Insel11e Ppt11 Tobacco

8/2/2019 Insel11e Ppt11 Tobacco

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Toward a Tobacco-Free

SocietyChapter 11


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2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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Use of TobaccoWhy People use Tobacco

71 Million Americans, including 13.7 million college-

aged Americans.

2008, nearly 21% of Americans age 18 describe

themselves as current smokers.

Nicotine Addiction Powerful psychoactive drug

Reaches Brain via bloodstream in seconds

Most physically addictive of the psychoactive drugs.

Loss of control

Tolerance and Withdrawal


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Figure 11.1 Annual mortality and

morbidity among smokersattributable to smoking

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Social and Psychological Factors Established habits or cues to trigger smoking

Secondary reinforcers.

Genetic Factors:

Specific Genes

CYP2A6

influences the way in which nicotine is metabolized

People with slow CYP2A6, nicotine remains in the system

longer

DRD2 -

Associated with brain chemical dopamine


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Table 11.1 Who Smokes?

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Why Start in the First Place? Children and teenagers make-up 90% of all new

smokers in this country.

Thousands of children and adolescents (12-17) startsmoking everyday.

Average age

13 for smoking

10 for spit tobacco


7/28 2010 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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Characteristics which could

increase the potential for use. A parent or sibling uses tobacco Peers use tobacco

Child comes from blue-collar family

Child comes from low-income home

Single parent.

Performs poorly in school

Child drops out of school

Has positive attitudes towards tobacco



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Health Hazards Tobacco adversely affects nearly every part of the

body.

Contains hundreds of damaging chemicalsubstances.

Unfiltered cigarettes = 5 billion particles per

cubic MM

50,000 times more than polluted urban air

Condensed particles in the cigarette produce the

tar



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Carcinogens and Poisons 43 chemicals are linked to cancer (Carcinogen)Benzo(a)pyrene

Urethane

CocarcinogensCombine with other chemicals to cause cancer

Poisonous substancesArsenic

Hydorgen cyanide

Carbon monoxide400 times greater than is considered safe in industrial workplaces

Displaces oxygen in red blood cells

AdditivesNearly 600 chemicals



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Light and Low-Tar Cigarettes

Low-tar, low-nicotine, or filtered cigarettes

No such thing as a safe cigarette

Often smoke more



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Menthol Cigarette

70% of African Americans smoke these

Absorb more nicotine and metabolize it slower

Anesthetizing effect of menthol, inhale moredeeply and hold smoke longer in the lungs



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Immediate Effects

Acts on the brain either by exciting or

tranquilizing the nervous system

Mild nicotine poisoning Stimulates the cerebral cortex

Stimulates the discharge of adrenaline

Physiological effects on the body



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The Long-Term Effects Cardiovascular Disease

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Atherosclerosisplaques

Angina pectoris

Myocardial infarction

Stroke

Aortic aneurysm

Pulmonary heart disease

Lung and other cancers

Benzo (a) pyrene

Chronic Obstructive Lung DiseaseEmphysema

Chronic Bronchitis

Other Respiratory Damage



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Additional Health, Cosmetic, and

Economic Concerns Ulcers

Impotence

Reproductive health problems Dental diseases

Diminished physical senses

Injuries

Cosmetic concerns

Economic costs



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Cumulative Effects

Males before 15 yrs. old are half as likely to

live to 75 versus those who did not smoke

Females with similar habits reduce lifeexpectancy by more than 10 years

Female smokers spend 17% more sick days in

bed than nonsmokers Both men and women show a greater rate of

acute and chronic diseases



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Other Forms of Tobacco

Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco

More than 6.6 million adults

8% of all high school students Cigar and Pipes

Cigar smoking has increased by 148% from

1993-2006. Clover cigarettes and Bidis

Twice the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide



Figure 11.5 Tobacco use among

middle school and high schoolstudents

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The Effects of Smoking on the

Nonsmoker Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS)

EPA designated ETS as a class A carcinogen

Department of Health and Human ServicesNational Toxicology Program - known human

carcinogen

Surgeon General2006there is no safe level

of exposure to ETS; even brief exposure cancause serious harm.



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Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Mainstream smokeSmoke exhaled by smokers

Sidestream smoke

Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe.

85% of smoke in a room is second handTwice the tar and nicotine

Three times the benzo(a)pyrene

Three times the ammonia

Smoke from a cigar can be even more dangerous30 times more carbon monoxide



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ETS Effects Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, eye

irritation, breathlessness and sinus problems

Allergies will be exacerbated

Causes 3,000 deaths due to lung cancer

Contributes to about 35,000 overall deaths each year.

20% increase in the progression of atherosclerosis.

Contributes to increased Asthma attacks



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Infants, Children, and ETS

More likely to develop

Bronchitis, pneumonia,& respiratory infections

More complications from asthma

Increased chance of SIDS

Low-birth weight

Bronchitis

Chemicals from smoking show up in breast milk Children inhale three times more pollutants per unit

of body weight than adults.


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Avoiding ETS

Speak up tactfully

Display reminders

Dont allow smoking in your home or room Open a window

Sit in the nonsmoking section

Fight for a smoke-free environment

Discuss quitting strategies


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Smoking and Pregnancy

Estimated 4600 infant deaths in the U.S.

Miscarriage, premature birth, low birth

weight, long term impairments in growthand intellectual development

Possible higher risks of getting cancer

16% of pregnant women smoke


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Cost of Tobacco Use to Society

Lost productivity from sickness, disability,

and premature death makes it close to $167

billion per year. 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)

Tobacco companies have to pay $206 billion over

25 years.

Limits or bans certain types of advertising,

promotions, and lobbying.


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What Can Be Done? Action at the Local level

Action at the State and Federal level

FDA

EPA

OSHA

International Action

WHO

Action in the private sector

Individual Action


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How A Tobacco User Can Quit 50.2 % of all adults who have smoked have quit.

The Benefits of Quitting

Table 11.2

Options for quittingSmoking cessation programs

1-800-QUITNOW

Department of Health and Human Services

Smoking cessation productsChantix (Varinicline)

Zyban (Bupropion)

Nicotine replacement productsPatches, gums, lozenges, nasal sprays, and inhalers


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Toward a Tobacco-Free

Society

Chapter 11

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Insel11e Ppt11 Tobacco