7

Sesavali

eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia, romelic xangrZlivi

istoriuli procesis Sedegad yalibdeba. eTnosi warmoiqmneba, viTardeba,

zogjer iSleba kidec, amitom SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT mosazrebas, rom

romelime eTnoss Cvenamde moeRwios Tavdapirveli, ucvleli saxiT. icvleba

ara marto eTnosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ena, kultura da a.S., aramed

cvlilebas ganicdis misTvis damaxasiaTebeli morfologiuri tipic, rac

aucilebels xdis eTnikuri jgufis anTropologiur Seswavlas sivrcesa da

droSi.

Tanamedrove mosaxleobis eTnogenezurma kvlevebma zogadad aCvena, rom

xalxTa kulturuli da enobrivi naTesaoba xSirad maT warmomavlobiT na-

Tesaobas da saerTo genofonds ar Seesabameba. cnobilia, rom ena da kul-

tura SeiZleba gavrceldes maTi matarebeli anTropologiuri tipis gareSe,

magram TviTon anTropologiuri tipis mier axali arealebis aTvisebas yo-

velTvis Tan axlavs maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli enisa da kulturis gavrcele-

ba. maSasadame, anTropologiuri masalebis Seswavlas mniSvneloba ar ekar-

geba im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac uxvadaa werilobiTi istoriuli wyaroebi,

da eTnografiuli monacemebi.

eTnikuri anTropologia eZiebs morfologiur niSanTvisebaTa erTobli-

obas, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im eTnosisaTvis. Aamdenad, anTro-

pologiuri masala iqceva istoriuli procesebis Seswavlis wyarod.

qarTveli anTropologebis interesi afxazebis fizikuri tipis Tavise-

burebasa da warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis didi iyo. maTi (ab-

duSeliSvili, 1955; Джанберидзе, 1963) naSromebi gamoirCevian mecnieruli WeS-

maritebis ZiebiT, obieqturobiT da principulobiT. amis dasturia akademi-

kos m. abduSeliSvilis recenzia S. inal-ifas wignze „Вопросы этно-культурной

истории абхазов“ (1976) - “У каждого исследователя есть право, при исследовании той или

иной проблемы, предложить свою собственную концепцию и для аргументации этой

концепции собрать и привлечь данные других авторов (причём приводить данные следует не

только в пользу своей концепции) и в ходе изученного обсуждения всех существующих

положений отдать логическое предпочтение данным в пользу своей концепции, но никто не

имеет права умалчивать, искажать или давать вольную интерпретацию данным других

авторов, что всегда чревато предубеждённостью,субъективностью и научной

8

несостоятельностью концепции, наглядным примером чего и является, по нашему мнению,

антропологическая часть рецензируемой книги” (Абдушелишвили, 2004, с.48).

winamdebare naSromi, adre gamoqveynebuli koleqtiuri monografiebisa-

gan “Феномен долгожительства” (1982) da “Абхазское долгожительство” (1987) gansxvave-

biT, afxazebis warmomavlobis kvlevas da maTi genetikuri kavSirebis dad-

genas eZRvneba. dRes rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, aseve saerTaSoriso sazoga-

doebisTvis metad mniSvnelovania afxazTa eTnikuri jgufisa da qarTvel

mosaxlebas Soris saukuneebis maZilze ganviTarebuli urTierTobebisa da

genetikuri kavSirebis kidev erTxel ganxilva da anTropologiur masalaze

dayrdnobiT safuZvliani daskvnebis gamotana.

gvinda didi pativiscemiT movixsenioT da madloba gadavuxadoT anTro-

pologiis ganyofilebis sxvadasxva Taobis TanamSromlebs. gansakuTrebuli

pativiT vixsenebT baton malxaz abduSeliSvils, romlis xelmZRvanelobi-

Ta da gamWriaxobiT Seiqmna am ganyofilebis monacemTa baza anTropologi-

is mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi. swored es monacemebi daedo safuZvlad

momzadebul naSroms.

avtorTa jgufi madlobas uxdis Tamaz zubiaSvils, mzia biTaZes, maka

Wkaduas, daviT WiTanavas, kristian karlsons, lali lomsaZes, eka baqraZesa

da ana guriels wignis momzadebis procesSi gaweuli daxmarebisa da rCeve-

bisTvis. aseve did madlobas movaxsenebT pativcemul recenzentebs kon-

struqciuli SeniSvnebisa da miTiTebebisaTvis, romelTa gaTvaliswinebas

naSromis srulyofisTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda.

9

Tavi I. afxazebi da afxazeTi. mokle istoriul-

geografiuli da demografiuli daxasiaTeba

cnobili orientalisti, akademikosi n. mari, aseve misi mimdevari d. gu-

lia adre gamoqveynebul naSromebSi (Марр, 1912; Гулия, 1925) atareben azrs,

TiTqos ,,afxazebs da afxazeTs” saerTo araferi hqondaT qarTvelebTan, sa-

qarTvelosTan, viTom isini abisiniuri, eTiopuri da egvipturi warmomavlo-

bisani iyvnen (Гулия, 1925). samecniero moRvaweobis gviandel wlebSi orive

mecnieri aRiarebda da ukve mkacrad akritikebda wamoyenebul usafuZvlo

hipotezas afxazebis afrikuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, miiCnevdnen, rom maT

mier adre SemoTavazebuli mcdari Sexeduleba damyarebuli iyo mxolod

legendebze, gadmocemebze da Seumowmebel monacemebze (Марр, 1938; Гулиа,

1951). d. gulia afxazebisa da qarTvelebis erTianobisa da igiveobis aRia-

rebasTan erTad Tavis gviandel naSromSi, anu aRsareba-anderZSi xazgasmiT

ambobs, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos nawilia, afxazi _ igive qarTvelia, xo-

lo afxazeTis feodaluri kultura igive qarTuli kulturaa (Гулиа,1951

gv. 10,15). werilobiTi wyaroebi (Гамахария, Гогия, 1997) namdvilad metyveleben

imaze, rom afsuebi, anu Tanamedrove afxazebi ar arian afxazeTis pirvela-

di mkvidri mosaxleoba, isini gvian Sua saukuneebSi Camosaxldnen afxazeT-

Si. maT aiTvises da gadaiRes qarTuli feodaluri kultura, terminologia,

zne-Cveuleba, toponimika; XVII saukunis Semdeg ki Seqmnes sakuTari kultu-

ra da toponomika, rac adre engur-fsous monakveTze ar fiqsirdeba. akade-

mikos n. maris ganmartebiT, qarTuli termini ,,afxazi,” anu ,,abasgi” momdina-

reobs qarTveli tomis-mesxis saxelwodebidan, kerZod ,,masxi-basxisagan.”

amasTan, afxazeTis miaxloebiTi saxelebia ,,basiani,” ,,faziani,” ,,faziano”,

,,fazisi” "fas", "basy", "basx", "abas" da sxva (Марр,1912).

saxelwodeba afxazTan da afxazeTTan "mesxi"-s kavSirs mxars uWers iv.

javaxiSvili. igi aRniSnavs, rom ,,xi” formanti qarTul enaSi tomis sakveci

formaa (javaxiSvili, iv., 1913). s. janaSia wers, rom termin ,,afxazs” aravi-

Tari kavSiri ara aqvs termin ,,afsuasTan” da saTanado fuZeebis ,,afsua",

afxazi”, ,,afsne” garegnuli msgavsebis niadagze aRmocenebuli…Secdomaa (ja-

naSia, 1959).

10

s. janaSias gansjiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze uZveles DdroSi mosaxle

qarTveluri tomi ,,sanigi” aris sanisave fuZisgan nayari variantuli saxel-

wodeba megruli modgmis tomisa, romelTa arseboba afxazeTis teritoriaze

afxazTa damkvidrebamde igulisxmeba (janaSia, 1959).

strabonze dayrdnobiT, akad. i. orbeli (Орбели,1911) da akad. g. meli-

qiSvili (Меликишвили, 1959) sanigebs da maT winapar henioxebs qarTvelebad,

kerZod, svanebad miiCneven. strabonis mixedviT, dioskuriis (anu cxumis _

g.g.) zemoT svanTa mravalricxovani tomi binadrobda (yauxCiSvili, 1957). aq

saqme exeba ara svaneTs - md. engurisa da cxeniswylis xeobebs, aramed ueW-

velad afxazeTs, sadac ara mxolod kodoris zemo welSi, aramed mTiswi-

neTSi da barSic dRemde SemogvrCa svanTa nakvalevi-toponimebi. esenia: buko-

lusi (buqlosi), svandis cixe, fusta, mukorisi, lixni, sxemari, cxumi, moq-

vi, gagra, sqiomari, guma, cxubeni da sxva. svanebTan erTad gansakuTrebiT

farTod iyvnen gansaxlebuli meore qarTveluri tomi lazebi, anu megrele-

bi, romelTac Semdgom mTeli afxazeTis teritoria gadafares. amave teri-

toriaze da ufro Sors nikofsia _ md. yubanamde henioxebTan erTad vrcel-

debodnen sxvadasxva qarTveluri Temebi: kolebi, koraqsebi, sanigebi, abaz-

gebi, mesxebi, afSilebi, svano _ kolxebi, misimianebi da sxva.

dRevandeli afxazebi (e.i. afsuebi) abazebis moene da ganayari arian

(Генко,1955; lomTaTiZe, 1976). ax.w. Is. afsuebi (abzoa) pliniusis cnobiT

(VI.38), astraxanis maxloblad cxovrobdnen, saidanac yubanis saTaveebisken

wamovidnen (narkvevebi saq. istoriidan 2007, gv 72-73).

afsuebis ZiriTadi nawili XVI-XVII ss. cxovrobda Tanamedrove gudau-

Tis raionis teritoriaze. SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT XVII s. bolodan

gulrifSsa da galis raionebSi, xolo ruseTis mier XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi

jiqebis TurqeTSi gasaxlebis Semdeg _ gagraSi. daaxloebiT oci aTasi af-

sua bedukuRmarTobis gamo moxvda TurqeTSi. afxazeTis samTavros gauqme-

biT (1864w.), mTavris gadasaxlebaSi daRupviTa (1866w.) da adgilobrivi Tavi-

seburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saglexo reformis gatarebis mcdelo-

biT ukmayofilo afsuebi 1866 wels aujanydnen ruseTis imperias, romelmac

isini, rogorc mahmadiani SeTqmulebi, muhajirebis saxeliT gaaZeva samSob-

lodan da genocidamde miiyvana (xorava, 2004). unda iTqvas, rom afsuaTa ra-

odenoba afxazeTSi sxvadasxva dros icvleboda, magram maTi raodenoba

XX saukunemde 40 aTas suls arasodes Warbobda (ToTaZe, 1995).

11

abazebis mcire tomi XIX s-Si kompaqturad cxovrobda yaraCai-Cerqeze-

Tis midamoebSi anu yubanis saTaveebSi md. labis xeobebsa da mis mimdebare

adgilebSi. XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi muhajirobis dros abazebis didi nawili

TurqeTSi gadasaxlda. adgilze darCenili abazebi XX saukuneSi kvlav yu-

banis saTaveebSi da mcire raodenobiT balyareTSi cxovroben. 1970 wlis

aRweris mixedviT, isini 26 aTas suls Seadgenen da rogorc mejoge-mesaqon-

le xalxi, Tavs iyrian daaxloebiT 18 aulSi.

qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi naTlad da gadaWriT gviCveneben, rom

afxazisa da afxazeTis cneba, teritoriuli ganfeniloba da sazRvrebi xSi-

rad icvleboda. Tu XVII saukunemde es cneba mxolod md. bzifsa da axal

aTons Soris teritorias da mis mosaxleobas moicavda, Semdeg is md. gu-

misTamde da md. kodoramde gavrcelda. XVII saukunis bolodan ki ukve moi-

cavs md. RaliZgamde teritorias, mogvianebiT (XVII-XVIII ss. mijna, XVIII s.

80-iani wlebidan 1805 wlamde, 1864 wlidan dRemde) ki enguramde vrceldeba

(narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, 2007, gv. 7-8). istoriuli wyaroebidan

kargadaa cnobili, rom xsenebuli teritoriebi odiSis anu samegrelos sam-

flobeloSi Sedioda. am garemoebas adasturebdnen ucxoeli misioner-mog-

zaurebis Txzulebebic. magaliTad, frangi mogzauri Sardeni, romelmac

1672-1673 wlebSi moiara samegrelo, rogorc TviTmxilveli wers, rom sameg-

relos anu odiSis samTavros md. kodori gamoyofs afxazeTisgan (mgalob-

liSvili, 1975). XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi amasve adasturebs frangi konsu-

li gamba, romelic samurzayanos, teritorias RaliZgidan enguramde, sameg-

relos provinciad moixseniebs (mgalobliSvili, 1987). aRniSnul faqts kav-

kasiis rusi moxeleebic aRiarebdnen da mkacrad icavdnen, amitom afxazeTis

samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilis (e.w samurzayanos) kuTvnilebas samegrelos

samTavrosadmi sadaod ar miiCnevdnen. kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma baronma g.

rozenma mkveTri pozicia daikava, roca Seityo, rom afxazeTis mTavari m.

ServaSiZe 1834 w. amaod cdilobda sofel iloris mosaxleobis daficebas

erTgulebaze da oficialuri protestic ki ganucxada mas dadianis sofle-

bis daCemebaze: ,,aseTi moqmedeba emsaxureba afxazeTSi arsebuli uwesrigo-

bis gaxSirebas da ar SemiZlia gakvirveba ar gamovTqva aseTi TviTnebobis

gamo. samegrelosa da afxazeTs Soris cocxali sazRvari aris md. RaliZga

da ramdenadac sofeli ilori mdebareobs mdinaris marcxena mxareze, is ar

SeiZleba afxazeTs ekuTvnodes” (Аkты, т.VIII, с.449 ). samurzayanos samegrelo-

12

sadmi (dadianisadmi) kuTvnilebas adasturebs ruseTis samxedro literatu-

rac (История...1843).

XVII saukunis bolodan samurzayano periodulad afxazeTis mTavarTa

mflobelobaSi iyo, magram miuxedavd amisa istoriulad da faqtobrivad

bolomde qarTul raionad darCa.

,,samurzayano’’, anu awindeli galis raioni, dResac qarTvelebiTaa da-

saxlebuli. aq qarTul mosaxleobas XVII saukunis bolodan da XVIII s. da-

sawyisidan bzifidan Camosaxlebuli afsua-abazebi Seerivnen (narkvevebi saq.

istoriidan, 2007). qarTvelTa raodenoba XIX saukunis Mmeore naxevarSi

37000 kacs Seadgenda (Свод статистических . . .,1893), xolo 1917 wels 40858–mde

izrdeba (Сельскохозяйственная. . . ,1922), rasac emateba 1161 Camosaxlebuli af-

sua (ToTaZe, 1993). afsuebis garda XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan afxazeTis

mosaxleobas Seematnen agreTve Camosaxlebuli rusebi, Semdeg ki osmaleTi-

dan devnili berZnebi da somxebi, agreTve SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT moa-

xalSene estonelebi, ukrainelebi da sxv.

dRes ruseTis meoxebiT 1992-1993w. omis dros ganxorcielebuli genoci-

disa da eTnowmendis Sedegad afxazeTi didwilad daclilia mkvidri qar-

Tveli mosaxleobisgan. mravalricxovani daxocilebis garda 250 aTasze me-

ti qarTveli da aTeul aTasobiT sxva eris warmomadgeneli (maT Soris da-

axloebiT 30 aTasi afsua-afxazi), jerjerobiT gandevnilia Tavisi mama-papis

saxl-karidan da istoriuli samSoblodan.

afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan kompaqturad

cxovrobda misimianTa qarTuli Temi, romelsac svanebad miiCneven. Mmas eka-

va md.kodoris zemo welis xeobebi; istoriul-geografiulad mas “misimiane-

Ti” anu “dali” ewodeba. misimianeTs “afxazeTis svaneTsac” eZaxian. rusuli

administraciuli dayofiT, am regions mimdebare teritoriasTan erTad “we-

belda-dalis” saboqaulo ewodeboda. bunebrivia, geografiulad dals `ze-

mo afxazeTic~ SeiZleba uwodoT.

kiTxvaze, vin arian misimianebi (anu mivsianebi), Tavdapirvelad pasuxi

gasca s. yauxCiSvilma, romelmac bizantieli mwerlebis TxzulebaTa mona-

cemebis safuZvelze daaskvna, rom `misimianebi svanuri modgmis tomia~ (yaux-

CiSvili, 1936, gv. 277-280). p. ingoroyva iziarebs s. yauxCiSvilis zogad mo-

sazrebas da asabuTebs mas Sesabamisi qarTuli eTnonimebis analogiiT: misi-

miani-svani, zani-Wani da sxv. amasTan, p. ingoroyva misimianTa svanur (qar-

13

Tul) kuTvnilebas adasturebs saistorio wyaroebis meoxebiTac, kerZod,

strabonis Txzulebis monacemebiT, romelSic naTqvamia, ro svanebi: `arian

pirvelni ZaliTa da ZlierebiT (pontos mTel tomTa Soris), brZanebloben

yvela garSemo tomebze da uWiravT kavkasionis mTiani mxare, romelic aR-

marTulia dioskuriis zemoT~ (ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144).

VI_VIII ss. misimianTa gansaxlebas zemo da qvemo afxazeTSi p. ingoroyva

asabuTebs berZeni mweral-istorikosebis k. ptolemaiosisa da favstos bu-

zandis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa mixedviT kolxeTis mosaxleoba `su-

ano-kolxebi anu egro-suanebia~ (ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144).

z. anCabaZe yovelgvari sabuTisa da argumentis gareSe cdilobs misimia-

nebis qarTveloba uaryos da isini afxazebad anu afsuebad warmoadginos.

igi acxadebs, rom `misimianebi, msgavsad afsilebisa da abazgebisa, afxazTa

(gulisxmobs afsuebs _ g.g.) winaprebi ariano~. misi TqmiT, `romel eTnikur

jgufsac ar unda ekuTvnodnen misimianebi, isini iyvnen afxazi xalxis we-

belda-dalis eTnikuri jgufis uSualo winaprebi, romelTa warmomadgenle-

bi misimianTa samSobloSi XIXs. meore naxevris damdegamde cxovrobdnen~

(Анчабадзе, 1959, с. 15).

z. anCabaZis da, saerTod, yvela afxazi mkvlevarisTvis awindeli afxa-

zeTis teritoriaze dasaxelebuli: henioxi, sanigi, koli, koraqsi, kerketi,

melanqleni, afSili, misimiani da sxv. apriorulad araqarTveli afsua-afxa-

zia (Бгажба, Лакоба, 2006). afxaz mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, qarTveli mecnie-

rebi (Меликишвили, 1959; musxeliSvili, 2000) maT qarTvelur tomad miiCnevs.

aseve gaugebria z. anCabaZis Sexeduleba abazgebze da afSilebze. igi

ar iTvaliswinebs, rom termini `abazgi~ berZnulia da is qarTuli termini

`afxazis~ sinonimia. rogorc gamoCenilma lingvistma T. gamyreliZem cxad-

hyo (gamyreliZe, 1993), “abazgi” qarTuli “afxazis” Sesatyvisi berZenizirebu-

li eTnonimia. i. javaxiSvili `abazg~ terminSi yvelgan da yovelTvis ter-

min `afxazs~ gulisxmobs. amdenad, arc abazg-afxazs aqvs raime saerTo af-

suasTan da, rogorc d. musxeliSvilma daamtkica (Мусхелишвили, 1999), arc

misimian-afSils (yauyCiSvili, 1957), abazg-afxazi - qarTveli afxazia. abazgi

ax. w. meore saukuneSia moxseniebuli, afSili - pirvel saukuneSi, xolo mi-

simiani - VI saukuneSi. rogorc irkveva, z. anCabaZis mosazrebas abazg-afxaz-

Ta afsuobaze, aseve misimianTa da afSilTa afsuobaze anu araqarTveloba-

ze, safuZveli ara aqvs, radgan afxazi qarTuli terminia. is mesxTan-masx,

14

basxTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac afxazTa qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs. miTumetes

amas adasturebs is, rom XVII saukunemde abazg-afxazTa nakvalevze qarTuli

toponimebi, hidronimebi da saerTod qarTuli onomastikaa gabatonebuli.

mxolod gvian Sua saukuneebSi gvxvdeba afsuuri toponimebi, isic umetesad

qarTul Zirze agebuli da garegnulad gaafsuebuli, an gaCerqezebuli. es

ki imaze metyvelebs, XVI-XVII saukuneebamde afsuebs afxazeTis miwa-wyalze

ar ucxovriaT.

awindeli afxazeTis uZvelesi toponimebi: biWvinTa, gagra, lixni, luxu-

ni, bzifi, cxumi, cumuri, cxubeni, moqvi, fusta da sxva qarTuli saxelwo-

debebia. arafers vambobT cxumisa da kodoris aRmosavleT mxareze anu sabe-

diano-odiSis nawilze, romelic ServaSiZeebma mxolod XVII saukunis bo-

lodan SeierTes osmaleTisa da Cerqez-afsuaTa daxmarebiT.

misimianeTis mxaris saerTo saxelwodebebic svanur-qarTulia, magali-

Tad, misimianeTi, dali, afxazeTis svaneTi gamonaklisis garda, yvela topo-

nimi da hidronimi svanur-qarTulia, afsuuri ki arcerTi, magaliTad: ajara,

aZgara, bokeri, genwviSi, gvandra, lagvanTa, laTa, Siyeri, Caxari, xewkvara

da sxv.

faqtia, rom sof. Siyeri momdinareobs svanur metyvelebaSi cocxlad

darCenili termini Siy-idan, rac zurgs, SemaRlebul teritoriaze Semofe-

nil sofels (svanuri soflis am goraze dRemdea darCenili wm. giorgis na-

eklesiari). isic unda iTqvas, rom yofili sadadiSqeliano svaneTis mosax-

leoba am eklesias erT-erT yvelaze cxovelmyofel salocavad miiCnevda da

is religiur dResaswauls atarebda misi saxeliT ise, rogorc danarCeni

adgilobrivi eklesiebi. yovelive amasTan, sof. Siyeris svanurobas adastu-

rebs isic, rom es saxeli, rogorc amas enaTmecnieri m.qaldani aRniSnavs,

Tavisi fuZiTa da morfologiuri agebulebiT svanuria, romelSic er su-

fiqsi gamoiyofa, rac svaneTSi ase mravladaa damaxasiaTebeli geogarfiuli

saxelwodebebis (toponimebis) sawarmoeblad, magaliTad: Sdval-er, Wub-er,

ReSd-er, Tek-er, lamx-er, ladr-er, cal-er, tvib-er,wan-er, fxutr-er, Syal-

er da sxv.

faqtobrivad aseTive sistemis toponomia misimianebis erT-erTi mTavari

cixe-simagris saxelwodeba boker anu buqlos-buxlon, romlis mdebareoba-

sac z.anCabaZe daaxloebiT 12 km siSoreze sxvagan uCvenebs da ara iq, sadac

idga mdinareebis _ gvandrasa da yuluCis SesarTavis CrdiloeTiT_yuluCis

15

xeobaSi da romelsac misimianeTis garda misi mezobeli qarTuli mxareebis

dacvac ekisreboda CrdiloeTis nomadebisagan, maT Soris momTabare alane-

bisagan.

ueWvelia, rom svanuria misimianTa sof. genwviS-genwiSic, romelic

m.qaldanis marTebuli axsniT tirifis svanuri saxelidan – genwiSidan

momdinareobs (genw _ iolad moqanaves, daxrils aRniSnavs). aseve xvaraSi

momdinareobs svanuri xvarasagan, rac daSlads, darRvevads niSnavs, es ki

imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom xvaraSis mTagrexili myari ar iyo, irRveoda

da iSleboda.

uTuod svanuria misimianeTSi mdebare toponimebi _ sqiomari (anu pima-

ri anu himari) da omariSali. pirveli uTuod sgimaria, romelic cixe-simag-

res erqva (nangrevebiRaa darCenili) da sof. omariSalis CrdiloeTiT-misi-

mianTa gzaze-qluxoris gadasasvleli kavkasiis qedis ZirSi mdebareobda.

sqiomari anu pimari igive sgimaris_mJavewylebiani adgilis saxelwodebaa,

xolo omariSali soflis saxeli–omaris kuTvnilebas niSnavs.

misimianeTis toponimebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa mis samxreTSi _

soxumis raionSi mdebare cixe fustas saxelwodebac, rac dakavSirebulia

afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul maqsime aRmsarebelisa da misi Tanamoazreebis

sapatimrosTan. es toponimi usaTuod svanuria. lentexur kiloze fust (ze-

mo svanurad fusd), meufes, ufals niSnavs. rogorc Cans, Semdeg man damate-

biTi Sinaarsic SeiZina da Tavadis, batonis, mbrZaneblis aRmniSvnelic gax-

da. s. yauxCiSvilis moZiebiT, es cixe rusuli axalSeni sof. aleqsandrov-

skoeSi mdebareobda.

sxva cixe-simagreTa Soris misimianTa mxareSi dasaxelebulia tibeleo-

si, sagulisxmoa, rom es gaberZnulebuli saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba svanur

tvibs (xeobas), sadac es cixe idga _ (Seadare svaneTis dasaxleba tvibeers,

tobars, tvibs da sxv).

misimianebis vinaobaze miuTiTeben aqauri da saerTod afxazeTis mTebSi

arsebuli hidronimebi anu mdinareebis saxelwodebebi. rogorc m.qaldani

arkvevs, am mdinareebis umetesobas svanurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsi

ra axasiaTebs, esenia: gvandra, aZgara, ajara, xewkvera (xeqvara), msgavsi sa-

xelwodebebi dResac gvxvdeba svaneTSi: dol-ra, nak-ra, kal-ra, Six-ra,

nensk-ra, fel-ra, melx-ra da a.S. aSkaraa, rom isini svanuri metyvelebis na-

yofi arian. afxazeTis mTiani mxaris mdinareebis saxelwodebaTa svanuroba

16

kargad SeniSna mkvlevarma v.zuxbaiamac, romelmac sxva, araerTi svanuri sa-

xelwodebaTa arsebobac (magaliTad cxumis da sxv.) daadastura afxazeTSi

(zuxbaia, 1988).

aseve ueWvelia, rom misimianTa sof. CxalTis erT-erTi ubnis da Relis

saxelwodeba lagvanTac svanuria da ligvni-lagvan-idan anu tirilidan

momdinare satiral-sagodebel adgils ewodeba. niSandoblivia, rom es uba-

ni cixe-simagre Cxalis (Cxaris) axlo mdebareobs da Tavis droze cixis ir-

gvliv gaCaRebuli brZolis dros daRupulTa sasaflaos unda rqmeoda,

radgan am adgilze mravlad iCens Tavs adamianis sxvadasxva Zvlebi. aseve

svanuria dalis anu misimianeTis sof. laTas saxeli, rac svanurad sityva –

sityviT sazRvars, gasayars, gasayof adgils ewodeba. svanur-qarTuli unda

iyos qvabCaras saxelic. aseTi orfuZiani sistemis saxelwodebebi gvxvdeba

iseT adgilebSi, romelzec svanuri qreba da saerTo qarTuli Cndeba, qvab-

Cara-qva da baCar e.i. qva – qarTulad da baCar _ svanurad mravlobiT ric-

xvSi.

misimianebisa da misimianeTis (dalis) svanur-qarTvelurobas adastu-

rebs ara mxolod misimianeTis xsenebuli toponimebi, aramed mTeli afxaze-

Tisa da misi mimdebare CrdiloeT kavkasiis anu dRevandeli yaraCai-balya-

reTisa da CerqezeTis mravalricxovani geografiuli saxelwodebebic. mar-

to yaraCai-balyareTSi 150-ze meti svanuri toponimia dadasturebuli. maT

Soris yaraCaiSi: uSvglani, xurzuki (xur-zugi), xumara, senti, goSaix yala

(goSuanis cixe-koSki), Suanlar (eTnonimi), ebze yala (svanebis cixe), ebzel-

re auS, Jabolar da sxva mravali. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misimianeT-da-

rinis gzajvaredinze–teberdis xeobaSi mdebare cixe-simagris da naqalaqa-

ris Suanas saxelwodeba, sadac dRemdea SemorCenili XI saukunis qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi da cixe-koSkebiani galavnis naSTebi. ueWvelia,

rom Suana momdinareobs eTnonim svaneTis TviTsaxeli Suanasagan. yaraCais

sxva mravali saxelwodebis garda, am mosazrebas unda adasturebdes am na-

qalaqaris garSemo mdebare teritoriis _ gimaris anu sgimaris saxelwode-

bac (gimar anu sgimar svanurad mJavewylebian adgils ewodeba). CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi svanTa gansaxlebaze metyvelebs agreTve e.w. nikonis matianis da-

narTi, romelSic yabardos didi mTavris Tumruya idarovis mier ivane mris-

xanis daxmarebiT `mSanTa da sonTa~ 164 kabakis da ramdenime qalaqis tipis

dabis dapyrobazea laparaki XVI saukuneSi (gasviani, 1991; Лавров,1950;1969).

17

afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili saistorio werilobiT wyaroebze, materialu-

ri kulturis Zeglebze, toponimikaze, hidronimikaze, Tqmulebebze, agreTve

afxazeTis mimdebare mxareebis mTel istoriaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom

uZveles drosa da Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan na-

wils qarTvelTa erT-erTi uZvelesi Sto svanebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic

ara mxolod afxazeTis mTian teritoriaze, aramed baris teritoriazec iy-

vnen gansaxlebuli (amaze sxvadasxva saxelwodebebTan erTad, afxazeTis sa-

mefo dinastiis SavlianTa warmomadgenlebis mefobac migviTiTebs IXs. meo-

re naxevarSi), magram droTa viTarebaSi svanebi TandaTan Semcirebulan an

sxva qarTul tomebSi gaTqvefilan. aseTi viTareba Cans kodoris xeobaSic

anu dalSi, sadac misimianebma mxolod gvian saSualo saukuneebamde moaRwi-

es, Semdeg ki maTi adgili Crdilo kavkasiidan Camowolilma afsuebma daika-

ves, TviTon ki sxvagan gaifantnen an mosulebSi gaiTqvifnen (amisi gadmo-

naSTia marSan-maruSiani anu webelda–dalis mflobelebi, romlebic dalis

droebiT flobisaTvis ijaras uxdidnen dadiSqelianebs XIXs. pirvel naxe-

varSi). dalisa da sxva adgilebis saxelwodebebi veraferma Secvala, rasac

adasturebs giuldenStedtis, klaprotisa da l. lulies cnobebic. dali

rom bolomde svanur samyarod darCa, amas mowmobs isic, rom mas XIX-s meo-

re naxevarSi mezobeli svaneTis mosaxleobam kvlav miaSura da daimkvidra.

abazebisa da afsuebis vinaoba istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT

abazebisa da afsuebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT ori erTmaneTisagan

sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs.

pirveli mosazrebis mixedviT, afsuaTa monaTesave abazebis nawili, anu

Semdegdroindeli tapanTelebis winaprebi XIII_XIV saukuneebSi Savi zRvis

sanapirodan bzifsa da tuafses Soris teritoriidan gadasaxldnen adiRe

_ CerqezeTSi anu yubanispireTSi (lomTaTiZe, 1969). g. TogoSvili wers, rom

abazinelma feodalebma saZovrebis ZiebaSi iwyes maruxis, qluxoris da sxva

gadasasvleli gzebiT kavkasionis qedis Crdilo kalTebze adiRelTa Soris

dasaxleba, romlis Sedegad xdeboda am xalxis kulturul-eTnikuri daa-

xloeba adiReelebTan (TogoSvili, 1969).

meore mosazrebiT, abazgebi DdRevandeli oCamCiris raionSi cxovrob-

dnen da Semdeg VI _VII saukunebSi gadasaxldnen gumisTa–bzifs Soris. z.

18

anCabaZis azriT, abazgisagan warmoiSva afxazi, anu afxazi da abazgi imave

fuZisaa, rac afsili (anCabaZe, 1975). am Sexedulebas Tu gaviziarebT araer-

Ti gaurkveveli da saCoTiro sakiTxi dadgeba. pirvel rigSi, sakiTxi

exeba abazgisa da afxazis urTierTmimarTebas, agreTve abazgebis Tavdapir-

velad oCamCireSi gansaxlebas, aseve abazebis gansaxlebas SavizRvispireTSi.

viziarebT a. genkosa da q. lomTaTiZis daskvnebs (Генко, 1955; lomTaTiZe,

1976) afxazur (afsuur) da abazur enaTa igiveobis anu saerTo warmomavlo-

bis Sesaxeb, rasac xels uSlis maTi gansaxleba kavkasiis qeds CrdiloeT

da samxreT kalTebze. am SemTxvevaSi logikurad dgeba Semdegi sakiTxi: Tu-

ki isini saerTo warmoSobisani arian, maSin erT arealSi unda gavrcelebu-

liyvnen _ an samxreT kavkasiaSi an CrdiloeTSi da ara sxvadasxva garemoSi

gancalkevebulad da izolirebulad. varauds Tu sasurvel daskvnas abaze-

bis samxreTidan – SavizRvispireTidan anu adleri-soWis mxridan XIII-XIV

saukuneebSi Crdilo kavkasiis mTianeTSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb. ewinaaRmde-

geba is garemoeba, im periodSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi TaTar–monRolTa Semo-

sevisa da batonobis pirobebSi gacilebiT mZime, autaneli pirobebi da si-

tuacia iyo, vidre Tundac afxazeTsa da misi mezobeli Savi zRvis midamo-

ebSi. amitom, piriqiT, oqros urdosa da Semdeg ilxanTa mier gaCaRebuli

samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebis gamo iq sacxovreblad xelsayreli viTa-

reba ar iyo. rogorc wesi, yvelas, visac SesaZlebloba gaaCnda, yvelam mTis

xeobebsa da samxreT regionebs Seafara Tavi. mcire gamonaklisis garda,

adamianTa moZraoba mTels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi samxreTisaken iyo mimar-

Tuli, rasac iq arsebuli bevrad ukeTesi bunebrivi saarsebo pirobebi gan-

sazRvravda. warmoudgenelia SedarebiT samoTxiseuli SavizRvispireTidan

adamianTa did jgufebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mwiri da xrioki mTebisaTvis

mieSura. amasTan gaugebaria isic, rom adler-soWis mxridan gacilebiT mo-

xerxebuli, mokle da farTo gzebis arsebobis pirobebSi CrdiloeT kavkasi-

aSi (yubanispireTSi) gadasasvlelad afxazeTi gadmoelaxaT da sanCaro-ma-

ruxis sauReltexilo sacalfexo bilikebiT yubanis saTaveebisaken gadasax-

lebuliyvnen. xsenebul periodSi adler-soWis sanapiro da mimdebare mTebi

ukve dakavebuli hqondaT adiRur-Cerqezul tomebs, maT Soris SafsuRebs,

natuxaelebs, ubixebs da jiqebs, romlebic saqarTvelos am miwa-wyalze

CrdiloeTidan Camosaxldnen.

19

afxazeTis mxridan abazebis (viTom afxazebis) gadasaxleba CrdiloeT-

Si rom winazraxuladaa gamogonili, es bolo drosac dadasturda dokumen-

turad, saxeldobr aTiode wlis win gamovlenili italieli kartografis

jakobo gastaldis rukiTac (1561), romelzec gamosaxulia ruseTisa da uk-

rainis samxreTi teritoriebi. masze aRniSnulia kavkasionis, lixis (anu su-

ramis) da sxva qedebi, aseve sxvadasxva qalaqebi, regionebi, mxareebi, qveyne-

bi da a. S. rukaze Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi afxazeTis amJamindeli terito-

riis CaTvliT naCvenebia samegrelos saxeliT. calke afxazeTi rukaze aR-

niSnuli ar aris, samagierod kavkasionis Crdilo-dasavleTSi mdinare yuba-

nis, Sua welze miTiTebulia Abcvas regi., Cveni azriT, absuas regioni, rome-

lic T. gvancelaZes ratomRac afxazeTis regionad miaCnia. sinamdvileSi

is afsua unda iyos, rogorc abazebis nawili uwodebs Tavis Tavs (amasTan,

abazebs aseTi saxelwodebis Temic aqvT). md. yubanis marcxena SenakadTan

dafiqsirebulia Асuа, romelic afxazeTSi Camosaxlebulma afsuebma q. so-

xums anu cxums uwodes. qalaqi soxumi rukaze sevastopolisadaa (sebasto-

polisi) saxeldebuli, oRond rukaze zogierTi saxelwodeba nawilobriv

mainc damaxinjebulia (La dasezittione della pzima pazte dell Asia can inomi antici” et

modezni di jacono Gastald; Piemontese cosmogzato, 1997).

gastaldis rukaze md. yubanis SuawelSi afsua-abazebis sacxovrebeli

teritoria rom aris naCvenebi, amaze metyvelebs isic, rom abazebi yubanis

saTaveebSi _ md. Llabis xeobaSi XX s-Sic Tavis erT-erT TviTsaxelad af-

suas miiCnevdnen, amitomac SemorCaT afsuas Temis saxelwodeba. maT gansax-

lebaSi XVIs. 60-ian wlebSi, rogorc gastaldi afiqsirebs, ayvas saxelwode-

baa dadasturebuli. cxadia, rukaze ayvasTan erTad-afsuazea laparaki da aq

,,afxazi” xelovnuradaa nagulisxmevi. amgvarad, CrdiloeTSi mobinadre aba-

za-afsuebi, romlebic gvian saSualo saukuneebSi Camosaxldnen afxazeTSi,

xelovnuradaa monaTluli SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle qarTveli afxazebis

saxeliT.

gastaldis rukaze afsua-abazebis yubanis Sua welSi lokalizeba uar-

yofs Sexedulebas XIII-XIVss.Afxazebis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebis

Sesaxeb. aseTi gadasaxleba sinamdvileSi rom momxdariyo, isini yubanis Su-

awelSi ki ar dasaxldebodnen, aramed yubanis saTaveebSi, sadac saZovrebic

meti iyo da carieli adgilebic; amasTan es teritoria afxazeTTan axlo-

20

caa da SedarebiT ioli misaRwevic, vidre adiRe-CerqezebiT dasaxlebuli

yubanis Suaweli.

miuxedavad saTanado saistorio werilobiTi wyaroebis ar arsebobisa,

sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom uZveles droSi gastaldis mier

yubanis SuawelSi naCvenebi afsuebi aSkarad is abazebia, romlebic frede-

rik diubua de monperem (plinius ufrosis cnobebis safuZvelze–Is.) kaspiis

zRvis CrdiloeTiT ,,abzoes” saxelwodebiT uCvena. Sua saukuneebSi mejoge-

momTabare abzoebma anu abazebma kaspiispireTidan da volgispireTidan da-

savleTisaken gadainacvles da yubanispireTSi daisadgures, saidanac mon-

RolTa zewoliT jer imave mdinaris saTaveebs, Semdeg ki afxazeTsac moa-

Sures.

amdenad, saqme Tavdayiraa gaazrebuli zogierTi afsua mkvlevaris mier,

roca CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mobinadre afsua-abazebs afxazeTidan gadasax-

lebul afxazebad warmoidgenen. rasakvirvelia, am mosazrebas mxolod po-

litikuri motivi aqvs, jer erTi, imitom, rom isini afsuebi arian da ara

istoriuli afxazebi (qarTvelebi), romlebic uZvelesi droidan cxovrob-

dnen afxazeTSi, rogorc avtoqtonebi; meorec, es Sexeduleba gamogonilia,

vinaidan sinamdvilis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi afsuebi kargaven istoriuli

afxazebisa da afxazeTis samarTal-memkvidreobas. amitom yovelnairad cdi-

lobdnen TviTsaxelwodebasTan (afsua) erTad, dakavebuli teritoriis saxe-

lis mixedviT, qarTvelebis mier Serqmeulic saxelic (afxazi) daimkvidron.

Tanamedrove afxazebi (afsuebi), rom Zveli Tu uZvelesi afxazebi anu

afxazeTis mkidrni ar arian, mtkicdeba mTeli rigi argumentebiTa da logi-

kuri debulebebiT.

1. afsuebi rom afxazeTis mkvidri (avtoqtoni) ar arian amaze, pirvel

rigSi, metyvelebs is, rom afxazeTis miwa-wyalze XVII saukunemde ar arse-

bobs iseTi eTnonimi, toponimi da hidronimi, romelic afsuur enaze aixsne-

boda. toponimika, rogorc cnobilia, aris masze mobinadre xalxis kvali

dedamiwaze. ama Tu im teritiriis geografiul saxelwodebebSi upiratesad

gamoxatulia pirvandeli mosaxleobis ena, rwmena, sameurneo saqmianoba, ni-

San-Tvisebebi da sxva. aqedan gamomdinare, raki afxazeTis miwa-wyalze XVII

saukunemde ar Cans afsuebis kvali, SeuZlebelia aq maTi kompaqturi cxov-

reba, politikuri, kulturuli da sameurneo moRvaweoba vivaraudoT. sama-

gierod, afxazeTis miwa- wyalis (gansakuTrebiT dasaxlebebisa da Zeglebis)

21

Zveli saxelwodebebi ZiriTadad qarTulia (aris mxolod berZnuli gamonak-

lisebi) da dafiqsirebulia rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour wyaroebSi. maT

Sorisaa gagra (gak-ra=svanurad kakali-kaklnari), biWvinTa (fiWvnari), bzifi

(bza), lixni anu luxuni (Ziriani, saZirkvliani), gudauTa, cxumi, dioskuria,

cxubeni, cumuri, moqvi, jixa-xora, fusta da uamravi sxva saxelwodeba. uda-

oa, rom afxazeTSi gvxvdeba afsuuri toponimebic, magram isini gviandeli

(gvian saSualo saukuneebis) warmonaqmnebi arian. maTi absoluturi umravle-

soba qarTulis mibaZviTaa Seqmnili (gadasxvaferebuli) an Targmnilia qar-

Tulidan (“muwis wyali”-“mWiSTa”, “aRacos wyali” _ “aaci”, “Suaqveyana”-“ab-

Jua”, “gurbedia”-“agubedia” da a.S.). afxazeTSi gvxvdeba agreTve rusuli to-

ponimebi da hidronimebi, romlebic aseve gviandelia (XIX an XX sauku-

neebis).

2. yvelafridan Cans, rom afxazeTSi XVII saukunis bolodan Camosaxle-

buli afsuebi qristianebi arasodes yofilan, rasac ara mxolod swavlu-

li afxazebi s. basaria da d. gulia adastureben (Басария, 1923; Гулия,1925), ara-

med afsuebis mier dasangrevad mitovebuli 100-mde qristianuli eklesia-mo-

nasteri, romelic afxazeTis yovel Temsa da sofelSi idga, agreTve saka-

Talikoso da ramdenime saepiskoposo centris mospoba, 100-mde sasuliero

piris daxocva XVIIs. 80-ian wlebSi, biWvinTis sakaTalikoso soflebis dar-

beva da sxva mravali faqti. afsuebs Tavidanve afxazeTSi rom ecxovraT da

odesme qristianebi yofiliyvnen, SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTi sazogadoebrivi

mexsiereba ise moSliliyo, rom ase ulmoblad moqceodnen qristianobas,

samRvdeloebas, mrevls daeklesia-monastrebs, rogorc es XVII-XIX saukune-

ebSi moxda. marTalia, XIXs. 30-ian wlebidan ruseTisa da saqarTvelos Za-

liT daiwyo afsuebis masobrivi monaTvla, magram amas didi warmateba ar

mohyolia da suraTs mainc ar cvlis. Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia imi-

si warmodgenac ki, rom afsuebs I an II saukunidan ecxovraT sayovelTaod

cnobil qristianul afxazeTSi, romlis (biWvinTis) episkoposi nikeaSi 325

wels daeswro qristianTa pirvel saeklesio krebas da aseTi xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi isini ar gamxdariyvnen qristianebi; afsuebi Tu odesme

qristianebi iyvnen, sad gaqra yvelaferi es ugzoukvlod da Tundac ruse-

Tis ZaldatanebiT rogor miaSures masobrivad mahmadianur TurqeTs.

3. sakiTxavia, Tu afxazeTis miwa-wyalze qarTvelebi ar cxovrobdnen

da mxolod XX s-Si sabWoTa periodSi Casaxldnen stalinisa da berias Za-

22

lisxmeviT, rogorc amas RaRadeben afsua mkvlevarebi da maTi amfsonebi,

maSin afxazeTSi vin aaSena da gaaforma qarTuli warwerebiT da freskebiT

100-mde soflisa da Temis Zveli eklesia, agreTve vin Seqmna afxazeTSi sami

saepiskoposo da erTi sakaTalikoso sakaTedro eklesia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom afsuebi warmarTi da mahmadianuri rwmenis iyvnen

(zogierTi mxolod formalurad moinaTla qristianad XIX saukuneSi. mag-

ram amis miuxedavad, maTi umravlesoba osmaleTSi gaixizna), afxazeTSi qar-

TvelTa gansaxlebis wyalobiT mainc qristianobis farTo kvali SemorCa

XX saukunemde!

4. afsuebs, rom uZvelesi droidan (Tundac II saukunidan) ecxovraT af-

xazeTis miwa-wyalze, maSin rogor ar hqonodaT misi florisa da faunis sa-

kuTari terminologia. ranairad SeiZleba imisi warmodgenac ki, rom zRvisa

da Tevzis qveyanaSi maT Tevzeulis saxelwodebebi, an vazis qveyanaSi misi

jiSebis saxelwodebebi, aseve, sayovelTao qristianul qveyanaSi qristianu-

li terminologia da locva-wirvis wesebi ar hqondeT. Tu maTze raime war-

modgena aqvT afsuebs, es mxolod adgilobrivi qarTvelebisgan aqvT nases-

xebi da SeTvisebuli.

qarTul da ucxour werilobiT wyaroebze, afxazeTis saistorio Zeg-

lebze da, rac mTavaria, afxazebis (anu afsuebis) yofa cxovrebaze, enasa

da kulturaze dakvirvebam akad. niko berZeniSvili daarwmuna SemdegSi: ”

"zemoTmoyvanili daJinebuli mowmobani imis Sesaxeb, rom afxazebi agre

hgvanan kavkasiis mTiel xalxebs yofaSi, sarwmunoebiT, rom isini cixeebsa

da qalaqebSi ar cxovroben, rom, rogorc Cans, mexorbleoba an sul ara

aqvT an metad mcire, rom isini megrelebs ar hgvanan - yofa cxovrebiT _

yvelaferi es imis mowmobaa, rom XVII saukunis afxazebi marTlac kavkasia-

nebia, sakmaod gvian Camosulni barSi, maT jer kidev ver auTvisebiaT bari

da mTiulur cxovrebas ganagrZoben. ra Tqma unda, eseni ar arian aborige-

nebi. maT ver SeuTvisebiaT qristianoba, iseve, rogorc ver SeuTvisebiaT fe-

odaluri meurneoba (am yovlad uxvsa da noyier qveyanaSi), iseve rogorc

ver SeuTvisebiaT feodaluri socialuri wyoba...”….. (berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.

614).

n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavs, rom afxazebi mesaqonle xalxia- kavkasielTa

monaTesave, primitiuli yofiT da warmarTuli religiiT. Mmeore mxriv, is

aRniSnavs im faqts, rom afxazeTi VIII_XIII saukuneebSi aris ganviTarebuli

23

feodaluri qveyana, saidanac qristianoba mTaSic vrceldeboda, rasac mow-

mobs berZnuli da qarTuli mwerloba (ioane sabanis Ze da sxva).amas mow-

mobs awindeli afxazeTis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi ,,da ucbad xdeba Zirfes-

viani gardatexa... me-XV saukunidan afxazeTi ,,warmarTobs”, afxazeTSi uq-

mdeba zedized saepiskoposoebi, qreba qristianoba da es xdeba ara imis ga-

mo, rom aq osmaleTma ZaliT danerga mahmadianoba, rogorc es moxda mesxeT-

Si, aramed sul sxva safuZvelze-mahmadianoba afxazTa Soris fexs ikidebs

mas Semdeg, rac iq qristianoba minelda (berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 614).

marTalia, n. berZeniSvili garkveul uzustobas uSvebs, roca acxadebs,

rom mTeli afxazoba (igulisxmeba CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebuli)

ramdenime nakadad Camodis oqros urdos dawoliT afxazeTis teritoriaze

XIII saukunidan, agreTve maSin, roca ,,mcnebai sasjulos” ganixilavs ro-

gorc afsua-afxazebisTvis (da ara dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, e.i. istoriu-

li afxazebisTvis) Sedgenil Zegls, roca wers, rom XV s-dan afxazeTSi

TiTqos saepiskoposoebi uqmdeba da a.S.

jer erTi, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs mtkicebisTvis XIII, Tun-

dac XIV-XV saukuneebSi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze afsua-abaze-

bis Camosaxlebis an, piriqiT, afxazeTidan Crdilo kavkasiaSi maTi gadasax-

lebis Taobaze (rogorc amas z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, q. lomTaTiZe da sxve-

bi varaudoben). orive urTierT sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba mogonili varau-

dia. aseve ,,mcnebai sasjulos” skurpuliozurma Seswavlam (gasviani, 2005w.)

cxadyo, rom am ZeglSi araviTari miniSnebac ki ar aris afxazeTSi afsue-

bis cxovrebaze da maT warmarTobaze, piriqiT, saubaria dasavleT saqarTve-

los samwysoSi qarTvelebis qristianuli rwmenisa da dogmebis Seryvna -

gadasxvaferebaze, zogierTi warmarTuli wesebis gacocxlebaze, rasac uTu-

od Temurlengis Semosevebi, qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri Seryeva

anu saqarTvelos politikuri daSlis procesi ganapirobebda. amas metyve-

lebs akad. korneli kekeliZis daskvnac xsenebul Zeglze: es Zegli ,,qarTve-

lebisadmia uSualod mimarTuli” (qarTuli literaturis istoria, 1960).

aseve arazustia XVs-dan afxazeTSi saepiskoposoebis zedized gauqmebaze

laparaki. am dros afsuebis masa jer kidev yubanis Sua welSi cxovrobda

(gastaldis ruka). afxazeTSi saepiskoposoebis gauqmeba ki afsuebis dawo-

liT moxda ufro gvian (Camosaxlebis Semdeg) e.i. XVIs. (biWvinTa), XVII

(dranda, moqvi) da XVIII (bedia) saukuneebSi. aseve osmaleTis mier afxazebi-

24

sadmi dawolaze da gamahmadianebis procesze saubari mxolod XVIs. Suaxa-

nebidan SeiZleba, rodesac afsuaTa ZiriTadi masa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia

Tavmoyrili. unda vivaraudoT, rom maTi gamahmadianebis procesi swored

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi daiwyo osmaleTis xeldebuli yirimis saxanos meSveo-

biT da ara afxazeTSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg. Cans isini, ukve nawilobriv ma-

inc gamahmadianebuli iyvnen, roca afxazeTSi Camowven. usafuZvlo varaudia

agreTve isic, rom afxazeTSi Camosaxlebis dros afsuebs aq daxvdnen Tana-

moZme da Tanamoene xalxi.

miuxedavad am uzustobisa da zogierTi winaaRmdegobisa, Tavisi didi

erudiciis da alRos wyalobiT, akad. n. berZeniSvilis Sexeduleba da debu-

lebebi afxazeTze saxelmZRvaneloa CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT namdvil afxa-

zebze, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Zveli da axali afxazebis Sesaxeb.

cnobilia, rom ,,afxazis” cnebam ruseTis meoxebiT metamorfoza ganica-

da: Абхазия не Грузия (Воробьёв, 1919; Воронов, 1907). XX saukunis dasawyisSi Ta-

vianT nabodvrebSi l. voronovi da n. vorobiovi acxadeben rom afxazeTs

araferi saerTo ar hqonda da ara aqvs saqarTvelosTan (viTom aq mxolod

ramdenime aseuli qarTveli cxovrobda) da tyuilad epotineboda am teri-

torias saqarTvelo. raki qveynidan TurqeTSi gaZevebis Semdeg afsuebi co-

tani darCnen adgilze, am sababiT ruseTi cdilobda afxazeTi waeglija sa-

qarTvelosTvis (rogorc axla) da TviTon dapatroneboda mis miwa-wyals.

amiTac iyo gamowveuli “afxazis” cnebis Secvla da misi afsuebisaTvis mi-

kuTvneba, rac TavisTavad imperiuli politikis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvi-

seba gaxldaT. am politikas emsaxureboda afxazeTis mosaxleobis aRwere-

bic 1886, 1897 da sxva wlebSi, rodesac rusi statistikosebi yovelnairad

amcirebdnen afxazeTSi qarTvelebis ricxvs, aqucmacebdnen maT megrelebad,

svanebad, samurzayanoelebad, qarTvelebad, aWarlebad, gurulebad, imerle-

bad da a.S., risi mizani iyo maTi erTimeorisagan gaTiSva da iolad gaTqve-

fa rusebSi.

am mzakvrul rusul imperiul sixarbes mxars uWerdnen ruseTis mier

gamozrdili axali separatistuli inteligenciis, aseve e.w. revoluciuri

moZraobis warmomadgenlebi s. basaria, d. gulia, n. lakoba, e. eSba da sxva.

ra Tqma unda, saqme ase martivad ar damTavrda. afxazeTs xan moxalise ar-

miis generlebi n. denikini, m. aleqseevi, a. lukomski da sxva ewiweboda da

xan yubanis mTavroba, bolos ki 1921 w. martidan bolSevikurma sabWoTa ru-

25

seTma Caigdo xelSi. amieridan “afxazis” cnebaSi araqarTul enaze mosaubre

afsua igulisxmeba, romelic istoriuli TvalsazrisiT afxazeTSi Crdilo-

eT kavkasiidanaa Camosaxlebuli da iq mosaxle abazebis TanamoZme. afsuas

mxolod imis gamo ewoda afxazi, rom is qarTvelTa miwa_wyalze afxazeT-

Si dasaxlda. amitomac Tavdapirvelad d.gulia Seufereblad miiCnevda

maTTvis afxazis wodebas da moiTxovda am saxelis Secvlas,, afsne”–Ti,

amasTan acxadebda, rom maTi winaprebi abisinielebi, eTiopielebi da egvip-

telebi, e.i. araqarTvelebi iyvnen (Гулия, 1925). rac mTavaria, yovelive amis

gamo, n.berZeniSvili erTimeoresagan gamoyofs da ganasxvavebs Zvel da axal

afxazebs. misi azriT, VI-VII saukuneebidan mainc, rodesac afxazeTis sxva-

dasxva qarTveluri Temebi heniox-sanigebi, kolebi, koraqsebi, mesxebi, afSi-

lebi, misimianebi da sxvebi erT saerTo masad--afxazebad Seirwyen da maTgan

saerTo qarTuli qveyana-afxazTa samefo Camoyalibda, isini qarTvelebs anu

Zvel qarTvelebs warmoadgendnen, romlebic saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebis erT-erTi iniciatorebi iyvnen. amitom SemTxveviTi ar SeiZle-

ba iyos gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulatura_,, mefe afxazTa”.

Zvel ,,afxazebSi” rom qarTveli (qarTul enaze molaparake xalxi) igu-

lisxmeba, es kargad Cans XIII_XIVss. sparsul, arabul, Turqul da sxva wya-

roebidanac.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs, rom afxazi

kulturul-istoriulad qarTvelia (ase ganixilavs is afxazeTs, romelic

saqarTvelos organuli nawilia). mecnieris TvalTaxedviT, ,,afxazi" imde-

nadve (da ara ufro metad) arsebobda, ramdenadac qarTi, heri, kaxi, mesxi,

javaxi, klarji, SavSi, egri, svani, zani da sxva. an kidev "kaxeli", "qarTle-

li", "guruli", "imereli", "megreli", "aWareli" da a.S. ... rom afxazi kul-

turul istoriulad "qarTveli" iyo (berZeniSvili ,1990, gv. 279-280).

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ,,afxazTa samefo” mTeli Tavisi arsebiT-

eniT, mmarTvelobiT, kulturiT, politikiT qarTuli iyo. Tu aq afsuebi

(rac ararealuria) da sxvebi cxovrobdnen, saidan Cans es, an raSi vlindeba

es saerTod sakvirvelia, vis mier da ra monacemebis safuZvelze iqna mogo-

nili afsuebis cxovreba afxazeTSi Tundac II saukunidan, rodesac aq sxva-

dasxva tomebTan-henioxebTan, sanigebTan, kolebTan, koraqsebTan, mesxebTan,

afSilebTan da sxvebTan erTad, abazgebi anu qarTvelebia dasaxelebuli.

yvela dasaxelebuli tomi xom specialistebis (i.orbelis, g. meliqiSvilis,

26

T. miqelaZis, m.inaZis da sxv.) mier qarTvelur tomebadaa cnobili,_xolo

abazgebi (berZnulad) xom afxazebia. saidan da ris safuZvelze gaCnda abaz-

gidan-afsua aravin ar icis, garda imisa, rom abazgi da afsua, agreTve absi-

li (aseve abeSla- abisinia) erTimeores hgvanan fonetikurad, Tu formiT.

Tanac sakiTxavia, ranairad SieZleba amdeni qarTveluri tomi-erT muWa

araqarTvel abazgebs Serwymoda (Tundac isini xelovnurad CavTvaloT af-

suebad), roca mravalricxovani megrul-svanur-kolxuri tomebi maT gver-

diT iyvnen da gacilebiT maRali kultura hqondaT. yovelgvari safuZvlis

gareSe xelovnuradaa mogonili abazgis (agreTve afSilis) afsuoba da af-

suas afxazeTSi gansaxleba Zveli droidan, romlis uarsayofad sakmarisia

Tundac is, rom araviTari afsuuri nakvalevi ar dasturdeba afxazeTSi

gvian saSualo saukuneebamde.

kidev meti, rodesac akad. n. berZeniSvili saubrobs osmaleTis da ruse-

Tis imperiebis politikaze, saqarTvelos daSlisa da waSlis gegmebis

Sesaxeb, agreTve qarTveli renegatebis saqmianobaze, wers: ,,ai am ukuRmar-

TobaTa Sedegia, rom Cven DdRes mtkicebac ki gvWirdeba afxazebis, mesxebis

(SavS-klarj-taoelebis), lazebis, aWarlebis qarTvelobisa” (berZeniSvili,

1966, gv. 281). rogorc vxedavT, n. berZeniSvilis mtkice da calsaxa mosazre-

biT, Zveli afxazebi ueWvelad qarTvelebia. am SemTxvevaSi gasakviri isaa,

rom zogierTi istorikosi dResac, saqmeSi Cauxedavad uaryofs Zveli afxa-

zebis qarTvelobas, maT araqarTvel afsuebad miiCnevs da aqedan gamomdina-

re, erT muWa miwa-wyalze oraborigenobis yalb mosazrebas gvTavazobs. sa-

kiTxavia, Tu Zveli afxazebi ar iyvnen qarTvelebi, qarTvelebi afxazeTi ki

ar iyo saqarTvelo, rogor warmovidginoT ,,afxazTa samefos” qarTveloba,

an afxazTa erT-erTi moTave da wamyvani roli saqarTvelos srul gaerTia-

nebaSi, an kidev gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi pirvel

adgilze afxazTa Casma!?.

rodesac n. berZeniSvili afxazeTSi Camowolili afsuebis wes-Cveule-

bebze msjelobs, aRniSnavs, rom isini afxazeTSi gvarebad saxldebodnen ga-

kafuli tyis SuagulSi, romlis irgvliv Robes da Txrils avlebdnen, ud-

gamo da uarafro farRalala facxaSi cxovrobdnen primitiulad, cixeebs,

daba-qalaqebs da eklesiebs ar ekarebodnen, gardacvlils miwaSi dasafla-

vebis nacvlad xeze hkidebdnen, warmarTobasa da mahmadianobas misdevdnen,

baris florisa da faunis saxelwodebebi ar icodnen da sxva. aqedan gamom-

27

dinare n. berZeniSvili xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom Zveli afxazebi sul sxva

xalxi iyo Tavisi rwmeniT, eklesia-monastrebiT da kulturiT. n. berZeniSvi-

li wers: Tavis droze afxazeTi iseTive saqarTvelo iyo da afxazi iseTive

qarTveli, rogoric egrisi da megreli, rogoric qarTli da qarTleli, da

a.S. (berZeniSvili, 1990 gv. 608). amasTan, is ganagrZobs, rom feodaluri xa-

nis afxazi qarTvelia da afxazze, rogorc qarTvelisagan gansxvavebul

erovnebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. amitom is araerTxel da araerTgan am-

bobs da imeorebs, rom afxazi iseTive qarTveli iyo, rogoric qarTleli,

kaxeli, mesxi, megreli, svani da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, ra didi dakvirveba

sWirdeba imas, rom afsua ar SeiZleba iyos afxazi Tavisi eTnikuri da

erovnuli TvisebebiT.

afsuebis vinaoba da sadauroba gansakuTrebiT kargad ician Zvelma

rusma swavlulebma da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic jer ki-

dev XV saukunidan iyvnen sisxlxorceulad dainteresebuli kavkasiis miwa-

wyliTa da misi simdidriT. am mxriv, sxvaTa Soris, cnobilia rusuli isto-

riografiis mamad wodebuli v. tatiSCevi (1686-1750ww.), romelic imavdrou-

lad iyo ruseTis saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe (msaxurobda astraxanis

gubernatoradac), romlis rwmunebiT, obezebs Zvelad qarTvelebi ewodebo-

daT da ara afsuebi afxazeTis Sesaxeb igi ambobs: .,,Паче же мню, часть

Мингрелии Северная, которую турки и кабардинцы имянуют Авхазос, наши древние

именовали обезы. Ныне оной болъшую частъ кубанцы наполняют”(Татищев,1962, стр. 171).

am SemTxvevaSi v.tatiSCevi yubanispireTidan samegrelos CrdiloeT na-

wilSi-afxazeTSi afsua-abazebis Camosaxlebis aRmweri istorikosi ki araa

mxolod, aramed TviTmxilveli moxelec. saqme isicaa, rom v. tatiSCevi

adasturebs maT Camosaxlebas da j. gasteldis 1561 wlis rukis monacemebs.

yubanispireTSi afsuebis (abazebis) cxovrebis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare,

yovlad sarwmuno xdeba yubanispireTidan afxazeTSi afsua-abazebis Camosax-

leba gvian saSualo saukuneebSi. amdenad, v. tatiSCevis zemoaRniSnul cno-

baSi saeWvo TiTqos araferia, im SemTxvevaSic, “obezSi” rom qarTvelTan

erTad afxazic vigulisxmoT. arseboben sxva aranakleb sarwmuno wyaroebic

afsua abazebis afxazeTSi Camosaxlebaze. amis Sesaxeb araerTi evropeli da

rusi mkvlevari miuTiTebda. maT Sorisaa ingliseli edmund spenseri, rome-

lic 1851 wels afxazebs Cerqezebad moixseniebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom afsua-

abazebi CerqezeTidan (yubanispireTidan) Camowven afxazeTSi. Tanac am axal

28

afxazebs anu Cerqezebs spenseri rusebis yvelaze saSiS mtrebad moixseni-

ebs. rusebisadmi afxazebis siZulvils spenseri gamoxatavs soxumTan dakav-

SirebiTac. ,,soxumis cixe-simagris axlo mdebare midamoebi yvelaze miudgo-

meli da veluri adgilebia mTels kavkasiaSi, romlis mosaxleoba ruseTis

yvelaze saSiSi da Seurigebeli mteria. isini nawilobriv yirimisa da yuba-

nis xanebisa da sulTnebis Camomavlebi arian, romlebic Tavis tomebTan er-

Tad dasaxldnen am adgilebSi” (k.koxi, e. spenseri, 1981, gv.135). yovelive es

adasturebs ara mxolod e.w. afxazebis yubanispireTidan (CerqezeTidan) mo-

sulobas, aramed maT sulier anu religiur (mahmadianur) erTianobas yiri-

misa da CerqezeTis xalxebTan (saboloo jamSi osmalebTan), romlebic

mrisxane saRvTo omSi iyvnen ruseTis imperiasTan Cabmuli.

afsuebis anu axali afxazebis vinaoba SesaniSnavad icis a. diaCkov-tara-

sovma: "Думается, что большое племя абасков, . . . теснимое адыгейскими племенами,

частыо перевалило за Гагринский кряж, частью за перевалы Псеашха, Ахбирц, Цагеркер,

Марух, Клухор. Произoшло это не так давно, быть может в XVI-XVII веках. Некоторые

думают, что мингрельцы жили значительно севернее, что в эпоху основания г. Сухуми

здесь господствовали мингрельцы, так как слово "Сухум" мингрельского происхождения

(цхум-жаркий), что при раскопках близ Сухума найдены вазы, носящие печать Грузинской

культуры и монеты с Грузинской надписью. Однако эта гипотеза требует дальнеишей

разработки. Со своей стороны, имея в виду болышую близость языков мингрельского и

лазского, упоминаемое древними географамы поселение Старая Лазика (Vetus lazika) близ

села Новомихайловского, на р. Нечепсухо в 41 версте от Туапсе, упоминание Белля, что в

его время абхазы в окрестностях Лихны говорили на языке азра (e.i. megrulad - g.g.),

указание Безымянного в его перипле на то, что от Диоскуриады до р. Апсары жил прежде

народ, называвшийся колхами, впоследствии переименованные в лазов, сильное культурное

влияние, оказанное мингрельцами на абхазцев, мы признаем, что за этой гипотезой есть

будущность (А.Дьячков- Тарасов, 1903, стр.36-37).

rogorc j. gamaxaria wers, rasac a. diaCkov-tarasovi am naSromSi hipo-

Tezad miiCnevs, Semdeg naSromSi 1905 w.Ddamtkicebulad Tvlis: ”Абхазцы не

всегда обитали там, где теперь живут, а предания их и многие исторические данные и

обычаи указывают, что они пришли с севера и потеснили картвельские племена, пока не

остановились у Ингури” (Дьячков-Тарасов,1905, стр. 85). a. diaCkov-tarasovi, romelic

afxazeTSi rusTa Casaxlebas, iqidan qarTvelebis ayras da agreTve somexTa

ar SeSvebas qadagebda, pirdapir da gadaWriT aRiarebda, rom afxazeTi is-

29

toriulad saqarTvelo iyo da aq afsuebi CrdiloeTidan arian Camosuli

qarTvelebis Seviwroebisa da ayris Sedegad: ,,Тесня в предшествующие века

Mингрельцев на юг, абхазцы в своей передовой линии смещивались с теснимыми, переняли

от них многие обычаи, твердо стояли за христианство, чего нельзя сказать про северные

округа Абхазии, быстро подчинившиеся проповеди ислама (Дьячков-Тарасов,1909-1910,

стр.152,210). rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebisadmi arc Tu ise keTilganwyobili

a. diaCkov-tarasovic adasturebs, rom afsuebi XVI_XVII ss-Si gamoCndnen

kavkasiis samxreTSi da daipyres samegrelos CrdiloeT nawili.

afxazTa ena da damwerloba

afxazuri ena Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa afxazur-adiRur anu Crdi-

lo-dasavlur jgufSi da yvelaze metad is abazur enasTan aris daaxloe-

buli. afxazuri da abazuri imdenad erTmaneTTan mWidrod mdgom enobriv

erTeulebs warmoadgenen gramatikuli wyobis, ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondisa

da Tundac fonologiuri sistemis mixedviT, rom moulodneli araferia

imaSi, Tu maT specialistebi ganixilaven erTi da imave enis dialeqtebad

(lomTaTiZe, 1977).

yvelaze meti sxvaoba afxazursa da abazurs Soris mainc Tavs iCens

fonetikaSi, Tumca maT cal-calke enebad aRiarebisTvis es ar gaxlavT sak-

marisi argumenti. ufro niSandoblivia afxazurisgan abazur-tapanTuri dia-

leqtis sxvaoba, risi mizezi am ukanasknelze adiRur enaTa gavlena agreTve

afxazur da abazur enaTa damwerlobis sxvadasxva, sakmaod polarul dia-

leqtTa erTeulebze dafuZvneba-ganviTareba gaxlavT (lomTaTiZe, 1976).

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis ojaxSi afxa-

zur-abazurTan erTad erTiandeba ubixuri da Cerqezuli ena. samive es ena

momdinareobs winareiberiul-kavkasiuri enisgan warmoqmnil winare afxazur-

adiRuri enisgan, romelsac savaraudod unda earseba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleule-

bis mijnidan ax.w. dasawyisamde da am dros unda daSliliyo amJamad arse-

bul sam enad (gvancelaZe, 2007). amas gvafiqrebinebs maT Soris struqturu-

li da materialuri siaxlovis arseboba, rac TvalnaTliv SeiniSneba afxa-

zur-abazur, ubixur da Cerqezul enebs Soris. xolo sakuTriv zemoT xsene-

buli enebi Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulis mijnaze saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri (wina-

rekavkasiuri) enisagan gamocalkevdnen, ris Sedegadac aseve safuZveli unda

Seqmnoda qarTveluri enebis Camoyalibebasac. swored am gayofis procesis

30

TandaTanobiTi gaRrmavebis Sedegad abazi eTnosi yalibdeba md. yubansa da

md. Tergs Soris teritoriaze. es is adgilia, sadac aseve cxovrobdnen ma-

Ti uSualo monaTesave da protokavkasiuri eTnosidan ganayari xalxi-ubixe-

bi da Cerqezebi. afxaz-afsuebi kolxeTis miwawyalze garkveuli qronolo-

giuri periodidan infiltrirebuli eTnosia, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

mosaxle abazebis ganayarebi arian. Tavad abazebi da adiReuri eTnikuri ma-

sis derivatia. gamomdinare aqedan, “abazas” analogiurad “afxazic” adiRuri

eTnikuri masis derivatia (gvancelaZe, 2007; iToniSvili, 2007).

yofili afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi afxazebi ZiriTadad kompa-

qturad gudauTisa da oCamCiris raionebSi cxovrobdnen. amis kvalobaze aq

mosaxle afxazTa enaSi gamoiyo ori mTavari dialeqturi erTeuli: abJuuri

da bzifuri. abJuelebi SedarebiT ufro mravalricxovani arian da TviT

dialeqtis SigniTac sxvaoba naklebad SesamCnevia. abJuur TqmaTa Soris yve-

laze arsebiTi sxvaoba Tavs iCens kbilbagismieri mkveTri spirantis mixed-

viT (lomTaTiZe, 1977).

bzifuri dialeqti abJuur dialeqts upirispirdeba mTeli rigi foneme-

biT. abJuurisagan gansxvavebiT bzifur kilokavSi gvaqvs winaenismier spi-

rantTa da afrikatTa sisina-SiSina rigebi da Taviseburi faringaluri

fSvinieri spirantis martivi da labializebuli saxeobebi.afxazuri samwer-

lobo ena dafuZnebulia SedarebiT martivi fonologiuri sistemis mqone

abJuur dialeqtze (lomTaTiZe, 1977).

afxazuri enis rTuli fonetikuri sistemis gamosaxatavad jer kidev

1861 wels p. uslarma (Услар,1887) gamoiyena rusuli grafika da ramdenime

aso qarTuli da laTinuri anbanebidan. imave xanebSi Seiqmna general bar-

Tolomeis komisia afxazuri anbanis dasamuSaveblad da ufro martivi fone-

muri sistemiT damuSavebuli anbanuri wigni gamoica 1865 wels. 1892 wels

aseve gamoica k. maWavarianisa da d. gulias saanbano wigni. 1909 wels gamoq-

veynda a. WoWuas saanbano wigni. 1926-28 wels iyo cda, gamoeyenebinaT (ukve

arsebuli ZiriTadi rusuli grafikis mqone anbanis gverdiT) n. maris mier

SemuSavebuli afxazuri analizuri anbani laTinur grafikze, magram verc

es anbani dainerga (lomTaTiZe, 1977).

1929w. n. iakovlevma afxazurisTvis daamuSava imave laTinuris safu-

Zvelze 56 niSnis Semcveli anbani. am anbans iyenebdnen 1938 wlamde. 1938

wels damuSavebul iqna afxazuri anbani qarTuli grafikis safuZvelze-isic

31

56 niSnis Semcveli, romelic gamoiyeneboda 1954 wlamde. 1954 w. igi rusuli

grafikis safuZvelze damuSavebuli axali anbaniT, romelic nawilobriv ey-

rdnoba adre arsebuli rusuli grafikis mqone anbans (lomTaTiZe, 1977).

mosaxleobis aRwera

XIX s. bolomde afxazeTSi mosaxleobis oficialuri aRwera ar Catare-

bula. afxazeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba saglexo reformis Catarebis peri-

odSi (1860-ian wlebSi) 65 aTas suls udrida, magram am monacemebSi afxazTa

(afsuaTa) garda qarTveli, rusi, berZeni, da sxvac igulisxmeba, radganac

maSin yvela erTad afxazad aRiricxa rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa kuTvnili an

Tavisufali fenis warmomadgeneli. amitom am monacemebiT Znelia calke af-

suas da qarTvelis gamoyofa, miTumetes rom afxazeTis erT-erTi xalxmra-

vali galis kuTxis mosaxleoba mTlianad qarTveli iyo (95%-ze meti), Tum-

ca yvela isini samurzayanoelad aRiricxa. 1886 wels pirveli rusuli sao-

jaxo aRweriT, zogierTi afxazi istorikosis cru monacemebiT, afxazeTis

mosaxleobis 68,7 procenti viTom afsua iyo. sinamdvileSi 1886w. afxazeTSi

sul cxovrobda 68.7 aTasi suli, aqedan 28 aTasamde afsua, xolo 34 aTa-

samde qarTveli. afxazi mkvlevarebis mier miRebuli 68,7 procentis saidum-

loeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maT samurzayanos mosaxleoba 30,6 aTasi

suli qarTvelebs ki ar miumates, aramed afsuebs da ase SebrunebiT uCvenes

demografiuli suraTi.

afxazma mkvlevarebma S.inal-ifam, s.lakobam da b.aSubam ukuRma daianga-

riSes afxazeTis 1897 wlis aRweris masalebic, romlis mixedviT maT sru-

liad ar uCvenes qarTvelebSi samurzayanos mosaxleobis raodenoba, amitom

saerTo jamur monacemSi afxazTa sasurveli--gaberili raodenoba miiRes,

viTom isini 98,7 aTas suls udridnen maSin, rodesac 42,6 aTassac ver Sead-

gendnen. maTi angariSis siyalbes isic gvanaxebs, rom afxazeT-samurzayanos

maSindeli aRwerisas arc-erTi afxazi araa naxsenebi-yvela maTgani, aseve

samurzayanoelebi kavkasiel mTielebad arian saxeldebuli. amdenad, sakiT-

xavia ratom unda uCveno samurzayanoeli mainc da mainc afxazad, rodesac

isini qarTvelebi iyvnen. miTumetes, istoriulad es kuTxe afxazeTis mTa-

varma mxolod XVII saukunis bolos daipyro, rogorc dadianis sakuTreba,

romlis mTeli mosaxleoba axlac da istoriuladac megrelebi anu qar-

32

Tvelebi iyvnen. isini am aRweris drosac, qristiani qarTvelebi iyvnen da

ara mahmadiani Tu warmarTi afsuebi. amitomac muhajirobis dros arcerTi

samurzayanoeli TurqeTSi ar gaxiznula, rac TavisTavad maT qarTvelobaze

miuTiTebs. amasTan, rogorc a.ToTaZe aRniSnavs afsua mkvlevarebis angari-

Sis sicrues afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikur kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebiT,

aaSkaravebs afxazeTis 1917 da 1926 wlebis aRweraTa monacemebic, romlebic

pirdapir uCveneben TiToeuli aRricxuli piris erovnul-eTnikur kuTvnile-

bas. magaliTad, 1917 wlis sasoflo sameurneo aRweris Sedegad samurzaya-

noSi mcxovrebi 42 aTasi sulidan 40850 qarTvelia, xolo 1160-mde afsua

(ToTaZe, 1993).

afxazeTis afxazuri mosaxleobis gvarebi da raodenoba

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleoba saqarTvelos 1989

wlis oficialuri aRweris mixedviT, mTlianad udrida 525061 suls. aqedan

45,7% qarTveli iyo, 17,8%-afxazi, 14,6%-somexi, 14,2%-rusi, 2,8%-berZeni da da-

narCeni-4,9% sxva erovnebis. TviTon “afxazi”, romlis raodenoba mTeli mo-

saxleobis 17,8%-s Seadgens (e.i. 93267 suls). warmoSobis mixedviT, warmomav-

lobis TvalsazrisiT faqtobrivad or eTnikur jgufad iyofa, kerZod: qar-

Tvelad da afsuad, romelTaganac qarTvelTa raodenoba daaxloebiT Sead-

gens 72,7%-s, xolo afsuaTa – 21,7%-s. Aam SemTxvevaSi Cven vmsjelobT ara

afxazeTis mTel mosaxleobaze (525061 sulze), aramed mxolod imaTze, vinc

afxazadaa CaTvlili - 93267 sulze, romelTaganac 72,7% qarTuli gvaris ma-

tarebelia.

imis saCveneblad da dasamtkiceblad, eTnikurad vin Seadgenda afxaze-

Tis mosaxleobis umravlesobas, sakmarisia ara mxolod procentuli mona-

cemebis zogadi Cveneba, aramed misi mosaxleobis gvar-Camomavloba, romelic

eTnikuri vinaobis faqtiuri pasportia (ToTaZe, 1995; mibCuani, 2005).

istoriuli afxazebi rom Zveli qarTvelebia da isini XIX saukuneSic

(adrec da gvianac) afxazeTis ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen da mis

yvela Temsa da sofelSi cxovrobdnen, amas mowmobs agreTve XIX s. 30-50-ia-

ni wlebSi Sedgenili, afxazebis naTlobis saarqivo siebi (gasviani, 1998).

1989w. aRweris Sedegad afxazeTSi aRricxuli 93267 afxazidan umeteso-

ba qarTuli gvaris matarebelia, maT Soris: abakelia, abaSiZe, abgajava, ab-

33

Silava, agumava, adamia, adamaZe, akobia, alania, alasania, amilaxvari, anTe-

lava, anua, anCabaZe, ardaSelia, arisTava, arsalia, arCania, arjenia, asaTia-

ni, aslanZia, aqirTava, aSxakalia, axalaia, axalaZe, axvlediani, babadiSi, ba-

gaTelia, bagafSi, bakelia, baraTelia, baramia, barkalaia, barqaia, barRan-

jia, basaria, baxia, beia, bebia, bebua, bedenaSvili, beraia, berZenia, berula-

va, beselia, beslanZe, bigvava, bojgua, bokuCava, boCava, bJania, bJalava,

branZia, buava, bukia, gabelia, gabelaia, gabeskiria, gabilava, gabisonia, gab-

laia, gabrava, gabraia, gabria, gabunia, gagua, gagulia, gadelia, gadlia,

gamgia, gamzardia, gamisonia, gangia, garckia, gegenava, geTia, geria, gergaia,

gergia, gerzmava, gerxelia, gejua, gvazava, gvalia, gvaramia, gvasalia, gvaZa-

bia, gvajalia, gvinjia, gviCia, gigiberia, gindia, gobeCia, gogia, gogilaZe,

goginava, gogoxia, gogua, golanZia, gorzolia, gonjua, grigolia, gublia,

gugunava, gudalia, gularia, gulia, gulordava, gulua, gunaria, gunia,

gurgulia, daguzia, daviTaia, daTuia, dagargulia, damenia, darsalia, dar-

sania, darcmelia, dgebia, deviZe, dopua, doCia, duduCava, dumava, dundua,

elarjia, esava, ezugbaia, vardania, vekua, zarqua, zanTaria, zaqaraia, Taria,

Turqia, TayaiSvili, iaSvili, kakava, kakalia, kakubava, kalandia, kamkia, ka-

ranaZe, kaslania, kaslanZia, kaCabava, kacia, kvabanZia, kvarCelia, kvasia, kva-

cabia, kvaracxelia, kvarWia, kvekveskiria, kvikinia, kviraia, kvicinia, kvica-

ria, kedia, ketia, kiziria, kirTaZe, kirkinaZe, kirtava, kilasonia, kilaZe, ko-

baxia, kobeSaviZe (kopeSaviZe), kokoskeria, konaria, kontaria, kortava, koRo-

nia, konjaria, korkinaZe, korsaia, korsantia, kotua, kurdRelia, kuia, kubra-

va, kulava, kurkunava, kupataZe, kuprava, kuxaleiSvili, labaxua, labia, lag-

vilava, ladaria, lazaria, lakoia, lakutava, lasuria, lataria, laRiZe,

logua, lomaia, lomia, lorTqifaniZe, lolua, makaCava, malania, malia, mar-

Rania, marSania, managaZe, mania, marxolia, marxulia, matua, maxaraZe, maxaria,

melaZe, minaZe, minjia, mircxulava, miqava, miqaia, miqvabia, miSaSvili, miSe-

lia, mixonjia, mebonia, melaZe, meqvabia, nozaZe, narmania, nayofia, naWyebia,

ninua, niSaniani, nodia, odiSaria, okujava, osia, oCigava, orjonikiZe, panava,

panTia, papaskiri, papaskua, parkua, pasania, patia, Jvania, ramakiZe, rekvava,

rexviaSvili, rostobaia, sabua, sabekia, salayaia, samuSia, samsonia, sanaia,

sarTania, sanikiZe, sarsania, sangulia, saria, sasania, sanZava, sarsania, saqa-

nia, saRaria, sajaia, sergeia, siWinava, skveria, tabaRua, tanbia, tania, tarna-

va, taCulia, torxua, torCxua, torCinava, trapSi, turava, tyebuCava, ubila-

34

va, urataZe, uCava, faziliSvili, faziliSi, falanZia, fanTia, faCalia, fa-

Culia, facacia, fanculaia, fircxelia, filia, fifia, qanTaria, qarava, qar-

dava, qarcxalava, qarcxia, qaquCaia, qajaia, qorTua, quTelia, quCuberia,

Rvinjilia, Rurwkaia, Rurjua, yaliCava, yolbaia, yuraskua, Sadania, Sakaia,

Salia, SamaTava, Sanava, Saria, Sengelia, Sergelia, ServaSiZe, SerSelia, So-

ua, Surdulava, Cabrava, Cagava, CakvetaZe, Caligava, Camagua, Cangelia, Casania,

CaCibaia, CaCxalia, Cemia, Cengelia, Cepia, Cerqezia, Ciqovani, CixlaZe, Cqotua,

CxaiZe, Cxapelia, CxeiZe, carguSi, cecxlaZe, cikolia, ckua, cobexia, Zagania,

Zaqania, ZaZania, ZinZibaZe, ZiZaria, ZoweniZe, Warbia, wereTeli, wvinaria, wiv-

wivaZe, wulukia, wurwumia, WavWavaZe, WankvetaZe, Wanturia, Wedia, WeliZe, Wi-

Tanava, Wkadua, Woloraia, WoWua, Wyonia, xaguSi, xazalia, xazariSi, xalva-

Si, xalia, xarabua, xarazia, xarbelia, xarzalia, xarbia, xarCilava, xasaia,

xatxua, xecia, xvarckia, xvingia, xvintia, xvitiSi, xidaSeli, xonelia, xora-

va, xoWava, xubutia, jafariZe, jalaRonia, jelia, jergenia, jiblaZe, jiga-

nia, jinjolia, jinjua, jologua, jonua, jopua, joxua da a.S.

amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi afxazeTis dapyrobis Semdeg

(1810w.) Seudga iq qarTvelTa gadaSenebas, garusebis, kolonizaciis an sxva

gziT (“afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar ariso”-voronovi ,1907, “qarTvelebi usafuZ-

vlod epotinebian soxumis olqso”- vorobiovi..,1919), afxazeTi mainc qar-

TvelTa mxared darCa. afxazeTSi warmoebul ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi (1992

w. agvisto-1993w. seqtemberi), saqarTvelo damarcxda da afxazeTis qarTvel-

Ta genocidi da eTnowmenda ganxorcielda. amis Semdeg 15 weliwadi gavida.

“mSvidobismyofelebis” da arbitris niRbiT afxazeTSi Semosulma ruseTma

TandaTanobiT moaxdina mosaxleobis rusuli pasportizacia, teritoriis

okupacia, xelSi Caigdo qarTvel devnilTa qoneba, 2008 w. 26 agvistos ki sa-

erTaSoriso samarTlis normebis sruli darRveviT afxazeTi damoukidebel

saxelmwifod aRiara. am teritoriis aRweris mixedviT dafiqsirebulia Sem-

degi afsuuri gvarebi: abgaS, abiZga, abuxba, adleiba, aviZba, aiba, akaba, al-

Sibaia, alan, amiCba, ampar, anqvab, anSba, apba, aJba, arRun, arZinba, ayusba,

aSiZba, aSuba, aCba, acuxba, aZba, axba, axsalba, bazba, barcic, bganba, bguec,

bobor, buTba, bRaJba, gicba, gunba, delba, ebJnou, enik, eSba, vozba, vouba,

zuxba, ivanba, inal-ifa, inarba, inuk, inSba, iunusba, kanba, kapba, kapS, karba,

kacba, kiut, kove, kuCba, kucba, lazba, lakoba, lakrba, leiba, luSba, man-

toi, macaba, miqanba, muSba, mucba, nanba, okuJba, orCuCba, otirba, panba, pap-

35

ba, pateifa, pkin, Jikirba, sadJat-ifa, saZba, simsim, smir, tarba, tarkil, ta-

pant, tbar, tvanba, tlifSa, tuJba, turnanba, Samba, Sinkuba, Slarba, Sugeni,

CaCba, Cirikba, CiCba, Ckok, Cukbar, ceiba, cviJba, ciba, cimecba, cixarba, cug-

ba, cuSba, ZiafS-ifa, Ziba, ZaZba, ZuaSba, Wanba, xagba, xalbad, xajimba, xaSba,

xaxba, xikuba, xinTba, xiSba, xoperba da a.S.

SesaZlebelia, rogorc afsuuri, ise qarTuli warmoSobis ramdenime gva-

ri gamorCenilia, magram amiT arsebiTad saerTo Tanafardoba ar icvleba.

rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove afxazebSi, samjer da ufro meti qarTuli

eTnikuri gvaria gaerTianebuli, vidre sufTa afsuuri. es ki imazec metyve-

lebs, rom terminma “afxazma” metamorfoza ganicada, is qarTvelidan afsu-

as aRmniSvnelad gadaiqca.

cxadia, am terminis Sinaarsis cvlileba ganapiroba ruseTis imperiul-

ma politikam, saxeldobr iman, rom afsuebis absoluturi umravlesobis

TurqeTSi gaZevebis (muhajirobis) Semdeg afxazeTis xelSi Casagdebad ruse-

TisaTvis aucilebeli iyo aqauri qarTvelebis ganeitraleba (“afxazeTi sa-

qarTvelo ar ariso”). am mizniT saerTo aRwerebis dros qarTvelebi ruseT-

ma – araqarTvel afxazebad gamoacxada, rogorc amas cdilobda megrelebis,

svanebis, aWarlebis, klarjebis, SavSebis, gurulebis, mesxebis da sxvebis

mimarTac. magram saqarTvelos daSla-daqucmacebis politikam (“dayavi da

ibatone”) afxazeTSi ufro noyieri niadagi ipova ukve gasresili da dakni-

nebul-darbeuli afsuebis saxiT da viTom maTi dacvis droSiT.

rusuli imperiuli politikisa da afsuebis Zaladobis gamo zogierT

qarTvels iZulebiT gvaris gadakeTeba mouxda, magaliTad: abaSias – abaSad,

erisTavs – erisTad, alanias–alanad, inaliSvils – inal-ifad, kucias–kuc-

bad, okujavas – okujbad, jinjolias – ajinjalad, Wanias – Wanbad, canavas

– canbad, SeyrilaZes – Sakrilad da a. S.

miuxedavd amisa, omiswina afxazeTSi oficialuri monacemebiT 240 aTas-

ze (realurad ki bevrad) meti qarTveli cxovrobda. Tu amas daumatebT af-

suebad Cawerilebsac, maSin aSkara gaxdeba, rom qarTuli eTnikuri elemen-

ti afxazeTSi mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgenda.

36

Tavi II Tanamedrove afxazebis kraniologiuri

polimorfizmi

Tanamedrove kraniologiuri seria is SemaerTebeli jaWvia, romelic

Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove mosaxleobas Soris arsebobs, radgan gvaZ-

levs paleoanTropologiuri monacemebis somatologiur monacemebze gada-

tanis saSualebas. Tanamedrove kraniologiuri seriis mopoveba Zalze rTu-

lia moraluri TvalsazrisiT da amitom koleqciebis raodenoba yovelTvis

bevrad naklebia, vidre SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

ukiduresad mcirea kavkasiaSi (somxebis garda) mopovebuli Tanamedrove

kraniologiuri masalebi. am periodis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba mwiri, ram-

denime sxvadasxva xarisxis daculobis seriiTaa warmodgenili, amitom sxva-

dasxva zomebis raodenoba jgufebSi daculobis mixedviT meryeobs.

oriode sityva Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis Sesaxeb.

(1) afxazebis karaniologiuri seria (44 mamakaci da 17 dedakaci) 1878

wels mopovebulia soxumis axlos (iaSu-axu) v. i. Cerniavskis mier (Алексеева

и др., 1986) daculia moskovis lomonosovis saxelobis universitetis an-

Tropologiis institutisa da muzeumis fondSi. koleqcia 1950 wels m. ab-

duSeliSvilma Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna naSromSi "masalebi kavkasiis krani-

ologiisaTvis" (abduSeliSvili, 1955), sadac igi analizisaTvis iyenebs sa-

Sualo monacemebs. Cven vsargeblobT individualuri ganazomebis blankebiT,

romlebic i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropo-

logiis ganyofilebaSia daculi (cxr. #1).

(2) megrelebis Tanamedrove seria samegrelos ramodenime punqtidanaa:

„medana“, „walenjixa“, „uCabona“ (9 mamakaci da 3 dedakaci) inaxeba zugdidis

mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi. gazomilia a. naTiSvilisa da m. abduSeliSvi-

lis mier, blankebi inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.

(3) aWarlebis seria baTumidan (34 mamakaci da 26 dedakaci) i. javaxiSvi-

lis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSia

daculi.

(4) imerlebis mcire seria (2 mamakaci da 3 dedakaci), q. odesis pirogo-

vis saxelobis saxelmwifo samedicino institutis anatomiis kaTedris mu-

zeumSia daculi. Tavis qalebi m. abduSeliSvilis mier iyo Seswavlili

37

odesaSi, xolo individualuri monacemebi inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istorii-

sa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.

(5) avenisis seria (5 mamakaci da 7 dedakaci) mopovebulia v. aslaniSvi-

lis mier da daculia i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institu-

tis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi. es masala garkveul interess iwvevs,

radgan avenisisa da afxazebis morfotipis Sedarebam unda gvipasuxos kiT-

xvaze aris Tu ara afxazebSi kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mor-

fologiuri niSnebi, rogorc amas v. aleqseevi (Алексеев,1974) Tvlida.

(6) qarTveli mamakacis Tavis qala (eTnografiuli jgufisadmi kuTvni-

leba ar aris cnobili), romelic daculia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo same-

dicino universitetis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSi. gazomilia a. naTiSvi-

lis mier da gazomvis blanki inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.

(7) qurTebis seria (5 mamakaci da 7 dedakaci) baTumidan, daculia i. ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofi-

lebaSi.

(8) osebis seria (4 mamakaci da 2 dedakaci) q. odesis pirogovis saxelo-

bis saxelmwifo samedicino institutis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSia da-

culi. gazomilia m. abduSeliSvilis mier, xolo individualuri blankebi

inaxeba i.javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropolo-

giis ganyofilebaSi.

(9) somxebis seria bingel-dagidan (92 mamakaci da 48 dedakaci) gazomi-

lia m. abduSeliSvilis mier, xolo individualuri blankebi inaxeba i. ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofi-

lebaSi.

TiToeuli seriis morfologiuri daxasiaTeba

afxazebis kraniotipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: maRali Tavis qa-

las maCvenebeli (braqikranuli), mcire grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametre-

bi; Subli swori, zomieri siganis; saxis fuZis sigrZe mcire, yvrimalTaSua

diametri saSualo, saxis zeda sigane saSualo; cxviri saSualo siganisa da

simaRlis, maRali unagiriT, mkveTrad win warziduli; orbitebi saSualo

siganisa da simaRlis; saxe profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi da

38

swori vertikalurSi. (cxr. #1-2). es zogadi daxasiaTeba saerToa mamakaceb-

sa da dedakacebisaTvis. gansxvaveba sqesTa Soris Tavis qalas formebis mi-

xedviTac ar aRiniSneba. gamoTvlil seriebSi Tavis qalas formebis ganawi-

leba Zalzed msgavsia. mamakacebSi doliqo da mezokranuli 23,8%, braqikra-

nuli 31,0%, hiperbraqikranuli 38,1%, ultrabraqikranuli 7,1%. igive forme-

bi dedakacebis seriaSi Semdegi SemcvelobiT aRiniSneba – mezokranuli

23,5%, braqikranuli 29,4%, hiperbraqikranuli 41,2% da ultrabraqikranuli

5,9%. Tu braqikranuli formebis Semcvelobas SevajamebT, maSin msgavseba

absoluturia (mamakacebSi 23,8% doliqo-mezo da 76,2% braqikrania, xolo

dedakacebSi 23,5% da 76,5% Sesabamisad). ase rom afxazTa es seria braqikra-

niiT gamoirCeva.

megrelebi. samegrelos Tanamedrove mosaxleobas axasiaTebs: braqikra-

nuli Tavis qalas forma, maRali qalas simaRle, ganieri Subli, dabali sa-

xe, ganieri zeda nawilSi da saSualo saxis Sua nawilSi; yvrimalTaSua di-

ametri zomieri; Tvalbudeebis sigane da simaRle saSualoze dabali; mkveT-

rad win warziduli cxviri, saSualoze maRali unagiriT; saxe mkveTrad

profilirebuli horizontalur da swori vertikalur sibrtyeSi. dedakace-

bisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: braqikrania, maRali saxe, saxis zeda sigane di-

di, xolo saxis Sua sigane da yvrimalTaSua diametri mcire, ganieri da ma-

Rali Tvalbudeebi, saSualo siganisa da maRali cxviri, cxviris unagiri

Zalian maRali, saxe orTognatuli, profilirebuli. samwuxarod, umetesi

niSani aRebulia erT Tavis qalaze, amitom zogierT niSnebSi SeiniSneba in-

dividualuri variaciis kvali.

aWarlebis (baTumi) seria Zalze polimorfulia. mamakacebSi gamovle-

nilia Tavis qalas ramdenime forma (n=29): doliqokranuli (3%), mezokranu-

li (53%), braqikranuli (24%), hiperbraqikranuli (17%) da ultrabraqikranu-

li (3%). raodenobrivad mezokranebi Warboben. aseve cvalebadia Tvalbudis

maCvenebeli (n=27), gamovlenilia: hameokonhuri (3.7%), mezokonhuri (40.7%) da

hipokonhuri (55.6%) Tvalbudeebi; cxviris maCveneblis mixedviT (n=21) aRi-

niSneba leptorinuli (61.9%), mezorinuli (19.0%) da hamerinuli (19.0%) cxvi-

ri. yvelaze cvalebadi simoturi da dakrionuli maCveneblebia. simoturi

maCveneblis mixedviT ZiriTadad saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli fiqsirdeba,

xolo ganawileba Semdegnairia (n=23): mcire (13%), saSualo (26%), didi (48%)

da Zalian didi (13%). dakrionuli maCvenebeli simoturTan erTad cxviris

39

unagiris simaRleze miuTiTebs. aWarlebs ZiriTadad saSualoze maRali maC-

venebeli axasiaTebT (n=24): mcire (4.1%), saSualo (29.2%), didi (37.5%) da Za-

lian didi (29.2%). aRsaniSnavia seriaSi saxis, zeda maCveneblis ganawileba.

seriaSi gamovlenilia TiTqmis yvela gradacia maCveneblisa (n=16): europro-

zopuli (31.2%), mezoprozopuli (43.8%), leptoprozopuli (18.8%) da hiper-

leptoprozopuli (6.2%) saxe. am yovelivedan Cans, rom mosaxleoba metad

cvalebadia. dedakacebis Tavis qalebi ZiriTadad imeoreben zemoT aRniS-

nul niSanTa cvalebadobas. am seriaSic mezokranebi sWarboben (n=18), Tumca

umniSvnelod, radgan doliqo (38.9%), mezo (50%) da braqikranuli (11.1%)

formebia dafiqsirebuli.

sxvadasxva formebis raodenobrivi Sefardeba pirobiTia, radgan damo-

kidebulia arCevis SemTxveviTobaze. garda amisa, Cven ar viciT realuri

ricxvi im mosaxleobisa, romelic Tavis micvalebulebs krZalavda konkre-

tul samarovnis teritoriaze da a. S. amitom mniSvnelovania zogadi tenden-

ciis gamovlena, rac Seexeba am seriis qalebis kraniologiur polimor-

fizms, miuxedavad zogadi cnebisa, rom qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT bra-

qikefalia metad axasiaTebT, am SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdego suraTia saxeze,

sxva danarCeni niSniT gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba.

imerlebis kraniologiuri seriis mamakacebis Tavis qalebi morfologi-

urad gansxvavebulia, maTgan, erTi xasiaTdeba: mcire grZivi da Zalze ganie-

ri - hiperbraqikranuli Tavis qaliT da maRali qalasarqveliT. saSualo

siganis mkveTrad profilirebuli vertikalur proeqciaSi saxiT, mkveTrad

warziduli, maRali unagiris mqone cxviriT da didi TvalbudeebiT. mamaka-

cis meore Tavis qala xasiaTdeba: Zalze grZivi da viwro Tavis qaliT (do-

liqokrania), saSualo siganis mkveTrad profilirebuli saxiT, cxviris ma-

Rali unagiriT. amave seriis qalebi xasiaTdebian: zomieri braqikraniiT, ma-

Rali qalasarqveliT, zomieri siganis da profilirebuli saxiT, cxviris

maRali unagiriT.

mTiulebis (avenisi) seriis mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire

grZivi da saSualoze maRali ganivi diametrebi, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli

braqikranuli, Tumca erTi mezokranuli formac fiqsirdeba. aRsaniSnavia

seriis polimorfuloba. braqikranuli Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian, rogorc

viwro, saSualo da ganieri SubliT; mcire, saSualo da Zalian didi saxis

zeda siganiT; saxis Zalian mcire, saSualo da didi siganiT; yvrimalTaSua

40

diametri saSualoze didia, magram ar aRwevs im maqsimalur mniSvnelobas,

riTac gamoirCeva kavkasionis tipi. Tvalbudeebi ganieri da mcire simaRlis,

cxviri saSualo siganisa da saSualoze maRali, unagiri saSualo sima-

Rlis, cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Zalian didi, saxe mkveTrad

profilirebuli horizontalur da swori vertikalur sibrtyeSi. seriis

dedakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: saSualo grZivi da saSualoze maRali

ganivi diametrebi, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli braqikranuli, Tumca mezokra-

nul formebTan erTad hiperbraqikranulic vlindeba. qalebs axasiaTebT: ga-

nieri Subli, saSualo saxis zeda sigane da mcire saxis Sua sigane, saSua-

loze mcire yvrimalebi, ganieri da saSualo sididis Tvalbudeebi, saSua-

lo siganis da saSualoze maRali cxviri, mkveTrad win warziduli, cxvi-

ris unagiri saSualoze maRali, saxe mkveTrad profilirebuli horizonta-

lur sibrtyeSi da swori vertikalurSi. kacebTan gansxvavebiT qalebSi er-

Ti mezognatuli saxis saerTo kuTxe da erTic saSualoze maRali nazoma-

laruli kuTxe aRiniSneba. sxva danarCeni niSnebi amave Tavis qalebze nor-

maluri cvalebadobis farglebSia. nazomolaruli kuTxe (146,4) hiperbraqik-

ranul Tavis qalazea dafiqsirebuli. Cveni azriT, radgan dedakacebis Ta-

vis qalasTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sublis Zvlis qicvis vertikaluri mdgo-

mareoba, xolo borcvebi gamokveTiT aqvT gamoxatuli, nazioni (n), romelic

iRebs monawileobas zeda vertikalur kuTxis gazomvaSi agebulebidan ga-

momdinare ufro dabla fiqsirdeba. garda amisa, braqikefalizacias Tan

sdevs saxis ganivi zomebis zrda, rac TavisTavad cvlis saxis iers, xolo

am SemTxvevaSi miuxedavad kuTxis maRali mniSvnelobisa sxva niSnebiT Ta-

vis qala evropeoiduli tipisadmi kuTvnilebas adasturebs. aRsaniSnavia,

rom avenisis seria baTumis seriisagan gansxvavebiT ufro didi yvrimalTa-

Soris diametriT da ufro mcire grZivi diametriT xasiaTdeba. orive seri-

is Tavis qalebze aReniSneba saxe mkveTrad profilirebuli, orTognatu-

li, maRali unagiriT.

samedicino universitetis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSi daculi mamaka-

cis Tavis qalasaTvis gansakuTrebulad damaxasiaTebelia Zalze mokle

grZivi da mcire ganivi qalas diametrebi. qalas maCvenebeli braqikranulia.

saxe viwro, dabali da mkveTrad profilirebuli. cxviris unagiri zomieri

simaRlis, xolo cxviris Zvlebi mkveTrad win warziduli.

41

qurTebis kraniologiuri seria zemoT warmodgenili zogadi morfoti-

pisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. mamakacebis Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian: Zalze

didi grZivi da saSualoze mcire ganivi diametrebiT, Tavis qalas maCvenebe-

li dabali (doliqo-mezokranuli); Subli saSualo an saSualoze viwro;

kefa mkveTrad gamodrekili; saxe saSualo siganis, zomierad profilirebu-

li; cxviri saSualo simaRlisa da siganis, cxviris unagiri saSualo simaR-

lis. qalebi xasiaTdebian: Zalze didi grZivi da saSualo an saSualoze

odnav meti qalas siganiT. qalas maCvenebeli dabali, saxe horizontalur

proeqciaSi zomierad profilirebuli; cxviri saSualo simaRlisa da saSu-

aloze viwro, cxviris unagiri saSualo simaRlis. yvrimalTaSoris diamet-

ri saSualo siganis (gazomilia 1 Tavis qalaze).

osebis mamakacebis Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian: zomieri ganivi da grZivi

diametrebiT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli mezokranuli, saxe zomieri siganis,

zomierad profilirebuli, cxviri saSualoze maRali, saSualo siganis zo-

mierad warziduli, cxviris unagiri saSualoze odnav maRali. amave seriis

dedakacebi xasiaTdebian mezokraniiT, swori SubliT, saSualoze farTo sa-

xiT, saxis profili horizontalur proeqciaSi saSualoze mcire, vertika-

lur proeqciaSi zomierad daqanebuli, cxviri zomieri siganis da simaR-

lis.

somxebis mamakacebis kraniologiuri seria xasiaTdeba: saSualoze mok-

le zomierad braqikranuli qalasarqveliT, saSualo simaRlisa da saSua-

loze maRali saxiT, vertikalur proeqciaSi zomierad swori, xolo hori-

zontalur proeqciaSi saSualoze metad profilirebuli saxiT, cxviris

Zvlebi Zalzed win warziduli, unagiri maRali. amave seriis dedakacebi xa-

siaTdebian: mokle da ganieri qalasarqveliT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli bra-

qikranuli, saxe saSualoze meti siganis, swori da saSualoze metad profi-

lirebuli, cxviri saSualoze maRali, mkveTrad win warziduli cxviris

ZvlebiT.

amrigad, Tanamedrove mosaxleobis kraniologiuri monacemebis safuZ-

velze mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. aWarle-

bis, megrelebis da afxazebis kraniologiuri seriebi, SedarebiT viwro sa-

xiTa da cxviriT usaTuod kolxuri tipis warmomadgenlebi arian. avenisis

kraneologiur seriaSi SeiniSneba kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

SedarebiT farTo saxe. braqikefalizaciis procesi ganxilul seriebSi ar

42

aris bolomde misuli, radgan yvela seriaSi jer kidev mezokranebis sakmao

raodenobaa dafiqsirebuli, xolo qurTebis seriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi kaspiur anTropologiur tipTan maT morfologiur identurobaze

metyvelebs.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod avenisis seria xasiaTdeba mcire grZi-

vi da didi ganivi diametrebiT, qalas Zalian maRali maCvenebeliT. am niS-

niT maTTan msgavsebas avlenen afxazebi (mcire grZivi da saSualo ganivi

diametrebi, qalas maCvenebeli braqikranuli). megrelebi da aWarlebi aseve

braqikraniuli Tavis qalebiT xasiaTdebian. braqikrania, aWrlebSi didi da

megrelebSi ki Zalian didi ganivi diametriTaa ganpirobebuli. megrelebi

gamoirCevian Zalian ganieri SubliT da yvrimalebiT; dabali cxviriT da

dabali saxis simaRliT. aWarlebis ganmasxvavebeli niSania viwro cxviri.

afxazebisaTvis saSualo siganis yvrimalebi, xolo saSualo cxviris siga-

niT isini aWarlebTan msgavsebas amJRavneben. avenisis ganmasxvavebeli niaSa-

nia saSualoze maRali cxviri, mkveTri braqikrania. mTlianobaSi am niSanTa

kompleqsiT Tanamedrove aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

diferencirdeba.

Tu erTmaneTTan SevadarebT saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mopovebul

kraniologiur seriebs (osebi, somxebi), aRiniSneba afxazebis meti msgavseba

saqarTvelos Tanadroul mosaxleobasTan.

somxebi afxazebisagan gansxvavdebian saSualoze maRali da saSualo-

ze meti siganis saxiT, saSualoze maRali cxviriT. megreli mamakacebi (mci-

rericxovani seriis mixedviT) somexi mamakacebisagan gansxvavdebian dabali

saxiT, mkveTri braqikraniiT, xolo dedakacebi _ zomieri yvrimalTaSoris

diametriT.

osebs mTiulebisgan gansxvavebiT mezokrania axasiaTebT. garda amisa,

os dedakacebSi aRniSnulia sustad gamoxatuli cxviri saSualo unagiriT.

kavkasionis anTropologiuri tipis or warmomadgenels Soris aRniSnuli

gansxvaveba Tavis formis mixedviT, Cveni azriT, masalis SemTxveviTobasTa-

naa kavSirSi. Tumca, aqvea aRsaniSnavi, rom avenisis mosaxleobaSi aris ga-

movlenili mezokranuli formebi.

afxazebi osebisagan gansxvavebiT maRali unagiriT, mkveTrad win warzi-

duli cxviriTa da mkveTrad profilirebuli saxiT gamoirCevian.

43

qurTebi, rogorc qarTvelebis, aseve afxazebis da somxebisagan doli-

qo-mezokraniiT, viwro SubliT da saSualo yvrimalTaSoris diametriT ga-

moirCevian.

zemoT, zogadad ganvixileT Cvens xelT arsebuli kavkasiis Tanamedro-

ve mosaxleobis kraniologiuri polimorfizmi. aRvniSneT ZiriTadi ganmas-

xvavebeli niSnebi da a.S.

afxazebis kraniologiuri niSnebis individualuri da saSualo mona-

cemebi warmodgenilia cxrilebSi (1-2).

imisaTvis, rom gangvesazRvra, ramdenad erTgvarovania Tanamedrove af-

xazebis seria, aris Tu ara masSi minarevebi, gamoviyeneT Semdegi saxis sta-

tistikuri meTodebi:

1. seriaSi gazomili yoveli niSnis saerTo sidide (X), misi gadaxra (S),

saSualo Secdoma (x), da variaciis koeficienti (CV) (Sokal and Rohlf, 2000).

2. or jgufs Soris, romelTa individTa raodenoba iyo xuTi da meti

msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis dasadgenad gamoyenebuli iqna k. pirsonis msgav-

sebis koeficienti da morfologiuri distanciebi.

3. ZiriTad niSanTvisebaTa komponentebis gamosayofad, erTis mxriv, va-

warmoebT ZiriTadi komponentebis analizs da, meores mxriv, diskrimentul

analizs, raTa a priori gamovyoT is variaciebi, romlebiTac TiToeuli jgu-

fi ganicdis diskriminacias erTmaneTis mimarT (Patterson and Howells, 1976 ;

Junger et al.,1995 ; Lagun and Jungers, 1996 ; Aiello et al.,1999 ; Sokal and Rohlf, 2000). es uka-

naskneli analizi jgufebSi individTa SezRuduli raodenobebis gamo war-

moebuli iqna jgufis saSualo ariTmetikulis monacemebze dayrdnobiT

(Sokal and Rohlf, 2000).

statistikuri analizisTvis gamoyenebuli iqna JMP 6.0.2 (Copyright © 2005,

SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and PAST version 1.61 (Copyright Hammer and Harper 1999-

2007 Hammer et al.,2001)) .

warmodgenil jgufs Soris univaribelurma Sedarebam aCvena, rom aWarlebi

metad variabeluri populaciaa vidre afxazebi. standartuli gadaxris koe-

ficientiT (S) afxazebi gansxvavdebian megrelebisagan Semdegi niSnebis mi-

xedviT: ganivi diametri, grZivi diametri, qalas simaRle, qalas fuZis sig-

rZe, saxis sruli simaRle, Sublis umciresi sigane, saxis zeda sigane, yvri-

malTaSua diametris SedarebiT didi zomebiT da mcire kuTxiT cxviris

Zvlebis profilis xazTan. afxazebi axlos dganan aWarlebTan, maT Soris

44

gansxvavebebi Zalian mcirea. aWarlebs axasiaTebT SedarebiT didi grZivi

diametri, saxis sruli simaRle, Tvalbudis sigane da simaRle da Sedare-

biT mcire cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan.

pirveladi analizis safuZvelze miRebuli warmodgenis formalizebisaTvis

Catarebulia komponenturi analizi. amis gansaxorcieleblad gamoTvlili iyo

mravlobiTi korelaciebi ZiriTadi kraniometrul niSnebs Soris (cxr.#3). krani-

ologiuri niSnebis korelaciuri matricis analizi gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze ma-

Rali kavSiri aRiniSneba qalas fuZisa da saxis fuZis sigrZeebs Soris (0.82) da

saxis zeda simaRlesa da cxviris simaRles Soris (0.81). Tavis qalas grZivi dia-

metri mniSvnelovnad korelirebs qalas fuZis sigrZesTan (0.74). da qalas saxis

fuZis sigrZesTan (0.71); aseve maRali korelaciuri kavSiria saxis Sua siganesa

da yvrimalTaSua diametrs Soris (0.73).

saxis profilirebis maCvenebel niSnebTan metad aris dakavSirebuli

Tavis qalas ganivi diametri, radgan mxolod am niSanTan susti, magram da-

debiTi korelaciebi akavSirebT saxis saerTo kuTxes (0.31) da cxviris Zvle-

bis kuTxes profilis xazTan (0.41). es niSnebi yvelaze metad dakavSirebuli

arian erTmaneTTan (0.52), xolo yvela danarCenTan avlenen sust uaryofiT

kavSirebs (cxr.#3).

komponenturi analiziT vlindeba, rom afxazebis mTliani cvalebadobis

89.1%-s aRwers 7 ZiriTadi komponenti (cxr.#4). maqsimaluri cvalebadoba pirvel

komponentze modis (37.6%), xolo danarCeni eqvsi komponenti erToblivad cvale-

badobis 51.5%-s moicavs. calkeuli komponentebis interpretacias araerTgvaro-

van daskvnebamde mivyavarT.

I komponenti Semdegi niSnebiT itvirTeba: saxis fuZis sigrZe (0.40397), grZivi

diametri (0.38995), yvrimalTaSua diametri (0.36776), saxis Sua sigane (0.33014), qalas

fuZis sigrZe (0.32371), saxis zeda sigane (0.31996). dabal datvirTvas avlenen saxis

grZivi zomebi: saxis zeda simaRle (0.23279), cxviris simaRle (0.17879), qalas si-

maRle (0.20767). am komponentze umetesad saxis ganivi zomebi asaxaven afxazebis

Sidapopulaciur cvalebadobas. zogadad, I komponenti ganivi zomebis cvaleba-

dobis komponentia. am komponentiT ar xdeba jgufebis diferencireba.

45

46

47

Table #2

Average dimensions of modern Abkhazians craniological marks

Tanamedrove afxazebisA kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 43 173.0 1.09 7.17 17 166.06 1.05 4.33

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 44 144.14 0.69 4.59 17 135.47 1.19 4.91

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 39 135.05 0.78 4.89 17 129.35 1.03 4.26

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 43 83.47 0.66 4.34 17 84.06 0.96 3.96

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 43 96.26 0.71 4.66 17 94.47 0.92 3.81

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead

43 66.85 0.49 3.23 17 67.79 0.76 3.12

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 39 100.51 0.73 4.55 17 95.82 1.07 4.40

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 32 94.87 0.92 5.22 12 89.25 1.32 4.57

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 31 131.42 0.86 4.80 12 123.42 0.99 3.43

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 31 91.61 0.83 4.64 10 86.90 1.42 4.48

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 39 104.49 0.67 4.19 16 100.06 0.90 3.19

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 32 69.28 0.81 4.56 11 65.73 1.25 4.14

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 33 138.27 0.60 3.44 13 136.76 1.25 4.51

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 30 125.80 0.82 4.49 10 123.10 2.17 6.86

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 30 87.23 0.46 2.51 11 89.0 0.96 3.19

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 28 52.79 0.64 3.37 11 53.44 0.92 3.06

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

30 50.40 0.56 3.17 13 51.00 0.81 2.93

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face

31 94.42 0.58 3.23 12 94.61 1.13 3.92

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 32 24.66 0.31 1.73 12 23.17 0.45 1.57

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 33 52.58 0.49 2.83 12 48.75 0.46 1.59

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 32 46.85 0.55 3.09 12 47.57 1.34 3.61

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 30 12.84 0.35 1.93 12 11.82 0.56 1.94

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 29 4.21 0.25 1.34 10 3.89 0.20 0.90

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

29 30.38 1.23 6.61 9 28.67 1.41 4.22

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 33 41.94 0.27 1.54 14 40.09 0.38 1.44

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 33 33.55 0.42 2.40 14 33.57 0.37 1.40

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 33 80.12 1.17 6.74 14 89.21 1.58 5.89

47 saxis sruli simaRle Full height of face (n-gn) 7 115.29 2.46 6.53 2 112.5 - -

SC simoturi sigane Symotic width 33 8.24 0.47 2.67 14 8.4 0.50 1.87

DC dakrionuli sigane Dacrionic width 30 20.2 0.47 2.57 13 18.98 0.81 2.94

FC eSvis fossos siRrme Depth of canine tooth 32 2.63 0.42 2.35 11 1.82 0.51 1.70

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 30 63.56 0.44 2.40 11 62.28 0.81 2.70

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 29 51.09 0.65 3.50 13 46.31 0.64 2.30

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

48

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Adjarians craniological marks

Tanamedrove aWarlebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 33 180.2 2.38 7.90 24 177.0 1.43 7.03

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 29 144.6 0.98 5.30 19 135.5 0.87 3.80

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 31 136.7 1.08 6.01 22 130.4 0.94 4.40

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 29 80.4 0.87 4.73 19 76.2 0.92 4.02

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 30 98.3 0.75 4.09 23 94.0 0.88 4.24

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead

28 67.8 0.60 3.18 18 69.8 0.67 2.84

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 31 101.6 0.92 5.14 23 97.7 1.06 5.10

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 23 93.6 1.02 4.88 17 89.8 1.26 5.22

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 18 131.9 0.64 6.98 11 123.8 0.94 3.12

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 25 92.6 0.92 4.60 13 89.8 1.13 4.07

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 26 106.6 0.94 4.82 13 100.6 0.81 2.95

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 22 70.2 1.03 4.84 13 66.9 0.28 6.62

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 26 137.7 1.01 5.16 16 136.4 1.59 6.35

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 21 127.8 2.07 9.52 12 121.3 1.28 4.45

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 22 88.1 0.73 3.42 12 87.7 0.84 2.93

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 15 53.1 1.13 4.39 9 55.2 1.14 3.42

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

21 51.4 0.91 4.13

12 52.5 0.94 3.24

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 23 92.5 0.88 4.24 17 92.3 0.99 4.06

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 20 23.9 0.44 1.97 16 23.3 0.43 1.72

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 27 52.5 0.74 3.82 17 49.8 0.65 2.70

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 20 46.1 1.06 4.75 16 46.7 1.27 5.10

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 23 12.3 0.34 1.61 16 12.0 0.48 1.91

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 25 4.8 0.23 1.09 18 4.6 0.25 1.05

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

16 32.4 1.54 6.16 10 31.1 1.86 5.87

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 29 42.3 0.29 1.56 17 40.3 0.35 1.46

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 29 36.1 0.42 2.27 18 34.8 0.45 1.92

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 28 85.3 1.13 5.98 17 86.5 1.91 7.63

47 saxis sruli simaRle Full height of face (n-gn) 23 58.4 1.98 9.51 16 55.5 1.91 7.63

SC simoturi sigane Symotic width 25 45.9 2.51 12.6 18 47.8 2.07 8.80

DC dakrionuli sigane Dacrionic width 26 21.3 0.50 2.4 16 21.8 0.7 2.90

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 25 58.1 1.90 9.8 16 55.2 2.00 7.90

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 25 48.5 2.40 12.3 16 47.9 2.10 9.0

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

49

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Megrelians craniological marks

Tanamedrove megrelebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 8 182.1 2.32 6.56 3 174.0 5.55 9.62

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 7 150.1 2.53 6.70 2 144.0 1.41 2.00

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 5 140.4 0.96 2.16 1 138.0 - -

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 7 83.0 1.32 3.50 2 85.3 2.02 2.85

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 8 102.9 1.17 3.30 3 101.7 1.96 3.40

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead 7 68.1 1.35 3.57 2 70.1 1.27 1.80

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 5 102.8 1.80 4.02 1 98.0 - -

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 4 96.5 1.82 3.64 1 96.0 - -

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 2 138.0 1.42 2.00 1 129.0 - -

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 5 97.2 1.31 2.93 2 91.5 3.18 4.50

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 8 108.1 1.03 2.93 3 107.0 1.70 2.95

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 5 66.0 1.35 3.03 2 72.0 2.12 3.00

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 6 137.2 1.45 3.51 3 139.2 3.80 6.58

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 5 127.5 1.18 2.64 2 123.3 0.81 1.15

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 4 88.7 1.08 2.16 1 86.0 - -

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 2 50.0 0.51 0.72 1 58.1 - -

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

4 47.1 1.01 2.02 1 54.3 - -

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 4 94.8 0.90 1.81 1 98.0 - -

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 5 25.2 0.23 2.31 2 24.5 0.35 0.50

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 5 50.4 1.25 2.80 2 52.5 1.76 2.50

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 5 50.2 2.57 5.75 2 46.8 2.24 3.18

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 4 13.3 0.81 1.62 2 13.1 0.60 0.85

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 3 41 0.67 1.16 2 6.0 0.60 0.85

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

3 34.3 3.60 6.23 - - - -

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 4 41.0 0.79 1.58 2 42.0 - -

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 5 33.2 0.65 1.46 2 34.5 0.35 0.50

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 4 80.4 0.84 1.68 2 82.1 0.84 1.19

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 4 55.1 3.30 6.59 2 64.5 6.46 9.13

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 3 44.8 2.86 4.91 2 62.6 3.78 5.31

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

50

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Jinvaly (Avenici) craniological marks

mTiulebis Tanamedrove kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female Martin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 5 174.4 4.01 8.96 7 173.0 1.59 4.21

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 5 146.6 1.54 3.44 6 142.5 2.22 5.44

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 5 134.6 2.05 4.59 6 129.8 1.69 4.14

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 5 84.4 2.84 6.36 6 82.7 1.63 4.01

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 5 98.0 1.70 3.80 7 97.6 1.36 3.62

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of

f h d

5 66.9 1.71 3.83 6 69.1 1.05 2.57

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 5 110.8 1.66 3.71 7 99.3 1.17 3.10

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 2 97.5 6.01 8.50 4 96.5 1.67 3.35

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 5 136.2 2.03 4.54 7 127.3 1.26 3.33

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 5 96.6 2.34 5.24 7 92.1 0.93 2.47

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 5 107.6 1.93 4.32 7 106.1 1.36 3.60

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 2 70.0 0.70 1.00 4 69.0 1.76 3.54

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 5 136.7 1.33 2.97 7 137.3 1.98 5.23

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 5 125.3 2.44 5.46 7 123.1 0.60 1.61

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 2 87.5 1.06 1.50 7 86.5 1.52 3.04

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 2 50.4 0.02 0.03 4 86.5 1.52 3.04

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-

selebral indicator 2 50.4 0.51 0.72 3 51.5 0.48 0.83

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 2 96.4 2.58 3.65 4 96.3 1.82 3.65

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 5 25.0 0.75 1.67 7 24.6 0.34 0.90

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 5 55.4 2.29 5.12 7 51.9 1.28 3.38

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 5 45.4 1.93 4.33 7 47.9 1.45 3.83

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 5 11.6 0.29 0.64 7 10.7 0.55 1.47

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 5 4.9 0.47 1.06 7 4.8 0.57 1.51

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of

nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR) 1 30.0 - - 2 30.5 3.18 4.50

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 5 43.8 0.76 1.72 7 42.4 0.44 1.18

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 5 33.4 0.82 1.85 7 34.0 0.49 1.30

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 5 76.3 1.76 3.93 7 80.1 0.89 2.38

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 5 51.2 2.06 4.62 7 51.0 3.56 9.46

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 5 46.7 3.48 7.79 7 38.7 5.84 15.5

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

51

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Georgian (anatomy) craniological marks

Tanamedrove qarTveli mamakacis kraniologiuri niSnebi GGG

mamakacebi male Martin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 1 169.0 - -

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 1 137.0 - -

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 1 132.0 - -

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 1 81.1 - -

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 1 87.0 - -

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of

forehead 1 63.5 - -

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 1 96.0 - -

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 1 85.0 - -

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 1 123.0 - -

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 1 80.0 - -

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 1 95.0 - -

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 1 62.0 - -

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 1 134.0 - -

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 1 119.1 - -

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 1 92.0 - -

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 1 50.4 - -

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-

selebral indicator 1 47.0 - -

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 1 88.5 - -

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 1 23.0 - -

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 1 51.0 - -

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 1 45.1 - -

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 1 11.0 - -

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 1 4.2 - -

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of

nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR) ? 46

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 1 40.0 - -

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 1 32.0 -

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 1 80.0 -

47 saxis sruli simaRle Full height of face (n-gn) 1 110 -

SC simoturi sigane Symotic width 1 7.0 -

DC dakrionuli sigane Dacrionic width 1 16.0 -

FC eSvis fossos siRrme Depth of canine tooth 1 5.5 -

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 1 68.8 -

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 1 60.1 -

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

52

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Abkhazians craniological marks

Tanamedrove imerlebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 2 184.0 4.90 7.00 2 176.2 1.06 1.51

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 2 149.0 11.3 16.0 2 140.5 0.37 0.53

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 2 140.5 2.47 3.50 2 126.5 2.47 3.50

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 2 81.4 8.34 11.8 2 80.1 0.68 0.97

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 2 97.5 5.30 7.50 3 91.0 0.47 0.83

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead

2 65.6 1.42 2.01 2 65.1 0.42 0.59

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 2 107.5 0.36 0.50 3 94.3 2.59 4.49

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 1 102.0 - - 3 93.0 4.03 6.98

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 2 138.5 1.77 2.50 3 124.3 2.68 4.64

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 1 100.0 - - 3 91.3 2.17 3.77

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 2 105.5 3.18 4.50 3 102.0 1.70 2.94

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 1 74.0 - - 3 65.7 0.54 0.94

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 2 139.9 1.48 2.10 3 144.1 1.61 2.80

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 2 130.0 - - 3 129.2 1.15 2.00

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 1 89.0 - - 3 86.0 1.89 3.27

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 1 52.5 - - 3 52.9 0.91 1.57

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

1 51.4 - - 2 52.2 1.58 2.24

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 1 94.4 - - 3 98.5 1.55 2.69

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 2 26.5 0.35 0.50 3 23.3 0.72 1.24

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 2 53.5 0.35 0.50 3 48.3 0.54 0.94

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 2 49.5 0.99 1.40 3 48.3 1.46 2.54

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 2 13.4 0.07 0.10 2 11.7 0.49 0.70

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 2 5.8 0.21 0.30 3 4.2 0.35 0.61

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

1 36.0 - - 1 27.0 - -

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 2 44.5 1.76 2.50 3 41.3 0.27 0.47

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 2 63.0 2.12 3.00 3 32.3 0.98 1.70

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 2 80.7 1.56 2.20 3 78.2 2.30 3.99

FC eSvis fossos siRrme Depth of canine tooth

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 2 70.7 2.25 3.19 2 71.1 1.57 2.22

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 2 6532 2.52 3.56 3 56.7 4.88 8.35

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

53

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Abkhazians craniological marks

Tanamedrove qurTebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 5 190.0 2.93 6.57 6 188.8 3.09 7.56

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 5 137.6 2.17 4.84 6 139.3 2.13 5.21

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 3 133.0 2.50 4.32 5 132.4 1.04 2.34

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 5 72.6 2.23 5.00 5 73.2 0.90 2.03

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 5 92.6 1.51 3.38 6 96.7 1.98 4.86

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead

5 67.3 1.12 2.52 5 69.7 2.07 4.63

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 3 99.0 1.70 2.94 5 96.4 1.04 2.34

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 1 94.0 - - 8 - - -

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 3 134.7 0.55 0.96 1 124.0 - -

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 3 91.0 2.86 4.96 3 90.3 4.27 7.40

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 5 102.0 1.79 4.00 6 103.0 2.08 5.10

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 1 73.0 - - 1 62.0 - -

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 3 140.4 1.11 1.93 6 136.1 1.58 8.87

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 5 - - - 1 126.0 - -

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 5 - - - 8 - - -

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 1 54.5 - - 8 - - -

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

1 56.6 - - 1 46.6 - -

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 1 98.9 - - 8 - - -

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 2 25.5 1.06 1.50 4 22.0 0.70 1.41

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 3 52.7 0.98 1.69 4 50.2 2.56 5.12

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 2 48.1 0.71 1.01 3 46.1 1.48 2.57

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 2 8.7 0.91 1.30 3 9.2 0.11 0.19

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 2 4.2 0.25 0.35 4 4.00 0.43 0.86

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

5 - - - 8 - - -

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 2 42.5 0.36 0.50 4 40.5 0.25 0.50

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 2 35.5 0.35 0.50 4 34.2 1.63 3.27

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 2 83.6 1.53 2.16 4 84.6 4.12 8.24

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 2 42.5 6.79 9.60 2 51.6 2.09 2.96

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 2 49.1 4.54 6.43 4 50.6 2.30 4.61

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

54

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Ossetians (Odessa) craniological marks

Tanamedrove osebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 4 181.0 3.06 6.13 2 180.0 5.65 8.00

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 3 144.3 2.84 4.92 2 144.0 3.53 5.00

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 4 134.7 2.43 4.86 2 135.5 5.30 7.50

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 3 78.4 0.71 1.24 2 80.0 0.55 0.77

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 4 96.0 3.02 6.04 2 96.5 1.78 2.50

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead 3 68.7 2.67 6.63 2 67.0 0.41 0.59

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 4 100.2 1.08 2.17 2 100.5 3.18 4.50

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 3 96.3 2.88 4.99 1 96.0 - -

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 3 134.3 0.73 1.26 2 132.5 6.01 8.50

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 3 96.3 1.51 2.62 2 90.0 0.70 1.00

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 3 106.0 1.88 3.26 2 102.5 0.35 0.50

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 3 67.7 3.34 5.79 1 61.0 - -

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 4 143.3 1.80 3.61 2 141.5 3.46 4.90

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 4 131.3 1.37 2.75 2 131.1 2.19 3.09

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 2 87.5 1.06 1.50 1 81.0 - -

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 2 49.9 4.07 5.76 1 49.2 - -

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

3 51.2 3.26 5.65 1 47.7 - -

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 3 97.0 3.06 5.30 1 100.0 - -

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 4 26.5 0.75 1.50 2 25.0 - -

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 4 51.7 2.35 4.71 2 47.5 1.76 2.50

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 4 51.5 1.74 3.48 2 52.8 1.96 2.78

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 4 12.3 0.51 1.02 2 10.0 1.06 1.50

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 4 4.3 0.31 0.63 2 3.1 0.04 0.05

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

1 27.0 - - 1 16.0 - -

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 4 45.0 0.61 1.22 2 43.0 2.12 3.00

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 4 34.2 0.54 1.08 2 33.5 1.76 2.50

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 4 76.1 0.44 0.88 2 77.9 0.28 0.38

47 saxis sruli simaRle Full height of face (n-gn) 2 - - - 3 - - -

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 4 59.2 4.43 8.87 2 50.3 7.22 10.2

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 4 47.1 4.63 9.27 2 33.3 5.70 8.06

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

55

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of modern Bingel-Dag (Armenias) craniological marks

Tanamedrove somxebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi

mamakacebi male dedakacebi female Martin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S 1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 90 172.4 0.59 5.62 47 166.2 0.90 6.17

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 90 144.1 0.46 4.37 47 140.8 0.66 4.54

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 89 134.8 0.58 5.50 47 131.1 0.78 5.35

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 89 83.7 0.34 3.24 47 84.8 0.52 3.60

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 90 97.0 0.44 4.20 47 94.6 0.60 4.11

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of

f h d

88 67.3 0.35 2.98 47 67.2 0.41 2.85

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 88 100.4 0.40 3.77 47 96.6 0.52 3.58

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 79 96.1 0.55 4.87 42 92.8 0.61 3.95

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 79 133.2 0.52 4.70 39 124.5 0.86 5.41

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 80 94.3 0.59 5.29 38 90.4 0.79 4.88

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 89 105.4 0.41 3.90 47 101.0 0.61 4.20

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 79 73.5 0.51 4.58 41 69.3 0.90 3.67

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 84 136.0 0.47 4.37 43 136.4 0.67 4.37

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 78 125.0 0.58 5.08 38 124.4 0.95 5.88

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 81 85.9 0.38 3.48 41 85.3 0.49 3.15

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face 75 55.2 0.38 3.27 38 60.0 0.53 3.25

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-

selebral indicator 78 54.6 0.43 3.78 41 52.9 0.57 3.64

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 78 95.9 0.47 4.12 42 96.4 0.60 3.91

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 81 25.5 0.26 2.35 41 23.9 0.34 2.21

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 81 54.2 0.35 3.13 41 51.0 0.51 3.30

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose 80 47.2 0.57 5.10 40 47.2 0.81 5.14

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 86 13.3 0.16 1.50 43 11.8 0.22 1.48

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 80 5.0 0.17 1.53 40 4.6 0.16 1.02

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of

nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR) 70 34.4 0.53 4.47 37 29.3 1.05 6.41

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 84 42.1 0.19 1.77 42 40.5 0.22 1.40

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 84 34.8 0.24 2.19 42 34.1 0.32 2.10

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 83 82.6 0.59 5.39 42 84.2 0.72 4.68

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 85 62.9 0.82 7.54 43 58.9 1.55 10.2

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 80 53.8 1.25 11.2 40 47.8 1.89 12.0

*Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

56

Continuation table #2

Average dimensions of Middle Ages Duripshi, Abkhazia craniological marks

ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo

zomebi, durifSi, afxazeTi.

mamakacebi male dedakacebi

female

Mar

tin

zomebi Measurements

n X x S n X x S

1 grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op) 4 179.5 4.04 8.0 1 177.0

8 ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu) 5 144.6 2.39 5.35 1 141.0

17 qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba) 2 134.5 0.38 0.53 - -

8:1 Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull 4 81.4 1.74 3.48 1 79.7

9 Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft) 5 97.6 3.81 8.52 1 96.0

9:8 Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead 5 67.4 1.58 3.54 1 68.1

5 qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba) 2 105.0 0.71 1.00 - -

40 saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr) 1 96.0 0.0 0.0 - -

45 yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy) 2 136.5 1.77 2.51 - -

46 saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm) 3 94.3 0.55 0.95 - -

43 saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt) 4 109.3 3.49 6.98 1 104.0

48’ saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv) 1 65.0 0.0 0.0 - -

77 nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo) 3 138.1 0.22 0.38 - -

Zm* zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm) 1 124.9 0 0 - -

72 saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr) 1 88.0 0 0 - -

48:45 saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face - - - - - -

48:17 vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facio-selebral indicator

1 86.4 0 0 - -

40:5 saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face 1 92.3 0 0 - -

54 cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl) 1 25.0 0 0 - -

55 cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns) 1 53.0 0 0 - -

54/55 cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose ?

DS dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height 1 14.5 0 0 - -

SS simoturi simaRle Symotic height 1 4.64 0 0 - -

75’ cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)

- - - - - -

51 Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF) 3 41.3 0.27 0.47 - -

52 Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH 3 32.7 1.19 2.05 - -

52:51 Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity 3 79.0 2.08 4.99 - -

47 saxis sruli simaRle Full height of face (n-gn) - - - - - -

SC simoturi sigane Symotic width 1 9.5 0 0 - -

DC dakrionuli sigane Dacrionic width 2 21.7 2.15 3.04 - -

FC eSvis fossos siRrme Depth of canine tooth 2 4.4 0.69 0.98 - -

DS/DC dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator 1 60.9 0 0 - -

SS/SC simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator 1 48.8 0 0 - -

* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)

57

58

Results of the basic components analysis Table N4

afxazebSi gamoyofili ZiriTadi komponentebi

Basic components Eigenvalue Variation % Total %

1 145.9 37.6 37.6

2 68.7 17.8 55.4

3 45.5 11.7 67.1

4 27.7 7.1 74.3

5 21.9 5.7 79.9

6 19.4 5.0 84.9

7 16.1 4.2 89.1

II komponentze maqsimaluria cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan

(0.7878), ganivi diametri (0.51361), dabalia saxis saerTo kuTxis (0.19567) da Sublis

umciresi diametris (0.17605) wvlili. meore ZiriTadi komponentis mixedviT afxa-

zebi axlos dganan megrelebTan da gansxvavdebian aWarlebisagan.

III komponenti aseve ganivi zomebis komponentad unda miviCnioT, radgan masze

ZiriTadi datvirTva zogad cvalebadobaSi Sublis umciresi diametri

(0.49520), saxis zeda sigane (0.35886), yvrimalTaSua diametri (0.19404) da Tavis gani-

vi diametri (0.11316) avlenen.

IV komponenti Tavisa da saxis grZivi zomebis ZiriTad datvirTvas asaxavs.

maqsimaluria qalas simaRle (0.78074), saxis sruli simaRle (0.31523), qalas fuZis

sigrZe (0.20389) da cxviris simaRle (0.11150).

V komponenti ganpirobebulia saxis Sua siganis (0.45800), yvrimalTaSua

diametris (0.40215), Tavis ganivi diametris (0.20872), saxis saerTo kuTxis

(0.18773) da saxis sruli simaRlis (0.17254) cvalebadobiT.

VI komponentze maqsimalur datvirTvas saxis sruli simaRle (0.79151), saxis

saerTo kuTxe (0.29329), cxviris sigane (0.15888) avlenen.

VII komponentze datvirTva yvrimalTaSua diametrs (0.57152), cxviris

Zvlebis kuTxes profilis xazTan (0.33233), saxis zeda siganes (0.14484), qalas

simaRles (0.13434), qalas fuZis sigrZes (0.12344) axasiaTebT. unda aRiniSnos,

rom miuxedavad zogierTi niSnis maRali datvirTvisa meeqvse, meSvide kom-

ponentebze TviT am komponentebis mcire wvlili zogad cvalebadobaSi um-

niSvnelos xdis am datvirTvas.

59

Results of the basic component analysis: loading of basic components Table N5

afxazebis calkeuli niSnebis I-VII ZiriTad komponentebze datvirTva

Eigenvectors I II III IV V VI VII

1. G-OP 0.41 0.59 0.53 0.05 0.23 0.07 0.17

8. Eu-Eu 0.24 0.56 0.07 0.00 0.25 0.23 0.05

17.B-BA 0.27 0.20 0.19 0.05 0.42 0.62 0.32

5.N-EBA 0.31 0.02 0.00 0.27 0.08 0.35 0.05

40.EBA-PR 0.33 0.08 0.13 0.45 0.35 0.17 0.46

48’N-ALV 0.19 0.00 0.04 0.60 0.03 0.24 0.59

9.FT-FT 0.18 0.18 0.04 0.32 0.48 0.10 0.42

43.FMT-FMT 0.30 0.01 0.08 0.17 0.49 0.16 0.23

44. ZM-ZM 0.34 0.03 0.03 0.17 0.04 0.29 0.02

45.ZY-ZY 0.41 0.26 0.11 0.02 0.18 0.38 0.08

51.ORB-MF 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.02

52.ORH 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.22 0.03 0.08 0.16

54.NL-NL 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.01

55.N-NS 0.17 0.04 0.08 0.31 0.01 0.10 0.18

72.N-PR 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.06

75.RHI-N-PR 0.12 0.41 0.77 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.06

Semdgomi statistikuri analizi diskrimentulia, romelmac aCvena, rom

I faqtori 74.7% diskriminacias ganicdis da gamoyofs aWarlebs afxazebisa-

gan Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT: grZivi diametri, ganivi diametri, saxis fu-

Zis sigrZe, saxis zeda sigane, saxis Sua sigane, Tvalbudis simaRle da sa-

xis saerTo kuTxe. meore diskrimentuli faqtori ZiriTadad ganasxvavebs

megrelebs sxva danarCenisagan Semdegi niSnebiT: qalas simaRle, qalas fu-

Zis sigrZe, saxis zeda simaRle, Sublis umciresi sigane, yvrimalTaSua dia-

metri da cxiris simaRle.

60

Figure N 1. Results of the principal components analysis presented for the first seven

principal components, which account for 89.1% of the total variation. The circle indicates the

95% confidence interval.

naxati #1. ZiriTadi komponenturi analizis Sedegebi warmodgenilia Svidi

ZiriTadi komponentiT, romlebic jamurad saerTo variaciis 89.1%-s agrove-

ben. rkali warmoadgens 95%-s.

61

afxazebis kraniometruli niSnebis Seswavlis Sedegad SegviZlia gamo-

vitanoT Semdegi daskvnebi: afxazebSi aRiniSna braqikrania, romelic dakav-

Sirebuli iyo saSualo ganiv da mcire grZiv diametrebTan; afxazebi,

Table N 6

Results of diskimentual analysis and canonical coefficient diskrimentaluri analizis Sedegebi da kanonikuri koeficientebi

Canonical vector Eigenvalue Variation % Total % Canonical

coefficient

1 1.328 74.7 74.7 0.76

2 0.341 19.2 93.9 0.50

3 00.107 6.1 100 0.31

Table N7 Results: loading of the first and third function

I-III funqciis datvirTva niSnebis mixedviT

Eigenvectors 1 2 3

1. G-OP 0.10511 0.042696 0.038146

8. Eu-Eu 0.05999 0.09011 0.002557

17.B-BA 0.024146 0.190584 0.03977

5.N-EBA 0.13073 0.21482 0.05358

40.EBA-PR 0.20538 0.075319 0.096696

48’.N-ALV 0.02278 0.027673 0.020729

9.FT-FT 0.04963 0.08505 0.0063

43.FMT-FMT 0.04625 0.031212 0.00288

44. ZM-ZM 0.08343 0.00835 0.082012

45.ZY-ZY 0.055937 0.140823 0.05594

51.ORB-MF 0.099414 0.19581 0.339796

52.ORH 0.12255 0.095107 0.020082

54.NL-NL 0.058212 0.04004 0.019282

55.N-NS 0.053502 0.21116 0.19481

72.N-PR 0.02995 0.02772 0.01901

62

Figure N 2. Results of the discriminant analysis presented for the first and second functions, which account for 100% of the total variation

naxati #2. diskrimentuli analizis Sedegebi warmodgenilia pirveli da me-

ore funqciiT, romlebic jamurad agroveben saerTo variaciis 100%-s.

megrelebi da aWarlebi SedarebiT viwro saxiTa da cxviriT usaTuod kol-

xuri tipis warmomadgenlebi arian. somotologiuradac erT tipSi arian ga-

erTianebulni. m.abduSeliSvilis kavkasiis xalxTa anTropologiuri klasi-

fikaciis Tanaxmad (Абдушелишвили, 1964), ZiriTadi komponentebis analiziT

afxazebis Taviseburebas asaxavs mcire saxis fuZis sigrZe, grZivi diametri,

saxis zeda sigane da saSualo yvrimalTaSoris diametri. afxazebi (iseve

rogorc qarTvelebi) is jgufia, romelsac saxis Zlieri profilireba axa-

siaTebT, rac II komponentiTac dasturdeba. afxazebi aWarlebTan SedarebiT

naklebad polimorfuli arian. komponenturma aseve diskrimemtulma analiz-

ma aCvena, rom afxazebi da aWarlebi metad gvanan erTmaneTs da umniSvne-

lod gansxvavdebian samegrelos mosaxleobisagan (SesaZloa megrelebis se-

riis mcirericxovnobis gamo).

63

dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba uZvelesi (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli)

droidan Tanamedroveobamde.

afxazebis kraniologiuri polimorfizmi SeuZlebelia iyos Seswavli-

li mxolod Tanamedrove seriis safuZvelze.

eTnogenetikuri rekonstruqciebisaTvis aucilebelia afxazeTis teri-

toriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis anTropologiuri tipis cvalebadobis Ses-

wavla drosa da sivrceSi. samwuxarod, adreuli epoqebis kraniologiuri

masala mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos regionidan Zalzed mcirea. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom afxazeTi uZvelesi droidan (qvis xanidan) aris dasaxlebu-

li da cnobilia ara erTi Zegli, romelic am teritoriaze adamianis uw-

yvet binadrobaze da kulturul ganviTarebaze metyvelebs, adreuli perio-

debis kraniologiuri masala ar arsebobs. Tumca litereturaSi moxsenebu-

lia adrebrinjaos xanis yorRani (gumisTaSi), sadac micvalebulebi iyvnen

mokrunCxul mdgomareobaSi gverdze dasvenebuli (Бжания,1967). TviTon krani-

aluri an postkranialuri ConCxi Seuswavlelia, Zvlovani naSTebis Zalzed

cudi daculobis gamo. afxazi mkvlevarebis uaxloesi arqeologiuri aRmo-

Cenebis Tanaxmad gagris raionis sofel aCmardas teritoriaze iyo gamok-

vleuli ganZis maZieblebis mier adre dazianebuli 5 da gaTxrili 1 dauzi-

anebeli samarxi. ConCxis Zvlebi samarxebSi dazianebuli, micvalebuli iyo

dakrZaluli zurgze gaSotili samxreT - dasavleTiT damxrobili, kidure-

bi zogjer gadajvaredinebuli (Бжания, Бжания, 2007). radgan uSualod afxa-

zeTis teritoriidan adreuli epoqebis Zvlovani masala ar moipoveba, pale-

omosaxleobis fizikuri tipis gansazRvrisaTvis vsargeblobT dasavleT an

mTlianad saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli monacemebiT, xolo aT-

vlis wertili adre brinjaos xanaa.

adre brinjaos xanis kraniologiuri masala dasavleT saqarTvelodan

warmodgenilia erTaderTi dedakacis Tavis qaliT WiaTuridan.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli am periodis kraniologiuri

masala mTlianad moicavs ocdaTormeti mamakacisa da ocdaerTi dedakacis

Tavis qalas, masala ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia mopovebuli

(Treli, werovani, tyviavi, kikeTi, zeiani, axalcixe, bedeni, ardisubani, siR-

naRi, abelia, giorgi wminda). tyviavis seria inaxeba goris mxareTmcodneo-

bis muzeumSi. naSromSi gamoyenebuli kraniologiuri masala mcire gamonak-

lisis garda istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyo-

64

filebis fondSia daculi, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi masalis adgilmdebareo-

ba teqstSia aRniSnuli.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli adrebrinjaos xanis seriis ma-

makacebis Tavis qalebs zogadad, axasiaTebT: doliqokrania, maRali qalas

simaRle, didi qalas saxisa da fuZis sigrZe, saSualoze farTo Sublis

Zvali, saSualo simaRlis, ganieri zeda nawilSi da saSualo siganis saxe

Sua nawilSi, saxe profilirebuli, mkveTrad warziduli cxviriT, Tvalbu-

deebi saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, yvrimalTaSua diametri saSualo si-

ganis, eSvis fosos siRme didi, saxis saerTo kuTxe Zalzed swori. dedaka-

cebis Tavis qalebi gamoirCeva ufro patara zomebiT, gracilurobiT. maT-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia niSanTa kompleqsis igive ganviTareba, gansxvaveba na-

zomalaruli kuTxisa da dakrionul siganeSi vlindeba. dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi, kerZod WiaTuraSi mopovebuli qalis erTi Tavis qala doliqokranu-

li, saxe zeda nawilSi ganieri da mokle, Subli saSualo siganis, saxis

Sua nawilSi viwro, saSualo siganis da maRali Tvalbudeebi, win mkveTrad

warziduli viwro da mokle cxviri, eSvis foso Zalian Rrma, saxis saerTo

profili orTognatuli, xolo horizontaluri profili heteroprozuli

(Абдушелишвили, 1964). niSanTa es kompleqsi miuTiTebs, rom mosaxleoba, ro-

melic binadrobda saqarTvelos teritoriaze adrebrinjaos xanaSi, evrope-

oiduli tipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCeoda, rac anTropolo-

giur literaturaSi mediteranuli, anu xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipiTYaris

cnobili (abduSeliSvili, 1982). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom dasavleT da aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis anTropologiuri ieri msgavsi iyo, ami-

tom SesaZloa dasavleT saqarTveloSi masalis ar arsebobis dros aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli masalebi moviSvelioT.

Sua brinjaos xanis kraniologiuri masala moicavs ocdaerT mamakac-

sa da ocdaor dedakacs da ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia mopove-

buli (awyuri, aspinZa, varZia, siRnaRi, arboSiki, Svindiani, alaverdi, axCia,

Treli, abanosxevi, qistauri, keTileTi, xramebi). dasavleT saqarTvelodan

am periodSi mopovebulia erTaderTi dedakacis Zalzed cudi daculobis

Tavis qala punqt sagvarjiledan - (imereTi). gazomilia sul ramdenime niSa-

ni: Sublis qorda (Zalian mcire), Tvalbudis sigane (mcire).

saqarTvelos teritoriaze am periodis mamakacebis Tavis qalebi mTli-

anobaSi xasiaTdebian Zalian didi grZivi diametriT (awyuris erTi Tavis qa-

65

las garda, romelzec saSualo grZivi da Zalian didi ganivi diametri

fiqsirdeba), mcire, saSualo da saSualoze maRali ganivi diametriT. qalas

simaRle aseve polimorfulia, qalas fuZis sigrZe didi da Zalian didi,

xolo saxis fuZis sigrZe saSualo da didi; saxis zeda simaRle mniSvne-

lovnad cvalebadobs mcire zomidan saxis did zeda simaRlemde, xolo sa-

xis sruli simaRle saSualo da didi simaRliT gamoirCeva. aRsaniSnavia

Sublis Zvlis saSualo, didi da Zalian didi umciresi sigane; saxis zeda

sigane metad cvalebadia da yvela SesaZlo variantiTaa warmodgenili, xo-

lo saxis Sua sigane mcire, Zalian mcire da saSualo sidideebiT xasiaTde-

ba. yvrialTaSoris diametri wina periodTan gansxvavebiT matulobs, Tumca

mxolod or individis monacemebs emyareba. aRsaniSnavia Tvalbudeebis siga-

nisa da simaRlis mcire zomebi, cxviris saSualo sigrZe da sigane. saxis

saerTo profili orTognantuli (Seswavlilia 1 Tavis qalaze), horizonta-

luri profili mkveTrad profilirebuli, cxviris unagiri maRali, cxiri

warziduli.

Suabrinjaos qalebis seria saqarTveloSi mopovebuli masalidan yve-

laze ricxvmcirea. miuxedavad amisa, am mwiri masalidan Cans, rom saqarTve-

los teritoria farTod iyo aTvisebuli. Tavis qalebi mopovebulia dasav-

leT (sagvarjile), aRmosavleT (Treli, Svindiani, arboSiki, abanosxevi, qis-

tauri), samxreT (axCia, keTileTi, awyuri) umetesi niSani Seswavlilia Ti-

Toeul Tavis qalaze, amitom regionaluri Tavisebureba seriebs Soris in-

dividualur dones asaxavs.

grZivi diametri ZiriTadad didia, gamonaklisi – saSualo sigrZis Ta-

vis qala Svindianidan. amave dros, ganivi diametri saSualo da did zomebs

aRwevs. Tavis qalas maCvenebeli doliqo-mezokranuli, saxis zeda simaRle

mcire. metad cvalebadia Sublis umciresi sigane da saxis zeda sigane, rac

SesaZloa SeswavlilTa raodenobiT aris ganpirobebuli. Tumca ar gamov-

ricxavT mosaxleobis morfologiuri niSnebis did diapazonSi cvalebado-

bas miuTiTebdes. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tavis qala sigrZeSi jer kidev

didi da Zalian didia, xolo ganivi diametri iwyebs matebas.

Suabrinjaos xanis mosaxleobis morfologiuri tipis Sedarebam wina

periodis mosaxleobasTan gamoavlina gansxvaveba zogierTi niSnebis mixed-

viT. Tumca sxvaoba statistikurad arasarwmunoa da ganpirobebulia gamok-

vleulTa raodenobiT. zogierTi niSnebi, miuxedavad gamokvleulTa mcire

66

ricxvisa, adre da Suabrinjaos mosaxleobaSi msgavsia. mamakacebSi aseTi

niSnebia: ganivi diametri, Sublis umciresi diametri, dakrionuli simaRle

da dakrionuli sigane, zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe. aqedan, praqtikulad iden-

turia ganivi diametri, zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe, dakrionuli simaRle da

sigane.

Semdegi periodis masala, romelic mogvepoveba dasavleT saqarTve-

los teritoriidan aris adreantikuri xana. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mo-

povebulia (abelia, RrmaxevisTavi, abulmugi, ardisubani, arRuni, varsima-

anTkari, saduRa, kamaraxevi, samTavro, armazisxevi, gomareTi, qsani, cixedis-

xevi) asTxuTmeti mamakacisa da oTxmocdaerTi dedakacis Tavis qala. dasav-

leT saqarTvelodan mogvepoveba erTi dedakacis (vani) da erTi mamakacis

(sairxe) Tavis qala.

vani – adreantikuri xanis mamakacis Tavis qala Zalian cudi daculo-

bisaa. masze gazomilia mxolod grZivi diametri, romelic didi zomisaa.

sairxe – mopovebuli dedakacis Tavis qala xasiaTdeba: Zalian didi

grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebiT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli, mezokranu-

li, saxis zeda simaRle mcire, Subli saSualoze viwro, saxis zeda sigane

mcire, Tvalbudeebi dabali da mcire siganis, ganieri da mokle cxviri, una-

giri dabali, win sustad warziduli saxe, horizontalur WrilSi sustad

profilirebuli. Tavis qalaze aRniSnuli niSnebi (dabali unagiri da sus-

tad profilirebuli saxe) ganasxvavebs mas saqarTveloSi mopovebul sxva

seriebisagan.

zogadad saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRniSnul periodebSi mcxovreb

mosaxleobas axasiaTebda: ZiriTadad doliqokranuli Tavis qala, farTo da

swori Subli, saSualo simaRlisa da siganis, saxe mkveTrad profilirebu-

li horizontalur da swori vertikalur proeqciaSi, saSualo simaRlisa

da saSualo siganis mkveTrad gamoxatuli cxviri da sxv. es aris niSnebis

is kompleqsi, romelic dasturdeba brinjaosa da rkinis xanis mosaxleoba-

Sic. amiT mosaxleobis fizikuri tipis didi drois manZilze uwyvetoba

dasturdeba (biTaZe, 2006).

elinisturi xanis kraniologiuri masala aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

mopovebuli (kavTisxevi, nataxtari, bagiWala, muxaTgverdi, nastakisi, sam-

Tavro, yaraRaji, qvemo juliti) ocdaSvidi mamakacisa da Tvrameti dedaka-

67

cis Tavis qaliT aris warmodgenili. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mopovebulia

mxolod erTi dedakacis da ori mamakacis Tavis qala (noqalaqevi).

noqalaqevis seria Zalzed cudi daculobisaa, mamakacis Tavis qale-

bze aRebuli iyo niSnebi romlebic xasiaTdebian: Zalian didi grZivi dia-

metriT Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Zalian patara (doliqokranuli), Subli Za-

lian viwro, Tavis qalas fuZis sigrZe Zalian didi, saxe zomieri siganisa

da simaRlis, viwro da Zalian maRali cxviri, Tvalbudeebi saSualoze ga-

nieri. dedakacis Tavis qala naklebi niSnebiTaa Seswavlili da xasiaTdeba:

saSualo ganivi diametriTa da Sublis umciresi siganiT, saSualoze ganie-

ri saxiT zeda nawilSi, saSualo siganis yvrimalTaSua diametriT da saSu-

alo simaRlis qalasarqveliT (po-b).

elinisturi xanis mosaxleobis morfologiuri Tavisebureba, gamoixa-

teba imaSi, rom mTeli rigi niSnebiT am drois mosaxleoba (Tavis forma,

saxis sigane, cxviris simaRle da sigane) miekuTvneba xmelTaSuazRvispirul

rasobriv tips. es xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli

winamorbedi xanis mosaxleobaSic, rogorc saqarTvelos, kavkasiis, aseve wi-

na aziis teritoriaze. saqarTveloSi mopovebul masalebSi SeiniSneba adgi-

lobrivi Taviseburebani, rac upirvelesad Zalian maRali cxviris unagiriT

da cxviris mkveTrad win warzidulobaSi gamoixateba.

gvian antikuri periodis kraniologiuri masala warmodgenilia 127 ma-

makacisa da 84 dedakacis Tavis qaliT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva punqtidan.

(aragvispiri, bagiWala, Jinvali XXV ubani, aranisi, mlaSe, Jinvalis karib-

We, baiaTxevi, wiwamuri, niCbisxevi, kamaraxevi, samTavro, mogvTakari, svetic-

xoveli, urbnisi, jieTi, wiwamuri, neZisi, TalTebi, znauri).

wina periodebisagan gansxvavebiT gvian antikuri xanis kraniologiuri

masalis, detaluri analizi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan es erTaderTi

gvianantikuri xanis kraniologiuri seriaa dasavleT saqarTvelodan. jie-

Tis (WiaTura) seriis mamakacebSi (n=10), grZivi diametris metad didi diapa-

zoniT varireba aRiniSneba (175-210), ZiriTad, Zalian didi grZivi diametris

Tavis qalebTan erTad, gamovlenilia mcire (erTi) da saSualo (sami) dia-

metris Tavis qalebi. aseTive situaciaa ganivi diametris mxriv (118-144). di-

di ganivi diametris Tavis qalaze Seswavlilia kidev Sublis sigane da sa-

xis zeda sigane. orive Zalian didi kategoriiTaa Sefasebuli. rac Seexeba

Zalian mcire ganivi diametris Tavis qalas, am SemTxvevaSi, grZivi diametri

68

saSualo sididisaa (Tavis qala ultradoliqokranuli), maRali saxe, mkveT-

rad profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi, saxis zeda sigane zomieri,

xolo saxis Sua sigane didi, Tvalbudeebi Zalian ganieri da saSualo si-

maRlis, cxviri saSualo siganisa da Zalian maRali, cxviris unagiri saSua-

lo, eSvis foso mcire. seriaSi gamovlenilia erTi mezokranuli Tavis qa-

la, romelic mcire grZivi da ganivi diametrebiT xasiaTdeba. am Tavis qa-

las axasiaTebs: Sublis umciresi sigane da saxis zeda sigane saSualo, ga-

nieri da maRali Tvalbudeebi, mcire horizontaluri profilirebis zeda

kuTxe. danarCeni hiper- da doliqokranuli Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian: maRa-

li, an Zalian maRali qalasarqveliT, didi qalas fuZis sigrZiT, saSualo,

an saSualoze didi saxis fuZis sigrZiT, maRali saxiT, saSualo siganis

saxis zeda nawilSi, xolo didi saxis Sua siganis da yvrimalTaSoris dia-

metriT (ukanaskneli Seswavlilia sul or Tavis qalaze), ZiriTadad mezo-

konhuri (saSualo) TvalbudeebiT, Tumca gamovlenilia hamekonhuri (mokle)

da erTic hipokonhuri (grZeli), viwro da maRali cxviriT, saSualo cxvi-

ris unagiriT, mkveTard profilriebuli horizontalur proeqciaSi saxiT.

am seriaSi aseve aris zeda profilirebis kuTxis didi maCvenebeli (148,1),

romelic hiperdoliqokranul Tavis qalaze aRiniSneba. am Tavis qalas axa-

siaTebs: saSualo siganis Subli, saxe saSualo siganis, ganieri da dabali

Tvalbudeebi, cxviri saSualo simaRlis, simoturi maCvenebeli saSualo. ma-

makacebis Tavis qalebi SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad, masiur da gracilur

formebad, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi masiuri Tavis qalebis raodenoba orjer

naklebia.

qalebis (n=10) Tavis qalebis grZivi diametri naklebad cvalebadobs

da did an Zalian did zomebs aRwevs, amave dros, ganivi diametri mcire da

Zalian mcire rCeba. gamonakliss sul ramdenime Tavis qala warmoadgens:

ori saSualo da erTi Zalian didi ganivi diametrebiT. Zalian didi ganivi

diametris mqone Tavis qalaze aRiniSneba ganieri Subli da Zalian didi sa-

xis zeda sigane. Tavis qalas maCvenebeli am SemTxvevaSi ucnobia, xolo

mTlianad seriaSi gamovlenilia ultra (erTi), hiper (erTi) da doliqokra-

nuli (4) Tavis qala. niSanTa kompleqsi samwuxarod, arasrulad aris Ses-

wavlili. ZiriTadi daxasiaTeba erTeul Tavis qalaze Seswavlili niSnebiT

aris warmodgenili. qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: saSualo saxis simaR-

le, saSualo, an saSualoze didi Subli, saSualoze didi saxis zeda siga-

69

ne, mcire saxis Sua sigane, yvrimalTaSoris diametri saSualo, Tvalbudee-

bi mcire siganisa da mcire, an saSualoze didi simaRlis. cxviri viwro da

maRali, saxe profilriebuli vertikalur proeqciaSi.

am seriis mniSvneloba kdiev ufro gaizarda, radgan gamovlenilia ma-

siuri da graciluri formebi; Tavis qalas ramdenime forma; dafiqsirebu-

lia maRali nazomalaruli kuTxe; maRali saxe; ganieri da mokle cxviri

(hiperpamerinuli cxviris maCveneblis mixedviT), radgan niSanTa es kompleq-

si adre ganxilul masalaSi gamovlenili ar yofila.

adreul Suasaukuneebis kraniologiuri seriebi saqarTvelos sxvada-

sxva punqtebSia mopovebuli da 317 mamakacisa da 203 dedakacis Tavis qaliT

(Telovani, vaSlisjvara, didi gldani, samTavro, nabaRrebi, martazi, beb-

riscixe, armazi, wilkani, karsnisxevi, mcxeTis gora, muxaTgverdi, sayarau-

lo seri, urbnisi, rusTavi, fitareTi, matani, qvemo bodbe, Weremi, gurjaani,

Jinvali, maRaros kari, neZisi, aragvis piri, bulaCauri, lafaraanTkari, yo-

fCiskari, mlaSe, abanos xevi, kviracxoveli, bagiWala, TalTebi, ximSiaT mi-

webi, sioni, vani, noqalaqevi, aWara, java, stirfazi da britaTi) aris war-

modgenili.

ZiriTadad seriebi erTmaneTis msgavsia. jer kidev Warbobs viwrosaxi-

ani, doliqokranuli formebi, romelic CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili wina

xanis kraniologiur seriebidan. es tipi cnobilia ara marto saqarTvelos

teritoriaze mopovebuli kraniologiuri seriebiT, aramed wina periodis

masaliT samxreT kavkasiis da winaaziis teritoriebidan. es aris e. w. xmel-

TaSuazRvispiruli anTropologiuri tipi. am dros ukve SeiniSneba misgan

ramdenadme gansxvavebuli tipis arseboba. maRali Tavis qalas maCvenebeliT,

SedarebiT farTo saxiT, qalas fuZis mcire sigrZiT. saqarTvelos adrefeo-

daluri xanis mosaxleobaSi ukve dawyebulia anTropologiuri tipebis epo-

qaluri transformaciis procesi da dominirebul formebTan erTad, SeiniS-

neba Tanamedrove mosaxleobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi. vani (imereTi)

warmodgenilia Zalze cudi daculobis 4 Tavis qaliT (2 mamakacisaa da 2

dedakacis). mamakacis erTi Tavis qala deformirebulia, xolo meoreze Ses-

wavlilia sul 5 niSani; dedakacis Tavis qalebi SedarebiT ukeTes mdgoma-

reobaSi aris. vanis Tavis qalebi tipologiurad ar gansxvavdebian zogadi

anTropologiuri tipisagan, dedakacis Tavis qala mezokranulia. am region-

Siac dawyebulia braqikefalizaciis procesi. samegrelos regioni warmod-

70

genilia 1 punqtiT – noqalaqevi, mopovebulia erTi fragmentuli Tavis qa-

la saxis qalas gareSe. es Tavis qalac emsgavseba zogad anTropooligiur

tips. adreul saukuneebSi mopovebuli kraniologiuri masalebis Seswavla

kidev erTxel gvaZlevs safuZvels gavusvaT xazi samxreT da CrdiloeT

kavkasiis aborigenul mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli anTropologiuri tipe-

bisa da am tipebis epoqaluri transformaciis mimarTulebis identurobas.

es zogadi daskvna, romelic kraniologiuri masalebis analizs eyrdnoba,

Tavis dasabuTebas poulobs kavkasiis Tanamedrove mosaxleobis anTropo-

logiur SemadgenlobaSi.

ganviTarebuli Suasaukneebis kraniologiuri koleqcia saqarTvelo-

dan sakmaod soliduria da emyareba 773 individis Tavis qalas, sadac 475

mamakacis da 298 dedakacisaa (lelobi, bebnisi, neZvi, CiTaxevi, rveli, Jinva-

lis samarovani, avenisi, gudruxi, mRvime, davaTi, sioni, nabaRrebi, Satili,

qviskarebi, yazbegi, rusTavi, dmanisi, vanis qvabebi, saRamos tbis eklesia,

damala, axalqalaqi, Zveli gavazi, matani, qvemo bodbe, sagvarjile, vaxula-

ni, Txilvana, verbebi, kaloTa, sxalTa, durifSi).

am periodSi iseve rogorc aRmosavleT, asve dasavleT saqarTvelos

kraniologiuri seriebi winaaziuri anTropologiuri tipiTaa warmodgeni-

li. es faqti, Cveni azriT, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganviTa-

rebuli Suasaukuneebis mosaxleobis genetikuri identurobis maCvenebelia.

amave dros SeiniSneba ara naklebi mniSvnelobis gansxvavebanic. saxe sagvar-

jiles seriaSi jer kidev ar aRwevs winaaziuri formebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

bel zomebs. cxviris morfologiuri Taviseburebanic agreTve atareben lo-

kaluri nairsaxeobebis kvals. zogadad formebis Camoyalibeba jer kidev

dasrulebuli ar aris, amas samegrelos teritoriaze walenjixaSi – punqt

faxulanSi mopovebuli erTi mamakacis Tavis qalac adasturebs, romelze-

dac subraqikranuli qalasarqveli aRiniSneba.

aWaris mTianeTSi mopovebulia kraniologiuri masalebi xulos raio-

nis ori punqtidan: s. Txilvana da s. vernebi. masala fragmentulia. orive

seria zogadad imeorebs saerTo qarTul anTropologiur tips.

afxazeTis regioni warmodgenilia gudauTis r-nis s. durifSi mopove-

buli (5 mamakacis da 1 dedakacis) kraniologiuri masaliT, romelsac axa-

siaTebs qalasarqvelis saSualo grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebi, qa-

las maCvenebeli saSualoze maRali (mkveTrad braqikranuli formiT), saxe

71

saSualo siganis, magram uaxlovdeba am kategoriis umaRles zRvars, saxis

saSualoze dabali maCveneblis mixedviT seria eqceva euriprozopul kate-

goriaSi. cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, unagiri Zalze maRali. niS-

nebis es kompleqsi, winaaziur rasobriv tips ekuTvnis da amdenad afxaze-

Tis mosaxleoba ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc genetikurad, ise

morfologiurad, Sedioda winaaziuri rasobrivi tipebis imave variaciebis

farglebSi, romlebSiac, aseve, Sedioda amave periodis saqarTvelos danar-

Ceni mosaxleobac.

am seriis msgavseba ZiriTadad kraniologiuri niSnebis mixedviT uda-

oa afxazebis Tanamedrove seriasTan. braqikrania, saSualo siganis saxe, ma-

Rali cxviris unagiri da mkveTri profilireba is saerTo niSnebia, rac

dRemde SenarCunebulia afxazebSi.

amave periodis CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritoriidan mopovebulia ramde-

nime kraniologiuri seria. mozdokis seria sul sami Tavis qaliT aris war-

modgenili. ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: Tavis qala saSualo sigrZisa da gani-

eri, hiperbraqikranuli, saxe saSualoze farTo da saSualo simaRlis, swo-

ri vertikalur WrilSi. saxis zeda kuTxe saSualo sididis, xolo Sua

kuTxis mixedviT saSualoze mkveTrad profilirebuli. cxviri saSualoze

viwro da saSualoze maRali, saSualod warziduli, maRali unagiriT. aR-

weril niSanTa kompleqsi, romelic saSualo monacemebidan aris miRebuli

Seicaven erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul anTropologiuri tipis

calkeul niSnebs. da amdenad araviTar msgavsebas ar avlens durifSi mopo-

vebul kraniologiur masalasTan.

yabardo-balyareTis regionSi mopovebuli sami Tavis qala. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia saSualo sigrZisa da farTo qalasarqveli, Tavis qala

braqikranuli, saxe saSualoze farTo da saSualo simaRlis, mezoprozopu-

li, horizontalur proeqciaSi saSualoze mkveTrad profilirebuli, cxvi-

ri saSualo siganisa da saSualoze maRali unagiris mqone. aRwerili niSan-

Ta kompleqsi kavkasionis tipisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

CerqezeTis regionidan mopovebulia 13 Tavis qala. am Tavis qalebze

grZivi da ganivi diametrebi saSualo zomis, qalas maCvenebeli mezokranuli,

saxe saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, saxis zeda kuTxe saSualo, xolo saxis

zeda nawili mkveTrad profilirebuli, cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaR-

lis, saSualoze mkveTrad warziduli da saSualoze maRali unagiriT. Cerqe-

72

zeTSi dadasturebuli mezokranuli da leptoprozopuli tipi udavod See-

sabameba pontiuri rasis adiRur lokalur variants, romelic gavrcelebu-

lia Tanamedrove Cerqezebis, adiRelebisa da zogierT yabardoul da abazur

jgufebSi (Абдушелишвили, 1964).

gviani Suasaukuneebis anTropologiuri masala dasavleT saqarTvelo-

dan mopovebulia noqalaqevSi (samegrelo) da warmodgenilia erTi mamaka-

cis fragmentuli Tavis qaliT. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mopovebulia 157

mamakacis da 106 dedakacis Tavis qalebi Semdeg punqtebSi: mcxeTa, winarexi,

Tvaladi, Jinvali, arRuni, abanosxevi, sioni, magraneTi, Satili, yazbegi, sa-

girTa, caro, rusTavi, yazreTi, musxi, koTelia, qoreTi, sba, roki.

mamakacebis kraniologiuri seria xasiaTdeba: qalas saSualo grZivi,

saSualoze meti ganivi diametrebiTa da saSualoze meti sididis qalas maC-

venebliT, saSualoze meti qalasarqvelis simaRliT, farTo da zomierad

daqanebuli SubliT, ganieri da saSualo simaRlis saxiT, saSualoze metad

profilirebuli, horizontalur sibrtyeSi, vertikalur proeqciaSi swori,

saSualo siganisa da simaRlis cxviriT, maRali unagiriT, ganieri Tvalbu-

deebiT. Sua saukuneebis qalebis seriaSi ZiriTadi niSnebis ganawileba mama-

kacebis msgavsia. gansxvaveba gamoixateba ufro dabali qalas maCvenebliT.

meti qalas fuZis sigrZiT, saSualo saxis maCvenebliT da ufro didi simo-

turi simaRliT.

noqalaqevis Tavis qalas axasiaTebs: saSualoze meti grZivi da didi

ganivi diametrebi, saxis zeda siganis saSualoze meti zoma. rogorc Cans,

gviani SuasaukuneebSi saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis sakmaod braqi-

kefaluri Tavis maCvenebelia damaxasiaTebeli, yovelgvari regionaluri Ta-

viseburebebis gareSe. am periodis mosaxleobaSi gamovlenilia mezokranuli

da doliqokranuli formebic. am faqts CvenTvis aqvs didi mniSvneloba,

radgan Tavis qalas formis absoluturi braqikefalizacia da masTan dakav-

Sirebuli sxva niSanTa cvalebadoba arc gviani Suasaukuneebis, da arc Ta-

namedrove mosaxleobaSi ar miRweula, rac Tavis Tavad, mosaxleobis poli-

morfulobis SenarCunebaze metyvelebs. es faqti aseve adasturebs epoqa-

lur transformacias raime sagrZnobi elementebis Carevis gareSe.

rogorc saqarTvelos kraniologiuri masalis mimoxilvidan Cans, uSua-

lod monacemebi afxazeTis teritoriidan mxolod ori masala mogvepoveba:

ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebisa da Tanamedrove. saqarTvelos sxva regione-

73

bic srulad ar aris Seswavlili calkeuli periodebis mixedviT. amitom am

nawilSi Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom gveCvenebina

arsebuli masala, misi daculobis xarisxidan, agveRniSna mosaxleobis fi-

zikuri tipis cvalebadoba droSi. rogorc masalidan Cans, saqarTvelos

mTel teritoriaze mimdinareobda epoqaluri transformaciis procesi, mor-

fologiurad es braqikefalizaciasa da europrozopizaciaSi gamoixata. am

procesis Sedegad adreul epoqebSi gavrcelebulma metiteranulma (viwro-

Taviani da viwrosaxiani) anTropologiurma tipma winaaziur tipebs Cauyara

dasabami da amdenad saqarTvelos Tanamedrove lokaluri tipebi Camoyalib-

dnen uZvelesi anTropologiuri tipebis Sinagani ganviTarebis gziT, raime

sxva elementebis sagrZnobi zegavlenis gareSe (abduSeliSvili, 1980).

rac Seexeba afxazebis kraniologiur tips ganviTarebul Sua saukuneeb-

Si, morfologiurad afxazebi saqarTvelos Tanadrouli mosaxleobisagan

ar gansxvavdebodnen. e.i. kraniologiuri niSnebis epoqaluri transformacia

saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze msgavsi mimarTulebisa iyo. mniSvnelovania

isic, rom miuxedavad Semdgom periodSi CrdiloeT kavkasielebis Camowoli-

sa afxazeTSi, or sinqronulad daSorebul seriebs Soris (ganviTarebuli

Sua saukuneebi da Tanamedrove) ZiriTadadi niSnebis ganawilebaSi statis-

tikurad saimedo gansxvaveba ar fiqsirdeba. es faqti adasturebs, rom am

mosaxleobas saerTo substrati akavSirebda da jer kidev XIX saukuneSi

CrdiloeT kavkasielebis xvedriTi wili afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi mcire

iyo.