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Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' (nline#

)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

32

Distribution and Density of Zebra Mussels

( Dreissena Polymorpha Pallas, 1771) and Related Some

Environmental Properties in Euphrates River, ra!

Jasim +. Salman ,hmad J.Nasare"artment of iolog/* 0ollege of Science* niversit/ of a/lon* illa* Ira

Email5 asimsalman678/ahoo.com

"bstra#t

9he "resent stud/ was carried on the Eu"hrates river :middle of Ira* from (ctoer 2%11 to Se"temer 2%12

etween ,l-+usa//i cit/ and 9weree 0it/. Sam"ling were monthl/ from three sites in stud/ area for stud/ingsome "h/sical and chemical "ro"erties to river water air ;water tem"erature * " * E0 * 9S *9SS * issolved

oera mussel from stud/ sites to calculated the densit/ and distriution of the

s"ecies.9he results showed the im"act of s"atial and tem"oral variation of environmental "ro"erties under stud/

on the distriution and densit/ of D.polymorpha .9he s"ecies was recorded during most of time and sites ofstud/ and this s"ecies eing invasive s"ecies was recorded for the first time in this region. ?luctuation was

oserved in the total densit/ of D.polymorpha and the highest values were recorded in the sites 3# 23.7

individual :m2# during +arch 2%12 and asente during (ctoer 2%11 and Se"temer 2%12 . Statistical anal/sis

was done using the canonical corres"ondence anal/sis 00,#.

$ey%ords& @era musselA iodiversit/A Invasive s"eciesA Eu"hrates BiverA Ira.

1'ntrodu#tion

9he >era mussel* reissena "ol/mor"ha* is a freshwater ivalve mollus=A loo= li=e small clams with a

/ellowish to rownish shell sha"ed li=e the letter CD ENSB* 2%%$#.

@era mussels are usuall/ found in freshwater la=es* "onds* and rivers* t/"icall/ live 3 to $ /ears* ut some

s"ecimens have lived as long as 1$ /ears ud/ans=i/et al. 1&&3#. nli=e most freshwater mussels* the >eramussel grows in clusters containing numerous individuals*

@era mussels a""arentl/ "referentiall/ settle on sumersed auatic "lants* or on the underside of sustrates,c=erman et al .* 1&&4#*and later move to other sustrates. Fainmanet al .*1&&6#

9he native range of the >era mussel includes river asinsA and estuarine reservoirs along the ulgarian*

Bomanian* =rainian* and Bussian lac= and ,>ov sea coasts and in >ones of these seas influenced /

freshwater Son* 2%%7#.@era mussels reach se


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

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.Material and methods

1 Study area&Sam"les were collected monthl/ from Eu"hrates Biver in the middle of Ira from (ctoer 2%11 to Se"temer

2%12at three selected sites in the river fig. 1#A the first is located in ,l-+usa//i cit/* the second in Saddat ,l-

hind/a cit/ and the third in 9weree cit/. Fater sam"les were collected at 3%cm de"th su surface la/er# /

using clean "ol/eth/lene ottle $# with three re"licates* while the @era mussels individuals were otained /hand collecting from hard sustrata in shallow waters or from stones and roc=s or from auatic "lants in the near

shore. Soft sustratum and "lant material on @era mussels was removed / washing it in river water* and then

"ut in "lastic ag and when rought to laorator/* washed with ta" water and istilled water to remove an/

residue.

?ig. 1#5 , ma" of stud/ sites

?ig. 1#5 , ma" of stud/ sites

*ield measurement

,ir and water 9em"erature directl/ measurement / using mercur/ thermometer %0H-1%% 0

H#. "* elcatrical

conductivit/ as well as 9S values were measured / usinganna* modelD+ulti meter.issolved oera mussel and figure 2# was showed the correlation etween the total densit/ of

>era mussel and "h/sico-chemical "arameters of wateraccording to 0anonical 0orres"ondence ,nal/sis00,).


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

34

.able (1)& "h/sico-chemical "arameters in the stud/ stations during the "eriod (ctoer 2%11- Se"temer

2%12#.Bange in the first line A +ean K S in the second line.#

Parameters Site

1 +

,ir tem" 0L # 11.7 - 3&.2722.27 K 7.76

& -3'.223 K &.34

13.33-43.$26.$3 K '.'6

Fater tem" 0L

# 11.$4-3%.37

1&.73K6.6&

&.%6-2&.&6

2%.%'K6.'$

13.%3-31.43

21.%&K6.23

" 7.6-'.7

'.26 K %.34

'.7-7.3

'.1'K%$7

7.6-'.7

'.2&K%.34

E.0 M.S:cm# 7&'.7 - 1167.6&61.17 K 127.16

'11.1- 116'.6&74.6 K 114.36

&%3 114&1%11.4 K &$.33

9rans"arence 0m# 4'.6 22&

112.' K $1.22

37.6 - 234.6

117.1 K $'.1

43.'3 26&

12%.$ K 6&.7

9S +g:# $4%.22-7$'.44

641.1 K 6'.71

$%2.33-73&

624 K 64.'1

$72-7'&.3

6$1 K 769SS +g:# %.%1%4-%.%443

%.%226 K %.%2%&

%.%6-%.323

%.%172 K %.%%6&

%.%63-%.%31

%.%176 K %.%%7$4

( +g:# 6.&-11.3'

'.6& K 1.4

6.27-11.$&

'.&6 K 1.$2

6.63 - 1%.7'

'.44 K 1.3

9otal ardness

+g0a0(3#

446.33-74&.44

$4'.& K &6.$$

446.6-7%%

$2&.6 K '1.23

423.33-773.3

$$% K 1%1.3

0alcium

+g0a0(3#

$6.17- 173.64

1%3.$ K 4%.36

76.4' -21$

1%6.1 K 41.1

'7.& - 1'%.3

143.%7 K 16&.6

0hloro"h/ll- a

Mg:#

1.22 - 1'.'4

6.7$ K $.$7

% -13.2&

$.6 K 4.'4

% - 24.37

7.&& K '.24

.able ()5 the total densit/ of >era mussel during the "eriod of stud/.

Months

Sites

1 +

(ctoer 2%11 % % %

Novemer 2%11 % % %.''

ecemer2%11 % % %.''

Januar/ 2%12 % % 1.&2

?eruar/ 2%12 % % 2%.2&

+arch 2%12 % % 23.7

,"ril 2%12 % 2.22 2.'1+a/ 2%12 %.44 2.37 &.77

June 2%12 %.$& 1.62 3.$$

Jul/ 2%12 4.2& %.44 1.33

,ugust 2%12 % 1.1' 1.33

Se"temer 2%12 % % %


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

3$

?igure 2# the correlation etween the total densit/ of >era mussel and "h/sico-chemical "arametersO,95 air tem"erature* F95 water tem"erature* (5 issolved oe den5 >era mussel densit/.P

+1"ir and 2ater temperature

,ir tem"erature was ranging etween highest values 43.$ Q0# in station 3# and lowest values & Q0# in station

2#. 9he highest water tem"erature values31.43 Q0# were oservedin station 3# and the lowest values were

oserved &.%6 Q0# in station 2#.9he results show significant deference "R%.%1*"R%.%$# etween month.

,ccording to 0anonical 0orres"ondence ,nal/sis 00,), the results of the current stud/ were showed a

negative correlation etween air tem"erature* water tem"erature and the total densit/ of @era mussel.@eramussels have oth a lower and u""er lethal threshold limits for tem"erature. 9he/ cannot tolerate free>ing and

are rare in Euro"e* where mean annual air tem"eratures are elow 360 +c+ahon* 1&&6#. In Euro"e >era

mussels were asent where mean annual air tem"eratures were aove 1'0 or where the highest mean monthl/

air tem"eratures were aove 270 Stra/er* 1&&1#.9he threshold tem"eratures for growth and re"roductiona""arentl/ var/ consideral/ among "o"ulations of >era mussels.

9he u""er lethal threshold level for >era mussels has een an issue of some deate largel/ ecause ofdiscre"ancies etween oservations in laorator/ eera mussel utthis has not resulted in an ada"tation. 9he lac= of ada"tation at this stage ma/ e due to gene flow eing too

strong or due to insufficient genetic variation for selection to act on +c+ahon* 2%%2#.

+ p3

9he highest ! values'.74# were recorded in station 3# and the lowest values7.$4# were recorded in station

2#. 9he results show significant deference in the values of ! "R%.%1*"R%.%$# etween months. 9he !wasshowed slightl/ al=aline trend. Tenerall/ ! of water is influenced / geolog/ of catchments area and ufferingca"acit/ of waterSh/amalaetal .* 2%%'#.@era mussels have oth a lower and an u""er lethal threshold to !h. ?or

lower ! thresholds a ! of R7 is generall/ considered either lethal to >era mussel veligers and adults* or is

insufficient to su""ort a re"roducing "o"ulation ased on field or laorator/ studies or a "re"onderance of

evidence inc=s ; +ac=ie* 1&&7#. @era mussels have distinct !tolerance limits. In the laorator/* a !range

of 7.3 to &.4 is reuired for veliger develo"ment* and develo"ment success is greatest at ! U'.$ S"rung* 1&&3#.In the field* Bamcharan et al .* 1&&2# found that a ! of 7.3 was the lower limit of >era mussel occurrence in

76 Euro"ean la=es 0ohen ; Feinstein* 2%%1#. ,dult >era mussels are more tolerant of lower ! than are

larvaeartellet al .* 2%%7#.

++.ransparen#e

In the current stud/ water trans"arenc/ values were ranged from 37.6 0m# as lowest values in station 2# to

26& 0m# as highest values in station 3#.9he results show significant deference "R%.%1*"R%.%$# in the

valuestrans"arenc/ of etween months.9he Secchi de"th is a measure of the relative de"th of light "enetration* or its relative trans"arenc/. It is a

-1.0 1.0

- 0 . 4

0 . 8

/e den

Tran

TH

Ca

Ch-a

DO

Ec

AT WT

PH

TDS

TSS


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

36

relative measurement ecause the readings usuall/ var/ from one individual to the neera mussel.

9he clarit/ of water is related to the clearance rates of dreissenids. 0ollectivel/* >era mussels are unrivaled intheir ca"acit/ to clarif/ water 0laudi; +ac=ie* 1&&4#. owever* com"ared to other freshwater ivalves* the

>era mussels filtration rate 1%1%% m:individual:h# is intermediate etween S"haeriidae %.6 to

'.3m:individual:h# and nionidae 6%4&% m:individual:h# Stanc>/=ows=a et al .* 1&76#.

,s water clarit/ increases* >era mussel growth can ecome limited / food availailit/. Suseuent >era

mussel "o"ulation decreases have een re"orted Stra/er;+alcom 2%%6#. @era mussels are not ale to survive

under the conditions of ver/ high turidit/ with corres"onding Secchi dis= de"ths R1% cm. @era mussels a""ear

to grow ra"idl/ under conditions where Secchi dis= de"th ranges etween 4% cm and 2%% cm 0ohen ;

Feinstein* 2%%1#.

+- Ele#tri#al #ondu#tivity (E4)

9he electrical conductivit/ In the current stud/ was ranged from 7'&.7M.S:cm# as lowest valuesin station 1# to

116'.'M.S:cm# as highest values in station 2#. 9he results show significant differences "R%.%1*"R%.%$# in

values of electrical conductivit/ etween months.0onductivit/ re"resents the total amount of cations and anions

in solution of which calcium and magnesium are im"ortant cations and caronates and icaronates are amongthe most im"ortant anions for >era mussels. It stands to reason that the most im"ortant criterion for survival is a

minimal conductivit/* the u""er limit not eing critical until salinit/ ecomes a factor+ac=ie ;0laudi* 2%1%#.

artell et al . 2%%7# eera mussels filtering ca"acit/ on levels of 9SS also measured as turidit/ and seston# consisting

mostl/ of "h/to"lan=ton is well documented. olland 1&&3# re"orted a decline in diatom aundance coincident

with the arrival and estalishment of the >era mussel in western a=e Erie.Fhile the im"act of >era mussels

on 9SS is well =nown* the reci"rocal relation-shi" has not een as well e


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

37

Eaton et al .* 1&&$#. 9here are significant curvilinear relationshi"s etween uvenile growth rates and each of the

uffer variales calcium* al=alinit/* and total hardness#. ,s total hardness decreased elow 2$ mg:* >era

mussels grow "oorl/A >era mussels grow well when total hardness eera mussel coloni>ation+ac=ie ;0laudi* 2%1%#.

9he minimum level for survival of adults >era mussel a""ears to e etween ' and & mg 0a: Wo>lows=i*

2%%2#. )eligers a""ear to reuire 1112 mg 0a: to survive for at least a few da/s inc=s and +ac=ie* 1&&7#

and 1$22 mg 0a: to develo" aldwin et al .* 1&&7#.9here is considerale disagreement on the level of calcium

reuired for estalishment of a "o"ulation of >era mussels* "articularl/ ecause of differences in re"orted

values etween the Euro"ean and North ,merican literature+ac=ie ;0laudi* 2%1%#.

(ccurrence and aundance of >era mussels are high and unrelated to calcium levels aove 3% mg:

Stanc>/=ows=a* 1&77#.Trowth of mussels will occur at calcium concentrations of greater than 3$ milligrams

"er liter mg:#* ut growth is inhiited at concentrations R4 mg: +ac=ie ;0laudi* 2%1%#.9welve to fifteen

mg: a""ears as a minimum calcium concentration for re"roduction and growth 0ohen and Feinstein 1&&'a#.

In laorator/ studies* >era mussels did not survive calcium levels elow 1$ mg: )inogradovet al .* 1&&3#. In

tests ofrearing success* the numer of deformed larvae decreased at X34 mg:of calcium +c+ahon 1&&6#.

+: 4hlorophylla0hloro"h/ll-a values were ranging etween the lowest values %Mg:# in station 2# and highest values

24.37Mg:#in station 3#.9he results show significant deference "R%.%1*"R%.%$# in values of chloro"h/ll-a

etween months.

0hloro"h/ll-a levels can e used to assess the tro"hic status of a la=e.9he Euro"ean literature indicates that the

tro"hic status of surface waters often dictates the "resence and aundance of >era mussels. Trowth rates

correlate well with chloro"h/ll-alevels in the range 1%4% mg: and not at all in the range 341%6 mg 0hl a:

Smitet al .* 1&&3#.

Stanc>/=ows=a and ewandows=i 1&&3# eera musselsreisssena"ol/mor"ha#5 0om"arisons with marine ivalves. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1169–1179.

a=er* S.+.A evinton* J.S.A Wurd>iel* J.!. and Shumwa/* S.E. 1&&'# .Selective feeding and iode"osition /

>era mussels and their relation to changes in "h/to"lan=ton com"osition and seston load. Journal of Shellfish

esear!h. 17 "#$:12%7–1&.

aldwin* .S.* !. ?ili""etti* and Sanderson* S. 1&&7#. , test of the "otential s"read of >era and uagga mussels

from the St. awrence Biver to inland waters of northern New [or= astract#. !resented at the 2nd Northeast0onference on Nonindigenous ,uatic Nuisance S"ecies* urlington* S,.

ariero* B.!. and 9uchman* +.. 2%%4#. ong-term dreissenid im"acts on water clarit/ in a=e Erie. Journal

of 'reat (a)es esear!h &%: **7–*6*.

artell* S.+.A [. FuA S.W. Nair* J. (rrA and Bagland* J. 2%%7#. Bis= assessment and decision anal/sis su""ort

for invasive mussel management for the St. 0roi< asin and adacent ""er +ississi""i Biver. ?inal Be"ort for

.S. ,rm/ 0or"s of Engineers* St. !aul istrict* 0ontract No. F&12ES-%$--%%%2* 9as= (rder %7.0araco* N.?.* J.J. 0ole* and Stra/er* .. 2%%6#. 9o"-down control from the ottom5 Begulation of

eutro"hication in a large river / enthic gra>ing. (imnology and +!eanography *1: 66#–67%.

0laudi* B. and +ac=ie* T. 1&&4#. !ractical +anual for @era +ussel +onitoring and 0ontrol* ewis !ulishers*

oca Baton* ?.

0laudi* B.A and +ac=ie* T.. 1&&4#. !ractical manual for >era mussel monitoring and control. Journal of the


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

3'

,orth -meri!an enthologi!al So!iety 1&"&$:#11/#12.

0ohen* ,.N.A and Feinstein* ,. 2%%1#. @era +ussel\s 0alcium 9hreshold and Im"lications for its !otential

istriution in North ,merica. San ?rancisco Estuar/ Institute*San ?rancisco* 0alifornia. "".47.

htt"5::www.dfg.ca.gov:uaggamussel:docs:2%%1-@eramusselcalcium."df.

e"ew* .0.* S.J. Tuildford* and Smith* B.E.. 2%%6#. Nearshore-offshore com"arison of chloro"h/ll a and

"h/to"lan=ton "roduction in the dreissenid-coloni>ed eastern asin of a=e Erie. Canadian Journal of 0isheriesand -uati! S!ien!es6&: 111*–1129.

Eaton* ,..A 0lesceri* .S.A and Treenerg* ,.E.eds.#. 1&&$#. Standard +ethods for the E* J.0.A ertram* !. and ewis* 9.F.2%%%#. 0hemistr/ of the offshore surface waters of a=e Erie5

!re- and !ost-reissena introduction1&'3&3#. Journal of the 'reat (a)es esear!h.26"1$:2–9&.

+c+ahon* B.?. 1&&6#. 9he "h/siological ecolog/ of the >era mussel* reissena "ol/mor"ha* in North

,merica and Euro"e. -meri!an Zoologist&6: &&9–&6&.

+c+ahon* B.?. 2%%%#. Invasive characteristics of the freshwater ivalve 0oricula fl uminea. In5 Non-

indigenous ?reshwater (rganisms5 )ectors* iolog/ and Im"acts* B. 0laudi and J. each* eds* "". 31$343.

oca Baton5 ewis !ulishers.

+c+ahon* B.?. 2%%2#. Evolutionar/ and "h/siological ada"tations of auatic invasive ani-mals5 Selection

versus resistance. Canadian Journal of 0isheries and -uati! S!ien!es4 *9: 12&*–12##.

+inchin* .A +aguire* 0. and Bosell* B. 2%%3#. 9he @era +ussel Dreissena5olymorpha "allas# invades

Ireland5 human mediated vectors and the "otential for ra"id international dis"ersal.iology and enironment:

pro!eedings of the royal irish a!ademy4 "1%&$ 1: 2& 3 &%.

Bam* J..A ?ong* !.!. and Tarton* .F. 1&&6#. !h/siological as"ects of @era mussel re"roduction5 +aturation*

s"awning* and fertili>ation. -m. Zool. &6: &263&&.

Bamcharan* 0.F.* .W. !adilla* and odson* S.I. 1&&2#. +odels to "redict "otential occurrence and densit/ of

the >era mussel* reissena "ol/mor"ha. Canadian Journal of 0isheries and -uati! S!ien!es#9: 2611–262%.

Sh/amala* B.A Shanthi* +.and alitha* ". 2%%'#. !h/sicochemical ,nal/sis of orewell Fater Sam"les of

9elungu"ala/am ,rea in 0oimatore istrict* 9amilnadu* India. 83Journal of Chemistry.*4 "#$ : 92#3929.

Smit* .* ,. i de )aate* .. Beeders* E.. van Ness* and Noordhuis* B. 1&&3#. 0oloni>ation* ecolog/ and "ositive as"ects of >era mussels reissena "ol/mor"ha# in the Netherlands. In5 @era +ussels iolog/*

Im"acts* and 0ontrol* 9.?. Nale"a* and .F. Schloesser* eds* "". $$7'. oca Baton5 ewis !ulishers.

Son* +.(. 2%%7#. Native range of the >era mussel and uagga mussel and new data on their invasions within

the !onto-0as"ian region. -uati! nasions2: 169–179.

S"rung* +.* 1&&3#. 9he other life5 ,n account of "resent =nowledge of the larval "hase of reissena

"ol/mor"ha. In5 @era +ussels5 iolog/* Im"acts* and 0ontrol* 9.?. Nale"a* and .F. Schloesser* eds* "". 3& $3. oca Baton5 ewis !ulishers.

Stanc>/=ows=a* ,. and ewandows=i* F. 1&&3#. 9hirt/ /ears of studies of reissena "ol/-mor"ha ecolog/ in

+a>urian la=es of northeastern !oland. In5 @era +ussels iolog/* Im"acts* and 0ontrol* 9.?. Nale"a and .F.

Schloesser* eds* "". 33'. oca Baton5 ewis !ulishers.

Stanc>/=ows=a* ,. 1&77#. Ecolog/ of reissena "ol/mor"ha!all.# ivalvia# in la=es. 5olish -r!hies of

ydroiology 2#: #61–*&%.Stanc>/=ows=a* ,.* F. awac>* J. +attice* and ewandows=i* W. 1&76#. ivalves as a factor affect-ing the

circulation of matter in a=e +i=olas=ie !oland#. imnologica1%5 3473$2.

Stra/er* .. 1&&1#. !roected distriution of the >eramussel* reissena "ol/mor"ha* in North ,merica.

Canadian Journal of 0isheries and -uati! S!ien!es#: 1&9–1&9*.

Stra/er* ..A and +alcom* .+. 2%%6#. ong-term demogra"h/ of a >era mussel reissena "ol/mor"ha#


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)ol.4* No.11* 2%14

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"o"ulation. 0resh;ater iology *1:117–1&%.

9he Euro"ean Networ= for Social and Economic Besearch ENSB#.2%%$#. Ba"id res"onse "lan for the @era

mussel reissena "ol/mor"ha# in +assachusetts. !re"ared for the +assachusetts e"artment of 0onservation

and Becreation.

)inogradov* T.A Smirnova* S.A So=olov* ).A and ru>nits=/* ,. 1&&3#. Influence of chemical com"osition of the

water on the mollus= reissena "ol/mor"ha. In 9.?. Nale"a and .F. Schloesser* eds.#* @era mussels5 iolog/*im"acts* and control. ewis !ulishers* ,nn ,ror* +ichigan. "". '1%.

Fainman* .A S. inc=s* N.A Waushi=* and +ac=ie* T.. 1&&6#. iofilm and sustrate "reference in dreissenid

larvae in a=e Erie. Canadian Journal of 0isheries and -uati! S!ien!es *&: 1–1#%.

Furts * F.,. and urorow * B.+. 1&&2#.Interaction of " * caron dio


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Hardnessss