isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/sinhala_Gr_8.pdf · isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhhg wod< bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l j bgq l r . e k S u i | y d fu u . = r e u

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

8 fY%aKsh^2017 isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=jNdId" udkjYdia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj'

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk úµq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]


8 fY%aKsh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

m%:u uqøKh 2016

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ISBN : .........................

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"

Y%S ,xldj'

fjí wvúh ( www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

uqøKh (

ii

mgqk

msgqj

wOHlaI ckrd,a mKsúvh iv

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a mKsúvh v

úIhud,d lñgqj vi

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia vii

8 fY%aKsh isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh jdr kshuh viii

úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h ix -xxxii

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd Wmfoia 1-83

iv

wOHlaI ckrd,a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;alr .ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;swka;¾.;h mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlskaiukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,È¡

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾YAjhka bosrsm;al< fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shlm%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡

fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isgWiia uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isriaixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;aùu yels;dla wju lsrSu úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=reúIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsrSu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr;ùu mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jkud¾f.damfoaY ,ndoSfï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd oS we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=<§ jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i lghq;= lsrSug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldrS jkq we;¡isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug.=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuu.ska ,nd oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;ajk úIh lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=júiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iu. iu.dó j Ndú; lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j,uQ,sl wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjlayd jvd;a l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu u.ska jev f,dalhg wjYHjkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾OkhlsrSuhs¡ kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha § odhl;ajh ,nd ÿkaish¨ u iïm;aodhlhska yd fjk;a md¾YAjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuhwjia:djla lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h chka;s .=KfialrwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khuyr.u

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,aa mKsúvh

bf.kqu mq¿,a lafIa;%hl úyso hkakls' th Ôú; w;suy;a njg o" b;d u ir, njg

o m;a lrhs' ukqIHhd bf.kqï l=i,;dfjka W;alDIag h' udkj iudc ixj¾Okh flakaø

fldg .;a rgla" iudchla nqoaêh úiska y÷kd .;a wiïu; neyer lsÍug o iqNdú;hka

u.ska kj f,djla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug o fuj,u lr .kq ,nkafka bf.kqu hs'

bf.kqu i|yd jákd hula o" bf.kqï l%ufõo yd myiqlï o wOHdmkh jgd

ks¾udKh úh hq;= h' úIh ud,dj" úIh ks¾foaYh" ud¾f.damfoaY yd iqidOHlrejka

bf.kqï lafIa;%hg tla jkqfha fï wdldrfhks'

kQ;k Y%S ,xldj f.da,Sh m%jK;d fuka u mqrd;k Wreuh o iïñY%Kh lr .ksñka

iaùh wOHdmk rgdjla ysñ lr f.k we;' ld,Sk wjYH;d u; m%;sixialrK u.ska jir

wglg jrla hdj;ald,Sk jk úIhud,dfõ bf.kqï iïm;la f,i fuu .==re ud¾f.damfoaYh

ks¾udKh fõ'

úIhfhys wruqKqj, ix.;;dj cd;sl uÜgñka mj;ajd .; hq;= h' tfy;a .=re

ud¾f.damfoaYj, bf.kqï l%ufõo" wl=rlaj;a fjkia fkd fldg ms<smeÈh hq;a;la kï

fkd fõ' úIh ks¾foaYfhys ksmqK;d" ksmqK;d uÜgï idOkh ùu i|yd wka;¾.;h

u.skaa bf.kqï m, iïm%dma;sh msKsi bf.kqï l%ufõo ks¾udKYS,S j fjkia lr .ekSug

iqidOHlrejkag meyeÈ,s j u bvla we;s nj i|yka lrñ' YsIH idOk m%;sY;h by<

uÜgulg .ekSu i|yd Woõ jk" myiqlï i,ik .=re N+ñldjg lsishï m%fõYhla i|yd

ks¾udKh jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaY YslaIlhdyg o fo.=rekg o Ndú; l< yels h' wod<

fm< fmd;g iylrejl= jk .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;j;a fm< fmd;la fkd jk nj oek

.=reNj;=ka fmfmd; yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY hk iïm;a øjH fol u Ndú; l< hq;= h'

ta ta úIhhkays idOkh ms<sn| we.hSï isÿ lrk cd;sl uÜgfï mÍlaIljrhl= jqj

o wfmalaId lrk idOk" úIh b.ekaùug u. fmkajk iqidOHlrejka mdvu wjidkfhys

mka;s ldurfha § orejka iu. m%;HlaIlrKhg m;a úh hq;= h' tu tald;añl ùu i|yd

jQ m%fndaOd;aul ixialD;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh hd;%djla lr .kq

we;ehs wdhdpkd mQ¾jl j wfmalaId lrñ'

wdpd¾h mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

mSGdêm;s" ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a

NdId" udkj Ydia;% yd iudc úoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

v

úIh ud,d lñgqj

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

iïnkaëlrKh ( B' wd¾' ksu,a fm%aul=udr"fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"

úIh úfYaI{ Wmfoia ( uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x. ^fiajd¾ð;&Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h'

uydpd¾h ;siai chj¾Ok ^fiajd¾ð;&"fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

wëlaIKh ( tï' wd¾' ví,sõ' uoaÿu"wOHlaI" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"

f,aLl uKav,h ( B' wd¾' ksu,a fm%aul=udr" fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h"isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'

mQcH l=l=rïfmd< [dKúu, ysñ" lÓldpd¾h"isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'

tï' Ô' uqKisxy" lÓldpd¾h"isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'

ví,sõ' mS' ux., .=Kr;ak" lÓldpd¾h"isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'

mS' ta' ã' rejks isiscd" lÓldpd¾h"isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'

ixialdrl uKav,h ( tia' ´' m%kdkaÿ" wOHlaI" ^úY%dñl&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tÉ' t,a' Y%shdks wfíúl%u" ksfhdacH wOHlaI" ^úY%dñl&wOHdmk wud;HdxYh"

ví,sõ' lreKdr;ak" .=re uOHia:dk l<ukdlre".srd.u

mqIamd l`MwdrÉÑ" .=re WmfoaYsld"l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" r;akmqr'

ví,sõ' tï' tka' nKavdr" .=re fiajh I.ïmy fodïfma uyd úoHd,h'

NdId ixialrKh ( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khisxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j'

vi

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mrsYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhhg wod< bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh id¾:l j bgqlr .ekSu i|yd fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh iïmdokh lr we;' fuys olajd we;sl%shdldrlïj,g wkql+, j mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu M,odhS fõ hehswfmalaId flf¾'

oekg mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;aul jkqfha ksmqK;d mdol úIh ud,djls' fuyswe;=<;a ish¨ mdvï ie,iqï bÈßm;a lr we;af;a Bg wkqrEm jk mßÈ h' ksmqK;dj"ksmqK;d uÜgu yd úIh wka;¾.;hg wod< ld,Éfþo ixLHdj yd bf.kqï m, o ta wkqjwe;=<;a lr ;sfí' mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia o Ndú; l< yels .=Kd;aul fhojqïo we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd jk Wmfoia o bÈßm;a lr we;af;a ksmqK;d ixj¾Okhgbjy,a jk mßoafoks' fY%aKshg wod< úIh wka;¾.;h ta ta jdrj,g wkqj fnod olajk ,oigykla o fï iu. bÈßm;a lr we;af;a .=re Nj;df.a myiqj msKsi h'

ud¾f.damfoaYfhys Wmfoia wkqj tÈfkod b.ekaùï ld¾hhh i|yd WÑ; mdvïie,iqï .=reNj;df.a wNsu;h mßÈ ilia lr .; hq;= h' fuys § YsIHhkaf.a oekqu" l=i,;diy wdl,am j¾Okh jk mßÈ yd ksmqK;d idlaId;a jk mßÈ ks¾udKYs,S bf.kqï wjia:diïmdokh lr bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh jvd;a w¾: iïmkak njg m;a lsÍu Tnf.ahq;=lu jkafka h' .=Kd;aul fhojqï hgf;a .=rejrhdg mßYS,kh i|yd bÈßm;a lr we;sfmd;m; bjy,a lr f.k YsIH bf.kqï w;aoelSï ;j ÿrg;a mq`M,a lsÍu i|yd lghq;=lsÍu o jeo.;a jkq we;' fï iòyd Tng úúO .=re N+ñld fyda úúO l%ufõo fyda Ndú; l<yels h' w¾:iïmkak bf.kqï mßirhla mka;s ldurh ;=< ks¾udKh lsÍu Tnf.a ld¾hhhs'

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys tl u ksmqK;d uÜgugu mdvï lsysmhlg iïnkaO jkwjia:d we;' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSfï § Tn ta ms<sn|j úfYaIwjOdkh fhduq lrñka tu ksmqK;d uÜgu YsIHhkag w;am;aa lr §ug fhduq úh hq;= h'fuu úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § mdi,a mdol we.hSu flfrys Tnf.a wjOdkhfhduq úh hq;= h' jdr kshuh oelafjk j.=fjka tu l%shdldrlïj,g wod< jk mdvïj,iïnkaOh olajd we;' mdi,a mdol we.hSu l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd 2013 j¾Ifha § m%ldYkhlrk ,o zmdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï i|yd kso¾Yl we.hSï WmlrK ix.%yhZ ^6 - 9fY%aKs& fhdod .; yels h'

YsIHhkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S l=i,;d j¾Okh i|yd lghq;= lsÍfï § fuys i|yka mdi,am%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka hgf;a ks¾foaY lr we;s foaYk" jdo újdo" idlÉPd wdÈh owjia:dkql+, j fhdod .; yels h' bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ;dlaIKh yd noaO lr .ekSuldf,daÑ; jkq we;' tksid yels iEu wjia:djl § u tjeks ;dlaIKsl bf.kqï wdOdrlfyda fuj,ï fyda Ndú; lsÍu u.ska Tnf.a b.ekaùï ld¾hfhys .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okhlr.; yels h' iEu mdvï ie,iqula wjidkfha § u we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrK l%shdj,shi|yd wjYH Wmfoia bÈßm;a lr we;' tu ks¾Kdhlj,g wkqj iqÿiq we.hSï jev ms<sfj<lal%shd;aul lsÍfuka bf.kqï ld¾hh iM, jkjd fuka u YsIH idOk uÜgu o by< hkqwe;' NdId úIhfha jeo.;a lafIa;% jk Y%jK yd l:k l=i,;d uefkk mßÈ jdÑlmÍlaIK ie,iqu fldg l%shd;aul lsÍu o NdId wOHhkh jvd;a M,odhs ùug fya;= jkqwe;'

fuu ud¾f.damfoaYfhys wka;¾.; Wmfoia l%shd;aul lsÍfï § YsIHhkag WÑ; mßÈks¾udKYS,S b.ekaùï l%u l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd Tng wjldY i,id we;s w;r" ta wkqjlghq;= lsÍfuka Tnf.a b.ekaùï ld¾hh id¾:l lr .ekSug yels fõjd hkq wmf.am%d¾:khhs'

jHdmD;s kdhl

vii

viii

fm< .=re ksmqK;dfmdf;a ud¾f.damfoaYfha uÜgu

jdrh mdvï l%shdldrlï úIh wka;¾.;hwxlh

01 01 11'2 ckl;dj02 5'2 idïm%odhsl fhÿï

02 03 10'1 rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾04 3'1 w,amm%dK" uydm%dK

03 05 9'1 " w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh06 3'3 wlaIr úkHdih"

04 07 3'2 YíofldaI Ndú;h05 08 1'1 rd;%sh moH mka;sh

09 12'1 ir, mµ ks¾udKh10 1'2" 5'3 l;d nyg wjOdkh

06 11 úúO wdh;ksl ks,OdÍka iu.$mQcH mlaIh iu. l;dny

07 12 6'2 úê l%shd" wdYS¾jdo l%shd08 13 7'2 ±kaùï" wdlD;s m;%09 14 2'3 wjqreÿ isyskh ^flál;dj&10 15 12'2 m%nkaO rpkh îenE f<ka.;=lu&

16 6'1 kdu mo11 17 9'3 foaYdNsudks .Sh" úfYaIK mo

18 5'1 úfYaIK mo nyaj¾: mo" ;ks mo" úreoaOd¾: mo12 19" 20 2'2 5'1 ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" ukfï kdgHh

2'1' Yaf,dal" ysf;damfoaYh$nyaj¾: mo13 21 6'5 jdlH Í;s 1 ^,sx. fNaoh" jpk fNaoh&14 22 9'4 l;r.u mqo ìu15 23 8'2 mqj;am;a ,sms16 24 1'3 f;arú,s lú

iudkd¾: mo17 25 11'1 mrdiai kdgHh

26 12'3 kdgH msgm;a rpkh18 21 6'5 jdlH Í;s 11 ^mqreI fNaoh" Wla; wkqla; fNaoh&19 27" 28 1'4 " 4'1 m%jD;a;s" úrdu ,l=Kq20 29 9'530 8'1 fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ

31 4'2 rpkd ,sùu" mo fn§u

21 32 9'2" 5'1 f,dajev i`.rdj" úreoaOd¾: mo"

22 33 5'1" 8'1 ihqre m;=, .fõIKh" ;ks mo" 10'2 rpkd ,sùu

23 34 1'5 úoaj;a foaYk35 1'6 ud;Dldkql+, l;d36 7'1 rdcldß ,sms

1

2

3

jdr kshuh

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"NdId" udkjYdia;% yd iudcúoHd mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj'


úIh ks¾foaYh

8 fY%aKsh^2017 isg l%shd;aul flf¾&

x

úIh ks¾foaY lñgqj

uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x.uydpd¾h ;siai chj¾Ok

ã' ví' Èidkdhl" fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

B' wd¾' ksu,a fm%aul=udr" lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

mQcH l=l=rïfmd< [dKúu, ysñ" lÓldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' Ô' uqKisxy" l:sldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

ví,sõ' mS' ux., .=Kr;ak" iyldr l:sldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

mS' ta' ã' rejks isiscd l,afoard" iyldr l:sldpd¾h" isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia' ´' m%kdkaÿ" wOHlaI ^úY%dñl& cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tÉ' t,a' tia' wfíúl%u" ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"cd;sl NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

tÉ' mS' iqis,aa isßfiak" lÓldpd¾h" ydmsá.ï cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSGh"

óß.u

.hd jehsfyak" .=re WmfoaYl" fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" mdÿlal

iqks,a ìhkaú," .=refiajh" .sß$úl%uYs,d cd;sl mdi," .sßW,a,'

mgqk

msgq wxl

ye¢kaùu i

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq ii - iii

uQ,sl ksmqK;d iv

úIh wruqKq v

úIh wruqKq iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d w;r iïnkaOh vi

úIh ks¾foaYh vii - viii

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka ixúOdkh ix

;lafiarelrKh x

xi

ye|skaùu

wkd.; f,dalfha wNsfhda. ch.ekSug iu;a ore mrmqrla rgg odhdo lsÍfï ld¾hNdrfha jeä j.lSu ysñjkafka wOHdmkhg h' YS>%fhka

jHdma; jk oekqu Wlyd .ekSu i|yd wjYH NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls' isxy, NdIdj" Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a wOHdmkfha m%Odk

udOH NdIdj fõ' isxy, NdIdj we;=`M j wfkl=;a úIh yeoEÍu i|yd isxy, NdIdj ms<sn| ksjerÈ oekqu w;HjYH h' NdIdfõ p;=¾úO l=i,;d

j¾Okh lr .ekSfuka úIh idOk uÜgu by< ;,hlg kxjd,sh yels h' ish¨ úIhkays idOk uÜgu j¾Okh i|yd NdId oekqu wjYH fyhska

isxy, NdIdj ms<sn| l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu ujqni" isxy, úIhfha j.lSula f,i y÷kd f.k we;'

isxy, NdIdj ishjia .Kkdjla ;=< jefvñka úldYkh jQ NdIdjls' ta ksid u tys úúO jdlH Í;s fuka u NdId jHjydr o olakg ,efí'

tajd wOHhkh lsÍfuka NdId udul;ajfhka hq;= j lghq;= lsÍug fhduq jkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' isxy, idys;Hh" isxy, NdId úIhh iu.

taldnoaO jQ úIh fldgils' ohdj" lreKdj wdos udkj .=KO¾uj,ska fyì iqLkuH ukilska yd iunr fm!reIhlska hq;= ixfõ§ ore mrmqrla ìys

lsÍu i|yd;a idys;H fiajkh w;HjYH idOlhls'

kj úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lsÍu i|yd oekg l%shd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh mdol lr f.k we;' ta wkqj kj úIh ks¾foaYh o ksmqK;d mdol j

bÈßm;a flf¾' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lsÍfï § wdpd¾h cekÜ frfkda,aâia uy;añhf.a iy wdpd¾h fikr;a kdkdhlaldr uy;df.a Y%S ,xldfõ

6 - 9 fY%aKs i|yd úIh m%ñ;s rduqj (Standards for grade 6 - 9 subjects in Sri Lankan Schools. Authors Dr. Janet Reynolds and Dr. Senarath Nanayakkara)

kue;s f,aLkfha we;eï wx. WÑ; mßÈ fhdod f.k we;'

óg m%:u l%shd;aul jQ úIh ks¾foaYfhys Y%jKh iy l:kh i|yd ksmqK;d folla f.dv k.d ;snqK o fuu úIh ks¾foaYfhys tu ksmqK;d

fol tla ksmqK;djla jYfhka f.dv k.d we;' 9 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd nyqúO udOH Ndú;h (Multi model texts) weiqfrka mß.Kl

;dlaIKh wdÈ úúO l%u Wmfhda.s lr f.k woyia m%ldY lsÍu i|yd wjYH u. fmkaùu ,nd § ;sfí' NdIdj Ndú; lrñka m%dfhda.sl jHjydrhg

fhduq lr we;s w;r ta i|yd W.;a foa kej; kej; u;la lr .ksñka NdIdj Ndú;hg fhduq lsÍu i|yd úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< l%shdldrlï fhdackd

lr we;'

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKqq

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.d ùu iòyd mqoa.,hkag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg iydhúh hq;= h'

jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su iòyd wruqKq kshu lrkq,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHQy yd l%shdj,sh ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkfhka <``.d lr.; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq imqrd .ekSu wOHdmk moaO;sh iòyd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska m%;HlaI fldgf.k we;'

I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj"cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsrSfuka cd;sh f.dv .ekSu iy Y%S ,dxflah wkkH;dj;yjqre lsÍu'

II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdo y`ÿkd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu'

III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<snò oekqj;a ùu" yDohdx.u ne`§ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk.=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;ka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK lsÍu iymj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu'

IV mqoa.,hkaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm; iy udkj w.hkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla iòyd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=`M fjk;a Okd;aulwx. ,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka iòyd wOHdmkhu.skaa udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiaùug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾Kyd wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu'

VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am

yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu'

uQ,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh u.ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; iòyka cd;sl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'

(I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<snò oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;dj hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï lr.kS'

idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu iòyd lsshùu" ksjerÈ j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhs whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<snò oekqu : NdKav wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï iòyd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;dj : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=< § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ksßudKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh"lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r inò;d" kj fidhd .ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d

- Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isàfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu" jeks w.hhka- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

(III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;dfuu ksmqK;d idudðl ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

ffcj mßirh : iÔj f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqÿ c,h" jd;h iy cSjh - Ydl" i;a;aj yd ñksiaÔú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõoS nj yd l=i,;d'

fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia ðú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï" ksjdi" fi!LH"iqj myiqj" Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh"ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj

bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu iòyd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu';u jD;a;Sh <eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y`ÿkd .ekSu'yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iyjdisodhl yd ;sridr Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu"hk yelshd Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d'

(V) wd.u iy wdpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thgiß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu iòyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh'

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdj u.ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g"wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï'

(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<snò ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkia ùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§

j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a iòyd mqoa.,hkag Yla;sh ,nd §u'

úIh wruqKq

1' p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d yd ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu'

2' ksrjoH yd iïu; NdId Ndú;fhys mßÑ; Ndjh w;am;a fldg .ekSu'

3' idys;H mßYS,kfhka ks¾udKd;aul f,aLk ffY,s yd Ys,amSh uQ,O¾u ms<sn| oekqu yd wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu iy jdxud,dj fmdaIKh lr

.ekSu'

4' úYajúY%e; idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl {dkh Wlyd .; yels jk mßÈ wjfndaOd;aul mßYS,khg fhduq lsÍu'

5' idys;H lD;s mßYS,kfhka idys;H úpdr uQ,O¾u wjfndaO fldg f.k úkaokd;aul yd úpdrd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ksñka

ridiajdohg fhduq ùu yd Ôú; mß{dkh w;am;a fldg .ekSu'

6' isxy, idys;H b;sydih ms<sn| oekqu mq`M,a lr.ksñka iudc" ixialD;sl jákdlï y÷kd .ekSu i|yd mqrd;k yd kQ;k isxy, idys;H lD;s

mrsYS,kh'

07' idys;Hfha moku jk NdIdfjka ksrEms; NdIduh wkkH;dj yd ;okqnoaO ixialD;sl wkkH;dj yeoErSu'

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1' p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d yd ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu'

2' ksrjµ yd iïu; NdId Ndú;fhys mßÑ; Ndjh w;am;a fldg .ekSu'

3' idys;H mßYS,kfhka ks¾udKd;aul f,aLk ffY,s yd Ys,amSh uQ,O¾u

ms<sn| ±kqu yd wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu iy jdxud,dj fmdaIKh lr .ekSu'

4' úYajúY%e; idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl {dkh Wlyd

.; yels jk mßÈ wjfndaOd;aul mßYS,khg fhduq lsÍu'

5' idys;H lD;s mßYS,kfhka idys;H úpdr uQ,O¾u wjfndaO fldg f.k

úkaokd;aul yd úpdrd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ksñka ridiajdohg

fhduq ùu yd Ôú; mß{dkh w;am;a fldg .ekSu'

6' isxy, idys;H b;sydih ms<sn| oekqu mq`M,a lr .ksñka iudc"

ixialD;sl jákdlï y÷kd .ekSu i|yd mqrd;k yd kQ;k isxy, idys;H

lD;s mrsYS,kh'

7' idys;Hfha moku jk NdIdfjka ksrEms; NdIduh wkkH;dj yd

;okqnoaO ixialD;sl wkkH;dj yeoErSu'

cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq

úIh wruqKq

cd;sl fmdÿ ksmqK;d yd úIh wruqKq w;r iïnkaO;dj

² rd;%sh - weia' uyskao ysñ

² úúO wdh;k ks,Odßka iu.flfrk l;d ny

- ;eme,a ld¾hd,

- nexl=

² f;arú,s lú- lgqjdfkka flgqjd jeks uf,a ieá- w;a;la Wv nqïud f.k

² àld iSmo- neoafoa .shd je,la fydhd .kag lshd

1'1 idys;H ks¾udKj,g ijka §m%;spdr olajhs'

1'2 ijka § m%;spdr oelaùfï §wdpdrYS,S nj yd ixhuhm%o¾Ykh lrhs'

1'3 idys;H ks¾udKj,g ijka §ri ú¢hs'

1'0

1'0 ikaksfõokhid¾:l lr .ekSui|yd Y%jK ydl:k l=i,;dM,odhs f,i fhdod.kshs'

ld,ÉfþoksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m,

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh - 8 fY%aKsh - úIh ks¾foaYh

² lú fm<g ijka § rsoaudkql+, j.dhkd lrhs'

² moH mka;sfha uqLHd¾:h m%ldY lrhs'² moH ks¾udKfhys Ndúld¾: meyeÈ,s

lrhs'² moH ks¾udKhg ijka § ldfjHdala;s

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wjOdkfhka hq;= j ijka§fïjeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wdpdrYS,S j ixhufhka m%;spdrolajhs'

² wjia:dkql+, j ikaksfõokld¾hfha fhfohs'

² f;arú,s lú yd àld iSmo fjka fjkaj y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs'

² f;arú,s lúj,g ijka § ms<s;=rem%ldY lrhs'

² ;uka okakd f;arú,s lú yd ms<s;=relú m%ldY lrhs'

² f;arú,s lú yd àld iSmoj,g ijka§ ri ú¢hs'

04

04

04

² .=jka úÿ,s jd¾;d jev igyka- m%jD;a;s

² úoaj;a foaYk- fi!LHh yd iïnkaO foaYkhla

² ud;Dldkql+, l;d

1'4 idjOdk j ijka § f;dr;=re/ia lrhs'

1'5 foaYk idlÉPd wdÈhgúpdrYS,S j ijka §fïl=i,;dj m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

1'6 ksrjq,a j yd ksjerÈ f,i niyiqrejñka y`v md,kfhkahq;= j l;d lrhs'

² m%jD;a;s m%ldYhl iajrEmh y÷kdf.k úia;r lrhs'

² m%jD;a;s m%ldYkhlg ijka §fï §ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq bÈßm;alrhs'

² u;lfha ;nd .;a lreKq wjia:djgWÑ; mßÈ Ndú; lrhs'

² wdo¾Y m%jD;a;s m%ldYkhla bÈßm;alrhs'

² foaYkhg ijka § woyia m%ldY lrhs'² foaYkfhys wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn|

woyia bÈßm;a lrhs'² úoaj;a foaYkj,g úpdrYS,S j

ijka § woyia m%ldY lrhs'

² ud;Dldjg wkql+, j l;d lrhs'² WÑ; mßÈ y`v md,kh lrñka l;d

lrhs'² lÓl;aj ,laIK m%o¾Ykh lrñka

l;d lrhs'

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, ld,Éfþo


04

04

04

² Yífod aÉpdrKh j¾Okh i|ydlshùu - Yaf,dal"

- ysf;damfoaYh- ixialD; mo nyq, .µ f,aLk

² ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfha l:d jia;=jla§>dhq l=udrhdKkaf.a j;^m%dÖk NdfIdamldr iud.fïixialrKh&

² ukfï kdgHfha fldgila

² flál;d- wjqreÿ isyskh

-.=Kodi wurfialr

2'1 ksjerÈ WÉpdrKfhka yd y`vmd,kfhka hq;= j Yío k.dlshjhs'

2'2úúO ffY,sj,skaa rÑ; fmd;m; lshjhs'

2'3 ksYaYío j lshjd wjfndaO-lr .;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

2'0Ôjk w;aoelSïmq`M,a lr .ekSui|yd lshùfï mqreÿw¾:j;a j fhdod.kshs'


² meyeÈ,s WÉpdrKfhka yd y`vmd,kfhka hq;= j lshjhs'

² úrdu ,l=Kq flfrys ie,ls,su;afjñka lshjhs'

² w¾:djfndaOh we;s j Yío k.dlshjhs'

² wkHhka flfrys wjOdkfhkahq;= j Yío k.d lshjhs'

² WoaOD;j, ffY,sh y÷kd f.klshjhs'

² ffY,sj, úúO;ajh ri úkaokhgfya;= jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

² úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ; fmd;m;lshjhs'

² ks¾ÈIag flál;dj lshjdwka;¾.;h ms<sn| woyia olajhs'

² ks¾ÈIag flál;dfõ uQ,sl ,laIKy÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

² k s¾ÈI ag flál;dfõ f;audjmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² flál;dj lshjd woyia m%ldY lrhs'


04

05

05

² iajr jH[ack wkqj wlaIr fjkalsÍu'- iajr ^y%iaj iajr iy §¾> iajr&

- jH[ack

² wldrdÈ ms<sfj<² Yío fldaI Ndú;h

- Yío fldaI Ndú;h ms<sn| ye¢kaùu'

² k" K" ," <' Y" I" i Ndú;h- i[a[l wlaIr jpkj, fh§u'- w,amm%dK uydm%dK Ndú;h- f,aLk ksjerÈ lsÍu'

3'1 isxy, wlaIrud,dj y÷kdf.k úúO m%fNao hgf;a j¾.lrhs'

3'2 m%dfhda.sl NdId ld¾h uekúkabgqlr .ekSu i|yd isxy,wldrdÈ ms<sfj< Ndú; lrhs'

3'3 ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdifhka hqla; j ,shhs'

3'0 isxy, wlaIrud,djy÷kd f.kf,aLkfha § ksjerÈj Ndú; lrhs'


² iajr" jH[ack fjka fldg olajhs'iajr" y%iaj iy §¾> f,i j¾. lrolajhs'

² w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIr y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

² f,aLkfha § wlaIr ksjerÈ j Ndú;lrhs'

² wldrdÈ ms<sfj< hkq l=ula ±hsy`ÿkd f.k m%ldY lrhs'

² wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g kdudj,sieliSfï jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs'

² wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g kdudj,s ilialrhs'

² Yío fldaI Ndú; lrhs'

² f,aLkfha § wlaIr úkHdihksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alumeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIrf,aLkfha § ksjerÈ j fhdohs'

² i[a[l wlaIr f,aLkfha § WÑ;mßÈ fhdohs'

² k" K" ," <' Y" I" i hk wlaIrf,aLkfha § ksjerÈ j fhdohs'

² wlaIr úkHdih iïu; wdldrhgfhdod .ksñka f,aLk ilia lrhs'


04

04

05

² úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú;h

² ;s;a fm<- ;s;a ;=k- ;s;a y;r

- ir, jryka- i`., jryka fyj;a wyqjryka- ldl mdoh

² ixLHd wl=ßka ,sùfï § ia:dkSh w.holajk mo tlsfkl fjka fldg ,sùu'^tla fldaá mkia ,laI y;<sia oyiaoy ;=khs'&- b,lalfuka ixLHd oelaùfï § g" la" l" lska" iy lg hkdÈ mo b,lalu yd iómfhka ,sùu'

4'1 úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈ j Ndú;lrñka ,shhs'

4'2 mo fn§fï Í;s wkq.ukh lrñka ,shhs'


² úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈ j y÷kd f.kkï lrhs'

² úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍfïjeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² úrdu ,l=Kq WÑ; mßÈ fhdoñkaf,aLkfha fhfohs'

² mo fnod ,súh hq;= nj y`ÿkd f.kbÈßm;a lrhs'

² ixLHd" wlaIr u.ska ,shd ±laùfï §ia:dkSh w.h ±lafjk mo fjkafldg ,shhs'

² ixLHdjla b,lalfuka olajk úgBg iïnkaO jk wlaIrh b,laluyd tl;= lr ,shhs'


04

04

4'0 Ys,amSh m%fhda. Ndú;lrñka k sjerÈ jf,aLk ld¾hfh afhfohs'

² iudkd¾: mo² úreoaOd¾: mo² ;ks mo² úfYaIK mo² nyaj¾: ^nyq w¾:& mo

² m%ia;dj msre`M^l;djla u.ska wka;¾.;hmeyeÈ,s lsÍu&- rEÎ- hq., mo

² .re;ajh wkqj NdId jHjydrhfjkiaùu'- mQcH mlaIh- m%N+ka- jeäysáhka

5'0 NdId;aul ld¾hfha§ jdlafldaIh" NdIdiïm%odh yd NdIdjHjydr m s< sn|oek qu m %o¾Ykhlrhs'

5'1 jdlafldaISh oekqu m%o¾Ykhlrhs'

5'2 idïm%odhsl fhÿï NdIduh ld¾hfha § WÑ; mßÈ Ndú;lrhs'

5'3 NdId jHjydrfha idudðlúúO;d y÷kd f.k NdIdjNdú; lrhs'


² úúO mo j¾. y÷kd f.k jHjydrlrhs'

² NdId {dkh fmdaIKh lsÍu i|ydjdlafldaISh oekqu wjYH nj m%ldYlrhs'

² mo j¾. fhda.H mßÈ f,aLkfha §Ndú; lrhs'

² idïm%odhsl fhÿï y÷kd f.kjHjydr lrhs'

² m%ia;dj msre`M fhdod .ksñka NdIdjks¾udKd;aul f,i Ndú; lrhs'

² rEÎ yd hq., mo fhdod .ksñkam%dKj;a f,i NdIdj yiqrejhs'

² NdId jHjydrh ;=< idudðl úúO;dwe;s nj y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs'

² .re;ajh" mQcH;ajh iu. ne÷Kq"NdId jHjydr meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² NdId Ndú;h flfrys .re;ajfha ydmQcH;ajfha n,mEu m%dfhda.sl jfhdod .kshs'


04

04

04

² kdu mo j¾. lsÍu² kdu kdu" i¾j kdu" iudi kdu"

;oaê; kdu" lDoka; kdu- cd;s kdu- øjH kdu- .=K kdu- l%shd kduix{d kdu

² úê l%shd² wdYS¾jdo l%shd

6'1 kdu mo yd tys m%fNao ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka hq;= j f,aLkfhafhfohs'

6'2l%shd mo iy tys m%fNao ms<sn|wjfndaOfhka hq;= j f,aLkld¾hfha fhfohs'

6'0iïu; NdIdÍ;s wkq.ukhlrñka f,aLkld¾hfha fhfohs'



² kdu moj, m%fNao y÷kd f.kbÈßm;a lrhs'

² kdu mo j¾.j, úúO;d meyeÈ,slrhs'

² f,aLkfha § úúO kdu mo fhdod.ekSfï w.h meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wjiaf:daÑ; j úúO kdu mo j¾.Ndú; lrhs'

² úúO l%shd mo j¾. y÷kd f.kmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd y÷kdf.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

² f,aLkfha § úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdol%shd ksjerÈ j fhdohs'

² NdId jHjydrfha § úêl%shd ydwdYS¾jdo l%shd fhdod .ekSfïwjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

06

04

xxiv

² Wla; wkqla; fNaoh² ,sx." jpk yd mqreI fNaoh

² rdcldß ,sms

² wdlD;s m;%- wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍu'

² fmdaiag¾ yd oekaùï

6'5iïu; Í;sj,g wkq.; jjdlH ,shhs'

7'1 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh i|yd,sms ,shhs'

7'2m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d i|yd f,aLk ilia lrhs'

7'0NdIdj ksrjq,a j ydk sjerÈ j Ndú;lrñka f,aLkfhafhfohs'



² ,sx. fNaoh" jpk fNaoh yd mqreIfNaoh flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñkajdlH ,shhs'

² Wla; kdu mofha m%dKjdÖ" ydwm%dKjdÖ nj flfrys wjOdkhfhduq lrñka l%shd moh fhdohs'

² Wla; wkqla; fNaoh y`ÿkd .ksñkajdlH ,shhs'

² rdcldß ,smshl uQ,sldx. kï lrhs'² rdcldß ,sms yd fm!oa.,sl ,sms w;r

fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'² fhda.H wdlD;s y÷kd f.k rdcldß

,sms ,shhs'

² m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d i|yd Ndú;lrk f,aLk j¾. y÷kd f.kmeyeÈ,s lrhs'

² wdlD;s m;%hl we;=<;a úh hq;=uQ,sl f;dr;=re úia;r lrhs'

² úúO wjYH;d i|yd wdlD;s m;%ilia lrhs'

² wdlD;s m;% ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lrhs'

05

04

04

xxv

8'0NdIdj ksrjq,a j ydksjerÈ j Ndú;lrñkaks¾udKd;aulf,aLkfha fhfohs'

9'0ixialD;sh ydidrO¾u y÷kd.ksñka iyÔjkhyd cd;sldNsudkhf.dvk.d .ekSui|yd NdIdj Ndú;lrhs'

8'1 lreKq ixúOdkh lr .ksñkaud;Dldkql+, j rpkd ,shhs'

8'2 mdGlhd wdl¾IKh jk mßÈks¾udKd;aul j woyiabÈßm;a lrñka ,shhs'

9'1 ixialD;sl Wreuh yd yrmoaO;s ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd.ekSu i|yd ,sms f,aLkmßYS,kh lrhs'

² rpkd ,sùu

² ì;a;s mqj;am;a² i`.rd ,sms"

² w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh



² rpkd ,sùu i|yd ud;Dld f;dard.kshs'

² rpkd , sùug WÑ; lreKqixúOdkh lrhs'

² ud;Dldjg wod< o< ie,eiaulailia lrhs'

² rpkd ,sùfï § yrj;a f;dr;=reWmfhda.s lr .kshs'

² rpkfha wdrïNh" uOHh ydwjidkh .ek ie,ls,su;a j ,shhs'

² rpkd ,sùfï § NdIdj ksjerÈ jNdú; lrhs'

² Ys,amSh m%fhda. wkq.ukh lrñkaúúO ud;Dld Tiafia rpkd ,shhs'

² mdi,a i`.rdjl yd ì;a;s mqj;am;luQ,sl ,laIK fjka fjka j úia;rlrhs'

² ud;Dldjg wod< j lreKq f.dkqlrhs'

² wdl¾IKSh f,i lreKq bÈßm;alrhs'

² ì;a;s mqj;am;a yd i`.rd iòyd ,sms,shhs'

² ixialD;sl Wreuh yd idrO¾uy÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

² ixialD;sl Wreuh yd idrO¾uwdrlaId lr .; hq;= nj m%ldY lrhs'

² w¨;a wjqreoao yd ne÷Kq isß;a úß;ayd ck ixialD;sldx. w.h lrhs'

² ixialD;sl W;aij .ek ,shjqKqf,aLk lshjhs'

04

04

x

04

9'2fmd; m; mßYS,kfhkaidrO¾u j¾Okh lr .kshs'

9'3 foaYdNsudkS ye`.Sï okjkidys;H ks¾udK weiqre lrhs'

9'4úúO ck fldgiaj,g wh;aisß;a úß;a y÷kd .ekSu i|yd,sms f,aLk weiqre lrhs'

² f,dajev i`.rdj- f;dard .;a moH 10la25" 33" 37" 38" 40"63" 65" 66" 74" 96

² foaYdNsudkS .S$moH- jeis jiskd wyi wms

- uy.u fialr

² l;r.u mqo ìu yd isß;a wdY%s; ,smshla



² WmfoaY idys;Hh hkak meyeÈ,slrhs'

² f,dajev i`.rdj yd WmfoaY ldjHms<snò f;dr;=re m%ldY lrhs'

² f,dajev i`.rdfõ bÈßm;a jkidrO¾u y`ÿkd f.k m%ldY lrhs'

² idrO¾uj,g wkqj Ôú;h ilialr .kshs'

² foaYdNsudkS .S;h ye`.Sï okjk mßÈßoaudkql+, j .dhkd lrhs'

² .S;fha fh§ we;s úfYaI fhÿï Wmqgdolajhs'

² .S;h ri úò woyia m%ldY lrhs'² foaYdNsudkS .S;fhka èjks; jk

woyia w.h lrhs'² foaYdNsudkS ye`.Sï okjk ks¾udK

tla/ia lrhs'

² ck j¾.j,g wh;a isß;a úß;ay÷kd f.k úia;r lrhs'

² úúO mqo isß;a w.h lrñka l;dlrhs'

² úúO mqo mQcd ms<snò isß;a úß;awe;=<;a ,sms f,aLk lshjhs'

² úúO ck j¾.j,g wh;a isß;a úß;awe;=<;a ,sms f,aLk lshjhs'

04

04

04

xxvii

9'5úúO kdhlhkaf.a pß; l:dmßYS,kh lrhs'

10'1idys;Hhsl yd od¾Ykslf;dr;=re we;=<;a ,sms f,aLkweiqre lrhs'

10'2úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKslf;dr;=re we;=<;a fmd;m;mßYS,kfhka ,nd.;a oekquNdId ld¾h i|yd fhdod .kshs'

² fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkaoysñ pß;h

² rîkaøkd;a ;df.d a¾f.aks¾udK weiqfrka ieliqKq,ssmshla'

² uqyqÿ m;=< .fõIKh ms<sn| j, shj qK q k s¾udKd;aulf,aLkhla

11'0



² fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ ms<sn|f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'

² .=Kdkkao ysñf.a pß; ,laIK m%ldYlrhs'

² Wkajykafiaf.a Wodr woyia yd cd;slfufyjr w.h lrñka l;d lrhs'

² rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=ud ms<sn| Ôjkf;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs'

² rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a ks¾udKd;aull=i,;d w.h lrhs'

² ;df.da¾;=udf.a idys;H ks¾udKj,skam%lg jk Ôjk oDIaáh bÈßm;a lrhs'

² uqyqÿ m;=, .ek ,shejqKq f,aLk lshjdtys wka;¾.; lreKq bosrsm;a lrhs'

² ,smsh i|yd fhdod .;a NdId ,laIK w.hlrhs'

² uqyqÿ m;=, ms<sn| f;dr;=re tla/ia lrhs'² ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=re we;=<;a fmd; m;

lshjhs'

10'0 idys;Hhslod¾Yksl"úoHd;aul yd;dlaIKslf;dr;=re we;=<;aks¾udKmßYS,kfhka ,nd.;a oekqu úúONdId ld¾hhkai|yd fhdod .kshs'

04

04

04

x xv i

i i

11'1idys;H ks¾udK mßYS,kfhkay÷kd .;a udkj w;aoelSïm%ldY lrhs

11'2idys;H ks¾udK ridiajdofhafhfohs'


² mrdiai kdgHh - 5 fjks wxlh

- frdayK okafoKsh'

² ckl;d- t;k ydñ

ckl;d 1 w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;^m%:u uqøKh 2000&isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;+jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ksmqK;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;hbf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo

² ks¾udK lrKhg mdol jk w;aoelSï

11'0ri{;d j¾Okh i|ydidys;H ks¾udKmßYS,kh lrhs'

² ks¾ÈIag kdgHhg mdol jQ l;d mqj;y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs'

² ks¾ÈIag kdgHfha fm< lshjd riú¢hs'

² kdgHfha we;=<;a m%dfoaYSh jHjydry÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs'

² ks¾ÈIag kdgHh fldgiska we;=<;apß; fjka fjka j y÷kd f.ktajdfha ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs'

² ckl;dj, iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'² ckl;dj,ska wdo¾Y imhk nj

m%ldY lrhs'² ckl;d u.ska u;= jk ks¾udKd;aul

.=Kh w;aolsñka l;kaor ,shhs'² ckl;d lshjd ri ú¢hs'

04

04

xxix

² ks¾udKd;aul m%nkaO rpkh- hï w;aoelSula Tiafia m%nkaOhla ks¾udKh lsrSu'

² ir, kdgH msgm;la rpkd lsÍu'


² ks¾udKlrKhg mdol jk w;aoelSïbÈßm;a lrhs'

² m %nkaOlrKhg ks¾udKd;aulÑka;kh bjy,a jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

² úúO rpkd Wml%u Tiafia rij;aks¾udK bÈßm;a lrhs'

² w;aoelSï mokï fldg f.k m%nkaOks¾udKh lrhs'

² kdgH i|yd WÑ; w;a±lSï y\qkdf.k bÈßm;a lrhs'

² kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d y÷kd f.km%ldY lrhs'

² kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d WÑ; mßÈ fm<.iajhs'

² ir, kdgH msgm;a rpkd lrhs'


12'2 ks¾udKd;aulm%nkaOlrKfha fhfohs'

12'3kdgH msgm;a rpkfha fhfohs'

04

04

12'1moH rpkd ks¾udKh lrhs'12'0w;aoelSï mdol

lr .ksñkaks¾udK ld¾hfhafhfohs'

² ir, moH ks¾udKh lsÍu'

² moH ks¾udK iòyd ir, w;aoelSïfhdod .; yels wdldrh meyeÈ,slrhs'

² w;a±lSï mdol lr .ksñka rij;amµ ks¾udKh l< yels nj m%ldYlrhs'

² ldjH k s¾udKfha § NdIdjks¾udKd;aul j Ndú; lrhs'

² úúO ud;Dld Tiafia moH ks¾udKhlrhs'

xxx

04

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jev igyka ixúOdkh

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh ms<sn| bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh fm< fmd;g yd mka;s ldurhg muKla iSud fkdúh hq;= h' úúO ikaksfõok

udOH mq`M,a f,i jHdma; fjñka mj;akd fï hq.fha NdIdj ks¾udKd;aul j Ndú; lsÍu flfrys YsIH mrmqr fhduq l< hq;= j we;' fï i|yd

idys;Hfhka ,o yels msgqn,h mq`M,a h' tneúka NdIdj yd idys;Hh iïnkaO j úIh iu.dó lghq;= flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqùu wjYH h'

fï fjkqfjka mdi, ;=< úúO jevigyka ixúOdkh ùu M,odhl jkq we;'

fuys § mdi,a ixialD;shg wod< j mj;akd iïm;aj,ska m%fhdack .; yels whqßka my; i|yka wdldrfha jevigyka ixúOdkh l< yels fõ'

1' idys;H ix.ï

2' l%Svd yd rx.k

3' pdßld

4' mejreï

5' m%o¾Yk

6' ì;a;s mqj;a m;a yd i`.rd

7' ks¾udK lj

8' mqia;ld, mßyrKh

9' m%fya,sld oDYH udOH i|yd úúO ks¾udK

10' Y%jH oDYH udOH i|yd úúO ks¾udK

11' isxy, NdId Èk

12' wka;¾cd,h

xxxi

;lafiarelrKh

1' YsIHhkaf.a bf.kSï idM,Hfha úúO m%dma;s uÜgï we;' tajd ye¢k .ekSug;a Tjqkaf.a idOk uÜgï by< kexùug;a bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shi|yd wLKav ;lafiarej wjYH fõ' fuu ;lafiarej mdvï tall wjidkfha § flfrk iïNjk we.hSu (FORMATIVE) yd ksYaÑ; ld,hla^wjik §& isÿ flfrk iïmsKaä; we.hSu (SUMMATIVE) jYfhka fohdldrhlska isÿ l< yels h'

2' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d" ^Y%jKh" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu& ri úkaok yelshdj yd ksraudKlrKh .ek o wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= fõ' p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;dj,g fuka u ri úkaokd;aul l%shdldrlïj,g o iudk wjia:d ie,ish hq;= h' YsIHhkaf.a idOkh mrSlaId fldg

wjYH m%;sfmdaIK ,nd oSu wfmalaIs; h' mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< (SBA) iM, lr .ekSu i|yd 2003 j¾Ifha oS uqøKh lr fnodyßk ,o mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï i|yd kso¾Yl we.hSï WmlrK ix.%yh fhdod.; yels h'

'

xxxi

i

bf.k

qï b

.ek

aùï l

%shdj

,sh i

|yd Wmfoi

a

1

ksmqK;dj ( 11'0 ri{;d j¾Okh i|yd idys;H ks¾udK mßYS,kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 11'2 idys;H ks¾udK ridiajdofha fhfohs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ckl;dj, iajNdjh úia;r lrhs' ckl;dj,ska wdo¾Y imhk nj m%ldY lrhs' ckl;d u.ska u;= jk ks¾udKd;aul .=Kh w;aolsñka l;kaor ,shhs' ckl;d lshjd ri ú¢hs'

mdvu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

ckl;d idys;Hh ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPdjl fhfokak' ta i|ydweuqKqfuys tk f;dr;=re fhdod .kak'

YsIHhka okakd ckl;d ms<sn| úuiSula lrkak' tu ckl;d lsysmhla weiqfrka ckl;djl iajrEmh y÷kd .ekSug

i,iajkak' weuqKqfuys i|yka lreKq o wdY%h lr .ksñka kshñ; ckl;dj ri ú£u

i|yd fhduq lrkak'- NdId ,laIK- pß; ,laIK- Ôú;do¾Y

ckl;dfõ f;dard .;a fldgila N+ñld rx.khla u.ska bÈßm;a lsÍugfhduq lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

ckl;d 1 - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh k`.=,a uqkakd iy fjk;a l;d - ta' mS' .=Kr;ak ,xldfõ .eñ l;d - pkaø Y%S rKisxy u. È.g ckl;d 1" 2 - ã' mS' úl%uisxy

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh

ckl;d y÷kd f.k tajdfha ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs' ckl;dj,ska m%lg jk pß;do¾Y bÈßm;a lrhs' ckl;dj,ska fy<s jk idys;H rih biau;= lr olajhs' wjiaf:daÑ; j úúO ckl;d bÈßm;a lrhs'

1' ckl;dj

2

weuqKqu (ckl;d (

ckl;d uqL mrïmrd.; j wd idys;Hdx.hls' fï ksid u l;=jrhl= fyda ld,hla i|yka l< fkd yels h' fndfyda ckl;dj, wka;¾.; ù we;af;a .eñ iudchg fnfyúka ióm

w;aoelSï h' .eñ weoys,s iy úYajdi o ckl;dj,ska ms<sìUq fõ' .eñ iudcfha fnfyúka m%p,s; .urd," .uydñfka" jeks pß; o úúO

i;a;aj pß; o yuq fõ' fuu pß; u.ska udkj iudcfha úúO ,laIK biau;= flfrk w;r ydiH

rih fuka u Wmydih o oekfjhs' fuu idys;Hdx.h jdÑl j mej; wd neúka l;d bÈßm;a lsÍfï § tu

iïm%odh u wkq.ukh flfrhs' fndfyda ckl;dj,ska iudchg jeo.;a wdo¾Y iemfha'

3

ksmqK;dj ( 5'0 NdId;aul ld¾hfha § jdlafldaIh" NdId iïm%odh yd NdIdjHjydr ms<sn| oekqu m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'2 idïm%odhsl fhÿï NdIduh ld¾hfha § WÑ; mßÈ Ndú;lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

idïm%odhsl fhÿï y÷kd f.k jHjydr lrhs' m%ia;dj msre`M fhdod .ksñka NdIdj ks¾udKd;aul f,i Ndú; lrhs' rEÎ yd hq., mo fhdod .ksñka m%dKj;a f,i NdIdj yiqrejhs'


m%ia;dj msre`M" rEVs iy hq., mo fjka fjka j meyeÈ,s lrkak' ta i|ydweuqKqu Ndú; lrkak'

m%ia;dj msre`M" rEÎ iy hq., mo lsysmhla weiqfrka tajd y÷kd .ekSugi,iajkak'

we;eï m%ia;dj msre`M iïnkaO j rij;a l;d we;s nj WodyrK u.skafmkajd fokak'

tn÷ l;djla mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak' wjYH kï ta i|yd YsIHhl=f.aiydh ,nd .kak' ^mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .sh yeá$l`Mjd udrmka .sh yeá&

ta wkqj kshñ; m%ia;dj msre< iïnkaO l;dj ri úkaokhg fhduq lrkak' m%ia;dj msref<ka m%ldY flfrk woyia$wre;a bÈßm;a lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, m%ia;dj msre`M idys;Hh - fm%auodi Y%S w,j;a;f.a isxy, rpkh yd idys;H ridiajdoh - mS' f;aknÿ msre`M ñKs - à' weia' O¾unkaÿ

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh (

m%ia;dj msre`M" rEVs yd hq., mo hkak ksjerÈ j y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' m%ia;dj msre`M" rEVS iy hq., mo u.ska we;s flfrk m%ldYk Yla;sh w.h

lrhs' hï woyila rij;a j yd jHla; j m%ldY lsÍfï Yla;sh m%ia;dj msre`Mj,g

we;s nj meyeÈ,s lrhs' f,aLkfha § yd NdIKfha § m%ia;dj msre`M" rEVs iy hq., mo WÑ; mßÈ

Ndú; lrhs'

2' idïm%odhsl fhÿï

4

weuqKqum%ia;dj msre`M

zmsre`MZ hkak WmfoaYd;aul lshuk" ;ekg .e<fmk lshuk" wdo¾Yj;alshuk wdmaf;damfoaYh wdÈ jYfhka o w¾: l:kh flf¾'

wjia:djg WÑ; yd .e<fmk f,i fhdod .; yels lshuka m%ia;dj msre`Mf,i Ndú;hg meñK we;'

NdId jHjydrfha msre`M hkafkka nyq, j w¾:j;a jkafka m%ia;dj msre`M h' isxy, m%ia;dj msre`M .eñ iudch mokï lr f.k ìys ù we;' m%ia;dj msre`M u.ska hï woyila jHla; j yd wjOdrKfhka m%ldY lsÍug

yels jk w;r th NdIdfõ ks¾udKd;aul nj fuka u w,xldr nj o biau;=lrhs'

tjeks m%ia;dj msre`M lsysmhla- mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd jf.a- n<¨ka ,jd fldia weg ndjkakd jf.a- .`.g bks lemqjd jf.a- b;a;Ejdf.a f.g ln,a,Ejd ßx.=jd jf.a- jlalfâ yl=re yex.=jd jf.a- .urd,f. jxf.äh jf.a

rEÎ rEÎ hkq wuq;=fjka wdfrdamKh lrk ,o w¾: iys; lshuka$m%ldYk

úfYaIhls'WodyrK ( bfya u,la msmqKd ,E,a,g md.kjd ;re fmKqkd nvg .ykjd

hq., mo

iudk Y%e;s iys; mo folla úkHdi .; lsÍfuka idod .kakd idïm%odhslmo úfYaIhls'WodyrK ( kvq yn yrl ndk uqo,a yo,a hdk jdyk ,Üg f,dÜg Wv ìu frdia mfrdia

5

ksmqK;dj ( 10'0 idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=rewe;=<;a ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka ,nd.;a oekqu úúO NdIdld¾hhka i|yd fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 10'1 idys;Hhsl yd od¾Yksl f;dr;=re we;=<;a ,sms f,aLk weiqrelrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=ud ms<sn| Ôjk f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d w.h lrhs' ;df.da¾;=udf.a idys;H ks¾udKj,ska m%lg jk Ôjk oDIaáh bÈßm;a lrhs'


rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a PdhdrEmhla m%o¾Ykh lrñka t;=ud ms<sn| joek .ekSug i,iajkak'

t;=udf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re ixlaIsma; j bÈßm;a lrkak'- weuqKqu 1 fhdod.kak

rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=ud úiska rÑ; moH mka;shla bÈßm;a lrñka tu lúhdf.aks¾udK l=i,;d idlÉPd lrkak'weuqKqu 2ys we;s moH mka;shla fhdod .kak'

rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a ks¾udK ms<sn| j ,shejqKq f,aLkhla wOHhkhlsÍug fhduq lrkak' ta i|yd fm<fmdf;a mdvu fhdod .kak'

ldjH ks¾udKj,ska lshfjk woyia ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak' fuu f,aLk yd ks¾udKj, NdId jHjydr y÷kd .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd

fokak' iqÿiq wNHdi u.ska NdId jHjydr w¾:j;a j Ndú; lsÍug YsIHhka fhduq

lrkak' rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾ lúhdf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re iy ks¾udK ms<sn| j l=vd

fmd;laa ilia lsÍug YsIHhka fhduq lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a ldjH ks¾udK rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=ud yd Tyqf.a ks¾udK ms<sn| j ,shk ,o ,sms

- y`v ^.=jka úÿ,s i`.rdj& - 2011 wfm%a,a - cQks l,dmh .S;dxc,S - rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾ ^mßj¾;kh - l=iqï Èidkdhl&


;df.da¾;=ud ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' ;df.da¾;=udf.a idys;H fiajh w.h lrhs' ;df.da¾;=ud ms<sn| j úúO udOH weiqfrka f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

3' rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾

6

fhdað; mejreï (

rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re /ia lr mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍu' rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a ks¾udK we;=<;a l=vd fmd;la ^mqia;sldjla&

ilia lsÍu' rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a idys;H fiajh w.h lrñka ì;a;s mqj;am;la

i|yd ,smshla ilia lsÍu ^jpk 200la muK&

weuqKqu 1

rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾

Wmka Èkh ( 1861 uehs 07

cd;sh ( fnx.d,s

mshd ( foafõkaøkd;a ;df.da¾

mjq,a miqìu ( bkaÈhdfõ we;s jQ wd.ñl" idudðl yd foaYmd,ksljHdmdrj, mqfrda.dó j lghq;= l< ;df.da¾mrmqfrka mej; ths'

wOHdmkh ( mdGYd,d wOHdmkhg fhduq fkd jQ fu;=ud ksjfia§ u ixialD; yd bx.%Sis NdIdj yodf<a h'jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd jhi wjqreÿ 17 § tx.,ka;hn,d msg;a úh'

idys;H ks¾udK ( tx.,ka;hg hEug fmr zlì ydksZ lúhdf.a l;dj&kue;s lD;sh o zN.ak yDoZ kï kdgH fm< o rpkdfldg ;sìKs' tx.,ka;fha wOHdmkh ,eîfukawk;=re j ;u rgg meñKs ;df.da¾;=ud úiska 1882 §zikaOHd ix.S;aZ lD;sh o 1883 § z,s;a ix.S;aZ kue;slD;sh o m< lrk ,È' zfidnd oyfï zm<s.ekSuZkue;skdgHh úpdrl wjOdkh Èkd .;a ks¾udKhls'zziaurka ldjHhZZ ìß|f.a urKfhka miq ,shk,oaols' zl:´ ldyskSZ zffkfõoidZ " lkaf;darej"zw÷re l=áfhaZ rc;=udZ hk lD;s o" rîkaøkd;a;df.da¾ úiska rÑ; h' Tyqf.a z.S;dxc,SZ ldjHhmdGl yd úpdrl wjOdkhg fhduq jQ ks¾udKhls'rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udg fkdfn,a ;Hd.h ysñ jQfhafuu z.S;dxc,SZ ldjHh fjkqfjks'

wNdjh ( 1941' wf.daia;= 07

7

weuqKqu 2

ux iokakka .,a lvk ;ekìï fldgkakka irk jev ìu¥,s ;ejreKq i`M ord f.kwõfj jeiafia isá;s foúfhda

úuqla;sh .ek is;kq l=ulgfldhsnfoda th ;sfnkafka@Tfí msßisÿ we÷u yer odfmdf<dj u; md ;nkafka

fidïkiska f,dj ujk uy nrwm mshdKka orkafka;ud ksuejqï fj; ne£ Tyqiod wm yd fjfikafka

iqj| ÿï u,a bj; ,kafkanjqka jvfka l=ug fodawk.s i`M ms<s bÍ .sh jqj¥,s jel=K o lsfula foda

.f;a fjfyfika k<,a ;,fhakef.k vd ì÷ iu. tkq uekyuqj foúhka flf;ys jev ìuiod t;=uka yd issákq uek!

.S;dxc,S - rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾mßj¾;kh - l=iqï Èidkhl

fk<kq uek fï l=vd mqIamhmud fkdjkqh fk<d .kq uek

mud jqjfyd;a úh<s hkq we;ìu rcia u; jeà hkq we;'

Tfí f.,j, u,a ofuys thfkd ,enqj;a lsishï ;eklaTfí w;a myiska mqod thfk<d .kq uek mud fkdu ù

ug fydrd Èk f.ù hkq we;Tn mqok l, bl=;a jkq we;ìfhls ud is; fk<kq uek u,

meyeh ,d jqj iqj| u| jqjfiajfhys Tfí fhdod .kq uekl,a ;shd th fk<d .kq uek

.S;dxc,S - rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾mßj¾;kh - l=iqï Èidkdhl

8

04' w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIr

ksmqK;dj ( 3'0 isxy, wlaIr ud,dj y÷kd f.k f,aLkfha § ksjerÈ jNdú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'1 isxy, wlaIrud,dj y÷kd f.k úúO m%fNao hgf;a j¾.lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

iajr" jH[ack fjka fldg olajhs' y%%iaj iy §¾> f,i iajr j¾. lr olajhs' w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIr y÷kd f.k Ndú; lrhs' f,aLkfha § wlaIr ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs'


isxy, wlaIr ud,dj ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a u;lh úuid n,kak' isxy, NdIdfõ iajr yd jH[ack ms<sn| oekqu mÍlaId lrkak' iajr" y%iaj yd §¾> iajr jYfhka fnfok wdldrh myod fokak'

ta i|yd weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak' isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ jH[ackdlaIr 42la we;s nj fmkajd fokak' jH[ackdlaIrj, w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK m%fNaoh meyeÈ,s lrkak' w,amm%dK wlaIr 10la o uydm%dK wlaIr 10la o we;s nj ksoiqka iys; j

meyeÈ,s lrkak' fï i|yd weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak' l;d jHjydrfha § uydm%dK fNaoh jeo.;a fkd jk kuq;a f,aLkfha §

w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK fNaoh jeo.;a jk nj fmkajd fokak' w,amm%dK uydm%dK fNaoh w¾: fNaohg fya;= jk nj fmkajd fokak'

ta i|yd weuqKqu 2 fhdod .kak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh isxy, fydaäh - îsxy, Í;sh 1& - fÊ' î' Èidkdhl


isxy, wlaIr ud,dj u;lfhka m%ldY lrhs' iajr iy jH[ack wlaIr fjka lr olajhs' iajr" y%iaj yd §¾> jYfhka fjka fldg olajhs' w,amm%dK - uydm%dK fNaoh y÷kd f.k ksjerÈ j f,aLkfha fhfohs'

9

w,amm%dK wlaIr 10

weuqKqu 1wlaIr ud,djiajr 18ls'

w wd we wE b B

W W! R RD Ì Ï

t ta ft T ´ T!

y%iaj iajr

w we b W R Ì t T

§¾> iajr

wd wE B W! RD Ï ta ´ ft T!

jH[ack wlaIr - 42

^w&x ^w&#l L . > X `.

p P c ® [ `c

g G v V K ~

; : o O k |

m M n N u U

h r , j

Y I i y

< *

l p g ; m

. c v o n

L P G : M

> ® V O N

uydm%dK wlaIr 10

10

w,amm%dK - uydm%dK fNaoh w¾: fNaohg fya;= jk wjia:d

ok ckhd& Ok Ôkh&

okq oek" .kq& Okq ÿkak&

ng ^k,h& Ng ^fyajd&

m%odk m%odkh& m%Odk uQ,sl&

w,am%mdK - uydm%dK idjoH Ndú;h

ksrjoH fh§u idjoH fh§u

iuia; iuia:

jd¾;d jd¾:d

u¾ok u¾Ok

mßj¾;k mßj¾:k

úYsIag úYsIaG

oDIaá oDIaÀ

mqia;ld,h mqia:ld,h

w,amm%dK$uydm%dK úl,am Ndú;

l:d - l;d ^m%nkaO l:d" nK l;d &

wjêh - wjÈh

wNsudk - wìudk

iqN - iqn

weuqKqu 2

11

5' w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh

ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 ixialD;sh yd idrO¾u y÷kd .ksñka iyÔjkh ydcd;sldNsudkh f.dv k.d .ekSu i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'1 ixialD;sl Wreuh yd yr moaO;s ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSui|yd ,sms f,aLk mßYS,kh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ixialD;sl Wreuh yd idrO¾u y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' ixialD;sl Wreuh yd idrO¾u wdrlaId lr .; hq;= nj m%ldY lrhs' w¨;a wjqreoao yd ne÷Kq isß;a úß;a yd ck ixialD;sldx. w.h lrhs' ixialD;sl W;aij .ek ,shejqKq f,aLk lshjhs'


úúO cd;Ska úiska mj;ajkq ,nk ixialD;sl W;aij .ek YsIHhka iu.idlÉPd lrkak'

Y%S ,xldfõ úúO ixialD;sl W;aij oelafjk Ñ;% lsysmhla m%o¾Ykh lrkak' tu Ñ;% u.ska fy<s jk úúO pdß;% .ek YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk ixialD;sl W;aijh jk isxy, yd yskaÿ w¨;a wjqreoao

.ek YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' ^pdß;% jdß;%" wdydr mdk" ck l%Svd& fï iufha § udkj in|;d biau;= ù fmfkk wdldrh YsIHhka iu.

idlÉPd lrkak' isxy, w¨;a wjqreoao ms<sn| j ,shejqKq úúO ,sms f,aLkj, oelafjk lreKq

bÈßm;a lsÍug YsIHhka fhduq lrkak' fm<fmdf;a wod< mdvu o fï i|ydfhdod .kak'

úúO m<d;aj, mj;sk wjqreÿ pdß;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug YsIHhkafhduq lrkak'

zisxy, w¨;a wjqreoaoZ ud;Dldj hgf;a ì;a;s mqj;a m;lg ,smshla ks¾udKhlsÍug fhduq lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

úúO rgj, ixialD;sl W;aij ksrEmKh flfrk Ñ;%hla fyda lsysmhla úúO W;aijj, pdß;% - jdß;% bgq flfrk wjia:d oelafjk PdhdrEm"

mska;+r fyda ùäfhda o¾Ykhla

fhdað; mejreï (

isxy, w¨;a wjqreoao yd isxy, ixialD;sh hk ud;Dld hgf;a l;djlabÈßm;a lsÍu'

isxy, w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh ms<sn| mqj;am;lg ,smshla ,sùu' isxy, w¨;a wjqreoafoa lemS fmfkk ixialD;sl ,laIK ms<sn| j ì;a;s

mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lsÍu'

12


isxy, w¨;a wjqreoao ms<sn| j ;u woyia m%ldY lrhs' isxy, w¨;a wjqreÿ pdß;% bgq lsÍfï w.h meyeÈ,s lrhs' úúO ixialD;sldx. ms<sn| ,shejqKq ,sms f,aLk lshjhs' úúO ixialD;sldx. ms<sn| ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'

13

bf.kqï m, (f,aLkfha § wlaIr úkHdih ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s

lrhs' w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIr f,aLkfha § ksjerÈ j fhdohs' i[a[l wlaIr f,aLkfha § WÑ; mßÈ fhdohs' k" K" ," <" Y" I" i hk wlaIr f,aLkfha § ksjerÈ j fhdohs' wlaIr úkHdih iïu; wdldrhg fhdod .ksñka f,aLk ilia lrhs'


wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| oekqu mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq wNHdij, fhdojkak' tu wNHdihg wkqj wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a .eg¨ y÷kd .kak' ksrjoH f,aLkh i|yd wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| oekqu w;HjYH nj fmkajd

fokak' wlaIr úkHdih ms<snò .eg¨ ksrdlrKh i|yd my; oelafjk Í;s fmkajd

fokak' uq¾Oc zKZ hkak jpkhl uq,g fhfokafka —Kh˜ hk jpkfha

muKs' zrZ hkakg wk;=re j fndfyda úg zKZ fhfoa' rK" forK" mrK"

lDoka; moj, zrZ ldrfhka mr j jqj o fhfoklDoka; zkZ m%;Hh oka;c zkZ fõ'lrk" jrk" Wrk" ork

rldrdxYhg wk;=re j zzKZZ fhfoa'iïuka;%K" fY%aKsh" m%dK" ñY%K

uq¾Oc zIZ hkakg wk;=re j zKZ fhfoa'WIaK" mÍlaIK" ;SlaIaK" úfYaIK

;d¨c zYZ ldrhg miq j fhfok k ksh; jYfhka u oka;c zkZ fõ'm%Yak" m%o¾Yk" úu¾Yk

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh isxy, wlaIr úkHdi wdldrdÈh - i|f.dañ fldamrfyajd


ksrjoH f,aLkh i|yd wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| oekqu wjYH nj m%ldYlrhs'

wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| Í;s y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' f,aLkfha § wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn| iïu; Í;s wkq.ukh lrhs'

6' wlaIr úkHdih

ksmqK;dj ( 3'0 isxy, wlaIr ud,dj y÷kd f.k f,aLkfha § ksjerÈ jNdú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'3 ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdifhka hqla; j ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 5hs'

14

07' YíofldaI Ndú;h

ksmqK;dj ( 3'0 isxy, wlaIrud,dj y÷kd f.k f,aLkfha § ksjerÈ jNdú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 3'2 m%dfhda.sl NdId ld¾h uekúka bgq lr .ekSu i|yd isxy,wldrdÈ ms<sfj< Ndú; lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

wldrdÈ ms<sfj< hkq l=ula ± hs y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g kdudj,s ieliSfï jeo.;alu m%ldY lrhs' wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g kdudj,s ilia lrhs' YíofldaI Ndú; lrhs'


isxy, wlaIrud,dj ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a u;lh úuid ne,Su i|yd wyUqf,i YsIHhka lsysm fofkl=g wlaIr ud,dj u;lfhka bÈßm;a lsÍugwjia:dj ,nd fokak'

wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g úúO f,aLk ilia lr we;s wjia:d ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.kaúuikak' úúO kdudj,s ilia lsÍu' Yío fldaIj, § jpk fm< .iajd we;s wdldrh .%ka:hl wjika Nd.fha we;s iQÑh ilia lsÍu .%ka: kdudj,s ilia lsÍu'

wldrdÈ ms<sfj< Ndú; lsÍfï m%fhdack idlÉPd lrkak'l%udkql+, nj" mßyrKh myiqj" wjYH lreKq myiqfjka y÷kd .ekSu'

YíofldaI mßyrKhg wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

Y%S iqux., YíofldaIh - je,súáfha fidar; kdysñ uyd isxy, YíofldaIh - yßYapkaø úfÊ;=x.

fhdað; mejreï

YíofldaI weiqfrka fok ,o jpk lSmhl w¾: meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug fhduqlrkak'

wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj ,shejqKq .%ka:hlska jpkhl wlaIr úkHdih ksjerÈj y÷kd .ekSug fhduq lrkak'

.%ka: kdudj,shlska wjYH fmd;la fidhd .ekSug fhduq lrkak'


wldrdÈ ms<sfj< u;lfhka bÈßm;a lrhs' wldrdÈ ms<sfj< Ndú;h u.ska YíofldaI myiqfjka mrsyrKh lrhs' YíofldaI Ndú; lrñka jpkj, w¾:h m%ldY lrhs' fokq ,nk jpkud,djla wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g ilia lrhs'

15

08' rd;%sh - weia' uyskao ysñ

ksmqK;dj ( 1'0 ikaksfõokh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd Y%jK yd l:k l=i,;dM,odhs f,i fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'1 idys;H ks¾udKj,g ijka § m%;spdr olajhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

lú fm<g ijka § ßoaudkql+, j .dhkd lrhs' mµ mka;sfha uqLHd¾:h m%ldY lrhs' moH ks¾udKfhys Ndúld¾: meyeÈ,s lrhs' moH ks¾udKhg ijka § ldfjHdala;s meyeÈ,s lrhs'


iqÿiq l%ufõohla u.ska zrd;%shZ kue;s moH mka;sh YsIHhkag ijka §ugi,iajkak'

wk;=re j moH mka;sh rpkd l< weia' uyskao ysñhka ms<sn| f;dr;=reidlÉPd lrkak'

Wkajykafiaf.a fjk;a moH mka;s ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak'- iuk,hd" ke<ú,a,

moH mka;sh kej; ijka §ug i,iajkak' moH mka;sfhys we;=<;a Ndúld¾: yd ldfjHdala;s ms<sn| j ^Wmud" rEml

wdÈh& YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' moH mka;shg ijka § wk;=re j lKavdhï jYfhka yd ;ks ;ks j .dhkd

lsÍug fhduq lrkak'

uQ,sl joka$ixl,am

Ndúld¾: - ye`.Sï okjk w¾: ldfjHdala;s - ldjHuh fhÿï


lú fmf<ys ks¾udKlrejd ms<sn| woyia m%ldY lrhs' moH mka;shg ijka § .dhkd lrhs' mµ mka;shg ijka § w¾:h meyeÈ,s lrhs' moH mka;sfha Ndúld¾: iy ldfjHdala;s ms<sn| ;u woyia m%ldY lrhs'

16

09' moH rpkd ks¾udK

ksmqK;dj ( 12'0 w;aoelSï mdol lr .ksñka ks¾udK ld¾hfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 12'1 moH rpkd ks¾udKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

moH ks¾udK i|yd ir, w;aoelSï fhdod .; yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs' w;a±lSï mdol lr .ksñka rij;a mµ ks¾udKh l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs' ldjH ks¾udKfha § NdIdj ks¾udKd;aul j Ndú; lrhs' úúO ud;Dld Tiafia moH ks¾udKh lrhs'


weia' uyskao ysñf.a zrd;%shZ mµ mka;sh weiqfrka lúhd ,enQ w;aoelSïy÷kd .ekSug fhduq lrkak'

fujeks moH mka;shla rpkd lsÍu i|yd bjy,a lr f.k we;s iajdNdúlmßirhg wh;a úúO wx. ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

tu wjia:dj ksrEmKh lsÍfï § lúhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s úúO wx.ldjH Wml%u idlÉPd lrkak' ir, wdlD;sh ir, ni Wmud ixl,am rEm fhdod .ekSu' WÑ; nj$ T!Ñ;H .=Kh;uka ,enQ w;aoelSula mdol lr .ksuska ldjH Wml%u fhdod f.k moHks¾udKh lsÍug YsIHhkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'


moH ks¾udK i|yd WÑ; w;aoelSï bÈßm;a lrhs' fhda.H wdlD;s y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lrhs' moH ks¾udK i|yd iqÿiq ldjH Wml%u Ndú; lrhs' moH ks¾udKlrKfha fhfohs'

17

10' wdpdrYS,S l;dny


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'2 ijka § m%;spdr oelaùfï § wdpdrYS,S nj yd ixhuh m%o¾Ykhlrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

wjOdkfhka hq;= j ijka §fï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs' wdpdrYS,S j ixhufhka m%;spdr olajhs' wjia:dkql+, j ikaksfõok ld¾hfha fhfohs'


úúO wjia:d yd isÿùï" fjf<| lghq;= wdY%fhka ieliqKqq fonia" y`vmghla fyda WÑ; l%uhla fyda fhdod f.k YsIHhkag ijka §ug i,iajkak'

nexl=" ;eme,a ld¾hd," fjf<| wdh;k" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd, wdÈhksoiqka f,i fhdod .kak'

tys § úúO ;k;=re ork wh isák nj;a Tjqka úúO ld¾hhka bgq lrknj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

Tjqka iu. l;d nia lsÍfï § wdpdrYS,S ùu jeo.;a nj fmkajd fokak' woyia m< lsÍfï § meyeÈ,sj;a ixlaIsma;j;a bÈßm;a lsÍfï jeo.;alu

meyeÈ,s lrkak' tjeks wjia:d y`v mghla fyda N+ñld rx.khla weiqre lr f.k wdo¾Ykh

lr fmkajkak' fuu mdvu ijka §fï yelshdj we.hSug m%udKj;a f,i fhda.H mßÈ ilia

fldg bÈßm;a lrkak'


úúO ixjdo wjia:d y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' wdpdrYS,S j yd ixhufhka m%;spdr oelaùfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs' wdpdrYS,S nj m%ldY flfrk fhÿï ixjdoj, § Ndú; lrhs' wdpdrYS,S Ndjfhka yd ixhufhka hq;= j l;dnia lrhs'

18

11' úúO mqoa.,hka iu. l;d ny

ksmqK;dj ( 5'0 NdId;aul ld¾hfha § jdlafldaIh NdId iïm%odh yd NdIdjHjydr ms<sn| oekqu m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'3 NdId jHjydrfha idudðl úúO;d y÷kd f.k NdIdj Ndú;lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

NdId jHjydrfha idudðl úúO;d we;s nj y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' .re;ajh" mQcH;ajh iu. ne÷Kq NdId jHjydr meyeÈ,s lrhs' NdId Ndú;h flfrys .re;ajfha yd mQcH;ajfha n,mEu m%dfhda.sl j fhdod

.kshs'


mqoa., ;rd;sru wkqj NdIdfõ úúO;d oelsh yels wjia:d ms<sn| j YsIHhkaiu. idlÉPd lrkak'

.sys meúÈ jYfhka i,lk úg l;d nia lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s fjkila olakg,efnk nj;a iudc iïnkaO;d wkqj úúO mqoa.,hka iu. l;d ny lsÍfï§ NdIdfjys úúO;d olakg ,efnk nj y÷kd .ekSug YsIHhka iu.idlÉPdjl fhfokak'

YsIHhkag meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu i|yd .e,Sï igykla u.ska iudc iïnkaO;dolajkak'weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak'

meúÈ iudch iu. l;dnfya § iqúfYaI jd.a jHjydrhla Ndú; l< hq;= njfmkajd fokak'ta i|yd weuqKqu 2 Ndú; lrkak'

l;d nfya § NdIdfõ meyeÈ,s fjkila fmkajk wjia:d lsysmhla YsIHhkafhdod f.k wdo¾Ykh lrkak'

mqoa., úúO;ajh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka l;d nia lsÍfï § NdIdfõfjki ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, fhdojkak'ta i|yd my; i|yka wjia:d fyda tjeks fjk;aa wjia:d fyda fhdod .kak'1' .sys - meúÈ - wd.ñl lghq;a;la2' .=re - YsIH - YsIH kdhl Èkh3' ujqmsh - ¥ore - ksjfia ffoksl lghq;a;la4' m%N+ - idudkH - újD; lsÍfï W;aijhla

19

ujqmsh ¥ore jeäysá nd, m%N+ka ^{d;s& úúO ;rd;srï ^;k;=re&

weuqKqu 2 (

meúÈ iudch fn!oaO lf;da,sl

iajdóka jykafia ldÈk,a;=udTn jykafia w.ro.=re;=udf;rKska jykafiauEKsfhda$uEKshkajykafiajäkjd ro.=re;=udj<|kjd mshdKksie;fmkjd ifydaor;=udwjirhs ifydaor;=ñh$lkHdfidhqßh

l%sia;shdks

foaj.e;s;=ud

yskaÿl=relal,a;=ud

uqia,sïujq,ú;=ud

weuqKqu 1

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh

l;d nfya § mqoa., úúO;ajh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= nj mjihs' mqoa., úúO;ajh .ek ie,ls,su;a fjñka l;d lrhs' wdpdrYS,S j l;d lsÍu w.h lrhs' iudc iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d .kshs'

iudch

.sys meúÈ iudch iudch

20

mQcH;ajh yd .re;ajhf.!rjd¾yw;s mQcHw;s.re.re

{d;s iïnkaO;d wïud;d;a;dududkekaodwhshdwlaldÿjmq;d

wdÈ jYfhka

m%N+ uy;duy;auhd$uy;a;hd $fkdak uy;a;hd$fkdak uy;añhue;s;=ud$ue;s;=ñhTn;=ud $Tn;=ñh$;uqkakdkafiat;=ud$fu;=ud

;k;=re wkqj ( iNdm;s;=ud$;=ñh bxðfkare;=ud $;=ñhf,alï;=ud$;=ñh .=re;=ud$;=ñhwOHlaI;=ud$;=ñh .%du ks,Odß uy;d$uy;añh.Kdldêldß;=ud$;=ñh fi!LH mÍlaIl;=ud$;=ñhffjµ;=ud$;=ñh fmd,sia ia:dkdêm;s;=ud$;=ñh

wdÈ jYfhks'

21

12' l%shd mo

ksmqK;dj ( 6'0 iïu; NdId Í;s wkq.ukh lrñka f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'2 l%shd mo iy tys m%fNao ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j f,aLkld¾hfha fhfohs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

úúO l%shd mo j¾. y÷kd f.k meyeÈ,s lrhs' úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' f,aLkfha § úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd ksjerÈ j fhdohs' NdId jHjydrfha § úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd fhdod .ekSfï wjYH;dj

meyeÈ,s lrhs'


l%shd moh o jdlHhl m%Odk wx.hla nj fmkajd fokak' úê l%shdj lsishï úOdkhla fyda b,a,Sula lsÍfï § fhfok nj fmkajd

fokak' úê l%shdj wd{djl iajrEmfhka o b,a,Sul iajrEmfhka o l%shd;aul jk

nj meyeÈ,s lrkak' f,aLkfha § úê l%shdfõ fuu iajrEm fol u wjia:dkql+, j fhfok nj

;yjqre lrkak' wdYS¾jdo l%shdj m%d¾:kd l%shd hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk nj fmkajd fokak' wdYS¾jdo l%shdj hym;a wdYS¾jdohla i|yd fuka u wk¾:hla m%d¾:kd lsÍu

i|yd o fhfok nj meyeÈ,s lrkak' wdYS¾jdo l%shdj" m%d¾:kh ,nkakd wduka;%Kh fkd lr jqj o fhÈh yels

nj fmkajd fokak'weh iqjm;a fõjd! hs Tyq me;=fõ h'iqjm;a fõjd! hs Tyq me;=fõ h'

úêl%shd

úêu;a b,a,SuwK lsÍu ^wdhdpkh&

tkq$tj$tõ tkakhkq$hj$hõ hkak

,shkq$,shj$,shõ ,shkak

lrkq$lrj$lrõ lrkakn,kq$n,j$n,õ n,kakmsikq$msij$msiõ msiskak

22

wdYS¾jdo l%shd m%d¾:kd l%shd&

ûu& iqjm;a fjïjd! ^wms& iqjm;a fjuqjd!

^Tn& iqjm;a fjysjd! ^fõjd& ^Tn,d$Tn& iqjm;a fjyqjd! fj;ajd&

^Tyq& iqjm;a fõjd! ^Tjqyq& iqjm;a fj;ajd!

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (w;sf¾l mßYS,kh .%ka: isxy, NdId jHdldrKh - ví' tia' lreKd;s,l l%shd mo - fÊ' î' Èidkdhl


úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' úê l%shdj f,aLkfha § ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs' úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd ms<sn| ksjerÈ oekqu m%o¾Ykh lrhs' NdId ld¾hfha § úê l%shd yd wdYS¾jdo l%shd ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs'

23

13' wdlD;s m;%

ksmqK;dj ( 7'0 NdIdj ksrjq,a j yd ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrñka f,aLkfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'2 m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d i|yd f,aLk ilia lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d i|yd Ndú; lrk f,aLk j¾. y÷kd f.k meyeÈ,slrhs'

wdlD;s m;%hl we;=<;a úh hq;= uQ,sl f;dr;=re úia;r lrhs' úúO wjYH;d i|yd wdlD;s m;% ilia lrhs' wdlD;s m;% ksis f,i iïmQ¾K lrhs'


tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wmg iïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ jk wdlD;s m;% ms<sn| jYsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak'

úúO wdlD;s m;% imhd tajdfha iajrEmh y÷kd .ekSug i,iajkak' l,ska imhd f.k we;s wdlD;s m;% YsIHhkag ,nd fokak' tajdfhys jHQy y÷kd .ekSug fhduq lrkak' tu wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd wjYH jeo.;a f;dr;=re fudkjd o

hkak y÷kd .ekSug i,iajkak' ;udg wod< j weuqKqu 2ys we;=<;a f;dr;=retla/ia lr .ekSug fhduq lrkak'

wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= my; i|yka lreKqflfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ksjerÈ j wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug fhduq lrkak' ksjerÈ f;dr;=re we;=<;a lsÍu' ksjerÈ yd msßisÿ j iïmQ¾K lsÍu' ulk Èhr j¾. Ndú; fkd lsÍu' jerÿKfyd;a ;ks brlska lmd flá w;aikla fh§u' tla w;aikla muKla Ndú; lsÍug yqre lsÍu'


úúO wdlD;s m;% y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § ksjerÈ f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï jeo.;alu

meyeÈ,s lrhs' ksjerÈ f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrñka ;u wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug wdlD;s m;%

iïmQ¾K lrhs'

24

weuqKquwdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍu

úúO wdh;kj,ska fkdfhla ld¾hhka bgqlr .ekSfï § úúOdldrfha wdlD;s

m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ fõ' wdlD;s m;% u.ska ,nd .kakd f;dr;=re u; tu

wdh;k wmf.a lghq;= bgq lr §ug fhduq fõ' tu ld¾hh myiqfjka bgq lr

§u i|yd ksjerÈ f;dr;=re we;=<;a lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls' ta iïnkaO j

lghq;= lrk ks,Odßkag ksjerÈ f;dr;=re iemhSug isÿ jk nj fmkajd

fokak' wdlD;s m;%" b,a ï m;% yd fjk;a ,sms f,aLk ilia lsÍfï § wmf.a Ôj

o;a; f;dr;=re fuka u wfkl=;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re ksis mßÈ bÈßm;a lsÍu

w;HjYH fõ' YsIHhkag wod< j my; i|yka f;dr;=re f.dkq lr .ekSug

Wmfoia ,nd fokak' we;eï wdlD;s m;%j, wjidkfha we;=<;a lrk f;dr;=re

ish,a, ksjerÈ nj;a i;H nj;a i|yka l< hq;= nj fmkajd fokak' wdlD;s m;%

iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § fï nj YsIHhkag meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

25

wdlD;s m;%h iïmQ¾K lrkak'

01 uq,l=re iu. ku ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

02' ;eme,a ,smskh ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' úµq;a ,smskh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

03' Wmka Èkh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

04 ''''''''''''''''''''''''' Èkg jhi( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

05' cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlh( ''''''''''''''''''''''' mqrjeis Ndjh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''' cd;sh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''

06' ¥rl:k wxlh ia:djr ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' cx.u ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

07' ia;%S mqreI Ndjh ( ia;%S mqreI

08' iaÓr mÈxÑ m<d; ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

09' Èia;%slalh ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

10' Pkao n, m%foaYh ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

11' .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

12' wOHdmkh ,o mdi,$mdi,a ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

13' wOHdmk iqoqiqlï (

úNd.fha ku yd j¾Ih úIh ,nd.;a idu¾:Hh

by; olajk ,o f;dr;=re ksjerÈ njg;a i;H njg;a m%ldY lrñ'

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' w;aik

26

weuqKqu 2 - wdlD;s m;%hl we;=<;a úh hq;= uQ,sl f;dr;=re

1' uq,Zl=re iu. ku (

2' Wmka Èkh (

3' ia;%s$mqreI Ndjh (

4' újdyl$wújdyl nj (

5' mqrjeis Ndjh (

6' jD;a;sh (

7' rdcldß ,smskh (

8' fm!oa.,sl ,smskh (

9' úµq;a ,smskh (

10' ¥rl:k wxlh

11' ye÷kqïm;a wxlh (

12' m<d; (

13' Èia;%slalh(

14' m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h (

15' ue;sjrK fldÜGdih (

16' fmd,sia n, m%foaYh (

17' m<d;a iNd n, m%foaYh (

18' m%dfoaYSh iNd n, m%foaYh (

19' .%du ks,Odß fldÜGdih (

20' .%du ks,Odß wxlh (

21' bf.kqu ,enQ mdi, (

22' wOHdmk iqÿiqlï (

23' fjk;a iqÿiqlï (

27

14' flál;dj

ksmqK;dj ( 2'0 Ôjk w;aoelSï mqM,a lr .ekSu i|yd lshùfï mqreÿ w¾:j;aj fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'3 ksYaYío j lshjd wjfndaO lr.;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 5hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ks¾ÈIag flál;dj lshjd wka;¾.;h ms<sn| woyia olajhs' ks¾ÈIag flál;dfõ uQ,sl ,laIK y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' ks¾ÈIag flál;dfõ f;audj meyeÈ,s lrhs' flál;dj lshjd woyia m%ldY lrhs'


my; i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka flál;dj hkidys;Hdx.h ir, j y÷kajd fokak'

flál;dj kï idys;Hdx.fhys iqúfYaI ,laIK bÈßm;a lrkak' iSñ; pß; ixLHdjla we;s nj meyeÈ,s lrkak' tla pß;hla fyda isoaêhla muKla uQ,sl jk nj fmkajd fokak' flál;dfõ Ôjk oDIaáh ir, j myod fokak' wjia:d iïnkaOh ms<sn| oekqu mÍlaId lrkak' flál;dfõ ks¾udKd;aul w.h biau;= lrkak'

- pß; ksrEmKh- wjia:d yd isoaê ksrEmKh- ixfla;" NdIdj" Ndú;h

flál;dj ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a iajdëk woyia m%ldYkhg wjia:dj ,ndfokak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

r;= frdai u, - flál;d ix.%yh - .=Kodi wurfialr


ks¾ÈIag flál;dj ksYaYío j lshjd woyia m%ldY lrhs' ks¾ÈIag flál;dfõ pß; ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs' ks¾ÈIag flál;dfõ wjia:d yd isoaê ksrEmKh lr we;s wdldrh w.h

lrñka l;d lrhs' flál;d lshùug fhduq fjhs'

28

15' m%nkaO rpkh


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 12'2 ks¾udKd;aul m%nkaOlrKfha fhfohs

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ks¾udKlrKhg mdol jk w;aoelSï bÈßm;a lrhs' m%nkaOlrKhg ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh bjy,a jk nj m%ldY lrhs' úúO rpkd Wml%u Tiafia rij;a ks¾udK bÈßm;a lrhs' w;aoelSï mokï fldg f.k m%nkaO ks¾udKh lrhs'


ks¾udK lsysmhla weiqfrka tu ks¾udKj,g mokï jQ w;aoelSï lafIa;%hms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPdjl fhfokak'

kshñ; flál;dj weiqfrka Bg mdol w;aoelSï y÷kd .ekSug i,iajkak' tajd u.ska flál;djla ks¾udKh ù we;s whqre idlÉPd lrkak' tys § fhdod f.k we;s rpfkdaml%u mss<sn| j ilÉPd lrkak' flál;d ks¾udKfha § wjia:djla fyda isoaêhla fyda pß; ,laIKhla fyda

fhdod f.k we;s nj fmkajd fokak' l;dfõ m%Odk pß;j,g wu;r j we;s w;=re pß;" l;d úldYhg bjy,a

jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak' Bg wod< jk pß; wjYH nj;a tu pß;" l;dfõ f;audjg wkqj ksrEmKh

l< hq;= nj;a fmkajd fokak' NdIdj ixfla; wdÈh Ndú; l< hq;= wjia:d mss<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak' úúO wjia:d" pß; yd mßir j¾Kkd wdÈh bÈßm;a lsÍfï § WÑ; mßÈ

NdIdj Ndú; l< yels wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak' ;ud ,;a w;aoelSï Tiafia l;djla ks¾udKh lsÍug fhduq lrkak''


m%nkaO ks¾udKlrKhg w;aoelSï mdol jk nj m%ldY lrhs' ks¾udKd;aul rpkh Wfoid ixl,am bÈßm;a lrhs' m%nkaOlrKh i|yd WÑ; wjia:d" isoaê yd pß; fhdod .ekSfï wjYH;d

bÈßm;a lrhs' m%nkaO ks¾udKh lrhs'

29

16' kdu mo


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'1 kdu mo yd tys m%fNao ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j f,aLkfhafhfohs'

ld,Éfþo ( 6hs'

bf.kqï m, (

kdu moj, m%fNao y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' kdu mo j¾.j, úúO;d meyeÈ,s lrhs' f,aLkfha § úúO kdu mo fhdod .ekSfï w.h meyeÈ,s lrhs' wjiaf:daÑ; j úúO kdu mo Ndú; lrhs'


kdu mo hkq l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s lrkak' kdu mo j¾. ^cd;s" øjH" .=K" l%shd ix{d kdu& ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s

lrkak' kdu mo j¾. y÷kd .ekSu i|yd weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak' weuqKqu 2ys § we;s kdu mo iqÿiq mßÈ fhdod j.=j iïmQ¾K lsÍug fhduq

lrkak'


kdu moj, m%fNao kï lrhs' ta wkqj kdu mo j¾. fldg olajhs' úúO m%fNaoj,g wh;a kdu mo fjka fldg olajhs' kdu mo i|yd WodyrK olajhs'

weuqKqu 1kdu mo m%fNao (

kdu kdui¾j kduiudi kdu;oaê; kdulDoka; kdu

kdu kdu (cd;s kduøjH kdu.=K kdul%shd kduix{d kdu hkqfjka j¾. fõ'

30

cd;s kdu ( lsishï cd;shla j¾.hla ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd fhfok kdu cd;s kdu fõ'ksoiqka ( foõ" ñksia" we;a" .j" .srd" fodvï" fmd,a wdÈh cd;s kduhg

wh;a fõ'

øjH kdu ( lsishï øjHhla ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd fhfok kdu øjH kdu hkqfjkaye¢kafõ'ksoiqka a ( je,s" .,a" hlv" ,S" fmdfydr" c,h

.=K kdu ( fjk;a kduhl .=Khla ±laùu i|yd fhdod .kakd mo .=K kdu hkqfjkaye¢kafõ'ksoiqka ( Wi" È." uy;" iS;," WIaK" mgq

l%shd kdu ( l%shd w¾:h okjk kdu ls%hd kdu hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'ksoiqka ( n,k" ÿjk" leú,s" ,shú,s" lshqï" flreï

ix{d kdu ( lsishï mqoa.,hl= fyda ia:dkhla fyda ye¢kaùug fhdod we;s kdu ix{dkdu hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'ksoiqka a ( lu,a" msh,a" ,d,kS" m%shxld" fld<U" wïmdr

weuqKqu 02

my; § we;s mo ksjerÈ j j.=.; lrkak'fmd;" i;a;=" ud,h" r;=" uyr.u" kegqï" l=re,a,d" iSks" ÿjkakd" fmÜáh" isxyhd" j,yd"l;r.u" is;shu" mrdl%undyq" olsk" cfka,h" wik" ks¾u,d" m<," je,s

cd;s kdu øjH kdu .=K kdu l%shd kdu ix{d kdu

31

17' foaYdNsudkS .S

ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 ixialD;sh yd idrO¾u y÷kd .ksñka iyÔjkh ydcd;sldNsudkh f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'3 foaYdNsudkS ye`.Sï okjk idys;H ks¾udK weiqre lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

foaYdNsudkS .S;h ye`.Sï okjk mßÈ ßoaudkql+, j .dhkd lrhs' .S;fha fh§ we;s úfYaI fhÿï Wmqgd olajhs' .S;h ri ú| woyia m%ldY lrhs' foaYdNsudkS .S;fhka èjks; woyia w.h lrhs'


foaYdNsudkh mss<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' foaYdNsudkh oekùu i|yd idys;Hh fhdod f.k we;s wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrkak' weuqKqu 1ys .S; fhdod .kak'weuqKqu 2 fhdod .kak'

tu .S;hg ijka §ug wjia:dj i,ikak' tu .S;h ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak' .S;h kej; ijka§ug i,iajd .S;fhka èjks; jk woyia biau;= lrñka

ridiajdoh lrkak'weuqKqu 3 ta i|yd mdol lr .kak'

tjeks fjk;a .S; ridiajdoh lsÍug fhduq lrkak' cd;sldNsudkh okjk .S; lú tla/ia lsÍug YsIHhka fhduq lrkak'

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh a (

foaYdNsudkh okjk .S; ms<sn| woyia m%ldY lrhs' .S;j, foaYdNsudkh okjk fhÿï bÈßm;a lrhs' foaYdNsudkS .S; ridiajdoh lrhs' foaYdNsudkS .S; tla/ia lrhs'

32

weuqKqu 1

^w&

jeis jiskd wyi wmsuq;= n¢kd uqyqo wmsñKs Èf,kd fmdf<dj wmsisß ,xld rg u wms

wfma me;=ï wyig úys § hhslïy,aj, ÿï j<¨ Èf.awfma u oyÈh uqyqÿ .,d hhs.x fyda we< fod< l÷re jf.a

forK m,d r;= leg u;=jkakgTn w; fok ;=re n,d ys`§n,jq fhdud fk; rfÜ u udj;wfma w;ska f.dv kef.k yeá

f.dúfhda - wms lïlrefjda rg rlskd ck;dfjda

.; jels ÿyqú,s ñKs nrKhsoyÈh uv úf,jqkaa iqj|hsrg fjkqfjka .; is; fjfyfihsis; i;=fÜ W,am; t;ekhs

f.dúfhda - wms lïlrefjda rg rlskd ck;dfjda

.S mo rpkh ( uy.u fialr

33

^wd& rejka ksok fy< ìuhskqjka yok fy< ìuhsksjka mqok fy< ìuhsf,dj fy<s l< fy< ìuhs $$

uf.a rejk fy< ìuhsuf.a kqjk fy< ìuhsuf.a ksjk fy< ìuhs $$

ñysfrka msß fy< ìuhsreysfrkaa ieÈ fy< ìuhsbiqßka iß fy< ìuhsf,dj n, mE fy< ìuhs $$

uf.a ñysr fy< ìuhsuf.a reysr fy< ìuhsuf.a biqr fy< ìuhs $$

úrejka ,;a fy< ìuhs mä÷ka m;a fy< ìuhs hqÿjka u;a fy< ìuhs f,dj fynejQ fy< ìuhs $$

uf.a ;soei fy< ìuhsuf.a isri fy< ìuhsuf.a ksji fy< ìuhs $$

.S mo - fld' fj' m[a[dmd, weuqKqu 2

ilaú;s ls;a /i hq;a isß <xldúlaue;s mq;a fm< ,;a isß <xldfi;a issß <xld $$iisß wisß isßkS isß <xld

uy iïu; ukq f,da uq,a ksß ÷karc mrmqr oUÈjg o fy<s ÿka

f;oKska" lsrKska me/hQ Èks ÷kawu, fldu< ,,kS isß <xldñysrs reisß l=uÍ isß <xldiisß wisß isßkS isß <xld

rka f.dhñka meye f.ke nn,kakS.x.d we< fod< fia, w£kakSioyï ñKs leka fnoñka hkakSwu, fldu< ,,kS isß <xldñysß reisß l=uÍ isß <xldiisß wisß isßkS isß <xld

wßfika wyqnqÿ

34

weuqKqu 2

uy.u fialr

1929 wfm%a,a 7 jeks od fld<U Èia;%slalfhys ishkE fldar,fha rodjdfka § Wm; ,en

1976 ckjdß 14 jeks od yDohdndOhlska l¨ßh lf<a h' rodjdfka rcfha mdif,a;a"

lsß¢je, rcfha ñY% mdGYd,dfõ;a bf.kqï ,eî h' 1945 § rcfha ,,s; l,dh;khg

ne÷Ks' wk;=re j ksÜgUqfõ .=re wNHdi úoHd,fhka .=re mqyqKqj ,eî h' jD;a;Sh Ôú;h

wdrïN lf<a Ñ;%l¾u .=rejrfhl= jYfhks' miq j rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=fõ NdId

mßj¾;lfhl= jYfhka o Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ jev igyka iïmdoljrfhl=

jYfhka rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfhys úÿy,am;s jYfhka o wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhys fi!kao¾h

tallfhys m%Odkshd jYfhka o fiajh lf<a h' jD;a;Sh lghq;=j, kshef<k w;r ,kavka

úYajúoHd,fhka î' ta' Wmdêh ,nd .;af;a h' úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,fhys mS' tÉ' ã' Wmdêh

i|yd Ydia;%Sh ksnkaOkhla iïmdokh lf<a h' .%ka:lrKhg t<ôfha 1956 § zOj,

fiakdxlhZ kue;s mßj¾;kh lD;sh m< lrñks' t;eka mgka m< l< lD;s ud,dj w;r

jHx.kd ^fla' ch;s,l iu.& idlajd<sysKs" fndaäu" fkdñfhñ" m%nqoaO hk lú fmd;a o

;=xuxykaÈh" ufkda ukaÈr hk kjl;d fmd;a o mqxÑ whg lhs l;kaor" ire fmdf<djla

wmg wef;a hk <ud fmd;a o uy.u fialrf.a .S; kue;s .S; ix.%yh o fjhs' 1970 § ish

kjl;dj mdol lr f.k ;=xuxykaÈh Ñ;%mgh wOHlaIKh lf<a h' Ñ;%mg wOHlaIKh

i|yd o .S; rpkh i|yd o iïudk ysñ lr .;af;a h'

kQ;k ldjH ixys;d - iqks,a wdßhr;ak msgq wxl 161 - 162

35

weuqKqu 3

ridiajdoh i|yd u. fmkaùu

wruqKq yd w;a±lSï

jev lrk ck;djf.a Y%udNsudkh ±laùu .S;h i|yd mdol w;a±lSu

- ujqìu f.dv ke.Su i|yd Y%uh j.=rk ck;djf.a Wodr ye`.=ï fuu mµ mka;sh i|yd w;a±lSï njg m;a j we;'

ldjH Wml%u rEmld¾:j;a NdIdj

- jeis jiskd wyi wms uq;= n¢kd uqyqo wms ñKs Èf,kd fmdf<dj wms isß ,xld rg u wms

ldjHuh fhÿï

- uq;= n¢kd wyi- ñKs Èf,kd- rK nrKhs- ñKs leg u;= jkakg

ir, NdIdj- wfma udj;- jeis jiskd wyi- lïy,aj, ÿï j<¨- wfma u oyäh- .x fyda we< fod<- is; i;=fÜ

36

18' mo

úfYaIK mo

nyaj¾: mo;ks moúreoaOd¾: mo

ksmqK;dj ( 5'0 NdId;aul ld¾hfha § jdlafldaIh" NdId iïm%odh yd NdIdjHjydr ms<sn| oekqu m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 5'1 jdlafldaISh oekqu m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

úúO mo j¾. y÷kd f.k jHjydr lrhs' NdId {dkh fmdaIKh lsrSu i|yd jdlafldaISh oekqu wjYH nj m%ldY

lrhs' mo j¾. fhda.H mßÈ f,aLkfha § Ndú; lrhs'


iudkd¾:" úreoaOd¾: wdÈ mo ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a fmr oekqu mÍlaIdlrkak'

kshñ; mdvï weiqre lr f.k iudkd¾: mo" úreoaOd¾: mo" ;ks mo jpkiuQyhlg tla mohla fh§u& úfYaIK mo yd nyaj¾: mo y÷kd .ekSug;aNdú;hg;a fhduq lrkak'ta i|yd fm<fmd; o weuqKqu 1ys we;=<;a mo f.dkq o fhdod .kak'

mdvug wkqj WÑ; mo f.dkq f;dard f.k ta weiqfrka mo ms<sn| wjfndaOhmq`M,a lr .ekSug iqÿiq wNHdij, fhdojkak'

f,aLkfha § tu mo w¾:j;a j Ndú; lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak' m%dfhda.sl f,aLk yd rpkd ,sùfï § WÑ; mo w¾:j;a j fh§ug yqre

lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, úreoaOd¾: mo fldaIh - ví' tia' lreKd;s,l isxy, rpkh yd idys;H ridiajdoh - mS' f;aknÿ w¾: úpdrh yd Yío fldaIh - fÊ' î' Èidkdhl


úúO mo y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' mo w¾:j;a j Ndú; lsÍfï w.h meyeÈ,s lrhs' mq`M,a jdlafldaISh oekqu m%o¾Ykh lrhs' NdIdfõ fhfok úúO mo ms<sn| oekqu Ndú; lrñka f,aLkfha fhfohs'

37

weuqKqu 1 iudkd¾: mo

Bh - B .i" B;,h" Yrh

Wÿ, - È,sfik" §ma;su;a" nn<k

Wjk - uqyqK" j;" jqjk

l; - ldka;dj" uys,dj" jks;dj" ia;%sh

lkl - r;arka" rka" iaj¾K

p;=r - olaI" nqyqá" iu;a" iu¾:" ymka

pkaø - ksYdlr" ksihqre" isis" isisrlr" fidñ" i|"

kkao - ukd" ufkda{" hym;a" iqkaor" fyd|" i;=g

kkaok - mskjk" m%fndaOj;a" m%shckl" i;=g okjk

kh - l%uh" kHdh" úêh" kS;sh

kqn - wUr" wjldYh" wdldYh" mjka u." iqru."

kqjk - wlaIsh" wei" khk" fk;" fka;%h

moauh - lu," fk`Mu" mshqu" ishm;

38

mj; - wdrxÑh" f;dr;=re" mqj;" m%jD;a;sh

mjr - W;=ï" W;a;u" m%jr" fY%aIaG

myK - .," mdIdKh" ffY,

ì`.= - uOqf,da," óueis" NDx.

/i - f.dv" uq`M" rdYsh" frd;a;" iuQyh

nyaaj¾: mo

uo - uoh" wvq" wkx.hd" u;anj

jr - W;=ï" jdrh" ld,h" fmdfrdkaÿj" jrm%idoh

wU - wU" ^m,;=re&" c,h" j,dl=<" ia;%sh" ÿq ne£u

wor - wdorh" f;d,a" wdOdrh

.; - isrer" .%ka:h" f.ù .sh

ok - ckhd" odkh" Okh" msÉÖu

oo - fldä" l=re,a,d" l=IaGh" nuqKd" fudavhd

u, - l=iqu" mqIamh" W.=," f;dKavqj" mdYh

ure - iq<`." udre;h" mjk" udrhd" urKh

,o - ú,|" ,enqKq" ,eÊcdj" ;reK" <má

ji - wjqreoao" jir" jdih" j¾Id ld,h" jxih" úI" we÷ï

ila - pl%h" wei" ylaf.äh" Yl%hd"

j; - uqyqK" f;dr;=re" m%;sm;a;sh" jia;%" jia;=j" isß;

39

úreoaOd¾: mo

W;a;u - wOu

wkqf,dau - m%;sf,dau

m%Yxidj - ^kskaod& wjudkh

m%ùK - wdOqksl -

W;a;S¾K - wj;S¾K

ñysß - wñysß

fcHaIaG - lksIaG

Wmldrh - wmldrh

l=á, - wl=á,

l=,Sk - l=,ySk

m%dÖk - m%;sÖk

ffu;%sh - fl%daOh

Wvql=re - hál=re

l,xl - wl,xl

WÉp - wkqÉp$wjp$kSp

le<e,a - ksl<e,a

40

;ks mo

;=ka me;a;lska uqyqoska jg jQ - w¾Ooaùmh

jerÈ oDIaá orkafkda - ñ:HdoDIaálfhda

l< .=K okakd - lD;fõ§

Okhg wêm;shd - OfkaYajr" Okm;s

Y%oaOdj we;s - Y%oaOdjka;

;u u;hg wkqj l%shd lrk - w;a;fkdau;sl

fmr ;snQ ;;ajhg ilia lsÍu - m%;sixialrKh

Wv`.=nj fkdue;s - ksy;udks

rd;%sfhys yeisfrk - ksYdpr

f.!rjh ,eîug iqÿiq - f.!rjd¾y

lsis u m%fhdackhlg fkdue;s - ksIam%fhdack

lsis u w¾:hlg ke;s - ksr¾:l

.,ska lrk ,o - ffY,uh

;udf.a ,dN m%fhdackh - wd;aud¾:ldñi|yd muKla l%shd lrk

wkqkaf.a hym; i|yd - mrd¾:ldñl%shd lrk

tl u ld,hg wh;a - iuld,Sk

kej; m%fhdackh msKsi - m%;spl%SlrKhilia lsÍu

úfYaIK mo

Wi - Wi .i" Wi ñksyd" Wi f.dvke.s,a," Wi <uhs

ñá - ñá m÷re" ñá f.dhï" ñá ñksiaiq

úYd,- úYd, jeõ" úYd, l÷" úYd, i;a;=" úYd, ukaÈr

fyd| - fyd| <uhs" fyd| ñksiaiq" fyd| mdrj,a" fyd| k.r

olaI - olaI l%Svlfhda" olaI ffjoHjre" olaI YsIHfhda" olaI .=rejre

41

19' ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh$ukfï kdgHh

ksmqK;dj ( 2'0 Ôjk w;aoelSï mqM,a lr .ekSu i|yd lshùfï mqreÿ w¾:j;aj fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'2 úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ; fmd;m; lshjhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 5hs'

bf.kqï m, (

WoaOD;j, ffY,sh y÷kd f.k lshjhs' ffY,sj, úúO;ajh ri úkaokhg fya;= jk nj m%ldY lrhs' úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ; fmd;m; lshjhs'


f;dard .;a .%ka: lsysmhla kï lr tu ks¾udKj, rpkd ffY,sh wOHhkhlsÍug fhduq lrkak'

tu .%ka: lshùfï § lsishï ffY,shlg wkq.; j lshùug yels nj fmkajdfokak'

§>dhq l=udrhdf.a l;dfjka fldgila lshùug i,iajkak'^fm< fmd;weiqfrka&

ukfï kdgHfha fldgila lshùug i,iajkak' YsIHhkag tajdfha ffY,s y÷kd .ekSug Wojq lrkak'

weuqKqu 1 iy 2 fhdod .kak' ta wkqj NdId ffY,sfha úúO;ajh y÷kd .ekSug i,iajkak' úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ; fjk;a idys;H ks¾udK y÷kajd fokak' WÑ; ffY,shlg wkqj lshùug wjia:dj i,iajd fokak' úúO ffY,sj,g wkqj lshùfï ;r.hla mka;s ldurh ;=< ixúOdkh lr

úúO ffY,sfhka lshùug fhduq lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

ukfï kdgH - tÈßùr irÉpkaø ukfï kdgH fiajkh - iqpß; .ï,;a


úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ; fmd;m; y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ; fmd;m; lshùfuka ,nk rih ms<sn| j woyia

m%ldY lrhs' úúO ffY,sj,ska rÑ; fmd;m; lshjhs' úúO ffY,sfhka hq;= fmd;m; lshjñka úfõlh m%fhdackj;a whqßka .;

lrhs'

'

42

weuqKqu 1

;j o ðú;h úÿ,shla fuka úriaÓ;sl fkdjk kshdj o yjqreÿ wixLHhla isáh;a Èhnqnq<lafuka ìf|kiq¨ kshdj o ;K. msksìkaÿjla fuka wdhq#laIfhys isf|k kshdj o Èfhys we¢brla fuka ueflk kshdj o olajkakfuda mQ;s.;a;;siai f;rekajykafiaf.a jia;=j olajuq'

flfia o h;a -

ieje;a kqjr jeis tla l=,orejdK flfkla nqÿka jodrk nK wid iiafkys < §uyK j Wmiïmodj ,Èka ;siai f;rekajykafia hehs m%isoaO jQ fial' l,ahdulska Tnf.awe`. urKska uq;a ms<shñka widOH b;d n,j;a frda.fhla we;s úh' flfia we;s ù o h;a -yn id ú;r iSka lia we;s j ,d miq j uqx id j miq j uEweg id j miq j weUq,idj miqj fn,a id j ,d meiS f.diska me<S is,a jkag jk' ish,a isrer fõhka lE mr`v,am;la fukaisÿre úisÿre úh' tjla mgka mQ;s.;a;;siai f;rekajykafia hehs m%isoaO jQ fial' miq jojia .Kfklska weg;a ì¢K' ne,Sug;a wlaIu jQ fial' y|kd fmdfrdakd isjqre mQhd ydf,fhka jelS mqiald .sh meKslejqï fia úh' YsIH jykaoE;a ne,sh fkdyS w;ay< fial'Wkajykafia o lsis msysgla ke;s j u[apmrdhk j fyd;a fial'

mQ;s.;a; ;siai f;reka jykafiaf.a jia;=j - ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh

weuqKqu 2

rdc.=re - jpkh

mskaj;a l=udrhdfKks" il, Ys,amfhys w. ;eka m;a jQ Tnyg úfYaIfhka OkqYs,amfhys yd lvq yrUfhys yi< nqoaêhla we;s fyhska zzOkqoaOrZZhk kduh fu Èkm%odkh lrñ' il, iïm;a;sfhka jecfòjd" OkqoaOr l=ureks

YsIH iuQyh - iskaÿj

OkqoaOr fõ Èjdlr fia úl%udkaú; rdchdúl%udkaú; rdchd úl%udkaú; rdchd

rdc.=re - jpkh

mskaj;a OkqoaOr l=udrhdfKks" ish¨ hi biqßka msÍ b;sfrkakd jQ" uq`M cïnqoaùmhgu pQvd udKslHhla n÷ jQ nrKeia mqrhg fhfyka meñK oi rdc O¾ufhka rdcHh lrkquekú'

l=urd - jpkh

ug hkag wjir fokq uekú" rdc.=re ;=udfKkss"

43

rdc.=re - jpkh

fudfyd;la kj;skq uekú" l=ureks' Tn b;d olaI jQ YsIHhd muKla fkdj" ud is;gb;d m%sh jQ YsIHhd o fõ' Tn flfrys ud is; b;d meyeÿfKa h' tfyhska yqfola OkqoaOrhk kdu m%odkh lsÍfuka iEySug m;a fkd fjñ'

YsIHhka w;=frka flfkla f.dia" udf.a ¥ l=ußhg fuydg jyd tk fuka wK lrkquekú'

YsIHfhda jpkh

tfia h" hym;s rdc.=re ;=udfKks"fmd;a .=re - bkaksih

fmdrK oUÈj w;S;fh isg mej; t kd;lai,d mdief,ys .=rel=, isß; fu kdÈidmdfudla weÿre ;u ÿj le|jñ kdirK lr fokq ßish w. isiqg if;dis kd

^l=ußh meñfKa&

l=uß - jpkh

ud lekaÿfõ lsu o fkdoksñ" msh;=udfKks'

- ukfï kdgHh - tÈßùr irÉpkaø -

44

20' ysf;damfoaYh

ksmqK;dj ( 2'0 Ôjk w;aoelSï mq`M,a lr .ekSu i|yd lshùfï mqreÿw¾:j;a j fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 2'1 ksjerÈ WÉpdrKfhka yd y`v md,kfhka hq;= j Yío k.dlshjhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

meyeÈ,s WÉpdrKfhka yd y`v md,kfhka hq;= j lshjhs' úrdu ,l=Kq flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñka lshjhs' w¾:djfndaOh we;s j Yío k.d lshjhs' wkHhka flfrys wjOdkfhka hq;= j Yío k.d lshjhs'


fm<fmdf;a iqÿiq fþohla f;dard f.k YsIHhl= ,jd Yío k.d lshùugi,iajkak'

wk;=re j Yío k.d lshùfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'ta i|yd weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak'

ysf;damfoaYh weiqfrka Yío k.d lshùu yqre lrkak' weuqKqu 2ys Yaf,dalh iqÿiq wdldrhlg m%o¾Ykh lrkak' YsIHhkag tu Yaf,dalh yd .oH mdGh ;u wNHdi fmdf;ys ,shd .kakg

i,iajkak' tu Yaf,dalh yd .oH mdGh Yío k.d lshùug fhduq lrkak'


Yío k.d lshùug iqÿiq f,aLk y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' úrdu ,laIK flfrys wjOdkfhka hq;= j lshjhs' Yío k.d lshùfï yelshdj wdo¾Ykh lrhs' wka whf.a m%fhdackh i|yd Yío k.d lshjhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

ysf;damfoaY mßj¾;kh& - fyaumd, uqksodiúchnd fld,a,h - ví,sõ' ta' is,ajdfrdaysKS - ud¾áka úl%uisxy

45

weuqKqu 1

Yío k.d lshùu

Yío k.d lshùfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq

ksjerÈ j wjfndaOfhka hq;= j lshùu' y`v k.d WÉpdrKh lsÍu' uydm%dK wlaIr y÷kd f.k ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lsÍu' rldrdxYh iys; wlaIr ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lsÍu' f¾Mh iys; jpk ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lsÍu ixhqla; wlaIr ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lsÍu' y`v k.d fkd ìh j lshùug fhduq lsÍu'

y`v k.d lshùu m%.=K lsÍfuka ksjerÈ j yd meyeÈ,s j l;d lsÍfï yelshdjwe;s jk nj fmkajd fokak'ksjerÈ j WÉpdrKh lsÍu ksid wkHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lr .ekSug yelsnj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

weuqKqu 2

ffYf,a ffYf,a k udKslHï - fu!la;a;slx k .fÊ .fÊidOfjda kys i¾j;% - pkaokx k jfka jfka - ysf;damfoaYh

.,la .,la mdid ueKsla ke;af;a h' wef;la wef;lamdid .cuq;= ke;af;a h' i;a mqreIhd yeu ;ekl§ ufkdue;af;a h' jkhla jkhla mdid i÷ka .ia ke;af;a h'

ffkl n%yau iqrdiqfrdar. foaj odkjdÈ ÈjHiuQyhkaf.a YÍrm%Ndfhka yd" wmßñ;rdcd¾êiïmkak rdcdêrdc m%Yia; W;a;u rdchkaf.a lsre`Ml=`MñKsriska yd" rkaß§ ñKs;re fm<ska úis;=re jQ ú;dkmxla;Ska yd kdkd ia:dkfhys t,ajk ,o pïml - mdßcd; -ukaodr - fla;ldÈ l=iqu odufhka yd" .kaO ud,d OQm §mdÈ kdkd m%ldr mQcdjia;= úfYaIfhkayd" iqj| f;,ska È,sfhk rka jeg m%§m talm%ikak jQ" rdcNjk Y%S u`vkd jQ ÈjHNjk Y%Sle|jkakd jQ n%yaudZurkd. khk ridhk jQ fufia jQ w,xlD; OïiNduKav,hg iqúkS;jQ we;auq<la <`.g jokd .kaO yia;s rdchlayq fia jev' w,xlD; jQ r;ak uKavm uOHfhysmkjk ,o nqoaOdikhg mek ke.S" iqmsIams; jQ Yd,øeurdchlayq fia È,sys È,syS jevys|'

.x.dfrdayK mQcd l:d - mQcdj,sh

46

21' jdlH rS;s


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 6'5 iïu; Í;sj,g wkq.; j jdlH ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 5hs'

bf.kqï m, (

,sx. fNaoh" jpk fNaoh yd mqreI fNaoh flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñka jdlH,shhs'

Wla; kdu mofha m%dKjdÖ yd wm%dKjdÖ nj flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrñka l%shd moh fhdohs'

Wla; wkqla; fNaoh y÷kd .ksñka jdlH ,shhs'


Wla;h" l¾uh yd l%shd moh hkqfjka jdlHhl m%Odk wx. ;=kls' l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl l%shdj lrkakd fyj;a l¾;D Wla; rEmfhka isà'

Wla; l¾;D yeuúg u m%:ud úNla;s rEmh .kS'Wla; mohfhys ,sx. fNaoh yd jpk fNaoh wkqj l%shd moh o fjkia fõ'

jdlH ,sùfï § Wla;h" l¾uh yd l%shdj flfrys YsIHhkaf.a wjOdkhfhduq lrjkak'

jdlHhl Wla; moh yd l%shd moh w;r iïnkaOhla we;s nj fmkajdfokak'

Wla; kdu mofha ,sx. fNaoh wkqj l%shd moh fjkia jk whqre meyeÈ,slrkak' weuqKqu 1iy 2ys j.= fhdod .kak'

WodyrK foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak' wNHdij, fhdojñka jdlH Í;s ms<sn| oekqu ;yjqre lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh isxy, f,aLk jHjydrh( WmfoaY ix.%yh ^2014& - wOHdmk m%ldYk

fomd¾;fïka;=j


i¾j kdu mqreI;%fhys fhfok wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs' Wla; mohg wkqj l%shd moh fjkia jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs' i¾j kdu moj,g wod< j wdLHd;h fhdod jdlH ,shhs' ,sx. fNaoh yd Wla; wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hqla; j

jdlH ,shhs'

47

weuqKqu - 01

kdu mo ,sx. fNaoh wkqj

mqreI ,sx. Wla; kdu mo ia;%S ,sx. Wla; kdu mo kmqxil ,sx. Wla; kdu mo

tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk

ñksid ñksiaiq .eyeksh .eyekq .i .ia f.dúhd f.dúfhda f.ú,sh f.ú,sfhda u, u,a YsIHhd YsIHfhda YsIHdj YsIHdfjda ksji ksfjia orejd orefjda oeßh oeßfhda fmd; fmd;a .=rejrhd .=rejre .=rejßh .=rejßfhda mEk mEka .dhlhd .dhlfhda .dhsldj .dhsldfjda f.äh f.ä f.dkd f.dkakq t<fok t<fokakq mqgqj mqgq l=re,a,d l=re,af,da lsß,a,sh lsß,a,sfhda yeô,sh yeô,s n<,d n<,a¨ ne<,sh ne<,sfhda j<| j<x ljqvd ljqfvda leúäh leúäfhda l=Uqr l=Uqre W!rd W!frda Bßh Bßfhda <s| <sx

48

i¾j kdu yd l%shd rEm mqreI;%fhys fh§u

mqreI tal jpk i¾jkdu nyq jpkfNaoh i¾j kdu l%shd rEmh l%shd rEmh

W;a;u uu lrñ wms lruqmqreI

uOHu Tn lrys Tn$Tn,d lryqmqreI kqU kqU,d

m%:u Tyq" fya" fyf;u lrhs Tjqyq lr;smqreI weh" wE

i¾jkdu mo W;a;u" uOHu" yd m%:u mqreI hk mqreI;%fhys fhfok whqre;a l%shd rEmh mqreI;%fhys fhfok whqre;a úuid n,kak'

W;a;u mqreIWodyrK ( uu fiajhg jd¾;d lrñ' ^tal jpk&

uu mdi,g hñ' ^tal jpk&wms úfkdao pdßldjl fhÿfKuq' ^nyq jpk&wms .s,kqkag Wmia:dk lruq' ^nyq jpk&

uOHu mqreIWodyrK ( kqU mdi,a hkafkys ^tal jpk&

Tn fmd; lshjys ^tal jpk&

kqU,d mdi,a hkafkyq ^nyq jpk&Tn,d fmd;a lshjyq ^nyq jpk&

WodyrK ( m%:u mqreITyq úfkdaofhka Ôj;a fjhs' ^tal jpk&Tjqyq ùÈ ixpdrfhys fhfo;s' ^nyq jpk&fya f.dú;eka lrhs' ^tal jpk&´ mq;= k<jkakS h$k<jhs' ^tal jpk&wE f.dhï fk<kakS h' $fk<hs' ^tal jpk&weh ksji msßisÿ lrkakSh'$lrhs' ^tal jpk&Tjqyq meÿre úh;s' ^nyq jpk&

weuqKqu 2

49

22' l;r.u mqoìu

ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 ixialD;sl idrO¾u y÷kd .ksñka iyÔjkh ydcd;sldNsudkh f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'4 úúO ck j¾.j,g wh;a isß;a úß;a y÷kd .ekSu i|yd,sms f,aLk weiqre lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ck j¾.j,g wh;a isß;a úß;a y÷kd f.k úia;r lrhs' úúO mqo isß;a w.h lrñka l;d lrhs' úúO mqomQcd ms<sn| isß;a úß;a we;=<;a ,sms f,aLk lshjhs' úúO ck j¾.j,g wh;a isß;a úß;a we;=<;a ,sms f,aLk lshjhs'


Y%S ,xldfõ meje;afjk úúO mqo isß;a ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPdlrkak'

tjeks m%Odk mQcd W;aij lSmhla .ek f;dr;=re úuikak' wei< W;aijh W;al¾Ij;a f,i meje;afjk uykqjr wei<

uy fmryer yd l;r.u wei< uy fmryer ms<sn| f;dr;=re idlÉPdlrkak'

l;r.u wei< fmryer i|yd wd.ï fNaohlska yd j¾. fNaohlska f;dr júúO ck j¾. iyfhda.h olajk nj fmkajd fokak'

l;r.u wei< fmryer i|yd o isxy," fou<" uqia,sï yd wdÈjdiSka we;=`Mck lKavhdï iyNd.s jk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

l;r.u mqoìu yd mqomQcd ms<sn| f;dr;=re YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'ta i|yd weuqKqu 1ys we;=<;a f;dr;=re fhdod .kak'

l;r.u foajd,h weiqre lr f.k mqo mQcd meje;aùu ms<sn| f;dr;=rebÈßm;a lrkak' ta i|yd weuqKqu 2 fhdod .kak'

50

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

l;r.u mqoìu yd mqo mQcd - w¨;ajefõ fidar; kdysñ l;r.u yd tys W;aij - wfidal ud,suf.a ^mßj¾;k&

fhdað; mejreï (

l;r.u wei< fmryer ms<sn| j f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrñka fmd;a msxplailia lrkak'


l;r.u mqoìu ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' úúO mqomQcd ms<sn| f;dr;=re meyeÈ,s lrhs' úúO cd;Skaf.a isß;a úß;a yd mqomQcd úê w.h lrñka l;d lrhs' úúO cd;Ska iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrhs'

weuqKqu 1

l;r.u § mqokq ,enQ ialkaO l=udr foú miq l,l l;r.u foúhka kñka m%isoaêhgm;a jQ w;r" reyqKq mqrjrfha wdrlaIlhd fuka u nqÿ oyfï wdrlaIlhd jYfhka lghq;=lrkafka o l;r.u foúhka hehs úYajdi flf¾' tneúka l;r.u foúfhda øúv ckhdúiskaa o fn!oaO ckhd úiska o mqokq ,n;s'

fn!oaO idys;Hhg wkqj fn!oaO foaj .Khg l;r.u foúfhda o we;=<;a jQy' miqld,Sk j ,xldfõ wdrlaIlhd njg m;a j we;ehs o úYajdihla mj;S'

l;r.u foajd,h

ck m%jdoh yd uydjxih wkqj fï foajd,h idojd we;af;a ÿgq.euqKq rc;=ud h'foajd,h fldgia fyj;a .nvd follska hqla; h' jkaokdudk i|yd meñfKk ne;su;=kagwe;=`M úh yelafla msg .nvdjg muKs' th by<ska fld< w;= t,a,d ueiail iajrEmfhkamkao,ula ilia lr we;' m%Odk fodrgqjg m%fõY úh hq;af;a tu mkao,ug háks'foajd,fha m%Odk fodrgqj ms;a;, leghñka w,xldr lrk ,o úYd, W`Mjiai iys; h' bkawe;=`M jk fldgi y÷kajkafka msg .nvdj hkqfjks' msg; .nvdj yskaÿ iy øúv .Dyks¾udK Ys,amhg wkqj f.dv k.d we;' ,S lKq" l=¨kqq ysia iys; j ksujd we;'

51

foajd,fhys we;=`M .nvdjg mssúfik fodrgqfjys ì;a;s follska jg jQ ia:dkhlafjhs' jÜgdru kñka y÷ka jk tu ia:dk zwd,;aa;s wïu,dZ hkqfjka y÷ka jk ldka;djkaúiska wd,;a;s mQcdj mj;ajkq ,efí' .nvdjg we;=`M jk ia:dkfha merKs .Dy ks¾udKwx.hla jk fldrjla., olakg ,efí' l;r.u foúhkaf.a rEmh is;=jï lrk ,o;srhlska foajd,fha fodrgqj wdjrKh fjhs'

l;r.u foajd,fha f;ajd u`vq,a,

fuu foajd,fhys f,dl= l=vd ish¨ lghq;= lsÍu i|yd m;a lrk ,o f;ajd u`vq,a,laisák w;r wE; w;S;fha isg u fuu f;ajd u`vq,a, tÈfkod f;ajdfjys ksr; fjhs'

foajd,fha Èjd ? wdrlaIdj i|yd f;ajdldrfhdaa 18 fofkla o lmqrd,,d 12 fofklao wd,;aka;s mQcd i|yd ldka;dfjda 24 fofkla o foajd,hg we;a f.dõfjdaa 4 fofkla o whnÿ .ekSu i|yd fudfydÜá f,alï flfkla o foúhkag hd{d lsßu i|yd yd úhjq,afíÍug tla flfkla o fmryer ixpdrfha § wjq,a j<lajd .ekSug ks,fïjre tla flfklao foúhka jevuùu i|yd niakdhl ks,fï flfkla o wdÈ jYfhka f;ajd lrefjdafiajfha fh§ isá;s' fuu f;ajd lrejkag kshñ; foajldß lghq;= ;,am;l ,shd foajd,fhaf,alï ^f,aLk& idojd we;'

weuqKqu 2

l;r.u foajd,fha mqo isß;a

f.j§u

fuys zf.j§uZ hkq foajd,fha lghq;= i|yd m;a lsÍuhs' fï i|yd niakdhl"fn;afïjreka" wÈldrï" f,alï lmqrd,,d hk whf.ka ieÿï,;a ks,Odß u`vq,a,la fjhs'uyd ix>r;akfha fi;a msß;a uOHfha f.j§u isÿ flf¾'

f;dard m;a lr .kakd kjl f;ajdlre ish rdcldßh wrUkafka foajd,fha kel;alre úiska kshu lrkq ,nk kel;lg wkqj h' f.j§ug iQodkï jQ f;ajdlrem<uqfjka u ;eïnQ foys ysfia ;jrd YÍrfha ly meka j;a fldg ueKsla .f`.ys c,fhkaiakdkh flf¾' wk;=re j rka flkafoka lka úo f;davq m,|hs' bka wk;=re j kj je÷ul< hq;= fjhs'

kj je÷u

foajd,hg we;=`M jk fodrgqj wìhi o foajd,h ueo § o ;srh iómfha § flfrkfuu je÷u flfrkafka tla;rd mss<sfj<lg h' ol=Kq ll=, fmrg ;nd f;jrla o foll=,atlg ;nd f.k f;jrla o" Wlal=áfhka ys| f.k f;jrla o jYfhka je£u kj je÷u kïfõ'

52

uq`M;eka nEu

foúhka i|yd wdydr iemhSu uq`M;eka nEu uqre;eka& hkqfjka woyia flf¾' Èklg;=kajrla foúhka Wfoid wdydr mQcd lsÍu olakg ,efí' fuu ld¾hh i|yd uq`M;eka f.hkñka f.hla o fjhs' uq`M;eka f.k tau i|yd uKavh hkqfjka y÷kajk lols' wä mylamuK È.e;s ,Shl fofldfKys frÈj,ska ilik ,o T,.= folla .eg .eiSfuka zuKavhZilid we;' fuu uKavh uq`M;eka f.ys isg foajd,h fj; f.k tkq ,nkafka lolsks'th f.k tau f;ajdj lrk lmqrd,g mejfrk ld¾hhls'

uqM;eka ilia lrkafka tÈk u ldka;djka úiska ù ,dia 5la fldgd ilia lrkq ,nkiy,a Wmfhda.s lr f.k h' tla fõ,la i|yd yd,a fiare ;=kla fhdod .efka' fikiqrdodWoEik uq`M;eka mQcdj isÿ fkd flf¾' tÈk Wfoa kdkq uqrh mj;ajkq ,efí' kdkquqrpdß;%h bgq lsÍu ^Èh kEu& i|yd fikiqrdod Woh fhdod .kshs'

fï wdydr& msikakd úiska iqÿ uqL jdvulska ieriS wdydrh msiskq ,nhs' fuu wdydrhfnokq ,nkafka tla;rd ms<sfj<lg h' nqoaO mQcdj i|yd rka md;%h o foajd mQcd i|yduKavh o fï msiskakdf.a n÷k o wdydr fnok fïih u; ms<sfj<ska ;nkq ,efí'wk;=rej nqoaO md;%hg tla yekaola o foaj uKavhg ye¢ ;=kla o ;ukaf.a ms`.dkg tlayekaola o jYfhka f;jrla wdydr fnokq ,efí' foajd, N+ñfhys msysá lsß fjfyrg nqoaOmQcdj ms<s.ekaùfukaa wk;=re j lmqrd, foaj mQcdj /f.k hhs'

uqM;eka lfoys tla uKavhl n;a o wfkla uKavfhys jH[ack o ;nd ilia flfrkuq`M;eka wvqlal=j Wvq úhka mdjv yd fyaúis iys; j foajd,h ;=<g f.k hkq ,efí' fïwjia:dfõ ish¨ u f;ajdlrejka foajd,fhys isàu wksjd¾h fõ'

kdkquqr ux.,Hh

nqÿka Wfoid mj;ajk mQcd úêhls' kdkquqrh fyj;a kEùu flfrkafka fndaêhhs'rcjrekaf.a kshuh u; foúhka i;=gq lsÍu i|yd fndaêhg olajk Wmydrhls' fï i|ydwjYH c,h f.k tkq ,nkafka wd,;a;s wïu,d úisks' ueKsla .`.ska f.k tkq ,nk c,hgiqj| øjH uqyqfldg fyaúis kdo uOHfha uqL jdvñka ieriqKq lmqrd, fndaêh lrd f.kf.dia fndaêh kdjhs'

53

ldjdä mQcdjldjdä mQcd j¾. 5ls'

1' mrú ldjdä2' Nla;s ldjdä3' .sks ldjdä4' lsß ldjdä5' u;aiH ldjdä

ldjdä mQcdj yd iïnkaO ldjdäfhys Wm; ms<sn| ckm%jdohla mj;S' iqr wiqrhqoaOfha § foúhkg m%;súreoaO jQ iQrmoau kï wiqrhd iu. l< igkska merÿKq ysvïfíYajr"w.ia;s iDIsjrhd fj; f.dia ie`.ù ;udg Ôú; odkh ,nd fok fuka l| l=uref.kab,a,d isáfha h' Ysj.sß yd ima;.sß kue;s l÷ fol Tijd f.k OHdk l%Svdfjys fhfokafkakï th lr fok nj w.ia;s RIsf.a ms<s;=r jQfhka hf:dala; l÷ fol oKavl fol<jrne|.;a ysvïfíYajr" OHdk l%Svdfjys fhfokakg úh' tla wjia:djl § YÍr lD;H i|ydth ìu ;enQ miq h<s th Tijkakg fkd yelsùu ksid úuis,su;a jQ ysvïfíYajrg olskakg,nqfKa l=vd fld¨jl=f.a fõYfhka ialkaO l=udr ie`.ù isák nj h' igk kej;;awerôK' ysvïfíYajr ureuqjg m;a úh' tfy;a w.ia;s RIsjrhdf.a b,a,Su ksid ialkaOl=udr ysvïfíYajrg mqk¾Ôjh ,nd § ;udf.a fikam;s OQrhg m;a lr .;af;a h' ldjdämQcdj werUqfKa fï isoaêh isysm;a lsÍug hehss úYajdi flf¾'

54

23' mqj;am;a ,sms yd i`.rd ,sms

ksmqK;dj ( 8'0 NdIdj ksrjq,a j yd ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKd;aulf,aLkfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'2 mdGlhd wdl¾IKh jk mßÈ ks¾udKd;aul j woyia bÈßm;alrñka ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

i`.rdjl yd ì;a;s mqj;am;l uQ,sl ,laIK fjka fjka j úia;r lrhs' ud;Dldjg wod< j lreKq f.dkq lrhs' wdl¾IKSh f,i lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs' ì;a;s mqj;am;a yd i`.rd i|yd ,sms ,shhs'


tÈfkod mqj;am;a yd m%ldYk y÷kajd fokak'fuu mqj;am;a yd m%ldYk w;r Èkm;d m%jD;a;s m;%" wOHdmksl mqj;am;a"jdr i`.rd" jdr m%ldYk" m;%sld wdÈh olakg ,efnk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

úfYaI f,aLkhla f,i ì;a;s mqj;am; y÷kajd fokak' tjeks f,aLk i|yd ,sms ,sùfï § mdGl wdl¾IKh ,nd.; yels jk mßÈ

,súh hq;= nj fmkajd fokak' WÑ; ud;Dld y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;= nj okajkak' ,sms ,sùfï § wdl¾IKSh rpkd ffY,shla fuka u jdxud,djla o Ndú; l<

hq;= nj myokak' ta i|yd idïm%odhsl fhÿï iys; jdla iïm%odh Ndú; l< yels nj fmkajd

fokak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï(

i;s" udisl" ff;%udisl" jd¾Isl wdÈ jYfhka m< jk i`.rd úfYaIdx. ,sms ^mqj;a m;a&


úúO úfYaIdx. ,sms y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' úúO lafIa;% hgf;a ,shjqKq ,sms f,aLk w.hñka l;d lrhs' wdl¾IKSh f,i NdIdj Ndú; lrhs' mdGl wjOdkh Èkd .; yels jk whqßka ,sms f,aLk ilia lrhs'

55

24' f;arú,s lú

ksmqK;dj ( 1'0 ikaksfõokh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd Y%jK yd l:k l=i,;dM,odhS f,i fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'3 úúO idys;H ks¾udKj,g ijka § ri ú¢hs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

f;arú,s" àld iSmo fjka fjka j y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' f;arú,s lúj,g ijka § ms<s;=re m%ldY lrhs' ;uka okakd f;arú,s lú yd ms<s;=re lú m%ldY lrhs' f;arú,s lú yd àld iSmoj,g ijka § ri ú¢hs'


zzlgq jdfkka flgqjd jeks uf,a ieáZZ f;arú,s lúh .dhkh fldg tulúfhka m%ldY jk jHx.Hd¾:h ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'weuqKqu 1 fhdod .kak'

tjeks idys;H ks¾udKj,ska .eñhkaf.a ks¾udK Yla;sh yd nqoaêu;a Ndjhbiau;= jk whqre fmkajd fokak'

áld iSmoh ;=< isõmo lúhla we;=<;a jk nj;a iSmofha tla mohlgwk;=re j È.= úia;rhla bÈßm;a flfrk nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak' tu úia;rhàldj f,i y÷kajk nj;a fmkajd fokak'

weuqKqu 2ys we;=<;a àld iSmoh ta i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .kak' áld iSmoj,ska .eñhkaf.a ks¾udKYS,S nj;a" ydiHh rih;a biau;= jk

nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak' f;arú,s lú yd ms<s;=re lú tl;= lsÍug YsIHhka fhduq lrkak' tajd mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug fhduq lrkak' fuu l%shdldrlu l%Svdjl

iajrEmfhka meje;aùug ie,iqï lrkak' f;arú,s lú iys; fmd;a msxpla ilia lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd fokak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

wm%lg ck lú ix.%yh - mS' weï' fiakdr;ak


àld yd f;arú,s lúj, ,laIK y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' f;arú,s lúj,g ijka § woyia m%ldY lrhs' àld iSmoj,ska biau;= jk rih y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' úfkdaoh i|yd àld yd f;arú,s lú bÈßm;a lrhs'

56

weuqKqu 1

lgqjdfkka flgqjd jeks fldf<a ieàr;= kQf,ka f.;=jd jeks uf,a ieà;=ka ui msfrk fldg l=l=f<la ú;r isàfu;=ka mfoa f;arE wh rgla jà

b`.áh lmd ±ïu;a me< fjkjd fïmyáh lmd ±ïu;a me< fjkjd fïueo lE,a, lk ;eklg hkjd fïwkaklald f.ähg lSj o ud fï

weo, .;a;dou,d .eyqjdu,la msmqKdu, mrjqKd

Èla È.g fld< we;sta ueog .eg we;slkakkag ri we;sfokakkag f,dn we;s

w;a;la Wv nqïudf.klgq froaola fmdrjdf.kkdls fj,d lÿ`M i,k,shla isà f;darkq uek

w;a;l t,a,s,d bkaklgq msms,d meiS bÿKfldia fyr,sh kï jyrkje, f.ähls iqj| yuk

^.sks l+r&

^Wla .i&

^wkakdis&

57

.ig kuls .i u< l, fjk ku lSf.ähg kuls f.äfha iqUq,g ku lSuohg kuls uo lk úg fjk ku lSfu;=ka mfoa f;dard,d lshka i lS

.ig f.dhu fjhs u< úg msÿre fj ;siqUq,g oyhshd weghg ù lsh ;suohg yd,a lshñka th n;g l ;sfu;=ka mfoa f;areu fï ú,i fj ;s

weuqKqu 2

àld iSm o

neoafoa .shd je,la fidhd .kag lshd - boaoje,a;sfnkakd fmdfydg je,a ;sfnkakd fkdfhla je,a;sfnkakd thska tlla f.k,a,d fj`Mjd fia u -

fj<s fj<s fj<S bi isg fom;=<g fj<Slkafoa .shd u,la fidhd .kakg lshd kdu,a;sfnkakd imqu,a ;sfnkakd msÉpu,a ;sfnkakdthska tlla f.k,a,d me,ekaod fia u

u,s u,s u,S kqfU fldKafâ ;sfnk u,S

j;=f¾ .shd /,la n,d .kag lshd - uqyqÿ /,;sfnkakd .x.d /, ;sfnkakd jeõ /, ;sfnkakdthska tlla ßiafika ne¨jd fia u

/,s /,s /,S kqfU kremfg ;sfnk /,S

fjk rfÜ .Ekq fld,af,da y;r - mia fokdkdjd ljd fmdjd f.k n,d f.k bkakjdfï kEïìg w;fld`Mjla ú;r ke;s fld¨jdn,d .ekSug nE lshkakd fia u -

f,d,s f,d,s f,d,S ndf,d,s f,d,s nd, f,d,S

58

25' mrdiai kdgH

ksmqK;dj ( 11'0 ri{;d j¾Okh i|yd idys;H ks¾udK mßYS,kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 11'1 idys;H ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka y÷kd .;a udkj w;aoelSïm%ldY lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ks¾ÈIag kdgHhg mdol jQ l;d mqj; y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' ks¾ÈIag kdgHfha fm< lshjd ri ú¢hs' kdgHfha we;=<;a m%dfoaYSh jHjydr y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' ks¾ÈIag kdgH fldgfia we;=<;a pß; fjka fjka j y÷kd f.k prs;

,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs'


mrdiaiZ kdgHhg mdol jQ ck l;dj ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPdlrkak'

fuu kdgHh rpkd lr we;af;a ta' mS' .=Kr;ak uy;df.a zrka lelsr yd;j;a l;dZ fmdf;ys tk .urd, iy hld kï jQ l;dj weiqfrka njmeyeÈ,s lrkak'

weuqKqu 1ys we;=<;a .urd, iy hld ck l;dj weiqfrka tu kdgHh i|ydmdol jQ w;aoelSï lafIa;%h .ek idlÉPd lrkak'

tu ck l;dfõ w;aoelSï lafIa;%h ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' fuys ±lafjkafka wod< kdgHfha wdo¾Y fldgila neúka iïmQ¾K kdgH

ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd §ug mshjr .kak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï(

mrdiai - frdayK okafoKsh rka lelsr iy ;j;a l;d - ta' mS' .=Kr;ak


kdgH fm< lshjd woyia m%ldY lrhs' kdgHfhka y÷kd .;a w;aoelSï bÈßm;a lrhs' kdgH lshjd ri ú¢hs' ridiajdoh i|yd úúO kdgH fm< weiqre lrhs'

59

weuqKqu 1.urd, iy hld

tlu;a tl .ul tl .urd, flfkla ysáhd' fï .urd, tl ojila w¨f;kafyakla fldgkag fyd| ;ekla n, n,d uQl<dfka ;kshu weúo f.k weúo f.k .syska tluy fldaka .yla uq, k;r WKd' k;r fj,d jg msg n,d zzhflda fyaklg kï óg jvdfyd| ;ekla wdfh fydhkag nEZZ lsh,d zzwo fyd| oji" wo u jev w,a,d .sfhd;a fyd|dZZlsh, le;a; w;g werf.k ta <`. u ;snqK foug m÷re fol ;=kla lmd fmr`Mjd'

fu;k ;snqK fï fldaka .fya fndfyda u ldf,l b|,d tl hflla jdih l<d' fïfjf, fï .urd, lS l;dj wyf.k ysáh hld nh .;a;d' fudl o@ fyak flgqfjd;a fïfldka .y;a tlal lmd odkjd ke;akï .sks ,kjd' t;fldg hldf. jdi bjr hs' b;skata .uk fï hld .fyka neye,d weú;a .urd,g msx fiKaavq fj,d lSjd" zzwfka .urd,ydñ"fu;k fyakla flgqfjd;a fï uf. úudfk úkdi fjkjd' tal ksid fu;k fyakfldgkafk ke;s j b;sß lrkjd kï uu .urd,ydñg fofmdahlg jrla yd,a ud¨ ;=kmfyaf.dakshla f.k;a fokag ndr .kakjdZZ lshd'

ta .uk .urd, weyqjd zzWU ljq o hflda@ lsh,d' fï .urd, fldhshï u flfkl=gWK;a l;d lrkafk zzhfldaZZ lsh,d ;uhs' b;ska .urd, fufyu weyqjd u fldaka .fyahld fndfyd u hg;a úÈhg lsjqjd zz.urd,ydñ uu ;uhs fï fldaka úudfk bkak hldZZlsh,d'

b;ska .urd, lsjqjd zzfyd|hs tfykx ta l;dj Wv uu fu;k fyakla fkd fldgdbkakï" yenehs" l;dj ta yeáhg u biag lrkakg ´keZZ

b;ska fldaka .fya hld;a tod mgka yeu fofmdahlg u jrla yd,a ud¨ ;=kmfyaf.dakshla .syska .urd,f. f.or ou,d tkjd' Tfydu l,la hkfldg fï .urd, wvqqmdvqjlake;s fmdfydif;la WKd' hld f.k;a fok l<ukd yskaod'

Tkak tl ojila fï fldaka .fya hld .urd,f. f.org fok yd,a ud¨ ;=kmfyaf.dakshla lf¾ ;shdf.k lef,a ueÈka tkfldg u.È ;j hflla yïn WKd' ta .uk wrwks;a hld weyqjd zzfï l<ukd f.dakshla lf¾ ;shdf.k fldfy o fï hkafk@ZZ lsh,d'

t;fldg wr fldaka .fya hld lSjd zzwfka hflda" ux fï jpkhla biag lrkakghkjd' tl ojila .urd, weú;a ufh úudfk ;shk ;ek fyakla t<slrkakg ;ekqjd'tfjf, u lshd ysáhd t;ek fyak t<s fkd lr wßf;d;a fofmdahlg jrla yd,a ud¨ ;=kmfya f.dakshla f.ke;a fokj lshd' wkak ta l<ukd f.daksh hs ud fï f.k hkafkZZ hslsh,d'

tf;kaÈ wr wksla hld lSjd" WU yß fudav hflla fka' fï fldfyj;a ke;s .uhl=gw,a,ia fokafk uu kx Th .uhdj urd odkjd lsh,d b;ska fï fldaka .fya hld lsõjdzzmq`Mjka kï ud;a leu;sh neßjd ñilaZZ lsh,d'

zzfyd|hs tfykx WU wo ú;rla Th l<ukd f.ksyska §mka' uu fyg .syska Th.uhd urkjdZZ lsh,d'

60

zzwkak fyd|hs" tl fyd| jefâ' ta WK;a ±ka fïl uu .syska §,d tkakïZZ lsh,dfldka .fya hld ta l<ukd f.daksh .urd,f. f.org .syska ÿkakd'

Tkak myqj od wr ymkalï lshdmq ymka hld .shd .urd,f. f.org hk fldg.urd, f.or kE' fyakg .syska' b;ska fï hld lf<a fudl o zzf.or tkafk ke;EZZlsh,df.hs we| hg yex.s,d ysáhd'

Tfydu yq`.la fj,d bkak fldg br uqÿfka uoaoyfka .urd, f.or wdjd' .urd,;alf¾ ;snqK W±,a, werf.k ioao ysákag ñÿf, ymam,d t;ek ;sh,d lfÜ ;snqK nq,;ayfma;a w;g werf.k ÿrg úis lr,d f.g f.dv WfKa' zzwo kx hflla lkav nv.sks hsZZlshdf.k hs'

.u udhshd ;j u fmd,a .dkjd b;ska .urd,g fndfydu nv.sks hs lSjd u .uudhshdg isys WKd we| hg ;snqK jEjr f.äh' isysfj,d l=iaisfh b|f.k u lSjd zz´xtfykx we| hg we;s' le;a; Th fodr uq,af,ZZ lsh,d'

.urd, f;areï .;a;d fï lSfj jEjr f.äh .ek ú;a;sh' f;areï wrf.k fodruq,a,g w; fmdj,d le;a; w;g wer f.k we| hgg lr nd,d le;a; we| hgg Èla l<dle;af;ka fldg,d jEjr f.äh uE;a lr .kag'

t;fldg wr we| hg ysáh ymka hld mK nfha .efykag WKd' fudl o@ .urd,zzhflla lkav nv.sks hsZZ lSjd u .u udhshd lSjd' zz´x tfykxZZ we| hg lsh,d' hld ys;=jdfokakd foud,af,da tl;= fj,d hld urd f.k lhs lsh,d' b;sx .urd, we| hgg lrndkfldg u we| hg ysáh hld nfhka .eys .eyS lSjd' zzwfka" yduqÿrejfka ud urkag tmd' uu;audfilg jrla" lshk fohla f.k;a fokakïZZ lshd'

t;fldg .urd, weyqjd zzf;da fldfya b|,d wdmq tflla o hflda@ZZ lsh,d'

ta .uk ta hld lSjd zzuu fldaka úudfk bkak hldf. hd`Mfjla .urd,ydñg ;jfudkjd o ke lshd wy f.k hkag hs wdfj' ke fohla lSjd u f.k;a fokakïZZ lshd'

t;fldg .urd, lSjd zzfyd|hs tfykx wr f,dl= ìiai msfrkag ù f.k;a odmka"ìiafi ù wvq fjk .dfk wdfh wdfh f.k;a mqrjdmka' yenehs" fï ldßh fkdjrod ubiag lrkag ´kdZZ lsh,d'

ta .uk ymka hld;a zzfyd|uhs .urd,ydñ jroaokafka kE' uu ±ka .syska tkakïZZlsh,d hï;ï mK fírd f.k .shd'

rka lelsr yd ;j;a l;d - ta' cS' .=Kr;ak

61

26' kdgH msgm;a rpkh


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 12'3 kdgH msgm;a rpkfha fhfohs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

kdgH i|yd WÑ; w;a±lSï y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d WÑ; mßÈ fm< .iajhs' ir, kdgH msgm;a rpkd lrhs'


kdgH hk idys;Hdx.h ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' úúO kdgH weiqfrka ta i|yd mdol lr f.k we;s w;aoelSï ms<sn| j

idlÉPd lrkak' kß nEkd" mrdiai jeks kdgH i|yd ckl;d mdol lr f.k we;s wdldrh

fmkajd fokak' kdgH rpkfha § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq flfrys ie,ls,su;a

jkak' ta i|yd weuqKqu fhdod .kak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

kß nEkd - ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok mrdiai - frdayK okafoKsh


kdgH fm< rpkh i|yd WÑ; l;d jia;= y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' WÑ; mßÈ NdIdj yiqrejhs' kdgH msgm;a rpkh lrhs'

62

weuqKqu (kdgH msgm;a rpkh i|yd Wmfoia (

- kdgH msgm;a rpkfha § m%ia;=; pß; jï mi fl<jr ±laúh hq;= h'- pß; kduhg miqj ;s;a folla fhÈh hq;= h' bka wk;=re j ixjdoh wdrïN úh hq;= h'- kdgH rplhdf.a ukfiys we;s jk ks¾udKd;aul woyia fõÈldj ;=<ska m%o¾Ykh

úh hq;= fyhska Bg fhda.H mßÈ wjYH Wmfoia kdgH ksIamdolhdg ,nd Èh hq;= h'- ta i|yd rx. úOdk kdgH msgmf;a we;=<;a l< hq;= nj'- iïmQ¾K l;dj u kdgHhlska bÈßm;a lsÍu wmyiq nj'- tu l;dfjys kdgHuh wjia:d muKlaa f;dard .; hq;= nj'- m%dKj;a fonia kdgH i|yd fhdod .; hq;= nj'- fonia WÑ; mßÈ flá ùu kdgHfha m%dKj;a nj wdrlaId ùug fya;= jk nj'- kdgHfha NdIdj k`M ks<shkaf.a wx. p,k we÷ï me,÷ï yd fõÈld ieris,s fhda.H mßÈ

fhdod .; yels nj'

63

27' m%jD;a;s


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'4 idjOdk j ijka § f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

m%jD;a;s m%ldYhl iajrEmh y÷kd f.k úia;r lrhs' m%jD;a;s m%ldYhg ijka §fï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs' u;lfha ;nd .;a lreKq wjia:djg WÑ; mßÈ Ndú; lrhs' wdo¾Y m%jD;a;s m%ldYhla bÈßm;a lrhs'


m%jD;a;sj,g ijka §fï jeo.;alu idlÉPd lrkak' ta wkqj m%jD;a;shg fyd¢ka ijka §ug yqre ùfï wjYH;dj fmkajd fokak' m%jD;a;s m%ldYhg ijka §fï § tla jrla muKla ijka §ug ,efnk fyhska

m%jD;a;s ksjerÈ j .%yKh lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak' m%jD;a;s m%pdrhlg ijka §fï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s

lrkak' ta i|yd weuqKqu Ndú; lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

.=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;s m%ldYhla

fhdað; mejreï (

Èkm;d m%pdrh jk m%Odk .=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;s ksfõokh flfrk tlafõ,djla f;dard f.k ^fm'j' 6'00" m' j' 12'45 iji 6'00 g" rd;%s 9'00&m%jD;a;sj,g ijka § tu m%jD;a;s u;lfhka fmd;l ,shd f.k meñKSugfhduq lrkak'


.=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;s m%ldYhl ,laIK bÈßm;a lrhs' .=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;sj,g ijka §fï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs' .=jka úÿ,sfhka m%pdrh jQ m%jD;a;s u;lfhka bÈßm;a lrhs' m%jD;a;s m%ldYhla bÈßm;a lrhs'

64

weuqKqu

.=jka úÿ,sfhka m%jD;a;s úldYh jk ld, igyk ms<sn| wjfndaOhla;sìh hq;= h'

lsisfjl=g;a ndOdjla ysßyerhla fkd jk mßÈ m%jD;a;sj,g ijka §ugfhduq úh hq;= h'

m%jD;a;sj, isria;, yd wod< úia;r flfrys wjOdkfhka ijka Èh hq;= h' m%jD;a;s bÈßm;a lrk ú,di wkqj tys wdl¾IKSh;ajh;a ;Sj%;ajh;a y÷kd

.; hq;= h'

65

28' úrdu ,l=Kq

ksmqK;dj ( 4'0 Ys,amSh m%fhda. Ndú; lrñka ksjerÈ j f,aLk ld¾hfhafhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'1 úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrñka ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈ j y÷kd f.k kï lrhs' úrdu ,l=Kq ksjerÈ j Ndú; lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs' úrdu ,l=Kq WÑ; mßÈ fhdoñka f,aLkfha fhfohs'


úrdu ,l=Kq hkak y÷kajd fokak' úrdu ,l=Kq ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a u;lh msßlaikak' ;s;" fldudj wdÈ úrdu

,l=Kq fhfok wjia:d ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrñka ;s;a ;=k" ;s;a y;r" jryka"ldl mdoh wdÈ ,l=Kq fhfok wjia:d ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'ta i|yd weuqKqu fhdod .kak'

iqÿiq wNHdi Ndú; lrñka ksjerÈ j úrdu ,laIK fhdod ,sùug fhduqlsÍu i|yd iqÿiq wNHdij, fhdojkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh isxy, f,aLk jHjydrh( WmfoaY ix.%yh^2014& - wOHdmk m%ldYk

fomd¾;fïka;=j


úrdu ,l=Kq y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' f,aLkfha § úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú; lsÍu w.h lrhs' ksjerÈ j yd ksrjq,a j woyia m%ldY lsÍfï § úrdu ,l=Kq fh§fï wjYH;dj

meyeÈ,s lrhs' úrdu ,l=Kq WÑ; mßÈ Ndú; lrñka f,aLk ksjerÈ lrhs'

66

weuqKqu

úrdu ,l=Kq hkq f,aLkfha § w¾:j;a j woyia m%ldY lsÍu i|yd fhdod .efkk ixfla;hs'

;s;a fm<;s;a ;=k ^' ' '&

WoaOD; mdGhl uq,ska fyda ueÈka fyda fldgila w;a y< nj oelaùu i|yd ;s;a;=k fhfoa'

WodyrK

' ' ' l;d lrkakg ±k.;a wjêfha isg jHdma; jQ tla;rd ckY%e;s úfYaIhls' ckl;d 1 cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

udkj NdIdfjys olakg ,efnk ''' kdu mo hk kñka ye¢kafjhs' kdu mo ks¾udKh - fÊ' î' Èidkdhl

hï woyila wjOdrKh lsÍu i|yd ;s;a ;=k fhfoa'wk;=rej uyd ksy`v njla ' ' ' .=ma; njla ' ' ' wúksYaÑ;;djla ' ' ' we;s úh'

;s;a y;r ' ' ' 'f,aLkhl w. fldgila w;ay, nj oelaùu i|yd ;s;a y;r ^ ' ' ' ' & fhfoa'

WodyrK (

- NdIdj hkq lsishï w¾:hla wkHhka iu. yqjudre lr .; yels jk mßÈtalrdYS jQ ' ' ' '

ikaksê - y|udud iaj¾K chka;s ,sms irKsh

- lS¾;s Y%S fï>j¾K rcqf.a f;daks., fi,a,smsh ms<sn| j ljqre;a wid we;'thska ±lafjk flá woyi kï ' ' ' '

isxy, Ys,df,aLk -ví,sõ' weia' lreKdr;ak

jrykaúl,am jHjydrh ±laùfï § fhfoa'

ir, jryka ^ &

WodyrKt;=ud W;a;r Ndr;Sh rd.OdÍ ix.S;h ms<sn| ôlaIsK Ndr;Sh ix.S;fhka o ksoiqkamdñka& w.kd foiqula lf<a h'

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wlaIr" wxl wdÈh wdY%fhka wkqms<sfj<" fldgia wdÈh ±laùu i|yd fhfoa'

67

WodyrKbx.%Sis NdIdfõ iïu;h wkqj f,dl= wl=re fhÈh hq;== wjia:d y;rla we;'^w& jdlHhl wdrïNfha §^wd& mµ rpkdjl fma<shla wdrïNfha §^we& ix{d kduhla wdrïNfha §^wE& udi yd Èk kdu wdrïNfha §

iuld,Sk isxy, f,aLk jHdlrKh - fÊ' î' Èidkdhlfï i|yd fhdod .; yels udOH ;=kls^1& mqj;a m;a^2& .=jka úÿ,s^3& rEmjdyskS

i`., jrykajryka ;=<g we;=`M úh hq;= m%ldYkhl u ir, jryka iys; mdGhla mj;skl,ays uq`M m%ldYkuh we;=`M fldg fhfoa'

WodyrK

úoHd{hdf.a woyia jQfha je.ak^¾& Wagner úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o uydoaùmma,dú; l,ams;h Theory of continental Drift) ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre lsÍu h'

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015& - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

68

29' fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ

ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 ixialD;sh yd idrO¾u y÷kd .ksñka iyÔjkh ydcd;sldNsudkh f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'5 úúO kdhlhkaf.a pß; l:d mßYS,kh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a pß; ,laIK m%ldY lrhs' Wka jykafiaf.a Wodr woyia yd cd;sl yd wd.ñl fufyjr w.h lrñka

l;d lrhs'


furg wd.ï yd ckj¾.j,g wh;a jQ cd;sl ùrjrhka mss<sn| j YsIHhkaiu. idlÉPd lrkak'

fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka úfYaIfhka u wd.u /l .ekSufjkqfjka bÈßm;a jQ h;sjrfhla jYfhka y÷kd .ekSug i,iajkak'

Wka jykafiaf.a pß;h ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'ta i|yd weuqKqu iy fm<fmdf;a mdvu fhdod .kak'

iajlSh wd.u fjkqfjka Wkajykafia lem ù l%shd lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn|j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a pß; l;dj lshùug fhduq lrkak' fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a my; i|yka Ôjk f;dr;=re bÈßm;a

lrkak'fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka ckau ,dNh ,enQ m%foaYh- uj- mshd- .sys l, ku- meúÈ ùu- wOHdmkh- wd.ñl yd iudc fufyjr újdo" fjfyr úydr f.dvkexùu" fndaêrdc

iñ;sh u.ska fndaëka jykafia,d wdrlaId lsÍu" fn!oaO mdGYd,d wdrïNlsÍu'&

- Wkajykafiaf.a wmj;aùu'^weuqKqu weiqre lr .kak'&

fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao pß;dmodkh we;=<;a fmd;a msxpla ilia lsÍugfhduq lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao wmodkh - úu,a wNhiqkaor ^1994&

69


fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a wd.ñl fiajdj w.h lrñka l;d lrhs' ùrjrhl= jYfhka y÷kd f.k f;dr;=re /ia lrhs' fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhkaf.a w.h m%ldY lrhs'

70

weuqKqu

fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ

;uka bÈßhg meñKs yeu lghq;a;l § u miqng fkd ù l%shd lsÍfuka úch m%;s,dNhysñ lr .kakd mqoa.,hd ùrhd f,i i,lkq ,efí' W;aidyh iajlSh ckau odhdoh fldg.;a m%YxikSh Wodr .=K iuqodhfhka Ôú;h mßmQ¾K;ajh m;a lr .;a ùr mqoa.,hl=f.kaf,dalhdg isÿ jk fufyh fuf;le hs muK l< fkd yels h'

O¾u ùr" hqoaO ùr" odk ùr hkqfjka ùrfhda ;sfofkla fj;s' iajlSh O¾ufhkaiuia; f,dalhd wNsfIal lsÍfuys ,d Ôú;h lem fldg ffO¾h iïmkak j l%shd lrkakdO¾u ùrhd h' uyd fndaêi;aj pß; O¾u ùr ,laIKhkaf.ka hqla; h' hqo ìug meñKsi;=re yuqodjka wNsuqLfhys wNS; j ke.S isg úch Y%S ,dNh f;la igka lrkafka hqoaO ùrhdfõ' iajlSh YÍrfhys f,fy uia mjd wkHhka fjkqfjka mß;Hd. lsÍug bÈßm;a jkakdodk ùrhd f,i i,lkq ,efí' wfma cd;sl b;sydih úuid n,;a u l,ska l, my< jQùfrdaodr mqoa.,hkaf.a Y%S kduhka rka wl=ßka igyka ù we;s nj fmfka' isxy, cd;sh;aiïnqoaO Ydikh;aa mßydks m%md;hg jeà >kdkaOldrfhka jeiS meje;s ld,mßÉfþohkaysmqkrdf,dalh we;s lsÍfuys mqfrda.dó jQ .sys meúÈ fY%aIaG mqreIhka y÷kd .ekSu;a Wmydr±laùu;a Wiia .=Khla f,i w.h l< yels h' Tjqkaf.a pß; l;d wkd.; f,dalhdg u`.fmkaùuls'

1815 ud¾;= 2 od" jir oyia .Kkla ksoyia rdcHhla j mej;s ,xldj isxy, fldähfjkqjg ì%;dkH l;sr fldäh kexùfuka mrdëk;ajhg m;a úh' cd;sl jy,a njg m;aùu;a iu. u cd;sl NdIdj fjkqjg bx.sßishg uq,a;ek ,eìK' fn!oaOd.ug ,eìh hq;=;ek l%sia;shdks wd.ug ysñ úh' cd;sl ixialD;sh hgm;a ù ixlr ixialD;sh jHdma;jkakg mgka .;af;a h' isxy, cd;sh;a ud;D NdIdj;a iïnqoaO Ydikh;a wêrdcHjd§i;=rkaf.ka uqod .ekSu msKsi .sys - meúÈ ùfrdaodr kdhlfhda fmruqK f.k l%shd l<y'tfia l%shd l< kdhlhka w;r jd§Nisxy fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñmdKkaf.a Y%Skduh o b;sydihg tla ù we;'

Y%S nqoaO j¾I 2377 fyj;a l%s' j' 1823 olaIsK ,xldfõ n,msáfha fudfydÜáj;a; kï.ï mshfiys Wm; ,enqfõ h' .=Kdkkao ysñ <ud ld,fha u yqrenqyqá fmkqfuka keKkqjKska p;=r lÓl;ajfhka <ud iudcfhys lemS fmkqK mqoa.,fhla úh' iajlSh ckauN++ñhgwdikakfhys msysá wkHd.ñl foajia:dkhl frdaudkq lf;da,sl mQcljrhl=f.a weiqfrkanhsn,h yd l%sia;shdks O¾uh uekeúka W.;a fudyq miq j m%foaYfha tjl iïNdjkSh;ajhgmd;% j isá O¾uúkhOr NslaIQkajykafiaf.a wdY%hg m;a úh' t u.ska nqoaO O¾uh ms<sn| jukd ±kqula ,nd .;af;a h' iajlSh úIh m:hg fhduq jQ l%sia;shdks O¾uhla nqoaO O¾uh;aúpdrd;aul j ixikaokh lr neÆ fu;=udg i;H O¾uh l=ula ±hs wjfndaO úh'

Wm;ska úis jhig meñKs fï mqKHjka; mqoa.,hd fodvka¥fõ l=udr uydúydria:dkfhys mej;s uyd mqfKHda;aijhlg iyNd.s ù Èk .Kkla tys k;r j isákwjia:dfjys buy;a Y%oaOdOHdYfhka fufyhjk ,o l=i, Ñ;a;fhka iïnqoaO YdikfhysmeúÈ nj ,nkakg woyia my< úh'

71

f;,slv yduqÿrefjda hk kñka m%isoaO O¾uOr úkhOr uyd ia:úrhka jykafiafj;ska meúÈ nj ,nd .;a .=Kdkkao ;reK ia:úrhka jykafia meúÈ jQ Èkfha ;=ka hïrd;%sh uq`M,af,ys w.kd O¾u foaYkdjla meje;a jQy' O¾u Y%jKh i|yd meñKs oyia .Kkafn!oaO ck;dj buy;a m%idohg m;a jQ y' .=Kdkkao iajdóka jykafia ms<sn| wkd.;n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s lr .;a Tjqyq Wkajykafiaf.a lemlre odhlhka njg meñKshy'

l,la .; jQ Wkajykafia l=udr uyd úydrfhka wiaj fld<U fldgfyafka§mÿ;a;udrdufha fkajdisl;ajhg meñKshy' Ôú; mQcdfjka Y%S iïnqoaO Ydikh wdrlaIdlr.; hq;= h hk Wodr wOHdYfhka hqla; j nqoaO O¾uh ms<sn| jHla; idr.¾N foaYkdmj;ajñka ck;djg mru i;H O¾uh l=ula ± hs lshd §fuys W;aiql jQ y' È.= l,l mgkanqÿ oyug úreoaO j fmd; m; m< l<" foaYkd meje;a jQ l%sia;= Nla;slhkaf.a ñ:Hd u;j,ksiaidr;ajh meyeÈ,s lr foñka .=Kdkkao ysñhka meje;a jQ foaYkd fn!oaO m%fndaOhlawe;s lsÍfuys iu;a úh'

fuu jljdkqfjys fld<U k.rfha fn!oaO ck;djg;a NslaIQka jykafiag;a l%sia;=Nla;slhkaf.ka uy;a ysßyer .eyeg ú¢kakg isÿ ù ;sìK' fn!oaOd.ñl pdß;% jdß;% bgqlsÍfï ksoyi mjd wysñ j mej;sK' nqoaO O¾uh yd fn!oaOd.ñl isß;a - úß;awkHd.ñlhkaf.a wmydihg yd Wmydihg ,la úh'

i;H ud¾.h" i;H m%ldYkh" ,lañKs lsre<" l%sia;shdks jdo ú>d;ksh" ßú/i hkm%isoaO m;% ud¾.fhka yd oyia .Kka O¾u m;%sld m< lsÍfuka isxy, cd;sh;a nqoaOd.u;ams<sn| úreoaOjd§kaf.a ñ:Hd u; ì| fy<ñka wk,am fiajdjla l< .=Kdkkao ysñfhdam%isoaO jdo lsysmhl m%uqL;ajh f.k l%shd l<y'

noafoa.u jdoh

1865 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha fn!oaO l%sia;shdks fomlaIh w;r ,shlshú,s u.skaafuu jdoh l< nj i|yka fõ' noafoa.u úydria:dkfhl jev úiQ iqux., kï l=vdNslaIQka jykafia kula yd l%sia;shdks mQcljrhl= w;r we;s jQ jdo l:djla fuu jdohg uq,aúh'

Wokaúg jdoh

i;r fldar,fha Wokaúg úydria:dkfhys § l< jdohls' 1866 fmnrjdß udifha we;sjQ fuu jdohg fn!oaO mlaIh fjkqfjka fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao iajdóka jykafiam%uqL NslaIQka jykafia,d ;sia kula muK o l%sia;shdks mlaIh fjkqfjka fcdaka weâjâyqkqfmd< ks,fï m%uqL msßila o iyNd.s jQy' uejqïldrhd" .e,jqïldrhd yd iodld,Skiaj¾.h hk m%Odk ldrKd ;=kla fuu jdohg wruqKq úh'

.ïfmd< jdoh

1871 cQks udifha .ïfmd< mdi,l § we;s jQ fuu jdofha fn!oaO mlaIhg .=Kdkkaoysñfhda iy ngqjkal=vdfõ m`ä;=ud m%uqL msßi o l%sia;shdks mlaIhg ld¾g¾ mQcl;=ud m%uqLmsßi o iyNd.s jQy'

72

mdkÿr jdoh

j¾I 1873 wf.daia;= 26" 28 foÈk mdkÿf¾ § meje;ajqK fuu jdofha fn!oaOhkaf.amlaIfhka jd§Nisxy fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao iajdóka jykafia;a l%sia;shdks mlaIhfjkqfjka odú;a o is,ajd mQcl;=ud;a l%shd l<y' fuh b;d jeo.;a fM;sydisl jdohla f,ii,lkq ,efí' mdkÿr jdofha fomlaIfhka bÈßm;a l< lreKq idrdxYh bx.srsis NdIdjgmßj¾;kh fldg uqøKh lrjd uyckhd w;r fnod yßk ,È' bka msgm;la wefußldkqcd;sl mSn,a uy;dg .d,af,a § lshjkakg ,eî th wefußldjg f.k f.dia msgm;a oyia.Kkla uqøKh fldg wefußldfõ m%pdrh lrk ,È'

fikam;s fykaß ,alÜ ue;s;=ukag fuhska msgm;la ,eî lshjd n,d b;du;a m%idohgm;a j fn!oaOhkg úch.%yKh ,nd ÿka fuu chN+ñh ne,Su úfYaI ldrKhla f,i i,ld1880 § ,xldjg iïm%dma; úh' mru ú{dkd¾: fn!oaO iud.fï wdrïNh;a ,laÈj fkdfhlam<d;aj, fn!oaO mdGYd,d msysgqùu;a ksid fn!oaO ck;dj w;r kj m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug´,alÜ;=ukaf.a fiajdj uy;a msájy,la úh'

úfoaYhkays mjd nqÿ oyu jHdma;ùug fuu mdkÿrd jdoh fya;= jQ nj fuhska meyeÈ,sfõ' mdkÿrd jdofha § fudfydÜáj;af;a .=Kdkkao iajdóka jykafiag Wmfoia §ï wdÈfhkaWmldr l< msßi w;r w;s.re yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia" je,s.uY%s iqux., kdhl iajdókaøhka jykafia iy mdkÿf¾ .=Kr;ak ;siai uyd ia:úrmdohkajykafia o odhl msßi w;r fld¾fka,sia fmf¾rd" lreKdr;ak wmamqydñ iy mS' fcrñfhiaÈfhia uy;aud o úfYaIfhka isysm;a l< hq;= h'

iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka miq jßka jr ñ:Hd,íêlhkaf.ka nqÿiiqk mßydkshg m;alsÍu msKsi m%n, úreoaO jHdmdr meje;s nj Ydik b;sydifhka fmfka' ta tla tlawjia:djkays my< jQ fud.a.,S mq;a; ;siai" kd.fiak wdÈ meúÈ W;a;uhka ñ:HdoDIaá jdou:kh fldg iïnqoaO Ydik ÑriaÓ;sh i|yd Wmia:ïNl jQ whqre m%lg h' bx.sßiswêrdcHjd§kaf.a n,h o Wmfhda.s fldg f.k l%sia;shdks O¾uh jHdma; lsÍfuka fn!oaOn,h ì| fy<Sug l%shd l< o oykj jk ishjfia jd§Nisxy fudfydÜáj;af;a .=KdkkaoysñmdKkaf.a my< ùu ksid nqÿiiqfka wdrlaIdj;a wNsjDoaêh;a i|yd bgq jqKq fufyhil, fn!oaO ck;djf.a u f.!rjhg md;% úh hq;= h' wkqiaurKh l< hq;= h'

1890 iema;eïn¾ 21 Èk ieg i;a jila wdhq j<|d fï fY%aIaG nqoaOmq;%hka jykafia,xldjdiS il, fn!oaO ck;dj u ixfõ.hg m;a lrñka wmj;a ù jod< fial'

- mQcH fydrK jcsr{dk ysñmQð; Ôú;m<uq fj`Mu ^1989& - wOHdmk ixiaialD;sl lghq;= yd

m%jD;a;s wud;HdxYh

73

30' mo fnod ,sùu

ksmqK;dj ( 4'0 Ys,amSh m%fhda. Ndú; lrñka ksjerÈ j f,aLk ld¾hfhafhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 4'2 mo fn§fï Í;s wkq.ukh lrñka ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

mo fnod ,súh hq;= nj y÷kd f.k bÈßm;a lrhs' ixLHd wlaIr u.ska ,shd oelaùfï § ia:dkSh w.h oelafjk mo fjka fldg

,shhs' ixLHdjla b,lalñka olajk úg Bg iïnkaO jk wlaIrh b,lalu yd

tl;= lr ,shhs''


hï ixLHdjla ,sùfï § l%u folla wkq.ukh l< yels nj fmkajd fokak'- ixLHd b,lalfuka oelaùu- ixLHdj wlaIrj,ska ,shd oelaùu

ixLHdjla b,lalfuka oelaùfï § tu ixLHdj yd iïnkaO jk wlaIrb,lalu yd tl;= lr ,súh hq;= nj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

hï ixLHdjla wl=frka ,shd olajk úg

25 - úis my150 - tlish mky2751 - fooyia y;aish mkia tl45426 - y;<sia mkaoyia ydrish úis yh

2la - ug remsh,a 2la fokak'10laa - wmg remsh,a 10l lv, fokak'100lg - ug fmd; remsh,a 100lg .; yelshs'3ka - Th fodvï f.ä 3ka tlla ug fokak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, f,aLk Í;sh ^kj ixialrKh 2015 & - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh mo fn§u îsxy, Í;sh - 9& - fÊ' î' Èidkdhl

we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrKh (

ixLHdjdÖ mo ,sùfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs' b,lalñka ixLHd oelaùfï § tu ixLHd yd iïnkaO jk wlaIr b,lalu

yd tla fldg ,shhs' ixLHd wl=frka ,sùfï § ia:dkSh mo fjka fldg ,shhs' ixLHd ,sùfï § ksjerÈ l%u wjfndaO lr f.k f,aLkfha fhfohs'

74

31' f,dajev i`.rdj

ksmqK;dj ( 9'0 ixialD;sh yd idrO¾u y÷kd .ksñka iyÔjkh ydcd;sldNsudkh f.dv k.d .ekSu i|yd NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 9'2 fmd;m; mßYS,kfhka idrO¾u j¾Okh lr .kshs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

WmfoaY idys;Hh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs' f,dajev i`.rdj yd WmfoaY ldjH ms<sn| j f;dr;=re m%ldY lrhs' f,dajev i`.rdfjka bÈßm;a jk idrO¾u y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' idrO¾uj,g wkqj Ôú;h ilia lr .ksshs'


WmfoaY ldjH ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.ka f;dr;=re úuikak' WmfoaY ldjH idys;Hh ms<sn| f;dr;=re idlÉPd lrkak' fldaÜfÜ hq.h yd tu hq.fha ,shjqKq WmfoaY ldjH ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu.

idlÉPd lrkak' moH mka;s .dhkh lsÍu i|yd fhduq lrkak' moHj, woyia bÈßm;a lrkak' moH u;l ;nd .ekSug Wkkaÿ lrjkak' fm<fmdf;a mdvu weiqfrka mµj, w¾: meyeÈ,s lrkak' tu mµj,ska m%ldYs; wdo¾Y fmkajd fokak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

f,dajev i`.rdj - ùod.u ffuf;%ah ysñ isß;a u,aou - .=re uqykaÈrï weï' we,a' is,ajd


WmfoaY ldjH idys;H ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' idrO¾u y÷kd f.k m%ldY lrhs' hym;a isß;a w.h lrñka l;d lrhs' tÈfkod Ôú;fha § hym;a mqreÿ w¾:j;a j fhdod .kshs'

75

32' uqyqÿ m;=, .fõIKh

ksmqK;dj ( 10'0 idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=rewe;=<;a ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka ,nd .;a ±kqu úúO NdIdld¾hhka i|yd fhdod .kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 10'2 úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=re we;=<;a fmd;m;mßYS,kfhka ,nd .;a ±kqu NdId ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .kshs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

uqyqÿ m;=, .ek ,shejqKq f,aLk lshjd tys wka;¾.; lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs' ,smsh i|yd fhdod .;a NdId ,laIK w.h lrhs' uqyqÿ m;=< ms<sn| f;dr;=re tla/ia lrhs' ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=re we;=<;a fmd;m; lshjhs'


uqyqÿ m;=, ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a w;a±lSï yqjudre lr .kak' uqyqÿ m;=, o f.dvìu fuka u ffcj úúO;ajfhka hqla; nj fmkajd

fokak' we;eï m%foaY úÑ;%j;a iajNdj fi!kao¾fhka hqla; jk nj fmkajd fokak' ta i|yd PdhdrEm" ùäfhda o¾Yk fhdod .kak' fm<fmdf;a mdvu weiqfrka uqyqÿ m;=, .fõIKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re idlÉPd

lrkak' uqyqÿ m;=, .fõIK u.ska f,dalh ms<sn| úúO f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr

.ekSug úµd{hka iu;a ù we;s nj fmkajd fokak' NdId;aul fhÿï flfrys YsIHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' jpkj, w¾: ±k .ekSug i,iajkak' tu jpk w¾:j;a j jdlHj, fhdojkak' fujeks f,aLk lshùug fhduq lrkak'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

uqyqÿ m;=, ms<sn| j ,shjqKq .fõIKd;aul ,sms uqyqÿ m;=, yd iïnkaO PdhdrEm" ùäfhda o¾Yk


id.r .fõIKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' id.r m;=f,a N+ úIu;d ms<sn| f;dr;=re m%ldY lrhs' úfYaIs; jpk y÷kd f.k meyeÈ,s lrhs' id.r .fõIKh ms<sn| j ,sms f,aLk ilia lrhs'

76

33'' rpkd ,sùuksmqK;dj ( 8'0 NdIdj ksrjq,a j yd ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKd;aul

f,aLkfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 8'1 lreKq ixúOdkh lr .ksñka ud;Dldkql+, j rpkd ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

rpkd ,sùu i|yd ud;Dld f;dard .kshs' rpkd ,sùug WÑ; lreKq ixúOdkh lrhs' rpkd ud;Dldjg wod< o< ie,eiaula ilia lrhs' rpkd ,sùfï § yrj;a f;dr;=re Wmfhda. lr .kshs' rpkfha wdrïNh" uOHh yd wjidkh .ek ie,ls,su;a j ,shhs' rpkd ,sùfï § NdIdj ksjerÈ j Ndú; lrhs' Ys,amSh m%fhda. wkq.ukh lrñka úúO ud;Dld Tiafia rpkd ,shhs'


jdlH rpkdjla ,sùu iïnkaOfhka YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' rpkdjla ,sùug wjYH f;dr;=re idlÉPd lrkak' rpkd ,sùu i|yd iqÿiq ud;Dld bÈßm;a lrkak'

ud;Dld bÈßm;a lsÍfï § my; i|yka lafIa;% ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak' wOHdmkh fi!LHh ixj¾Okh ixialD;sh úoHdj yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh iajNdj fi!kao¾h wdÈ f;aud Tiafia ilia lr.;a rpkd ud;Dld

fhdod .kak'

jdlH rpkh i|yd Wmfoia (

jdlH rpkhla ,sùfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%Odk lreKq (

f,aLlhdf.a woyi meyeÈ,s j ksrjq,a j m%ldY lsÍu tajd mdGlhdg bÈßm;a lsÍu mdGl wjOdkh$wdl¾IKh ,nd .ekSu

rpkfha iEu woyila u ;¾ldkql+, úh hq;= h' ksrjq,a j yd meyeÈ,s j bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' ir, j bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' rij;a fuka u m%dKj;a núka o hqla; úh hq;= h' úÑ;%;ajhla ;sìh hq;= h' rpkfhys rih;a ñysr;a .eí úh hq;= h'

77

rpkh ,sùfï § ir, jdlH Ndú; lsÍu jvd;a È. fkdjQ jdlH Ndú; lsÍu jHdlrKdkql+, ùu ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu idïm%odhsl fhÿï" NdId m%fhda. WÑ; mßÈ Ndú; lsÍu jeo.;a m%ldYk yd WoaOD; WÑ; mßÈ fhdod .ekSu úrdu ,laIK fhda.H mßÈ Ndú; lsÍu WÑ; mßÈ fþo fjka lsÍu

.=Kd;aul fhojqï (

isxy, rpkh yd idys;Hh ridiajdoh - mS' f;aknÿ m%nkafOdamfoaYh - l=udr;=x. uqksodi


WÑ; rpkd ud;Dld f;dard .kshs' ks¾udKd;aul j rpkd ,sùfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs' rpkd ,sùfï § Ys,amSh m%fhda. Ndú; lrhs' ks¾udKd;aul jdlH rpkd ,shhs'

78

34' úoaj;a foaYk


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'5 foaYk idlÉPd wdÈhg úpdrYS,S j ijka §fï l=i,;djm%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

foaYkhg ijka § woyia m%ldY lrhs' foaYkfhys wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn| woyia bÈßm;a lrhs' úoaj;a foaYkj,g úpdrYS,S j ijka § woyia m%ldY lrhs'


iÔj foaYk meje;afjk wjia:d ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'ksoiqka ( m%cd fi!LH jev igyka i|yd jQ foaYk idys;H W;aij mokï lr.;a foaYk iduh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd jQ foaYk

u;a øjH ksjdrKh i|yd jQ foaYk wdÈ úúO foaYkj,g ijka §fïwjia:d we;s nj'

tu foaYkj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ekSu i|yd fyd¢ka ijka §ugwjYH nj' ta i|yd fmr iQodkula wjYH nj fmkajd fokak'

foaYkhg ijka §ug kï ta i|yd ;udf.a iQodku w;HjYH fõ tu úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| ;u ±kqu ±kqug tl;= lr.; yels kj ±kqu f;dr;=re" ixLHd f,aLk wdÈh bÈßm;a lrk úg wjYH foa igyka lr

.ekSu' wmeyeÈ,s foa ksrjq,a lr .ekSug m%Yak lsÍu wdÈ jYfhka ;ud iQodkï

úh hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

YsIHhkag m%cd fi!LH ms<sn| foaYkhlg ijka §ug i,iajkak' ta i|ydiqúfYaI mqoa.,hl= mdi,g f.kajd f.k foaYkhla meje;aùu fyda mj;ajk,o foaYkhl y`v mghla$ixhqla; ;eáhla fyda fhdod f.k foaYkhlgijka oSug i,iajkak' tfia ke;fyd;a mdif,a fi!LH úIh W.kajk .=reNj;df.a fiajh ,nd .ekSu wdÈ iqÿiq l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrñkafoaYkhlg ijka §ug fhduq lrkak'

79


foaYkhlg ijka §fï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs' jeo.;a f;dr;=re igyka lr .ekSu w.h lrhs' wjYH meyeÈ,s lr .ekSï i|yd m%Yak lrhs' f;dr;=re ±k .ekSu i|yd foaYkj,g iyNd.s fjhs'

80

35' ud;Dldkql+, l:d


ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 1'6 ksrjq,a j iy ksjerÈ f,i ni yiqrejñka y`v md,kfhkahq;= j l;d lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

ud;Dldjg wkqj l:d lrhs' WÑ; mßÈ y`v md,kh lrñka l:d lrhs' lÓl;aj ,laIK m%o¾Ykh lrñka l;d lrhs'


ud;Dldkql+, j l;d lsÍug isÿ jk wjia:d ms<sn| j YsIHhka iu.idlÉPdjla lrkak'

ud;Dldkql+, j l:d lsÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= nj fmkajd fokak' wdrïNh ud;Dldjg wkql+, nj WÑ; mßÈ ye`.Sï m%ldYkh ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh y`v md,kh ld, l<ukdlrKh l%udkql+, j wjika lsÍu

ud;Dldjg wkqj l:d lsÍfï § my; i|yka f;aud fhdod .; yels h' mßirh cd;sl iïm;a iq/lSu cd;sl ùrjrfhda idrO¾u iq/lSu u;a Wjÿr msgq ±lSu


ud;Dldjg wod< j l;d lsÍfï yelshdj m%o¾Ykh lrhs' ld,h l<ukdlrKh lr .ksñka l;d lrhs' ye`.Sï m%ldY lsÍfï l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh lrhs' wjiaf:daÑ; j ud;Dldkql+, j l;d lrhs'

81

36' rdcldß ,sms

ksmqK;dj ( 7'0 NdIdj ksrjq,a j yd ksjeros j Ndú; lrñka f,aLkfhafhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu ( 7'1 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh i|yd ,sms ,shhs'

ld,Éfþo ( 4hs'

bf.kqï m, (

rdcldß ,smshl uQ,sldx. kï lrhs' rdcldß ,sms yd fm!oa.,sl ,sms w;r we;s fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs' fhda.H wdlD;s y÷kd f.k rdcldß ,sms ,shhs'


rdcldß ,sms ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a fmr ±kqu úuid n,kak' rdcldß ,sms l=ula o hkak ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak' rdcldß lghq;= i|yd yqjudre jk ,sms lsysmhla YsIHhkag m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

tys wdlD;sh meyeÈ,s lrkak' rdcldß ,smshl wdlD;shlaa mqjrejl m%o¾Ykh lrkak' ta i|yd weuqKqu 1ys wdlD;sh fhdod .kak' ,sms ,sùfï § wdlD;s folla Ndú; l< yels nj weuqKqu 1ys we;s wdldrh

idïm%odhsl l%uh wkq.ukh lrñka ol=Kq mi by< fldgiska wdrïN lrk,smsh tla j¾.hlg wh;a jk nj fmkajd fokak'

tu wdlD;sh YsIHhkag n,d .ekSug mqjrefõ m%o¾Ykh lrkak' mß.Kl weiqfrka ,sms ,shk úg rdcldß ,smsfha wdlD;suh jYfhka fjkila

±lsh yels nj ksoiqka u.ska fmkajd fokak'weuqKqu 2 wdlD;sh fhdod .kak'

tu wdlD;s mqjrefõ m%o¾Ykh lrkak' tjeks ,sms ish,a,la u wdrïN lrkafka jï miska nj fmkajd fokak' ta

wkqj ilia ù we;s ,sms lsysmhla wOHhkh lsÍug YsIHhka fhduq lrkak' mß.Kl wdY%s; j ilia lrkq ,nk ,smsfha úfYaI;ajh idlÉPd lrkak'

,smsh jï miska wdrïN lsÍu úrdu ,laIK fkd fh§u fþo fjka lsÍfï oS fþoh jï mi fl<jßka wdrïN lsÍu w;aik

jïmiska fh§u fuu ,laIK we;=<;a rdcldß ,sms lsysmhla mqjrefõ m%o¾Ykh

lrkak' tys wlD;sh .ek YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd lrkak' rdcldß ,smshla ,sùfï § my; i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq úh hq;= nj fmkajd fokak' meyeÈ,s j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu tla lreKla tla fþohlg f.dkq lsÍu

82

wdlD;sh 1

hjkakdf.a ,smskhÈkh

,nkakdf.a ;k;=r yd ,smskh

ud;Dldj

wka;¾.;h ^,smsfha&

w;aik;k;=rla ;sfí kï ;k;=rku

úúO lreKq bÈßm;a lrkafka kï wxl hgf;a lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍuiqÿiq nj'

.eg¨jlg úi÷ula ,nd .ekSug ,smshla ,shkafka kï tu .eg¨fõb;sydih" .eg¨j úi|d .ekSug f.k we;s mshjr tys j¾;udk;;a;ajh úi÷u i|yd .; hq;= mshjr hk lreKq we;=<;a úh hq;=nj fmkajd fokak'

weuqKqu

83

wlD;sh 2

hjkakdf.a ku yd ,smskh,smskh (Èkh (

,nkakdf.a ;k;=r yd ,smskh

ud;Dldj

wka;¾.;h ,smsfha&

w;aik;k;=rla ;sfí kï ;k;=rku

we.hSï yd ;lafiarelrKh (

· rdcldß ,smshl uQ,sl wx. kï lrhs'· rdcldß ,smshl iqúfYaI ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'· Ys,amSh m%fhda. Ndú; lrhs'· WÑ; wdlD;s Ndú; lrñka rdcldß ,sms ,shhs'

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