ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

GRAMMAR USE

Методические указания по английскому языку

Составитель О. А. Кытманова

2008

УДК 802.0 (076) Англ-9

76

Рецензент доцент цикла «Прикладная лингвистика» УлГТУ, канд. пед. наук Е. А. Цыбина.

Одобрено секцией методических пособий научно-методического совета университета.

Grammar in Use методические указания по английскому языку Г 76 сост. О. А. Кытманова. - Ульяновск УлГТУ, 2008. 28 с.

Методические указания по грамматике английского языка могут быть использованы студентами первого курса всех специальностей.

Данные методические указания предназначены для самостоятельной работы и работы под руководством преподавателя.

Указания состоят из 5 разделов, каждый из которых содержит сведения по практическому использованию грамматики разговорной речи, а также грамматические упражнения и диалоги. Цель данных указаний - научить студентов практическому пользованию грамматикой для выражения собственных мыслей и для беседы по внеаудиторному чтению.

При составлении методических указаний использовались оригинальные источники, изданные в Великобритании.

Работа подготовлена на кафедре «Иностранные языки», печатается в авторской редакции.

УДК 802.0 (076) ББК 81.2 Англ-9

Учебное издание

Grammar in Use

Методические указания

Составитель КЫТМАНОВА Ольга Аркадьевна

Подписано в печать 13.10.2008. Формат 60x84/16. Бумага офсетная. Усл. печ. л. 1,63. Тираж экз. Заказ

Ульяновский государственный технический университет 432027, г. Ульяновск, ул. Северный Венец, 32

Типография УлГТУ. 432027, г. Ульяновск, ул. Северный Венец, 32.

© О. А. Кытманова, составление, 2008

© Оформление. УлГТУ, 2008

Раздел 1

Употребление Present Indefinite, Present Continuous. 2. Порядок слов в английском предложении и место наречия в предложении.

Предложения: a) There is are ... b) It is 4. Употребление слов 5. Упражнения. 6. Диалоги.

Употребление a) Present Continuous, b) Present Indefinite a) The sun is shining (пока я говорю)

I am studying English now (действие в развитии) I am meeting my friend this evening (запланированное действие в будущем)

b) She cleans the house daily (необязательно сейчас) We usually go to the theatre once a fortnight (повторяющееся действие) Water boils at degrees Centigrade (известный факт) The next issue comes out on Friday (будущее событие в расписании)

2. Порядок слов в английском предложении. You threw your tie carelessly into the wardrobe after the party.

1 2 3 4a 4b 4c Обычный порядок слов в английском

Подлежащее. 2. Сказуемое. 3. Дополнение. 4. Обстоятельство. Когда в предложении имеется более одного обстоятельства, то порядок их перечисления таков: а) образа действия; б) места; в) времени.

In the morning he left the house quietly by the back door.

Обстоятельства места часто помещают в начале предложения, чтобы уравновесить, если обстоятельств несколько, или чтобы выделить. I last saw Jill one afternoon in September over three years ago. Если в предложении несколько обстоятельств времени, то начинают с наиболее точного. Наречие никогда не ставится между глаголом и дополнением. Место наречия в предложении перед основным глаголом-сказуемым. Наречия: generally, usually, often, sometimes, always, ever, already, still, just, only, nearly, almost, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely,

I usually go to the theatre once a fortnight. Do you ever go? I don't often find time. I have never seen this film. He speaks English very well.

3. Оборот There are представляет новые вещи, обычно с или There is a bend in the (мы не знаем, какой поворот) The bend is near the (мы знаем, о каком повороте идет речь) There are some elm trees by the (о них не упоминалось ранее) The elm trees are very (о вязах уже говорилось)

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Предложения начинают с вместо длинного сложного подлежащего. I think it will be nice to come with you. (*I think to come with you will be Предложение начинают с когда говорят о времени, погоде, расстоянии: it is 6 o'clock. It will rain soon. It is hot. It is miles from here.

Другие примеры: It's a pity (that) ... it is easy/difficult to ... it is possible/probable/certain/obvious

- нельзя говорить

4. может употребляться с неисчисляемыми существительными: We need some water. We need some означает We need some в утвердительных предложениях). We haven't got any в отрицательных предложениях). Are you taking any food? Would you like some lemonade? в вопросительных предложениях). Примечание: We need a glass of water. I want a of sugar.

Запомнить: Слова work, news, information, advice, furniture, weather, luggage, hair - неисчисляемые, следовательно, употребляются только с глаголом в единственном числе. The news is good. No news is good news. Bad news travels fast. Money spent on the brain never spent in vain. Knowledge is power.

Упражнения

I. Выполнить упражнения согласно образцу: going for a picnic on Sunday. every Sunday. We go for a picnic every Sunday. We are leaving early in the morning. usually. We usually leave early in the morning.

The children are coming with 2. My cooking a chicken now. every weekend. 3. He isn't driving the car. usually. 4. We aren't staying out late. often. 5. I'm taking my fishing-rod. sometimes. 6. Tim's bringing some lemonade. generally.

Выполнить упражнения согласно образцу: Felix plays golf every weekend. now.

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Felix is playing golf now. Ann cleans the house regularly. Ann is cleaning the house this afternoon.

this afternoon.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

We often visit them. We sometimes go to the zoo. Our son usually comes with us. My wife always makes some sandwiches. We get up early on Sundays. I don't work on Saturdays.

today. tomorrow

now.

in the next Saturday.

III. Выполнить упражнения согласно образцу: We often go to the theater. Do you often go to the theater?

going to see the new play next week. Is Jack going to see the new play next week?

Simon likes comedies. 2. I'm buying the tickets tonight.

The show begins at 8 o'clock. 4. Jack and Joyce are having a meal first.

They want to see a serious play We are taking a taxi to the theater.

IV. Изменить единственное число на множественное, где возможно: A tiger eats meat. Tigers eat meat.

He planted a tree in his garden. 2. She bought a bottle of milk.

The information he gave us was incorrect. 4. A bottle is made of glass.

A father can give good advice to his soon. 6. He left his luggage on the chair. 7. The furniture in his room is very old; I must buy a new table and a chair.

The boy needs to have his hair cut.

V. Поставить слова в таком порядке, чтобы они составили предложение: it, November, in, often,rains It often rains in November.

waiting for still answer an I am questions my to. dogs ever do fruit for eat breakfast? mother often to theater not the go my does.

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4. only few have we a got bottles in house the lemonade of. at the rarely weather is this time cold year the of.

6. school the generally do at their children homework. 7. old can what say you understand that man hardly.

VI. Вместо точек поставить где необходимо: glass water on the table. He put a glass of water on the table.

paper to write letter. 2. He wants milk and sugar in his tea.

You need sharp knife to wood. 4. I'd like cup coffee and water please.

tea in the pot but there coffee left. 6. Have you good ideas? 7. John gave me good active, but I didn't take notice.

went to the manager to information.

VII. Поставить или в соответствующем времени: a good restaurant next to the cinema. There is a good restaurant next to the cinema.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

some glasses in the cupboard. Would you fetch them? very hot when I went out this morning. difficult to speak English correctly, don't you think? warm today, some clouds in the sky. true some difficult questions in this exercise. possible another war soon. difficult to understand why Gertie ever married him. a fight in the street last week.

Диалоги

I. Mike: Hello, Jack, what's the rush? Jack: Oh, hello, Mike. I've got to meet Joyce. We are off to the theatre. M. - The theatre. Do you often go? J. - Yes we usually go every fortnight. What about you? M. - Well, I don't often time. I'm I'm sure Janet would like to go, though. J. - Look, a good comedy on next week. We could all go together. Shall I book seats for next Saturday? M. - good idea. I'll ask Janet and ring you tomorrow. J. - Fine. I must fly now. Buy! M. - Buy! Have a good time.

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II. Tim: Hello! Mary: Hello, Tim! Do you want to go for a picnic? T. - Isn't it going to rain, Mary? M. - No, there isn't a cloud in the sky. T. - Oh, well, where are you thinking of going? M. - Near Stoke. There is a nice spot by the river with some tall elm trees. T. - Is it just before Stoke, on the left or the road? M. - right. very easy to T. - O.K. See you there in an hour. Bye!

III. Susan: How are your boys, Andy? I hear Malcolm is doing well at school. Andy: Yes, he studies for hours on end every evening. S. - Is he going to University? A. - Well, he hopes to go to Oxford and his teachers say, he deserves to. But I wish he'd stop sometimes. He is a bit too conscientious. S. - And what do teachers say about him? A. - Oh, not bad, but too idle and inconsistent. S. - Perhaps he'll make his fortune at tennis. A. - His mother thinks he should give it up. She wants him to take up law.

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Раздел 2

Употребление Past Indefinite, Past Continuous. 2. a lot of; a little, a few.

used to be used to get used to. Used would. 4. Упражнения.

Диалоги.

а) Употребление Past Indefinite. I walked over the bridge and crossed the road (последовательность событий в прошлом)

b) Употребление Past Continuous. She was making the tea when the telephone rang (действие в развитии, после, перед или во время другого действия в прошлом) It was raining while I was walking up the hill (действие в развитии в прошлом) Сравните: The boys sat down when the teacher came in (сначала вошел учитель, затем мальчики сели). The boys where sitting down when the teacher came in (они уже сели перед тем, как учитель вошел).

2. Слова обычно употребляются в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях. В утвердительных предложениях обычно используется выражение lot of или одно из следующих: lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a (large) number of, a great many, a (large) quantity of.

There weren't many people in sight. We haven't got much money. But we have got a lot of friends. Have you got many friends?

Только с исчисляемыми существительными используются слова: many, great many, a number of:

A number of people gathered round. I used to have a great many friends.

Только с неисчисляемыми существительными используются слова: much, а great deal of, a large amount of, a (large) quantity of:

There was not much traffic. A large amount of money was stolen by the thieves.

A lot of, lots of (больше в разговорном английском) и plenty могут использоваться как с исчисляемыми, таки с неисчисляемыми

A lot of blood. Lots of money. Plenty of cacao.

A lot of people. Lots of things.

Plenty of biscuits.

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Слова могут употребляться только с неисчисляемыми существительными, в то время как слова в значении могут употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными.

I've had little time for any business. Very few people have any idea.

I have a little cash to spare. имеют негативный оттенок, означают (почти нет). имеют позитивный оттенок, означают

There is little hope now there will be any survivors. Мало надежды сейчас, что кто-то выживет. There is still a little hope now there will be some survivors. И все-таки есть небольшая надежда на то, что кто-то выживет.

3. обычно употребляется при описании действий, характерных для данного лица или лиц в прошлом и несвойственных ему в данный момент.

My son used to believe in Father Christmas. We used to live in the country, but now we live in the city.

Отрицательная форма use используется главным образом в разговорном английском. В других случаях говорят и пишут not Для выражения отрицания широко используется used

I didn't use to like commuting much. Ron used not to understand bridge. I never used to go anywhere without the car.

- альтернатива только для привычных действий, а не для ситуаций или положений.

I would walk to and fro twice (I used walked) I would often go twice a week (*We would live in the

To used to be used to get used to I don't use the car except when necessary (не использую машину сейчас). I used to think the same (сейчас так не думаю). I am used to hard work (тяжелая работа стала привычной для меня). I am getting used to the prices (цены становятся привычными для меня). I've got used to getting up early (я научился и это стало привычкой).

Упражнения

I. Выполнить согласно образцу: I made the tea. John cleaned the car. I was making the tea while John was cleaning the car. It rained. I walked up the hill It was raining while I was walking up the hill.

They watched television. I wrote some letters. 2. You talks to Mary. I talks to John.

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had a holiday. He works hard. 4. Mary got ready. John fetched the car.

The house burned down. You slept.

Выполнить согласно образцу: The doorbell rang. He left the house. The doorbell rang just as he was leaving the house. He had an accident. He drove too fast. He had an accident because he was driving too fast.

He went out. I came in. 2. He got wet. It rained.

It started to rain. I left the house. 4. He didn't see the the bus. He looked at the girl.

didn't hear you. I listened to the radio.

III. Используйте, где возможно Past Continuous, если невозможно, используйте Past Simple.

The students talk) excitedly when the teacher (2. come) in, but they stop) at once when the teacher (4. speak). He (5. walk) across the room and (6. begin) the write questions on the blackboard. While he (7. write), the students (8. sit) down, (9. take) out their pens and prepare) themselves for the test. The teacher finish) writing, (12. sit) down in front of the class and (13. open) a book. He (14. read) his book the whole lesson. When the bell (15. ring) at four o'clock, most of them (16. still write). The teacher (17. tell) them to stop working and he (18. collect) their answer papers. As they leave) the room he begun to correct the papers.

IV. Выполнить согласно образцу: On Sundays we always used to get up late. And have breakfast in bed. Yes, and sometimes we'd have breakfast in bed. Then we used to go for a walk. And take a boat on the river. Yes, and sometimes take a boat on the river.

On Sundays we always used to get up late. And have breakfast in bed. 2. Then we used to go for a walk. And take a boat on the river.

Mary used to cook lunch. And roast a chicken. 4. The children used to play football in the park.

used to wash the dishes. And make the tea. 6. In the afternoon we used to watch television. And play cards. 7. In the evening the boys used to do their homework. And write letters.

often used to go to the pub at eight o'clock. And see Bill there.

V. Выполнить согласно образцу:

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Do they often swim in the winter? Yes, they're used swimming in the winter. Have you always lived in the hot country? Yes, I'm used to living in a hot country.

Do they often swim in the winter? Have you always lived in the hot country? Does Bill always get up early?

4. Have they paid a high price for petrol for long? Do you like living by yourself?

6. Has she always worked at night? 7. Do they always drink a lot of whisky?

Do you always go to bed late?

Выполнить согласно образцу: Are you beginning to like your new job now? Yes, I'm getting used to my new job now. Did he learn to work harder? Yes, he got used to working harder?

Are you beginning to like your new job now? 2. Did he learn to work harder?

Had he learned to get up early in the morning? 4. Has he begun to living in France?

Will he be able to speak French soon? 6. Are they beginning to like these cigarettes now? 7. Will they be able to walk all that way every day?

Did he learn to eat snails and garlic?

VII. Выполнит согласно образцу: Have you got any money? or time? I haven't got much money, but I've got a lot of time? Have they met any boys? or girls? They haven't met many boys, but they met a lot of girls.

Have you got any money? or time? 2. Have they met any boys? or girls?

Do they eat any or meat? 4. Did he catch any fish? or boots?

Do they plant any trees? or flowers? Has he got any hear? or teeth? Did he drink any wine? or beer? Are you buying any dress? or blouses?

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VIII. Поставьте вместо точек I'm busy today, but I have time to spear tomorrow.

2. people understand international politics, although a lot of people study the subject.

no brandy left, but you can have whiskey. 4. hope of finding the lost men now.

It was very cheap. It only pounds. 6. Most guests left early, but there were still people there at midnight. 7. of us have any idea what he was talking about. 8. He had interest in any kind of sport.

Диалоги

I. Peter: Hello, Jill. It this where Mr. office is? Jill: Don't you know where it is yet? Peter: No, I don't. That's why I asked.

Oh, How stupid they Peter: I was only joking I knew where it was. I needed an excuse to talk to you. While I was driving here, I was thinking about you. Would you like to go to

party? Jill: Is that next Saturday? Peter: Yes, that's when it is. Jill: I'd love to go. I'm sorry I was rude a minute ago I was getting angry just before you arrived. Peter: Why? Jill: I was trying to fix this machine. Peter: the matter with it? Jill: I don't know I've pushed each button and pulled each handle but it doesn't still work. Peter: Why don't you plug it in? Electric machines need electricity, you know. Jill: Oh, how it works. Peter: Oh How stupid they

II. Felix: Do you want anything from the shops, Gertie? Gertie: Oh, yes, please. There are a lot of things I need. Eggs, Felix: Wait a minute. Write them down or I'll forget. Gertie: All right. There's plenty of cocoa, but there isn't a great deal of tea or coffee left. Felix: Ham, tea, coffee. How much should I get? Gertie: Let me see. Bring me half a pound of ham, a quarter of tea, and a large tin of coffee. Felix: Right I'll call in at Gerry's on the way back. Gertie: Good. While you're there, ask if she free on Thursday morning.

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III. Getting used to commuting yet, Ron? Ron: Oh, yes. I 'm even used to catching the 6.30 now. Jane: But it must bother you, sitting in a train for three hours a day. Ron: Well, it used to seem a waste, but I quite like it now. Jane: What do you do to pass the time? Read? Ron: Yes, I catch up with the news, or have a chat or a game of cards.

It sounds just like a club. Ron: It is.

IV. Suspect: I know nothing about murder, officer. Policeman: Didn't you notice anything out of the ordinary that night? Suspect: No, officer, nothing at all. I was watching television. Policeman: You were sitting next door but you heard nobody. Very suspicious. Suspect: I was minding my own business. May I go now? Policeman: By all means - but you won't get away with it. Suspect: What did you say? Policeman: Nothing at all, sir. We shall proceed with our enquiries.

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Раздел 3

Употребление Present Perfect и Past Have been have gone have been in. have done

4. Упражнения. Диалоги.

Употребление Present Perfect: I've read "War and peace" (действие завершенное к данному моменту). I've already been there twice (не имеет значение, когда именно).

has worked in Greece for the last three years (он все еще там). Настоящее совершенное время часто употребляется с такими словами, как: just, yet, already, never, ever, so far, up to now, recently/lately.

Ex. I've already been there. Have you ever been? I've just finished. I've been six times up to now. So far he hasn't regretted it. never seen the sea.

Употребление Past Indefinite. I wore that tie on Saturday (действие, имевшее место в прошлом)

read Hamlet last week (уточняется место в прошлом) N.B. I've haven't seen it this week. I didn't see it last week.

I haven't had a holiday this year, I didn't have one last year.

I haven't done any work today. I didn't do any work yesterday.

ago I haven't worn it since Saturday. We haven't seen John since he got ("since" употребляется только с настоящим совершенным временем, когда действе не закончилось до настоящего момента)

has lived in France for two years. (И все еще живет там) lived in Spain for two years from to 1970. (И больше там не живет)

("for" употребляется с настоящим совершенным временем, когда период времени не закончился до настоящего момента, и с прошедшим неопределенным временем, когда период времени закончился в прошлом)

I went to Ireland two years ago. I'm afraid he left five minutes ago.

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- используется с неопределенным временем, когда период времени закончился определенным отрезком времени до настоящего момента.

2. have been have gone have been in. I have been to (ездил туда, но больше меня там нет)

has been in Australia for two (и все еще там) has gone to (он уехал и все еще там)

Выучите эти слова вместе: have done. This morning Mrs. Hunt is going to the hairdresser's to have her hair done.

hairdresser is going to cut or arrange her hair for her.

Сравните: I haven't done my hair. I haven't had my hair done.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола

had his car cleaned yesterday, didn't he? Did you have your dress cleaned yesterday? I didn't have my hair done yesterday. Neither did she.

Упражнения

I. Выполните согласно образцу: How long have they worked here? Monday. They've worked here since Monday. How long have you know him? years. I've known him for 10 years.

1. How long have they worked here? Monday. 2. How long have you know him? years.

3. How have they lived there? 1974.

4. How long has he has that car? January. 5. How long has Mary been here? one

6. How long has Jane been here? one hour.

7. How long have they waited for it? two hours.

8. How long have you waited for it? two o'clock.

II. Выполните согласно образцу: Didn't you see the Smiths last week? Yes, I saw the Smiths last week, but I haven't seen them this week. Didn't he go to France last year? Yes, he went to France last year, but he hasn't been there this year.

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Didn't you see the Smiths last week? 2. Didn't he go to France last year? 3. Didn't they study German last winter? 4. Didn't John buy a new car last year?

Didn't you work hard last week? 6. Didn't he play football last winter? 7. Didn't it rain last July? 8. Didn't it snow last February?

III. Используйте Past Simple или Present Perfect: (buy) a new tie last week, but I (not wear) it yet.

2. He (already see) that He (see) it when he was in London. "When - you (meet) Mr. Smith?" "I (meet) him the day before yesterday"

4. "You ever (speak) to him?" "Yes. I (speak) to him before the party." 5. Peter (live) in Greece for the last three years' He (live) in Africa before he (go) to Greece.

(just have) my lunch. I (finish) eating five minutes ago. 7. I (make) five mistakes so far today. Yesterday I (only make) three mistakes altogether.

(never play) rugby in my life, but I (play) football when I was at school.

IV. Вместо точек поставьте или 1. "Where is Jane?" "She has the shops. She'll be back soon." 2. "Have you ever America?" "Yes. I have New York several times." 3. We have this class since September. 4. The Smiths have Paris for years now. They like it there.

John has Oxford in his car. He is staying the night with friends. have Italy and I have Spain, but I Portugal yet.

7. How long have you this country? 8. The Hunts have Australia to live. I'm sure they'll be happier there.

V. Используйте Present Perfect или Past Simple, и добавьте или

He (come) to Athens four years (live) in this town the last six months.

Peter (work) in Greece three years now. 4. Two years I (go) to Spain for my holidays.

He (not finish) his homework yet, although he (start) it two hours (play) tennis an hour and then I (go) for a swim.

I (play) a lot of tennis the summer begun. 7. They stay in Paris several days before they (fly) to Rome.

We (not see) John this morning, but we (see) him a couple of days

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VI. Составьте предложения, используя Past Simple или Present Perfect, добавьте или

Ex.: five years. They have lived in England for five years.

ten minutes. 2. this June.

not boy. work, two London University.

that two hours now. not Mrs. Christmas.

Three new car. 8. not a last month.

VII. Выполните упражнение согласно is going to the cleaner's. have his suit cleaned. He is going to the to have his suit cleaned.

I'm going to the cleaner's. have her hair done. 2. They're going to the have out clothes washed. 3. She is going to the hairdresser's. have my dress cleaned. 4. Mr. Hunt is going to the chemist's. buy some newspapers.

Mrs. Hunt and I are going to the launderette. buy some aspirin.

Диалоги

I. Jane: I'm so tired! Ruth: Yes, you look tired.

I've shopped all day. Ruth: Why? Jane: Because today's my nephew's birthday. Ruth: Have you bought anything? Jane: No, nothing. Ruth: Why?

Jane: Because he's got everything.

II. Mum, have you seen that red tie I wore on Saturday? Mother: No, I haven't. Have you looked in the back of the wardrobe? Mike: Yes, it's not there. Have you tidied up my bedroom again? Mother: Now don't blame me. I always put things away where they belong to. Mike: I can't it. Mother: You probably wore it when you went out with Janet on Tuesday. Mike: So I did. I left it in the car. Thanks, mum. Mother: So you've only got yourself to blame.

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Have you had your holiday yet, Jane? No, not yet. taking it in September.

Mary: Oh, are you going to Spain again? Jane: No, I don't think so. I'd like to try somewhere new. Mary: Could you afford to go to Mexico? My brother has just gone there. Jane: No, I couldn't. I am too hard up. Mary: Well, why don't you go to Ireland? Jill and her husband live in Dublin now. Jane: Oh, yes. What a good idea!

IV. Bob: What a terrible Harry: Yes, usually scores but he hasn't scored this afternoon. Bob: He's the team's worst player. He hasn't kicked the ball this match. Harry: He hasn't been lucky. Bob: Look, Becker's scored a goal. Harry: That's the end of the game. Bob: What a terrible match! It's been the worst game this season.

V. I ought to be at by half past eleven. Jill: You mustn't be late. Tom's always on time. Jane: I look I haven't done my hair. Jill: You had your hair done yesterday. You look fine.

Is it possible to go by bus? Jill: No, it's twenty-five past eleven. Go by taxi.

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Раздел 4

Future tenses. a) going to b) 2. Present tense with feature meaning. 3. No none not any 4. Упражнения. 5. Диалоги.

Употребление a) going to; b) shall/will a) going to get up early tomorrow. (Личные намерения или планы на будущее)

It's going to rain. (Посмотри на тучу!) That boy is going to (я уверен в этом)

Уверенность в будущем событии обычно выражается с I'm not going to take it to the garage.

not going to pay for it. (мы отказываемся)

You're not going to bring her and that's (говорящий запрещает это)

going часто указывает на отказ или с местоимением запрещение.

b) I'll come next week. I shall not consider the matter further. We won't be long.

В современном разговорном языке и используют гораздо чаще, чем и после местоимений и

В официальном английском в заявлении от первого лица чаще употребляют и

Кроме того вопрос, начинающийся с с первым лицом, означает предложение.

Shall we buy that book? Shall I it up?

Вопрос, начинающийся с часто означает обещание, просьбу или готовность выполнить просьбу.

Will you do me a favour? Will you open the door? часто означает обещание, просьбу или готовность выполнить просьбу.

do it. (он охотно это сделает) put it right.

"Won't" после всех лиц ( Т , и др.) часто указывает на отказ, на нежелание

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выполнить действие. It won't start. We won't play. They won't help.

В сложноподчиненных предложениях, особенно после придаточных предложений условий и времени, гораздо чаще употребляют a чаще встречается в простых предложениях.

If I have time, I'll come to you. come round as soon as he finished lunch.

In the afternoon going to tidy up my room.

меньше всего встречается с глаголами чувств и восприятия, которые не потребляются в продолженном времени.

It'll seem strange. They'll understand. Be quiet, she'll hear us.

Часто замена одной формы, выражающей будущее время, на другую несет в себе определенное изменение содержания высказывания.

I'll meet him (обещание) going to meet him (так

Are you going to have more tea? (ты хочешь еще?) Will you have more tea. (я предлагаю) Why won't you come with us. (почему ты отказался?) Why aren't you going to come with us? (что мешает тебе?)

Иногда замена невозможна. He'll know what's wrong. (*He's going

recognize him when she sees him. going

2. В придаточных предложениях обстоятельств времени после союзов - while, when,as soon as, before, after, until, the moment (that) вместо будущего употребляется настоящее время.

He'll come round as soon as he finished lunch. "will go." I'll buy new ones when I go into town tomorrow. "will go"

No/none: not any Когда сущ. или употребляются, глагол бывает не отрицательный и в третьем лице.

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no water in the battery. There isn't any water. There's no left. There isn't any left.

же самое правило распространяется на отрицательные местоимения nowhere, nobody, nothing, one.

придает предложению более эмоциональную окраску, что часто сопровождается словом

I went nowhere. I didn't go anywhere at all. I saw nobody at all. I didn't see anybody.

Упражнения

I. Выполните согласно образцу: open the windows. Shall we open the windows? I'd like you to give me a hand. Will you give me a hand, please?

open the windows. 2. I'd like you to give me a hand.

Do you want me to tell the truth? 4. We'd like you to tell us the truth.

help them. 6. I'd like you to go come with us. 7. Do you want me to pour the drinks?

like you to teach us French.

Выполните согласно образцу: I'm not going anywhere special tonight.

going nowhere special tonight. They didn't say anything important at the meeting. They said nothing important at the meeting.

1. I'm not going anywhere special tonight. 2. They didn't say anything important at the meeting.

John didn't tell anyone what he knew. 4. We don't want any trouble.

Mary didn't dance with anybody at all. 6. You took two sandwiches, but I didn't take any. 7. Joe didn't drink any whisky, John drank a lot.

wanted to go to Spain, but in the end I didn't go anywhere at all.

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III. Используйте и их отрицательные формы, где возможно, а также

late. I think I (take) a taxi. 2. Look at the weather. The sea (be) very rough this afternoon.

They (be) seasick on the boat. 4. That case is very heavy. I (help) you to carry it. 5. I'm too busy today, but I (do) it tomorrow promise. 6. Although I've asked them nicely, they (not move) to them at the part tonight.

don't like the Smiths so I (not speak) to them at the part tonight. John (know) what to do.

IV. Используйте Present Simple или future "The moment the sun rise), we (2. get) up and dress. While you (3. prepare)

breakfast, I (4. pack) the bugs. We (5. set) off as soon as everyone (6. be) ready. We (7. not stop) until it (8. be) time for lunch. While we (9. have) lunch, we (10. discuss) our plans for the day after tomorrow. When we finish) we (12. sleep) for an hour? We (13. hurry) during the afternoon, while it (14. be) still daylight, and if the weather (15. be good) before it (16. get) dark, we (17. make) camp. Before everybody go) to sleep, we (19. have) another discussion." (20. not have) dinner?"

V Выполните упражнение согласно образцу: no tea in the pot. There isn't any tea in the pot. I didn't go anywhere last week. I went nowhere last week.

He searched for hours but he didn't anything at all. met nobody interesting at the party.

They'd like some more beer, but there isn't any left. 4. They went nowhere at all during the holidays.

You didn't make any mistakes at all. 6. My brother knows no one in this group. 7. Peter's got lots of chocolate, but I've got none at all. 8. He doesn't eat any vegetables.

Диалоги

I. Mary: I hope it won't be too hot in the theatre. Joe: No, I don't think it will be. Mary: We won't be too late, will we? Joe: No, we won't. We'll be on time. Mary: I hope we'll have good seats. Joe: We'll have the best seats, of course.

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II. Judy: Who'll de at John's party tomorrow? Jim: I'll be there. You'll be there. be there. Judy: Will Tim be there? Jim: No, he won't be there. Judy: Why won't he come? Jim: John couldn't find a girl for him.

III. Mark: I'm going to Birmingham to study. What are you going to study?

Mark: Economics. I hope to work for an advertising agency one day. What about you? Will it be your first year? Jane: Yes, I'm doing modern languages. I don't know what I want to be. I'd think like to be a teacher.

IV. Joe: What time is it? Jim: a quarter past eight. Joe: I'm going to be late again. Jim: What are you going to do? Joe: Nothing. Every day I harry and every day I 'm late.

V. Your front tires are nearly worn out, Ron. Have you noticed? Ron: No, I haven't. buy two new ones tomorrow. Ted: There is no water in the battery. Shall I fill it up? Ron: Yes, please. And get a move on. It's going to rain in a minute. Ted: Start the engine then, Ron. Ron: Funny! It won't start. I wonder what's up with it? Ted: Look, there's Sid He'll know what's wrong. Shall I ask him? Ron: All right. Ted: Will you come and see what's up with my friend's car, Sid? We can't make it start. Sid: I'll put it right in a minute. But I'm professional mechanic and I'll cost you a pound. Ron: All right. Go ahead. Sid: Just disconnect these two wires, change them around like this and connect them again. Now the engine will start with no trouble. Ron: A pound for that. It took only twenty seconds. Sid: But you've paid for what I know, not for what I've done.

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Раздел 5

Употребление Present Perfect Continuous. 2. Слова enough. 3. Упражнения. 4. Диалоги.

Употребление Present Perfect Continuous. Это время используется для обозначения продолжительного действия, начавшегося в прошлом и все еще продолжающегося в настоящем, или недавно завершившегося с очевидными последствиями.

The sun has been shining all day (и все еще светит) Today he has been playing tennis for (он только что пришел домой усталый) It has been raining, but it has stopped now. (улицы - мокрые от дождя)

Это время также используется для описания действий, повторявшихся много раз за определенный период в прошлом и до настоящего момента.

has been reading his book every evening for month now. I have been writing poems to her regularly for years now.

Такие действия можно выразить и с помощью Present Perfect Tense. I have lived here since I have been living here since It has been raining for It hasn't raining for days.

Present Perfect Continuous используют, когда хотят подчеркнуть длительность действия. Продолженная форма Present Perfect редко употребляется в отрицательной форме. Продолженная форма Present Perfect подчеркивает продолжительность действия, незаконченность действия. Present Perfect подчеркивает количество или качество, или завершенность действия.

I have been drinking tea all the morning. (How long?) I have drunk cups of tea this morning. (How many?) That fellow has drunk my coffee. (It's all gone) That fellow has been drinking my coffee. (He's left me a little?)

Present Perfect Continuous часто употребляется с и и с выражениями

2.

He works very hard. (Это - факт, и он заслуживает того, чтобы успешно сдать

экзамены)

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works too hard. (Я это не одобряю. Он может навредить себе.) It is very expensive. Я могу купить или могу не покупать это) It is too expensive. (Следовательно, я не могу купить и не куплю)

- не несет отрицательной окраска, в то время как всегда предполагает присутствие чего-то большего, чем требуется или ожидается.

enough time. didn't look enough.

They were easy enough for you. I think it will be enough.

Запомните: enough сущ.

л. enough

Упражнения

I. Выполните согласно образцу: The water is too cold to swim in. The water isn't warm enough to swim in. This suit is too expensive for him to buy. This suit isn't cheap enough for him to buy.

The water is too cold to swim in. 2. This suit is too expensive for him to buy.

John is too young to see that film. 4. She is too ugly to be a star.

This case is too heavy for me to carry. 6. That man is too weak to lift this box. 7. This bikini is too small for me to wear. 8. Our dog is too slow to catch that cat.

Выполните согласно образцу: Is John still sleeping? hours. Yes, he's been sleeping for hours. Is Mary still writing letters? two o'clock. Yes, been writing letters since two

Is John still sleeping? 2. Is Mary still writing letters?

Are you living in Scotland now? 4. Are you still working for the same company?

Are they still trying to learn French? 6. Are they all sitting in the garden?

two o'clock.

a year. I left

ten lunchtime.

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7. Is he still playing tennis? 8. Is John still waiting for Mary?

ten more than an hour.

III. Используйте Present Perfect Simple или Continuous, или Past Simple или Continuous.

It (still rain) when I (come) in just now. It (rain) all morning. (sit) here waiting for you for nearly an hour. I (already drink) four whiskies.

What (you do) all this time? I (not see) you for weeks. 4. They (not work) for several days now. They (be) too ill.

It (not rain) for a month now. The grass is very dry. 6. They (go) to this pub every evening for the last years. 7. Peter (write letters) since two o'clock. He (already write) letters.

(sleep) for the last two hours and I (not wake) up properly yet.

IV. Выполните согласно образцу: The coffee is very hot. You can't drink it. The coffee is too hot to drink. The tea is cool. You can drink it. The tea is cool enough to drink.

That girl is very beautiful. She could become a star. 2. It is very hot. You can't sit in the sun.

This book is very boring. I can't read it. haven't got much time. I can't help you.

That woman is very fat. She can't get through the door. 6. He hasn't done much work. He can't pass the exam.

am very hungry. I could eat a horse. My uncle has got a lot of money. He can buy an airplane.

Диалоги

I. - Where is Jane? - In her room. - she been doing? - been looking at herself in the mirror. - She got sun burnt today. Look at yourself got sun burnt too.

II. Joe: How long has Betty been getting ready? For at least an hour. And she'll probably need another hour.

Joe: Why? Dave: She hasn't washed or dressed yet. Joe: It's a good think she hasn't got to shave, too.

III. Malcolm: What did you think of the exams, Pete? I think they were dead easy.

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Pete: Maybe they were easy enough for you but they were too hard for me. Malcolm: Oh, come on. Pete: No, I 'm dead certain I've failed. Thank goodness it's all over though. Malcolm: Yes, now I can get on with reading all the books I've been wanting to read for Pete: Well, It's up to you. But I've had enough of reading. I'm not going to open another book for months.

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Список литературы Intermediate English Course. London. Linguaphone Institute, 1978.

2. Бонк Учебник английского языка. 3. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка.

Просвещение, 1973. 4. Intermediate. Matters. Jan Bell, Roger Gower. Longman Limited,

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