternum ( 胸胸骨骨 ))


E. Ribs (E. Ribs ( 肋骨肋骨 ))

1. Costal Head ( 肋头 )

2. Costal Neck ( 肋颈 ) 3. Costal Body ( 肋体 ) costal tubercle (肋结节 )

costal angle (肋角 )

costal groove (肋沟 )


RR1212

RR11

Anterior Anterior viewview



RR1212

RR11

Posterior Posterior viewview


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