Immunosuppressive Agents in Heart Transplantation.ppt

Immunosuppressive Agents in Heart Transplantation

Intern 許育偉2008.02.04

Questions Before This Topic

常見的免疫抑制劑，分成哪幾類 ?Monoclonal 和 Polyclonal Ab 有什麼差別 ?何時要用 Induction Therapy ?AZA 和 MMF 哪一個比較好 ?CsA 和 Tacrolimus 哪一個比較好 ?在腎功能惡化的情況下的用藥原則 ?什麼是 Rescue Therapy ?

Outlines of Today’s Topic

Immuno-suppression mechanism

(1) Induction therapy

(2) Maintenance therapyImmunosuppressive agents in renal fun

ction impairmentRescue therapyCurrent regimens worldwide

Kobashigawa JA and Patel JK (2006) Immunosuppression for heart transplantation: where are we now?Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 3: 203–212 doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0510

Corticosteroids1. Nonspecific anti-inflammatory agents2. Block T cell and APC derived cytokine and cytokine-receptor expression

Calcineurin Inhibitors1. (1) Cyclosporine (CsA) Neoral (2) Tacrolimus (FK-506) Prograf2. Binds to calcineurin3. Key function in current immunosuppressive agents4. Nephrotoxicity !!!

Anti-proliferative Agents1. (1) Azathioprine Imuran (2) Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) Cellcept2. Block the cell cycle (De Novo synthesis)

Proliferation Signal Inhibitors1. (1) Sirolimus Rapamycin (Rapa) (2) Everolimus Certican2. Block signaling downstream IL-2R

Monoclonal Antibodies1. (1) Muromonab OKT3 (2) Basiliximab Simulect (3) Daclizumab Zenapax2. Block TCR, CD3, CD4, or IL-2R

Polyclonal Antibodies1. (1) Rabbit antithymocytes globulin RATG (2) Horse antithymocytes globulin ATGAM2. Various amounts of specific Ab against T cells

Induction Therapy

Upstream Ab Immunologic ablation

Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:205–9.

Polyclonal vs. Monoclonal Ab

Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y-4W7, CanadaInteract CardioVasc Thorac Surg2005;4:415-419

Average mean time to first rejection



Graft Rejection

Infection

One-Year Survival


Side-effects more in monoclonal Ab (OKT3)

☆ Fever

☆ Headaches

☆ Acute respiratory distress

☆ Hypotension


Monoclonal Ab : OKT3 vs. IL-2R

2006, SIMCOR Study Randomized Multicenter Comparison of Basiliximab a

nd Muromonab (OKT3) in Heart Transplantation 99 heart transplant recipients No difference in (1) Severity of acute rejection episodes (2) Timing of acute rejection episodes (3) Incidence of infection (4) Actuarial survival. OKT3 had a higher incidence of adverse events such

as fever, pulmonary edema, and hypotension

A randomized multicenter comparison of basiliximab and muromonab (OKT3) in heart transplantation: SIMCOR study. Transplantation 2006;81:1542–8.

Induction Therapy : Who ?

Mehra MR, Uber PA, Uber WE, Scott RLCurr Opin Cardiol 2003;18:153–8.

1. Multiparous women 2. Reoperative sternotomy patients 3. Posttransfusions patients 4. Supported with left ventricular assist devices.

Higgins R, Kirklin JK, Brown RN, et al; Cardiac Transplant Research Database (CTRD). 1990~2001, enrolled 6553 patients J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:392–400.

1. Ventricular assist device 2. Black ethnicity, 3. Extensive human leukocyte antigen mismatching


Maintenance Therapy

Three-combined regimen

--- Glucocorticosteroids (1~2 mg/kg/day)

--- Calcineurin inhibitors (5 mg/ kg/ day)

Ex : CsA, Tacrolimus (FK-506)

--- Purine inhibitors

Ex : AZA, MMF

or added Sirolimus, EverolimusDepartment of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

CRITICAL CARE NURSING QUARTERLY/JANUARY–MARCH 2004

Maintenance Therapy~CNI

Calcineurin inhibitors

1. Cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy

2. High doses of CsA, Keep trough level : 250~350 μg/L in initial 6~12 months

3. Trough 150~250 250~350 ≒ μg/L

Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CanadaAnn Thorac Surg 2004;77:363–71

Maintenance ~ MMF and AZA

MMF 3000 mg/ day AZA 1.5~3 mg/kg/day MMF vs. AZA

1. Reduction of mortality at 1 year (p=0.03)

2. Less requirement for treatment of rejection within the first 6-months after transplantation (p=0.03)

3. Rejection free at 6 months (p=0.04)


Maintenance Therapy

Cohort study, included 317 HT patients.(1) OKT3 7 days + CsA + MMF + S(2) OKT3 7 days + CsA + AZA + S(3) OKT3 10 days + CsA + MMF + S(4) OKT3 10 days + CsA + AZA + S(5) IL-2 antagonists + CsA + MMF + S(6) IL-2 antagonists + tacrolimus + MMF + S

(Daclizumab)Transplantation Proceedings, 38, 2550–2552 (2006)

Maintenance Therapy

Transplantation Proceedings, 38, 2550–2552 (2006)

Maintenance Therapy

(5) IL-2 antagonists + CsA + MMF + S (91.2 %) (6) IL-2 antagonists + tacrolimus + MMF + S (84.6 %) (1) OKT3 7 days + CsA + MMF + S (75.8 %) (3) OKT3 10 days + CsA + MMF + S (63.6 %) (2) OKT3 7 days + CsA + AZA + S (51.2 %) (4) OKT3 10 days + CsA + AZA + S (25.3 %)

1. (5) > (6) CsA >FK-506 (???)

2. (1) > (2) and (3) > (4) MMF > AZA

3. (5) > (1) IL-2 ant > OKT3

4. (1) > (3) OKT 7 days > 10 days

Transplantation Proceedings, 38, 2550–2552 (2006)

Tacrolimus vs. Cyclosporine

Europe : Favored Cyclosporine

America : Favored Tacrolimus

J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:769–81.


A large, prospective studyRandomized Clinical TrialTacrolimus vs. Cyclosporine (each 157)

American Journal of Transplantation 2006; 6: 1387–1397


Tacrolimus 0.075 mg/kg/dayCyclosporine 4~6 mg/kg/day

★ Target trough levelTacrolimus 10~20 ng/mL for 1~3 month

s, followed by 5~15 ng/mLCyclosporine 200~350 ng/mL, followed

by 100~200 ng/mLAmerican Journal of Transplantation 2006; 6: 1387–1397





Creatinine

Lipid (TG)

SBP

DBP





Studies in Renal Impairments

Calcineurin inhibitors is the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy

Nephrotoxicity !!!Odium et al : the level of pre-transplantation r

enal dysfunction that would lead to an increase in postoperative renal failure and mortality Ccr< 40 ml/min

Goal : To minimize the usage of CNI


Induction Therapy with Delayed CNI

1. High risk patients (Ccr 33~50 mL/min)

Basiliximab + CsA (Day 4) + MMF + S2. Low risk patients (Ccr > 50 mL/min)

Basiliximab + CsA (Day 0) + MMF + S3. High risk patients

Basiliximab + CsA (Day 0) + MMF + S

Ccr : 2 > 1 >> 3≒Basiliximab vs. RATG No difference


Sirolimus

Retrospective study, enroll 38 patientsSirolimus loading dose : 2.0 mgSirolimus level : 8.0 ng/mL

P<0.01

University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:998–1003.

Months 0 1 3 6

Ccr 22.9 25.9 25.6 28.8

Everolimus

2007 Prospective study5 medical centersEnrolled 60 patients, 6-month follow-upLoading dose : 0.75 mg BID

+ CNI, MMF, Steroids in the first weekIn the second week CNI ↓ 30 %After second week DC CNI


Everolimus


Everolimus


Tremor Peripheral edema

Hirsutism Gingival hyperplasia

Rescue Therapy

Rescue treatment involves any type of therapy introduced once the first-line treatment has failed.

CorticosteroidsPolyclonal and monoclonal AbMycophenolate MofetilTacrolimus


Rescue Therapy~ Corticosteroids

High doses corticosteroidsFirst choice for first-line rescue therapyA pulse of 1g methylpredisolone iv for 3

days.( 500mg or 250 mg/day maybe ok )

Keep low dose oral form 0.5~1 mg/kg/d


Rescue Therapy~ Antibodies

Steroid resistant AbOKT3 in rescue therapy 10~14 daysBasilizumab and Daclizumab not stu

dy well yet


Rescue Therapy~ MMF

Steroids + Cyclosporine + Azathioprine

Steroids + Cyclosporine + MMFMMF oral dose : 1000~3000 mg/ dayRescue 2000 mg~3000mg /day


Rescue Therapy~ Tacrolimus

Cyclosporine Tacrolimus (FK-506)139 patients, 15 of Grade III or above

Conversion rate : 14 in 15 patients


Transplantation worldwide

ISHLT, >76000 heart transplantation patients


World Trends ~ Induction


42

52

20

<3

31

16

0

World Trends ~ Maintenance (1)


40

54

13

63

MMF dominant

World Trends ~ Maintenance (5)


39

33

World Trends ~ Maintenance


Questions After This Topic

常見的免疫抑制劑，分成哪幾類 ?

Monoclonal 和 Polyclonal Ab 有什麼差別 ?何時要用 Induction Therapy ?AZA 和 MMF 哪一個比較好 ?CsA 和 Tacrolimus 哪一個比較好 ?在腎功能惡化的情況下的用藥原則 ?什麼是 Rescue Therapy ?

Thanks For Your Attention

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Immunosuppressive Agents in Heart Transplantation.ppt