istoriis Sesavali 10

nata axmeteli, naTia fircxalava

istoriis Sesavali 10

maswavleblis wigni

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZ. #375, 18. 05. 2012 weli)

nata axmeteli, naTia fircxalava

istoria 10

maswavleblis wigni

redaqtorebi solomon nozaZe, Tamar zaaliSvili, lela metreveli

© gamomcemloba diogene, 2012

yvela ufleba daculia.

Nata Akhmeteli, Natia Phirtskhalava

AN INtroductIoN to HIstory 10

Teachers book

Editors Solomon Nozadze, Tamar Zaalishvili, Lela Metreveli © Diogene Publishers, 2012

All rights reserved.

ISBN 978-9941-342-4

gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi, afaqiZis q. 9, telefoni 221 33 21

www.diogene.ge

sarCevi

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi skolaSi ..........................................................................................5

istoria (istoriis mecnierebis Sesavali) standarti .................................................................6

Sinaarsisa da Sedegebis droSi ganawileba ..................................................................................12

saxelmZRvanelos miznebi ...............................................................................................................14

maswavleblis roli ........................................................................................................................14

sxvadasxva saswavlo strategiebi da meTodebi ...........................................................................16

gakveTilis dagegmva ......................................................................................................................25

Sefasebis komponentebi sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi ..............................................................46

5

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi skolaSi

miznebi da amocanebi

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis sagnobriv jgufSi gaerTianebulia msgavsi miznebis, Sinaar-sisa da Seswavlis meTodebis mqone disciplinebi _ istoria, geografia da samoqalaqo ganaT-leba. zogadi ganaTlebis samive safexurze (dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo skola) es sagne-bi iswavleba koordinirebulad moswavlis asakobrivi Taviseburebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saswavlo procesi agebulia memkvidreobiTobisa da uwyvetobis principze.

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis swavlebis mizania:

• moswavles gamoumuSaos istoriisa da geografiis codna. • daexmaros moswavles, aRiqvas samyaro mTlianobaSi da gansazRvros saqarTvelos adgili

msoflio procesebSi.• xeli Seuwyos moswavlis patriotad da pasuxismgeblobis mqone moqalaqed Camoyalibebas.• daexmaros moswavles kulturuli, esTetikuri da sulieri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibe-

baSi.

mSobliuri qveynisa da msoflios mniSvnelovani istoriul-geografiuli movlenebis Ses-wavlis procesSi moswavles unda ganuviTardes Semdegi unarebi:

specifikuri unarebi• drosa da sivrceSi orientacia • istoriuli interpretacia• istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna• drosa da sivrceSi ganawileba • poziciis SemuSaveba, kritika da dacva

zogadi unarebi• problemis gaazreba da kavSirebis dadgena• informaciis mopoveba da organizeba• SemoqmedebiTi unari• komunikacia• kvleva• problemis gadaWra • modelireba• swavlis unari• TanamSromloba

moswavle unda aRizardos maRalzneobriv Rirebulebebze:• adamianis Rirsebisa da uflebebis pativiscema• TanagrZnoba da mzrunveloba • samSoblos siyvaruli• principuloba da moqalaqeobrivi simamace • keTilsindisiereba da Sromismoyvareoba• Tanasworoba • tolerantoba• samarTlianoba da kanonis pativiscema codnis gamomuSavebaSi vgulisxmobT, rom moswavles informaciis dauflebis paralelu -

rad, uviTardeba specifikuri da zogadi unar-Cvevebi, uyalibdeba maRalzneobrivi Rirebule-bebi.

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istoria (istoriis mecnierebis Sesavali) standarti

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT

dro da sivrce istoriuli interpretacia da kvleva komunikacia

ist.X. 1. moswavles Seu-Zlia analitikuri msjeloba istoriis qronologiisa da peri-odizaciis sakiTxebze.

ist.X. 2. moswavles SeuZlia istoriis damxmare dargebze msjeloba da maTi specifikis gansazRvra.

ist.X.3. moswavles SeuZlia msje loba sxvadasxva epoqaSi istoriuli az-ris ganviTarebis procesze.

ist.X.4. moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos da Seafasos istoriuli movlenis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi.

ist.X.5. moswavles SeuZlia istoriu-li wyaroebis klasificireba.

ist.X.6. moswavles SeuZlia gaana-lizos pirveladi da meoradi wyaro ebi.

ist.X.7. moswavles SeuZlia istoriu-li kvlevis dagegmva da Cata reba.

ist.X.8. moswavles Seu-Zlia istoriuli Temis dawera.

wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi

mimarTuleba: dro da sivrce

ist.X. 1. moswavles SeuZlia analitikuri msjeloba istoriis qronologiisa da periodizaciis sakiTxebze.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• msjelobs welTaRricxvis sxvadasxva sistemaze, misi warmoSobis istoriasa da mizezebze,

adarebs welTaRricxvis Zvel sistemebs Tanamedrove sayovelTaod gavrcelebul models; msjelobs qarTuli welTaRricxvis sistemaze;

• icnobs kalendris sxvadasxva sistemas, adarebs mas msoflioSi sayovelTaod aRiarebul kalendarTan;

• icnobs istoriis periodizaciis ZiriTad Zvel da Tanamedrove modelebs, msjelobs maT Sesaxeb;

• icnobs saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis Zvel da Tanamedrove modelebs. adarebs mas msoflioSi dRes ariarebul istoriis periodizaciasTan.

mimarTuleba: istoriuli interpretacia da kvleva

ist.X. 2. moswavles SeuZlia istoriis ZiriTad da damxmare dargebze msjeloba da maTi specifi-kis gansazRra.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• CamoTvlis istoriis damxmare dargebs, icnobs maT specifikas, gamoyofs kvlevis umTavres

obieqtebs;• msjelobs istoriuli dargebis adgilsa da mniSvnelobaze istoriuli procesis SesaZle-

beli sisruliT aRdgenisa da aRqmisaTvis;• msjelobs didi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegebze, akeTebs prezentacias mis mier ar-

Ceuli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi arqeologiuri aRmoCenis Sesaxeb (mag.: evraziis uZve-lesi adamiani dmanisSi, troas gaTxrebi);

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• msjelobs eTnologia/eTnografiuli masalebis mniSvnelobaze, klasgareSe aqtivobis gziT (samuzeumo eqsponatebis gacnoba, savele gasvliTi samuSaos Sedegad mopovebuli eTno-grafiuli masalis gacnoba) mopovebuli masalis safuZvelze msjelobs yofa-cxovrebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze da tradiciuli yofa-cxovrebis ZiriTad elementebs adarebs Ta-namedrove yofas; akeTebs prezentacias mis mier arCeuli saqarTvelos erT-erTi istori-ul-eTnografiuli mxaris tradiciuli yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb;

• samuzeumo fondebisa da teqnologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT moiZiebs qarTuli mon-etebisa da qaRaldis fulis ZiriTad nimuSebs da adarebs sxva qveynis fulis nimuSebTan; msjelobs numizmatikisa da bonistikis mniSvnelobaze;

• icnobs Zvel qarTul metrologiur sistemas. adarebs mas sxva qveynebSi gavrcelebul Zvel da Tanamedrove metrologiur sistemebTan;

• gansazRvravs istoriuli geografiis mniSvnelobas, icnobs istoriuli kartografiis Ziri-Tad etapebs, maT Soris qarTuli kartografiis ganviTarebis istorias (mag.: msjelobs vaxuSti bagrationis kartografiul memkvidreobaze da adarebs mis atlasebs misi drois msoflio kartografiul miRwevebTan).

ist.X.3. moswavles SeuZlia msjeloba sxvadasxva epoqaSi istoriuli azris ganviTarebis procesze.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• icnobs istoriuli azris ganviTarebis ZiriTad etapebs;• ganasxvavebs istoriuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad (antikuri, Sua saukuneebis, rene-

sansis... ) etapebs;• msjelobs sxvadasxva epoqis istorikosebze, romelTac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules is-

toriis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi;• icnobs Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove qarTvel istorikosebs, msjelobs maTi istori-

uli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb (mag.: vaxuSti bagrationi da ivane javaxiSvili); msjelobs um-niSvnelovanesi qarTuli saistorio krebulis, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Sesaxeb;

• msjelobs sxvadasxva istoriuli skolis warmoSobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebze da adarebs erTmaneTTan am skolebis warmomadgenlebis ZiriTad Sexedulebebs; gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas, ramdenad ganapirobebs istoriuli garemo da epoqis faseulobebi sxvadasxva drois istoriis TeoretikosTa Sexedulebebs.

• msjelobs sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi istoriis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis (istoria, rogorc propaganda, istoria da eTika, istoria da Teologia) Sesaxeb.

ist.X.4. moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos da Seafasos istoriuli movlenis gansxvavebuli inter-pretaciebi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis gansxvavebul

informacias, an gvaZlevs istoriuli movlenis an pirovnebis gansxvavebul Sefasebas (mag.: iustiniane keisris Sefasebas prokofi kesarielis oficialuri da saidumlo istoriis mixedviT an laSa-giorgis Sefaseba laSas droindeli mematianisa da JamTaaRmwerlis Tx-zulebis mixedviT); msjelobs im faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis arseboba;

• adarebs konkretul istoriul movlenaze (pirovnebaze) arsebul ori (an sami) istorikosis gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss, kritikulad afasebs mas da ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebas am istoriuli movlenis (pirovnebis) Sesaxeb;

• msjelobs istoriuli interpretaciis hipoTetur xasiaTze da acnobierebs, rom nebismieri istoriuli interpretacia SeiZleba gadafasdes axali masalis moZiebis (gamoqveynebis) Sem-TxvevaSi;

• asxvavebs istoriul faqts istoriuli interpretaciisagan.

ist.X.5. moswavles SeuZlia istoriuli wyaroebis klasificireba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• tipologiurad ajgufebs saistorio wyaroebs;• erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs naratiul da dokumentur saistorio masalas;• aRiqvams eTnografiuli da arqeoligiuri monacemebis, rogorc saistorio wyaros, mniSvnelobas;

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• aRiqvams lingvisturi monacemebis, rogorc saistorio wyaros, mniSvnelobas;• saubrobs folkloruli masalis, rogorc saistorio wyaros Sesaxeb.

ist.X.6. moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• msjelobs pirvelad da meorad wyaroebze;• gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas istoriuli wyaros avtoris Sesaxeb da kritikulad afasebs,

Tu ramdenad sandoa igi (mag.: ikvlevs iyo Tu ara avtori movlenis TviTmxilveli, ra wya-roebiT sargeblobda igi; moqmedebda Tu ara cenzura wyaros avtorze);

• gansazRvravs istoriuli wyaros Seqmnis mizans _ avtoris motivacias (mag.: mxedveloba-Si iRebs wyaros avtoris pirad urTierTobas istoriuli pirTan, mis damokidebulebas ucxoelTa mimarT, misi epoqis sazogadoebriv garemos, faseulobebsa da mentalitets);

• flobs informacias istoriuli dokumentis Seqmnis TariRisa da adgilis Sesaxeb; wyaros Sefasebisas mxedvelobaSi iRebs, Tu ramdenad aris daSorebuli igi droisa da adgilis TvalsazrisiT masSi gadmocemuli istoriuli movlenebisgan;

• ganasxvavebs im informacias, romlis mowodebac wyaros avtoris upirvelesi mizania, wya-roSi arsebuli yvela sxva cnobisagan (mag. iakob xucesis “SuSanikis wamebaSi~ avtoris mizania qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebuli dedoflis cxovrebis aRwera, magram amave dros am nawarmoebSi Cven movipovebT cnobebs V saukunis II naxevris qarTlis politikuri, socialu-ri da kulturuli viTarebis Sesaxeb);

• pirvelad wyaroebze muSaobisas mxedvelobaSi iRebs istoriuli movlenis monawileebis gansxvavebul faseulobebs, interesebs, Sexedulebebs, motivebsa da sxva adamianur faq-torebs;

• istoriul wyaroebze muSaobisas adgens mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs; • istoriuli wyarodan miRebul informacias ajgufebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasx-

va sferos (politika, ekonomika, kultura, religia, socialuri urTierTobebi) mixedviT;• aRiqvams istoriul epoqas: a) ayalibebs misTvis saintereso epoqaSi arsebul faseulobebs,

Sexedulebebsa da SesaZleblobebs; aRwers, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen im periodis adamianebi TavianT epoqas; b) cdilobs Tavidan aicilos warsuli epoqis mxolod dRevandeli ga-dasaxedidan Sefaseba.

ist.X.7. moswavles SeuZlia istoriuli kvlevis dagegmva da Catareba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• damoukideblad an maswavleblis daxmarebiT irCevs sakvlevad misTvis saintereso isto-

riul sakiTxs (moswavlis arCevani SeiZleba ganapirobos istoriuli naSromis, istoriul Tematikaze Seqmnili mxatvruli literaturis, kinofilmebis, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis, samuzeumo eqspoziciebis gacnobam an romelime Tanamedrove politikuri movleniT dain-teresebam);

• momavali gamokvlevis Temis dakonkretebis mizniT arCeul istoriul sakiTxze ecnoba erT an or zogadi xasiaTis statias (mag.: statia qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi);

• gansazRvravs, Tu ra tipis kvlevis Catarebas apirebs _ daeyrdnoba misi gamokvleva mxo-lod meorad wyaroebs, Tu mas dasWirdeba rogorc pirveladi, aseve meoradi wyaroebis gamoye neba;

• adgens ̀ samuSao~ bibliografias (mag.: a) enciklopediis statiis bolos miTiTebuli wignebis mixedviT; b) maswavleblis mier dasaxelebuli wignis sqolioebSi an gamoyenebul litera-turis siaSi moiZiebs da SearCevs or an sam gamokvlevas);

• moswavle biblioTekaSi katalogis saSualebiT moiZiebs saWiro literaturas da gansaz-Rvravs, gamoadgeba Tu ara esa Tu is wigni an statia momavali kvlevisaTvis (mag., wignis Sesavlis, winasityvaobis, sarCevis Tavebisa da qveTavebis gacnobis saSualebiT);

• kvlevis interesebidan gamomdinare, maswavleblis daxmarebiT moiZiebs, ecnoba da afasebs pirvelad wyaroebs;

• saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moiZiebs da iyenebs informacias vizualuri, audio/video/kino ma-salisa da internet-resursis, aseve literaturuli wyaroebis saSualebiT (fotoebi, naxa-tebi, freskebi, arqiteqturuli nagebobebi, romanebi, poeturi da dramaturgiuli nawar-moebebi, folkloruli, popularuli Tu klasikuri musika);

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• kvlevis procesSi iyenebs sxvadasxva tipis diagramebs istoriuli wyarodan mopovebuli informaciis ganmartebisa Tu ilustraciis mizniT;

• kvlevis Sedegebs regularulad acnobs maswavlebels da iTvaliswinebs mis SeniSvnebs.

mimarTuleba: komunikacia

ist.X.8. moswavles SeuZlia istoriuli Temis dawera.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• istoriuli Temis daweris mizniT irCevs misTvis saintereso sakiTxs da TandaTan akon kre-

tebs mas. • arCeul sakiTxze winaswari kvlevis Catarebis Semdeg gansazRvravs Temis mTavar ideas _

Te ziss da ayalibebs mas winadadebis saxiT*; • gansazRvravs Temis mizans, anu imas, Tu ra daniSnuleba aqvs Temas _ mkiTxvelis informireba

istoriul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT (anu istoriuli sakiTxis ganmarteba, axsna), Tu mkiTxve-lis darwmuneba istoriuli problemis sakuTari xedvis (argumentis) sisworeSi;

• gansazRvravs, Tu vin iqneba mis mier dawerili Temis mkiTxveli (mag.: Tanaklaselebi, maswav-lebeli Tu olimpiadis Jiuri); am mizniT pasuxobs Semdeg SekiTxvebs: ra icis winaswar mo-mavalma mkiTxvelma TemaSi ganxiluli istoriuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ra codna unda misces mkiTxvels Cemma Temam? ra minda, rom mkiTxvelma dainaxos axleburad? rogor unda avago Tema, rom Cemi ideebi gasagebi gaxdes konkretuli mkiTxvelisTvis?

• adgens Temis daweris gegmas, rac gulisxmobs: a) gegmis Sedgenis dros ufro mniSvnelovani ideebis erT jgufSi ganTavsebas, SedarebiT naklebad mniSvnelovnisas ki _ meoreSi da a.S.; b) Semdegi tipis sqemis Sedgenas:

Temis Tezisi (winadadebis saxiT) mag. 1920-21 wlebSi amierkavkasiis qveynebis damoukideblobis dakargva ganapiroba sagareo politikurma faqtorebma

pirveli mTavari ideaa) pirvel mTavar ideasTan dakavSirebuli pirveli damxmare idea

• mizezi an magaliTi • mizezi an magaliTi

b) pirvel mTavar ideasTan dakavSirebuli meore damxmare idea

• mizezi an magaliTi• mizezi an magaliTi

mag., ruseTis revolucia

bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvla

I msoflio omis Sedegebi

meore mTavari idea pirveli msoflio omi da parizis samSvidobo konferencia

• maswavlebels (xelmZRvanels, Tanaklaselebs) warudgens Temis Sav variants**. • istoriuli Temis weris procesSi gansazRvravs Temis enobriv mxares\weris (savaraudo

mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebiT gansazRvravs, ra sirTulis unda iyos naSromis ena, iyos Tu ara igi xatovani da a.S.). Tavs aridebs wminda profesiuli terminebis uadgilod gamoye-nebasa da kliSeebis xmarebas. citatis motanisas, perifrazirebisas an sxvisi mosazrebis gamoyenebisas aucileblad uTiTebs wyaros;

• iyenebs da Tanmimdevrulad icavs miTiTebis arCeul stils, Temas daurTavs gamoyenebuli literaturis sias, axdens gverdebis danomvras;

• Savi variantis dasrulebidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg ubrundeba mas gadamuSavebis

* sasurvelia Tezisis gansazRvra da winadadebad Camoyalibeba kvlevis adreul etapze, e.w. samuSao Tezisi kvle-vis Semdgom etapze SeiZleb daixvewos.** Temas unda hqondes Semdegi struqtura: Sesavali _ Temis mTavari problemis mokle mimoxilva da am prob-lemisadmi sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva Tezisis saxiT; ZiriTadi nawili _ sakuTari poziciis asaxsnelad an dasam-tkiceblad argumentebisa da magaliTebis moyvana; daskvna _ Temis ZiriTad nawilSi gamoTqmuli argumentebisa da mosazrebebis Sejameba.

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mizniT: a) Temis xelmeored wakiTxvisas cdilobs Sexedos Tavis naSroms momavali mkiTxve-lis TvaliT; b) xelmeored wakiTxvis dros amowmebs: ramdenad kargad aris agebuli naS-romi, emTxveva Tu ara Savi varianti winaswar Sedgenil gegmas, kargad aris Sekruli Tema Tu ara, logikur kavSirSia Tu ara Temis yvela nawili TezisTan, aris Tu ara xarvezebi ar-gumentebis sxvadasxva nawils Soris, aqvs Tu ara adgili Sinaarsis an frazebis gameorebas;

• meore (an mesame variantis) daweris Semdeg axdens Temis redaqtirebas;• Temis saboloo variantis wardgenis win kidev erTxel kiTxulobs redaqtirebul variants.

programis Sinaarsi

savaldebulo Sinaarsobriv sakiTxTa CamonaTvali X klasisaTvis(qvemoT warmodgenili sakiTxebi Seadgens am klasisaTvis

gankuTvnili mTliani Sinaarsis 80%-s)

1. Cven da istoria:istoriis sagani ( ras Seiswavlis istoria?); profesia _ istorikosi.

2. istoriis qronologia a) kalendari (dasavluri da aRmosavluri kalendrebi _ iuliusis, grigorianuli, muslimu-

ri, omar-xaiamis);b) welTaRricxvis sistemebi (era, qoronikoni, hijra).

3. istoriis periodizacia:a) istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan;b) periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistema;g) msoflio istoriis samwevrovani dayofa;d) marqsizmi da istoriis periodizacia;e) istoriis periodizacia civilizaciebis mixedviT;e) saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia.

4. istoria da istoriis dargebi (qarTuli da ucxouri masalebis safuZvelze):a) wyaroTmcodneoba (ra aris istoriuli wyaro? saistorio wyaroebis klasifikacia; kvle-

vis meTodologia (warsulis rekonstruqcia istoriuli wyaroebis saSualebiT); wyaroe-bi: dokumenturi da naratiuli;

b) arqeologia;g) eTnologia/eTnografia;d) istoriuli geografia/istoriuli kartografia;e) numizmatika da bonistika;v) heraldika da genealogia;z) istoria da informatika.

5. istoriuli mecnierebis istoria (istoriografia):a) ZvelberZnuli istoriografia: herodote, Tukidide, qsenofonte; polibiosi _ pirveli

msoflio istoriis Seqmnis mcdeloba; straboni _ istoriisa da geografiis sinTezi;b) romauli istoriografia: iulius keisari, titus liviusi, kornelius tacitusi; plu-

tarqe da svetoniusi _ biografiuli Txzulebani; amiane marceline;g) bizantiuri istoriografia: evsebi kesarieli _ `saeklesio istoria~ da gelasi kesari-

eli; prokopi kesarieli da agaTia sqolastikosi; konstantine porfirogeneti _ gvirgvi-nosani istorikosi, ana komnina, miqael panaretosi;

d) somxuri istoriografia: Sua saukuneebis somxuri istoriografia;e) qarTuli istoriografia: ra aris `qarTlis cxovreba~, Zveli da axali ciklis `qarTlis

cxovreba~; vaxuSti bagrationi; gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosebi (farsadan gor-gijaniZe, papuna orbeliani, oman xerxeuliZe); qarTuli istoriografia XIX-XX saukuneebSi;

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v) Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis periodis istoriuli azri: Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropuli istoriografia (grigol tureli, beda pativdebuli, einhardi...); arabi da sparsi istorikosebi (ibn xalduni, tabari, al-fariki); lorenco vala, makiaveli; frensis bekoni, Jan bodeni;

z) Zveli mogzaurebis Canawerebi: qarTveli mogzaurebi (CaxruxaZe, rafiel danibegaSvili); plano karpini, marko polo; ibn-batuta; kasteli, Sardeni, giuldenStendti;

T) ganmanaTleblobis periodis istoriuli azri: jambatista viko, volteri, monteskie; iumi;

i) istoriuli azri XIX saukuneSi: Teodor momzeni _ nobelianti istorikosi; leopold fon ranke, ipolit teni; pozitivistebi;

k) istoriuli azri XX saukuneSi: benedito kroCe _ istoriis Teoretikosi; robin kolingvu-di _ `istoriis idea~; analebis skola.

6. rogor vswavlobT istorias:a) pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;b) werilobiTi wyaroebis kritika/interpretacia.

7. rogor iwereba istoriuli Tema:

sakvlevi Temis arCeva da Temaze muSaobis procesi, istoriuli Txzulebis struqtura, rogor iwereba istoriuli naSromi (naSromis ena da gaformeba, biblioTekiT sargebloba da wignze muSaobis dagegmva).

12

Sinaarsisa da Sedegebis droSi ganawileba

Tema, paragrafi gakveTilis xangrZlivoba

standartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi

Sedegi indikatori

1. istoriuli mecniereba

1.1 ra aris istoria? 1 3 3,6

1.2 Zveli msoflios istoriografia 1 1; 3 1,3; 1,2,3

1.3 Sua saukuneebis istoriografia. `qarTlis cxovreba~... 1 1; 3 3,4; 1,2,4,5,6

1.4 XIX-XX saukuneebis istoriografia 1 1; 3 3,4; 1,23,4,5

2. rogor Seiswavlis istoria warsuls

2.1 istoriuli wyaroebi. istoriuli disciplinebi 1 2; 5 1,2; 1,3

2.2 qronologia 1 1 1,2

2.3 paleografiul-qronologiuri Ziebani 1 1 2

2.4 naxatidan damwerlobamde 1 2 2

2.5 qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb 1 2; 5 2; 1

2.6. arqeologia 1 2; 5 2,3; 3

2.7 numizmatika 1 2; 5 2,5; 1

2.8 bonistika 1 2; 5 2,5; 1

2.9 eTnografia 2 2; 5 2,4; 3

2.10 miTologia 1 2; 5 2; 5

2.11 miTi da realoba 1 2 2

2.12 genealogia 1 2 2

2.13 heraldika 1 2; 5 2; 1

2.14 veqsilografia 1 2; 5 2; 1

2.15 istoriuli geografia 1 2 2, 7

2.16 istoriuli kartografia 1 2 2, 7

2.17 demografia 1 2; 5 1,2; 1

2.18 vizualuri wyaroebi _ plakati, rogorc istoriuli wyaro 1 5 6 1 6

2.19 kino-, foto- da fonodokumentebi 1 5 1

2.20 Semajamebeli gakveTili 1 7 1,3

13

3. werilobiTi istoriuli wyaroebi

3.1 istoriuli Txzuleba 1 6 2,3,6

3.2 hagiografia 1 6 3,5,6

3.3 mxatvruli literatura, rogorc saistorio wyaro 2 6 1,2,4

3.4 memuarebi, dRiurebi 1 6 2,3,4

3.5 memuaruli literatura 1 6 1,2,4

3.6 istoriuli dokumentebi 1 5; 6 1,2; 4

3.7 epistolografia 1 5 6 1; 3,9

3.8 periodika: gazeTi da istoria 1 6 3,6

3.9 publicistika ilias mkvlelobis Sesaxeb 1 6 3,6

3.10 Semajamebeli gakveTili 1 6 2,34

4. istoriuli wyaroebis analizi

4.1 pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi 1 4; 6 1,2; 2,3

4.2 wyaroebis SedarebiTi analizi 1 6 2,4,6

4.3 dokumentis mTavari azri 1 5 6 1; 4

4.4 daviT aRmaSeneblis portreti 1 6 2,3,4

4.5 istoriuli movlenis gageba-analizi-Sefaseba 1 4 1,2,3

4.6 mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri 1 6 3,7

4.7 istoriuli movlenebis Sedareba 1 6 6,8

4.8 politikuri argumentebi werilobiT wyaroebSi 1 4; 6 2; 9

4.9 argumentebi saqarTvelos samefo karze 1 6 6,7

4.10 Semajamebeli gakveTili 1 4; 6 1,2; 2,6

5. gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi istoriul pirTa da movlenaTa Sesaxeb

5.1 jvarosanTa laSqroba 1 4; 6 1,2; 3

5.2 wyaroebi jvarosanTa I laSqrobaze mogviTxroben 1 4; 6 1,2; 3

5.3 saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis movlenebi 1 4; 6 2; 9

5.4 konstantinopolis dacema 1 4; 6 1,2; 3

5.5 faqtebi da Sefasebebi _ odiSis mTavari levan dadiani 2 4; 6 1,2; 7

5.6 pirovnebis roli istoriaSi _ Cingiz yaeni 1 4; 6 1,2; 2

5.7 XVII saukunis inglisis istoriidan 1 4 6 1,2; 6,7,8

5.8 proeqti `gavacocxloT istoria~ 2 6 7 8 1,2

5.9 Semajamebeli davaleba: saqarTvelo-bizantia X-XIss. mijnaze

1 4; 6 1,2; 7

5.10 Semajamebeli davaleba: pirovnebis roli istoriaSi 2 6; 7 7,8; 1,2

5.11 rogor SevqmnaT istoriuli gamokvleva 11-12 7; 8 1-9; 1-5

14

saxelmZRvanelos miznebi

saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia X klasis moswavleebisaTvis. masSi mocemuli ma sala dayofilia 5 Tavad da 55 gakveTilad. gakveTilebi gaTvlilia rogorc 1, aseve 2 akade miur saaTze da iTvaliswinebs 60 saaTs. istoriuli Temis damuSavebis procesisaTvis ki gaTva-liswinebulia 11-12 saaTi.

saxelmZRvanelos struqtura advilad aRsaqmelia, ganlagebulia principiT _ martividan rTulisaken da iTvaliswinebs am asakis moswavleTa damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs.

saxelmZRvanelo mdidaria wyaroebiT, amonaridebiT, faqtebiT da sxvadasxva mizniT Ser-Ceuli teqstebiT. gamoyenebulia araerTi Zveli miniatura Tu Tanamedrove fotomasala, rac moswavleebs kidev ufro gaumdidrebs xedvas. yvela foto, davaleba, aqtivoba Seesabameba gakveTilis Sinaars da mimarTulia, rom moswavles Camouyalibos da ganuviTaros kritikuli azrovneba, movlenaTa aRqmis da Sefasebis unari, argumentirebuli msjeloba, prezentaciis, kvleviTi da weris unar-Cvevebi.

yvela gakveTils axlavs sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSoebi, SekiTxvebi, gakveTilebSi mocemu-lia araerTi sqema Tu diagrama, romelic sagakveTilo process kidev ufro sainteresos xdis.

saxelmZRvaneloSi arsebuli wyaroebi da maTi gaanalizebisaTvis Seqmnili sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSoebi, sqemebi, diagramebi, praqtikuli savarjiSoebi, diskusiebi, debatebi iTvaliswinebs moswavleebis swavlis stilis mravalferovnebas. es daexmareba moswavleebs ukeT gaiazron, vizualurad kargad aRiqvan, daimaxsovron, gaanalizon, imsjelon da Rrmad gamoikvlion sakiTxebi. vfiqrobT, aseTi midgoma moswavleebis motivaciasa da CarTulobas kidev ufro gazrdis da met interess gauRviZebs istoriisadmi.

saxelmZRvanelo aswavlis maT damoukidebel muSaobas, xels uwyobs moswavlis cno-bismoyvareobis gazrdas, uRviZebs movlenebis Sesaxeb codnis SeZenisa da TviTganviTarebis survils.

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis Ria da daxuruli kiTxvebi romlebic gan-lagebulia blumis taqsonomiis principiT TanmimdevrobiT _ gagebidan analizamde. amasTan, yoveli gakveTilis bolos mocemulia Semajamebeli kiTxvebi, romlis Sedegebi mos wavleTa codnis maCvenebeli iqneba. maswavlebels ki miscems SesaZleblobas Seamowmos, ramdenad ganxorcielda gakveTilSi mocemuli miznebi.

saxelmZRvaneloSi SerCeuli meTodebi saswavlo process ufro SemoqmedebiTobas SesZens, moswavleebs gauzrdis motivacias.

davalebebi isea gaTvlili, rom moswavleebs moeTxovebaT rveuli (sasurvelia saxel-mZRvanelos formis), rom masSi Seasrulon sxvadasxva davaleba: Caixazon sqemebi, diagramebi, daweron Temebi.

maswavleblis wigni, vfiqrobT, kargi gza-mkvlevi iqneba mawavleblisaTvis, radgan masSi mocemuli meTodebi, rekomendaciebi xels Seuwyobs maswavlebels gakveTilis efeqturad CatarebaSi.

saxelmZRvaneloSi da maswavleblis wignSi mocemulia Temebis mixedviT sarekomendaciio resursebis sia, romliTac moswavleebs SeuZliaT isargeblon Temebis damuSavebis dros (eleqtronuli misamarTebi, wyaroebi, bibliografiebi).

maswavleblis roli

maswavlebeli, romelic aswavlis reformiT gaTvaliswinebuli axali moTxovnebis Sesa-bamisad, iTvaliswinebs da aqvs rwmena, rom yvela moswavles Seswevs swavlis unari da moqmedebs am rwmeniT. igi uzrunvelyobs codnis xelmisawvdomobas yvela moswavlisTvis.

15

maswavlebeli acnobierebs TiToeuli moswavlis individualurobas, niWs, SesaZleblo-bebs da amis Sesabamisad warmarTavs saswavlo process.

maswavlebelma icis, Tu rogor viTardeba da swavlobs moswavle.igi Tanasworad epyroba TiToeul moswavles da icavs moswavlis interesebs. maswavlebeli

dainteresebulia moswavlis TviTSefasebiT, motivaciiT, interesebiT.maswavlebeli SemoqmedebiTad udgeba swavlebis process da prioritets moswavlis wa-

xalisebas aniWebs. moqmedebs im strategiiT, romelic moswavles aZlevs SesaZleblobas, ga-akeTos arCevani, gamoamJRavnos sakuTari SesaZleblobebi, iazrovnos damoukideblad da ga-moTqvas sakuTari Sexedulebebi.

istoriis swavlebisas mniSvnelovania rogorc sagnis Sinaarsobrivi mxare, aseve misi meTodika. maswavlebelma sagakveTilo procesSi interaqtiuli meTodebi unda danergos. am saxelmZRvanelos stili da mimarTuleba aseTi Tanasworuflebianobisa da TanamSromlobis princips emyareba. am meTodebiT maswavlebeli klasSi demokratiul garemos qmnis da amasTan, xels uwyobs moswavlis damoukidebel muSaobas.

saswavlo miznebis misaRwevad maswavlebeli iyenebs sxvadasxva meTods:

blumis taqsonomia (klasifikacia, daxarisxeba)

zogadad azrovnebis unarebis ganviTarebis es meTodi ase SeiZleba ganvmartoT _ marti vi-dan rTulisaken. konkretulad ki 6 safexurs moicavs. taqsonomiis sqema dablidan maRlisaken:

doneebi kiTxvebi miznebi

6Sefaseba

aris es ukeTesi gadawyvetileba? romelia SenTvis ufro misaRebi? daasabuTe; rogoria Seni azri? ra damokidebuleba gaqvs? ra kriteriumebiT Seafaseb?

moswavlem Seafasos, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi, argumentirebulad daasabuTos, daskvnebi gaakeTos.

5sinTezi ra gadawyvetilebebs miiRebdi

Sen? ra SeiZleba yofiliyo sxva alternatiuli gza? ra moxdeboda Tu ..?

moswavlem Seqmnas, moifiqros, dagegmos, SeimuSaos, Cadges mis rolSi, daasabuTos, ramdenad Seesabameba miRebuli daskvna im monacemebs, romelTa safuZvelzec gakeTda daskvna.

4analizi

ra msgavsebebia? ra gansxvavebebi? Seadare; ra aris amis mizezi? Sedegi? ratom fiqrob ase?

moswavlem daakavSiros, gaanalizos, Seadaros, ganasxvavos, axsnas, daasabuTos.

3gamoyeneba ra SekiTxvebs dasvamdi? iqneboda es

informacia mniSvnelovani? SegiZlia daajgufo am niSnis mixedviT?

ramdenad iyenebs moswavle miRebul codnas, ramdenad SeuZlia demonstrireba moaxdinos, aagos, daasrulos.

2gageba

Seni sityvebiT rogor ityvi? rogor fiqrob, ratom? ra iyo ZiriTadi azri? idea? SegiZlia moitano magaliTi?

gavigoT, ramdenad gaigo, axsna, ganazogada, moswavlem is, rac waikiTxa, iswavla.

1codna ra moxda? rodis? ratom? ra aris

swori? ra moxda Semdeg? ramdeni monawileobda? SegiZlia CamoTvalo?

yvela es kiTxva emsaxureba erT mizan s _ codnas. moswavlem unda gansazRvros, aRweros, moyves, CamoTvalos.

16

sxvadasxva saswavlo strategiebi da meTodebi

diferencirebulad swavlebis meTodi diferenciacia gansazRvravs TiToeuli davalebis da savarjiSos Sesatyvisobas mos-

wavleTa moTxovnilebebTan maTi SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es moswavleTa garkveuli jgufis SesaZleblobebTan saswavlo davalebis morgebas gulisxmobs. gakveTilis dagegmvisas diferenciaciis strategiebi SesaZloa sxvadasxva gziT gamovlindes. SesaZlebelia dava-lebis an Sedegis mixedviT diferenciacia. Tu maswavlebeli davalebis mixedviT axdens dife renciacias, es niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva jgufebs sxvadasxva savarjiSoebi miecemaT, anu gadanawileba moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis mixedviT moxdeba, Tumca isini erTi da imave miznis miRwevisTvis imuSaveben. gakveTilis erT-erTi mizani isic iqneba, rom moswavleebma erTmaneTs gauziaron miRebuli codna.

Tu maswavlebeli diferenciacias Sedegebis mixedviT axdens, maSin man, SesaZloa, yvela moswavles identuri savarjiSo misces, magram gakveTilis miznebi gansazRvros TiToeuli moswavlis SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. misaRwevi Sedegebi ase daxasiaTdeba: yvelam unda icodes... zogierTma unda icodes... diferencirebuli gakveTilebis arsebiTi mniSvneloba isaa, rom maswavlebels SeuZlia swavlis procesis individebis an jgufebis SesaZleblobebis mixedviT warmarTava.

zemoT ganxiluli TiToeuli komponenti SeiZleba erTmaneTs faravdes. mag., diskusiis dros moswavleebma SeiZleba imuSaon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul rukebze, vizualur an werilobiT wyaroebze da upasuxon Ria kiTxvebze, rac moiTxovs fiqrs, azrovnebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, Tu konkretuli gakveTilisTvis romel saswavlo aqtivobebs SevarCevT. maswavleblis wigni moicavs yvela tipuri gakveTilis, aqtivobis Tu savarjiSos meSveobiT swavlebis rekomendacias, miTiTebas da gakveTilis scenarebis nimuSebs. swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodebs uSualod konkretuli gakveTilebis scenarebis dros warmogidgenT, rac dagexmarebaT sagnisa da sagnobrivi meTodikis mimarTulebiT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis srulyofaSi, mogcemT mimarTulebas saswavlo procesis ukeT organizebisa da saxelmZRvanelos ukeT gamoyenebisken. amave dros, qvemoT motanili scenarebi sarekomendacio xasiaTs atarebs da Tqven SegiZliaT nebismieri gakveTili uSualod Tqvenve sxvagvarad dagegmoT da sxva, aqve aRwerili meTodebi gamoiyenoT.

gonebrivi ieriSi

meTodi, romelic Tanamedrove pedagogikaSi cnobilia gonebrivi ieriSis saxelwodebiT, TiToeuli moswavlis individualur aqtivobas moiTxovs da saerTo saqmeSi yvelas monawi-leobis gziT Tqven dasmul kiTxvaze mravalferovan pasuxebs iRebT. Tqven klass usvamT ki-Txvas da TxovT, adgilidan gascen pasuxi. maTi yvela pasuxi gadagaqvT dafaze.

moswavleTa azris gamoTqmisas daculi unda iyos Semdegi principebi:•azris gamoTqma nebayoflobiTi da Tavisufalia;•maT SeuZliaT gamoTqvan ramdenime mosazreba (idea SeiZleba iyos rogorc originaluri,

ise sxvisi ideis ganviTarebis Sedegi);•moswavleTa mier mosazrebis gamoTqmis dros ar unda dauSvaT kamaTi, mosazrebis kri-

tika an Sefaseba, unda imuSavoT principiT _ yvela mosazreba misaRebia;•moswavleTa mier mosazrebis gamoTqmisas mniSvnelovania ideebis raodenoba da ara xa-

risxi. xarisxze msjeloba unda moxdes mosazrebebis gamoTqmis dasrulebis Semdeg;•dafaze unda daweroT moswavleTa yvela idea, maT Soris yvelaze miuRebelic ki.amis Semdeg moswavleebTan erTad dafaze ajgufebT msgavs mosazrebebs. am davalebis

Sesasruleblad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT jon venis (ingliseli maTematikosi, 1834-1923 ww.) diagrama.

17

venis diagrama: venis diagrama Sedgeba 2 rgolisagan. diagrama SedarebiTi analizis saSualebas iZleva da

uaRresad efeqturia istoriis swavlebisas.

Sevsebis wesi: a) varianti: I da II nawilSi faqtis, movlenis an istoriuli piris gansxvavebuli monacemebi

iwereba, xolo III nawilSi _ msgavsi.b) varianti: calk-calke ivseba I da II nawili, xolo is rac oriveSi erTnairi aRmoCndeba ga-

dadis III-Si.maswavlebeli dafaze avsebs venis diagramas jgufebis mier miwodebuli informaciis safuZvelze.

situaciuri amocanasituaciuri amocana jgufuri muSaobis rTuli formaa. am dros jgufuri muSaobis wesi

da struqtura igive rCeba, rTuldeba mxolod Tema, romelic jgufs situaciuri amocanis saxiT miecema (situaciur amocanas maswavlebeli, saWiroebismebr, sakuTari Sexedulebidan, klasis SesaZleblobebidan da interesebidan gamomdinare, irCevs an igonebs).

TiToeulma jgufma unda gaanalizos SemoTavazebuli situacia, miiRos saerTo gadawyve-tileba, ipovos gamosavali da gamoitanos Sesabamisi daskvna, risTvisac jgufma unda imuSaos SeTanxmebulad da miaRwios konsensuss. konsensusi SeTanxmebis is formaa, roca gada wyve ti-lebis miRebisas yvela erTsulovania.

Tu jgufis wevrebs uWirT SeTanxmeba, maswavlebelma SeiZleba maT SesTavazos kenWisyris wesi: 4-5-kaciani jgufis yvela wevri TiTo xmis uflebiT sargeblobs. winadadeba, romelic yvelaze met xmas miiRebs, jgufur gadawyvetilebad CaiTvleba. SesaZlebelia, gadawyvetilebis miReba moxdes gamsvleli xmebis winaswar dadgenili raodenobiT (2/3).

rukaze muSaoba

Sesavali: rukasTan muSaoba saSualebas mogcemT, moswavleebs aswavloT geografiuli da istoriuli informaciis wakiTxva, am informaciis dakavSireba naswavl masalasTan. geog rafi-uli garemos da istoriuli faqtebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba xels Seuwyobs Sesaswavli masalis gamtkicebas da ganzogadebas.

mizani da arsi: es meTodi saSualebas aZlevs moswavles saqarTvelos da msoflios poli-tikur, fizikur da istoriul rukebze adgilebis, movlenebis da procesebis amocnobis saSu-alebiT gaimyaros Teoriuli codna, gaiazros da gaanalozos geografiuli informacia, is-wavlos maTi saWiroebisamebr gamoyeneba da martivi analogis Seqmna, istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebze dasabuTebuli msjeloba. es meTodi, codnis SeZenis garda, moswavles uviTarebs Semdeg unar-Cvevebs:

• sivrceSi orientacia;• informaciis mopoveba da organizeba;• modelireba;• istoriul-geografiuli kvleva-analizi da Sefaseba.

venis diagrama

I III II

18

samoqmedo gegma: moswavle rukaze uCvenebs romelime qveynis mdebareobas msoflioSi, mis sazRvrebs,

regionebs da qalaqebs, daukavSirebs istoriul faqtebs da geografiul garemos. magaliTebi: Seadare ori istoriul ruka _ napoleonis omebi da evropis qveynebi venis kongresis Semdeg da werilobiT an zepirad imsjele sazRvrebis cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. an sqemaze warmoadgineT da Semdeg rukaze uCveneT daviT aRmaSeneblis mier aRebuli qalaqebi da cixeebi:

qalaqi-cixe TariRi

samSvilde 1110

rusTavi 1114

Tbilisi 1122

dmanisi 1123

Sirvani 1124

anisi 1124

diskusia

diskusia erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia istoriis gakveTilebze. diskusias ramdenime ZiriTadi mizani aqvs:•moswavleebi CavrToT sagakveTilo procesSi da mivceT sakuTari azrebis gamoTqmis Se-

saZ lebloba. •gavarkvioT, ramdenad kargad gaiges maT sagakveTilo masala•ganuviTaroT maT sakomunikacio unar-Cvevebi •ganvumtkicoT sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmena imisaTvis, rom diskusia Sedegiani iyos, aucilebelia msjelobebi mxolod SerCeuli Temis

irgvliv mimdinareobdes. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca xdeba Temidan gadaxveva da moswavleebi Temidan gadaxveul azrebis ganviTarebas an masze msjelobas iwyeben. maswavlebeli unda flobdes situacias. kargi diskusia mxolod is aris, romelic erT konkretul mizans em-saxureba. maswavlebeli ki uwevs daxmarebas moswavleebs, rom Temebi sainteresod gaiSalos, rom moswavleebma imsjelon sadiskusio Temebze da ara meorexarisxovan ideebze.

• maswavlebelma iseTi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas, romelic xels Seuwyobs diskusiis war-marTvas, Temis gaSlas, daicavs reglaments, rom yvela moswavles mieces Tanabari saSualeba, gamoTqvas Tavisi azri da daafiqsiros sakuTari pozicia.

diskusia kiTxvebis dasmis strategiaa. Tavis mxriv, am meTods sokrates meTodi hqvia. `me aravis arafers ar vaswavli, radgan Tavad araferi vici, ubralod, kiTxvebs vusvam.~

sokrates meTodi gulisxmobs diskusiis warmarTvisas problemuri SekiTxvebis dasmas. mag: ras fiqrobT amis Sesaxeb? ra ganmartebebi gWirdebaT amisTvis? am etapze maswavlebeli ar aZlevs moswavleebs informacias, aramed cdilobs, moswavleebi damoukideblad mividnen problemis gadawyvetamde.

gakveTilze diskusiis dros maswavlebels sWirdeba yvela tipis SekiTxvis gamoyeneba. daxuruli SekiTxvebi (konkretuli pasuxebi) emsaxureba mizans _ gavigoT, ramdenad iswavla moswavlem esa Tu is sakiTxi, SevamowmoT codna. Ria SekiTxvebi aucilebelia diskusiis warmarTvis dros da azrovnebis zeda safexurs ganekuTvneba. es niSnavs, rom moswavles aqvs codna, aqvs misi gagebisa da gamoyenebis unari da Ria SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemiT gadadis azrovnebis maRal safexurze: Seafasos, daskvnebi gaakeTos, daasabuTos, Seqmnas.

sasurvelia, diskusia dasruldes SejamebiT, daskvnebis gamotaniT, klasSi gacemuli pasu xebis analiziT.

19

cxrilSi _ blumis taqsonomia aRwerilia azrovnebis doneebi da SekiTxvebis tipebi _ romeli SekiTxva azrovnebis romel safexurze gadis.

diskusiis Sefasebis sqema


1-4 5 -7 7-8 8-10

sakuTari azris argumentire-bulad dasabuTeba

misi argumentacia bundovania, zogadia, martivad aris, an ar aris dasabuTebuli

misi argumentacia bundovania, araorganizebulia

cdilobs sakuTari azri Camoayalibos organizebulad, argumentirebulad

sakuTar azrs ayalibebs organizebulad, asabuTebs argumentirebulad

sxvisi azris mosmena- gaTvaliswineba

ar iTvaliswinebs sxvebis azrs

sxvisi azri misTvis umniSvneloa, an ar axdens reagirebas, an mxolod formalurad

xSirad ismens da iTvaliswinebs sxvis azrs, cdilobs ganaviTaros an gaabaTilos, Tumca zedapirulad

ismens, iTvaliswinebs, aviTarebs an abaTilebs sxvis azrs

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis pativiscema

sawinaaRmdego azrebi misTvis miuRebelia, avlens cinikur damokidebulebas

sawinaaRmdego azrebis mosmenisas emociuria, cdilobs dasabuTebas, Tumca bundovnad

ar eTanxmeba, magram cdilobs pativi sces sxvis azrs

ar eTanxmeba, Tumca pativs scems sxvis azrs da asabuTebs, abaTilebs argumentirebulad

daskvnebis gamotana

ar cdilobs daskvnebis gamotanas, mxolod azrebis warmoTqmiT kmayofildeba

ver gamoaqvs daskvnebi, mxolod azrebs ayalibebs

diskusiis procesSi gamoaqvs daskvnebi

diskusiis procesSi gamoaqvs daskvna, ajamebs, aanalizebs zemoTqmuls

reglamentis dacva

regalments ar iTvaliswinebs

naklebad iTvaliswinebs. cdilobs xangrZlivi saubriT `monusxos~ klasi

gamoaqvs daskvnebi, aanalizebs, Tumca ver eteva mocemul droSi

diskusiis procesSi gamoaqvs daskvna, ajamebs, aanalizebs zemoTqmuls mocemul droSi

debatebi

istoriis gakveTilebi da debatebi erT mTlian saswavlo procesad SeiZleba warmovidginoT. istoriaSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi Temebi, romlebic debatebs saWiroeben, da romlis gamoyenebac moswavleTa CarTulobas, maTi kvlevis, argumentirebuli msjelobis unars kidev ufro ganaviTarebs.

debatebi meTodia, romelSic moswavleebma unda gaiTvaliswinon warsulis gamocdileba, is mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic istoriaSi kvals tovebs. am movlenebis Rrma Seswavla, analizi moswavleebs exmareba imsjelos ara marto warsulze, aramed dRevandeli dRec obieqturad Seafasos, gaavlos paralelebi. istoriis gakveTilze xSiria urTierTsapirispiro sakiTxebi, rodesac erTi moswavlis azri, informacia, daskvna ewinaaRmdegeba sxva moswavlis azrs. aseT SemTxvevaSi SeTanxmebis misaRwevad kamaTi gardauvalia.

moswavleebs unda mivceT saSualeba, sakiTxi sawinaaRmdego kuTxeebidan dainaxon, gaer-kvnen urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebSi, daafiqsiron sakuTari poziciebi.

organizebuli debatebis dros moswavleebi eCvevian gundur muSaobas, Zlier da sust

20

mxareebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, damoukidebel muSaobas, msjelobas, oratorul xelov-nebas, sxvisi azris yuradRebiT mosmenas, sakuTari da oponentis azris susti da Zlieri mxareebis dapirispirebas, TavianTi poziciis sxvadasxva gziT mtkicebas, problemebis gadaWraze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas da sxva. xSirad sakamaTo sakiTxi bunebrivad wamoiWreba gakveTilze. maswavlebels SeuZlia, gaaTamaSos debati or moswavles Soris, an 2-2 Tu 3-3-moswavles Soris. skolaSi, gakveTilze debatis nebismieri formaa misaRebi. maswavlebels SeuZ lia, gakveTilisTvis Tavad Seqmnas forma. Tumca yvela am formats sWirdeba orga nizeba.

ra upiratesoba aqvs organizebul debatebs Cveulebrivi kamaTisagan gansxvavebiT? moswavleebma ician sakuTari ufleba-movaleoba-funqciebi; eCvevian gundur muSaobas;

erTad iReben gadawyvetilebas; reagireben oponentebis azrebze; iZenen sakiTxis ori sawi-naaRmdego mxridan Seswavlis unar-Cvevebs; TamaSis bolos maswavleblisgan da danarCeni mos-wavleebisagan iReben komentarebs, rCevebs, waxalisebas, rac maT Semdgom zrdas uwyobs xels.

gTavazobT debatebis formatis procesis organizebis erT-erT gegmas:

mtkicemiTi gundi uarmyofeli gundi

I momxsenebeli 6 wT I momxsenebeli 6 wT

II momxsenebeli 5 wT II momxsenebeli 5 wT

III momxsenebeli 5 wT III momxsenebeli 5 wT

maswavlebels SeuZlia daamatos an Seamciros momxsenebelTa raodenoba. aseve SeuZlia gansazRvros da Secvalos TiToeuli momxseneblisTvis gankuTvnili dro.

moxsenebebs Soris gundis wevrebi kiTxvebs usvamen erTmaneTs

debatebis Sefasebis sqema

1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10

moswavles uZneldeba azris gamoxatva. aradamajerebelad msjelobs. dabneulia da saubrobs araorganizebulad. gankuTvnil droze adre asrulebs.

argumentacia aradamakmayofilebelia. upirispirdeba mowinaaRmdegis pozicias, magram zedapirulad da akeTebs araorganizebul analizs. argumentacia ar aris damajerebeli.

kargi gamosvla. argumentacia damakmayofilebeli. momxsenebeli srulad iyenebs dros, Tumca aklia damajerebloba.

Zalian kargi gamosvla. damajerebeli argumentacia. analizi, prezentacia, argumentacia damarwmunebelia.

proeqti

proeqti efeqturi meTodia, romelic saSualebas aZlebs moswavleebs gadavidnen azrov-nebis zeda fazaSi _ sinTezSi. am mxrivac saxelmZRvanelo inovaciaa, radgan es pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi aris istoriuli proeqti _ moswavleebisaT-vis saxaliso, saintereso da, amave dros, efeqturi saswavlo saSualeba.

proeqti xels uwyobs moswavleTa kvlevas, SemoqmedebiTobas, TanamSromlobisa da ko-munikaciis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.

proeqtis Sedgena niSnavs raime problemis an sakiTxis Rrma wvdomas da mis ganxilvas erTi an ramdenime kuTxiT. proeqti umetesad jgufur muSaobas gulisxmobs da masSi CarTuli mos-wavleebi problemebis gadaWris TavianT gzebs da moqmedebis gegmebs warmoadgenen.

maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs proeqtis sakvlevi Temis Camoyalibebasa da ganmar tebaSi, dagegmvaSi, aZlevs mimarTulebebs. moswavleebma kvleva damoukideblad unda war marTon.

proeqti Semdgaria, Tu misi Sedegebi TvalsaCinod da damajereblad aris warmodgenili.

21

saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili proeqtis _ gavacocxloT istoria _ detaluri ganxilva iqneba qvemoT, gakveTilebis dagegmvaSi. maT Soris, iqneba mocemuli konkretuli proeqtis etapebi, Sefasebis sqema da testis nimuSi.

cxrilebis, sqemebisa da diagramebis gamoyeneba

saxelmZRvaneloSi sqemebisa, cxrilebisa da diagramebis farTo speqtria mocemuli: _ T diagrama, Tevzis diagrama, venis diagrama, movlenaTa analizis sqema, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis sqema, cxrilebi. zogadad, sqemebi, cxrilebi da diagramebi informaciis gagebis, or ganizebis araCveulebrivi saSualebaa.

moswavleebi iZenen ara marto codnas, aramed misi gamoyenebisa da analizis unar-Cvevebs, anu gavdivarT blumis taqsonomiis yvela doneze.

maswavlebels sxvadasxva cxrilebis, sqemebis Tu diagramebis gamoyeneba mravalmxriv Se-uZlia. igi erT-erTi efeqturi saSualebaa sxvadasxva mosazrebebis Camosayaliblebad, mov-lenebis, faqtebis, varaudebis gasamijnad, subieqturisa Tu obieqturis dasadgenad, pir ve-ladi Tu meoradi wyaroebis aRsaqmelad da gasaanalizeblad, pirovnebebis dasaxa siaTeblad, movlenaTa Sesafaseblad da sxva. ar arsebobs mza recepti, Tu rogori organizebiT moxdes cxrilebis, sqemebisa Tu diagramebis Sevseba _ individualurad, wyvilebSi Tu jgufebSi. sa-survelia, moswavleebma jer Seasrulon individualurad, Semdgom gadavidnen jgufur Tu wyvilebSi muSaobaze.

saxelmZRvaneloSi gakveTilebi isea agebuli, rom maswavlebels xSirad eZleva amorCevis saSualeba _ ra urCevnia, diagrama misces moswavleebs gakveTilze Tu daavalos misi Sevseba saxlSi. umjobesia, maswavleblebma Tavisufali arCevani dautovon moswavleebsac.

prezentacia

prezentacia aris raime sakiTxis sajaro wardgenis procesi, romelsac aqvs winaswar gansazRvruli dro. prezentacia ar gulisxmobs moswavleebis mier davalebebis momzadebasa da mis ganxilvas. prezentacia winaswar dagegmili procesia, rodesac moswavleebi iTvalis-wineben sxvadasxva kriteriumebs. waradgenen TavianT damuSavebul Temas Tu kvlevas sxvadasxva kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

prezentaciis Sefasebis kriteriumebi(mocemul cxrilebs Tqveni Sexedulebebis mixedviT SeusamabameT niSnis komponentebi _ susti, damakmayofilebeli, saSualo, maRalis principiT)

gamoyenebuli aqvs Sesavali, romelSic moswavle acnobs klass mizans _ raze apirebs saubars da ratom

Sinaarsi azriania da saintereso

iyenebs sxvadasxva TvalsaCinoebebs

saubrobs martivi eniT, gasagebad, gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs auditoria, visTvisac amzadebs prezentacias

iTvaliswinebs araverbaluri komunikaciis elementebs: xmis tembrs, mimikebs, Jestikulacias, TvaliT kontaqts

Temis irgvliv pasuxobs SekiTxvebs

srulad iyenebs prezentaciisTvis winaswar dagegmil dros

22

erTi da imave istoriuli movlenis gansxvavebul interpretaciasa da Tvalsazrisebis ana lizis Sefasebis kriteriumebi

(dayaviT da SeusabameT Sefaseba _ susti, damakmayofilebeli, saSualo, maRalis principiT)

adarebs wyaroebs; msjelobs im faqtorebze, romlebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis arseboba

adarebs istorikosebis gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebs erT movlenaze (an pirovnebaze) da afasebs da ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebas am istoriuli movlenis mimarT

asxvavebs istoriul faqts istoriuli interpretaciisagan, mosazrebisagan, msjelobs, ramdenad aris isini dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan

asxvavebs istoriuli faqtebis analizidan gamomdinare daskvnebs da istorikosis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, romelic ar eyrdnoba istoriul faqtebs; gamoTqvams mosazrebas da amowmebs mis siswores

mizezisa da Sedegis gansazRvris Sefasebis kriteriumebi(dayaviT da SeusabameT Sefaseba _ susti, damakmayofilebeli, saSualo, maRalis principiT)

moswavle gamoyofs, msjelobs da asabuTebs wyaroSi mocemul problemebs, msjelobs ga-momwvev mizezebze

msjelobs problemis gadaWris gzebze, gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas

iTvaliswinebs epoqas, msjelobs da afasebs Sedegebs

adarebs sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT movlenebis mizezebsa da Sedegebs, avlebs paralelebs, afasebs, gamoTqvams sakuTar damokidebulebas, gvTavazobs problemis gadaWris alternatiul gzebs

istoriuli movlenis gaazrebisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebi(dayaviT da SeusamabmeT Sefaseba susti, damakmayofilebeli, saSualo, maRalis principiT)

teqstisa Tu wyaroebis Seswavlis safuZvelze ayalibebs im epoqaSi arsebul faseulobebs, Sexedulebebs, aanalizebs movlenas

avsebs diagramas, cxrilebs da gamoaqvs daskvnebi

aRwers, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen im epoqaSi adamianebi TavianT epoqas

cdilobs Seafasos ara marto dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, aramed gaiazros imdroindeli realobebigamoaqvs daskvna, ajamebs, akeTebs Sefasebebs

afasebs da argumentirebulad asabuTebs movlenebs progresisa da regresis mixedviT

werilobiT gamoaqvs daskvnebi, wers mokle istoriul analizs gakveTilze gamoTqnuli azrebis, analizis gaTvaliswinebiT

23

wyaroSi mTavari sakiTxis dadgenis Sefasebis kriteriumebi(dayaviT da SeusabameT Sefaseba _ susti, damakmayofilebeli, saSualo, maRalis principiT)

alagebs movlenebs TanmimdevrobiT, igebs wyaros, teqsts.

SeuZlia gansazRvros, ra aris werilobiTi wyaros avtoris mizani, motivacia, gamoyofs wyaroSi aRweril problemas, mTavar azrs

wyarodan imowmebs mTavari azris damamtkicebel msjelobebs, faqtebs.

ganasxvavebs im informacias, romlis miwodeba aris wyaros avtoris mizani, wyaroSi arsebuli yvela sxva informaciisgan

wyaroebidan gamoaqvs daskvnebi, avsebs cxrils, sadac aCvenebs msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs avtoris miznebs, mTavar azrebs da daskvnebs Soris

gamoyofs subieqtur da obieqtur faqtorebs

istoriuli Temis weris Sefasebis kriteriumebis sqema(dayaviT da SeusabameT Sefaseba _ susti, damakmayofilebeli, saSualo, maRalis principiT)

aqvs gamokveTili Sesavali, romelSic ayalibebs Temis daweris mizans, gviCvenebs _ unda mas mkiTxvelis informireba konkretul istoriul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tu misi mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba istoriuli problemis sakuTari xedvis sisworeSi.

aqvs kargad gamoyofili Tezisi, sakamaTo sakiTxi, logikurad akavSirebs azrebs erTmaneTTan, namuSevari sainteresoa da mkiTxvelis interess iwvevs

Teziss amyarebs argumentebiT, magaliTebiT, citatebiT, faqtebiT an statistikiT, avlens istoriul kvlevis unar-Cvevebs.

ganixilavs sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs (kontrargumentebs) mizez-Sedegobrivi WriliT, asabuTebs sakuTari poziciis siswores.

aqvs daskvna, romelSic ajamebs da organizebas ukeTebs Temis ZiriTad nawilSi moyvanil sakamaTo sakiTxebsa da argumentebs.

citatis, perifrazis an sxvisi mosazrebis gamoyenebisas aucileblad uTiTebs wyaros.

darTuli aqvs gamoyenebuli literaturis sia.

rekomendacia:maswavlebels, saklaso garemodan gamomdinare, SeuZlia Sefasebis kriteriumebSi Seitanos

araerTi cvlileba: Seavsos, Secvalos, Seamciros, miusadagos igi moswavlisa Tu moswavleebis dones. sasurvelia maswavlebelma moswavleebTan erTad daadginos Sefasebis kriteriumebi.

CarTulobaistoriis gakveTilebze erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani moswavleTa CarTulobis gan-

sazRvraa. CarTulobidan gamomdinare arkvevs maswavlebeli, Tu ra dadebiTma faqtorebma Tu sisusteebma iCina Tavi gakveTilze. moswavleTa CarTuloba xSirad is barometria, riTac amowmebs maswavlebeli, miaRwia Tu ara gakveTilma mizans.

24

gakveTilze CarTulobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi

moswavle iSviaTad monawileobs gakveTilis msvlelobaSi, SesaZlebelia xelsac uSlides gakveTilis msvlelobas, gamoxatavs gakveTilis procesis mimarT indiferentul an agresiul damokidebulebas

1-2

moswavle damoukideblad ar erTveba gakveTilis procesSi, iSviaTad iCens iniciativas, maswavleblis gareSe misi CarTuloba xSirad ar mJRavndeba. 3-4

moswavle damoukideblad erTveba sagakveTilo procesSi, cdilobs iyos aqtiuri, magram misi aqtiuroba qmnis problemebs, _ mag: zedmetad bevrs saubrobs, awyvetinebs mosaubreebs, xandaxan cdilobs, zedmeti aqtiurobiT damalos sakuTari moumzadebloba, zogjer ar scems pativs sxvis muSaobas.

5-6

aqtiurad monawileobs gakveTilis msvlelobaSi da umetesad amJRavnebs winaswar mom-zadebulobas, pativs scems sxvebis azrsa da muSaobas, damoukideblad erTveba diskusiebsa Tu jgufur muSaobaSi, Tumca mis msjelobas ara aqvs sistemuri xasiaTi, aqvs Cavardnebi.

7-8

mudmivad mzadaa monawileoba miiRos gakveTilis msvlelobaSi, damoukideblad erTveba muSaobaSi, diskusiasa Tu problemebis gadaWraSi, exmareba da pativs scems sxvebs, kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli sakuTari roli sakiTxis Seswavlisas.

9-10

mimdinare davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi

moswavle igebs instruqcias da davalebas asrulebs maswavleblis mier miwodebuli instruqciis Sesamabisad

moswavle adgens istoriuli wyaros mTavar sakiTxs

msjelobs konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb da aanalizebs mas

asabuTebs sakuTar mosazrebasganxiluli movlenebisadmi gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas

wyaroebze muSaobis Sefasebis sqema

qula 4-5 6-7 8-9 10

dokumentis analizi

ubralod aRniSnavs (gamoyofs) erT an or faqts dokumentidan

Cans, rom esmis dokumentis Sinaarsi, gvTavazobs dokumentis minimalur analizs

gamoaqvs dokumen-tidan zusti informacia; asxv-avebs faqts da avtoriseul mosaz-rebas erTmaneTisgan, Tumca aklia siRrme (ver avlebs paralelebs, uWirs kavSirebis damyareba movlenebs Soris

iZleva dokumentis Rrma analizs da interpretacias (mohyavs analogiebi, iyenebs paralelebs, akavSirebs faqtebs da movlenebs erTmaneTTan), asxvavebs faqts da avtoriseul mosazrebas erTmaneTisagan, adgens avtoris sandoobas, msjelobs wyaros tendenciurobaze

istoriuli konteqstis codna

TiTqmis ar amJRavnebs epoqis codnas

amJRavnebs epoqis gar-kveul cod-nas, Tum ca uSvebs zo-gierT uzus-tobebs

iyenebs epoqis codnas wyaroSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis analizis dros

amJRavnebs epoqis Rrma codnas, ukavSirebs wyaros im specifikur istoriul konteqsts, romelSic Seiqmna igi, gamoTqvams da asabuTebs sakuTar pozicias

wyaros mTavari sakiTxis (sakiTxebis) da avtoris miznebis gansazRvra

ar cdilobs gansazRvros wyaros mTavari sakiTxi

zogadad aRwers erT-erT sakiTxs. romelsac exeba wyaro

gansazRvravs mTavar sakiTxs da cdilobs imsjelos avtoris miznebze

gansazRvravs mTavar sakiTxs, esmis avtoris miznebi, gamoaqvs wyarodan meoradi informacia

25

gakveTilis dagegmva

vidre gakveTilis dagegmvas daiwyebdeT, ixelmZRvaneleT am sqemaSi mocemuli SekiTxvebiT:

gakveTilis dagegmvis Sefasebis sqema

gakveTilis mizani gasagebad da konkretulad aris warmodgenili

saswavlo mizani gamoxatavs imas, rasac moswavleebisagan unda movelodeT

mizani realisturad aris warmodgenili da misi miRweva SesaZlebelia gakveTilis dasasruls

Sefasebis xerxebi saSualebas iZleva davadginoT, mivaRwieT Tu ara mizans

aqtivoba (aqtivobebi) emsaxureba miznis miRwevas

gakveTilebis dawyebis forma iwvevs moswavleebis motivacias

moswavleTa organizebis forma iwvevs moswavleTa motivacias

moswavleTa organizebis forma xels uwyobs miznis miRwevas

gamoyenebuli resursebi iwvevs moswavleTa motivacias da maT aqtiur CarTvas sagakveTilo procesSi

Sefasebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebi Seesabameba mizans

gakveTilis dagegmva

rogor unda daigegmos gakveTilebi?imisaTvis, rom maswavlebelma gakveTilze miaRwios Sedegs, pirvel rigSi unda daisaxos mizani:ras unda, rom miaRwios? ratom unda? rogor unda? ra saSulebebis gamoyenebiT? rogori organizebiT? ra droSi? ra resursebiT?rogor mixvdes maswavlebeli, miaRwia Tu ara Sedegs? ras unda, rom miaRwios? magaliTad Tqveni mizani aris: moswavlem imsjelos problemis mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebze.ratom unda maswavlebels problemis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirze yuradRebis gamaxvileba? raTa moswavlem SeZlos gaiazros problema, misi gamomwvevi mizezebi, misgan gamomdinare

moklevadiani Tu grZelvadian Sedegebi, SeiZinos iseTi unar-Cvevebi, rogoricaa drosa da siv rceSi orientacia, problemebis gaazreba, kavSirebis dadgena;

rogor unda maswavlebels amis gakeTeba? konkretuli istoriuli wyaroTi, teqstiT an wyaroebiTa da teqstebis saSulebiT.ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT?kiTxvebze pasuxebiT, cxrilebis, diagramebis, SevsebiT, daskvnebis gamotaniT. rogori organizebiT?individualurad, wyvilebsa Tu jgufebSi. ra droSi? maswavlebeli unda Caetios 45 wuTSi, Sesabamisad unda daiyos yvela aqtivoba da gaiTvalos

droSi. ra resursebis gamoyenebiT?saxelmZRvanelo, rveuli, dafa, carci yvela istoriis gakveTilze saWiro resursia, gar-

26

da amisa, Temidan gamomdinare, saWiroa sxva damatebiTi resursebi _ rukebi, plakatebi, fo-toebi Tu a. S.

rogor mixvdes maswavlebeli, miaRwia Tu ara Sedegs? amisTvis pasuxi unda gavceT ramdenime kiTxvas: ra SevafasoT, vin SevafasoT da rogor

SevafasoT. Tu Tqveni gakevTilis mizani mizez-Sedegobrivi WriliT problemis gaazrebaa, maSin unda SeafasoT:

ra? (ixileT mizez-Sedegobrivis Sefasebis komponentebi);vin? _ es mxolod Tqveni gadasawyvetia, romel moswavles SeafasebT da ratom. sasurvelia,

daeyrdnoT CarTulobis sqemas.rogor? faqtobrivad pasuxi gacemulia, im Sefasebis sqemebiT, romlis gamoyenebasac

Tqven apirebT gakveTilze.

kiTxvebi gakveTilis Catarebis Semdeg anu refleqsia

refleqsia niSnavs maswavleblis mxridan TviTSefasebasa da sakuTar moqmedebebze meTvalyureobis mudmiv process. Catarebul gakveTilebze informaciis mogroveba, analizi da Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT sakuTari praqtika da gavaumjobesoT igi. refleqsia Secvlis da gaaumjobesebs Cvens swavlebas.

Tu gakveTili kargad warimarTa, Cven unda vecadoT aRmovaCinoT is faqtorebi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo gakveTilis warmatebul msvlelobas.

Tu moswavleebi ver gaigeben sakiTxs, Cven unda davfiqrdeT, ratom ver gaiges? Tu moswavleebi araorganizebulad muSaoben, unda ganvsazRvroT, rodis da ratom? refleqsuri swavleba aris mudmivi procesi. amdenad, maswavlebelma sistematurad unda

gasces pasuxebi kiTxvebs:• ras vakeTeb?• ratom vakeTeb?• ramdenad Sedegiania?• rogoria moswavleTa sapasuxo qmedebebi?• vin aris klasSi aqtiuri? ratom?• vin aris klasSi pasiuri? ratom?• mivaRwie Tu ara mizans?• ra iyo moswavleebisaTvis rTuli? martivi?• ra iswavles klasSi?• gamoviwvie da SevinarCune moswavleebis interesi gakveTilze?• rodis iyo Cemi instruqciebi naTeli?• miveci Tu ara yvela moswavles monawileobis saSualeba? SevZeli Tu ara, damenaxa

mos wavleebis progresi? • ras gaviTvaliswineb momdevno gakveTilis dagegmvis dros?• rogor SemiZlia, gavakeTo ukeTesad?

rekomendaciebi saSinao davalebebis Sesaxeb

sasurvelia, saSinao davalebis ganxilvas dauTmoT garkveuli dro. es mniSvnelovania, rom SeafasoT codna, gageba, codnis gamoyeneba, analizis unari, kvleva, sqemebis Sevsebis, gaazrebisa da sworad Sevsebis unari. sqema analizia da Tu moswavles mis SevsebaSi Seeqmna problemebi, ukeTesi iqneba, kvlav ganixiloT, sxva moswavleebis pasuxebiT miaxvedroT, Tu ramdenad swori an araswori iyo mis mier Sesrulebuli davaleba.

davalebis Semowmebis alternatiul gzad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT rveulebis erTmaneTSi gac vla, moswavleebis mier erTmaneTis namuSevrebis Sefaseba da Semdgom ukve klasSi ganxilva da analizi.

27

imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma iswavlon istoriuli Temis wera, kvleva, argumentirebuli msjeloba, umjobesia klasSi sistematurad damuSavebul kiTxvebze moswavleebma saxlSi we-rilobiT vrclad upasuxon, rveulebSi Caixazon da Seavson sqemebi, cxrilebi Tu diagramebi. kiTxvebze regularulad kargad dasabuTebuli pasuxebis gacema faqtiurad moswavleebs iseT unars ganuviTarebs, rom wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegi _ istoriuli Temis wera advilad miRwevadi gaxdeba.

gakveTilis gegmebi

qvemoT mocemulia ToTxmeti gakveTili gegma. es gegmebi sarekomendacioa da Tqven SegiZliaT, sxvagvarad CaataroT gakveTilebi. isini, Cvens mier zemoT motanil gakveTilis dagegmvis sqemasTan da saswavlo meTodebis aRwerilobasTan erTad dagexmarebian nebismieri sxva gakveTilis dagegmvaSi.

gakveTili 1.1 ra aris istoria

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia msjeloba sxvadasxva epoqaSi istoriuli azris ganviTarebis procesze.

indikatori: msjelobs sxvadasxva epoqis istorikosebze, romelTac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi;

msjelobs sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi istoriis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis (istoria, rogorc propaganda, istoria da eTika, istoria da Teologia) Sesaxeb

gakveTilis miznebi

Sefaseba aqtivobebi moswavleTa organizeba

drois ganawileba

resursebi

moswavle imsjelebs sxvadasxva epoqaSi istoriis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

problemis gaazrebis unari

kiTxva- pasuxi; komentarebi

mini-leqcia

gonebrivi ieriSi

saxelmZRvanelos teqstze muSaoba da davalebebis SesrulebakiTxva-pasuxi

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

individualurimuSaoba

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

5 wT

15 wT

10 wT

12 wT

3 wT

saxel-

mZRvanelo

rekomendacia: siis amokiTxvisa da klasis gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebs acnobeT, rom isini X klasSi

Seiswavlian axal kurss _ istoriis Sesavals, auxseniT sagnis miznebi da amocanebi. moswavleebs dausviT kiTxvas: _ ra aris istoria? es meTodi, romelic Tanamedrove

pedagogikaSi cnobilia gonebrivi ieriSis saxelwodebiT, TiToeuli moswavlis individualur aqtivobas moiTxovs da saerTo saqmeSi monawileobis gziT Tqven dasmul kiTxvaze mraval-ferovan pasuxebs iRebT. gonebrivi ieriSis meTodi xels uwyobs:

• komunikaciis• SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis• sakuTari azris gamoTqmis• informaciis daxarisxebis• msjelobis, analizis• Sefasebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.

28

moswavleTa azris gamoTqmisas daculi unda iyos Semdegi principebi:• azris gamoTqma nebayoflobiTi da Tavisufalia;• maT SeuZliaT gamoTqvan ramdenime mosazreba (idea SeiZleba iyos rogorc originaluri,

ise sxvisi ideis ganviTarebis Sedegi);• moswavleTa mier mosazrebis gamoTqmis dros ar unda dauSvaT kamaTi, mosazrebis

kritika an Sefaseba, unda imuSaoT principiT _ yvela mosazreba misaRebia;• moswavleTa mier mosazrebis gamoTqmisas mniSvnelovania ideebis raodenoba da ara

xarisxi. xarisxze msjeloba unda moxdes mosazrebebis gamoTqmis dasrulebis Semdeg;• dafaze unda daweroT moswavleTa yvela idea, maT Soris yvelaze miuRebelic ki.

amis Semdeg moswavleebs daajgufebineT msgavsi da Seajamon mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebi _ ra aris istoria?

Semdgom etapze moswavleebs aZlevT davalebas: waikiTxon gakveTilSi motanili wyaroebi da gascen pasuxi Tan darTul kiTxvebs. gakveTilis daskvniTi nawili dauTmeT sam Semajamebel kiTxvas:

a. ras Seiswavlis istoria, anu ra warmoadgens istoriis Seswavlis sagans?b. gamoTqviT Tqveni azri istoriis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.g. ris SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians istoriis Seswavla? dausviT saboloo kiTxva: Seicvala Tu ara maTi mosazreba gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvaze: ra aris istoria?gakvTilis bolos moswavleebs saxlSi Sesasruleblad mieciT gakveTilis bolo davalebebi

gakveTili 2.3 pa le og ra fi ul-qro no lo gi u ri Zi e ba ni

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia analitikuri msjeloba istoriis qronologiisa da peri odi-zaciis sakiTxebze

indikatori: icnobs kalendris sxvadasxva sistemas, adarebs mas msoflioSi sayovelTaod aRiarebul kalendarTan

gakveTilis miznebi Sefaseba aqtivobebimoswavleTa organizeba

drois ganawileba

resursebi

moswavleebi gaicnoben saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul welTaRricxvis sistemebs da SeZleben TariRebis gamoTvlas.

TanamSromlobis unari

ganmsazRvreli;

prezentacia

gakvTilis teqstze muSaoba da kiTxvebze pasuxi

mini-leqcia

wyaroze muSaoba

prezentacia

Sejameba-Sefaseba

individu-alurimuSaoba

mTeli klasi

jgufebSimuSaobajgufebi

mTeli klasi

15 wT

5 wT

10 wT

10 wT

5 wT

saxel-

mZRvanelo

rekomendacia:moswavleebi individualurad gaecnon gakveTilis teqsts da upasuxon SekiTxvebs; Tuki aRmoaCenT, rom moswavleebs gauWirdaT dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, mas-

wavleblis wignSi warmodgenil damxmare masalaze dayrdnobiT detalurad auxsniT sakiTxs. moswavleebis 4 jgufs amuSavebT wyaroebze; TiToeul jgufs mieciT TiTo wyaro. TiToeulma jgufma warmoadginos Sesrulebuli samuSao.

29

damxmare masala:bibliis wignebis Tanaxmad, Cveni winaprebi Tvlidnen, rom ufali ieso qriste iSva samyaros

`dasabamiTgan~ 5604 wels. e.i. 2006 weli samyaros gaCenidan aris 5604 + 2006, anu 7610 weli. modiT 2006 weli qoronikoniT*, `moqcevebis~ mixedviT gamovTvaloT. ukve iciT, rom axali welTaRricxviT 2006 weli aris samyaros gaCenidan, anu `dasabamiTgan~ 7610 weli. axla qoronikoniT davadginoT meramdene moqcevis romeli welia 7610 weli ̀ dasabamiTgan~. amisaTvis unda gamovTvaloT, Tu ramdenjer moTavsdeba erTi moqceva, 532 weli, 7610-Si srulad. amisaTvis 7610 : 532 = 14 (162). 162 aris naSTi da niSnavs, rom 14 moqceva Sesrulda da daiwyo me-15. maSasadame, 2006 weli yofila me-15 `moqcevis~ 162-e weli. nebismieri movlena, daTariRebuli axali welTaRricxviT, SeiZleba gamovTvaloT qoronikoniT martivi formuliT: (X X 5604) : 32 = (N)(K). rac niSnavs X X 5604 = 532 N + K sadac N mTeli ricxvia, K ki _ naSTi. e. i. N moqceva Ses rulda da daiwyo N + 1 moqcevis K weli. sicxadisaTvis mag., 63 : 10 = 6 (3).

63 = 10 X 6 + 3. SegaxsenebT, rom 2006 wlis 26 maisi axali welTaRricxviT gviCvenebs, rom qristeSobidan gavida (Sesrulda) 2005 weli, 4 Tve da aris me-5 Tvis 26-e dRe.

magram rogor moviqceT, roca movlena daTariRebulia `dasabamiTgan~ da es ricxvi nak-lebia 5604-ze?

gamovTvaloT `dasabamiTgan~ me-8 moqcevis 346 weli. amisaTvis 532 X 7 + 346 = 3934 + 346 = 4280. ratom vamravlebT 7-ze? imitom, rom me-8 moqcevis 346-e weli niSnavs imas, rom 7 moqceva, anu 7-jer 532 weli Sesrulda da vimyofebiT me-8 moqcevis 346-e welSi. axla vnaxoT romeli welia `dasabamiTgan~ 4280. cxadia, es TariRi iyo qristeSobamde, radgan 4280 < 5604, e.i. 4280 naklebia 5604-ze. maS, 4280-idan aTvlili ramdeni wlis Semdeg daiwyeboda axali welTaRricxva? amisaTvis 5604 _ 4280 = 1324. 5604 = 4280 + 1324, e. i. 4280 weli `dasabamiTgan~ yofila 1324 weli qristes dabademde Zveli welTaRricxviT.

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia romelime welTaRricxviT daTariRebuli movlenis sxva welT-aRricxviT daTariReba, anu erTi welTaRricxvidan meoreSi gadayvana. mTavaria, vicodeT maT Soris kavSiri.

gamovTvaloT ̀ dasabamiTgan~ 5604 weli, anu axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisi ̀ qoronikoniT~. 5604 : 532 = 10 (284). es TariRi yofila me-11 moqcevis 284-e weli.

zemoT motanili masalis ukeT asaTviseblad, sasurvelia, moswavleebma winaswar gaimeoron ricxviTi wrfe, naSTiani gayofa da masStabi. am saqmeSi dagexmarebaT maTematikis maswavlebeli, rac Tqvens moswavleebs amocanis warmatebiT gadaWras gauadvilebs. miT umetes, rom amgvari da msgavsi tipis sakiTxebi farTod aris warmodgenili zogadi unarebis testebSi.

is, razedac visaubreT, e.i. `dasabamiTgan~ da `qoronikoniT~ grafikuladaa gamosaxuli ricxviTi wrfiT, romelic saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia (gv. 16, nax. # 2).

`istoriis Sesavalidan~ ukve iciT, rom qoronikoni saqarTveloSi pirvelad VIII s.-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan gamoiyenes da misi XIII moqcevis sawyisi TariRi 780 welia.

* gaiTvaliwineT, rom damxmare masalaSi X-iT movlenis TariRia aRniSnuli.

* qoronokini _ VI saukuneSi qristianul samyaroSi SemoRebuli welTaRricxvaa. misi yoveli cikli, anu `moqceva~ Seicavs 532 wels, romelic mzis (28) da mTvaris (19) wreTa namravliTaa miRebuli 28 X 12 = 532. yovel axal mo-qcevaSi meordeba mTvaris asaki, Tvisa da kviris dReTa Tanamimdevroba. welTaRricxvis qoronikonuli sistemiT sargeblobis mizani paseqis (aRdgomis) moaruli dResaswaulis winaswari gamoTvlaa da masSi wlis dasawyisad martia miRebuli.

30

gakveTili 2.4 naxatidan damwerlobamde

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriis ZiriTad da damxmare dargebze msjeloba da maTi specifikis gansazRvra

indikatori: msjelobs istoriuli dargebis adgilsa da mniSvnelobaze istoriuli pro-cesis SesaZlebeli sisruliT aRdgenisa da aRqmisTvis

gakveTilis miznebi

Sefaseba aqtivobebimoswavleTa organizeba

drois ganawileba

resursebi

moswavleebi msjeloben damwerlobis ganviTarebis da istoriisTvis misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb

problemis gaazrebis unari

urTierTSefa-

seba.

mini-leqcia

saxelmZRvanelos teqstze muSaoba

kiTxva pasuxi

wyaroebze muSaoba

prezentacia

Sefaseba da saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

individualurimuSaoba

mTeli klasi

individualuri

individualuri

mTeli klasi

3 wT

7 wT

5 wT

12 wT

10 wT

3 wT

saxel-

mZRvanelo

rekomendacia:CaatareT mini-leqcia damwerlobis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaze;moswavleebi saxelmZRvanelos teqsts amuSaveben da pasuxoben kiTxvebs;kiTxva-pasuxis saSualebiT amowmebT, rogor gaiges masala;moswavleebi individualurad muSaoben wyaroebze da asruleben davalebas;moswavleebi (SerCeviT) klasis winaSe warmoadgenen Sesrulebuls samuSaos; moswavleebi erTmaneTis namuSevrebis afaseben. saboloo Sejamebas axdens maswavlebeli; saSinao davaleba _ paragrafis bolo davaleba.

gakveTili 2.7 numizmatika

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriis ZiriTad da damxmare dargebze msjeloba da maTi spe cifikis gansazRvra.

indikatori: msjelobs istoriuli dargebis adgilsa da mniSvnelobaze istoriuli pro-cesis SesaZlebeli sisruliT aRdgenisa da aRqmisTvis;

samuzeumo fondebisa da teqnologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT moiZiebs qarTuli mo-netebis da qaRaldis fulis ZiriTad nimuSebs da adarebs sxva qveynis fulis nimuSebs; msje-lobs numizmatikis da bonistikis mniSvnelobaze.

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriis wyaroebis klasificireba.indikatori: tipologiurad ajgufebs saistroio wyaroebs.

31

gakveTilis miznebi Sefaseba aqtivobebimoswavleTa

organizeba

drois

ganawilebaresursebi

moswavle aanalizebs

istoriuli kvlevis

dros numizmatikis

mniSvnelobas,

msjelobs

politikuri

procesebis da

religiis gavlenaze

qveynis ekonomikur

politikaze

ganmsazRvre-

li;

kiTxva-pasuxi

mini-leqcia

saxelmZRvanelos

teqstze muSaoba

kiTxva-pasuxi

Sefaseba

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

wyvilebSi

muSaoba

individu-

aluri

individu-

aluri

mTeli klasi

5 wT

20 wT

15 wT

3 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRva-

nelo

nivTieri

wyaro

(moneta,

qaRaldis

fuli)

rekomendacia: 1. moswavleebs essaubreT numizmatikis Sesaxeb. TvalsaCinoebisTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenoT

nebismieri moneta (sasurvelia Zveli an sxva qveynis); 2. moswavleebi wyvilebSi gaecnon teqsts da upasuxon kiTxvebs; 3. kiTxva-pasuxiT SeamowmeT Sesrulebuli samuSao; 4. SeafaseT moswavleebi da SeajameT gakveTili ; 5. saSinao davaleba: werilobiT Seasrulon davaleba; sasurvelia, igive saxis davaleba Seasrulon maT xelT arsebuli nebismieri monetis

magaliTze.

gakveTili 2.16 istoriuli kartografia

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriis ZiriTad da damxmare dargebze msjeloba da maTi specifikis gansazRvra.

indikatori: msjelobs istoriuli dargebis adgilsa da mniSvnelobaze istoriuli pro-cesis SesaZlebeli sisruliT aRdgenisa da aRqmisTvis; gansazRvravs istoriuli geog rafiis mniSvnelobas, icnobs istoriuli kartografiis Ziritad etapebs, maT Soris, qarTuli kar-tografiis ganviTarebis istorias.

gakveTilis miznebi

Sefaseba aqtivobebimoswavleTa organizeba

drois ganawileba

resursebi

informaciis mopoveba da organizeba,istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba, rukaze orientacia,TanamSromloba


mini-leqcia kartografiis Sesaxeb

teqsti

kiTxva-pasuxi

davaleba- kartografiul rukebze muSaoba-cxrilis Sevseba

diskusia

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

individualurad

mTeli klasi

jgufurad

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

6 wT

6 wT

6 wT

15 wT

10 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

rveuli

32

rekomendacia:gakveTili daiwyeT mini-leqciiT kartografiis Sesaxeb. Semdeg moswavleebs mieciT wa saki-

Txad teqsti da dasviT SekiTxvebi, rom SeamowmoT, ramdenad kargad gaiges wakiTxuli. teq stis Semdeg moswavleebi dayaviT jgufebad da mieciT davaleba _ kartografiuli rukebis kvle-va. davalebis Sesrulebisa da Sejamebis Semdeg dasviT sadiskusio kiTxva: _ rogor fiq robT, qalaqebis zrda, es progresia Tu regresi? Sesabamisad, klasSi aRmoCndebian moswav le ebi, romlebic urTierTgansxvavebulad fiqroben. diskusiisas sTxoveT maT, pasuxebi daasa bu Ton.

maswavlebels SeuZlia saSinao davalebad moswavleebs daavalos, moiZion maTi qalaqis, soflis Tu dabis kartografiuli ruka, rom Semdeg gakveTilze ganixilon.

gakveTili 2.17. demografia

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriis ZiriTad da damxmare dargebze msjeloba da maTi specifikis gansazRvra.

indikatori: CamoTvlis istoriis damxmare dargebs, icnobs maT specifikas, gamoyofs kvle vis umTavres obieqtebs.

msjelobs istoriuli dargebis adgilsa da mniSvnelobaze istoriuli procesis SesaZ-lebeli sisruliT aRdgenisa da aRqmisTvis.

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriis wyaroebis klasificireba.indikatori: tipologiurad ajgufebs saistorio wyaroebs.


drois ganawileba

resursebi

informaciis mopoveba da organizeba

istoriuli interpretaciis unari

istoriul-geografiuli saSualebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna

TanamSromloba

mimdinare davalebis Sefasebis sqema

kiTxva-pasuxi

mini-leqcia demografiis Sesaxeb

teqstis wakiTxvakiTxva-pasuxi

davaleba- saqarTvelos I statistikis Sesaxeb

wyaro 3-is mixedviT cxrilis Sedgena

cxrilis mixedviT diagramis ageba ganxilva

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

individualurad

individualurad

wyvilebSi

jgufebSi

mTeli klasi

5 wT

7 wT

6 wT

12 wT

13 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

rveuli

dafa

rekomendacia:davalebis pasuxi (I statistika saqarTvelos Sesaxeb)am statistikis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 5 ml. adamiani cxovrobda. 9X6=54. 54X90.000=4.860.000SegiZliaT saSinao davalebad moswavleebs misceT davaleba 2. auxseniT, rom SeuZliaT,

davalebis cxrili metia-naklebobis principiT amoikiTxon. mTavaria yvela punqti ganixilon.

33

gakveTili 4.1. pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos da Seafasos istoriuli movlenis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi.

indikatori: adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis gan-sxvavebul informacias, an gvaZlevs istoriuli movlenis an pirovnebis gansxvavebul Sefa-sebas; msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gansxva vebuli interpretaciebis ar seboba;

adarebs konkretul istoriul movlenaze (pirovnebaze) arsebul ori (an sami) istorikosis gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss, kritikulad afasebs mas da ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebas am istoriuli movlenis (pirovnebis) Sesaxeb;

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos pirvelad da meoradi wyaroebi.indikatori: gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas istoriuli wyaros avtoris Sesaxeb da kriti-

kulad afasebs, Tu ramdenad sandoa igi.gansazRvravs istroiuli wyaros Seqmnis mizans _ avtoris motivacias.


drois ganawileba

resursebi


drosa da sivrceSi orientacia

kritikuli analizi

istoriuli interpretacia

problemis gaazreba da kavSirebis dadgena

erTi da imave movlenis gansxva vebuli interpre-taciasa da Tvalsaz-risebis Sefasebis sqema

mini leqcia

gonebrivi ieriSi

teqstiwyaro 1

kiTxvebi

davaleba-sqemis Sevseba

wyaro 2kiTxvebi

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

individualurad

mTeli klasi

individualurad

individualurad

individualurad

4 wT

5 wT

10 wT

8 wT

8 wT

8 wT

2 wT

saxel-mZRvanelo

rveuli

dafa

rekomendacia: gakveTili daiwyeT mini-leqciiT pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis Sesaxeb. gaagrZeleT

gonebrivi ieriSiT Temaze _ ra iciT giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb? moswavleebs mieciT wasakiTxad teqsti da wyaro 1. sasurvelia moswavleebma imuSaon individualurad. wyaros wakiTxvis Semdeg dasviT kiTxvebi (umjobesia, gakveTilis bolos mocemuli cxrili wyaros avtoris vinaobis Sesaxeb daxazuli gqondeT dafaze). kiTxvebis dasmisas paralelurad SeavseT (an moswavleebs SeavsebineT) dafaze daxazuli cxrili. Semdeg mieciT davaleba, Seavson sqema individualurad. igive proceduriT warmarTeT meore wyaros damuSavebis procesi. amasTan, moswavleebs yuradReba gaamaxvilebineT wyaroebSi arsebul msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze. am ori wyaros Sedarebisas sasurvelia gamoiyenoT venis diagrama. saSinao davalebad moswavleebs mieciT, klasSi ganxilul kiTxvebze werilobiT warmoadginon pasuxebi (mxolod wyaro a, b da g-is safuZvelze) da paragrafis bolo davaleba (cxrili).

34

gakveTili 5.5. faqtebi da Sefasebebi _ odiSis mTavari levan dadiani

gakveTili I


indikatori: adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis ga nsxvavebul informacias, an gvaZlevs istoriuli movlenis an pirovnebi gansxvavebul Se-fasebas; msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gan sxvavebuli interpretaciebis ar seboba;


Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos pirvelad da meoradi wyaroebi.indikatori: istoriul wyaroebze muSaobisas adgens mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs;

indikatori: adgens istoriuli wyaros mTavar sakiTxs;adarebs wyaroebs, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze (pirovnebaze) gvawvdis

gansxvavebul informacias (an gvaZlevs erTi da imave istoriuli mov lenis an pirovnebis gansxvavebul Sefasebas);

msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis ar seboba (mag.: istoriuli wyaros Seqmnis epoqa da garemo, avtoris erovneba, misi politikuri Tu religiuri orientacia, socialuri statusi da sxv.);


drois ganawileba

resursebi

erTi da imave istoriuli mov-lenis gansxva vebu-li inter preta-ciebis analizi

teqstidan, istoriuli wyaroebidan, faqtebis amoReba, daskvnebis gakeTeba, mTavari sakiTxis dadgena


wyaroebis kritikuli analizi

wyaroebze muSaobis sqema

wyaroebSi mTavari azris dadgenis Sefasebis sqema

CarTulobis Sefasebis sqema

mini leqcia

wyaroebbze muSaoba

kiTxva-pasuxi

saklaso weriTi davaleba: saxelmZRvanelos davalebebis Sesruleba (debatebis garda)

debatebisaTvis mzadeba, instruqciebis micema

mTeli klasi

individualurad

mTeli klasi

individualurad

mTeli klasi

5 wT

10 wT

5 wT

20 wT

5 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

ruka

rveuli

dafa

rekomendacia:sasurvelia, saklaso davaleba waiRoT saxlSi da iq gaasworoT. Sedegebi moswavleebs ga-

acaniT amave paragrafis II gakveTilis bolos. rekomendacia debatebis Casatareblad: moswavleebs auxseniT debatebis wesebi.daajgufeT isini survilis mixedviT (Tu naxavT, rom msurveli 6 moswavleze metia, maSin

CaatareT kenWisyra, ar daakonkretoT, vin romeli pozicias iTamaSebs. uTxariT, rom es

35

gadawydeba mxolod TamaSamde 5 wuTiT adre. Sesabamisad, maT orive pozicia unda daamuSaon: rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi.

danarCen moswavleebs auxseniT, rom isini iqnebian msajebi da detalur analizs gaukeTeben TamaSs, amave dros, miiReben gadawyvetilebas, romelic, SesaZloa, ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre Tqveni. daamateT, rom yvelas mouwevs gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebac.

aqedan gamomdinare, saklaso oTaxSi yvela aqtiuri iqneba:I etapze modebateebi iqnebian aqtiurni, xolo msajebi _ aqtiuri msmenelebi; II etapze msajebi iqnebian aqtiurni da modebateebi _ aqtiuri msmenelebi; daavaleT moswavleebs, moiZion damatebiTi informaciebi da uTxariT, rom de batebis

Sefasebis sqemas daemateba mniSvnelovani komponenti _ informaciuloba, romelic gani saz-Rvreba ara marto saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli informaciiT, aramed damatebiTi kvleviT.

damatebiTi resursebis sia:•sixaruliZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisaTvis XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, Tb.,

1957; •iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Txz. III, Tb., 1983;•saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb., 1973;•g. jamburia, giorgi saakaZe, Tb.,•anTelava, levan II dadiani, Tb., 1990;ufro meti datvirTva rom misceT, SegiZliaT, debatebs daaswroT sxva paraleluri kla-

sebis moswavleebi; instruqcia 6 monawilis debatebisaTvis:SearCieT gundebi _ dadebiTi, uarmyofeli (SesaZloa, gaiTvaliswinoT survili), daniSneT

msajebi da drois maregulirebeli. moswavleebma unda Camoayalibon dadebiTi da uaryofiTi poziciebi. gundebis poziciebi unda Sedgebodes 3-3 argumentisgan, romlebic gamyarebuli iqneba

faqtebiT. pozicia unda dasruldes daskvniT, anu SejamebiT.I momxsenebeli saubrobs (mas SeuZlia waikiTxos da es naklad ar eTvleba) gundis poziciaze;II momxseneblebi uaryofen an amyareben sakuTari gundis poziciebs;III momxseneblebi ki ajameben uSualod TamaSs da auditorias amcnoben, vin ukeT iTamaSa

da ratom;msajebic TamaSs analizs ukeTeben momxseneblebidan gamomdinare da bolos ajameben.

gakveTili II


indikatori: adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis gan sxvavebul informacias, an gvaZlevs istroiuli movlenis an pirovnebi gansxvavebul Sefa-sebas; msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gan sxva vebuli interpretaciebis ar seboba;


moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi.indikatori: istoriul wyaroebze muSaobisas adgens mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs;

36


drois ganawileba

resursebi

poziciis SemuSaveba, kritika, dacva



gunduri muSaobis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba

debatebis Sefasebis sqema

TviTSefaseba da urTierTSefaseba

debati

msajebis (moswavleebis) mier debatis analizi maswavleblis analizi da saklaso davalebis Sefaseba

winaswar SerCeuli moswavleebi

danarCebi moswavleebi da maswavlebeli

30 wT

10 wT

5 wT

saklaso oTaxi

rekomendacia:Tu skolas aqvs video-saSualebebi, Tqven SegiZliaT gadaiRoT debatebi, rom Semdeg

nebismier dros miubrundeT, ganixiloT igi klasTan. gamoyoT TamaSis Zlieri da susti mxareebi, rom moswavleebma gaiTvaliswinon SeniSvnebi Semdgomi TamaSebisaTvis.

gakveTili 5.6. pirovnebis roli istoriaSi _ Cingiz yaeni


indikatori: adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis ga-n sxvavebul informacias, an gvaZlevs istoriuli movlenis an pirovnebis gansxvavebul Se fa-sebas; msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis ga nsxvavebuli inter pretaciebis ar seboba;


Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos pirvelad da meoradi wyaroebi.indikatori: gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas istoriuli wyaros avtoris Sesaxeb da kriti-

kulad afasebs, Tu ramdenad sandoa igi.

gakveTilis miznebi Sefaseba aqtivobebi moswavleTa organizeba

drois ganawileba

resursebi

wyaroebis Sedareba kritikuli analizi


komunikacia

rukaze orientaciadrosa da sivrceSi orientacia

CarTulobis Sefasebis sqema

mini leqcia

wyaro 1-2 kiTxvebi

wyaro 3-4-5davaleba

wyaro 6kiTxvebi

sqemis Sevseba

saSinao davaleba

individualurad

mTeli klasi

individualurad

wyvilebSi

individualuradmTeli klasi

jgufurad

4 wT

7 wT

10 wT

12 wT

10 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelorveuli

ruka

dafa

37

rekomendaciebi:gakveTilSi mocemuli teqstis safuZvelze CaatareT mini-leqcia.kiTxvebisas SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT avtoris vinaobis dadgenis cxrili da daxazoT

dafaze. meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis sasurvelia gamoiyenoT saqarTvelos da msoflios rukebi. gakveTilis bolos mocemuli davalebSi moswavleebs yuradReba gaamaxvilebineT ara marto wyaroebze, aramed rukaze. savaraudo pasuxebia: Cingiz yaenis pozitiuri mxare: Zlieri jaris Seqmna; disciplina; organizacia; sxvisi dadebiTis mimbaZveloba da gamoyeneba (mag. CineTidan gadmoiRo..) Cingiz yaenis negatiuri mxare: dampyrobeli; sastiki; sxvis azrs ar iTvaliswinebda; samxedro diqtatori iyo.

Cingiz yaenis imperiis pozitiuri Sedegebi: mibaZva jaris disciplinasa da Zli ere ba-Si; geografiuli Tvalsawieris gafarToeba; Cinuri tradiciebis, teqnologiebis gacno ba msoflios mier;

imperiis negatiuri Sedegebi: mosaxleobis gaJleta-datyveveba; sisxli;keTilmowyobili qalaqebisa da soflebis ngreva; naTesebisa da baRebis ganadgureba da sxv.

gakveTili 5.9.Semajamebeli davaleba. saqarTvelo-bizantia X-XI saukuneebSi

gakveTili I


indikatori: adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis gan sxvavebul informacias, an gvaZlevs istoriuli movlenis an pirovnebi, gansxvavebul Sefa-sebas; msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gan sxva vebuli interpretaciebis ar seboba;


Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia gaanalizos pirvelad da meoradi wyaroebi.indikatori: istoriul wyaroebze muSaobisas adgens mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs.


drois ganawileba

resursebi

wyaroSi mTavari azris dadgena

movlenasa da movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena

problemis gaazreba



mizezisa da Sedegis gansazRvris Sefasebis kriteriumebis sqema

wyaro kiTxvebidavaleba

wyaro 2kiTxvebidavaleba

diskusia

teqsti, wyaro 3 kiTxvebidavaleba

saSinao davaleba

individualurad mTeli klasiindividualurad

individualurad mTeli klasiwyvilebSi

mTeli klasi

individualurad mTeli klasi

wyvilebSi

8 wT

15 wT

10 wT

10 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

rveuli

dafa

38

rekomendaciebi:gakveTilze 1 da 2 wyaroebis ganxilvis Semdeg (davalebebiT) moawyveT diskusia daviT III-is

politikasTan dakavSirebiT. SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT dafa da masze CamoweroT moswavleTa mier gamoTqmuli Sefasebebi. moswavleebs sTxoveT, rom gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi aucileblad daasabuTon.

saSinao davalebad moswavleebs sasurvelia misceT wyaro 4 da wyaro 5 damoukideblad dasamuSaveblad. dasZineT, rom yvela wyaros kiTxvebze pasuxebi warmoadginon werilobiT.

gakveTili II


indikatori: adarebs or wyaros, romlebic konkretul istoriul movlenaze gvawvdis gan sxvavebul informacias, an gvaZlevs istoriuli movlenis an pirovnebis gansxvavebul Se fasebas; msjelobs im faqtorebze, rom lebmac ganapiroba konkretuli movlenis gansxva-vebuli interpretaciebis ar seboba;



drois ganawileba

resursebi

faqtebisa da Sefasebebis gamijvna

movlenasa da movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena

problemis gaazreba




wyaroebis analizi

davaleba _ cxrilis Sevseba; faqtebi da Sefasebebi

wyaro 6 kiTxvebi

davaleba _ cxrilis Sevseba; SedarebiTi analizi

Semajamebeli diskusia

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

wyvilebSi

mTeli klasi

mcire jgufebSi

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

6 wT

10 wT

5 wT

10 wT

12 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

rveuli

dafa

rekomendacia:sadiskusio moswavleebs hkiTxeT _ rogor Sefasebas miscemdnen saqarTvelos mefeebis

politikas? pasuxebi daasabuTon. saSinao davalebad moswavleebs daavaleT werilobiT upasuxon kiTxvas: _ rogori ur-

TierToba iyo bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris am periodSi? ra iyo amis mizezebi? rogori iyo Sedegebi? Seafason saqarTvelos mefeebis politika _ rogoria maTi TvaliT danaxuli epoqa, Seadaron mefeTa gadawyvetilebebi.

39

gakveTili 5.10. pirovnebis roli istoriaSi ilia WavWavaZe

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia, gaanalizos pirvelad da meoradi wyaroebi.indikatori: istoriul wyaroebze muSaobisas adgens mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs; msje-

lobs pirovnebis rolze istoriaSi;istoriuli wyarodan gamotanil informacias ajgufebs sazogadoebrivi cxov rebis

sxvadasxva sferos (politika, ekonomika, kultura, religia, socialuri urTierTobebi) mixedviT;

Sedegi: moswavles SeuZlia istoriuli kvlevis dagegmva da Catareba.indikatori: damoukideblad an maswavleblis daxmarebiT irCevs sakvlevad misTvis sa-

intereso istoriul sakiTxs da wers eses:

gakveTilis miznebi Sefaseba aqtivobebi moswavleTa organizeba

drois ganawileba

resursebi

pirveladi wyaros analizis safuZvelze informacias ajgufebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos mixedviT

moswavle msjelobs pirovnebis rolze istoriaSi _problemis gaazreba da kavSirebis dadgena

kvlevis daTanamSromlobis unari

dakvirvebakiTxva-pasuxi


gonebrivi ieriSi

wyaroebis wakiTxva

daxarisxeba-problemebis mixedviT

diskusia

saSinao davaleba

mTeli klasi

individualurad

wyvilebSi

mTeli klasi

mTeli klasi

5 wT

8 wT

8 wT

22 wT

2 wT

saxelmZRvanelo

rekomendacia: gakveTili daiwyeT gonebrivi ieriSiT _ ra axsovT, ra ician moswavleebma ilia WavWavaZis

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.wyaroebis wakiTxvis Semdeg sTxoveT maT, gamoiyenon nebismieri cxrili, diag rama, romelic

urCevniaT da daaxarisxon monacemebi problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gze bis (gamosavlebis) mixedviT (soc. Tematika, swavla, zneoba, sabanko saqme, vaWroba.).

upasuxon gakveTilSi dasmul SekiTxvebs. bolos gamarTeT diskusia. gaixsenon vis ekuTvnis saxel mZRvanelos dasawyisSi mocemuli fraza: ̀ pirovneba qmnis istorias Tu istoria qmnis pirovnebebs~? imsjelon, eTanxmebian Tu ara am gamonaTqvams mag. ilias magaliTze. moswavleebma CamoTvalon pirovnebebi, romelTac, maTi azriT, Seqmnes istoria.

saSinao davaleba arCeviTia: moswavleebs sTxoveT airCion:nebismieri pirovneba da daweron ese igive saTauriT, an ilia WavWavaZe, moZiebuli da-

matebiTi masalis gamoyenebiT. Tu skolis resursi iZleva saSualebas, SegiZliaT miTiTebul eleqtronul misamarTze

moswavleebs aCvenoT dokumenturi filmi ilias mkvlelobaze da klasSi ganixiloT.

40

Tema 12. gavacocxloT istoriagakveTili 12.1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

Sedegi:moswavle aanalizebs pirvelad da meorad wyaroebs.gegmavs da atarebs istoriul kvlevas.

indikatori:ganicdis istoriul epoqas: a) wyaroebis Seswavlis safuZvelze ayalibebs im epoqaSi arsebul faseulobebs, Sexedulebebsa da SesaZleblobebs; aRwers, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen im periodis adamianebi TavianT epoqas b) cdilobs, Tavidan aicilos warsuli epoqis Sefaseba mxolod dRevandeli gadasaxedidan.damoukideblad an maswavleblis daxmarebiT irCevs sakvlevad misTvis saintereso istori-ul sakiTxs (moswavlis arCevani SeiZleba ganapirobos istoriuli naSromis, istoriul Te-matikaze Seqmnili mxatvruli literaturis, kinofil mebis, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis, sa-muzeumo eqspoziciebis gacnobam an Tanamedrove politikuri movleniT dainteresebam);

proeqtis gegmagaacaniT moswavleebs proeqtis arsi, mizani da sakvlevi Tema. SegiZliaT CaataroT leq-ciuri gakveTili, an moiwvioT eqspertebi, an moamzadoT nebismieri am movlenis amsaxveli teqsti da moswavleebs daamuSavebinoT. gamokiTxeT maT ra ician demokratiuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. SegiZliaT SeavsebinoT winaswari monitoringis cxrili _ ra vici, ra ar vici, ra minda vicode (cxrilis Svsebis mizania, rom bolos igi kvlav daubrunoT moswavleebs cvlilebebis Sesatanad).Temebi SerCeulia gakveTilSi mocemuli teqstis mixedviT. SegiZliaT, Temebis raodeno-ba SecvaloT: gazardoT, SeamciroT. sasurvelia moswavleebs misceT instruqcia, rom mocemuli Temebi ufro daakonkreton.

proeqtis vadebi gansazRvreT moswavleebTan erTad. saxelmZRvaneloSi proeqtze Cven ga-viTvaliswineT 3 saaTi, Tumca Tqven SegiZliaT SecvaloT es raodenoba Tqveni da mos-wavleTa survilis Sesabamisad. Tumca mxedvelobaSi miiReT, rom proeqti ar unda iyos grZelvadiani, radgan moswavleebs istoriuli Temis dawera aqvT gamiznuli. moswavleebTan SeTanxmebiT miiReT gadawyvetileba _ rodis damTvrdeba proeqti, winaswar momzadebul furcelze dawereT da gaakariT. dasZineT, rom vada ar Seicvleba.

organizacia _ moifiqreT, rogor gaakeTebinebT moswavleebs proeqts: wyvilebad dayofT Tu patara jgufebad da gaukeTeT organizeba. CainiSneT yvela informacia.

klasifikacia _ moswavleebma umjobesia SearCion maTTvis saintereso sakiTxi, romeli mimar-TulebiT urCevniaT kvlevis Catareba. gaukeTeT organizeba da CainiSneT.

mieciT mimarTulebi, rCevebi, sad moiZion informacia, rogor moiZion, mieciT zogierTi wyaros dasaxeleba.

damatebiTi RonisZiebebi _ Tu amis saSualeba gaqvT, waiyvaneT isini muzeumSi, an arqivSi, an Seax-ved reT eqspertebs, istorikosebs. aseTi RonisZiebebi, rogorc wesi, zrdis maT mot ivacias.

klasTan erTad SeadgineT Sefasebis sqemebia. jgufebis Sefasebis sqemebi (sakmarisia 4-5-komponentiT); b. proeqtis Sefasebis sqemebi. gaacaniT maT, rom prezentacia unda warmoadginon gazeTis, fotoebis, sakuTari namu-Sevrebis an slaid Sous saxiT. unda gamoiyenon vizualuri masala, moZiebuli informacia. amasTan daumateT da xazi gausviT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom maT bevri informacia aqvT, yvela prezentacias aqvs reglameti. amdenad, unda moaxerxon informaciis organizeba. SeTanxmdiT moswavleebTan erTad, 10 Tu 15 wuTiani iqneba maTi gamosvla.

monawileoba unda miiRos yvelam. aRniSneT, rom proeqtSi ar iqnebian aqtiuri da pasiuri mos wavle, yvelam unda iaqtiuros.

41

Sefaseba TiToeuli prezentaciis win yvela moswavles daurigeT erTad Seqmnili Sefasebis sqemebi. mieciT instruqcia, rom prezentaciis dros maT paralelurad unda Seavson es sqema, rac daexmarebaT aqtiur mosmenaSic da TviTSefasebaSic.

analizi prezentaciebis iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc prezentaciebi. mieciT mos wavleebs diskusiis gamarTvis saSualeba. SeajameT prezentaciebi, gamoitaneT daskvnebi. isini sxvadasxva Temebs ikvlevdnen, Sesabamisad, maTTvis iseve saintereso iqneba sxva jgufis prezentaciebi da diskusiebi, rogorc TqvenTvis.

Tu SesaZlebelia, daasruleT proeqti minidokumenturi filmis CvenebiT, riTac moswavleebi kidev erTxel Tavs mouyrian sakuTar codnas.

damamTavrebeli faza _ SeadgineT testebi;testi SeadgineT rogorc daxuruli, ise Ria kiTxvebis saSualebiT. testi saSualebas mogcemT

gaigoT, ramdenad SeZles moswavleebma epoqis gaazreba da SeafasoT moswavleebi ara marto gundur TanamSromlobaSi, prezentaciebSi, aramed konkretul codnaSi _ ra iswavles TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ra iswavles kvlevis procesSi, ra iswavles erTmaneTisgan.

paralelebi dRevandelobasTan _ sTxoveT moswavleebs gaavlon paralelebi dRevan delo bas-Tan. aseTi midgoma yovelTvis aZlevs moswavleebs SesaZleblobas, ukeT gaiazron epoqa, Seafason viTarebebi, imsjelon msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze.

proeqtis Sefasebis sqema

1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

kvleva, masalis moZieba, organi-zeba

kvleva ar CautarebiaT. gamoiyenes mxolod teqsti. ar warmoadgines imdroindeli epoqis sakiTxebi, ara aqvT informaciebi.

kvleva zedapirulia, ar pasuxoben proeqtis mizans, warmoadgines imdroindeli epoqis mSrali sakiTxebi. ara aqvT informaciebi.

kvleva zedapirulia, nawilobriv pasuxoben proeqtis mizans, war moadgines im droindeli epo qis sakiTxebi da ramdenime informacia.

kvleva Catarebuli aqvT, pasuxoben proeqtis mizans, warmoadgines imdroindeli epoqis sakiTxebi da faqtebi. informacias aklia organizeba.

kvleva Catarebuli aqvT Rrmad, pasuxoben proeqtis mizans, warmoadgines imdroindeli epoqis mTavari sakiTxebi da saintereso informaciebi.

argumen -tacia

uWirT dasabuTeba. ar ician argumenti-rebuli saubari, ara aqvT prezentaciis unar-Cvevebi.

cdiloben gamoTqvan TavianT azrebi, ara aqvT dasabuTeba, amdenad azrebi bundovania.

gamoTqvamen TavianT Sefasebebs, Tumca uWirT dasabuTeba.

gamoTqvamen TavianT Sefasebebs, asabuTeben, Tumca argumentacia araorganizebulia. akeTeben daskvnebs, akliaT damajerebloba.

gamoTqvamen TavianT Sefasebebs, argumentirebulad asabuTeben da akeTeben logikur daskvnebs.

drois limiti

gamosvla daasrules swrafad.

dro ver gaTvales.

dro ver gaTvales (ar eyoT, an darCaT).

dro gamoiyenes racionalurad.

dro kargad aqvT gaTvlili.

gunduri muSaoba

ar aris gunduri namuSevari.

ar aris gunduroba. mxolod erTi muSaobs.

gundSi mxolod umciresoba muSaobda.

gundSi erTia aqtiuri, danarCenebi pasiurebi arian, erTmaneTis azrebs ar iTvaliswineben.

gunduri namuSevaria. erTmaneTis azrebs usmenen, iyeneben da pativs scemen.

Tvalsa-Cinoeba

ara aqvT. ara aqvT an TvalsaCinoeba Zalian zedapirulia.

ara aqvT an TvalsaCinoeba zedapirulia.

aqvT TvalsaCinoeba gamoyenebuli.

aqvT saintereso, efeqturi, (originaluri), TvalsaCino masala.

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proeqtis testis Sefasebis kriteriumi Tqven SegiZliaT SecvaloT testi, daamatoT an SeamciroT kiTxvebi Tqveni Sexedulebis

mixedviT, aseve gamoiyenoT ara marto Ria, aramed daxuruli SekiTxvebic (faqtobriv da zust informaciaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi).

testi SeiZleba iyos 20 quliani. miRebuli qula ki gaiyofa 2-ze.

TiToeuli kiTxva SeafaseT 2 quliT.

qulebi Sefasebis kriteriumebi

1 pasuxebi mSralia, efuZneba mxolod faqtobriv codnas.

2pasuxebi argumentirebulia, iyenebs faqtobriv informaciebs, icis ara marto sakuTari kvlevis sakiTxebi, aramed aqvs sxva damatebiTi informaciebic, gamoaqvs daskvnebi.

literatura:• a. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-1921 ww., Tb., 1980; • z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tb., • 1990; qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1998; v. guruli, noe Jordania.

politikuri portreti, Tb., 1999; • a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika, Tb., 2001;

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proeqtis Semajamebeli testis nimuSi

1. rogori iyo 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos saSinao politika?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. rogori iyo imdroindeli saqarTvelos sagareo politika?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ra SegiZliaT TqvaT saqarTvelos ekonomikur mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. aris Tu ara cvlileba kulturis dargSi am 3 weliwadSi? konkretulad ra?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. iyo Tu ara TqvenTvis saintereso raime nawarmoebi an publikacia, romelic im dros Seiqmna?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. ra cvlilebebi ganxorcielda ganaTlebis sferoSi? pasuxi daakonkreteT da SeafaseT.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Catarda Tu ara raime mecnieruli, istoriuli kvleva am periodebSi da vis mier?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. ra kanonebi iqna miRebuli am periodSi?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. warmoidgineT, rom cxovrobT 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi. romeli sferos warmo-madgenelad isurvebdiT yofnas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. rogor SeafasebT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos 1918-1921 wlebs?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Tema 13. istorikosi muSaobis procesSi

rogor davweroT istoriuli Tema

istoriuli Temis weras daTmobili aqvs 10-12 saaTi. Temis daweris mizani moswavleebis mier dagrovili codnis, istoriuli unar-Cvevebis Sedegebis demonstrirebaa. yvela gak ve-Tilis Sedegad miRebuli gamocdileba moswavleebma unda danergon praqtikaSi da Seqmnan istoriuli narkvevi, Tema. cxadia, TemaSi maT aravin mosTxovs urTulesi mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis Catarebas, Tumca maTi asakisaTvis Sesaferisi kvleva unda warmoadginon.

am periodis manZilze moswavleebma unda iTanamSromlon TqvenTan. gakveTilebze ganixileT ara marto moswavleebis individualuri saWiroebebi, aramed kvlav CarTeT mcire aqtivobebi. mniSvnelovania, rom aqtivobebi SeajamoT da daukavSiroT Temis weris process kiTxvebiT _ ra iyo am savarjiSos mizani? rogor fiqrobT, ratom? gamoiyenebT Tu ara am mizans Temis werisas? da a. S.

rCevebi

kiTxvebimoswavleebs ukve CamouyalibdaT kiTxvebis dasmis, pasuxebis gacemis, pasuxebis daweris unar-Cvevebi. Tumca gakveTilze moswavleebs kvlav CautareT savarjiSo (jgufurad, wyvi lebSi Tu individualurad). daavaleT maT, Camoweron 15 iseTi SekiTxva, romelic daexmarebaT kvlevis sawyis procesSi. amasTan, moswavleebs sTxoveT, daasabuTon sakuTari kiTxvebis arsi: ratom aris, maTi azriT, aseTi tipis SekiTxvebi aucilebeli da mniSvelovani?

Canawerebimoswavleebs waukiTxeT sagazeTo statiebidan amonaridebi (an daurigeT wyvilebSi an jgufebSi sxvadasxva gazeTidan amonaridebi). mieciT davaleba, rom maT drois mcire monakveTSi unda SeZlon, gaakeTon Canawerebi am statiis mixedviT. Canawerebi unda iyos lakonuri, advilad gasagebi, unda gadmoscemdnen mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.

romeli wyaroa yvelaze xelmisawvdomi mniSvnelovania, rom es gakveTili CaataroT skolis (an sxva) biblioTekaSi. moswavleebs da usviT es SekiTxva da sTxoveT, pasuxebi Tavad moiZion am biblioTekaSi (mieciT limi-tirebuli dro).

informacis SeajamebawaakiTxeT moswavleebs nebismieri teqsti (SesaZloa mxatvruli literatura gamoiyenoT) mag: gavroSi. sTxoveT maT, wakiTxulis Semdeg Seajamon informacia, romelic nawarmoebSi amoikiTxes.

argumentebimieciT moswavleebs nebismieri sakamaTo Tezisi spontanurad, mag: mokled warmoTqmuli sityva sjobia xangrZlivs, anu `grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis~. sTxoveT, Camoayalibon argumentebi da warmoadginon.

organizeba da gegmis CamowerawaukiTxeT klass raime problema. mag: istoriis gayalbebis Sesaxeb (SegiZliaT problema

45

Tavad moifiqroT). sTxoveT moswavleebs, rom mokled ipovon gamosavali am principiT: vin unda gadaWras problema?ratom?rogor?ra droSi? sTxoveT moswavlebs, TiToeul kiTxvaze gascen dasabuTebuli pasuxebi. daakavSireT mizanTan _ Temis weris dros moswavleebma imsjelon gegmis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

cxrilebis, sqemebisa da diagramebis gamoyenebamieciT moswavleebs nebismieri 1 gverdiani istoriuli teqsti. sTxoveT, aagon sqemebi, an diagramebi, an cxrilebi nebismieri principiT da gamoyon is, rac, maTi azriT, mniS-vnelovania.

daakavSireT saTaurTandaiwyeT gakveTili diskusiiT. gaacaniT moswavleebs diskusisi mizani da sTxoveT, rom ar gadauxvion Temidan. Semdgom Tqven moaxdineT provocireba (daaxloebiT 5 kiTxvis Semdeg) da ecadeT, gadauxvioT Temidan da moswavleebic aiyolioT. roca darwmundebiT, rom mTavari Tema aRaravis aRar axsovs, maSinve SewyviteT diskusia da dasviT kiTxva: ra iyo mizani? ra moxda? rogor unda movqceuliyaviT? rogor unda vecadoT, rom Temis werisas ar gadavuxvioT saTaurs?

wardgenamdemoswavleebs mieciT rCevebi, miTiTebebi, magram iqve dasZineT, rom, Tu saWirod Tvlian, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seitanon cvlilebebi.

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Sefasebis komponentebi sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi

1. saklaso samuSao2. saSinao davaleba3. Semajamebeli davaleba

1. saklaso samuSao

fasdeba Semdegi codna* da unarebi:• problemis gaazreba • komunikacia• swavla • TanamSromloba• sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileoba• SemoqmedebiToba• drois istoriuli gageba • garemoze pasuxismgebloba da zrunva • istoriuli kvleva• geografiuli kvleva• sivrceSi orientireba• istoriuli epoqis gancda• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna

unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: • TemasTan dakavSirebiT dasmuli kiTxvebiT• dasmul kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxiT• gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli msjelobiTa da analiziT• ganxiluli movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamo xatviT• dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis SeTavazebiT• jgufur muSaobaSi Setanili wvliliT• diskusiaSi monawileobis sixSiriT• axsnili cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebiTa Tu gamoyenebiT• movlenebisa da procesebis ganxilvisas sakuTari mosazrebis dasabuTebiT• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyenebiTa da SeqmniT• prezentaciiT• drois limitis dacviT• diskusiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebiTa da argumentebiT

2. saSinao davaleba

fasdeba Semdegi codna da unarebi:• problemis gaazreba • informaciis mopoveba da organizeba• kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgena • komunikacia• swavla • TanamSromloba• problemis gadaWra

* codna fasdeba TiToeuli sagnisa da klasis programuli Sinaarsis Sesabamisad

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• SemoqmedebiToba• istoriuli drois gageba • garemoze pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunva • istoriul-geografiuli kvleva• sivrceSi orientireba• istoriuli epoqis gancda• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna • kritikuli azrovneba

unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT: • cnebebisa da terminebis ganmartebebiTa Tu gamoyenebiT• movlenebisa da procesebis ganxilvisas mosazrebebis argumentirebiT• dasmul kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxiT• gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli msjelobiTa da analiziT• dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis CamoyalibebiT• TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyenebiTa da SeqmniT• prezentaciiT• diskusiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebiTa da argumentebiT• weriTi namuSevris SeqmniT

3. Semajamebeli Sefaseba**

fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:• kritikul pirobebSi (testi, sakontrolo da sxva) codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gamom-

JRav neba• problemis gaazreba • informaciis mopoveba da organizeba• kavSirebisa da mimarTebebis dadgena • komunikacia• istoriul-geografiuli kvleva • problemis gadaWra • SemoqmedebiToba• sivrceSi orientireba• istoriuli epoqis gancda • TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna • garemoze pasuxismgebloba da zrunva • kritikuli azrovneba

Semajamebeli davalebebis tipebi:• sakontrolo wera• testireba• kiTxva-pasuxi• Tema/ese• prezentacia• proeqti• referati• kvleva• diskusia/debatebi• konferencia

** emajamebeli samuSaoebi sruldeba rogorc zepiri (diskusia, inscenireba) da weriTi (testi, naSromi, isto-riul-geografiuli Tma), ise Sereuli (prezentaciis an proeqtis wardgena,) formiT saswavlo Temis, Temebis blokisa Tu sawavlo procesis garkveuli etapis dasrulebis Semdgom.

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moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajamebeli davalebebi• davalebis TiToeul tips unda axldes Tavisi Sefasebis zogadi rubrika;• zogadi rubrika unda dazustdes konkretuli davalebis pirobisa da ganvlili masalis

gaTvaliswinebiT;• 10 qula unda gadanawildes rubrikaSi Semaval kriteriumebze;• miTiTebuli unda iyos sagnobrivi standartis is Sedegebi, romelTa Sefasebasac emsa-

xureba Semajamebeli davaleba.

Sefasebis rubrikis nimuSebi:

prezentaciis Sefasebis rubrika

am SemTxvevaSi moswavleebs TiToeul kriteriumSi eniWebaT nuli an erTi qula da saboloo qulis gamosayvanad iTvleba maTi jami. maqsimaluri jami aris aTi qula.

moswavlis saxeli, gvari

saintereso Sesavali (problemis identificireba) 1

kvlevebis/naSromis warmoCenis unari 1

SemoqmedebiTi unari 1

problemis gadaWris gzebis SeTavazeba 0

Temis gasagebad warmodgena (logikuri jaWvi) 0

saubari (gamarTuloba, tembri) 1

TvalsaCinoebebis gamoyeneba 0

auditoriasTan kontaqti 1

informaciis flobis unari (adekvaturi kiTxva-pasuxi) 1

drois limitis dacva 0

jami 6

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proeqtis Sefasebis ganzogadebuli rubrika

maqsimaluri jamuri qulis gayofiT samze moxdeba mogrovili qulebis aTqulian Sefasebaze gadayvana

elementaruli1 qula

misaRebi2 qula

ostaturi3 qula

1. mizani ar aris kargad gamokveTili, bundovania

xdeba erT mizanze fokusireba

kargad gamokveTili miznebi, martivad aRsaqmeli

2. organizeba sustad organizebuli, ar aris ideebs Soris logikuri jaWvi, rac abnevs mkiTxvels/msmenels

gaazrebulia Tanmimdevruloba, organizebis niSnebiT, zogi gadasvla ideebs Soris aris martivi, zogi gaugebari

kargad organizebuli formati, logikuri gadasvla erTi ideidan meoreze, organizeba zrdis proeqtis efeqturobas

3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba

xSirad gvxvdeba Seusabamo, mcdari informacia,

ZiriTadad koreqtulia, zogierTi Seusabamo an mcdari informaciiT

mTlianad koreqtuli, faqtebi zusti da mkafio

4. enobrivi gamarTuloba

enobrivad gaumarTavi, xSiri SecdomebiT

enobrivad gamarTuli, mcire SecdomebiT

enobrivad gamarTulia, daculia punqtuaciis niSnebi

5. kvleva kvleva araefeqturadaa dagegmili, gamoyenebuli wyaroebi ar aris sando, analizi zedapirulia

kvleva dagegmilia, magram jgufis potenciali mTlianad ar aris gamoyenebuli, SezRuduli raodenobis wyaroebia gamoyenebuli, analizi misaRebia

kvleva aris dagegmili, gamoyenebulia araerTi wyaro da analizi siRrmiseulia

6. TvalsaCi-noebebi

TvalsaCinoebebi xSirad SinaarsTan Seusabamoa, an ar aris jgufis mier Seqmnili

TvalsaCinoebebis kavSiri SinaarsTan natelia, magram erTferovania,

mravalferovani, Sinaarsis Sesatyvisi, akuratulad Sesrulebuli

7. Semoqmede-biToba

mcire SemoqmedebiTi energiis danaxarji jgufis mxridan

zogjer Cans jgufis originaluri azrebi, rac exmareba proeqtis ukeT warmoCenaSi

Cans jgufis originaloba, siaxle da Taviseburi xedva, rac proeqts sainteresos xdis

8. kavSirebi sagnebTan

ar Cans jgufis kompetencia sagnebSi, gvxvdeba faqtebis uzusto interpretireba

mosazrebebi dakavSirebulia erTi an ori sagnidan miRebul codnasTan

xdeba mTavari mosazrebebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva sagnidan miRebul codnasTan, rac miuTiTebs jgufis mravali mimarTulebiT kompetenturobaze

9. daskvnebi ar aris Camoyalibebuli daskvnebi

daskvnebi Camoyalibebulia kvlevis adekvaturad, magram ar aris mkafio

daskvnebSi aris siaxle (originaloba), logikuri kavSiri igrZnoba kvlevasTan, isini mkafiodaa Camoyalibebulia

10. prezen tacia efeqturad ar aris warmoCenili proeqtis arsi, uWirs azris Camoyalibeba da pasuxebis gacema, ar aris miznobrivad gamoyenebuli TvalsaCinoebebi

bundovnad ayalibebs proeqtis arss, iyenebs TvalsaCinoebebs, pasuxobs SekiTxvebis umetesobas

naTlad Camoyalibebuli proeqtis arsi, mkafio metyveleba, auditoriaze gaTvlili, ZiriTadi ideebia gaSlili, iyenebs TvalsaCinoebebs da pasuxobs yvela kiTxvas

50

referatis Sefasebis rubrika

am SemTxvevaSi me-3 da me-5 kriteriumebi fasdeba 0-2 quliT, xolo yvela danarCeni 0 an 1 quliT. maqsimaluri jami aris aTi qula.

moswavlis saxeli, gvari

1.

1. mizani/Tezisi _kvlevis Sedegad gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi idea 1

2. referatis organizeba 1

3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba 2

4. enobrivi gamarTuloba 0

5. kvleva 2

6. ilustraciebi/TvalsaCinoebebi1 1

7. SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da magaliTebiT gamyareba 1

8. daskvnebi 1

jami 9

diskusiis Sefasebis rubrikakonkretul moswavles TiToeuli kriteriumis gaswvriv eniWeba Sesabamisi qula, jamdeba

yvela kriteriumSi miRebuli qulebi da iyofa eqvsze (gamoiTvleba maTi saSualo ariT meti-kuli).

III done (8-10 qula) II done (5-7 qula) I done (1-4 qula)

mosmena yovelTvis usmens da Tvalyurs adevnebs orators

xSirad usmens da uyurebs orators

iSviaTad usmens da uyurebs orators

saubari mkafiod metyvelebs da uyurebs msmenelebs

ZiriTadad metyveleba gasagebia da uyurebs msmenelebs

metyveleba aramkafioa, msmenelebs uWirT gageba

araverbaluri komunikacia

SeuZlia efeqturad aRiqvas da gamoiyenos araverbaluri komunikaciis formebi (TvaliT, JestebiT, gamometyvelebiT, xmiT)

xSirad SeuZlia daamyaros araverbaluri kontaqti

iSviaTad iyenebs araverbalur komunikaciis formebs

monawileoba uCvenebs interess diskusiis Temisadmi saWiro komentarebiTa da azrebis gamoTqmiT

ZiriTadad gamoxatavs interess. komentarebi da azrebi yovelTvis araa Temis Sesatyvisi

mcire interesi aqvs. ar gamoxatavs an ver ukavSirebs Tavis mosazrebebs sadiskusio Temas

kooperacia TanamSromlobs TanaklaselebTan, aclis sxvebs azris gamoTqmas da icavs diskusiis wesebs

ZiriTadad TanamSromlobs TanaklaselebTan, zogjer erTveba sxvis saubarSi, ZiriTadad icavs diskusiis wesebs

iSviaTad TanamSromlobs da icavs diskusiis wesebs

mosazrebis argumentireba

mosazreba originaluria da gamyarebulia faqtebiT, cnebebiT. aris logikuri kavSiri sakiTxTan

mosazrebis gasamyareblad gamoyenebulia sadavo faqtebi da cnebebi

mosazreba moklebulia logikur kavSirs sakiTxTan da ar aris gamyarebuli faqtebiT

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Semajamebeli davalebis konkretuli magaliTi istoriaSi:

dawereT Tema: `pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba~. a) CamoayalibeT kvlevis ZiriTadi idea, Tezisi;

b) daicaviT referatis struqtura (Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili, daskvna) da Temas daurTeT gamoyenebul literaturis nusxa;

g) saTanado faqtobrivi masala daamuSaveT imgvarad, rom saSualeba mogeceT imsjeloT Semdeg sakiTxebze:• ratom da rogor ganviTarda evropelTa eqspansia axlo aRmosavleTSi• ra iyo misi ganmapirobebli mizezebi• ra Sedegebi mohyva am laSqrobas

d) msjelobisas ganixileT gansxavebuli poziciebi, SeajereT isini, CamoayalibeT Tqveni pozicia da daasabuTeT igi;

e) referatis srulyofilad dasamuSaveblad: gaecaniT da daamuSaveT sakiTxis Sesaxeb ar-sebuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi.

referatis Sefasebis rubrika

1. mizani/Tezisi – kvlevis ZiriTadi ideis Camoyalibeba

0-1 0 qula _ kvlevis mizani ar aris gansazvruli/ marTebulad ar aris kvlevis mizani gansazRvruli

_ 1 qula _ SesavalSi, SerCeul TemasTan mimarTebaSi, mkafiodaa warmocenili is kiTxvebi, romlebzec aris referatSi pasuxi gacemuli

2. referatis org-anizeba (refe-ratis struq -tu ra-Sesa vali, Ziri Tadi nawili, das kvnebi) da gamo -yenebuli re sur-si, ris ba zazec Seiqmna refe rati

0-1 0 qula _ araa gamok-veTili resursebi, ris safuZvelzec Sesrulda refe-rati, naSroms ar aqvs struqtura, referats ar aqvs adeqvaturi bibliografia

_ 1 qula _ kargad Cans ra bazaze Seasrula moswavlem referati; SemoTavazebuli bibliografia samecniero naSromebiTaa dakompleqtebuli

3. Sinaarsis koreqtuloba, faqtobrivi saimedooba

0-2 0 qula _ moZiebuli masala Zalian mwiria, ar icnobs pirvelad wyaroebs, meoradi wyaroebic araa damuSavebuli.

1 qula _ moZiebuli masala Seicavs pirvelad da meorad wyaro ebs, Tumca warmod-genili wyaroebi zedapiruladaa damuSavebuli, anu moswavle mxolod nawilobrivad gaiazrebs masalas

2 qula _ icnobs pirvelad da meorad wyaroebs, moxmobili faqtebi sandoa, radgan marTebulad xdeba wyaros amokiTxva; pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi saTanadodaa damuSavebuli, moswavle avlens kritikuli damokidebulebas wyarosadmi

4. enobrivi gamarTuloba

0-1 0 qula _ ena gaumar Tavia, azrebi ara Tan-mimdev ru ladaa gadmocemuli

_ 1 qula _ ena naTeli da gasagebia, msjeloba Tanamimdevruli

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5. kvleva (wyaroebis urTierT-Sejerebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze sakuTari varaudebis SemuSaveba)

0-2 0 qula _ moswavles ar gaaCnia pozicia TemasTan mimarTebaSi, misi referati origi-naluri naS romis STabeWdilebas ar tovebs; moswavle ar avlens wyaroebis analizis unars, SeimCneva plagiatoba

1 qula _ moswavle avlens wyaroebis analizis unars, Tumca uWirs wyaroebSi faqtebisa da vara-udebis garCeva, Sesabamisad mis mier gamoTqmuli zogierTi varaudi safuZvels moklebulia

2 qula _ moswavle damajereblad ganasxvavebs faqtsa da varauds erTmaneTisagan, saTanadod amuSavebs pirvelad da meorad wyaroebs, maTi gaana-lizebis safuZvelze gamoTqvams saTanado vara-udebs, Tanamimdevrulad dalagebuli masalis safuZvelze axerxebs TavisTvis saintereso kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas

6. ilustraciebi/ TvalsaCinoebebi2

0-1 _ _ _

7. SeTavazebuli mosazrebis argumentebiTa da magaliTebiT gamyareba

0-2 0 qula _ ar aqvs sakuTari pozicia

1 qula _ cdilobs SemogvTavazos sakuTari xedva sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca sakuTar poziciis dacva uWirs.

2 qula _ avlens sagnis karg codnas, damuSavebuli masalis moSveliebiT kargad ayalibebs sakuTar pozicias da amyarebs mas argumentebiT msjelobs Tamamad, angariSs uwevs, magram brmad ar endoba avtoritetebs.

8. daskvnebi 0-1 0 qula _ referatSi mocemuli daskvne-bi araar gumen tire-buli da mcda ria

1 qula _ ajamebs kvlevis Sedegebs, kargad axerxebs amis mkiTxvelamde mitanas.

jamuri qula

standarTan Sesabamisoba _ magaliTi SesabamisobaSia X klasis istoriis standartis mimar-Tu lebis _ istoriuli interpretacia da kvleva _ me-4, me-5, me-6, me-7 Sedegebsa da mimar-Tulebis _ komunikacia _ me-8 SedegTan; aseve XI klasis istoriis standartis mimarTulebis _ saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da politika _ me-5 SedegTan.

damxmare eleqtronuli resursebi

http://history.ge/http://istoria.ge/http://saunje.ge/http://www.amisi.ge/istoria

Documents

istoriis Sesavali 10