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Guideline for a sustainable product development of smartphones

In the work shown below we try to answer the question: Which approaches do exist to avoid Obsolescence in sustainable product design and which trend can be expected? Thus we augmented a guideline for sustainable product development of UNEP and the TU Delft in terms of Obsolescence where we specifically focused on smartphones. Therefore we used systematic literature review to gain information. Various scientific search engines were used, where we looked for papers with keywords like Smartphone, sustainable product, sustainable design, ecodesign, fair-software, CSR obsolescence, ethics, sustainable product development, recycling, remanufacturing, Initiatives. 70 Papers were examined more closely from which we applied information from 46 in our extended guideline. Additionally we interviewed Experts to include their knowledge and know-how. The cursive written text passages are directly taken out the guideline for sustainable product development of UNEP and the TU Delft. The new guideline should be suitable as a support tool for further product developers especially in the sector of mobile phone production.

Questions about your product

Improvement approaches Notes on environmental effects

Use of materials in the product

Selection of low impact materials

Can you identify any sensitive materials?

Eliminate materials with sensitive origin:

From non-renewable sources

From endangered habitats

From economies were human rights, labor

exploitation are a problem or questionable

development policies are prominent

Consider different aspects to decide which materials to use! (also points below) [1.1]

Biodiversity and social concerns reduced

Are any materials high in embodied energy or water?

energy / water which goes into processing of the material

is embodied

The total energy and water used to create a product are reduced

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Embodied energy / water can be recovered through

reuse and recycling

sometimes embodied energy rises witch

recycling (transport, recovery, reprocessing)

Not only the amount of energy / water is important,

but also the form of energy or the kind of pollution

of the wastewater

avoid “dirty” energy / wastewater, everywhere

in the production process

shift to cleaner energy sources (for example

suppliers in east Asia use dirty coal energy)

encourage investment in renewable energy in

producing countries like China, like solar PV

or do proactive, positive lobbying for clean

energy politics, like Acer did in Taiwan

Set and reach energy efficiency targets

Ensure transparency throughout the supply chain

about [1.1]

an indicator can be embodied greenhouse gas, it

reflects the energy impact of a material (this data

available more often than other)

Reduce the GHG emissions in the whole supply

chain

( up to 80% of the GHG of a smartphone comes

from manufacturing) [1.1]

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Change the material or the production place or the

production process to reduce dirty energy / wastewater

/GHG emissions [1.3]

Is anything in your product toxic to humans and / or ecosystems?

Eliminate toxic materials (mercury / lead) and any surface processing or treatments that introduce toxics in manufacturing or which contaminate recovered / recycled materials

Eliminate also chemicals used in production

processes, especially in semiconductor production

they will be exposed while recycling, especially

in backyard recycling and harm people around and

remain in the environment [1.1]

Use less other less toxic compounds

Especially:

o PVC in plastic: are hormone disrupters

o BFRs (brominated flame retardants): while

recycling they result in highly toxic dioxins and

other chemicals

o antimony trioxide: possible human carcinogen,

leads to severe skin problems

o beryllium

o Phthalates…. [1.2]

Apple, Nokia and Sony already produce PVC and BFR free

Impacts on ecosystems and people are reduced. Recycling is possible, so obsolescence of materials is delayed.

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but yet there are no TVs on the market without the toxic substance Especially for low cost smartphones this is important!

(Huawei, Xiaomi…) [1.1]

Are there materials in your product able to be recycled? Are there any recycled materials incorporated in the product?

Try to use recycled material

Use recyclable materials

Asses your options in every chase, how much energy / water /transportation is used in recycling?

Use recycling in closed loops (c2c), with a steady quality, in order not to affect the lifetime of a product [1.2]

Recycling is only possible if there are no toxic

substances in the products

Lenovo uses 5% recycled plastic of total plastic weight

[1.1]

Reuse and recycling assist in viable waste recovery

Recycling can help to recover embodied energy, but energy is used in recycling as well

Recycling and reuse delay obsolescence of materials

The use of recycled materials builds market for re-use of materials at end of first life

Could anything in our product be made from biodegradable materials?

Use biodegradable materials, if materials cannot be recovered at the end of life.

But be sure that a material is actually biodegradable in practice landfills and compost systems do not always have the right conditions for things to biodegrade

Biodegradable materials can contaminate recycling waste streams unless clearly labeled and separated

Only use biodegradable materials, if they don’t have a

negative impact on product lifetime

Biodegradable materials avoid end-of-life waste accumulation

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Materials use What is its total weight? Has the weight been optimized?

Think about the weight and structural issues of each component separately and reduce total product weight

But keep in mind not to reduce product lifetime But do not use lighter materials that need more energy

to produce than you save by weight reducing [1.1]

Reduction of weight reduces overall resource flow in the economy (dematerialization), lower extraction and processing impacts and fuel consumption

Which material will last longest?

How can you extend the lifetime of the material?

Use materials, that last longer and are more resilient and robust

Trade off between production costs and durability of materials

Replace vulnerable materials (plastic) in places with high

burden with more robust materials (metal), even though

material costs and impact on the environments may be

higher

Robust materials delay obsolescence

How many different materials are used?

Consider the reasons for all the materials. Are there structural reasons for each material?

Reduce the number of different materials

Use composite materials only if they lead to substantial reduction in total weight and if they can be recycled or reused at the end of life

Reduced materials can alleviate end-of-life concerns by easing recycling, re-use and disposal

How are components and different materials joined?

Could other joining systems be used?

Avoid bonding materials together

Use mechanical fasteners or geometric patterns that allow components to be snapped together

Use composite materials only if they lead to substantial reduction in total weight and if they can be recycled or reused at the end of life

By avoiding composite materials recycling and end-of-life capture is eased

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Packaging What drives the packaging of the product?

Safety, standards, image?

Aim to reduce material content and diversity of materials in packaging

Use recycled paper / cardboard, or FSC or PEFC

certified (fiber not from rainforest sources)

like Dell and HP do [1.1]

But: still transport the product safe and without material damage or higher transportation effort , like thinner bottles from coca cola, that couldn’t be stacked as high as before [2.13]

Lower resource consumption (energy, materials, water)

By using recycled packaging materials you reduce environmental impacts

Social and ethical issues in production, distribution of use

Improve the social and economic benefits of manufacture

What social and ethical issues arise from production, distribution, product life time (2.5) and/or use?

Do production and distribution add to social and economic development?

As part of this, how and where is the product manufactured (including components and materials)?

Does the product development team

Ensure that components/materials are sourced from producers and/or markets with best practice social and labor conditions. Link to A1: Selection of low impact materials.

Look for ways to provide a positive intervention to improve social and labor conditions.

Review any ethical issues across product chain and seek resolution.

Product developers need to focus on product lifetime rather than on minimization of resources. (2.12)

Preventive life cycle thinking should aim to reduce the amount of waste and obsolete products. (2.1)

Take the entire product life cycle into account, regarding social, ethical and ecological aspects. (2.2)

CSR can become a way of shaping the design/innovation strategy of the company and has positive implications for image. Several tools, guidelines and frameworks are available for companies to reduce their social and ecological impact. Such tools must be integrated in the whole company, but with a focus on product development, to reduce the impacts. Longer product lifetime and eco-design can lead to better

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know all possible social impacts? (2.5)

Are there any legal regulations considering ethical issues who could appear in the near future? (2.1)

Could the way, our product is developed lead to a reaction by the society due to unethical issues? Especial regarding the product duration of use? (2.2)

Is the engineering solution of the product social and environmentally sustainable? Do they still fulfill the customer’s needs? (2.1)

Is the product eco efficient? (2.5)

If your product is repairable, is it easy to repair, is there any harm for the customer

Evaluate the social and economical effects of the product after the use. (2.5)

Sustainability can’t be implemented in a single part of a company; it has to be integrated in all departments. (2.6)

Tools like the Environmental Life Cycle Analysis and the Social Life Cycle Analysis can help figure out the whole impact. (2.7)It can be helpful to widen the perspective from a focus of products to an organizational focus. (2.10)

Standardized processes like ISO 14000 can help implement LCAs. (2.11)

Regarding all the different social and ecological aspects of the product, never forget to deeply look into the economical effects of sustainability measures. (2.8)

Think about the introduction of companywide guidance to sustainable decision making. (2.9) These sustainable principles should be highlighted in a format that is easily accessible. (2.1)

Monitor, evaluate and adopt products. Collect Feedback. (2.9)

All tools, methods, guidelines and frameworks used to avoid obsolescence in the product development process must be linked, to achieve the best results. (2.9)

Taking externalities into account would show the real costs of a product. The reuse of components and subassemblies would decrease those real

products and to satisfied customers.

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to hurt himself? (2.6) Is it economically sustainable to offer repairable products and parts (2.13)

How are consumer decisions influenced by longer lasting and “greener” products? What information and incentives does the consumer need? (2.5)

costs. Obsolete products would be reintegrated in the production process. (2.4)

These issues may be closely linked to a CSR analysis or your company’s CSR programme. Don’t use CSR for greenwashing. Use it to tell the customers all your actions for sustainable. (2.13)

Product life-time and end-of-life recovery

Extending initial product lifetime

What is the average life of your product? How does this compare to other competing products? What determines the product life?

Make product more durable and reliable

Design for Longevity by using robust materials[4.25]

Include the charger into the LCA timeliness of charger use data is important for an accurate estimate of impact e.g. a standby charger energy consumption of 1.5 W being used 3h a day and then on standby for the rest of the day is equivalent to 12.9kWh/year[4.26]

Delaying Obsolescence by a couple of years [4.27]

Design for Efficiency to reduce the energy consumption

Making the product last longer reduces the material input and output flows by reducing the total number of products in use.

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e.g. a warning signal after the phone is fully charged or the reduction of energy consumption during the smartphone’s standby phase [4.25]

Shared use of the product [4.28]

Is there an aspect of ‘fashion’ about your product? Is that more than a veneer?

Product obsolescence can be driven by fashion not function. For products with some aspect of fashion, consider ways of changing product appearance without discarding the essential core of the product e.g. removable covers or shells or use of a classic design [4.28]

Decreases material flows from total products to the fashion shell

Do users feel your product could age with them? Does it get more valuable as it gets older?

Consider ways of making products more valuable to the user with age like a heirloom

This could decrease material flows because fewer products are produced.

Can your product be conceptualised as a combination of long-life and short-life components?

Consider extending life of component parts rather than the whole product. Invest in quality and strength for those parts which can be reused or refurbished

Provide repair instructions and replacement parts like iFixit for the customer itself increases the emotional value for the customer [4.24]

Design for Repair and Upgrade e.g. rather use screws instead of glue for joining the components [4.25]

Decreases material flows

End of life systems

How easy is product to disassemble?

Design for disassembly products can be easily disassembled to enhance the likelihood and economic benefit of recycling them and valuable materials can be recovered at the end of life [4.25]

This allows for capture of materials and components and their reuse where collection systems and the market exist and ultimately reduces resource

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consumption. Note: in whatever way this is done it will use energy (processing and transport).

How easy is the product to reuse?

Design the product components (or the entire product) to be reusable at the end of its first life, either for the same purpose or alternative purposes. Components of a product should be able to be recovered and refurbished for reuse.

Reuse can avoid much of the energy costs of recycling products.

Can the product be easily remanufactured?

Components or modules can be designed to be recovered and refurbished for reuse. Products can be considered as an ‘assemblage’ of components which can be either new or refurbished. Design initiatives should seek to increase the value of these components at the end-of-first life.

Can save significantly on energy and materials consumption e.g. 6000 mobile phones contain 0,14kg of palladium, 3,5kg of silver, 0,34 kg of gold and 130 kg of copper equal to 15.000$ [4.31]

Can the product be designed as an ‘assemblage of modules’?

Modularisation. Design the product as an ‘assemblage of modules’ which allows for reuse and refurbishment of modules. Examine modular design to allow for reuse of key high-quality components in future products. Ensure that the design evolution of the product can be based around some enduring high-quality components. e.g. Fairphone [4.13] or Phonebloks [4.14]

Necessary to achieve reuse/ remanufacturing.

Can your product be collected at end of life to allow for reuse of components or recycling of materials?

Design for Recyclability The materials you choose and the connections that hold the product together will all influence how likely the product is to be recycled at its end of life in its destination country [4.25]

Saves on the consumption of materials. Note: Recycling should be the last option if remanufacturing or reuse is

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Take-back schemes should be established e.g. per post, at collection points or recycling facilities[4.26]

Consumer awareness should be promoted of the importance of their smartphone’s professional recycling [4.26]

There exist different options of calculating the economic benefits of recycling like the Business plan calculation tool for manual E-waste dismantling facilities [4.30]

Integration of renewable energies into the recycling process like wind energy, solar panels or biomass[4.29]

Design for Dematerialisation to reduce the size, weight and number of materials to reduce the environmental impact when recycling e.g. honeycombing internal walls of materials. Note: Be careful not to substitute the quality of the product or enhance the likelihood of it being damaged in transit[4.25]

Design with Low Impact Materials since most of the smartphones get exported to developing countries where they present a threat to human’s health and the environment since professional recycling facilities are lacking [4.25]

impossible since it also uses a lot of energy [4.25]

Innovation and new product strategies

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Meet user needs with a different product or service

Is the need for the product – its value and utility – well understood?

What is the service the product provides?

Note: This has more than functional or technological dimensions – products also fulfill emotional and esthetic and cultural needs

How much materials and energy flow is necessary to meet the demand, including the return of waste flows to the environment? [4.7]

Does the product meets social, economic and ecologic needs? [4.9],[4.8],[4.5]

Does the product meet the needs and claims of stakeholder? [4.8]

Does the product meet needs of new ways of application, like supportive function in education [4.18], [4.19], research [4.21] and health [4.22 ]?

Clearly define the customer “need” satisfied by the product and:

Design a completely new product that meet that need with fewer adverse impact to the environment and society; or

Design a new set of products and services, which together can meet that need to fulfill that need with lower environmental and social impacts.

Modular design approaches can enable the consumer to combine modules in order to create a product which reflects his needs best therefore the design has to ensure interoperability. Involving consumers in the design process can create a new level of identification with the product. [4.15] E.g. Fairphone 2 [4.13], Puzzlephone [4.14], Phonekit [4.16], Phonebloks, Project Ara [4. 15]

Various efficiently gains often on larger scales

If Modular system phones gets replaced in the same frequency than phones with a common design due to technological innovation more e-waste will be produced because they are larger [4.15]

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Developing a hybrid product

Could one product replace two or more existing products? Is this due to a certain field in which the product has not been specified in yet?

Combine the function of separate products into one product to reduce the total number of products required to meet customer needs (i.e. phones with alarm clocks, answering machines etc.)

Reduce the number of products required to meet customer needs and reduce materials and resource use.

Exploiting new technological opportunities

Are any new technologies or materials available, which could provide the basis for innovation?

Are there any designs, which would prevent certain technological issues or disburden for repairs? e.g. Fairphone [4.13],

Is my company able to provide this knowledge or technologies? Do those technical opportunities provide the possibility for easy repair?

New technologies (e.g. photovoltaic solar cells) can be the basis for a complete product innovation. New materials offer opportunities for new product ideas and innovation

Green application:

Green products as renewable resources like solar, wind, tidal, bio diesel etc. Solar distillation process Air purification with plants Less energy consumption [4.7]

possibility to outsource the development of technical components e.g. Puzzlephone [4.14]

open standards offer the opportunity to add parts or find solutions to certain problems awaking e.g. Puzzlephone [4.14]

possibility to provide spare parts and possibility to install them e.g. Fairphone [4.13]

Various efficiency gains often on larger scales.

Reduce rate of consumption of non-renewable resources

For more hygienic water

More oxygen and less CO2

Reduces use of fossils [4.7]

Identification with the product

Can the consumer be involved in the design, manufacturing or production process? Can the costumer repair his/her own device on his own?

eg. Phonekit: the consumer can be part of the end of the manufacturing process and combine modules of his choice [4.16]

financing models like crowdfunding involve the customer in the pre-production phase to be suggestive of the sense of belonging e.g. Fairphone [4.13]

Identification with the product can counterpart psychological obsolescence, which concludes in saving resources

Modular design phones might increase e-waste due

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repair-it-yourself manuals like Fairphone and iFixit [4.24] offer

transparency can increase the value of a product for the consumer [4.13]

Individualized products increase the effectiveness, though regarding individualization on the basis of modular systems “the Paradox of Choice” describes that it might be less satisfying for the customer, which has the opinion to create an acceptable but not perfect product. [4.15]

to high rates in replacements or updates of modules

can create cost effective devices which people in developing countries can have access to and upgrade parts if funds allow [4.15], e.g. OLPC XO-Infinity a modular laptop which could be used for educational purposes [4.17]

Does your product use fair software?

Which kind of software implication does your phone have? (social)

open source, transparency [4.11]

open source software’s advantages are generated by a crowd of heterogeneous people, who provide diversity considering know-how, priorities and interests [4.12]

effects on working conditions of software engineers

Economic effects of shorter lifecycles due to The avoidance of obsolescence.

Is it possible to extend existing product life cycles without reducing the economic success? [2.12]

What would happen to a company if an eco-strategy led to a stop in economic growth? [2.12]

Does the product create shared value, positive environmental impact as

Product developers must deliver products that are technically viable, commercially feasible, and environmentally and socially sustainable. [2.3]

Take into account, that sustainable eco-design, with longer product life cycles, could lead to a competitive advantage. [2.11]

Businesses need to develop new strategies to integrate eco-innovations successfully. [2.5]

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well as economic success? [2.11]

5 distinctive steps to become sustainable [4.6]

A introduction for

companies to face the

environmental challenges in economics [4.6]

Stage 1: Viewing Compliance as Opportunity

Stage 2: Making Value Chains Sustainable

Stage 3: Designing Sustainable Products and Services

Stage 4: Developing New Business Models

Stage 5: Creating Next-Practice Platforms [4.6]

Making it easier for

companies

to act environment-friendly [4.6]

Multi-criteria decision making [4.2]

Method for finding optimum by space of feasible solution and several objectives. [4.2]

Rank objectives a priori

Add value to solutions [4.2]

Eco-design Eco-design is a tool to help to produce a product in a multidisciplinary team by which all aspects of the different professionals are considered [4.9]

LCA: identify indeed impacts

Ecoinnovation: identify environmental impacts while offering value for users and economy.

Dfx: design for X; focusing on end of life optimizing [4.9]

Always most efficient technology

Extend the lifetime of product taking into account

Build eco-learning strategy for user modifying

Optimize the end-of-life treatment of material

remanufacturing and/or recycling channels

to increase the generation

of services “linked to the

opportunity for industrial

companies”

[4.9]

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SERS Sustainable evaluation and reporting system.

This method combines different management tools into one model.

The aim is to build an efficient and effective standard model. [4.8]

Sustainability reporting systems.

Annual report: standard business reports including information about environment and society

Socio report: stakeholder

Environment report: communicate about environmental issues. [4.8]

Because of standard

method it is easy to

monitor and communicate

about economics, society

and environmental issues.

[4.8]

Corporate Sustainability [4.8],[4.5] Social entrepreneurship

It is an enlargement of the usual business thinking about environmental and social concerns [4.8],[4.5]

Corporate sustainability arises through the influence of stakeholders. [4.8],[4.5]

Makes companies act in a

more social and

environment-friendly way.

[4.8],[4.5]

Remanufacturing Green manufacturing [4.7]

Shows a mass balance between inputs and outputs (waste after life period) [4.7]

Through the life cycle it is possible to select the suitable products to reuse. [4.7]

Lower the negative

environmental impact and

reduce the using of non-

renewable fossils.

[4.7]

Eco-leasing [4.3]

It is a leasing system for households and corporations to introduce low-environmental impact

Eco-leasing-assessment

eco-innovation of eco-leasing

low-carbon effect evaluation [4.3]

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eco-product or equipment for an amount [4.3]

Learning effects [4.4]

Through collaboration between research and education institutions new development tools are provided. [4.4]

Through the teamwork new tools for companies arise which can help them to face the challenges by supported from the research and educational institutions. [4.4]

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[1.3] Greenpeace international (Ed.) (2011): Green electronics survey #3. Towards green electronics – getting greener, but not there yet. Greenpeace international, Netherlands.

[1.4] Geyer, R. et al. (2015): Common Misconceptions about Recycling. Journal of Industrial Ecology, USA, p. 1-8

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