Hongos Entomófagos.docx Trabajo

8/18/2019 Hongos Entomófagos.docx Trabajo

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CONTENIDO

1. INTRODUCCION...................................................................................32. OBJETIVOS...........................................................................................43. MARCO TEORICO.................................................................................5

3.1 HONGOS ENTOMÓFAGOS.................................................................53.1.1 Caracter !t"ca!# ..........................................................................5

3.2 DESCRI$CION DE GENEROS.............................................................%

3.2.1 Metar&"'"() a*"!+,-"ae. .............................................................%3.2.2 Bea( er"a /a!!"a*a# ..................................................................0

M+ + e Acc" *......................................................................................0$-a a! (e c+*tr+-a ...............................................................................D+!"!. $ara t+ a! -a! ,-a a! !e (t"-"'a -a )"!)a +!"! e 1 6 7Ha ........3.3 FORMAS DE $RO$AGACION E IM$ORTANCIA ECONOMICA................8

3.3.1 9a! :a!e! (e e!arr+--a* -+! &+* +! !+/re !(! &+!,e a*te!!+*#.....................................................................................................8

3.4 IM$ORTANCIA ECONOMICA............................................................113.4.1 Bea( er"a /a!!"a*a .................................................................113.4.2 Metar&"'"() a*"!+,-"ae. ...........................................................113.4.3 Vert"c"--"() -eca*"" ...................................................................113.4.4 N+)(reae r"-e;" .......................................................................11

4. CONC9USIONES................................................................................125. BIB9IOGRAF


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1. INTRODUCCION

9+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +! t"e*e* (* ra* ,+te*c"a- c+)+ a e*te!c+*tr+-a +re!= c+*!t"t(;e* + (* r(,+ c+* )>! e 05? e!,ec"e!=

"!e)"*a +! e* e- )e "+ a)/"e*te ; ,r+ +ca* + "*:ecc"+*e! :(* +!a! a,+/-ac"+*e! e artr ,+ +!@ e*tre -+! *er+! )>! "),+rta*te! e!t>*#

Metar&"'"() a*"!+,-"*ae= Bea( er"a /a!!"a*a ; F(!ar"().9+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +! !+* (* a),-"+ r(,+ e )"cr+ +r a*"!)+! (e,r+ ee* ) -t",-e! !er "c"+! a -+! !"!te)a! a r+ec+- "c+!= e/" + a (e&+; e* a e!t>* !"e* + (t"-"'a +! c+)+ a e*te! /"+- "c+! ,ara e-c+*tr+- e ,-a a!= ,+r (e !+* ca,ace! e ,r+ (c"r e*:er)e a ; )(erte

e -+! "*!ect+!. E!t+! )"cr+ +r a*"!)+! "*:ecta* a -+! artr ,+ +!"recta)e*te= a tra ! e -a ,e*etrac" * e -a c(t c(-a ; e erce*

) -t",-e! )eca*"!)+! e acc" *= c+* r" * +-e! (*a a-ta ca,ac" a ,arae "tar (e e- &+!,e er+ e!arr+--e re!"!te*c"a.

E- ,re!e*te tra/a + a a c+*+cer -a! ,r"*c",a-e! caracter !t"ca! ; -+!)eca*"!)+! e acc" * e -+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +! !+/re !( &+!,e er+,ara e*erar -a "* a!" *= e*:er)e a ; )(erte e- "*!ect+.

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2. OBJETIVOS

C+*+cer -a! ,r"*c",a-e! caracter !t"ca! e -+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +!=

; -+! ,r"*c",a-e! )eca*"!)+! e acc" * (e (t"-"'a* e* !(&+!,e er+.

I*ter,retar -a :+r)a /"+- "ca e* (e -+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +!a;( a* a c+*tr+-ar a -a! ,-a a! e "*!ect+!.

C+*+cer -a "),+rta*c"a ec+* )"ca ; -+! )e "+! e ,r+,a ac" * e-+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +!.

D"a *+!t"car ca a (*a e -a! :a!e! e- H+* + e*t+) :a +.

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3. MARCO TEORICO

3.1 HONGOS ENTOMÓFAGOS

3.1.1 Características:9+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +!= e!t>* e*tr+ e -+! &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+!

(e ,(e e* !er (* )eca*"!)+ e c+*tr+- a*te ,-a a! e "*!ect+! ; -+!e*t+) :a +! !+* -+! (e "*:ecta* a -+! artr ,+ +! ; a -a c-a!e e"*!ect+! " +! ,r+ +c>* +-e! " er!+! t",+! e )"c+!"! &a!ta ca(!ar-e!-a )(erte= -+ c(a- !(,+*e (* ) t+ + e ca' ,ara -(c&ar c+*tra -a!,-a a!. U*a e' e*tr+ e- c(er,+ e- "*!ect+= ca(!a* tra!t+r*+!

" e!t" +!= *er "+!+!= )(!c(-are! ; re!,"rat+r"+!= e*tre +tr+!= e )a*era(e "c&+ "*!ect+ e a e a-")e*tar!e ; )(ere. $+r e- c+*trar"+= -a,re!e*c"a e- &+* + *+ ca(!a a +! e* +tr+! +r a*"!)+!.

9+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +! !e *(tre* e "*!ect+!= ,+!ee* e!,+ra! (e !ea &"ere* a -a c(t c(-a e- "*!ect+ ; -(e + crece* e*tr+ e e--+! &a!ta)atar-+! ,+r :+r)ac" * e t+ "*a!. E!te t",+ e &+* +! e! e* -aact(a-" a (* rec(r!+ t"- e* -a -(c&a /"+- "ca c+*tra "*!ect+! ; a;( a a

"!)"*("r e- (!+ e "*!ect"c" a! a "*+! ,ara -a &()a*" a ; e-ec+!"!te)a. Otra! e!,ec"e! ataca* )>! /"e* (!a*+! )"cr+!c ,"c+!

*e)at+ +! ,+r )e "+ e !( )"ce-"+ ,e a +!+ e "* a e* -(e + !(c(er,+ +ca!"+*>* +-e -a )(erte.

9+! &+* +! *+ !+* !+-a)e*te e!c+),+*e +re! !"*+ ta)/" *ac()(-a +re! e *(tr"e*te!. Se &a e)+!tra + (e c+*t"e*e* e 3 5 e *"tr e*+ ; e 5.1? e +tr+! *(tr"e*te! "*+r >*"c+!= c":ra !(,er"+r a

-+ e*c+*tra + e* &+ ara!ca! ; e* -a )a era. De e!te )+ += !+* :(e*tee *(tr"e*te! ,ara +tr+! +r a*"!)+!. S(! ,r+ (ct+! !+-(/-e! ; -"/era +!

e* e- !(!trat+ !+* (t"-"'a +! ,+r -+! &+* +! a' care! ; -a! /acter"a! ;a * ,+r -a! +r ( ea!= !(! &":a! !+* c+*!()" a! ,+r a*")a-e!

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)"cr+!c ,"c+!= ; !(! e!,+ra! !+* c+*!()" a! ,+r "*!ect+!= )+!ca!=c(carr+*e! ; +tr+! a*")a-e!.

S"* e)/ar += -+! c"e*t c+! &a* e!c(/"ert+ rec"e*te)e*te (e )(c&+!e e!t+! &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+! e!e),e a* +tr+! ,a,e-e! e* -a

*at(ra-e'a= ;a (e !+* e* t+!= e! ec"r= (e " e* e*tr+ e -a!,-a*ta!= ; ,+!"/-e)e*te "*c-(!+ :+r)a* ,arte e -+! a e*te! (e a;( a*a- crec")"e*t+ e -a ,-a*ta= c+)+ +tr+! )"cr++r a*"!)+! (e !ere-ac"+*a* c+* -a! e!,ec"e! e eta-e! a tra ! e -a r"'+!:era= ,arte e-!(e-+ "*)e "ata a -a! ra ce!.

3.2 DESCRIPCION DE GENEROS

3.2.1 Metarhi i!" a#is$%&iae .E! (* &+* + (e crece *at(ra-)e*te e* -+! !(e-+! e t+ + e- )(* += e!(* e!, c")e* (e ataca a -+! "*!ect+! &a!ta e-")"*ar-+!= act(a* + c+)+,ara!"t+" e. I-;a I. Mec&*"K+ -+ *+)/r e!,( ! e -a! e!,ec"e! e"*!ect+! (e !e a"!- +r" "*a-)e*te e # e- e!cara/a + A*"!+,-"aa(!tr"aca . E! (* &+* + )"t+!, r"c+ c+* -a re,r+ (cc" * a!e (a- =

ta)/" * a )e*( + --a)a + H+* +! I),er:ect+! = !+* e:ect" +! c+*trae- ,"c( + *e r+ e- ,->ta*+ e*tre +tr+!.

C+-+*"a! e Metar&"'"() a*"!+,-"ae

9a! C+-+*"a! (e !( c+-+r ar a e! e +-" >ce+ &a!ta a)ar"--+ er e +

er e &"er/a +!c(r+. $er+ e* rar+! ca!+! r+!a +! + "*>ce+!= a 2% LC e*$a,a De tr+!a A ar $DA a -+! 14 a! c+* (* )ar e* )"ce-"a- /-a*c+.

M$'$ 'e Acci(# #

C+)"e*'a ,+r -a a &e!" * e- te ()e*t+ ; -a er)"*ac" * e-+! c+*" "+! + e!,+ra! !+/re e!te. 9(e + !e ,r+ (ce -a ,e*etrac" * atra ! e -a c(t c(-a e- "*!ect+= -a )(-t",-"cac" * e- &+* + e*

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https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus&usg=ALkJrhiqK195E77ibR9dQVX0oqcEncbs3ghttp://www.ecured.cu/Insectoshttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov&usg=ALkJrhhFE7femkihtOugpyrcqP7GeVgdjQhttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle&usg=ALkJrhjTV7cyKHRcgQTI0DftOJxF0ipUxghttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoplia_austriaca&usg=ALkJrhgwnjGh-mdxSE127EiwMZ6-nEvQ1ghttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoplia_austriaca&usg=ALkJrhgwnjGh-mdxSE127EiwMZ6-nEvQ1ghttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosporic_fungus&usg=ALkJrhj9ypZtkuxp5I8p17PkqkqXOUyDywhttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction&usg=ALkJrhgZZm62_jfnOEx9hUDYxRqqmxLj3whttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi_Imperfecti&usg=ALkJrhjZ3XbddJ3eQaJpOsCOd9IJfkV3sghttp://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Oliv%C3%A1ceo&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Tegumento&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Conidios&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/Esporashttp://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Cut%C3%ADcula&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/Hongohttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus&usg=ALkJrhiqK195E77ibR9dQVX0oqcEncbs3ghttp://www.ecured.cu/Insectoshttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ilyich_Mechnikov&usg=ALkJrhhFE7femkihtOugpyrcqP7GeVgdjQhttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle&usg=ALkJrhjTV7cyKHRcgQTI0DftOJxF0ipUxghttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoplia_austriaca&usg=ALkJrhgwnjGh-mdxSE127EiwMZ6-nEvQ1ghttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoplia_austriaca&usg=ALkJrhgwnjGh-mdxSE127EiwMZ6-nEvQ1ghttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosporic_fungus&usg=ALkJrhj9ypZtkuxp5I8p17PkqkqXOUyDywhttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction&usg=ALkJrhgZZm62_jfnOEx9hUDYxRqqmxLj3whttps://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=es&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.gt&sl=en&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi_Imperfecti&usg=ALkJrhjZ3XbddJ3eQaJpOsCOd9IJfkV3sghttp://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Oliv%C3%A1ceo&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Tegumento&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Conidios&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/Esporashttp://www.ecured.cu/index.php?title=Cut%C3%ADcula&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ecured.cu/Hongo


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e- &e)+ce-e ; -a ,r+ (cc" * e t+ "*a! e* c"ert+! &+* +! ; ce,a! .S+/re "e*e -a )(erte e- "*!ect+ ; e- &+* + c+-+*"'a t+ + e- "*ter"+r e-&+!,e a*te. $+!ter"+r)e*te= e- )"ce-"+ !a-e &ac"a e- e ter"+r ,a!a* + atra ! e- te ()e*t+= e!,+r(-a !+/re -a !(,er c"e e- "*!ect+ ;

*a-)e*te -+! ,r+,> a-+! !+* "!e)"*a +! a- )e "+.

C(carac&a )(ert+ ,+r Metarhisium anisopliae.E)ect$s: E! e:ect" + c+*tra e- ,"c( + *e r+ e- ,->ta*+ =,"c( "t+ac(>t"c+ e- arr+' =M+c"! e -+! ,a!t+! ; ,+-"--a e -a c+- e*tre +tr+!.

3.2.2 *ea!+eria ,assia#a:E! (* &+* + a!c+)"cet+ )"t+!, r"c+ (e crece e :+r)a *at(ra- e* -+!!(e-+! e t+ + e- )(* += e! (* &+* + (e !e (t"-"'a ,ara e- c+*tr+- e,-a a! e "*!ect+!= !e c+*!" era (* &+* + e*t+)+,at e*+=act(a-)e*te e! (t"-"'a + c+)+ /"+,e!t"c" a c+*tr+-a* + (* ra* * )er+

e ,ar>!"t+! e -a! ,-a*ta! c+)+ !+* -a! +r( a! = -a! ter)"ta! = -a!M+!ca!/-a*ca! = -+! +!= -+!E!cara/a +! + -+! T"!a* ,ter+! = ca(!a* + -ac+*+c" a e*:er)e a )(!car "*a.

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Desc!,ri"ie#t$: 9a e!,ec"e --e a e- *+)/re e-e*t+) -+ + "ta-"a*+ A +!t"*+ Ba!!"= e- c(a- +/!ere* 1 35 -a a,ar"c" * e -a e*:er)e a )(!car "*a!+/re -+! c(er,+! e a- (*+! (!a*+! e !e aBombyx mori .

M$r)$&$-ía: E* )e "+! e c(-t" + e!,ec c+!= e- &+* + Beauveriabassiana crece :+r)a* + (* )+&+ /-a* (ec"*+.

M$'$ 'e Acci(#

E- )+ + e acc" * e e!te &+* + e*t+)+,at e*+ c+*!ta e ":ere*te!eta,a!. C(a* + -a! e!,+ra! )"cr+!c ,"ca! e- &+* + e*tra* e* c+*tact+c+* -a! c -(-a! e -a e,"c(t c(-a e- "*!ect+= e!ta! !e a &"r"ere* e&" rata*.

9a! e!,+ra! er)"*a* ; ,e*etra* -a c(t c(-a e- "*!ect+.

U*a e' e*tr+= -a! &":a! crece* e!tr(;e* + -a! e!tr(ct(ra! "*ter*a! e-"*!ect+ ; ,r+ (c"e* + !( )(erte a- ca/+ e (*a! &+ra!. Tra! e--+= !" -a!c+* "c"+*e! a)/"e*ta-e! !+* :a +ra/-e!= ,(e e* e)er er e- ca > ere!,+ra! e- &+* + c+* ca,ac" a ,ara !er ,r+,a a a! e *(e + ;re"*:ectar a *(e +! "*!ect+!.

E- &+* + e* c+*tact+ c+* e- "*!ect+ e*tra e* c+),ete*c"a c+* -a)"cr+ +ra c(t"c(-ar= ,r+ (c"e* + (* t(/+ er)"*at" + (e atra "e!a e-te ()e*t+ e- "*!ect+ ; !e ra)" ca e*tr+ e !( c(er,+=!ecreta* + T+ "*a! (e ,r+ +ca* -a )(erte e- &+!,e a*te. E- "*!ect+)(ert+ (e a )+)" c>* +-+ ; /a + c+* "c"+*e! e &()e a = !e c(/re,+!ter"+r)e*te e (*a e!,+r(-ac" * /-a* (ec"*a a)ar"--e*ta.

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P&a-as !e c$#tr$&a

N$",re cie#tí/c$ N$",re +!&-ar

Be)"c"a ta/ac" M+!ca /-a*ca

T&r",! !,, T&r",!

C;-a! :+r)"car"(! Tet(>* e-/+*"at+

C+!)+,+-"tte!!+r " (! $"c( + *e r+

$ac&*ae(! -"t(! $"c( + er ea'(-

D$sis. $ara t+ a! -a! ,-a a! !e (t"-"'a -a )"!)a +!"! e 1 6 7Ha

3.3 FORMAS DE PROPAGACION E IMPORTANCIA ECONOMICA

E!t+! &+* +! !e e*c(e*tra* e* -a *at(ra-e'a= e* ra!tr+ +! e c(-t" +!=e!t" rc+-= e* e- !(e-+= -a! ,-a*ta!= etc. 9+ ra* (* /(e* e!arr+--+ e*-( are! :re!c+!= & )e +! ; c+* ,+c+ !+-. 9+! &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+!c+*!t"t(;e* e- r(,+ e )a;+r "),+rta*c"a e* e- c+*tr+- /"+- "c+ e"*!ect+! ,-a a!. $r>ct"ca)e*te= t+ +! -+! "*!ect+! !+* !(!ce,t"/-e! a

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a- (*a! e -a! e*:er)e a e! ca(!a a! ,+r e!t+! &+* +!. Se c+*+ce*a,r+ ")a a)e*te 1?? *er+! ; 0?? e!,ec"e! e &+* +!e*t+)+,at e*+!. E*tre -+! )>! "),+rta*te! e!t>*# Metar&"'"()=Bea( er"a=A!c&er!+*"a= E*t+)+,&t&+ra= P++,&t&+ra= Er;*"a= Er;*"+,!"!=AKa*t&+);ce!= F(!ar"()= H"r!(te--a= H;)e*+!t"-/e= $aece-+);ce! ;Vert"c"--"().3.3.1 0as )ases !e 'esarr$&&a# &$s h$#-$s s$,re s!sh$s%e'a#tes s$#:

Ger)"*ac" *= :+r)ac" * e a,re!+r"+!=F+r)ac" * e e!tr(ct(ra! e ,e*etrac" *=C+-+*"'ac" * ; re,r+ (cc" *.

E- "* c(-+ + (*" a "*:ect" a e!t> c+*!t"t(" + ,+r -a! e!tr(ct(ra! ere,r+ (cc" * !e (a- ; a!e (a-= e! ec"r -a! e!,+ra! ; c+*" "a!.

E- ,r+ce!+ !e "*"c"a c(a* + -a e!,+ra + c+*" "a !e a &"ere a -a c(t c(-ae- "*!ect+@ -(e + !e ,r+ (ce (* t(/+ er)"*at" + ; (* a,re!+r"+= c+*!te !e a e* -a c(t c(-a ; c+* e- t(/+ er)"*at" + + &a(!t+r"+ &":a e

,e*etrac" * !e a -a ,e*etrac" * a- "*ter"+r e- c(er,+ e- "*!ect+. E* -a,e*etrac" * ,art"c",a (* )eca*"!)+ : !"c+ ; (*+ ( )"c+= e- ,r")er+c+*!"!te e* -a ,re!" * e erc" a ,+r -a e!tr(ct(ra e ,e*etrac" *= -a c(a-r+),e -a! >rea! e!c-er+!a a! ; )e)/ra*+!a! e -a c(t c(-a.

E- )eca*"!)+ ( )"c+ c+*!"!te e* -a acc" * e*'")>t"ca= ,r"*c",a-)e*te,r+tea!a!= -",a!a! ; ("t"*+!a!= -a! c(a-e! ca(!a* e!c+),+!"c" * e-te " + e* -a '+*a e ,e*etrac" *= -+ (e :ac"-"ta -a ,e*etrac" * : !"ca.De!,( ! e -a ,e*etrac" *= -a &":a !e e*!a*c&a ; ra)" ca e*tr+ e-te " + e- "*!ect+= c+-+*"'a* + c+),-eta)e*te -a ca " a e- c(er,+ e-"*!ect+. A ,art"r e -a c+-+*"'ac" * !e :+r)a* ,e (e a! c+-+*"a! ;e!tr(ct(ra! e- &+* += -+ (e c+rre!,+* e a -a :a!e *a- e -ae*:er)e a e- "*!ect+. Otra :+r)a )e "a*te -a c(a- e- &+* + ,(e eca(!ar -a )(erte e- "*!ect+= e! )e "a*te -a ,r+ (cc" * e t+ "*a!. 9+!&+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+! t"e*e* -a ca,ac" a e !"*tet"'ar t+ "*a! (e!+* (t"-"'a a! e* e- c"c-+ e -a! re-ac"+*e! ,at e*+ &+!,e a*te. E*tree!ta! t+ "*a! !e &a* e*c+*tra + e tr( "*a!= e)et"- e tr( "*a ;,r+t+ e tr( "*a= -a! c(a-e! !+* !(!ta*c"a! e /a a t+ "c" a = ,er+ e)(c&a act" " a t "ca !+/re "*!ect+!= >car+! ; *e)at+ +!.

9a ,r+ (cc" * e &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+! !e /a!a e* -a )(-t",-"cac" *)a!" a e- &+* + ; !(! e!tr(ct(ra! re,r+ (ct" a! e* (* !(!trat+ *at(ra-.Ha!ta -a :ec&a !e &a* e a-(a + ":ere*te! t",+! e !(!trat+! *at(ra-e!=,r"*c",a-)e*te arr+'= tr" += )a '= :r" +- ; !+;a= ,er+ -+ )>! (t"-"'a +! !+*arr+' ; tr" +.

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E "!te* tre! ) t+ +! e ,r+ (cc" * e &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+!#arte!a*a-= !e)" "* (!tr"a- e "* (!tr"a-.

M!&ti%&icaci(# artesa#a& #

Se "*"c"a c+* (* c(-t" + ,(r+ a- (e !e -e e*+)"*a Q&+* + ,atr *Q+ Q!e)"--aQ. E!te )ater"a- e! !()"*"!tra + ,+r e- -a/+rat+r"+ a -+!ta--ere! arte!a*a-e!. $+!ter"+r)e*te= e* -+! ta--ere! !e e,+!"taarr+' e* /+-!a! e ,+-",r+,"-e*+ ; !e ,+*e a &er "r ,+r (*a &+ra

(ra*te tre! a! c+*!ec(t" +!. E- arr+' e* /+-!a! e! "*+c(-a + c+*e- &+* + ,atr * ; !e e a e* c+* "c"+*e! a)/"e*ta-e! &a!ta (e e-&+* + -+ ra c+-+*"'ar e- arr+'. C(a* + -a /+-!a e arr+' e!c+-+*"'a a c+),-eta)e*te= !e -a a c+* a (a. E- ca- + + )e'c-a+/te*" a e- -a a + e- arr+'= !e a,-"ca ,ara e- c+*tr+- e -a!,-a a!.

Pr$'!cci(# se"i i#'!stria& #

E!te t",+ e ,r+ce!+ !e rea-"'a e* ar"a! :a!e!= (e a* e! e -a+/te*c" * e- c(-t" + ,(r+ &a!ta -a :+r)(-ac" * e- ,r+ (ct+. E*

e*era- e- ,r+ce!+ e!t> +r a*"'a + e* +! eta,a!# -a eta,a ece,ar"+ ; -a e ,r+ (cc" *. E- t"e),+ e),-ea + e* e!arr+--ar e-,r+ce!+ e ,r+ (cc" * e! e a,r+ ")a a)e*te (* )e!. 9a eta,a

e ce,ar"+ c+),re* e e- a"!-a)"e*t+ e -a ce,a ; -a +/te*c" * e-c(-t" + ,(r+. A e)>! !e c+*!" era e- )a*te*")"e*t+= react" ac" *; ,re!er ac" * e -a! ce,a!. 9a eta,a e ,r+ (cc" * c+),re* e -a,re,arac" * e -+! !(!trat+!= "*+c(-ac" * e "*c(/ac" * e )atr"ce!; /+-!a!= e- ,r+ce!+ e !eca + /a* e a = -a c+!ec&a e- &+* + ; -a,re,arac" * e -a! :+r)(-ac"+*e!.

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e*c(e*tra ataca* + -e," ,ter+!= ,+r e e),-+ S,+ +,tera e* )a '. E-c(er,+ e -+! "*!ect+! )(ert+! ,+r e!te &+* + ,re!e*ta* (* )"ce-"+/-a*c+= (e ,(e e t+r*ar!e er e c+* -a e!,+r(-ac" *.

4. CONC9USIONES

9+! &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+! e -+! c(a-e! !e e!taca= &+* +!e*t+) :a +!= !+* e "),+rta*te a-+r ec+- "c+ e re (-ac" * ;c+*tr+- !+/re -a! ,-a a! e "*!ect+!= e/" + a- )a- )a*e + e,e!t"c" a! rea-"'a + ,+r e- &+)/re ,ara e- c+*tr+- e c(-t" +!. H+;e* a !e &a* c+* ert" + e* ,-a a! "*c+*tr+-a/-e! ; re!"!te*te!=c+* "rt"e* + a -+! &+* +! e*t+) :a +! e* (*a +,c" * "a/-e ,arae- c+*tr+- e ,-a a! (e !e e!arr+--a* e* -+! c(-t" +!.

9a "),+rta*c"a (e !e a e* -a act(a-" a . E! e- e!arr+--+ e,r+ (ct+! &ec&+ a /a!e e )"cr+ +r a*"!)+! e*t+)+,at e*+!,ara c+*tr+-ar e- *" e- e "*teracc" * e- &+* + c+* !( &+!,e er+; c+* e- )e "+ a)/"e*te.

9+! &+* +! e*t+)+,at e*+! !+* a (e--+! (e ,ara!"ta*":ere*te! r e*e! e artr ,+ +!= e! e ara a! &a!ta ca!" t+ +!-+! r(,+! e "*!ect+!. E "!te* &+* +! (e ,(e e* "* a "r"*!ect+! )(ert+! --a)a +! !a,r :a +! ; &+* +! e*t+) :a +! (e"*:ecta* "*!ect+! " +! ,r+ +c>* +-e! e*:er)e a e! ; )(erte.

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5. BIB9IOGRAF


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• U*" er!" a Nac"+*a- A rar"a. 2???. $r+ (cc" * ; U!+ e H+* +!E*t+)+,at e*+! ,ara e- c+*tr+- e ,-a a! a r c+-a!. Ma*a (a=N"cara (a.C+*!(-ta + e- 1% e )ar'+ e 2?1%= a -a! 1%#3? H+ra!.

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