NdIdj yd idys;Hh

isxy,

NdIdj yd idys;Hh

09 fYa%‚h

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ii

m<uqjk uqøKh 2017

fojk uqøKh 2018

;=kajk uqøKh 2019

isõjk uqøKh 2020

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs

ISBN 978-955-25-0362-7

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

fo,af.dv" l`ÿfndv" lEr., mdr" wxl 35$3 ork ia:dkfhys msysá

iekaúka mqoa.,sl iud.fuys

uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'

Published by : Educational Publications Department Printed by : Sanvin (Pvt) Ltd.

35/3, Keragala Road, Kanduboda, Delgoda.

iii

Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/¢ w;sfidanudk ,xld

OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd

wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d

ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd

kfuda kfuda ud;d


Tn fõ wm úoHd -

Tn u h wm i;Hd

Tn fõ wm Yla;s -

wm yo ;=< Nla;s

Tn wm wdf,dafla -

wmf.a wkqm%dfKa

Tn wm Ôjk fõ -

wm uqla;sh Tn fõ

kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d

{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd

tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd

huq huq ù fkdmud

fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r od kfuda kfuda ud;d


iv

wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda

tl ksjfiys fjfikd

tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ

wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd

Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia

fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS

rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d

lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

v

fmrjok

ÈhqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis jkqfha jvd;a

kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï imsreKq yd

l=i,;dj,ska hqla; ore mrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h imhñka" úYaùh

wNsfhda. iòyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd iydh ùu

wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka il%Sh

f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka odhl;ajh ,nd fokafka

cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï wÈgfkks'

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o leòjdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh jvjd,kafka

wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka iuq.;a

Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq w;r oejà Tn

iu`.ska w;aje,a neò tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u ;j ;j;a oekqï

wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a lr.ekqug Tn ieu

ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak w.hla

,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh lrñka keK .=K

msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh

iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla iemhQ

f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a


biqremdh

n;a;ruq,a,

2020'06'26

vi

kshdukh yd wëlaIKh - mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a


fufyhùu - -ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia îxj¾Ok&


iïnkaëlrKh - m%.S;sld chfialr

ksfhdacH flduidßia


ixialdrl uKav,h

1' r;akisß wrx., - uydpd¾h

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

2' i|f.dañ fldamrfyajd - uydpd¾h

fld<U úYajúoHd,h

3' tï' wd¾' ví,sõ' uoaÿu - wOHlaI

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

4' mQcH l=l=rïfmd, [dKúu, ysñ - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

5' mS' ta' ùrlafldä - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI

NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

6' m%.S;sld chfialr - iyldr flduidßia


NdId ixialrKh

mQcH wdpd¾h fudrlkafoaf.dv wßhjxi ysñ - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

reyqK úYajúoHd,h

vii

f,aLl uKav,h

1' mS' Ô' Ô' .hd jehsfyak - .=re WmfoaYl

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h

fydaud.u

2' mqIamd fckÜ l¿wdrÉÑ - .=re WmfoaYsld

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" r;akmqr'

3' ;rx.d rKisxy - .=re fiajh

fudrgqj uyd úoHd,h"

fudrgqj

4' m%idÈkS okaj;a; ,shkf.a - ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s

nm$ch$O¾udfYdal l'ú'

uyr.u

5' tÉ' ta' È¨ï r;akud,d

fidaÿm;a lshùu

ch;a mshoiqka - ksfhdacH m%Odk Wml¾;D" is¿ñK"

,xldfõ iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u

Ñ;% ks¾udKh

iuka l¿fndaú, - .=re fiajh"

wkqr uOH uyd úoHd,h" hlal,'

msgljr ks¾udKh

bkaÈl .=Kj¾Ok

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

tia' ù' Ô' trx.d È,arelaIs - mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"


viii

ix

YS% mdoh jekaojQ yeá 1 isxy, NdIdfõ rij;a fhÿï 5

,m fia i| ú,fia 9 iudkd¾: mo iy úreoaOd¾: mo 12

foaYSh k¾;kfha rka i,l=K 15 hq., mo 21 f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd nyqúO udOH weiqre lruq 24

iaàjka fydalska 27 isxy, wlaIr ud,dj 31

ksjerÈ YífodaÉpdrKh 36 úrdu ,laIK 40 wlaIr úkHdi Í;s 42

uf.a rg ug wf.hs 49 rpkdjla ,shuq 55

oEfia ks,a meyeh 59 úfYaIK mo 61 lúhl ri úò kj lõ mn`Èuq 63

uyOk isgqmq;ayqf.a jia;=j 67 iajNdfjdala;s yd w;sYfhdala;s 70 wldrdÈ ms<sfj< yd YíofldaI Ndú;h 73

1

2

3

4

5

6

mgqk msgq wxl

7

8

x

m%dfhda.sl f,aLk 76 jHdmdßl ,sms 77 wdrdOkd m;% 80 wdlD;s m;% 82 kjï ufya kj j<,a, 87 Wla; wkqla; fNaoh 91

W.kake ishni - u;a jkake tys rifhka 94 jdlH Í;s 100

wdkkao l=udriajdñ 103 ud;Dldkql+, l:d 109 l¾;D ldrl yd l¾u ldrl jdlH 110

fyd| <uhd kqjKskS - fyd| foa f;dard .kS 115 ;ks mo 123 nyq w¾: mo 124 ijka § W.ksuq 125

lÀk mQfcda;aijh 128 m%fhdacH ls%hd" wiïNdjH ls%hd 134

9

10

11

12

13

isrïì wäh 139 idrdxYlrKh 142 ÈÜy odk 145 ks¾udKd;aul m%nkaOlrKh 153

wNHjldY ;dlaIKh 156 ì;a;s mqj;am;l jHQyh 162

fmd;mf;ka ire oyï 165 ksmd; mo 173 ksjerÈj jpk fjka lruq 176

ri ú¢kd ±kqu ukd 179

uydidr m,òkdj 194 wms;a kdgHhla rpkd lruq 208

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

1

Y%S mdoh jekaojQ yeá lsishï ck fldÜGdihla w;r l,dka;rhla ;siafia láka

lg mej; tk l;dkaor" lú" msre¿" rEÎ wdÈh ckY%e;sh

f,i ye¢kafjhs' ckY%e;sfhka wod< ck fldÜGdifha

f,dalh ms<sn| úYajdi iy oelau ksrEmKh fõ' tfuka u

ck fldÜGdihl f,aLk .; fkdjQ b;sydih ckY%e;shl

we;=<;a úh yels h' b;sydi .%ka:j, we;=<;a fkdjk jeo.;a

f;dr;=re o we;eï úg ckY%e;sfhys .eí úh yels h' ck l;dj

ckY%e;shg wh;a idys;Hdx.hls' .eñ ckhdf.a Ôú;fha m%lg

jk i;=g" fYdalh fuka u Ôú;fha úúO isoaê yd wjia:d

fj; Tjqka úiska fy<k ,o WfmalaId iy.; oDIaáh o ck

l;dj, ishqï f,i ksrEmKh ù we;' fuys tk ck l;dj

úY%dñl úÿy,am;sjrhl= jQ ã' mS' úl%uisxy uy;df.a ‘u. È.g

ck l;d’ lD;sfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,oaols'

1

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

2

u,a,eyej .ug ol=Kq foiska msysáfha fldg.u kue;s .uhs' th o b;d mqrdK

ld,fha isg jeo.;a mrïmrdjkag jdiN+ñ jQ ireidr .uls' fï .ï folg ueÈka

.,aTh .,d niS' foys., l÷jeáfha ueo Nd.fha W,am;aj,ska mgka .kakd fï

.,aTh yrialr fiakdkdhl iuqøh kue;s w;súYd, uyd jdmsh n¢k ,oafoa uE;l §

h' .,aTfha W;am;a;s m%foaYh wi,ska fï .x.dj jeo.kakd YdLd Thj,aj, c,fhka

fmdaIs; fldg.u fj,ahdh b;d úYd, h' tfuka u b;d idrj;a h' fj,a,iafia

msysá .ïj,ska uOHia: foaY.=Kfhka yd o¾YkSh;ajfhka o m%Odk;ajh fof;d;a

ksrdhdifhka u th fldg.ug ,efnkjd we;'

fmr isxy, rcqka oji ^wyj,a rcqf.a ld,fha hehs iaÒrj lsh fkdyels h& fï

.fuys b;d Okj;a jQ o jxYj;a jQ o ro, mjq,la úh' Okj;alu wkqj fldg.u

isgdfKda hk ku fï ro,jrhdg jHjydr úh' ta isgdKkag yd isgq foaúhg;a

isáfha tl u Èh‚hls' jeäúhg m;a Èh‚h b;d .=Kj;a keKj;a rEmfYdaNskshla

jQjd h' iqÿiq l,ays weh iqÿiq l=, mq;%fhl=g újdy lr ÿkafkka" ta hqj< ujqmshka

iu. ta isgq ue÷frys u jdih lf<da h' l,ahdfuka miq uy¨ ujqmsh fofok

ld,ls%hd lf<ka Tjqkag whs;s uq¿ Ok iïm;a;sfhys u md,kh Tjqka fj; mejß‚'

b;d iu.s iïmkak mS%;su;a újdy Ôú;hla .; l< Tjqkg mq;=ka ;sfokl= ,eì‚'

jeäuy,a mq;d wgf<diaúhg m;a l,ays" ta mshd o Ôj;=ka w;frka ;=rka úh' isgql=ußh

wffO¾h fkdù ish úYd, OkialkaOh o ke;s ù hd fkd § wdrlaId lrñka mq;=ka

;sfokd o yod jvd .;a;d h'

iqÿiq l,ays ish mq;=kg o iqÿiq wkaoñka l=,l=ußhka fidhd wdjdy lrÿka isgq

l=ußh" mrf,dj i|yd fkdfhla mskalïys fhÿKd h' ks;s mkais,a /lSu;a fmdah

wgis,a /lSu;a wi, jQ úydria:dkhg oka meka §u;a ÿ.shkag wdOdr lsÍu;A ´

fkd lvjd isÿ l<d h' wkqrdOmqr" l;r.u wdÈ ÿr neyer ia:dkj,g jkaokdj

ms‚i .shd h' fufia mska lrñka isáh § iajNdj O¾uh mßÈ uy¨ njg m;aj ish

W;aidyfhka wE; .uka hdug neß ;;a;ajhg m;a jQjd h' ‘uu ,laÈj fndfyda

úydria:dk jkaokd lf<ñ' ug jkaokd lr .kag neß jQfha YS% mdo moauh muK hs'

wfydaæ ;reK ld,fha th lr .kag neß úh' flfia fyda uefrkag m<uqj YS% mdo

moauh o je| .;af;d;a" mS%;su;a is;ska wjika yqiau fy<sh yels h' th flfia fyda

l< hq;= u h' uu th uf.a mq;=kag lshd n,ñ' hï mqf;la uf.a ta woyi bIag l<

fyd;a Tyqg uf.a uq¿ jia;=j u mjrkafkñ’hs ´ is;=jd h'

fufia is;+ isgq ÿj ;u mq;=ka ;sfokd le|jd “orefjks" uu ,xldfõ fndfyda fjfyr

úydr jkaokd lf<ñ' ug jkaokd lrkag neß jQfha YS% mdo moauh muK hs' ta ksid Tn

;sfokdf.ka hful= ud YS% mdoia:dkhg f.k f.dia jkaokd lrjqj fyd;a uf.a uq¿

3

jia;=j Tyqg mjrkafkñ”hs lSjd h' tnia weiQ jeäuy,a mq;a;= fokakd u “wfka

wïfï" Tfí oeka ;;a;ajh yeáhg flfia YS% mdo .uk l< yels o@ th msysáfha

fld;rï ÿr o@ fld;rï Wi m¾j;hla uqÿfka o@ oeka wïudf.a ;;a;ajfhA yeáhg

lsis fia;a th l< fkdyels hs' tneúka th is;ska wia lr .; uekj”hs lSfjda

h' ta wid isá nd, mq;%hd ‘wïudg YS% mdoh jkaokd lr.kag neß jqfjd;a ta .ek

l,lsreKq is;ska u f,v ù blaukska ñh hdug o mq¿jks' tfy;a tjeks ÿIalr

.ukla wïud iu. hdug o kqmq¿jk' .sfhd;a wdmiq tkag ,efí hhs is;sh fkdyels

h' ta ksid uu ojia lSmhlska hd yels YS% mdoh jeks lkaola fidhd ta u; YS% mdo

,dxPkhla fldgjd wïud le|jdf.k f.dia jkaojd wef.a isf;a wdidj mis|,ñ”hs

is;=fõ h' “uE‚hks" uu Tn YS% mdohg le|jdf.k hñ' kuq;a Bg fmr" tys hdug

iqÿiq .uka ud¾.h wdÈh oek.; hq;= h' ud th oekf.k tk ;=re i;=áka isákq

uekj”hs mjid úYd, Ok iïNdrhl=;a /f.k b;d úYajdi lSm fofkl=;a jqjukd

WmlrK;a /f.k tjeks lkaola fidhñka weúoafoa h'

Wia l÷ m%foaYh msysáfha ;u .fuka ol=Kq foi neúka ta foig .uka l< Tjqyq

nÿ¨ mqrhg meñ‚fhda h' bkq;a ol=Kq foig Èlaje,a, kdjq,a, wdÈ .ï miq lr

mqrdKfha § ta l÷lr m%foaYfhka .=;ay,a uvq,a,g jeà ;snQ ÿ¾. ud¾.h mgka.kakd

jQ o" ud.ï m;a;=fjka iuqøh je,|.kakd lsß¢Tfha W;am;a;s m%foaYh jk nUr.u

miq fldg weo yef<k rdjKd we,a, hhs m%isoaO ia:dkh wi, jQ o rdjKd rcq

úiqfõ hhs lgl;d wkqj mj;skd .sß.=ydj mfilska jQ o Wia jQ m¾j; YsLrhla oel

iqÿiq ia:dkhla ,oafoa hhs i;=gqj ta wi, ;djld,sl me,la idod tys k;r jQfjda h'

isgq l=udrhd .,a jvqjka ,jd ta .sß YsLrhg ke.Sug mä fm<la o" YsLrh uqÿfka .,

u; YS% mdo ,dxPkhla o flgjQfõ h' tfia u YS% mdo ia:dkfha we;s iuka fofjd,

fuka foajd,hla o" fodf<dia ufya mykla o >Kagdrhla o jg lr m%dldrhla o

b;d blaukska f.dvk.d ish,a, iïmQ¾K lr msßjr iu. wdmiq .ug meñ‚fha h'

blaì;s isgq l=urd “uE‚hks" uu YS% mdo ia:dkhg hk .uka ud¾.h yd hd hq;= úêh

o oekf.k wdfjñ' ta ksid YS% mdo jkaokdjg hdu ms‚i iQodkï jkq uekje”hs

okajd isáfha h' isgq ud;dj b;du;a mS%;shg m;aj" mQcdjg wjYH ish¨ WmlrK jyd

u ilia lrjdf.k ;udg Wmia:dkh i|yd ys;j;a oeiaika lSmfokl= o .ukg

ks, lrjdf.k ;ud .ukg iQodkï nj mq;%hdg oekajQjd h' isgq l=urd o" .ukg

iqÿiq fõ,djla iQodkï lr f.k" f.k hdu i|yd wjYH foda,d f.k" m%udK jk

msßi o /ia lr f.k f.k hdu i|yd wjYH wdydr" fnfy;a wdÈ WmlrK tajd

f.k hdug msßi o tla/ia lr f.k iqn kel;ska uE‚hka fmroeß lr f.k

jkaokd .ukg msg;a úh' Tjqyq ;eks;,d m%foaYh miq lr l÷lr m¾j; N+ñldjg

ke. ta ta ia:dkhkays ,e.=ï .ksñka l%ufhka f.dia i;s foll § muK nÿ¨

4

mqrjrhg meñ‚fhda h' “uE‚hks" wm fï meñ‚fha iuka;l+g m¾j;h wi, msysá

r;akmqr k.rhg h' .ufka ÿIalr fldgi we;af;a bÈßhg h' iuka foúhkaf.a

lreKdfjka wmg ;j ojia lSmhlska YS% mdo moauh oel je| mqod .kakg yels fõ

hhs isgq l=udrhd lSfõ h'

nÿ¨ mqrfhka msg;a jQ Tjqyq w;ru. fkdfhla ia:dkj, kej;S .suka yßñka

f.dia rdjKd we,a, iómfhys jQ l÷ lfmd,a,g meñ‚fhda h' “uE‚hks" fï iS;

.Õ=,he”hs lshd rdjKd we,a, iómfhka c,iakdkh lrjd msrejg w|jd foda,dfjka

u uE‚hka l÷ YsLrhg le|jdf.k .sfha h' “uE‚hks" fï YS% mdo moauh hs' fï

iuka foajd,h hs' fï fmfkkafka fodf<diauy mdk hs' wr ;sfnkafka >Kagdrh hs” wdÈ jYfhka fmkajd §" “is;a fia je| mqod .kq uekje”hs lS l=udrhd rd;S% jdih

ms‚i ia:dkhla jevlrejka ,jd ms<sfh, lrù h' Y%oaOdfjka bms, .sh isgq ud;dj

f.k .sh mQcd NdKav mqo lr is;a fia je| mqod .;a;d h' tÈk l÷ YsLrfhys u .;

l< Tjqyq mdkaor iQ¾fhdaoh iu. jk br fiajh o n,d hy;ska lkafoka my< nei

l%ufhka u. f.jd ish .ug meñ‚fhda h'

YS% mdo jkaokdfjka miq mS%;shg m;a jQ isgq ud;dj ;ud ika;lj mej;s ish¨ jia;=j

fmdfrdkaÿ m%ldr nd, mq;dg mejrejd h' ujlf.a ika;dkfhys mj;sk odrl

fm%aufhys n,uysuh fu;ek § wehf.a is;ays n,mj;ajkakg úh' ´ nd, mq;dg

l;d lr" “mq;Kqjks" ud isf;ys n, meje;ajQ ta jkaokd .uk Tn bgq l< ksid;a"

ud ta .ek fmdfrdkaÿjla jQ ksid;a uf.a uq¿ jia;=j u Tng mejerefhñ' tfy;a"

b;sß orejka fofokd flfia Ôj;a fõ o@ Tjqkag hk l,oidj lsu@ uf.a ta wdYdj

bgq l<d fia u Tn oeka uf.a isf;a fYdalh o ÿre lf<d;a ug b;d ikaf;daIfhka

wka;su .uk hd yels h' th o l< yels jkafka Tng muK hs” hehs lSjd h'

hq;=lï okakd jQ o" WKq jk yDohla we;a;d jQ o ta isgq mq;%hd “uE‚hks" Tnf.a

fYdalh ÿre lrjd .; uekj' uu uf.a jeäuy,a ifydaorhka fofokd u.g neiaiSug

i;=gq fkd fjñ' Tn fkd lSj;a ud n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha uf.a ifydaorhkag ud

,;a jia;=j fnod §ug h' tneúka is; myod .; uekj' wo u uf.a ifydaorhka

fofokdg ud ,;a jia;=j fnod foñ”hs lshd ifydaorhka fofokd le|jd uE‚hka

bÈßmsg § u ;ud ,;a jia;= iïNdrh ;=kg fnod fofldgila ;u ifydaorhka

fofokdg mejrefõ h' thska mS%;shg m;a uy¨ isgq foaúh “mq;" Tn fndai;ajrfhls'

Tng nqÿnj ,efíjdæ hs m%d¾:kd lrñ' oeka b;ska ug mS%;sfhka uf.a wjika .uk

hd yels h”hs lSjd h' bka ál l,lg miq ´ lï jQ mßoafoka ñh mrf,dj .shd h'

ifydaorfhda ;sfok iu.sfhka Ôj;aj b|" uy¨ úh m;aj mrf,dal m%dma; jQfjda h'

5

wjfndaOh

1' ;u ujg Y%S mdoh jekaoùug nd, mq;d fhdod .;a Wml%uh úia;r lrkak'

2' fï isgq mq;%hd .=K hym;alñka mßmQ¾K whl= nj m%lg jkafka ljr

lreKq ksid o@

3' ck l;d ms<sn| Tfí woyi jdlH ;=klska muK ,shkak'

4' fuu ck l;dfõ Tn is;a .;a wjia:d 2la ,shkak'

issxy, NdIdfõ rij;a fhÿï

,sùfï § woyia jvd rij;a wdldrfhka m%ldY lsÍug úfYaI fhÿï Wmldß fõ'

isxy, NdIdfõ m%ldYk Yla;sh m%lg lrk idïm%odhsl fhÿï NdIdj w,xldr

lsÍu i|yd fhdod f.k we;' fï fhÿï weiqfrka jdlHj, w¾:h jvd;a ;Sj% f,i

meyeÈ,s fldg m%ldY l< yels h'

isxy, jdla iïm%odfha m%Odk wx. lSmhla f,i m%ia;dj msre¿" wdmaf;damfoaY yd

rEÎ y÷kajd Èh yels h'

6

m%ia;dj msre`M

wjia:djg WÑ; lshuk" ke;s kï ;ekg iqÿiq lshuk n÷ woyila fï fhÿï

úfYaIfhka u;= lr olajhs' fndfyda úg fïjd mne£ we;af;a" lsishï l;djla

fyda isÿùula uq,a fldg f.k h' tfia u lsishï i;H;djla fyda iudk njla

fyda uq,a lr .;a msre¿ o we;' ¨" fia" fuka" jeks" jf.a ksmd;j,ska fndfyda

úg fïjd fl<jr ù ;sfnkq oelsh yels h' uqL mrïmrd.;j bÈßhg f.k wd

fmdÿ ck;djf.a jHjydr NdIdfõ fmdfydi;alu fmkajd §ug m%ia;dj msre¿

lÈu ksoiqkls'

WodyrK(- lK leianEjd úh isÿfrka wyi n,kakd fia

WK mqrefla oeïu;a n¨ j,s.fha weo kEf¾

lK fldldf.a iqo fmfkkafka b.sf<k úg ¨

., fydò kï wUrk ly ula fõ o@

mh nrjdhg msá lr fnfy;a nekaod jf.hs

wdmaf;damfoaY

‘wdma;’ hkqfjka woyia flfrkqfha oekque;s" weiQ msrE ;eka we;s" úh;a

hkak hs' ta ksid nyqY%e;hka úiska fokq ,nk Wmfoia fyda wjjdo

‘wdmaf;damfoaY’ ^wdma; + WmfoaY& jYfhka y÷kajd Èh yels h' ie`.jqKq

wre;ska fyda jHx.Hd¾:fhka f;drj Rcqj u lsishï Wmfoila ,nd §u

wdmaf;damfoaYj, iajNdjh hs'

WodyrK (- Tjd fokq mr yg - ;ud iïu;fhys msysgd isg

-f,dafldamldrh-

7

f.dve,af,a ;ru oekf.k <s| lmkq

fnd/,af,a ;ru oekf.k Wv mkskq

lvq,af,a ;ru oekf.k jeg n¢kq

;ukaf.a ;ru oekf.k l,a wßkq

-cklú-

w`.=re lsfrka fiaÿj;a iqÿ fkd fõ

W.; ukd Ys,amhuhs u;= /flkd

yefok .y fofm;af;ka oefka

wú .;af;da wúfhka u kis;s

msreKq lf<a Èh fkd ief,a

rEÎ

Ndú; flfrk jpkj, m%lgj fmfkk w¾:j,g b÷rd u fjkia w¾:hla

èjks; jk f,i fhdok NdId;aul fhÿï rEÎ kï fõ' mq¿,a woyila jpk

lSmhlska yl=<d ;Sj%j w¾:j;aj m%ldY lsÍu rEÎj, úfYaI ,laIKh hs' b`.s

jels f,i o y÷kajkafka rEÎ u h' jpkj,g wdrEV w¾:hla fh§u f,iska o

fuh y÷kajd Èh yels h' jdlHhl w¾:h ;Sj% lsÍug fuka u rij;a lsÍug o

rEÎ WmldÍ fjhs' rEÎ yd m%ia;dj msre¿ w;r ;rul iudklula oelsh yels

jqj;a" ixlaIsma; nj yd jHx.Hd¾:j;a nj fya;=fjka rEÎ fjka fldg y÷kd

.ekSu myiq fjhs'

WodyrK(- W.=rg fydrd fí;a lEjd

uQfKa oe,s .Ejd

f.d¿fn,s .uk

wef`.a f,a j;=r jqKd

lcq lkakd jf.a

8

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' .e<fmk rEÎ jryka ;=<ska f;dard ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' ue‚lla ,enqKq miq Tyqf.a '''''''''''' jf.hs'

¸¸' f.oßka ,smshla ,efnk ;=re '''''''''''' udOjkaf.a isß; hs'

¸¸¸' Tyq uf.a ÈhqKqjg ''''''''''' fia ug yef`.a'

¸¹' iqu;smd, ''''''''''' nj udud lSfõ h'

¹' '''''''''''' isáh;a" ÿfla § yerhkafkda ñ;=frdaa fkd fj;s'

^Èfjka Èj .df.k" we`.s,s .ekSu" lr, meys,d" Èj fofla ñksil=" wl=,a fy<kjd&

2' » fldgfia wre;aj,g .e<fmk rEÐ »» fldgiska f;darkak'

» fldgi »» fldgi

lror msg lror je,ajgdrï

wdodhu my; jeàu fldf¾ msgg uf¾

f.!rjh ke;sj hEu nysk l,dj

iqok fjia .;a ÿokd Wmdil n<,d

wkjYH úia;r lSu idhu hkjd

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' fï ck l;dj Tn leue;s fjk;a wdldrhlska f.dv k.d bÈßm;a lrkak'

2' my; olajd we;s msre`M we;s ùug mdol jQ l;d mqj;a úuikak'

¸' .urd,f.a jxf.äh jf.a

¸¸' n<¨kaa ,jd fldia weg nEõjd jf.a

¸¸¸' ,eÊcd ke;slu uyuqo,slug;a jvd f,dl= hs

¸¹' lels,af,a rÊcqrejkaf.a kvq ;Skaÿj jf.a

¹' n,a,f.a jefâ nQrejd ndr.;a;d jf.a

9

,m fia i| ú,fia idys;Hh hkq NdIdj udOH fldg f.k yeÕSï m%n,dldrfhka

oekùu i|yd udkjhd f.dvk.d .;a ud¾.hls' .µ" mµ

yd pïmq hkqfjka idys;Hfha m%Odk m%fNao ;=kls' mµh hkq

;d,dkql+,Ndjfhka hqla; jk fia lrk ,o mo ixfhdackhls'

isxy, mµhg" isxy, NdIdfõ b;sydih ;rug u È.= b;sydihla

mj;S' isxy, mµ ks¾udKhg fndfyda úg jia;= jQfha nqÿ isß;

fyda fndai;a isß; h' fuh merKs lùka w;r iïuq;shla n÷

úh' iïNdjH isxy, idys;Hh" md,s yd ixialD; fuka u

fou< idys;Hh o weiqfrka ilia jQjls' iyc lú;ajh;a mD:q,

ixialD;sl ú{dkh;a iys;j iïNdjH idys;Hfhka neyer jQ

idys;H Odrdjla o me;sr wdfõ h' ‘fjiaika;r cd;l ldjHh’ ta Odrdfõ uq,a fmf<a lD;shls' fï mdvug we;=<;a jkafka

thska Wmqgd .;a lú lsysmhls'

2

10

ish msßjr rgf;dg yeu jia;=j ke;ss ks ïud

to f,dn yer Tn iu.ska ;mig wdfj ïud

;=re msßjr mqkai| fuka jk ueo Wkafk ïud

fji;=re msh rcqks Tng ndr hs wfm w ïud

wdod isg ysufha wms iu.sj b| ks ;sfka

? od j,a j;a ms<sfj;a l<oehs iu is ;sfka

wd od frla Tn ñi ke; wïud yg b ;sfka

nd od fkd j Tn nqÿ jka wm oka ÿka ms ksfka

,m fia i| ú,fia ojila fjkakQfj ïud

tm fia nqÿ flfkl=ka fuka /lsoehs ks;sfh ïud

iem fia wm oka ÿkafk;a jeÿfjka jo w ïud

wm fia msh rcqks okg fkd fokafk wfm w ïud

jod jvd ri lsß § we;s l<oehs fmñ fka

w~d úvd yer m,je, f.k ÿkaoehs ks;s fka

jvd fuwm jx..sßh wd wïud i¢ fka

jvd ifoõ f,dj iem ú| ksjka olska fid¢ fka

fmïud iqr;,a lshñka fo;fka lsß fnd ïud

jïud l÷<e,s bi bi weúÈkaoehs w ïud

wïud wm fkdoel b;ska flf,il jEfj ïud

iïud iïnqÿ fjkod ksjka olska w ïud

ieg oyila rcqka uefoa bmso fidf|a w ïud

rg oyila j, ne¨j;a kqU fia kqÿá ïud

lg oyila we;=j lsj;a kqfU .=K ke; ks ïud

jg oyila .õ ysufha .sh foda wfm w ïud

11

ÿla ú| oiui Wiq,d jeÿoehs wfm wïud

w÷ka f;,ska ks;s irid we;s l< oehs wïud

ri m,je, fk,d È§ riaid l< wïud

i;r wmdj, fkd bmo ksjka olska wïud

.il fodvï ufohs lshd lE oehs wfm wïud

wyi ;re;a ufohs is;d ú,s Æ oehs wïud

uqyqÿ Èh;a ufohs is;d rilsß ÿka wïud

i;r wmdfha fkd jeà ksjka olska wïud

wjfndaOh

1' fï lúj, f;areu Tfí jpkfhka ,shkak'

2' lúj, w,xldrh jeä lsÍu i|yd fhdod f.k we;s Wmud folla

,shkak'

3' uj orejka fmdaIKh lsÍug .;a fjfyi oelafjk lú mo Wmqgd olajkak'

4' wïud fjkqfjka fï orejka fofokd úiska l< m%d¾:kdjka we;=<;a

lú mo f;dard ,shkak'

5' fuu mµ mka;sh ms<sn| Tfí woyi fláfhka ,shkak'

6' fï mµ mka;sfha we;=<;a .eñ jyßka Wmqgd .;a fhÿï myla ,shkak'

12

iudkd¾: mo iy úreoaOd¾: mo

iudkd¾: mo

´kE u NdIdjl tla mohlg iudk f;areï we;s fjk;a mo rdYshla ;sìh yels h'

tajd iudkd¾: mo fyj;a m¾hdh mo f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' isxy, NdIdj o fun÷

iudkd¾: moj,ska fkdwvqj fmdaIKh ù we;'

i| pkaø" ;rem;s" ;drm;s" ksYdlr" isis" fidñ" ysulr"

;ß÷

m%isoaO mqj;r" mis÷" m;<" m%lg" mris÷

msms úlis;" mqnqÿ" msìÈ" mq,a" mqma" ñ‚oeÈß" ñKsuq;=

i;=g fidïki" if;di" m%fudaoh" ;=g" f;di" ika;=Iaáh"

wdkkaoh" wukaodkkaoh" m%y¾Ih

úYd, úi,a" uy;a" ;=uq," uyd" mD:q," f,dl=

c,h meka" Wol" wU" Èh" j;=r" kS

jkh jkdka;rh" le,Ej" j," wrK" wgú" uQl,dk" neoao

.i jDlaIh" ;=r" rel" mdom" øeu

rka iaj¾K" lkl" ldxpk" liqka" r;a;rka

uqyqo iuqÿr" ihqr" iuqøh" rejkdr" is÷" id.rh" c,ksê" iskaOq

13

úreoaOd¾: mo

hï lsis mohlg úreoaO w¾:hla fok moh úreoaOd¾: mo f,i ye¢kafjhs'

úreoaOd¾: mo iEfok m%Odk wdldr 03la y÷kd .; yels h'

1' kdu mohlg fyda l%shd mohlg bÈßfhka “fkd” ksmd; moh fh§fuka

WodyrK(- yels - fkdyels

lshk - fkdlshk

f;ud - fkdf;ud

i`.jd - fkdi`.jd

ÿgq - fkdÿgq

2' kdu mohlg fyda l%shd mohlg bÈßfhka Wmi¾. mo fh§fuka

^w" wj" ks" kq" ks¾" ksYa$ksIa" ÿ" ÿ¾" ÿYa$ÿIa" ú" l= wdÈ Wmi¾.&

WodyrK(-

f>daI - wf>daI

msßisÿ - wmsßisÿ

jxl - wjxl

w

jerÈ - ksjerÈ

ire - ksire

fodia - ksfodia

ks

f,daN - ks¾f,daN

fodaI - ks¾fodaI

jia;% - ks¾jia;%

ks¾

n, - ÿn,

isß;a - ÿisß;a

.| - ÿ.|

ÿ

u`.=,a - wju`.=,a

kïnqj - wjkïnqj

,iaik - wj,iaik

wj

iqÿiq - kqiqÿiq

yqre - kqyqre

mqreÿ - kqmqreÿ

kq

Yío - ksYaYío

p, - ksYap,

M, - ksIaM,

ksYa$

ksIa

n, - ÿ¾n,

.=K - ÿ¾.=K

ck - ÿ¾ck

ÿ¾

14

YS, - ÿYaYS,

m%;sm;a;s - ÿIam%;sm;a;s

lr - ÿIalr

ÿYa$

ÿIa

lú - l=lú

Ègq - l=Ègq

mqßia - l=mqßia

l=

3' wkH mohla ta i|yd Ndú; lsÍfuka

WodyrK(- t<sh - w÷r l¿ - iqÿ

w¨;a - mer‚

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka moj,g iudkd¾: mo 03 ne.ska fidhd ,shkak'

¸' isxyhd - ¸¹' uj - ¹¸¸' fkü -

¸¸' ldka;dj - ¹' rxpqj - ¹¸¸¸' ÿl -

¸¸¸' f.h - ¹¸' olaI - ¸º' l=re¨ - º' rc -

2' .e<fmk úreoaOd¾: mo fhdod my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkAk'

fkd-ksmd;h w-Wmi¾.h wj-Wmi¾.h ks-Wmi¾.h ÿ-Wmi¾.h wkH mo

hk - fkdhk

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' ukaøs foaúhg ;u orejka flfrys we;s fifkyi biau;= lrjk lú

mkA;shla f.dv k.kak'

2' mka;s /iaùfï § ujq.=K .S ri úkaok jevigykla mj;ajkak'

foaYSh - úfoaYSh

mlaI - úmlaI

fhda. - úfhda.

ú

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 15

foaYSh k¾;kfha rka i,l=KfoaYkhlg idjOdkj ijka §u foaYlhdg f.!rj lsÍuls'

ukdj ijka §u foaYkhl we;=<;a lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSfï

u. hs' wjOdkh r|jd f.k Y%jKh lsÍu u.ska iaurK Yla;sh

ÈhqKq fjhs' ijka fkd § tA ms<sn| l;d lsÍu fyda woyia

m%ldY lsÍu fyda l< fkdyels h' NdId YlH;djka j¾Okh

lr .ekSug kï uq,ska u l< hq;af;a fyd¢ka ijka §u hs'

bka miq l:kh i|yd u. mEfohs' wdpd¾h tia' mŒNdr; kï

jQ fY%aIaG l,dlrejd .ek fuu mdvfuys we;=<;a f;dr;=re

wikakg ie,eiaùu yd t;=ud .ek f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍug

Tn fm,Uùu fï mdvfï wruqK hs'

3

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'16

Èkh ( 2017 fmnrjdß 24

ia:dkh ( lE.,a," w,a.u ‘kD;H’ l,dh;kh

wjia:dj ( cd;sl k¾;k Èkh fjkqfjka meje;afjk iïudk m%odfkda;aijh

foaYkh ( iïudkkSh k¾;k Ys,amS" l,diQÍ c.;a úu,iqf¾kaø uy;d

f.!rjd¾y iajdóka jykai" .re mQcljreks" iïNdjkSh wuq;a;ks" ‘kD;H’ l,dh;kfha wêm;s;=ud we;=¿ wdpd¾h uKav,fha uy;au uy;añhks" foujqmshks"

¥ orejks" Tn ish¨ fokdf.ka u wjir hs'

wo wmg úfYaI ojila' tA fuu l,dh;kfha olaI orejkag iïudk ,eîu;a" fï

m%foaYfhka f,dalhg odhdo l< mq;% r;akhl ckau Èkh wog fh§ ;sîu;a hk

lreKq fol u ksi hs' t;=udf.a fijfKys .=reyrelï ,eîug jdikdj ug;a Wod

jqKq ksid uu;a k¾;k l,djg hï fiajhla lsÍug Yla;sh ,enqjd' t;=udf.a .=K

.hkakg" t;=ud .ek Tng lshkakg wjia:dj Wod lr §u ms<sn|j fuys W;aij

lñgqjg udf.a m%Kduh msßkukak leu;s hs'

tA fY%aIaG ñksid ljqre o@ tA fjk;a lsisfjla fkdfjhs¦ wdpd¾h tia' mŒNdr;

ue;s;=ud hs' fï t;=udf.a mh .egqKq m%foaYh hs¦ t;=ud Wmka .u hs' wog fh§ ;sfnk

t;=udf.a ckau Èkh cd;sl k¾;k Èkh f,i kï lsÍfuka u tA fY%aIaG;ajh jgyd

.kak Tng yels fõú'

;u w;a;d jk w,a.u isßhd iy ndmamd jk lsß.‚;hd hk .=rekakdkafia,df.ka

uq,ska u kegqï bf.k .;a mŒNdr;" mqxÑlsrd fldakamf,a .=re;=ud" uqoaokdfõ

.=re;=ud hk whf.ka fnr jdokh;a" ;síngqjdfõ mkslals .=rekaf.ka ojq,a jdokh;a"

ux.,;sßfha ishfodaßia .=rekaf.ka ;ïueÜgï jdokh;a bf.k .;a;d' Tyq thska

kej;=fKa keye' r;akd., isud .=rekaf.ka n,shd. o fj,a.u my;rg .skaf;aßia

.=rekaf.ka my;rg kegqï yd fnr jdokh o mqxÑ uy;auhd .=rekaf.ka inr.uq

kegqï o bf.k .;a;d' mŒNdr; olaI .dhk" jdok" k¾;k Ys,amsfhl= jqfKa tA

.=rejrekaf.a fijfKys Ys,am yeoEÍfukaa'

oeka Tng yefÕkjd o t;=udf.a YsIH Ôú;fhka Tng fld;rï mdvï W.; yels

o hk j.@ tla wxYhl wOHdmkh ,nkakg;a ue<slï olajk orejkag ;u Ôú;

ch.%yK <Õd lr.kakg ffO¾hh imhk Tyq Tng fyd| wdo¾Yj;a pß;hla' Tyq

wOHdmkh ,enqfõ b;d ÿIalr udj;l hs' jfrl Tyq ;u YsIHhka Èßu;a lf<a"

“mqf;a" uu fnf¾ lf¾ odf.k ye;emau .Kka mhska .sh flfkla” lshñka'


k¾;k Ys,amshl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= oekqu yd olaI;dj u|la j;a wvq ke;sj t;=ud ;=<

;snqKd' Tyq b;d ks¾udKYS,s ñksfila' fï ks¾udKYS,s;ajhg fÊ'ã'ta' fmf¾rd

uy;df.ka bf.k .;a Ñ;% l,dj;a fldgfyafka id¾Èia .=re;=udf.ka bf.k .;a

ix.S; l,dj;a Tyq ;=< jQ bx.S%is" isxy, yd ixialD; NdId;%h ms<sn| oekqu;a Wmldß

jqKd'

.=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj újD; lsÍfï wjia:djg uÕ=,a fnrh jehqfõ Tyq hs' lsß.‚;

.=rekakdkafiaf.a u. fmkaùug wkqj tjlg fld<U ,,s;l,dh;kfha wêm;s

l,d.=re fÊ'ã'ta' fmf¾rd uy;df.a ìß| jk pkaøf,aLd fmf¾rd uy;añhf.a

k¾;khlg fnr jdokh lrkafkl= f,i Ndr;hg hdug fu;=udg wjia:dj

,enqKd' fï ;uhs t;=udf.a Ôú;fha Nd.Hjka; u wjia:dj' tys § yuq jQ f.damskd;a

uy;d m%odkh l< YsIH;ajhla ksidhs t;=udg Ndr;hg f.dia k¾;kh ;j ÿrg;a

yeoeÍfï Nd.Hh ,enqfKa'

fï oekqï iïNdrh Ndú; lrñka t;=ud k¾;k l,dfõ .=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh

lsÍug l< fiajh jpkfhka lshkak neß ;rï Wodr hs' tA nj fcHaIaG uydpd¾h

uqÈhkafia Èidkdhl uy;d" Y%S ,dxflah kj k¾;k l,dfõ mqfrda.dñfhda kï

lD;sfhys i|yka lrkafka fufyu hs(

“Y%S ,xlsl kj k¾;k l,dj jv jvd;a foaYSh k¾;k" .dhk" jdok wxY ;=<ska

m%;sfmdaIKh lsÍug lem jQ uyd mqreIhd f,i ye¢kaúh yels wdpd¾h tia'

mŒNdr;hka fkdisákakg j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ isxy, k¾;k l,dj u;= fkdj

úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh f;la meñ‚ foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ wd.ukh óg jvd

fjkia uqyqKqjrla .kq we;'”

fï m%ldYfhka u mŒNdr;hka k¾;k l,djg l< fufyh jegfykjd we;s' 1948

Ndr;fha isg YS% ,xldjg meñ‚ mŒNdr;hka fld<U rdclSh úoHd,fha .=rejrhl=

f,i fiajh lrñka isiqkaf.a olaI;d lr<shg .kakg fjfyiqKd' óß.u fcHaIaG

mdGYd,dfõ kegqï .=rejrhd f,i t;=ud l< fiajh ;j;a mq¿,a jkakg" óß.u

.=re wNHdi úoHd,fha lÓldpd¾h ;k;=r fya;= jqKd' k¾;kh Wfoid t;=ud l<

fiajfha ikaêia:dkh jQfha rcfha ,,s;l,dh;kfha úÿy,am;s Oqrh ysñ ùu hs'

fuu l,dh;kh 1959 § Wvrg kdgH l,d úoHd,h f,i kï flrefKa t;=udf.a

oeä lem ùu u; hs' 1962 § tlS úoHd,hg my;rg kegqï iïm%odh y÷kajd §" ta i|yd

mdGud,d ilia lr" lÓldpd¾hjreka m;a lr f.k kdgH úoHd,hg .=Kd;aul

jQ kj fmr<shla ks¾udKh l<d' t;ekska t;=udf.a ld¾hNdrh kej;=fKa keye'

1974 uehs 01 Èk fï úoHdh;kh YS% ,xld úYajúoHd,hg wkqnoaO l<d' tys k¾;k

wOHhkdxYfha m%:u wxYdêm;s jQfha;a t;=ud hs' ta ksid u Tyqg k¾;kfha ÈhqKqjg

úúO jevms<sfj< fh§ug Yla;sh ,enqKd'


k¾;kh yodrkakka ;=< inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh ms<sn|j o mQ¾K oekqula ;sìh

hq;= njg t;=ud ;=< ;snqKq úYajdih ksid 1978 § inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odh o

fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kfha mdGud,djg tl;= l<d' inr.uq k¾;kh b.ekaùu

i|yd isßfndaydñ kï ndysr wdpd¾hjrhl= fhdod f.k úYsIag ;SrKhla ls%hd;aul

lrñka k¾;kfha foaYSh iïm%odhka ;=k u tys isiqkag bf.k .kak wjia:dj

i,id ÿkakd' k¾;kfha wiaila uq,a,la kEr yodrkak isiqkag wjia:dj i,id §u

rgg cd;shg l< uyÕ= fiajhla' ‘fyajqâ’ kñka ye¢kajqKq k¾;k úoHd wdh;kh

2005 § fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúoHd,h njg m;a jQfha t;=udf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajh

ksi hs' fï jk úg il, l,dx.hka yodrk úoHd¾Òkaf.a f;da;ekak ù we;af;a

fï úYajúoHd,h hs'

t;=udf.a uqúka u mjik mßÈ bkaÈhdfõ § ;ud W.;a Nr;" l;l,s" u‚mqß

jeks k¾;k iïm%odhkaf.a wdNdih foaYSh k¾;kfha ,diH .=Kh jeä lrkakg

t;=ud fhdod .;a;d' ta ksid k¾;k l,dfõ m%dix.sl nj j¾Okh jqKd' Wvrg"

my;rg yd inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhkaf.a .=K iqj| y÷kd .;a t;=ud ;u oekqu

yd ks¾udKYS,S m%;sNdj fufyhjd foaYSh k¾;k l,dj f,dalhg f.k .shd'

ngysr c¾uksh" reishdj" tx.,ka;h" mdlsia;dkh" lekvdj" cmdkh" bkaÈhdj"

fpfldiaf,dajelshdj wdÈ úúO rgj,g foaYSh k¾;kfha yev jev fmkajd

msg/áhka uú;hg m;a lrñka ,xld ud;djg lS¾;shla f.k ÿka t;=ud uyd hq.

mqreIfhla'

t;=ud i;= jdok yelshdj m%fhdackhg .ksñka jßka jr y÷kajd ÿka fnr jdok"

k¾;khg w;HjYH jQ jdokfha ÈhqKqjg;a t;=udf.a .dhk yelshdj" k¾;kfha

m%Odk wx.hla jQ .dhkfha ÈhqKqjg;a ufydamldß jqKd' rfÜ úúO m%foaYj,

l,dh;k ìys lrkakg;a tajdg wjYH Wmfoia yd fidhd ne,Sï lrkakg;a t;=ud

mqreÿj isáhd' fm!oa.,sl .ukla ìukla hoa§ mjd f;dú,hla" .ïuvqjla" fldfydUd

lxldßhla ÿgq úg u|la kej;S tajdfha ri ú¢kakg t;=ud miqng jqfKa keye'

‘k¾;kfha mshd’ f,i y÷kajk t;=ud k¾;k l,djg l< fufyh fuf;lehs

úia;r lsÍu wmyiq hs' foaYSh k¾;kfha rka i,l=K t;=ud hs'

ôeka wms t;=udf.a ks¾udK lSmhla ri ú¢uq' ta ks¾udKj, fldgia lSmhl tl;=jla

oeka Tng kerôh yels hs'&

1954 § ì%;dkH uy /ðk bÈßfha rÕ oelajQ f.dhï lemSfï kegqu wo idïm%odhsl

kegqula njg m;a fj,d' kdß,;d kegqu" fudkr kegqu" ovhlalref.a rx.kh

wdÈh;a t;=ud bÈßm;a l< fnr ixèjks;a úfYaIs; hs' ld<f.da<" uyoekuq;a;d"

fldaÉÑh" mka fk<Su" fmdrfmd,a msáh" .%y wm,h" .%y n,h" iqrka úialï wdÈh


foaYSh uqyqKqjrla .;a ks¾udK hs' fmd,a.fia jreK" .ïudfka u,a msms,d" iS.sß

wiak jeks ks¾udK uqød kdgH ffY,sfhka ksuejqKq kdgH hs' yia;s ldka; uka;f¾"

fjiaika;r" isßiÕfnda" yßYapkaø hk kdgHj, rx. úkHdih ks¾udKd;aul f,i

ilid foñka fõÈld kdgHhg;a" isl=re ;rej" l=re¨ neoao" wfYdald jeks ú;%mgj,

k¾;k ks¾udKh lrñka Ñ;%mghg;a iyNd.s jqKd' fï iEu lafIa;%hl u ;u

yelshdj m%o¾Ykh l<d'

foia úfoia lS¾;shg m;a jQ t;=ud fjkqfjka msÿKq iïudk fndfyda hs' Ôj;aj isáoa§

o t;=ud fjkqfjka wkqiaurK Wf,<la meje;ajQjd' t;=ud thska fndfyda i;=gg m;a

jqKd' Ôú;fha ,enQ by< u iïudkh f,i t;=ud th w.h l<d' 1991 § le,‚h

úYajúµd,fha fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kh u.ska msßkuk ,o wdpd¾h Wmdêh;a

1999 inr.uq úYajúµd,h u.ska msßkuk ,o idys;HiQÍ Wmdêh;a 2002 § YS% ,xld

l,d uKav,h u.ska msßkuk ,o úfYaI iïudkh;a" 2003 § msßkuk ,o úfYaI

iïudkh;a t;=udf.a Wodr;u fiajh w.h lsÍu i|yd mqokq ,enQ Wmdê iïudk hs'

ta;a t;=udf.a kduhg l< úYsIag u Wmydrh jkafka tjlg cd;sl k¾;k yd uqød

kdgH wkquKav,h úiska 2006 § t;=udf.a ckau Èkh jk fmnrjdß 24 cd;sl

k¾;k Èkh f,i kï lsÍu hs'

f,dalh u ch .ksñka" t;=udf.a ku oi foi m;=rjñka" t;=udf.a fijfKys

yeÿKq jevqKq isiq ore oeßhkaf.a YS¾I m%Kduh t;=ud ,o W;=ï u iïudkh hs'

fï fYa%IaG .=rejrhdf.a udkj ohdj ;u f.da,nd,hska Èßu;a lrkakg iu;a

jqKd' Tjqkag f,dalhg msúfikakg mdr fmkakqjd' fï ioaNdjh t;=udg ,enqfKa

t;=udf.a .=rejrekaf.ka yd ióm;uhkaf.ka' uyd;aud .dkaê" rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾"

cjy¾,d,a fkare" flar< uyd lú kdrdhka" rdfÊkaø m%idoa" ifrdaðkS kdhsÿ jeks

fYa%IaGhskaf.a yd yßodia kdrdhka" rdï f.damd,a iy Woh Yxl¾ jeks m%ùKhkaf.a

weiqr t;=udg ,enqKd' ví' î' ul=f,d¨j" tâúka iurÈjdlr" Ñ;%fiak vhia" fYaId

m<sylaldr jeks úoaj;=kaf.a weiqr t;=udg ,enqKd' fï weiqr yd .=reyrelï Tyqf.a

Ôú;fha wdf,dalh hs' flfkl=f.a id¾:l;ajhg Tyq yd weiqf¾ miqjk W;=ï

ñksiqka o n,mdk nj fuhska Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;s'

fï fYa%IaG ñksid wm w;ßka fjka ù .sfha 2006 fmnrjdß 20 od hs' th rfÜ u

wjdikdjla' 1920 fmnrjdß 24 jeks Èk fuf,dj t<sh ÿgq t;=ud uq¿ Ôú;h u lem

lf<a k¾;kh fjkqfjka' k¾;kh f,dj mj;sk ;=re mj;sk l,djla' ta f,iska

u f,dj mj;sk ;=re k¾;kh yd nef|k kduhls wdpd¾h tia' mŒNdr; hkak'

k¾;k odhdoh mrmqfrka mrmqrg f.k hkakg ;ud jeks u olaI jQ f.da,hka ,laI

.Kkla t;=ud w;ska ks¾udKh jqKd' k¾;kfhka f,djla ikikakg" f,djla


k<jkakg ta isiqka iu;a fj,d ;sfhkjd' kej; fï ud;D N+ñfhys u bmso fï

k¾;k l,dj ;j ;j;a bÈßhg f.k hkakg Wr fokakg t;=udg yels fõjdæ hs

wms ish¨ fokd u m%d¾:kd lruq'

tA jf.a u fï .=KdkqiaurK foaYkh ud wjika lrkafka t;=udf.a Ôú;fhka Tng

,nd .; yels wdo¾Y f.k Tfí Ôú;h rgg oehg jevodhS f,i .; lrkak wÈgka

lr .kakd f,i b,a,d isáñka' oeka Tng t;=udf.a rej" y~ yd oialï oelafjk

ùäfhda mghla keröug ud wjia:dj i,ikjd' thska t;=ud ljqrekaoeZhs Tng

mila fõú''' ish¨ fokdg u iqn ojila fõjdæ

wjfndaOh

1' mdvfï we;=<;a foaYkh mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak' thg ijka § wdpd¾h tia'

mŒNdr;hkag wod< f;dr;=re weiqfrka my; i|yka wdlD;sh iïmQ¾K

lrkak'

uq,l=re iu. ku (

Wmka Èkh (

Wmka ia:dkh (

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,nd .;a iïudk yd Wmdê (

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ñh .sh Èkh (

2' mKSNdr; pß;fha Tn is;a .;a .=Kdx. folla ,shkak'


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka m%ldY ,sÅ; NdIdjg yrjd ,shkak'

¸' “uu fnf¾ lf¾ odf.k ye;emau .Kka mhska .sh flfkla” lshñka

fu;=ud ;u f.da,nd,hska Èßu;a l<d'

¸¸' fï w;r;=f¾ § fmf¾rd uy;df.ka Ñ;% l,dj;a fldgfyafka id¾Èia

.=re;=udf.ka ix.S;h;a bf.k .;a;d'

¸¸¸' yßodia kdrdhka" rdï f.damd,a" Woh Yxl¾ jeks Ndr;Sh k¾;k

m%ùKhka weiqre l<d'

¸¹' wo wms fï mj;ajkafka tA W;=ï ld¾hh hs'

¹' .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj újD; lrk wjia:djg uÕ=,a fnr jdokh

lrkakg wjia:djla ,enqKd'

hq., mo

m%d:ñl fY%a‚j, § yd yh" y;" wg fY%a‚j, § Tn W.;a hq., mo u;lhg k.d

.kak' isxy, NdIdfõ idïm%odhsl fhÿï f,i .efkk fï mo úfYaIh NdIdj

rij;aj Ndú; lsÍug wjYH jkakls'

f,aLkfha §g;a jvd jeä jYfhka hq., mo Ndú; jkafka NdIKfha § hs' tÈfkod

jHjydrfha § th jvd;a fyd¢ka wjOdrKh fjhs' .eñ lgjyr jvd;a fmdaIKh

jkakg hq., mo fya;= fjhs' mo hq.,h u ñi tla mohla fh§fuka w¾:h ukdj

.uH fkd fõ' tneúka fï mo úfYaIh hq., mo f,iska u ye¢kafõ'


isxy,fha hq., mo ieliS ;sfnk wdldr lSmhls'

¸' tlsfklg úreoaOd¾:j;a mo tl;= ùfuka iEfok hq., mo

WodyrK(- tfy fufy hdï Bï

by< my< Wvla ìula

ÿlg iemg

¸¸' tlsfklg iudk w¾: we;s mo tl;= ùfuka iEfok hq., mo

WodyrK(- ñ, uqo,a iñ;s iud.ï

kvq yn wreu mqÿu

ÿla fodïkia

`

¸¸¸' mo foflys u w¾:hla fkdue;s jqj;a fhfok wjia:dj wkqj uekúka

w¾:h u;= jk hq., mo

WodyrK(- ,Üg f,dÜg ,jla fojla

,g mg jx yqx

wn,a nn,a

¸¹' tla mohl Yíoh wkqlrKh lrñka wfkla moh ieliqKq hq., mo

WodyrK(- wÕr oÕr wn, ÿn,

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wy, my,

¹' m<uq moh w¾:j;a jQ;a fojeks moh w¾: úrys; jQ;a mo tl;= ùfuka

ieliqKq hq., mo

WodyrK(- frdvq fndvq Tmamq ;srmamq

<uhs nuhs .id nid

uqo,a yo,a


¹¸' tlsfklg ióm w¾: fhÿKq hq., mo

WodyrK(- f.a fodr

hka;% uka;%

lhs l;kaor

f,v ÿla

¹¸¸' mQ¾j l%shd mo folla tl;= ùfuka ieliqKq hq., mo

WodyrK(- ljd fmdjd

ld î

lr lshd

ÿj,d mek,d

ys;,d n,,d

¹¸¸¸' l%shd rEm folla tl;= lsÍfuka ieliqKq hq., mo

WodyrK(-

y~k fodvk

,shk lshk

lk fndk

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ys;k m;k

is;=ï me;=ï

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yeç,s foä,s

fiú,s ne,s,s


f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd nyqúO udOH weiqre lruq

mß.Klh kQ;k f,dalfha nyq,j Ndú; flfrk NdKAvhla njg m;aj ;sfí'

mß.Klh u.ska f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh wfma ld¾hhkays ld¾hlaIu;djg m%n,

f,i n,mdhs' fï fya;=fjka we;eï mer‚ ikaksfõok l%u iudcfhka wE;a fjñka

mj;S' mß.Klh weiqfrka Y%jH oDYH udOH lsysmhla tljr Ndú; fldg b;d

wdl¾IŒh f,i f;dr;=re bÈßm;a l< yels h' tu.ska .%dylhdg ish weiska iy

lkska tljr f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug yels jk w;r b;d meyeÈ,sj iy ksrjq,aj

f;dr;=re úêu;a f,i bÈßm;a lsÍug o bv ie,fihs' fuh nyq úO udOH bÈßm;a

lsÍula f,i ie,flhs'

lsishï foaYkhla fyda bÈßm;a lsÍula mß.Klh wdOdrfhka isÿ lsÍfï § nyq,j

fhdod .efkkafka mj¾ fmdhskaÜ Power point& keue;s b;d u ckms%h uDÿldx.h hs'

th 1992 j¾Ifha ks, jYfhka ksl=;a ù we;s w;r úkafvdaia iy wem,a fufyhqï

moaO;s iu. Ndú; l< yels h' fï jk úg tu uDÿldx.h wem,a iy wekafv%dhsâ

ÿrl:k fufyhqï moaO;s iu. o ls%hd;aul l< yels h'

mj¾ fmdhskaÜ uDÿldx.h Ndú;fhka wod< bÈßm;a lsÍfï ie,eiau uq, isg w.

olajd rEm rduq fm<lg ke.sh yels h' foaYkh meje;aùug iu.dój tu rEm rduq

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myiqfjka .%yKh lr .; yels wdldrhg mj¾ fmdhskaÜ rEm rduq ilia lr .;

hq;= h' weig myiq j¾K Ndú; l< hq;= w;r wkjYH mßÈ rEm rduqj wl=rej,ska

msrùu WÑ; fkd fõ' ñksia fud<hg jrlg .%yKh lr .; yels jpk ixLHdj

iSud iys; neúka jpkj,ska msreKq rEm rduq ksid .%dylhd fjfyig m;a úh yels

h' tneúka wju jpk Ndú;h fuys § jeo.;a fõ' iuia; mj¾ fmdhskaÜ rEm rduq

fm< mqrd u tlaa ir, wl=re j¾.hla Ndú; lsÍu WÑ; h' iNdfõ miqmi isg jqj

o lshúh yels f,i wl=rl wju m%udKh fmdhskaÜ 18 f,i Ndú; lsÍu fhda.H h'

Wmßu wl=re j¾. folla Ndú; lsÍug iSud úh hq;= h'


iuia; bÈßm;a lsÍu mqrd talñ;shla mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a jk w;r ixLHd f,aLk

bÈßm;a lsÍfï § yels ;dla ir, j.= iy Ñ;%l rEm ^Graphic& Ndú; l< hq;= h'

WÑ; j¾K Ndú;h .%dyl wdl¾IKhg fya;= jkq we;'

.%dyl wjOdkh ;Sj% lsÍug iy lreKq ikd: lsÍug Y%jH oDYH m%fhda. Ndú;h

iqÿiq h' wjYH mßÈ iÔùlrKh" rEm fhdod .ekSu jeo.;a jk w;r rEm rduqfjka

rEm rduqjg iÔùlrK rEm Ânimation& fh§u .%dylhd fjfyig m;a lrkakls'

tneúka fhdod .kakd ish¨ m%fhda. wjYH mßÈ yd wjia:djg WÑ; f,i Ndú;h

ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' ljr Y%jH oDYH m%fhda. fhdod .kq ,enqj o mj¾

fmdhskaÜ iu¾mKh w¾:j;a jkafka bÈßm;a lrkakdf.a l:kh;a iu. hs' mj¾

fmdhskaÜ iu¾mKh hkq Tfí bÈßm;a lsÍug wdOdrlhla úkd iuia; bÈßm;a

lsÍu fkdjk nj isys ;nd .; hq;= h'

nyqúO udOH m%lafIAmlh ^Multimedia Projector&" msgq fmr<kh" fmdaiagrh" ldgqka"

ixhqla; ;eá wdÈ úúO udOH o lsishï bÈßm;a lsÍula i|yd wdOdrl jYfhka

Ndú; l< yels h' fï ish,a, M,odhl jkafka Tfí bÈßm;a lsÍfï l=i,;d ÈhqKq

lr .; fyd;a muKls' ukao by; ish,a, Tfí bÈßm;a lsÍfï miqìu ñi iuia;h

fkdjk neúks'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka mdGfha ysia;ekaj,g .e<fmk mo fhdod hq., mo iïmQ¾K

lrkak'

fï lduf¾ ;sfhk ''''''''''''''''''''' f,dÜg wia ''''''''''''''''''''' lr, Th fiaru

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lrkak ;sfhkjd' whshd ,jla ''''''''''''''''''''' ke;sj tfy ''''''''''''''''''''' ÿjkjd

ñila f.hla ''''''''''''''''''''' t<s ''''''''''''''''''''' lr,d §,d wmg Wojq '''''''''''''''''''''

lrkjdhe' oeka orejkag fj,djla ''''''''''''''''''''' kE ´jg'


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' yels ;rï hq., mo fhdoñka my; i|yka pß; w;r ixjdo f.dv k.kak'

¸' .fï lfâ uqo,d,s iy mdßfNda.slhl= w;r ixjdohla

¸¸' iShd iy w;a;ïud w;r ixjdohla

2' hq., mo we;=<;a lrñka lúhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

3' jeo.;a pß;hla ms<sn|j ,shejqKq ,smshla lshjd" foaYkhla ilia lr

mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

4' my; lKavdhï ls%hdldrlïj, ksr; jkak'

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oyhl mß.Kl bÈßm;a lsÍula lrkak'

‘mŒNdr; kï jQ fY%aIaG l,dlrejd’ hk uefhka ì;a;s mqj;am;la

ks¾udKh lrkak'

‘uu mŒNdr; fjñ'’ wdpd¾h tia' mŒNdr; pß;hg wdfrdamKh

fjñka N+ñld rx.khl fhfokak' fuys § tla wxYhl f;dr;=re

tla whl= u.ska bÈßm;a lrkak'

1' uf.a mjqf,a f;dr;=re 2' ug Wojq l< wh

3' ud kegqu;a wrka f,dafl jfÜ .sh yeá 4' ug ,enqKq iïudk

5' ud bkaÈhdfõ § .; l< Ôú;h 6' k¾;kh fjkqfjka ud l< fufyh

cd;sl k¾;k Èkh ksñ;af;ka wdpd¾h tia' mŒNdr;hkaf.a

YsIHhl= le|jd f.k" idlÉPdjl fh§" Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a fyda

woaoelSï fnod yod .kak'

iqÿiq l%ufõohla Ndú; lrñka wdpd¾h mŒNdr;hka .ek

f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrkak' my; i|yka f;aud Ndú;hg .kak'

Ôj

o;a;

ióm;u

wh

mjqf,a

f;dr;=re

fiajholaI;d

oelajQ

lafIa;%

.=re

Nj;=ka

iïudk

27

iaàjka fydalska kSfrda.s orejl= f,i fuf,dj t<sh oel" kj fhdjqka úfha

§ oreKq f,i frda.d;=r ù weú§fï iy l:d lsÍfï yelshdj

wysñ jQ Tyq fï lsisjla ish Ôú;hg ndOd lr .;af;a ke;'

ieneúka u Tyqf.a Ôú; l:dj úiauhckl h¦ wdo¾Yj;a h'

l=vd l, mgka f,dalfha mj;sk ish,a, meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd

tla kHdhla fiùu i|yd fjfyi jQ iy m¾fhaIK l< Tyq"

idOdrK idfmalaI;djdoh hgf;a kHdhd;aul ixisoaê lsysmhla

iïnkaOfhka f,dj ms<s.;a kj u; bÈßm;a lsÍug iu;a

úh' iaàjka fydalska l¿ l=yrj,ska msg jk úlsrKh fyj;a

fydalska úlsrKh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul idOl /ila bÈßm;a

l< úoajf;ls' Tyq ms<sn| fï ,smsh iïmdokh lrk ,oafoa

YS%% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha fN!;sl úoHd wOHhkdxYfha

wdpd¾h uOqrx. m%kdkaÿ úisks'

4

28

Tyq f,dal m%lg" by< fmf<a fN!;sl úoHd{fhls¦ kHdhd;aul fN!;sl úoHd{fhls'

^Theoretical physicist&¦ úYaj kHdhfõÈfhls ^Cosmologist&' fï ish,a,g;a jvd

úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreK jkafka Tyqg Ôú; ld,h mqrd u wdndê;

mqoa.,hl= f,i .; lsÍug isÿ ùu hs' tkï" Tyq pd,l kshqfrdak wdndOh Motor Neuron Disease& fyj;a ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) kï frda.fhka

wêl f,i mSvd ú¢kafkls' YÍrh wm%d‚l" tl w;l tla weÕs,a,la muKla ls%hd

lrk fuka u l:d lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ fï wiydh ñksid wka lsisjl= fkdj

Tn fyd¢ka okakd iaàjka fydalska h' fï wdndO lsisjla ish Ôjk .ukg ndOd

fkd lr f.k fkdie,S Ôú;hg uqyqK §ug Tyq i;= jQ Èßu;alu ieneúka u w.h

l< hq;= h' flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,h hgf;a mj;sk kHdhd;aul úYajkHdh ms<sn|

m¾fhaIK wdh;kfha ^Centre for Theoretical Cosmology& wOHlaI Oqrh fydnjk

w;r f,dj m%uqL fmf<a .%ka: l;=jrhl= f,i lS¾;shla Èkd .ekSug fydalskag

yels jQfha Tyq i;= úiauhckl ffO¾hh ksid u h'

1942 ckjdß ui 08 jeks Èk tx.,ka;fha Tlaia*¾â k.rfha Wm; ,o kSfrda.s

orejd iaàjka ú,shï fydalska f,i kï flßKs' Tyqf.a mshd jk *a?kala fydalska

iy uj jk bifn,a fydalska hk fofokd u Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,fha WmdêOdÍka

muKla fkd j" iudcfha ms<s.;a W.;a;= o jQy' fï fom<g fydalskag wu;rj ms,s*d

yd fïß kï ¥jre fofofkla o l=vd l, isg yod jvd .;a tâjâ kï mqf;la o jQy'

fydalska ish wOHdmk lghq;= wdrïN lf<a ,kavkfha yhsf.aÜ k.rfha nhsfrdka

mdif,ks' wk;=rej mdi,a lsysmhlska u wOHdmkh ,enQ Tyq 1959 § tkï" jhi

wjqreÿ odyf;a § Wiia wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a úh'

Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,fha .; l< uq,a wjêfha § fydalska yqfol,dj ms%h lrk

YsIHhl= f,i m%isoaêhg m;aj isá w;r miqj fm!rd‚l fN!;sl úoHdjg yd úoHd

m%nkaOj,g oeäj we¨ï lrk YsIHhl= f,i m%isoaêhg m;a úh' tu úIhh fuka u

kHdhd;aul fN!;sl úoHdj o Tyqg ms%hckl úIhhla úh' Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,fha

bf.kqu ,enQ wjika jir fydalskaf.a Ôú;fha ;SrKd;aul j¾Ih hs' fï ld,fha

§ Tyq ks;r isysuQ¾Pd ù jefgkakg úh' ta Tyqf.a pd,l kshqfrdak wdndOfha

m%:u frda. ksodkh hs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a jqj o fydalska 1962 § m%:u mka;s

idu¾:Hhla iys;j iajdNdúl úoHdj ms<sn| f.!rj Wmdêh Èkd .ekSu jQ l,s

Tyqf.a úYsIag;ajh úoyd fmkaùuls'

ish wdpd¾h Wmdêh i|yd Tyq úiska f;dard .kq ,enqfõ idOdrK idfmalaI;djdoh

yd úYajkHdh hk úIh lafIa;% hs' fï wjêh jk úg fydalska ish frda.h ksid

ks;r mSvd ú¢ w;r" weú§fï § mjd Tyqg oekqfKa úYd, wmyiq;djls' fï wNsfhda.

29

uOHfha jqj o 1966 § Tyq ish wdpd¾h Wmdêh Èkd .;af;a h' ta jHjydßl .‚;h

yd kHdhd;aul fN!;sl úoHdj hk úIh lafIa;% hgf;a ‘idOdrK idfmalaI;djdoh

yd úYajkHdh’ ms<sn| úfYaI{ oekqula iys; úoaj;l= f,i h' ‘ld, wjldYfha

wmQ¾j;d yd cHdñ;sh’ ^Singularities and the Geometry of Space - Time& kï jQ

fydalskaf.a tu m¾fhaIK lD;shg tu j¾Ifha wevïia ;Hd.h o ysñ úh' b;d m%n,

frda.hlska oreKq f,i mSvd ú¢ñka fï id uy;a wOHhk lghq;a;l kshe,S th

w;sid¾:l f,i wjika lsÍug ;rï fydalska i;= jQ Ñ;a; Yla;sh;a wiuiu {dk

uysuh;a m%Yxidjg n÷ka jkafka u h'

Tyq 1970 § le,sf*dakshd ;dlaI‚l wdh;kfha ^Caltech& ndysr uydpd¾hjrhl=

f,i o lghq;= flf<a h' 1977 § fyj;a Tyqf.a jhi wjqreÿ 35 § Tyq Tlaia*¾â

úYajúoHd,fha .=re;ajdl¾IK fN!;sl úoHdj ms<sn| uQ,dikdrEV uydpd¾h

;k;=frka msÿï ,enqfõ h' th Tyqf.a jhig idfmalaIj Tyqf.a olaI;dj i|yd ,o

b;d by< ;k;=rls' tfuka u fï jk úg fydalska f,dal mQð; f.!rj kdu" ;Hd."

molalï yd iïudk úYd, ixLHdjla Èkd f.k we;' ta w;ßka wevïia iïudkh

^1966&" t*a'wd¾'tia' ^1974&" täkagka molalu ^1975&" uelaiafj,a molalu iy ;Hd.h

^1976&" fyhskaudka ;Hd.h ^1976&" y.aia molalu ^1976&" we,anÜ whskaiaghska

iïudkh ^1978&" vhs/la molalu ^1987&" jq,a*a iïudkh ^1988&" ksoyi i|yd jQ

ckdêm;s iïudkh ^2009& jeks b;d by< .Kfha ;Hd." molalï yd iïudk

rdYshlg Tyq ysñlï lshhs'

1970 §" fydalska “úYajh idOdrK idfmalaI;djdoh wkqj yeisf¾ kï wef,laiekav¾

*arhsoaudka úiska bÈßm;a fldg we;s fN!;sl úYajkHdfha tk ish¨ u kHdhhkag

tlÕ úh hq;= h"” hk m¾fhaIK m;%sldj m%ldYhg m;a flf<a h' tu jif¾

§ u Tyq ‘l¿ l=yr .;súoHdj ms<sn| fojk kshuh’ fuka u ‘l¿ l=yr hdka;%

úoHdj iïnkaO kshu y;r’ jeks by< kHdhhka m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' 1973 §

Tyqf.a m¾fhaIK úIh lafIa;% lajkagï fN!;sl úoHdj yd lajkagï .=re;ajh

hk úIh Odrdj,g fhduq jQ w;r" Tyqf.a m¾fhaIK m;s%ld tu lafIa;%j,g f.dkq

úh' tfuka u wo jk úg b;d by< m¾fhaIK ix.%yj, fydalskaf.a m%uqL fmf<a

m¾fhaIK m;s%ld 200lg jeä ixLHdjla m%ldYhg m;a ù we;' th m¾fhaIlhl=

f,i Tyq ,nd we;s by< ms<s.ekSu úoyd olajhs'

1971 jif¾ § fcda¾Ê t,sia iu. tlaj Tyqf.a m<uq .%ka:h jk ld,h yd wjldYh

ms<sn| uyd mßudKfha jHQyh iïmdokh lf<a h' th 1973 § m%ldYhg m;a lrk

,È' bka wk;=rej" 1988 § ld,h ms<sn| flá ye¢kaùula" 1993 § l¿ l=yr" <ore

úYajhka iy wfkl=;a m;s%ld" 1996 § frdc¾ fmkafrdaia iu. ld,h iy wjldYfha

30

iajNdjh" 1997 § ;j;a lsysmfokl= iu. tlaj f,dl= - l=vd iy ñksia uki" 2001

§ lgqjla ;=< we;s úYajh" 2002 § fhdaOhkaf.a Wr u;ska iy tu jif¾ § u ;j;a

lsysm fokl= iu. tlaj ld, wjldYfha wkd.;h" 2005 § foúhka uejQ mQ¾K

ixLHd" 2010 § f,kdâ ñf.daäfkda iu. uyd rgdj" 2011 § j,am,aj,ska ieÿKq

isysk( lajkagï fN!;sl úoHd m;s%ld iy 2013 § uf.a flá ye¢kaùu kue;s f,dal

m%isoaO fuka u b;d by< wf,ú jd¾;d ;enQ fmd;a rdYshl l;=jrhd úh' fï fmd;a

f.dkafkys úYsIag l;=jrhd f,i fydalska b;d by< oekqï iïNdrhla f,djg

;s<sK lr we;'

óg wu;rj Tyq f,dal iduh mj;ajd .ekSu Wfoid f,dal hqoaOj,g tfrysj" mßir

úkdYhg yd mßir WKqiqï ùu kj;d ,Sug fuka u mß.Kl ffjrij,g úreoaOj

mjd ;u u;h fkdìhj bÈßm;a lrñka tajdg úreoaOj wr., l< ienE ñksil=

nj o mejish hq;= h' ;j o Tyq fN!;sl úoHd kHdhhka úiska fï f,dj md,kh

flfrk nj ms<s.;a úoajf;ls'

úYsIag .=Kdx. /ilska yd ukd fm!reIhlska iukaú; fï úfYaI pß;h ms<sn|

.%ka: rdYshla ,shd oelaúh yels h' Ôú;fha wkfmalaIs; ì| jeàï iuQyhla yuqfõ

wlïms;j Bg uqyqK § f,dj oi Èf.ys ch oo kexjQ úoaj;l= f,i lS¾;shla w;a

lr .ekSug iu;a jQ fï wiydh ñksidf.a Ôú;h ish¨ fokdg u uy;a wdo¾Yhls'

fu;rï iqúi,a Ôjk wNsfhda. yuqfõ mjd fkdie,S iaàjka fydalska isÿ l<

fufyh ms<sn| úuid n,k l," b|ysg wmg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk iq¿ iq¿ wNsfhda.

uevmj;ajd .; fyd;a wmg fkd l< yels fohla ke;s nj Tng jegfykq we;'

wjfndaOh

1' fydalska ms%h l< úIh fudkjd o@

2' ;u wdpd¾h Wmdêh i|yd fï úoaj;d f;dard .;a úIh lafIa;%h l=ula o@

3' fydalskaf.a wdpd¾h Wmdê ksnkaOh i|yd ysñ jQ ;Hd.h kï lrkak'

4' iaàjka fydalskag ysñ jQ ;k;=re iy iïudk fjka fjkaj olajkak'

5' fï pß;h ms<sn| Tng we;s jk yeÕSu úia;r lrkak'

31

isxy, wlaIr ud,dj

^w&x ^w&#

l L . > X Õ

p P c ® [ `c

g G v V K ~

; : o O k |

j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk isxy, wlaIr ud,dj wlaIr yeglska hqla; fjhs' my;

i|yka jkafka tu wlaIr ud,dj hs'

isxy, wlaIr ud,dj iajr ^m%dKdlaIr& yd jH`Coack ^.d;%dlaIr& jYfhka fldgia

follg fnfoa'

iajr

fjk;a wlaIrhl Yíohl& Wmldrhlska f;drj" ;ksj WÉpdrKh l< yels wlaIr

iajr kï fõ' iajr Yío ksrEmKh lsÍug fhfok wlaIr m%dKdlaIr ^mKl=re& kï

fõ' iajr 18ls'

w wd we wE b B

W W! R RD Ì Ï

t tA ft T ´ T!

w wd we wE b B

W W! R RD Ì Ï

t tA ft T ´ T!

^w&x ^w&#

l L . > X Õ

p P c ® [ `c

g G v V K ~

; : o O k |

m M n N u U

h r , j

Y I i y < *

32

jH`Coack

;ksj WÉpdrKh l< fkdyels" iajr iu. tl;= lsÍfuka myiqfjka

WÉpdrKh l< yels wl=re jH`Coack wlaIr hs' jH[ack Yío ksrEmKh lsÍug

fhdok wlaIr .d;%dlaIr ^.;l=re& kï fõ'

la ¬ w } l ia ¬ w } i

;a ¬ b } ;s ia ¬ W } iq

isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ jH`Coack wlaIr 42ls'

^w&x ^w&#

l L . > X Õ

p P c ® [ `c

g G v V K ~

; : o O k |

m M n N u U

h r , j

Y I i y < *

fï wlaIr ;j;a wkqfldgia rdYshlg fnod ±laúh yels h'

j¾.dlaIr

isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ ‘l’ wl=f¾ isg ‘u’ wl=r olajd we;s wlaIr j¾.dlaIr f,i

ye¢kafjhs' Yío WmÈk ia:dkh" w,amm%dK - uydm%dK fNaoh yd f>daI - wf>daI

fNAoh hk idOl u; wlaIr fufia j¾. jYfhka fm< .iajkq ,efí'

‘l’ wlaIrfhka werfUk fma<shg wh;a wlaIr ‘l’ j¾.dlaIr hs'

‘p’ wlaIrfhka werfUk fma<shg wh;a wlaIr ‘p’ j¾.dlaIr hs'

‘g’ wlaIrfhka werfUk fma<shg wh;a wlaIr ‘g’ j¾.dlaIr hs'

‘;’ wlaIrfhka werfUk fma<shg wh;a wlaIr ‘;’ j¾.dlaIr hs'

‘m’ wlaIrfhka werfUk fma<shg wh;a wlaIr ‘m’ j¾.dlaIr hs'

33

l - j¾.h l L . > X

p - j¾.h p P c ® [

g - j¾.h g G v V K

; - j¾.h ; : o O k

m - j¾.h m M n N u

fï mdvfï § úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq jkafka by; j¾.dlaIr W;am;a;s ia:dk wkqj

j¾. flfrk wdldrh ms<sn|j hs'

Yío WÉpdrKfha § uqLfhys we;s Èj" há o;a fm< fyda há f;d, hk uqL Wmdx.

W.=r" ;,a," uqÿk" Wvq o;a" Wvq f;d, wdÈ p,kh fkd jk uqL Wmdx. lrd meñK

iam¾Y fjhs' tfia Yío WÉpdrKfha § p,kh fkdjk uqL Wmdx. wlaIr W;am;a;s

ia:dk f,i y÷kd.kq ,efí' fï wdldrhg wlaIr W;am;a;s ia:dk wkqj isxy,

wl=re j¾. flf¾'

² lKaGc ² ;d¨c ² uQ¾Oc ² oka;c ² ÍaGc

lKaGc

lKaG hkq W.=r hs' lKaGc hkq zW.=ßka WmÈkZ hk wre; hs' Yío WÉpdrKfha

§ Èfõ miq fldgi W.=r foig <x ùfuka WmÈk Yío lKaGc kñka ye¢kafjhs'

;d¨c

z;,a, wdY%fhka WmÈkZ hk woyi ;d¨c hkafkys we;' Èfõ ueo fldgi ;,af,ys

.eàfuka WmÈk Yío ;d¨c f,i ye¢kafjhs'

l L . > X

p P c ® [

34

uQ¾Oc

Èfõ w. fldgi Wvg keó" ;,af,ys uqÿfka .eàfuka WmÈk Yío uQ¾Oc Yío hs'

oka;c

Èfõ ;=v o;a wekafoys .eàfuka WmÈk Yío oka;c Yío kï fõ'

ÍaGc

ÍaGc hkafkys woyi f;d,aj,ska WmÈk hkak hs' há f;d, iy Wvqf;d,

.eàfuka WmÈk Yío ÍaGc Yío hs'

j¾.dlaIr W;am;a;s ia:dk wkqj j¾. flfrk wdldrh my; i|yka j.=fjys

oelafõ'

W;am;a;s ia:dk j¾.h jH[ack wlaIr

lKaGc ^W.=frka WmÈk& ‘l’ j¾.h l L . > X

;d¨c j¾.h ^;,af,ka WmÈk& ‘p’ j¾.h p P c CO [

uQ¾Oc ^;¨ uqÿfkka WmÈk& ‘g’ j¾.h g G v V K

oka;c ô;a weiqfrka WmÈk& ‘;’ j¾.h ; : o O k

ÍaGc ^f;d,a weiqfrka

WmÈk& ‘m’ j¾.h m M n N u

g G v V K

; : o O k

m M n N u

35

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' ‘l’ j¾.hg wh;a wlaIr muKla we;=<;a jk mßÈ jpk ;=kla ,shkak'

2' G" v" K hk wl=re we;=<;a jkafka l=uk j¾.hg o@

3' my; i|yka j¾.dlaIr W;am;a;s ia:dkh wkqj kï lrkak'

p - . - [ - O - L - K -

m - c - : - v - N -

4' ksjerÈ jrKh f;darkak'

¸' ÍaGc wlaIr we;=<;a fkdjk jpkh f;darkak'

^w& ;d,ïmg ^wd& .eg fnrh ^b& uoao,h ^B& ylaf.äh

¸¸' ; j¾.hg wh;a wl=re muKla we;=<;a jpkh jkafka

^w& ;oaê; ^wd& lDoka; ^b& ;oaNj ^B& ;;aiu hkak hs'

¸¸¸' uQ¾Oc wlaIrhla we;=<;a fkdjk jpkh jkafka

^w& mSGh ^wd& m‚úvh ^b& wdrEV ^B& ixLHdj hkak hs'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' úúO udOH mßYS,kh lr" iaàjka fydalskaf.a pß;h ms<sn| ;j;a úfYaI

f;dr;=re fidhd l=vd fmd;la ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' ‘fydalskaf.a pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jpk foiShl

muK rpkdjla ,shkak'

3' Tn okakd ;j;a fun÷ pß;hla ms<sn| mka;sh bÈßfha l:djla bÈßm;a

lrkak'


mer‚ wOHdmkfha § m%uqL;djla ysñ jQfha Y%jKhg h' fmd;

m; nyq, fkdjQ iudcfha lshjQ foa Y%jKh lsÍfuka fndfyda

fokd oekqu ,enQy' Tjqyq ‘nyqY%e;fhda’ jQy'

wo mdi,a wOHdmkh ;=< lshùu yd ,sùu uQ,sl fjhs' lshùu

m%.=K lsÍfuka oekqu j¾Okh lr .ekSfï bv lv újr fõ'

th oekqu uQ,sl jQ f,dalh ;=< ;udg ysñ ;ek w;a m;a lr

.ekSug o m%n, rel=,la fjhs'

Ñrka;k idys;H .%ka: rpkd fldg we;af;a wid ri ú£u

wruqKq lr .;a nK l:d Í;sfhks' tajd lshùfï § w¾: rih

fuka u Yío rih flfrys o ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH h'

ksjerÈ YífodaÉpdrKh 5

37

is,dfidíNlKavl fÉ;sh

jÜg.duŒ wNh úiska lrjk ,o is,dfidíNlKavl fÉ;shg lksÜG;siai

úiska :Qm>rhla lrù h' Tyq tys úYd, msßfjKla o lrù h' f.daGdNh

^ls%' j' 253-266& th m%;sixialrKh lrù h' j¾;udk ,xldrdu ia;+mh

uq, § :Qm>rhla iys;j mej;s njg idOl ;sfí' fuh uyd úydrfha :Qmdrdu

:Qm>rhg fnfyúka iudk jQjls' ,xldrdu :Qm>rh ;=< nqÿms<su ;ekam;a

lr ;snqK njg idOl ;sfí' :Qmdrdu :Qm>rfha o nqÿms<su ;ekam;a lr

;snqK njg idOl ;sfí'

r;akm%didoh

wNh.sß úydrfha ia;+mhg ngysßka we;s úYd, f.dvke.s,af,a wjfYaI

r;akm%didoh f,i ye¢kf.k ;sfí' wNh.sß úydrfha NslaIQkag fmdfydh

lsÍu i|yd Wfmdai:d.drhla f,i ;kd we;s th ls%' j' 2 ishjfia §

lksÜG;siai rcq úiska lrjk ,oaols' 2 jeks uyskao ^ls%' j' 777-779& th

b;d w,xldr f,i kej; lrù h' túg th uy,a .Kkdjlska hq;a foõ

úukla jeks úh' Tyq tys rka nqÿms<suhla o ;ekam;a lrù h' 1 jeks fiak

oji ^ls%' j' 833-853& ta ms<suh yd jákd jia;= mdKavHhka úiska meyerf.k

.sh w;r" 2 jeks fiak ^ls%' j' 853-887& tajd kej; ,ndf.k tys ;ekam;a

flf<a h'

ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl lghq;= wud;HdxYfha uOHu ixialD;sl wruqof,a wfma

ixialD;sl Wreuh kï m%ldYkh YS% ,xldfõ b;sydifha wNsudkh ksrEmKh jk

mßÈ md,s" ixialD; jpk iys; ñY% isxy, NdId jHjydrfhka rpkd ù we;' by;

WoaOD; thska Wmqgd f.k we;'

uq,a ld,Sk .=jka úÿ,s m%jD;a;s ksjerÈ WÉpdrKfhka yd y~ md,kfhka hq;= j

f,aLk jHjydrfhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï iïm%odhla mej;sK' wo jk úg o tu iïm%odh

rlsñka m%jD;a;s bÈßm;a lrk .=jka úÿ,s kd,sld lSmhla fjhs'

my; oelafjkafka 2017 fmnrjdß 5 jeks Èk oyj,a 12'45g YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s

ixia:dfjka m%pdrh flreKq m%jD;a;s m%ldYfhys we;=<;a jQ isria;, lSmhls'

fõ,dj oyj,a fod<yhs y;<sia my hs'

fï YS% ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj hs'

fukak m%jD;a;s" ixialrKh - bfkdald fn%daysh¾" m%ldYh - {dkskao fmf¾rd

38

² yDohdndOhl § Ôú;h fírd .; yels T!IOhla wdkhkh lsÍug

rcfha wjOdkh fhduq fõ'

² rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd foaYmd,k{hka yd mßmd,k fiajlhka

tlg tla j lghq;= l< hq;= nj YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajd ix.uh

mjihs'

² 2016" 2017 úYajúoHd, wOHhk j¾Ih i|yd whÿïm;a Ndr .ekSu

20 jeks odhska wjika fõ'

² úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ish¨ ld¾hhka äðg,alrKh flf¾'

² l¿;r isg mhd., olajd ÿïßh ud¾.h oaú;aj ud¾.hla f,i

bÈlsÍï werfò'

m%jD;a;s we;=¿ f,aLk lshùfï § tys w¾:h wjfndaO lr .ksñka" úrdu ,laIKj,g

wkq.; fjñka lshùu Y%djlhdg tys wka;¾.;h ukdj .%yKh lr .ekSu ms‚i

fya;= fõ'

mer‚ isxy, wOHdmk l%ufha § Yío ksjerÈj WÉpdrKhg YsIHhd mqyqKq lrùu

flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq úh' ta i|yd u úfYaI jQ mer‚ fmd;a .Kkdjla

úh' YífodaÉpdrKh m%.=K lrjQfha tu lD;sj, we;=<;a lú" .d:d yd Yaf,dal

wdY%fhks' ilialv yd ysf;damfoaYh hk fmd;aj,ska Wmqgd .;a mdG iy Yaf,dal

Tn óg by; fYa%‚j, § bf.k f.k ;sfí' my; oelafjkafka m%;Hh Y;lh

kï .%ka:fhys we;=<;a Yaf,dalhls' tu Yaf,dalh ksjerÈj WÉpdrKh lsÍug mqyqKq

jkak' ixialD; NdIdfjka ,sheù we;s Yaf,dal WÉpdrKh lsÍu u|la ÿIalr f,i

yeÕ=K o kej; kej; wNHdifhys ksr; ùfuka WÉpdrKh myiq lrjkq we;'

yxfid úNd;s iriSrey jdß ufOH

isxfyd úNd;s .sßl=xcr ks¾COcfr p

cdf;Hd úNd;s ;=rf.d rK ùr ufOH

úoajdka úNd;s mqrefIIq úpCIfKIq

^m%;Hh Y;lh 100&

yxihd nn<kafka c,dYhkays § h'

isxyhdf.a úl%udkaú; nj we;=ka ueo h'

ffikaOj wYajhdf.a n,h hqoaO N+ñfha § h'

úoHdjka; mKaä;hdf.a nen<Su tn÷ u mKaä;hka ueo h'

ixialD; yd md,s NdIdjkays uydm%dK wlaIr iq,N h' tu wlaIr uekúka WÉpdrKh

l< hq;= h' md,s .d:d WÉpdrKh myiq jk w;r tajd o lú yd Yaf,dal fuka u

39

;d,dkqrEmj .dhkd l< yels h' my; § we;s md,s .d:dj o Tn okakd fujeks

fjk;a .d:d o .dhkSh ú,difhka WÉpdrKh lrkak'

k Nfc mdmfl ñf;;

k Nfc mqßidOfu

Nfc: ñf;; l,HdfK

Nfc: mqßiq;; fu

mdm ñ;%hka yd wi;amqreIhka weiqre fkdl< hq;= h' l,HdK ñ;%hka yd

i;amqreIhka u weiqre l< hq;= h'

Ôuu moh - mKä ; j..&

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' ijka fokakdf.a wjOdkh Èkd .ekSu i|yd m%jD;a;s lshùfï § ie,ls,su;a

úh hq;= lreKq ,shkak'

2' mdvfuys wka;¾.; Yaf,dalfhka yd .d:dfjka ,nd fok WmfoaY ,shkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' mdvfï we;=<;a úúO f,aLk" Bg ysñ ffY,sfhka y~ k.d WÉpdrKh jk

fia mka;sfha § bÈßm;a lrkak'

2' mdi,a mdol we.hSï ls%hdj,sfha § yd isxy, NdId ;r.j, § lshùfï l=i,;d

oelaùu i|yd mdvfï we;=<;a f,aLk uekúka mßYS,kh lrkak'

3' .=re Wmfoia we;sj uÕ=,a ,l=K" .Kfoú yE,a," joka lúfmd; jeks fmd;la

imhd f.k mka;sfha lKavdhï w;r lshùfï ;r.hla mj;ajkak'

40

úrdu ,laIK

l:kfha §;a f,aLkfha §;a úrduh fyj;a kej;Su fhfoa' l:kfha § fhfok

úrduh fyj;a kej;Su f,aLkfha § ksrEmKh flfrkafka úrdu ,laIK u.sks'

úrdu ,laIK Ndú;h woyia meyeÈ,sj yd ksrjq,aj bÈßm;a lsÍug Wmldß fjhs'

óg by; fYa%‚j, § Tn my; i|yka úrdu ,laIK ms<sn| oekqj;a ù we;'

úrdu ,laIKh ksoiqk

;s; ^'& wyi l¿ úh'

jeiaila weo ye,s‚'

fldudj ^"& ks,a" r;=" ly uQ,sl j¾K fõ'

fo;s; ^(& ix.S;{hd( ix.S;h lshkafka úYaj NdIdjla'

1(50000 is;shula weiqfrka ms<s;=re imhkak'

úiauhdÈ ,l=K ^æ& wfydaæ foõo;a fkdÿá fudlamqr'

flá br ^-& wlaIr úkHdifha § K-k"

,-< fNaoh b.ekafõ'

whÿïm;a Ndr .kakd wjidk Èkh 2017-10-05 h'

we, br ^$& fï fm;s$lr,a Wfoa$iji fndkak'

;ks Wvq fldudj ^Z& fmrZUr ysre kefÕhs'

;ks Wvq fldud ^‘’& wlaIr" ‘j¾K’ hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'

hq., Wvq fldud ^“ ”& “fuys tj” rc ksfhda. lf<a h'

jryk ^ & y%iaj ^flá& iajr wgls'

41

,sÅ; wNHdi

óg fmr fYa%‚j, § Tn W.;a úrdu ,laIK wdY%fhka my; i|yka wNHdij,

ksr; jkak'

1' my; i|yka jdlH úrdu ,laIK fhdod kej; ,shkak'

¸' ta ù iqrùr uy;d iNdj wu;d yrj;a foaYkhla meje;ajQfha h

¸¸' i f;d i g f.dia meñ‚ ldka;dj wïfuda nvqj, .Kka hehs

ñ;=ßhg lSjd h

¸¸¸' orej Tng hym;la u fõjd

¸¹' isxy, .eñ Ôú;h úoyd oelafjk kjl;djls fla ch;s,lhkaf.a

pß; ;=kla

¹' tia uyskao ysñhkaf.a foaYdNsudkS lú fuka u <ud .S o rij;a mµ

ks¾udK f,i w.h l< yels he hs foaYkfha § mejis‚

¹¸' fm j 10'30 11'00 olajd úfõl ld,h hs

¹¸¸' l=rlalkaj,ska úúO wdydr j¾. idokq ,efí

ksoiqka ye,m ;,m msÜgq frdà

¹¸¸¸' pdßldj hk iEu YsIHhl= u wjYH wdydr md¾i,a fol Wfoa oj,a

f.k wd hq;= hehs .=re;=ud oekaùï m;s%ldfõ i|yka lr ;sì‚

¸º' wfka túm; isÿjqKs

º' f;f¾id ujq;=ñh uqvqlal=j, idka;=jßh 1910 1997 f,i ye¢kajqfKa

weh wirKhka Wfoid isÿ l< fufyh ksid h

42

wlaIr úkHdi Í;s

jeis iuh meñ‚ l, YS; l< îu

ñ, § .ekSu wvq fjhs'

kx.S legh ì| uqo,a t<shg .ksñka tys ;snQ ldis .‚ñka isáhd h'

jeis iuh meñ‚ l, YS; l< îu ñ, § .ekSu wvq fjhs'

fï jdlH foflys ;o l¿ wl=frka uqøs; jpk foi n,kak' k" K" ," < wl=re

fh§u ksid tu jpk hq.,hkays w¾: fjkia ù we;'

.ksñka - hula wr .ksñka

.‚ñka - .Kka lrñka

l, - ld,h

l< - lrk ,o

fufia jpkj, ksis mßÈ wl=re fhfok ms<sfj< ye¢kafjkafka ‘wlaIr úkHdih’ kñks' NdIdj ksrjq,aj Ndú;hg;a w¾:djfndaOhg;a wlaIr úkHdi Í;s y÷kd .ekSu

fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fjhs' thska f,aLlhdf.a NdId l=i,;dj o Tma kexfjhs'

isxy, NdIdj ilia ù we;af;a md,s" ixialD; hk ud;D NdId weiqfrks' tu NdIdj,ska

isxy, NdIdjg meñ‚ jpk fndfyda h' óg wu;rj fou< yd bx.S%is wdÈ NdIdj,ska

meñ‚ jpk o wo olajd u Ndú;fha mj;S' isxy, NdIdfõ K" k" ," <" Y" I" i wdÈ

wl=re fh§fï § by; lreK .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fjhs'

6" 7" 8 fYa%‚j, § Tn wlaIr úkHdihg wod< Í;s .Kkdjla Wf.k we;' tajd o

h<s u;lhg kxjd .ksñka w¨;a Í;s lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'

43

K" k wlaIr fh§u

md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj, fhfok uQ¾Oc ‘K’ yd oka;c ‘k’ wl=re isxy,fhys

o ta wdldrfhka u fhfoa'

wdfõ‚l f,aLk

.=KO¾u mqk¾Nj

jd‚cHh ck.ykh

ksrEmKh lksIaG

m%ùK wkQk

wreKdf,dalh Lksc

fldaKh u¾okh

ks¾jdKh ixj¾Okh

mßKduh ;Hd. m%odkh

ks¾udK >kdkaOldrh

mßudKh uk#l,ams;

mß.Klh j¾;udk

ch.%yKh iïNdjkSh

iudkrEmS jpkj, w¾:hg wkqj uQ¾Oc ‘K’ fyda oka;c ‘k’ fhfoa'

kqjK ^{dkh& kqjk ^wei&

oK ôK ysi& ok ^ckhd&

jKh ^;=jd,h& jkh ^le,h&

lK ^weila fkdfmfkk& lk ^wkqNj lrk$Y%jfKakaøsh&

.eK ^.Kka fldg& .ek ^ms<sn|&

l=¨Kq ^lreKdj& l=¨kq ^lKq&

44

md,s" ixialD; NdIdj,ska ì£ tk jpkj, o Bg wkqrEmj uQ¾Oc ‘K’ fyda

oka;c ‘k’ fhfoa'

m%dK - mK wêIaGdk - wÈgk

;DK - ;K m%Yak - mek

OrŒ - forK ÿ¾ck - ÿok

l,Hd‚ - le,‚ kso¾Yk - ksoiqka

wdNrK - wnrK Ydik - iiqka

olaIsK - ol=K lksIaG - lksgq

WIaK - WKqiqï ,Y=k - Ækq

;SlaIaK - ;shqKq ia:dk - ;eka

,jK - ¨Kq wdik - wiqka

ix,laIK - i,l=Kq m%ikak - myka

;reK - ;=reKq fNdack - fndcqka

we;eï jpk" isxy,hg wkqj ilia jk úg uQ¾Oc ‘K’ wl=r oka;c ‘k’ njg

m;a fjhs'

l¾K - lka

iaj¾K - rka

j¾Kkd - jekqï

Y%jK - ijka

fldaK - fldk

ks¾jdK - ksjka

45

," < wlaIr fh§u

ud;D NdIdj, yd bx.S%isfha oka;c ‘,’ Yíoh iys; mo isxy,hg ì| .ekSfï §

oka;c ‘,’ jYfhka u isà'

l,dj isxy,

úoHd,h l,,

l,dmh fld,ksh

nd,sldj fld,rdj

ux., /,sh

iudk rEmS jpkj, w¾:hg wkqj uQ¾Oc ‘<’ fyda oka;c ‘,’ fhfoa'

we< - Èh mdr we, - me;a;

me< - me<Eá me, - l=vd f.h

ms<s - frÈ ms,s - ms,a,ï

uq¿ - ish¨ uq¨ - fldka

w¿ - <sfma w¿ w¨ - wdf,dalh

;=< - we;=f<ys ;=, - iudk

l=< - l+gh l=, - f.da;%h

o< - oeä o, - m;%

md,s" ixialD; jpkj, we;s ‘g" G" v" V’ hk wl=re isxy, jpkj, § uQ¾Oc

‘<’ njg m;afõ'

máud - ms<su l=lal=g - l=l=¿

mámdá - ms<sfj< mGú - fmdf<dj

fÄg - fl< lS%vd - fl<s

kdgl - k¿ oDV - oeä

46

ud;D NdIdj, ‘m%;s" má’ Wmi¾. isxy,hg ì£fï § ‘ms<s’ njg m;a fjhs'

ms<s;=re m%;sW;a;r$m%;Hq;a;r& ms<sirK ^máirK&

ms<sn| ^m%;snoaO& ms<si|r ^máika:dr&

ms<sfj;a ^m%;sm;a;s& ms<sfj< ^mámdá&

Y" I" i wlaIr fh§u

ud;D NdId jpkj, we;s ‘Y" I" i’ wl=re ta whqßka u isxy,fha o fhfoa'

úYajh fodaI

m%Yajdi fldÜGdih

Y+r;dj m%ix.h

wdYajdi úiauh

úI wdNdih

‘l" m" M" g" G’ wl=rlg fmr uQ¾Oc ‘I’ wl=r fhfoa'

ÿIalr kHIaál

úIalïNh úYsIag

ksIamdokh oDIaáh

ksIaM, mdmsIaG

YsIagdpdrh fYa%IaG

‘p’ wl=rg fmr ;d¨c ‘Y’ fhfoa'

ksYap, wdYap¾h

;srYaÖk úksYaph

ksYaÑ;

47

‘;" :’ wl=rlg fmr oka;c ‘i’ fhfoa'

úia;rh ia;+mh

m%ia;dj msre¿ m%ia;dr

m%Yia;s Ydia;%

iuia; ia:Q,

ia:djr úydria:dkh

.Dyia: uOHia:

foajia:dk ud¾.ia:

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' Tn W.;a wlaIr úkHdi Í;s wdOdr lr .ksñka ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' ,nk mqka fmdfyda Èkfhys mQ¾ pkaø.%y hla isÿ fõ hehs ú jdi

flf¾'

¸¸' l .=K ie,lSu fY%a G ud j .= x.hls'

¸¸¸' oeä W Kdêl foa .= h ord .; fkd yelsj úúO rgj, ckhd

ÿ lr;djkag uqyqK fo;s'

¸¹' m% k ish,a,g u id¾:lj ms ;=re iemhSug isiqkag yels úh'

¹' wfma mqrd rcjre j¾ c,fhka jeõ mqrjd" we fõ,s Èf.a l=Uqrej,g

f.k f.dia ù f.dú;ekska rg YS%l l y'

48

2' my; oelafjk oekaùï mqjrej, we;s jerÈ jpk ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'

3' my; § we;s jpk w;=ßka wlaIr úkHdi fodaI iys; jpk ksjerÈ lr

,shkak'

¸' wdYS¾jdoh ¸¸' ;dlaIKh

¸¸¸' m%udkh ¸¹' ùfrdaOdr

¹' iq<Õ ¹¸' iqúfYaI

¹¸¸' W;alDYag ¹¸¸¸' úYajdi

¸º' úYajfldaIh º' Y%jkd.drh

º¸' fmdaiKh º¸¸' o¾YKh

º¸¸¸' merks º¸¹' mqIaMh

º¹' Khlre º¹¸' wkqYdikh

º¹¸¸' wNHjldih º¹¸¸¸' fodf,diajeksod

º¸º' fjr<dikak ºº' fT!IO

4' ‘wfma ixialD;sl Wreuh’ kï m%ldYkfhka Wmqgd.;a fldgiaj, we;s

uydm%dK wlaIr iys; jpk Wmqgd olajkak'

¸' mqia;ld,h ;=, ksiaYíoj yeisfrkak'

¸¸' l=kq li< oeóu iïmQ¾kfhka ;ykï'

¸¸¸' úydria;dk N+ñfha fl, .eiSfuka j,lskak'

¸¹' mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ikh

¹' uyd fmd;a m%o¾YKh nKavdrkdhl

iïuka;%k Yd,dfõ § meje;afõ'

49

uf.a rg ug wf.hs Wmka ìu ms<sn|j ;u yoj; ;=< kef.k idvïnr ye`.Su

yd wdorh" ‘foaYdNsudkh’" ‘foaYdkqrd.h’" ‘foaYjd;ai,Hh’ hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' rg" cd;sh úkdYhg m;a fjoa§ tys Ôj;a

jkakka WodiSkj isák úg idys;Hlrefjda ta ta cd;Skaf.a

is;a ;=< rg" cd;sh .ek ye`.Sï mK .kajd" Tjqka fmd,Ujd"

bÈßhg hjkakg iu;a ks¾udK ìys lr;s¦ tlS cd;Ska w;r

ta ks¾udK m;=rejd yß;s' tajdfhys .eí ù we;s ixl,amkd

Tjqka ;=< cd;s jd;ai,Hh yd foaYdNsudkh we;s lrjhs' hg;a

úð;jd§kaf.ka rg cd;sh ksoyia lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj u;=

jQ wjêhl isxy, idys;H ks¾udKlrejka w;ska o foaYdNsudkS

idys;H ks¾udK ìys ú‚' ld,Sk wjYH;dj bgq lsÍu i|yd

ks¾udKlrefjda fm< .eiqKdy' cd;sldNsudkS ye`.Sï okjk

ks¾udK y÷kd f.k ri ú£ug u. fmkaùu fï mdvfuka

wfmalaId flfrhs'

6

50

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha mgka uykqjr hq.h olajd úúO jQ wdl%uKj,g uqyqK § ujqìu

fírd .kakg rK ìfuys reysre fy<d Èú § lem jqKq rKY+rhka" id.r n`ÿ

jeõ ks¾udKh lrñka rg iy,ska iajhxfmdaIs; lrkakg Wr ÿka rcjreka" keK

kqjK jvjkakg mkays| fufyhjQ uy mçjreka" ,laujf.a YS% úN+;ssh f,dj

m;< lrkakg ;u oialï mE uyd l,dlrejka fuka u iajNdj O¾ufhka wm ,o

Wreuhka foaYdkqrd.fha yd foaYdNsudkfha W,am;a n÷ h' ujqìu .ek wm iss;ays

kefÕk idvïnrhg fya;= jQfjda tlS ckfhda h; tlS jia;+yq h'

foaYdNsudkS idyss;H ks¾udK jeä jYfhka u rpkd jQfha fld<U wjêfha uq,a

jljdkqfõ § h' hg;a úð; md,kfha fkdfhl=;a uÈmqxÑlïj,g uqyqKfoñka isá

,lajeisfhda ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï wjYH;dfjka fmf<kakg jQy' weia' uyskao ysñ"

wdkkao rdclreKd" l=udr;=x. uqkssodi" wÍfika wyqnqÿ jeks lùka ;u ks¾udK

u.ska cd;sh mqnqÿ lrjkakg is;=fõ fï ksid h' ksoyfika miqj o" foaYdNsudkS

idys;H kss¾udK /ila ìys úh' j¾;udk lùka w;ska o rg cd;sh .ek wdorhla"

f.!rjhla cks; jk wdldrfha ks¾udK ìys fjñka mj;S'

cd;shl wkkH;dj NdIdj hs' NdIdjg wdorh lrkakd cd;shg;a ud;D N+ñhg;a

wdorh lrhs' fï nj l=udr;=x. uqksodifhda fufia mji;s'

uf. rg uf. oeh ksid

hqo jeo i;=rka kid

uÈú .sh;aa ug tid

hi fjo ishjia jid

ld l=ula lSj;a

ish ni flf,id wmg

ksoyila fkd u ,efí

mgka .kake ish niska

l=udr;=x. uqksodi

rg cd;sh /l .kakg kï uq,ska u NdIdj /l .; hq;= nj lúhdf.a woyi hs'

51

nkaod úch oo wlksg mo ysïfï

iskaod y< tf;la ßmq isß,la wïfï

wkaod Tnf. is;shu yo ñ‚ neïfï

jekaod fukak uqÿk;a k.ñka oeïfï

lreKd uysu fldhs ;ru o lsfjd;a Tfí

uejqKd uyd .x.dj,a f,iska bfí

bkqKd nisk Èhrla ;ejrefKd;a fudfí

urKdikak yqiaug uq;a wdis ,efí

tia' uyskao ysñ

i;=rkaf.a täh mroñka úch oo kexjQ ùrhka .ek lshefjk fï lúj," is;a f;o

.ekaùfï ydialula we;ehs yef`.a' yoj; kue;s ñ‚ neïfuys we£ we;s is;shula

f,i j¾Kkd lrñka ud;D N+ñhg kuialdr lrk nj o lúhd mjihs' ‘yo ñ‚

neïu’ jeks ldjHuh fhÿï u.ska fï ks¾udKh rij;a ù we;' ,laujf.a lreKdj

kue;s Èh oyr uyd .x.djka ù .,d nisk nj i|yka lrk lúhd ta Èh ì|lska

urKdikak jQjl=g jqj o Ôú;h ,efnk nj lshhs' lúhd wm rfgys c, iïm;

j¾Kkd lrkafka tfia h'

jfÜ uy uqyqohs

iS;, iq<x úysohs

olsk wh mqnqohs

Èúh f,dalh óg mrohs

ñysßhs yefudag u

isß ,xld lshk ku

fï uf.a ujq ìu

j¢ñ ie,ls,s lrñ ks;r u

u,a msfmk fmdl=Kq o

l÷ .x le,E l=Uqre o

j;= msá ñ‚ uq;= o

;sfí uf. rg ldg fofjks o

tia' uyskao ysñ

52

b;d ir, NdIdjla fhdod f.k rpkd lr we;s fï foaYdNsudkS moH ldjHfhka <ud

isf;ys o cd;Hkqrd.h we;s flfrhs' ‘uf. rg ldg fofjks o@’ hk fhÿfuka u

rg .ek wdvïnrhla we;s fjhs'

u,a u,a jdrï yß ue Wodrï .hjd .hjd .=jfka ,xld ku fjkqfhka mqridrï lshjd lshjd fuÈfka

fy< u,a rÕ § msmS kgkjd ;sid jefõ bjqf¾ r;U, ro,sh rc,sh fjkjd iS.sß .sß ue÷f¾ iufkd< lkafoa Wvjeähd u, iS;,fhka msmsf¾ ñyska;,d ., u,ska msÍ,d

fiafoa is,a ñysf¾

u,a u,a jdrï'''

nUrd nUÍ kqrd kqrd.h bfí ì£ hkjd ó ó me‚ me‚ jo jo frdo frdo bfí ne£ hkjd uq¿ f,da i;akf. úvd lvd yer l=iqñka keyefjkjd lúfhka .Sfhka úß;ska ;kqfhka

w¨;a je mK tkjd

u,a u,a jdrï'''

ysre /ia kdñka fk¨ï msmS,d fmdl=Kq yskd fjkjd uehs .i kkaisß mqkaisß reisßka ukud,sh fjkjd n÷ jo ls‚ysß boao iuka u,a ;rf.g msìfokjd u,a u,a u,a u,a fof.dv ;,d u,a .Õla .,d hkjd

u,a u,a jdrï'''

rpkh - le,siagia chisxy

.dhkh - iqks,a idka;

53

u,a msmS iqjò foñka kghs" iS.sß .sß ue÷r r;U," ro,sh u,aj,sska yev fjhs' túg

ta u,a rc,shka fia h' iufkd<" ñyska;,d l÷ u,aj,ska w,xldr ù fid÷re oiqka

uefjhs' ta l÷uqÿkaj, mQckSh;ajh j¾Kkd flfrhs' ‘fiafoa is,a ñysf¾’ hkqfjka

jHx.Hd¾:j;a jkafka ta mQckSh;ajh hs'

‘lúfhka’ ‘.Sfhka’ ‘úß;ska’ ‘;kqfhka’ jeks wkqm%dij;a fhÿï fï .Sfhyss iÔj

yd m%dKj;aNdjh u;= lrhss'

fk¨ï msmqKq fmdl=Kq" ukd,shka fia Èia jk uehs .ia" ;rf.g msfmk úúO u,a

j¾." mßirh iqj|j;a lrñka uq¿ f,dj u ikyk nj j¾Kkd lrhs' rplhd fï

ks¾udKfhka lrkafka YS% ,xldfõ iqkaor;ajh;a mQckSh;ajh;a f.k yer mdñka

iyDo is;ai;ka ;=< cd;Hkqrd.h we;s lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu hs'

úfoaYhkays ieß irñka f,dalh isidrd .sh o uf.a foaYh ;rï W;=ï foaYhla yuq

fkdjqKq j. lshñka foaYh j¾Kkd lrk fï .S;h ri ú¢uq'

mshdir lr wdñ - foaYfhka foaYhg

uf.a rg ug wf.hs - ;õ;sidjg jeäh

iquqÿ iqÿ j,dfjka - ñfo; o<od ue÷r

weig tl ri÷khs - oiqk rkafld; Wÿ,

wefihs w¨hï ÿf¾

f;ajdfj fyaúish

msfrhs is; nqÿ ne;ska

myka fjhs is;a i;ka'''

,shÈ jg fl;a hdh

Èfihs wreK¨ rÕk

.,d hhs Èh l÷re

ks,a ks,aj .sß isri'''

o< Wÿ, we;a .uk - isysj ths jk wrK

wefihs lú ;=kairK - iquk iufkd< k.sk

rpkh - iqks,a ir;a fmf¾rd

.dhkh - ví,sõ ã' wurfoaj

fun÷ ks¾udK weiqre lsÍfuka ,efnk úkaokh rislhd ;=< foaYh ms<sn|

wNsudkj;a yeÕSï ckkh lsÍug fya;= jkq we;'

54

wjfndaOh

1' foaYdkqrd.h hkak y÷kajkak'

2' Wmka foaYh ms<sn| wdvïnrhla we;s lsÍug fya;= jk lreKq fudkjd o@

3' mdvfuys we;=<;a idys;H ks¾udKj,ska foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï u;= jk wjia:d

Wmqgd olajkak'

4' foaYdNsudkS idys;H ks¾udKlrejka ;sfokl= kï lrkak'

5' mdvfuys we;=<;a ks¾udK u.ska bÈßm;a flfrk m%d¾:kd fláfhka

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' foaYdNsudkS .S; ks¾udK tl;=jla ilia lrkak' tA .S; .hñka wiñka ri

ú¢kak'

55

rpkdjla ,shuq

ud;Dldkql+, rpkd hkqfjka woyia jkafka ud;Dldjlg wkqj lreKq ,sùu

hkak hs' bÈßm;a lr we;s u. fmkaùu m%fhdackhg f.k lsishï rpkdjla lsÍu

fuys § wfmalaId flf¾' Tng imhkq ,nk ud;Dldj jHQyhlg wkqj fm<.eiajQ

jdlH lSmhla kï" thska meyeÈ,s flfrkafka tu rpkdfjys we;=<;a l< hq;=

lreKq fudkjd o hkak hs' tA úia;rhg wkqj .e<fma hehs isf;k iqÿiq ud;Dldjla

fhÈh yels h' ud;Dldjla muKla ,nd fokafka kï Tn ks¾udKd;aulj tu

rpkdj fm<.iajd .; hq;= hs' lreKq ixYaf,aIKh lr bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj

uefkk f,aLkhls rpkdj' Tn okakd lreKq w;=ßka ud;Dldjg wod< jQ o b;d

jeo.;a jQ o lreKq fm<.eiaùu Tfí olaI;dj hs'

jdlH lSmhlska" rpkdfjys we;=<;a l< hq;= lreKq oelaùu rplhdg myiqjls' túg

rpkh ixúOdkh fjhs¦ wkjYH je,ajgdrï yd tl u foa kej; kej; ,sùfuka

je<flhs'

rpkdjla we.hSfï § lreKq lSmhla .ek i,ld nef,hs'

1' idrj;aNdjh

2' ixúOdkh" ks¾udKd;aulNdjh yd iaùh;ajh

3' Ys,amSh olaI;d yd fþo ks¾udKh

4' NdId Í;sh yd ffY,sh

fï lreKq ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a fjñka rpkh ,súh hq;= hs' idrj;aNdjh hkqfjka

woyia lrkafka f;audjg wod<j" idrj;aj lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' tfia u

rpkdjl § lreKq ixúOdkh" ks¾udKd;aulNdjh yd iaùh;ajh o jeo.;a h' Wiia

m%ldYk Yla;sfhka hq;=" jHla; f,aLk jHjydrh ks¾udKd;aulNdjfha § m%uqL fõ'

iaùh;ajh hkafkka ;udf.a u ffY,shla" rgdjla wkq.ukh lsÍu woyia flf¾'

56

Ys,amSh olaI;d ms<sn| úfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelaúh hq;= fjhs' meyeÈ,s w;awl=re" úrdu

,laIK Ndú;h" mo fn§u yd fþo fnod oelaùu jeo.;a h' Wla; - wdLHd; mo

iïnkaO Í;s wkq.ukh lsÍu" ksjerÈ rpkhl we;=<;a m%Odk wx.hla fjhs' fhdod

.kakd NdId rgdj .ek o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

fï lreKq .ek wjfndaOfhka ,shk rpkdj .=Kd;aul rpkhls' Tn l=vd

ld,fha isg bf.k .kakd rEÎ" m%ia;dj msre¿" hq., mo jeks idïm%odhsl fhÿï

ks¾udKd;aul rpkhla i|yd uyÕ= msájy,ls' ksjerÈ yd ks¾udKd;aul rpkdjla

,shkakg wms yqre fjuq'

§ we;s úia;rhlg wkqj jHQy.; rpkdjla ,shkakg W.ksuq'

ud;Dldj

rEmjdysksh wmg fndfyda f;dr;=re oek .; yels udOHhls' tfy;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re

oek .ekSug jvd" úúO kd,sldj, tl È.g fm<.efik fg,s kdgH keröug

fndfyda fokd rEmjdysksh Ndú; lrk wdldrhla wmg oelsh yels h' fï ;;a;ajh

mdi,a orejdg wys;lr f,i n,mdhs' rEmjdysksh ksis f,i mßyrKh lsÍu wm

ldf.a;a hym;g fya;= fjhs'

fï ud;Dldjg wkqj wm uq,ska u i|yka l< hq;= jkafka rEmjdysksh f;dr;=re

,nd fok udOHhla f,i wmg jeo.;a jk wdldrh hs' m<uq jk jdlHfhka lshd

we;af;a o th hs' úldYkh jQ jevigykla u.ska wmg keröug fkdyels jQ wmQre

ia:dkhla" wmg w;aú¢h fkdyels jQ wmQre isÿùula ms<sn|j wm oek.;a f;dr;=rla

fláfhka úia;r lrñka fyda tfia;a ke;s kï rEmjdysksh hk fuj,u wmg oel

.; yels jQ uq,a u Èkh .ek b;d u fláfhka úia;rhla lrñka fyda rpkh wdrïN

l< yels hs' flfia jqj o ks¾udKYS,S wdrïNh b;d jeo.;a fjhs' rEmjdysksh u.ska

idys;Hh" l,dj" úoHdj" ;dlaIKh" ixj¾Okh" úfkdaoh" wreu mqÿu ksmehqï" úúO

cd;Ska yd úúO ixialD;Ska .ek f;dr;=re ,efnk nj meyeÈ,s l< hq;= hs' wk;=rej

i|yka l< hq;= jkafka jeo.;a f;dr;=re úldYkh jk kd,sldj l%shd úrys; fldg

fjk;a kd,sldjl fg,s kdgH keröug mjqf,a ish¨ idudðlhka fm,ö we;s

nj hs' fï ksid mdi,a orejdf.a ld,h ksIaM, f,i úhelS hk nj;a" fg,s kdgH

woaoelSï w;ayod ne,Sug hEfuka isÿ jk wk¾:h;a" isÿ úh yels wk;=re;a fjk;a

57

weíneys ùï yd thska jk whym;;a .ek B<Õ fþofha § idlÉPd l< hq;= hs'

wjidk fþofha § fï ;;a;ajh uÕyrjd .ekSug l< hq;= ms<shï fhdackd lsÍu

w;HjYH hs' ud;Dldfõ i|yka tA tA jdlHfhka lshfjk lreKq tA tA fþofha §

úia;r l< hq;= hs' fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍfuka yd fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu u.ska Wod

lr .; yels hym; .ek lshñka rpkdj wjika l< yels hs'

ud;Dldjla muKla ,nd § we;s wjia:djl § rpkh ie,iqula wkqj ms<sfh, lr

f.k ,súh hq;= hs' tys §

1' ud;Dldj ye¢kaùu

2' ud;Dldjg wod<j mj;sk ;;a;ajh

3' bÈßm;a l< yels wod< fhdackd

4' wjidkh

hkqfjka ud;Dldj fldgia lr .; yels h' wms WodyrKhla f.k n,uq'

ud;Dldj

fï ud;Dldj wkqj rpkh ,sùfï § le,sli< u.ska ksmojd .;a ldnksl fmdfydr

fhdod ireidr f.j;a;la ks¾udKh lr .;a wdldrh fyda fjk;a hym;la .ek

b;d fláfhka úia;r lrñka rpkh wdrïN l< yels hs' ke; fyd;a le,sli<

wdydrhg f.k ñh .sh if;l= fyda isÿ jQ whym;a ;;a;ajhla .ek fyda b;d u

fláfhka meyeÈ,s lsÍu fhda.H hs' le,sli< ksis f,i neyer lsÍug fm!oa.,slj

;u ;uka .; hq;= mshjr yd rch u.ska f.k we;s mshjr meyeÈ,s lsÍu o ukd

h' le,sli< fya;= fldg f.k ñksid o i;d isjqmdjd o" m;a ù we;s fYdapkSh

;;a;ajh;a fï ;;a;ajh u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd mdi,a orejdf.a isg jeäysáhd olajd

lem úh hq;= wdldrh;a meyeÈ,s l< hq;= h' li< u.ska frda. fnda jk wdldrh"

mßirh wiqkaor jk wdldrh yd thska rgg isÿ jk wjdish .ek o ,súh yels h'

fï wk¾:ldÍ ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ le,sli< ieug hym; f.fkk iïm;la njg

mßj¾;kh lr .; yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrñka rpkh wjika l< yels h'

;ukaf.a ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh;a ;ud i;= jdlafldaIh;a fmd; m; lshjd

,nd .kakd oekqu;a ksrka;rj f,aLk ld¾hfhka ,nk wNHdih;a

id¾:l rpkhla ,sùfuys ,d w;sYh jeo.;a h'

le,sli< ksis f,i neyer lsÍu ieug fi;ls

58

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka ud;Dldj,g wkqj rpkd ,shkak'

¸' Èfkka Èk wikakg ,efnk wmrdO ms<sn| f;dr;=re wmg lshdmdkafka

iudcfha mj;sk fkdÈhqKq nj hs' wd¾Ól m%Yak fuka u udkj

iïnkaO;dj, mj;sk wvqÿq~qlï o fï wmrdOj,g fya;= ù we;' fï

wmrdO u¾okh lsÍu i|yd uq¿ uy;a ck;dj u fm<.eish hq;= h' tA

i|yd wm l< hq;= jkafka l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lrñka rpkhla ,shkak'

¸¸' idys;Hh jQ l,s Ôú;hg woa±lSï iïNdrhla ,nd fok udOHhls' ñksiqka

is;k" m;k yd l%shd lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j b;d ishqï f,i idlÉPd

flfrkafka idys;Hh u.sks' wmf.a Ôú; yev .iajd .ekSug idys;H

ks¾udKj,ska ,efnk msájy, fldf;la oehs idlÉPd lrñka rpkhla

,shkak'

¸¸¸' ;=re,;dj, iqjh" isis,i ú| .ksñka" l=re¨ .S yçka wukaodkkaohg

m;a fjñka jkdka;rh mqrd weúo .sfhñ' yÈisfha mh ,siaid ud weo

jegqfKa ug ;ks j f.dvg tAug fkdyels ;rfï .eUqre j<lg h' isÿ

jQ wlr;eínfhka ñfokakg l%uhla is;ñka ;e;s .;a is;ska isá ug

fld< fi,fjk y~la weis‚' ud jqjukdfjka lka § f.k isáfha

lsishï msysgla ,nd .; yels fõ hehs wfmalaIdfjks''' fï rpkfhys

b;sß fldgi ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' wfma wdydr m%Yakhg úi÷ï fidhuq'

3' úoHdj ÈhqKq j;a u ñksid msßfyhs o@

59

oEfia ks,a meyeh lúh hkq ñksidf.a Ôú;djfndaOh mq¿,a lrk idys;Hdx.hls'

lú ri ú£u yd ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd iycfhka ,o yelshdj"

fmd;a m;a mßYS,kfhka ,o wjfndaOh" ksrka;r wNHdih

wjYH nj mqrdK ldjH úpdrfha § fmkajd § we;' úúO ldjH

ks¾udK ri ú£fuka wmf.a Ôú;djfndaOh mq¿,a jk w;r"

ldjH ks¾udKh i|yd u. fmkaùula o tu.ska ,nd .;

yels h'

fï mdvfï we;=<;a jkafka ohdfiak .=Kisxy lúhdf.a

ks¾udKhls' th 1974 rdcH idys;H iïudkfhka msÿï ,o

‘rka ;eáhl l÷¿’ ldjH ix.%yfhka Wmqgd f.k we;' lúhl="

flál;dlrejl=" mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhl= f,i m%lg ohdfiak

.=Kisxy mßj¾;lfhla o fjhs'

7

60

Tn fjkqfjka bfok nf;a

isskd y~g lka §f.k

msU fud<jk úg <sm .sks

foõ fndcqkl ri uefjkak

oEfia ks,a meyeh oeù

fifuka ;=rka úh fkdoeksu'

kej;;a tk nj fkdlshd

ysre wjßka keõ ke`.s miq

;ksj y~k f,dj;a iu.

/hg uqyqK ,d b|f.k

Tn tk ;=re u. n,ñka

Èú .Kkla f.jkd úg

oEfia ks,a meyeh fifuka

w÷rg Èh úh fkdoeksu'

n;a folgla Wmhkakg

wgq fldgq mqrjd ojfiu

uò iekis,a,la ,nñka

ksÈ meÿf¾ je;sfrk Tn

k`.k iqiqï fl¢ß,s y`v

yo ñßld y< l÷<g

oEfia ks,a meye fia§

.,d ksud úh fkdoeksu'

ks,a b÷jr ksf,a wreu

wE; ÈhU ksf,a jreK

fhdjqka úfha ks,a oEig

Wjï ke;ehs lS ysñhks

w;S;hla .ek is;ñka

uf.a oEi foi fkdn,d

wkd.;h foi fhduq jQ

ÿjf. oEi foi n,kak'

61

wjfndaOh

lú fm< weiqfrka ms<s;=re ,shkak'

1' oEfia ks,a meyeh ke;s ùug lúhd olajd we;s fya;= ;=kla fláfhka

,shkak'

2' oEfia ks,a meyeh lúhd Wmud lr we;af;a fudkjdg o@

3' fndfyda fjfyi ù b;d wvq uqo,la Wmhk nj oelaùug lúhd fhdod f.k

we;s lú mo fol Wmqgd olajkak'

4' lú fmf<ys jHx.Hd¾: biau;= lr olajkak'

5' lú fm< ms<sn| flá ridiajdohl fhfokak'

úfYaIK mo

úfYaIK mo" kdu úfYaIK mo yd l%shd úfYaIK mo f,i fldgia follg fnfoa'

kdu mohl lsishï úfYaI .=Khla oelaùu i|yd fhdok mo" kdu úfYaIK mo fõ'

l%shd mohl lsishï úfYaI .=Khla oelaùu i|yd fhdok mo" l%shd úfYaIK mo fõ'

by; lúfha “oEfia ks,a meyeh oeù fifuka ;=rka úh'''” hk fhÿu úuid n,kak'

tys meyeh hk kdu mofha úfYaI .=Khla oelaùu i|yd ‘ks,a’ hk moh fh§ we;'

ta wkqj ‘ks,a’ hkq fuys § kdu úfYaIK mohls' tfuka u tys ‘;=rka úh’ hk

ls%hd mofha úfYaI .=Khla oelaùu i|yd ‘fifuka’ hk moh fh§ we;' ta wkqj

‘fifuka’ hkak fuys § ls%hd úfYaIKhla f,i y÷kd .; yels h'

62

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; fhÿïj, we;=<;a kdu úfYaIK mo Wmqgd olajkak'

¸' iskd y~ -

¸¸' foõ fndcqka -

¸¸¸' ksÈ meÿr -

¸¹' wE; ÈhU -

¹' fhdjqka úh -

2' by; 1 m%Yakfha ±lajQ kdu moj,g fjk;a úfYaIK moh ne.ska fhdod

kej; ,shkak'

WodyrK( ks,a meyeh

r;= meyeh

3' my; jdlHj, we;=<;a ls%hd úfYaIK mo Wmqgd olajkak'

¸' orejd ìfhka w~hs'

¸¸' iq<Õ fõ.fhka yuhs'

¸¸¸' Tyq mfriaifuka ßh mojhs'

¸¹' <uhd i;=áka fi,a,ï lrhs'

¹' weh fyd¢ka bf.k .kshs'

4' by; ls%hdldrlfuka Wmqgd .;a ls%hd úfYaIK mo Ndú; lrñka jdlHh

ne.ska ks¾udKh lrkak'

5' my; oelafjk kdu yd l%shd moj,g úfYaIK mo fhdod w¾:j;a jdlH

f.dv k.kak'

¸' Odjlhd - ÿjhs

¸¸' isiqjd - iu;a fjhs

¸¸¸' ksfõÈldj - m%ldY lrhs

¸¹' .i - fi,fjhs

¹' keÜgqjd - kghs

63

6' my; fþofha iòyka kdu úfYaIK mo f;dard ,shkak'

fi,a,ï msáhl idok ,o uvqjla fia le,E frdo wmg fnfyúka

m%fhdack úh' jysk úg wm" wmf.a ysia fijK lr .ekSug ÿjkafka fï

le,E frdo ;=<g h' ueiaila fuka ieÿKq m÷re uqÿka ksid" le,E frdo

we;=<; ìu jy,a ;,hlska fijK jqKq uvqjla jekak' >kj jevqKq w;=

b;s iys; m÷re uqÿka lsysmhlska fijK jqKq we;eï ;ekla" uy jeiail

§ jqj o wm wdrlaId lrhs' fikiqrdod;a" bßod;a wm Wfoa isg ijia jk

f;la fi,a,ï lrkafka fï le,E frdo bÈßfhys jk je,s ;,dfjys h'

ûfvd,a ¥j - ud¾áka úl%uisxy&

lúhl ri úò kj lõ mn`Èuq

lúh i|yd mdol úh hq;= woaoelSï ms<sn|j lùka úúO woyia olajd we;' my;

lúh tjekakls'

keK keúka i;a ihqre ;rKh lrk lúhks" uf.a ±h i;=

mK fmdjd woyig mohg f,djla fmr<k ;rfu n,.;=

rK úl=ï olajñka hqo fmruqKg cd;sh heúh yels u;=

ck is;=ï" ck me;=ï" ck fõokd Tiafia lú ,súh hq;=

Wmkaa lrefug fodf<dia udih f.jk id .skaorg fmï neò

fodfrka jyf,ka ysref. iroï iskd f.g tk me,l mska uò

wysxil ore mjq,lg ysñ l=fjr md,k Wreufhka ,o

olskakg ÿla kef;d;a lú wei" w;g fkd.ksõ ,shk mkaysò

lsú oiqk - mS' u,,af.dv

64

tla;rd uy¨ RIsjrfhla .x bjqrla Èf.a .uka lrñka isáfha h' w;af;ka w;a;g

mksñka i;=áka .S .hñka isá l=re¨ hqj<la Tyqf.a wei .eá‚' RIsjrhd fï

o¾Ykfhka i;=gg m;a úh' ta foi u u|la n,d isáfha h' fï w;r;=r jeoaol=

úiska úÈk ,o yShlska l=re,a,d ueÍ jeá‚' lsß,a,sh fYdalfhka ú,dm fokakg

jQjd h' fï isÿùfuka RIsjrhdf.a yoj; lïmd úh' t;=udf.a uqúka tie‚ka

fYdal .S;hla msg úh' fï isÿùu uyd n%yauhdf.a fk; .eá‚' t;=ud isáfha rdu

iS;d l;dj .S;fhka ,súh yels whl= ms<sn| úuis,af,ks' RIsjrhdf.a uqúka msg

jQ fYdal .S;h wi;a u t;=udg is;=fKaa ;ud fidhñka isá lúhd yuq jQ nj hs'

uyd n%yauhd RIsjrhdg rdu l=uref.a Ôú; l;dj lshd" th .Sfhka ,shk f,i

b,a,d isáfha h' th l,amdka;rhla f,dj nenf<kq we;s nj o lSfõ h' ta ldjHh

kï rdudhKh hs' RIsjrhd jd,aólS h' fï rdudhKh ks¾udKh ùu ms<sn| ckhd

w;r uqL mrïmrd.;j mejf;k l;dkaorhls' uq,ska lS lúh jd,aólSf.a uqúka msg

jQfha ;u is; ii, l< isÿùu fya;=fjks' th Tyq ,o woaoelSuls' jd,aólS úiska

rdudhKh rpkd lrk ,oafoa uyd n%yauhd mejiQ rdu l=uref.a Ôú; l;dj mokï

lr f.k h' lú ks¾udKh i|yd tn÷ úúO woaoelSï mdol lr .; yels h' ;ud

ienúka u w;aú¢ isÿùula" fmd;a m;aa" mqj;am;a wdÈh lshùfuka ,;a woa±lSula fyda

fjk;a whl= lshkq weiQ isÿùula mokï lr f.k ldjH lD;s ks¾udKh l< yels

h'

lúhd ;ud ,nk woaoelSï w;=frka ;u yo ii, l< woaoelSï mdol lr f.k

ldjH ks¾udKh lrhs' tfy;a wm ixfõ§ lrk ish¨ woaoelSï weiqfrka ldjH

ks¾udK ìys jkafka ke;' woaoelSula m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfuka" rij;a yd fmr kqÿgq

úrE wdldrhlska th kej; f.dvke.Sfuka lú ìys fjhs' 6" 7" 8 fYa%‚j, § lú

mne£u ms<sn|j idlÉPd lr we;' ta lreKq o isysm;a lr .ekSu jeo.;a h'

lúh hkq NdIdj Ndú;fhka lrk ks¾udKhls' NdIdj fyd¢ka yeisrùug yels ùu

ldjH ks¾udKhl § jeo.;a fõ' l:lhdg fyda wjia:djg .e<fmk nila fh§u"

Wmud rEml iys; jHx.Hd¾:j;a NdId Ndú;h wdÈ úúO Wml%u u.ska lúh rij;a

yd w¾:j;a lr .; yels h'

uy.u fialr lúhd úiska wjqlk nqÿrej ksñ;s lr f.k rpkd lrk ,o my;

ks¾udKh úuid n,kak'

65

wefia u;= jk l÷¿ ì÷ f.k

Tfí isßmd fodjkakï

yfoa ue,fjk le,E u,a f.k

Tfí isßmd mqokakï

fkd woyd nqÿ flkl= foúhl=

udkfhka j,au;aj isá uu

.,la hehs Tn is;d isáfhñ

f;;la fyda lsis ohdjla ke;s

.,ska l< Tn yÈka jEfyk

uyd lreKd .=Kh fkd fmksK

flf,ia u, msß kqjr w;yer

njqka jvkg jfka jeä Tn

fidhd wdfhñ fmdf<da ;,fha

wfkla msysgla fkdue;s jQ úg

by< ks,ajka wyi úksúo

kef.k Tnf.a fhdao nqÿ n|

uf.a fk; is; fudaykh lr

uf.a l=ÿ nj mila lr we;

Tfí md uq, ne.Em;a f,i

jeà whÈñ wfyda idñks

Ôúf;a hï m,la we;a kï

lsuehs ta ug lshd ÿk uek

ld,dka;rhla ;siafia .k jkfha ieÕj ;snQ wjqlk nqÿ rej ±lSfuka úiauhg m;a

jQ wd¾' t,a' fn%daysh¾ ;udg we;s jQ yeÕSu fufia úia;r lrhs'

“fï W;a;=x. uyd rEmh ug m<uq fldg wei .eiqfKa ñkskafodare ;s%fldaKñ;sl

ia:dkhla msysgqùu i|yd l÷ uqÿkla fidhñka isá fõf,ys h' wm uy jkh ueÈka

mdr lmd f.k hk l,ays wmg fï Ys,d ia:dkh;a udkj rEmfha fï W;a;=x.

Ys,duh ksrEmKh;a laIKfhys Èia úh' uyd >k jkdka;rfhys muKla ks¾udKh

úh yels ta mqÿu oeä ksyeçhdj uOHfhys uu ud ÿgq fohska jYSlD;j uf.ka myj

.sh l;d lr .ekSfï Yla;sfhka hq;=j ;laîßj ysg f.k isáfhñ' tu;= fkdj" ta

wìhi ud kslï u kslï ms.añfhlehs yeÕS .sfhka udf.a uka ì£ .sfha h' tfy;a

uf.a mshú isysh ud lrd hka;ñka fmr<d meñfK;a u wkql%ufhka ug m%;sudfõ

my; i|yka ,laIK úYo jkag úh( uqyqfKa ksy~ ksixi, ,laIK yd bßhjq" bka

m%ldY jkakd jQ m;< uyd lreKdj" m%;sud Ys,amshd thg f.k ÿka Ñ;a; oukh yd

iql=udr fi!kao¾hh''' ” - iqnia ñKs wdr" uydpd¾h iqpß; .ï,;a

66

tl u woaoelSula wdYs%; by; rpkd foi ne,Sfï § fn%daysh¾f.a f,aLkh Tyqf.a

woaoelSï Rcq f,i j¾Kkd lrkakla nj fmfka' uy.u fialrf.a ks¾udKh

wjqlk nqÿrej ms<sn| Rcq j¾Kkhlg jvd Nla;s mQ¾jl yeÕSï imsreKq ldjH

ks¾udKhla nj fmfka' th Rcq woaoelSfuka Tíng f.dia wmf.a yeÕSï ii,

lrkakls' tys NdIdj rEmld¾:j;a h' “yfoa ue,fjk le,E u,a" .,ska l< Tn

yÈka jEfyk uyd lreKd .=Kh" flf,ia u, msß kqjr" by< ks,ajka wyi úksúo

kef.k Tnf.a fhdao nqÿ n|'''” wdÈh Bg ksoiqka h' fn%daysh¾f.a jd¾;dj yd uy.u

fialrf.a lúh tl u yeÕSu ksfhdackh l< o" lúh biau;= ù fmfkkafka

jd¾;dfõ oelsh fkdyels iqkaor;ajhla" úÑ;% njla tys úoHudk jk neúks' fun÷

ks¾udK ri ú£u o woaoelSïj,ska fmdaaIKh ùu Wfoid fmd;m; mßYS,kh o Tng

ldjH ks¾udKh i|yd jeo.;a jkq we;'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' tl u f;audjla mokï lr f.k mka;sfha ish¨ fok u lú mka;sh ne.ska

ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' tajd tl;= lr fmd;la ilikak' tys ish¨ ks¾udK lshjñka ri ú¢kak'

ta ta whf.a m%;sNdjka w.hkak' wvq mdvq idlÉPd lrkak'

3' úúO f;aud" iudc me;slv Tiafia úúO lú ks¾udKh lrkak'

67

wudj;=r" nq;airK" mQcdj,sh" ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" mkaish

mkia cd;l fmd;" Od;= jxih" ioaO¾ud,xldrh" o<od

isß; wdÈ Ñrka;k idys;H .%ka:hkaf.ka isxy, idys;Hh

fmdfydi;a h' fï .%ka: rpkd jQfha foijkska wid ri ú¢h

yels f,isks' oUfo‚ wjêfhys jev úiQ O¾ufiak ysñhka ,shQ

ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfhys we;=<;a fï uyOk isgqmq;ayqf.a jia;=j

we;=¿ l:dj,ska ms<sìUq jkafka .eñ jyr o .eñ Ôú;h o

weiqfrka ilia lr .;a Y%e;sf.dapr ffY,shls'

mer‚ idys;H .%ka: Bg ysñ ffY,sfhka u lsheùfuka o

lshkq weiSfuka o uy;a úkaokhla ;dlaI‚l Ys,am l%u ÈhqKq

jQ j¾;udkfha § o ,eìh yels h'

uyOk isgqmq;ayqf.a jia;=j 8

68

;j o l<ukd iqpß; úIh ;nd ,d fkdl<ukd foh lrkakjqkg jk úm;a;s

yÕjkag uyOk isgqmq;ayqf.a jia;=j olajuq'

flfia o h;a-

ta isgqmq;a f;fï nrKei wiQ fl<la jia;= we;s isgq l=,fhl Wmk' Wkaf.a

foujqmsfhda ‘wmf.a iïm; uy;" wmf.a mq;Kqjka leu;s muKlg we;' fiiai

yehs oeZhs úoao;a l=,fhl Wmkakd fia .S kegqï muKla b.ekajQy' tu kqjr wiQ

fl<la jia;= we;s l=,fhl ÿj‚ flkl=;a Wmkay' Wkaf.a foujqmsfhda;a wr

uqkaf.a foujqmshka is;+ f,ig u is;d Wkq;a .S kegqï muKla b.ekajQy' jeä úh

meñ‚hjqka Tjqfkdjqkag u ks, l<y'

l,a hEul § fomlaIfha u foujqmsfhda u<y' tla,laI ieg fl<la muK jia;=j

tl f.g u úh' isgq mq;%hdfKda o oji ;=ka úgla rdc fiajhg fh;s' blaì;af;ka

t kqjr rd fid~yq ‘bÈka fï isgq mq;%hdfKda;a rd fid~yq kï wmg uyd iem h'

Wkq;a rd fid~ lrïyZ hs is;+y' tfia is;d,d rd;a yerf.k neÈ ov ui yd ¨Kq;a

tl=re;af;a ne|f.k uq, m,d uq¨;a yerf.k Wka rcf.ka tk f;la u. n, n,d

ys|,d isgq mq;%hdKka tkakjqka oel rd î mshd ¨Kq lg ,d f.k uq, m,d uq,a ve vE

‘iajdóks" isgq mq;%hdKka jykai" fndfyda l,la Ôj;a jqk uekj' wms kqU jykafiag

mskg lkag fndkag iu¾: jQïyZhs lsjq h' isgq mq;%hdfKda o Wkaf.a nia wid

miafia tk nq,;a ljkakjqka w;ska ‘;=¨ka fndkafka l=ula oe’ hs úpdrd ‘tla mdk

j¾.fhleZhs lS l,ays ‘hym;a fohla oeZhs úpdf<da h' ‘iajdóks" fuf,dj fuhg

jvd mshhq;af;la ke;eZhs lSh' ‘tfia ù kï ud;a ta fndkag jqjuekjeZhs u|la u|la

f.kajd f.k fnd;s' OQ¾;fhda o isgq mq;%hdKkq;a rd fndkag mgka .;a kshdj oek

f.k Wka u msßjrd .;ay' l,a h;a h;a msßjr uy;a úh'

isgq mq;%hdfKda;a ishhla hjd,d;a" foishla hjd,d;a rd f.kajd f.k fndkafkda

l,a h;a h;a yqka ;ek isá ;ek rka f.dvj,a ;ínjdf.k rd fndk l, m<¢kd

f,ig ‘fu f;la rka §,d u,a f.fkj' fuf;la rka §,d iqj| idkaÿ f.fkj'

uQ ¥ fl<shg iqre jQ h' uQ kgkag iqre jQ h' uQ .S lshkag iqre jQ h' uQ uoao,

.ikag iqre jQ h' uqkag oyila foj' uqkag fooyila fojZhs fuf,iska úhoï lrk

isgqmq;a fkdfnda l,lska u ;uka ika;l wiQ fl<la jia;=j wi;am:fha § ksujd

blaì;af;ka isgq ÿj‚hka ika;l wiQ fl<la jia;=j;a Wka lsj fkd lsj f.kajd

f.k ths;a tf,iska u § ksujd Ôj;a jk Wmfoia ke;s fyhska fl;a j;a wrï wdÈh

o" n;a lk ß§ j<ka wdÈh o" hg;a msßfihska ye|-l<d,a-fldÜg-udjq,d wdÈh oeZhs

;uka fomlaIh ika;l ish,a,la u úfldg lEjq h' ta yeu úfldg ld ksujd,d

ud¨ wjia:dfjys § ys¢kd f.h;a úlaly' f.h úlsŒj yer.;a;jqka f.hs;a yskao

69

fkd § fkß fyhska wefò‚hka le|jd f.k wkqkaf.a ì;lalklg m,d f.diska

r|d ys¢kdyq ln,a flá yer f.k isÕd weúo fndfyda fokd ld wka;fha Æ n;a

lkag mgka .;ay' ;uka fldg mQ mß;Hd. f,ig u kslDIag Ôúld ú h'

tla ojila jykaoE j<|k ;ekg f.diska j<|d wka;fhys nd, jykaoE md;%j,ska

f.kjq;a ,k n;a fkdue<sj ,jd .kakjqka oel mqrd § Æ kshdjg ,nk ieáh b;d

,>q fyhska my< lrk iskdjla fuka nqÿyq iskd my< l< fial' wk| uyf;reka

jykafia iskd my< lsÍug ldrK úpd< fial' nqÿyq;a iskd my< lsÍug ldrK

jodrk fiala wk|fhks" uyOk isgdKkaf.a mq;Kqjka ÿgqjd o@ ;=Æ fuu kqjr §

;uka ika;l wiQ fl<la yd isgq ÿj‚hka ika;l wiQ fl<la yd fuf,da mrf,da

folska u lsis;a u m%fhdackhla ke;s wldßh ksid úhoï fldg kid mshd oeka isÕd

ld weúÈ;s' bÈka uQ ;=uQ m<uq jhi § jia;=j fkd kid lDIs j‚la wdÈ lghq;af;l

fh¥ kï fuu kqjr kdhl isgq ;k;=re ,efn;s' bÈka m<uq jhi § f,dù iem;a

yer uyK jQ kï ry;aj f,djq;=rd iem;a mqrd ,oafoda h' isgq ÿj‚fhda;a kdhl isgq

¥ ;rug;a wkd.dñ M,hg;a meñfK;s'

bÈka fï isgq mq;a uOHu jhi § iïm; m%fhdack jk f,i fh¥ kï fuu kqjr

fojk isgq ;k;=re ,efn;s' uOHu jhi § uyK jQ kï wkd.dñ fj;s' isgq ÿj‚fhda

o fojk isgq ;k;=rg yd fioe.eñ M,hg meñfK;s' bÈka fl<jr jhi § jia;=j

m%fhdackj;a f,i fh¥ kï ;=ka jk isgq ;k;=r ,efn;s' .sys f.ka ksla u uyK

jQ kï fioe.eñ fj;s' isgq ÿj‚fhda;a ;=kajk isgq ¥ ;rug;a fidajdka M,hg;a

meñfK;s' ;=ka wjia:dj u jrojd mS fyhska .sys iïm;skq;a msßyqKdyq h' Y%duKH

M,fhkq;a msßyqKdyq hZhs jodrd nK jodrk fiala ‘kQmka fNda. Wmojd .kag;a

Wmka fNda. /l .kag;a iu¾: wjia:dfjys ;udf.a u fkdoekau ksid jia;+ka

fkd ,Èka ksIam%fhdack jk jia;=j yer f.diska Ydikslj YS, ixrlaIKh;a fkd

fldg meka is£fuka l=v uiaika ke;s ú,aj, mshdm;a j.=< fldiajd ,sys‚hka fuka

is;sú,s .ks;s' ú, meka ke;a;d fia u ys¢kd ;ekq;a ke;' l=v uiaika ke;a;d fuka

iïm;=;a ke;s fjhs' mshd m;a j.=< fldiajd ,sys‚hkaf.a wyi .ukla ke;a;d

fuka lDIs j‚la wdÈ iïNj jk jia;=;a ke;s fjhs'

;j o hï flfkla .sysj iïm;ska m%fhdack ú¢kg ksisj isg iïm;a ,nkag ksrjµ

jQ W;aidy fkd flfr;a kï ,o iem;a yer iiqka jeo uyK oï fldg uyK oñka

,eín hq;a; fkd ,efn;a kï ‘fmr iqj fia lEïy' mQïy' iïm;a jqkqïy’ hkdÈh

is; is;d ys¢;a kï úo mQ yS o~q wjq<kakka ke;sj Èrkakd fia ;=ka jhi u l< ukd

foh fkd fldg blaujd mQ kï ur‚ka uefl;s' Wka ,o w;a neõ ksIaM, hZhs jod<

fial' foaYkd fl<jr fndfyda fok fidajdka - fio.eñ - wk.eñ - ry;a jQy'

70

t fyhska kqjKe;a;jqka úiska m<uq jhi jrojd mS j;a uOHu jhi § fyda uOHu

jhi;a je/oafoa kï fl<jr jhi § fyda msysgk ;udg lg hq;= h' .sysj msysgla lg

fkd yels ù kï Ydikslj;a ,o ukd .=K úfYaI ,nkag W;aidy lghq;='

iajNdfjdala;s yd w;sYfhdala;s

iajNdfjdala;s

hula we;s ieáfhka oelaùu iajNdfjdala;sh hs'

myka jQ l,ays uøs foaú u¿j yeu|e oeyeá meka ;nd mkai,a yeu|e u,a

mqod orejka fofokd le|jd uqyqK ;nd isUe mshd ‘orefjks" ud ? ÿgq

iajmakh kmq/' ;, ìcqjla id hymf;la ke;' f;dm mshdKka we,fhka

neyerj fkd hj' fl<kd ;ek ìhm;a jjZhs orejkag Tjd §'''”

nq;airK ^fjiaika;r cd;lh&

jk ú,a jeoe fnd,a fij,e’Õe ;jrd

.k j,a le, wer f.k w;s kqÿrd

È.= W,a isÕ= fhduq le/ lr wUrd

ms<su,a jk ójqka ol= kqÿrd

.srd ikafoaYh

ish ore fofokdg lrorhla fj;ehs ìh m;a jk ujlf.a iajNdjh;a jk.; ó

.jhkaf.a pKav iajNdjh;a mj;akd wdldrfhka u by; WoaOD; u.ska oelafjhs'

71

w;sYfhdala;s

we;s ;;= blaujd oelaùu w;sYfhdala;sh hs'

“tflfKys uqyqÿ Èh l| ojd f.k jvjd uqLfhka msg;a je .sh wùÑfhys

.sks l|la fia r¿ u;e;a f;u fid~ yl=¿jd uy fmdf<dj hof~lska

.eiQ >Kagdjla fia wkqrdj fojñka .s.=re yçka uq¿ kqjr wiksmd;hla

fia ;;=Kqjñka'''”

nq;airK ^kd,d.sß oukh&

fuksß÷ úl=fuka is;=fjd;a jerier

uyfur ;==Ufils ls|f,ls iuqÿr

ishfodr je,s u¿fjls oUÈj ;r

fiiqrc kr mKqjka lsu ne| fjr

merl=ïnd isß;

we;ay,ska uqod y< kd,d.sß we;= úhrefjka Èj tk wdldrh;a merl=ïnd rcqf.a

úl%uj;a iajNdjh;a by; WoaOD; u.ska mj;akd ;;a;ajh blaujd j¾Kkd fldg

we;'

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

fiiai yehs oehs - wksla foa l=ulg oehs

ks, l<y - kshu l<y

fl<la - fldaáhla

rd fid~yq - rd îfuys f,d,a jQfjda$fínoafoda

tl=re;af;a - Tfvdlal=fõ

uq, m,d - rdnq

ve vE - w,a,d .ksñka

msh hq;af;la - îug iqÿiq fohla

OQ¾;fhda - û;a meka& f,da,Syq

72

iqj| idkaÿ - iqj| i÷ka

wi;am:fha - whym;a$jerÈ ud¾.fhys

ye| l<d,a - we| we;sß,s

fldÜg udjq,d - fldÜg fuÜg

úfldg - úl=Kd

ln,a flá - ^ysÕuka hEfï § f.k hk& j<ka len,s

ì;lalklg - ms<slkakg$w.=jg

kslDIag Ôúld - my;a Ôúldjka

,>q - l=vd

wldßh ksid - wlghq;a; fya;=fjka

fNda. - iïm;a

lDIs j‚la - f.dú;eka yd fj<|dï

fnd,a - frdvq

isÕ= - wx

hof~lska - hlv oKavlska

wiksmd;hla - fyK .eiSula

ls|f,ls - l=vd Èh j<ls

wjfndaOh

1' isgq mq;%hdg yd isgq Èh‚hkag .S kegqï muKla b.ekaùug foudmshka

is;=fõ l=ula ksid o@

2' isgq mq;%hd iqrdjg weíneys lsÍug iqrd fid~qka fh¥ Wml%uh l=ula o@

3' isgq mq;%hd ika;l ish¨ Okh úhoï jQ whqre olajkak'

4' m<uq" fojk yd fl<jr jhfia § nqoaêu;aj ls%hd lf<a kï Tjqka ,nk .sys

yd meúÈ iqjh ms<sfj<ska olajkak'

5' my; i|yka jpk i|yd iudkd¾:j;a mo mdvfuka Wmqgd olajkak'

¸' úYd, - ¸¸' yqre jQy -

¸¸¸' jerÈ ud¾.fha- ¸¹' wjika fldg -

¹' whs;s- ¹¸' myka -

¹¸¸' l=vd - ¹¸¸¸' fkdlghq;a; -

¸º' ilDod.dñ - º' wkd.dñ -

73

wldrdÈ ms<sfj< yd YíofldaI Ndú;h

´kE u NdIdjl moku wlaIr ud,dj hs' tys uq, isg w. olajd wkqms<sfj<la we;'

isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ uq,a wl=r w& fõ' wjidk wlaIrh *& fõ' tA wkqj w& hkafka

isg ^*& hkak olajd wlaIr ia:dk .; ù we;s wkqms<sfj< ye¢kafjkafka wldrdÈ

ms<sfj< kñks' wldrdÈ ms<sfj< m%dfhda.slj Ndú; jk wjia:d fndfyda h'

² YíofldaIj, yd úYajfldaIj, jpk fm< .eiaùu

² mqia;ld,hj, .%ka: kdudj,s ieliSu

² ¥rl:k kdudj,s ilia lsÍu

² Pkao ,ehsia;= kdudj,s ilia lsÍu

² m%Yak m;%j, wkqfldgia oelaùu

² úúO f,aLkj, ixLHd ksfhdackh jk fia wl=re fh§u

jpk iuQyhl wldrdÈ ms<sfj< f;aÍfï § fyda jpk fm< .eiaùfï § l< hq;af;a

tu jpk iuQyh isxy, fydaäfha wkqms<sfj<g f.dkq fldg oelaùu hs'

my; oelafjk kï lsysmh foi n,kak'

liqka" WfmalaId" wókd" .hdka" iór" bf¾Id" wEka" rfïIa" puqÈ" uÿir

fï kï we;af;a wms<sfj<g h' wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj ilia l< úg ksjerÈ

wkqms<sfj< fufia h'

1' wókd 6' .hdka

2' wEka 7' puqÈ

3' bf¾Id 8' uÿir

4' WfmalaId 9' rfïIa

5' liqka 10' iór

jpkj, uq,Zl=r iudk kï tajdfhys fh§ we;s ms,s wkqms<sfj< o" fh§ we;s ms,s o

iudk kï B<Õ wl=r o jYfhka ie,lsh hq;= h'

74

kQ;k isxy, mdßNdIsl YíofldaIh - yßYapkaø úch;=x.

75

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' mdvfï oelafjk YíofldaI msgqfõ tk my; oelafjk jpk wkqms<sfj<g

ilia lrkak'

l,n" l,;%hd" l¾Kh" l¾udka;h" l,kh" l¾;DNd.h" l,mqj"

l¾Ksldj

2' my; oelafjk .%ka: kdu wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g ilikak'

nq;airK" mQcdj,sh" wudj;=r" ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' wudj;=r" nq;airK" ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh wdÈ úúO ffY,sfhka rÑ;

fmd;aj,ska fldgia lsysmhla f;dard f.k lshùfï ;r.hla mj;ajkak'

2' w;sYfhdala;shg yd iajNdfjdala;shg ksoiqka l< yels idys;H ks¾udK

WoaOD; fol ne.ska f;dard f.k ì;a;s mqj;amf;a m< lrkak'

3' Tnf.a mka;sfha isiq$isiqúhkaf.a kï ,ehsia;=j wldrdÈ wkqms<sfj<g ,shQ

miq uq,g yd w.g fhfok kï fudkjd oehs n,kak'

m%dfhda.sl f,aLk Ôú;fha úúO wjYH;d i|yd m%fhdackj;a

fõ' tajd w;rg wdrdOkd m;%" iqn me;=ï" m‚úv" ,sms" oekaùï"

jd¾;d" w;am;%sld" kHdh m;% wdÈh we;=<;a fõ'

kj ;dlaI‚l l%ufõohkays ÈhqKqj;a iu. wm Ndú; lrk

m%dfhda.sl f,aLk úIhfhys o hï hï fjkialï olakd ,efí'

tla tla f,aLkhg wod< jk iïu; wdlD;s wkq.ukh lsÍu;a

wlaIr úkHdih ksjerÈ ùu;a úrdu ,laIK ksjerÈj Ndú;

lsÍu;a ksjerÈ f,aLk jHjydrh wkq.ukh lsÍu;a m%dfhda.sl

f,aLkj, woyi ksrjq,aj m%ldY ùug fya;= fõ' jHdmdßl

,sms" wdrdOkd m;% yd wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍu flfrys Tfí

wjOdkh fï mdvfï § fhduq flfrhs'

m%dfhda.sl f,aLk

9


77

jHdmdßl ,sms

mdi,a Ôú;fha § ,sms fyj;a ,shqï ,sùug ,nk yqrej mdi,ska neyer iudcfha § o

fnfyúka wjYH jk m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrluls' hï f;dr;=rla oek .ekSu fyda hï

f;dr;=rla oekaùu ,sms ,sùfï wruqK h' ,sms l%udkql+,j yd meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a l<

hq;= w;r" ,efnk ,smsj,g blaukska ms<s;=re ,sùu o Wiia .=Kdx.hla fjhs'

úúO jHdmdßl wjYH;d fjkqfjka yqjudre jk ,sms jHdmdßl ,sms h' jHdmdßl

,smshl wdlD;sh rdcldß ,sms wdlD;shg fnfyúka iudk h' j¾;udkh jk úg

uyck;djg NdKav yd fiajd imhk wdh;k /ila we;' tu wdh;k iu. ,sms

.kqfokq lsÍfï § ;u wruqKq ld¾hlaIuj bgq lr .ekSu i|yd my; oelafjk

lreKq ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH fõ'

jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq'

1' ,shqfï wka;¾.;h ksrEmKh jk fia ud;Dldj fhdokak'

2' lsj hq;= foa l%udkql+,j fm< .iajkak'

3' lreKq oelaùfï § tla lreKla i|yd tla fþohla ne.ska fhdod .kak'

4' wdrïNl fþohg miqj lreKq lsysmhla ;sfí kï 1" 2 wdÈ jYfhka

wxlkh fldg olajkak

5' flá yd ir, jdlH fhdod .kak'

6' ixlaIsma;j woyia olajkak'

7' ,smsfha fomi ;Sre bv ;efnk fia lvodish Ndú; lrkak'

78

8' ,smsh ,sùfï § wdpdrYS,SNdjh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkak'

9' ,smsfha úrdu ,laIK Ndú;h" wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§u wdÈ

Ys,amSh l%u ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

10' Wla; wkqla; fNaoh wdÈ úhrK Í;s ms<smÈkak'

jHdmdßl ,smshl wdlD;sh" rdcldß ,sms wdlD;shg fnfyúka ióm h' tu wdlD;sl

,laIK fufia fm< .eiaúh yels h(

1' hjkakdf.a ,smskh

2' Èkh

3' ,nkakdf.a ,smskh

4' wduka;%Kh

5' ud;Dldj

6' wka;¾.;h

7' ia;=;sh

8' hjkakdf.a w;aik

ku

jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùfï kùk;u wdlD;shg wkqj by; olajd we;s tla tla

wdlD;sldx.hg wod< lreKq ,smsfha jï mi ;Srefõ ms<sfj<ska tlla hg tlla

jYfhka olajkq ,fí'

my; oelafjk jHdmdßl ,smsh weiqfrka tu wdlD;sl ,laIK y÷kd .kak'

79

úÿy,am;s"

iqß÷.u uyd úoHd,h"

iqß÷.u'

2020'02'10

l<ukdlre"

iyk nexl=j"

iqß÷.u YdLdj'

uy;auhdfKks"

mdi, ;=< nexl= YdLdjla msysgqjd .ekSu

wm mdif,a orejkaf.a b;sß lsÍfï mqreoao j¾Okh lsÍu

i|yd iyk nexl= YdLdjla úÿy,a N+ñfha msysgqúh hq;= njg

úoHd,hSh jd‚c úoHd ix.ufha o mdi,a ixj¾Ok iñ;sfha o

tlÕ;dj m< úh'

tu ksid nexl= YdLdj mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wjYH bv

myiqlï yd th ls%hd;aul flfrk wdldrh wm fj; okajd

tjk fuka ldre‚lj b,a,d isáñ'

ia;=;shs'

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ví' mS' .=Kfialr

úÿy,am;s

80

wdrdOkd m;%

hï hï lreKq wrnhd wkHhka fj; werhqï lsÍu i|yd wdrdOkd m;% Ndú; fõ'

mjqf,a lghq;=" wdh;ksl lghq;=" iudÔh lghq;=" mqoa., yd ixúOdk lghq;= i|yd

iudcfha yqjudre jk wdrdOkd m;% fldf;l=;a we;'

lS%vd W;aij" ;Hd. yd iy;sl m%odfkda;aij" ux., W;aij" wd.ñl W;aij"

f.je§fï W;aij" újD; lsÍfï W;aij" fmd;a fodrg jeãfï W;aij" iure W;aij"

wjux.f,Hda;aij wdÈh tn÷ .Dyuh yd iudÔh W;aij wjia:d h'

wdrdOkd m;%hla ilia lsÍfï §

1' tys wruqK

2' meje;afjk Èkh yd fõ,dj

3' meje;afjk ia:dkh

meyeÈ,sj we;=<;a úh hq;= fjhs' tfuka u werhqu lrkakdf.a ku yd ,sms fhduqj

iu. wdrdOkh lrk Èkh o wdrdOkd m;%hl i|yka lsÍu wjYH fõ' wdrdOkh

i|yd jk wjia:djg wdrdê; wuq;a;l= fyda wuq;a;ka iïnkaO fõ kï Tjqkaf.a

kï o ux.,H W;aijhla kï kele;a isß;a ms<sn| fõ,djka o oelaúh hq;= h'

we;eï iure W;aij" fmd;a fodrg jeãfï W;aij wdÈh i|yd jk wdrdOkd m;%j,

W;aijfha jevigyk wka;¾.; kHdh m;%h o we;=<;aj ;sfnkq oelsh yels h'

Èfkka Èk fõ.fhka ÈhqKq jk uqøK yd mß.Kl Ys,amSh l%u Ndú;fhka is;a

.kakd f,i ieliqKq úúOdldr wdrdOkd m;% iudcfha oelsh yels h' úúO yev;,

Wmfhda.s lr .;a; o wkjYH lreKq neyer fldg wjYH lreKq biau;= jk fia

wdrdOkd m;%hla ksjerÈj" meyeÈ,sj yd ixlaIsma;j ilia úh hq;= h'

81

wdrdOkd YS% ,dxflah ix.S; lafIa;%hg

uyÕ= fufyhla bgq l<"

fy<fha uyd .dkaO¾jhd kñka

wìfiia ,o

mKaä;a ví,sõ' ã' wurfoajhkaf.a

.=K iure Wf,<

ixialD;sl wud;H;=udf.a

m%Odk;ajfhka yd

l,dlrejkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka

2021 foieïn¾ ui 06 Èk

m'j' 2'00g

nKavdrkdhl cd;Hka;r iïuka;%K

Yd,dfõ § meje;afõ'

ta wjia:djg iyNd.s jk f,i Tng

f.!rjfhka wdrdOkd lruq'

wurfoaj iyDo l,d ixioh

fld<U

2021'11'20

wurfoaj .=K iurej

úfYaI foaYkh

uydpd¾h iqks,a wdßhr;ak

iure .dhkd

úYdro tâjâ chfldä we;=¿ msßi

ixúOdkh

wurfoaj iyDo l,d ixioh

82

wdlD;s m;%

Ôú;fha úúO wjia:dj, fkdfhla wjYH;d i|yd wdlD;s m;% msrùug isÿ fjhs'

wdlD;s m;% ksjerÈj iïmQ¾K fkdlsÍu tajd m%;slafIam ùug fya;= fjhs' thska

b,a¨ï lrkakdg ;u wruqKq bgq fkdùfuka úúO wmyiq;djkag uqyqK §ug isÿ

fjhs' wdlD;s m;%hla iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § my; oelafjk lreKq flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= h'

wdlD;s m;%h iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd § we;s Wmfoia yd wdlD;s m;%fhys i|yka lreKq

fyd¢ka lshjd f;areï .kak'

wdlD;s m;%fha olajd we;s Wmfoia mßÈ ku ,shkak'

² iïmQ¾K ku(- ^Wmamekak iy;slfha i|yka iïmQ¾K ku&

² uq,l=re iu. ku(- ûq,a wl=re iys;j ku&

² uq,l=rej,ska lshefjk ku(- ûq,a wl=rej,ska yeÕfjk fldgia&

wod< ;ekays ,smskh i|yka lrkak'

i|yka l< hq;= lreKq ixlaIsma;j olajkak'

i;H yd ksjerÈ f;dr;=re muKla we;=<;a lrkak'

yqremqreÿ w;aik o Èkh o wod< ;ek fhdokak'

ld¾hd,hSh m%fhdackh i|yd we;s ;eka iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka j<lskak'

83

fndfyda wdlD;s m;% ilia ù we;af;a tla tla lreKg wod< f;dr;=re ,shd oelaùug

ysia ;Sre fh§fuks'

kQ;k mß.Kl ;dlaIKh ksid b,a¨ïm;a f;dard .ekSu" f;dr;=re tl,ia lsÍu

yd úYaf,aIKh lsÍu ld¾hlaIu ù ;sfí' ta ksid mß.Kl ld¾hhkag wod< jk

mßÈ b,a¨ïm;%j, wdlD;sfhys o hï hï fjkialï isÿ ù we;' tn÷ wdlD;s m;%hl

fldgila my; oelafõ'

1'iïmQ¾K ku

2' fm!oa.,sl ,smskh(-

3' cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlh(-

4' jhi(- Wmka Èkh(-

1' iïmQ¾K ku (-''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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2' fm!oa.,sl ,smskh(- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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3' cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlh(- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

4' jhi(-'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Wmka Èkh(- ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

84

fun÷ wdlD;s iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § tl fldgqjl tl wl=rla fyda wxlhla fyda

muKla fhÈh hq;= h'

we;eï úg fok ,o Wmfoia wkqj wdlD;s m;%hla ;udg u ms<sfh, lr .ekSug

isÿ fõ' i|yka l< hq;= lreKq l%udkql+,j bÈßm;a l< yels jk fia wdlD;s m;%h

ilia fldg b,a¨ïlre ish Ôjo;a; weiqfrka th iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h'

úúO mdGud,d" /lshd" úNd. yd ;r. wdÈh i|yd iïmQ¾K l< hq;= úia;rd;aul

wdlD;s m;% fuka u tÈfkod iudc Ôú;fha § wjYH jk wdlD;s m;% o /ils'

my; oelafjkafka nexl= lghq;=j, § .kqfokqlrejka úiska iïmQ¾K l< hq;=

wdlD;shls'

85

ld,hla uq¿,af,a wfma rfÜ meje;s úÿ,s m‚úv fiajdj j¾;udkh jk úg wNdjhg

f.disks' ta fjkqjg fg,sfï,a m‚úv fiajdj meñK ;sfí' my; oelafjkafka ta

yd iïnkaO wdlD;shls'

86

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' tÈfkod Ôú;fha § Ndú; flfrk m%dfhda.sl f,aLk oyhla we;=<;a

,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'

2' jHdmdßl wjYH;djla u; ,smshla ,shkak'

3' mdif,a ;E.s fnod §fï W;aijh i|yd wdrdOkd m;%hla ilia lrkak'

4' wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq 5la ,shkak'

5' my; i|yka wdlD;s m;%h msgm;a lr f.k Tfí f;dr;=re we;=<;a lr

iïmQ¾K lrkak'

87

´kE u Ôj NdIdjl jHjydrfha úúO;ajhla oelsh yels h'

f,aLkh yd NdIKh bka m%Odk fõ' ,sùu i|yd f,aLk

jHjydrh;a l:d lsÍu i|yd NdIK jHjydrh;a fhdod

.efkhs'

tla NdIdjla l;d lrk ish,a,kaf.a u jHjydrh tl iudk

ke;' Ôj;a jk mßirfha N+f.da,Sh idOl wkqj o Ôjfkdamdh

ud¾. wkqj o NdId jHjydrfha fjkialï oelsh yels h' tfia

jD;a;sh yd ne÷Kq NdId jHjydr wod< wjia:djg iSud fjhs'

tneúka tajd mßñ; jHjydr f,i ye¢kafõ' ëjr NdIdj"

lu;a NdIdj" m;,a NdIdj wdÈh tn÷ mßñ; jHjydr fõ' fï

mdvfï oelafjkafka ëjr NdIdfõ yuq jk fhÿï lsysmhls'

Trelaudkal=<fï pkaok ysñhkaf.a ‘fjr<’ lD;sh weiqfrka

fï mdvu rpkd ù we;'

kjï ufya kj j<,a,10

88

jdrej wïndj

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

Trej Èh;a lr .kafka

oe,a ukao;a wr .kafka

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

Tfy weomx hd¿

f.dv weomx hd¿

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

uäh ;ohs hd¿

nrgu we;s ud¿

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd

oe, ueo ke; md¿

f.dv weomka hd¿

´ä fy,hs fy,hshd''' lshñka ëjrfhda fjrf<a isg oe,a wÈ;s' Tjqka" oe,a wÈk

úg .dhkd lrk lú ‘wïndjka’ fõ' ëjrhdg oe, ‘cd,h’ fjhs' oe,a wÈkafkda"

cd,sfhda fyj;a wïndfjda fj;s'

ëjrhdg uqyqÿ f.dia cd,h t<Sug Wmldr jkafka Trej hs' ëjrhd uqyqÿ hEug

Wmldr lr .kakd uqyqÿ hd;%dj ‘Trej’ f,i y÷kajhs' Trefõ bÈßmi fldgi

‘we‚h’ hs' miqmi fldgi ‘wjr’ hs' Trefõ miqmi yn,a fol ‘wj,’ fõ' Trefõ

ueo fomfia yn,a ‘lia wj,’ hehs ëjrfhda lsh;s' mdrïmßl ëjr hd;%d w;r

cjdêl hd;%dj rej,a Trej hs' wE; Èhfò uiqka mkak lsÍug rej,a Trej Wmfhda.S

fldg .kq ,nhs'

iq<Õ kue;s wlSlre n,fõ.h fu,a, fldg .ekSfï w.kd ;dlaIKhla uiqka

urkakd i;= jk nj fy<s jkafka rej,a Trej,sks' rej,a Tre iq<x n,fhka .uka

lrhs' Èhfò § iq<x u.ska hEug Wmldr jkafka rej, hs' rej,a tiùu “rej,

Wvq §u” fõ' f;rla fkd fmfkk .eUqre uqyqfoys Trej k;r lrkafka kex.=rï

,Efuks' kex.=rï ,Eug w;S;fha Ndú; fldg we;af;a úYd, .,ls' .," ,Kqj,ska

.eg .id .eUqre Èhg oukq ,nhs' ëjrhd thg “.,a ndkjd” fyda “.,a lvkjd” hhs lshhs'

Èk .Kkla wE; Èhfò .; lrk ëjr jD;a;slhdg n,mEula we;s lrkafka

ld,.=Kh hs' j¾Idj" iq<Õ Tyqf.a Ôú;hg wk;=rla f.k fokakg fya;= fõ'

89

tneúka ëjr .eñhd uqyqÿ hEfï § ‘bh;a;=j’ flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjhs' bh;a;=j

hkq ld,.=Kh hs' uqyqÿ r< ‘udßhdj’ hs' id.rfha pKav iajrEmfhka ‘jdrlka’ ld,h t<fUhs' jdrlka ld,hg udßhdj r¿ fjhs' uqyqÿ hkafkda jdrlka ld,hg

uqyqÿ .uka w;ayß;s' tneúka ëjr idudðlhdg tu ld,h wd¾Ól jYfhka wjdis

ld,hls' ëjrhdf.a iqn ld,h ‘yrdj’ hs' uqyqfoa udßhdj pKav fkdjk ld,h

‘yrdj’ ld,h hs' ‘yrdj’ ld,hg u ‘j<d,’ ld,h hehs ëjrhd jyrhs'

uqyqo kue;s flf;ys wiajekak fk<k ëjrhd jeiai jyskjd fkd lshhs' “.Õ=,dj

lreKd lrkjd” hkqfjka jyrhs' tfuka u j¾Idjg ‘fldavh’ hehs lshkq ,nhs'

j¾Idj iu. wyi f.rùu ‘yhsh’ fõ' f.dvìu lrd we§ hk uqyqÿ r<j, ievnj

‘Brejd ier ùu’ hs'

i;a iuqÿr ms<sn| Ôjk woaoelSï nyq,j we;af;a uqyqÿ hkakdg h' ÈhU irkakd

id.rfha uqyqÿ y;la olshs' fjrf<a isg ie;mqï nd.hla muK úys§ hk uqyqo

‘ly uqyqo’ hs' ‘fld< uqyqo’ f,i ëjrhd olskafka ly uqyqfoa isg ie;mqula muK

ÿrg úys§ hk fkd.eUqre uqyqo hs' fld< uqyqog tmsáka we;s uqyqo ‘ks,a uqyqo’ hs' iq<x

m%Njh jk fyhska fuh ‘k,ud,s’ uqyqo hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ' ‘r;= uqyqo’ ‘r;a fnd,a

Èhd;’ f,i fjr<dikak lg jyf¾ lshefjhs' uqyqÿ c,;,h u;=msg uqyqÿ me<Eá

jefjkafka fï uqyqÿ iSudj ;=< neúka rd;%sfha § r;= mdáka È,sfihs' meyefhka

ld, j¾K jQ n,hka nyq,j .ejfik ÈhU l¿ mdg fyhska ta uqyqo ‘l¿ uqyqo’ fõ' tys ma,jdx. nyq, h' lsß uqyqfoa fyj;a iqÿ uqyqfoa mkak lsÍug hkafka olaI

ëjrhka h' f;dare" fudare wdÈ Oj, meye jákd u;aiHhka jikafka lsß uqyqfoys

fyj;a iqÿ uqyqfoys h' i| t<sh jegqK úg lsß mdáka nn<kafka ‘lsß uqyqo hs’' wE;

msáir .eñhka ‘fyda.dk fmdl=K’ f,i y÷kajkafka r< ì£" yefmk woaor uqyqÿ

m%foaYh hs' wêl ksi,;djlska hq;= .eUqre uqyqo ‘f.d¿ uqyqo’ fõ' ysu ñfokafka

f.d¿ uqyqfoys h'

id.rh l,Ukafka wka lsisjl= fkd j ëjrhd h' uqyqfoa iq<x fõ.h wvq jk ld,h

kjï udih nj ëjrhd okshs' kjï udfia § uqyqÿ r< kjhla uqyqÈka u;= fjhs'

ëjrhd “kjï ufya kj j<,a,” oel i;=gg m;a fjhs'

wjfndaOh

1' ëjr m%cdj ‘oe,a wÈk wjia:dfõ’ Ndú; lrk lú j¾.h l=ula o@

2' oe,a wÈkakka ye¢kaùug fhfok fjk;a kï fudkjd o@

3' ‘i;a iuqÿr’g wh;a uqyqÿ y; kï lrkak'

4' ‘jdrlka ld,h’ ëjrhdg wjdis ld,hla jkafka wehs@

90

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka ëjr ck lúfha we;=<;a ëjr nfiys fhfok jpk f;dard

,shkak'

jdrhd jdrlkauhs nyskafka

yryhd y;=relka uhs lrkafka

udßhd f.äh miafika yUkafka

,sys‚hd lvq,af,ka ;x.¨ hkafka

2' my; i|yka mdGj, wka;¾.; ëjr jHjydrfha fhfok jpk f;dard tu

jpkj, fmdÿ jHjydrh ,shkak'

¸' oK .id .;a uy,a,d Trefõ wjrhg hg isá ud¿jd" rej,a oKafvka

wek <Õg .;af;a Tre m,af,a wl=<d oud ;snqKq fhd;a iu. mg,jd

fkd.ekSug mßiaiï fjñks'

¸¸' ysá yeáfha u bh;a;=j krl w;g yefrk udij, jf<a uqyqog

hdug ìh ùfuys we;a;la ;sfhk nj uy,a,d ms<s.;af;a h'

¸¸¸' Trefõ we‚hg .sh uy,a,d ;sñx.,hd iu. mshdueiaika fofokd

,E,a, Wv ;nd lrg f.k isá fhd; lf¾ fjk;a ;eklg udre

fldg Tre ;,a,g fya;a;= ù jï w;ska fhd; w,a,d .;af;a h'

ûy,a,d iy uqyqo - mßj¾;kh - isß,a iS' fmf¾rd&

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

¸' mdif,a b;sß lsÍfï isiq .sKqula wdrïN lsÍug nexl= ks,Odß uy;l=

iu. mdi,a isiqjl= isÿ lrk ixjdohla f.dvk.kak'

¸¸' mdif,a mj;ajk ,o oka; idhk lojqf¾ § mdi,a isiqjl= ffjµ ld¾h

uKav, ks,Odßhl= iu. isÿ lrk ixjdohla f.dvk.kak'

91

Wla; wkqla; fNaoh

foudmsfhda orejka iu. mdi,g h;s'

by; jdlHfha ‘foudmsfhda’ hkak l¾;D fjhs' th “h;s” kue;s wdLHd;h yd

nef|k Wla; moh hs' ‘orejka’ hk moh ls%hdjg hg;a jk l¾u moh hs' th

wkqla; moh fõ' fï wkqj"

“jdlHhl wjidk ls%hd mofhka lshefjk moh Wla; moh hs' tfia fkd jkafka

wkqla; moh hs'”

Wla; mo" wkqla; mo njg yerfjk wdldrhg ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

ifÉ;k kdu mo

Wla; mo wkqla; mo

ñksid

ñksiaiq

.=rejrhd

.=rejre

n,a,d

n,af,da

ldka;dj

ldka;dfjda

l=udr;=x.fhda

.=re¿f.daóyq

ñksid

ñksiqka

.=rejrhd

.=rejreka

n,a,d

n,a,ka

ldka;dj

ldka;djka

l=udr;=x.hka

.=re¿f.daóka

92

ifÉ;k wkshud¾: kdu mo

ifÉ;k i¾j kdu moj, mqreI fNaoh wkqj Wla;dkqla; mo

rEmh Wla; mo wkqla; mo

W;a;u mqreI uu

wms

ud

wm

uOHu mqreI f;da

Tn

kqU$kqU,d

;d

Tn

kqU$kqU,d

m%:u mqreI Tyq

Tjqyq

fya$fyf;u

´$wE$weh

Tyq

Tjqka

Tyq

weh

wfÉ;k kdu mo

Wla; mo wkqla; mo

ñksfila

<ufhla

ldka;djla

±ßhla

n,af,la

ñksil=$ñksfil=

<uhl=$<ufhl=

ldka;djl

±ßhl

n,a,l=$n,af,l=

Wla; mo wkqla; mo

.x.dj

.x.d

Í;sh

Í;s

.x.dj

.x.d

Í;sh

Í;s

93

wfÉ;k wkshud¾: kdu mo

ifÉ;k rEm .ekajQ kdu mo

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; ±lafjk jdlHj, ysia;eka msrùug fhÈh yels ksjerÈ moh jryka

;=<ska f;darkak'

¸' uu fyd¢ka bf.k '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^.ksñ$.;af;da h&'

¸¸' îsiqyq$isiqka& ''''''''''''' .=re;=udg wdpdr l<y'

¸¸¸' ^ldka;djla$ldka;djl& ''''''''''''''''''''' ßh wk;=rlg Ndckh jQjd h'

¸¹' ôeßhla$oeßhl& '''''''''''''''''' u,a lvkakS h'

¹' .x.dj fõ.fhka .,d ''''''''''''' ^nishs$nis;s&'

¹¸' .=rejre ''''''''''''''''''''''' ^wmg$wmsg& wjjdo fo;s'

¹¸¸' ta f;fï olaI f,i ''''''''''''''''''''' ^kghs$kg;s&'

¹¸¸¸' Tjqyq rgg fiajh ''''''''''''''' ^l<y$lrhs&'

¸º' <ufhla WoEik mdi,g '''''''''''''''''''''''''' ^ths$t;s&'

º' ñksiaiq '''''''''''''''''' ^.jhka$.jfhda& l=Uqrg olal;s'

Wla; mo wkqla; mo

.x.djla

Í;shla

.x.djla

Í;shla

Wla; mo wkqla; mo

.x.dfjda

Í;Syq

jdlHfhda

.x.djka

Í;Ska

jdlHhka

wm rg ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s iufha" 1887 cQ,s 25 Èk

Wm; ,o l=udr;=x. uqksodi" isxy, NdIdjg" idys;Hhg uyÕ=

fufyjrla bgq l< úoajf;ls' foi ni /i Wfoid lem ù

lghq;= lsÍu ms<sn| yeÕSu Tyq ;=< frdamKh jQfha ish mshdf.a

n,mEfuks' Tyqf.a mshd reyqfKa m%lg ffjµjrhl= jQ fodka

wìfhia l=udrK;=x. hs' hg;aúð; isß;a úß;a ms<sflõ l<

fï fjoeÿre;=ud ish orejka o Bg fm,Uù h'

l=udr;=x. uqksodi .=rejrhl=" úÿy,am;sjrhl= yd mdGYd,d

mÍlaIljrhl= f,i lghq;= l< w;r miq l, ta jD;a;Sh

Ôú;fhka neyerj NdId idys;H fiajdjg keUqre úh' t;=udf.a

pß;fhka wmg Wlyd .; yels .=Kdx. fndfyda h' bka

lsysmhla fï mdvu mßYS,kfhka y÷kd .; yels jkq we;'

W.kake ishniu;a jkake tys rifhka


11

95

l=udr;=x. uqksodi uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,enqfõ Èlaje,af,a fn!oaO mdGYd,dfjys h'

mshd ñh hk úg l=udr;=x. orejd mia jk mka;sfha W.ksñka isáfha h' bka miq

jeäuy,a fidfydhqrdf.a u.fmkaùfuka jeä ÿr wOHdmkh i|yd ud;r Ydka;

f;dauia úÿy,g we;=<;a flß‚' thsksÿ bj;a jQ Tyq jejqrelkak, msßfjfka lyfõ

wdkkao ysñhkaf.ka ixialD; NdIdj yodf<a h' fï ld,fha § meúÈ ùfï wfmalaIdjla

l=udr;=x. ;=< mej;s‚' jeäu,a fidfydhqrdf.ka Bg wjirhla fkd ,eì‚'

l=udr;=x. uqksodi fld<U rcfha .=re wNHdi úÿy,g we;=<;a flß‚' tA jk úg;a

Tyq isxy," ixialD;" bx.sßis NdId ms<sn| yi< oekqula ,nd isáfha h'

.=re úÿy,a mqyqKqj wjika l< l=udr;=x. f;uila muK fndañßh oaúNdId

mdGYd,dfõ wdpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajh lf<a h' bka miq lvq.kakdfõ oaúNdId

mdGYd,dfõ m%Odkdpd¾hjrhd f,i m;a flß‚' mqrd jir 11la muK tys fiajfha

ksr; jQ Tyq 1917 mdGYd,d mÍlaIl ;k;=rg Wiia lrkq ,eì‚' tu ;k;=f¾ jir

myl fiajd ld,hlska wk;=rej bka bj;a jQ l=udr;=x." uq¿ Ôú; ld,h u NdId

idys;Hfha Wkak;shg fhoù h'

l=udr;=x. fy< nfiys kj fmr<shla we;s lrkakg uq, msrefõ lvq.kakdfõ

oaúNdId mdGYd,dfjys m%Odkdpd¾h Oqrh ork wjêfhys h' Bg ux ie,iqfKa tla

isiqjl= úiska wik ,o m%Yakhlsks' l=udr;=x.f.a u niska olajf;d;a tA mqj;

fufia h'

“lvq.kakdfhys mdGYd,dfõ YsIH mxla;shlg iso;a iÕrdj W.kajñka isá

wmg Èkla m%Yakfhla Wmkafka he' ‘tA b B W o whqZ hk ;kays oelajqKq

wdLHd; úNla;s i;r fjka fjka jYfhka ljr ljr Od;= j¾.j, fhfoa

o@ hkq tA m%Yakh hs' m%Yakh weiQ YsIHhdg ms<s;=re fokakg fkdfmdfydi;a

jQïy' tA fudfydf;ys isge ue thg fmdfydi;a jkakg W;aidy l<ïy'”

jHdlrK újrKh iy l%shd újrKh hk .%ka: ,shejqfKa ta W;aidyfha m%;sM,

jYfhks' wog;a isxy, jHdlrKh iïnkaOfhka fï .%ka: w;afmd;a fia mßyrKh

flf¾'

mer‚ isxy, fmd; m; ixialrKh lrñka tajdg újrK iemhSu l=udr;=x.f.a

idys;H fiajdfjys m%n, wx.hls' tys ,d uq,ska u újrKh flrefKa ksldh ix.%yh hs'

bka miqj t¿ w;a;k.¨ jxYh" iqNdIs;h" mQcdj,sh" wudj;=r" ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh"

iiod j;" uqjfoõod j;" lõis¿ñK wdÈ mer‚ iïNdjH fmd;a ixialrKh flß‚'

l=udr;=x. w;ska ieliS" újrKh jQ mer‚ .%ka: 26ls'

96

fï újrK .%ka: iïmdokfha § jvd;a ;¾ldkql+, f,i w¾:l:k iemhSug

l=udr;=x. oerE W;aidyh my; ksoiqfkka jgyd .; yels h'

iqNdIs;fha tk"

reÿre .sks l|la .;a if|ys jk ;=re

ñ;=re fõ h È.;ska yuk u| ure

ñ;=re keiSug tla fjhs mi ñ;=re

ñ;=re kE flfkla ksj;=ka yg ljqre

hk mµfhys w¾:h ksrjq,a lr .ekSu ms‚i Tyq tla hkafkys ‘la’ wlaIrh fjkqjg

‘u’ wlaIrh fh§ h'

ñ;=re keiSug tu fjhs mi ñ;=re

ta wkqj “jkdka;rhla ojk uyd .skaorg Wmldr jk iq<Õ u myfka is¨jg i;=re

ù th keiSug WmldÍ fõ h” hk wre; ksrjq,aj biau;= flß‚'

ishnfia jeo.;a ,l=Kla jk ‘we’ ldrh t<sh ,enqfõ l=ur;=Õ=jka w;sks'

“we ldrh ixialD;fhys;a ke;s¦ md,sfhys;a ke;s¦ fou<fhys;a ke;s¦ jx.dÈ

NdIdjkays ÿ ke;a ue he' t fyhska fï wlaIrhdf.a jHjydrh mrNdIdkqidrfhka

o; yelafla fkdfõ'” hkqfjka isxy, NdIdfõ mßKdufhys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

cks; jQ ‘we’ ldrfhys ksjerÈ fhÿï y÷kd .ksñka th iïm%odhdkq.;j Ndú;hg

kQ;k f,aLlhka fhduq lf<a l=udr;=x. h'

l=udr;=x. mçjrhd wisßu;a lú Yla;shla we;af;la o úh' NdId {dkh" f,aLk

jHjydrh yd idys;H ri hk ;s%úO wxYhkaf.ka mßmQ¾Kj isá Tyq fy< lúhg

kj mKla ÿkafka h' lúh kï lsfula o@ tys rih kï lsfula o@ w,xldrh kï

lsfula o@ hkak uekúka myod §ug Tyq úß;a jelsh" lú YslaIdj hk .%ka: rpkd

lf<a h'

“is; ksoyia lrk fyd|u

.=re lu lõ uÕg jegqu

tfyhskef;d;a ish oE fmu

< fokake lõ f,djg mqÿu”

97

úß;a jelsfha § tfia lS l=udr;=x.f.a lú;ajh iïnkaO w.kd kso¾Ykh fia

ie,flkafka mshiur hs' ish Ôú;h yev .eiaùug mshdf.a odhl;ajh uekúka

fy<s lrñka rÑ; mshiur" l;=jrhdf.a fm!oa.,sl wkqN+;sh weiqfrka iïmdokh

ù we;s kuq;a mdGlhd thska ú¢kafka mshl= yd orejl= w;r mj;akd iafkayfha

fmdÿ O¾u;dj hs'

zzfmdf<dj wdi j,d i| ;drld

fijK .ia ,sh wdÈh olajñka

kqjK fokakg lS t l;d fifuka

yev .eiS he uf.a Èú fï ú,iaZZ

kQ;k lúhg WÑ; nia jyrla mshiur u.ska y÷kajd §ug o l=udr;=x.fhda lghq;=

l<y'

<ud mrmqf¾ {dkh yd ri{;dj j¾Okh Wfoid YslaId ud¾.h" lshjk kqjK

hk fm< fmd;a iy y;a mK" uÕ=,a lEu" ySkaierh hk m%nkaO rpkd lsÍfuka

l=udr;=x. <ud idys;Hh o fmdaIKh lf<a h' m%nkaO ix.%yh yd m%nkafOdamfoaYh

rpkd lrñka m%nkaOlrKhg uÕ fmkaùu o Tyqf.a idys;H fiajdfjys w.h l<

hq;= ld¾hhls' l=ur .S <uhskaf.a ridiajdoh Wfoid rÑ; meÈ ud,djls'

isxy, mqj;am;a l,djg l=udr;=x. uqksodihkaf.ka isÿ jQ fiajdj wurŒh fõ'

,lañ‚ myk u.ska Tyq j¾;udk mqj;am;a l,djg mq¿,a n,mEula we;s lf<a h'

Ôjfhka f;dr lfGdar mqj;am;a isria;, fjkqjg iq.u Ôjudk ffY,shlska hq;a

isria;, Ndú;h tys ,d lemS fmfkhs' mqj;am;a isria;, j¾;udk ld, wdLHd;fhka

;eîu wdrïN flrefKa ,lañ‚ myfkks'

t;=ud 1939 § iqni kñka iÕrdjla m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu wdrïN lf<a fy< nfia

iaùh;ajh iq/lSu Wfoid h' iqni iÕrdj lshejQ rg mqrd úisÍ isá nig <eÈ

msßi tlrdYs jkakg jQy' tys m%;sM,h jQfha 1941 § fy< yjq, kñka ixúOdkhla

msysgqjd .ekSu h' tu.ska foi ni /i ixl,amh Tiafia cd;shg" wd.ug yd NdIdjg

wNsudkhla ,nd §ug W;aidy oeÍ h'

fuf;la bx.sßis udOHfhka b.ekajqKq úIhhka isxy,fhka b.ekaùfï cd;sl jev

ms<sfj<la fï jk úg werö ;sì‚' bx.sßisfhka mejiqKq ixl,am isxy,fhka lshd

mEug fhda.H jpk ud,djl wjYH;dj o ta iu. mek ke.s‚' fuys § ish NdId

{dkh mokï lr f.k mr nia fhÿïj,g fhda.H isxy, jpk ksmojñka isxy,

jdla fldaIh mq¿,a lsÍug l=udr;=x. odhl úh' isxy, NdIdfõ mdßNdIsl jpk

fyj;a ‘jvq joka’ ksmoùug l=ur;=Õ=ka wkqo;a l%u ;=kls(

98

1' Yíofhka o rEmfhka o iudk jk fia uq,a jok isxy, yqrejg yerùu

WodyrK( fg,iafldamh" nih" f,dßh" cQßh" jh¾,ia" iíueÍkh"

veial=j" nhsisl,h" ,kavkh

2' Yío iduHh fkd;ld wejeis wre; fok w¨;a jokla ksmoùu

WodyrK( mdmeÈh" iriúh" mdi," ÿrnkqj" úÿyqre" l=uqÿj" ÿrolakh"

yiqkahy¿" miqìu

3' w¾:fhka yd Yíofhka iurEmS jk fia w¨;a jokla ksmoùu

WodyrK( ;,slaiqj" lñgqj" frfojqj" lsru" fj¿u" f.djqkre" udÈ,sh"

;kqj" óheish

fuys § t;=ud i;= jQ ixialD;" md,s yd bx.sßis fuka u .S%l yd ,;ska wdÈ NdId

{dkh o fnfyúka bjy,a ù we;' ‘f¾äfhda’ hk jok ieliS we;af;a ‘rdähia’ hk ,;ska jpkfhks' tys wre; ‘ueo isg wrh Èf.a fofjk’ hkak hs' l=udr;=x.

‘frfojqj’ hk jpkh ks¾udKh lr we;af;a th ie,ls,a,g .ksñks'

wrh Èf.a fofjkqfha > wr ¬ od ¬ fojq > wrfojq > rfojq > frfojq

;kqj" óheish" iriúh" mdmeÈh" h;=re meÈh" mdi," fyÈh" iliq wdÈ joka t;=udf.a

ksmehqï nj oek fyda fkd oek j¾;udkfha nyq,j Ndú; flfrhs'

fjk nil jpkhlg wre;ska yd Yíofhka iudk jpk iE§fï mqfrda.dñhd

l=udr;=x. nj o lsj yels h'

jrola ÿgq ;ek th ksjerÈ lrkakg fkdmud jQ l=udr;=x."

“.;a lre i;a lre muK

Tn yg lrefKla fkdfõ

foúhl= lS oehla j;a

lreKq ke;s je fkd woykq”

hkqfjka hula ;¾ldkql+,j úuid ;yjqre lr .ekSu ksn|j w.h lf<a h' ;udf.a

u u;h mjd lreKq wef;d;a fjkia lr .ekSug Tyq miqng fkdù h'

99

“wm .ek u|la lsh hq;=' ;j ue wms úuiSfuys fh§ isgqïy' Èfkka Èk

u;= jk oE ksid u;h fjkia lrkakg isÿ jk jdr fndfyda hs' fndfyda

fok jrla nod .;a u;h fjkia lrkakg ue<s fj;s' wiaÓrNdjh msg

fodia kÕ;sZhs hk ìfhks''' wkqka lshk fodig ìfhka t<shg tkakg

oÕ,k we;a; jikafka fkdñksfils' lshk fodila wms úuiïy''' ta

fyhska ;=ka jekak uq,a ieleiqï folg ue jvd fjkia jqj mqÿufhla

fkd fõ'” uqjfoõ od újrKh ^f;jk ixialrKh&

iqni iÕrdfjka Wmqgd .;a my; m%ldYh o t;=udf.a wk;sudkS .=Kh m%lg

lrjkakls' ;u jrola fmkajd ÿka whl=g olajk fï m%;spdrh l=udr;=x. pß;fha

m%n,;ajh Tma kxjhs(

“Tnf.a újrKh yß njg neyeßka foia kqjqjukd he' ljr fyfhlska jqj

o wmf.a jro ms<s.ksuq' fuh fy<s lsÍu .ek wms Tng Kh jïy'”

isxy, NdIdjg yd idys;Hhg uyÕ= fufyjrla bgq l< úh;l= f,i o NdId

{dkfhka mßmQ¾K mçjrhl= f,i o iudcfha by<ska jecUqKq fu;=ud 1944 ud¾;=

02 Èk wNdjm%dma; úh' iEu jirl u ud¾;= 02 isxy, NdId Èkh f,i kï

lr we;af;a isxy, NdIdfõ m%.ukhg l=udr;=x. odhl;ajh wkqiaurKh lsÍfï

mrud¾:fhks'

wjfndaOh

1' l=udr;=x. uqksodihka isxy, NdIdfõ wNsjDoaêhg l< fiajdjka fudkjd

o@

2' l=ur;=Õ= uqksoiqka rpkd l< <ud idys;H lD;s myla kï lrkak'

3' l=udr;=x. uqksodihka újrK iemhQ fmd;a myl kï ,shkak'

4' l=ur;=Õ=jkaf.a kdhl;ajfhka ìys jQ NdId ixúOdkfha ld¾hNdrh jQfha

l=ula o@

5' l=udr;=x. uqksodi ismahqre joka ksmoùug wkqo;a l%u fudkjd o@

100

jdlH Í;s

f,aLkfha § úúO jdlH Í;s Ndú; flf¾' 6" 7" 8 fYa%‚j, § o wms úúO jdlH Í;s

y÷kd .;suq' fï mdvfuka jdlH ks¾udKfha § wjYH jk" ‘ks;H nyq jpk mo’ wdYs%; Í;s lsysmhla y÷kd .ksuq'

ks;H nyq jpk mo

wfhla" we;efula" ljryq" ljqre" flfkla" fok" iuyre" iuyfrla" fofkla" wh

hk mo ks;H nyq jpk fõ' Wla;h ks;H nyq jpk jQ úg wdLHd;h o nyq jpk fõ'

WodyrK (- 1' wfhla keàug olaI jQy'

2' we;efula lreKdjka; jQy'

3' ljryq mdvï lf<da o@

4' ljqre tys h;a o@

5' flfkla Wkkaÿfjka bf.k .ks;s'

6' fndfyda fok úNd.hg iQodkï jQy'

7' iuyre úYajúoHd,hg h;s'

8' iuyfrla ld,fhka ksis m%fhdack .ks;s'

9' ta wh .ug h;s'

10' ál fofkla ;r.hg bÈßm;a fj;s'

we;eï ks;H nyq jpk mo meyeÈ,sj u tald¾:hla m%ldY

lsÍu i|yd o fhfoa' tjeks wjia:djkays § wdLHd;h tal

jpk fõ'

tla flfkla l%Svd lrhs'

l%Svd lKavdhfuka tla wfhla bj;a fjhs'

101

wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka fhfok wjia:d

‘wdK" wKq" w‚’ hk f.!rjd¾: m%;Hh iu. z´Z m%;Hh fhfok úg wdLHd;h

nyq jpk fõ'

WodyrK( ‘wdK - wKq’ mqreI ,sx. kdu yd fhfoa'

msh ¬ wdK ¬ ´ - mshdfKda

mshdfKda /iaùug iyNd.S jQy'

mq;a ¬ wKq ¬ ´ - mq;Kqfjda

mq;Kqfjda fo.=reka md jekaoy'

‘wKs’ ia;%S ,sx. kdu yd fhfoa'

ud ¬ w‚ ¬ ´ - uE‚fhda

uE‚fhda orejka fmdaIKh lr;s'

‘jykafia" oE’ hk mo fhÿKq l,ays wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka ;efí'

f;reka jykafia oyï foiQ fial$foi;s'

uE‚hka oE orejka fjkqfjka fjfyfik oE h$fjfyfi;s'

/<" fm<" le," uq<" .K" msßi" rxpqj" fmdl=r" lKavdhu hkdÈ mo iuQyd¾:jdÖ

mo fõ' m%dKjdÖ mohla iuQyd¾:jdÖ mohla iu. tlaù Wla;hla fia fhÿKq

úg tys wdLHd;h nyq jpk fõ'

WodyrK (- fldá /< jkh fojk;a lr;s'

<ud fm< mka;s ldurhg msúfi;s'

isfhd;a le, wyfia mshdU;s'

fidr uq< .ï myr;s'

102

wm%dKjdÖ mohla iuQyd¾:jdÖ mohla iu. Wla; jQ úg wdLHd;h tal jpk

fõ'

WodyrK (- .ia fm< iq<Õg fi,fjhs'

u,a fmdl=re iqj| úysÿjhs'

;re le, wyfia nn<hs'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' jryka ;=<ska ksjerÈ jpkh f;dard ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' wfma .fï we;efula k.rfha /lshd ''''''''''''' ^lr;s$lrhs'&

¸¸' iuyfrla ñysß yçka .S '''''''''''''''' ^.h;s$.hhs'&

¸¸¸' iuyre úNd.hg fmkS '''''''' îsáhy$isáfha h'&

¸¹' mka;sfha tla wfhla kegqï ;r.hg bÈßm;a '''''''''''''''''' ^fjhs$fj;s'&

¹' tla flfkla fõ.fhka ''''''''''' ^ÿjhs$ÿj;s'&

2' my; i|yka jdlH ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'

¸' w,s rxpqj .ug myr fohs'

¸¸' ;re fm< wyfiys nn<;s'

¸¸¸' iÕ .K okg jähs'

¸¹' f;rKqfjda nK foihs'

¹' isgdfKda ud,s.djg hhs'

¹¸' ÿjKsfhda ujg Wjgeka lrkakS h'

¹¸¸' f;rKshka oE fjfyr j¢kakS h'

¹¸¸¸' f;reka jykafia .s,kqkag Wjgeka lrhs'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' l=udr;=x. uqksodi iïnkaOfhka my; oelafjk wkqud;Dld Tiafia lreKq

fm< .iajkak'

¸' NdIdjg l< fufyjr

¸¸' ks¾udKlrKfha kshe,Su

2' ‘foi ni /i /l .ksuq’ uefhka rpkdjla ,shkak'

3' l=udr;=x. uqksodi j¾;udk NdIdjg tl;= l< jpk f.dkqjla

idokak'

103

YS% ,dxlslhl= jQ wdkkao flkaáYa l=udriajdñ ^1877-1947&

oykj jeks ishjfia my< jQ fYa%IaG;u wdishd;slhd f,i

ms<s.efka' Tyq YS% ,xldj yd bkaÈhdj o we;=¿ fmrÈ. rgj,

w§k Ñka;kfha" l,dfõ" YslaIKfha fYa%IaG;ajh ngysr

f,dalhdg jegfyk NdIdfjka Tjqkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la lrjQ

,la ujf.a wNsudkj;a mq;%fhls'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ 12

104

hg;aúð; iufhys ngysr wOHdmkh ,o fndfyda wdishd;slfhda ;u wdfõ‚l

ixialD;sl Wreuhka yer oud ngysr Ñka;kh Wiia f,i i,lkakg mqreÿ jQy'

tn÷ jljdkqjl fmrÈ. ixialD;sfhys úYsIag;ajh f,dajeiaikag y÷kajd §ug

m%h;ak oerEjka w;r wdkkao fla' l=udriajdñ m%uqL h' fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. o¾Ykh

uy;a wNsreÑfhka mßYS,kh l< fudyq fmrZmr foÈ. ixialD;sh yd l,dj ms<sn|

úY%e; oekqula ,;a mçjrfhls¦ risl;ajfhka msßmqka l,d úYdrofhls¦ úoHd" l,d

m¾fhaIKfha iajdëk woyia m< l< od¾Ykslfhls' m%isoaêhg lsis úfgl;a reÑhla

fkdoelajQ fudyq" fmrÈ. ixialD;sh f,dajeiaika w;r m;=rejd,Su ;u m%uqL ld¾hh

fia i,ld lghq;= lf<a h'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ 1877 wf.daia;= ui 22 jeks Èk fld,a¨msáfha § Wm; ,eî h'

Tyqf.a mshd jQfha YS%u;a uq;= l=udriajdñ uy;d h' fyf;u khsÜ kduhla ,enQ m%:u

wdishd;slhd jYfhkq;a bx.S%is kS;s{ uKav,hg we;=¿ ùfï Nd.Hh ,;a m%:u

,dxlslhd jYfhkq;a ie,flhs'

l=udriajdñ mrmqf¾ uq;=ka ñ;af;da hdmkfha uksmdhsys Wiia mrmqrlg wh;a" m%n,

cd;sl fufyjrl kshe¿fKda jQy'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ l=vd úfha § u mshd ñh .sfha h' tneúka Tyqf.a <ud ld,h

ì%;dkH cd;sl ish ujf.a weiqfrys tx.,ka;fha .; úh' wdkkao l=udriajdñ 1889

§ tx.,ka;fha jhsla,s*a úoHd,hg we;=<;a flßK' úÿyf,a §ma;su;a YsIHhl= jQ Tyq

olaI lS%vlfhla o úh' Wi mekSfï biõfjka yd úoHd,hSh mdmkaÿ lKavdhfï

lS%vlhl= f,i o fyf;u oialï oelaù h' tfuka u úÿyf,a idys;H ix.ufha

foaYlhl= f,i o Tyq lghq;= lf<a h' jhsla,s*a úoHd,fha § kùk úoHd úIhhka

yeoErE wdkkao l=udriajdñ ;udf.a jvd;a is;a .;a úIhh jQ N+.¾N úoHdj w,<d

úoHd,hSh yd fjk;a iÕrdj,g ,sms ,sù h'

mdi,a wOHdmkfhka miq ,kavka úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;a jQ Tyq 1900 § N+.¾N

úoHdj yd WoaNso úoHdj ms<sn| m%:u mka;sfha úoHdfõ§ f.!rj Wmdêh ^B.Sc& Èkd

.;af;a h'

1903 j¾Ifha § ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha m¾fhaIlhl= f,i m;a jQ l=udriajdñ tu

j¾Ifha § u ,xldjg meñK" Lksc úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaI f,i jev Ndr

.;af;a h'

fï jljdkqj furg cd;sl úuqla;s jHdmdrh jHdma; ùfuka isxy," fou<" uqia,sï

nyqck ixúOdk ksoyi yd úuqla;sh m;d iQodkï fjñka meje;s wjêh hs' ud¾.

105

yd m%jdyk myiqlï fkdjQ ta wjêfhys l=udriajdñ iEu m<d;l u mhska yd

lr;a;fhka .uka lr" uy;a ÿIalr;d ú¢ñka m¾fhaIKj, ksr; úh' fï .ukaj,

§ mqrd úoHd;aul f;dr;=re" iudc úia;r yd l,d Ys,am ms<sn| úia;r o fiùug

Tyq fm,UqfKa h' Tyqf.a muKla fkd j" l,d rislhka ieuf.a;a Nd.Hhg th

fya;= úh'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ úiska ,xldfõ Lksc yd mdIdK ms<sn|j lrk ,o m¾fhaIK

we;=<;a ,sms rdYshla úúO m%ldYkj, m< úh' ,kavka úYajúoHd,h úiska 1906

j¾Ifha ,xldfõ isÿ l< Lksc yd mdIdK ms<sn| fidhd .ekSï i|yd Tyq fj;

Wmydrh mqo lrk ,oafoa úoHdj ms<sn| wdpd¾h Wmdêh ^Ph.D& m%odkh lsÍfuks'

foaYSh l,dj" isß;a úß;a yd mqrd úoHdj wrnhd Tyq úiska lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,

m%;sM, Tyqf.a u ixialdrl;ajfhka ksl=;a jQ Ceylon National Review iÕrdfõ

m< úh' tfia m< jQ f,aLk ksoyia igfkys ,d buy;a Ôjhla iemhS h' ngysr

ixialD;sh ksid uq,a is£ .sh ,dxlslhkaf.a fYdapkSh ;;a;ajh tu.ska fmkajd fokq

,eî h' thska ñ§u i|yd .; hq;= ls%hd ud¾. folla flfrys Tyqf.a wjOdkh fhduq

ù ;sìK' tkï wOHdmkh ish niska u ls%hd;aul lsÍu;a" ,xldfõ úYajúoHd,hla

msysgqùu;a h'

wdpd¾h wdkkao l=udriajdñ ,xldfõ l,dj we;=¿ ixialD;sldx. w,<d 1908 §

Medieval Sinhalese Art kñka ,shQ .%ka:h uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d kñka isxy,hg

mßj¾;kh ù ;sfí' ,dxflah l,dfõ .ïNSr;ajh yd w§k;ajh ngysrg y÷kajd

foñka ,dxlsl l,dj f,dal l,d is;shu ;=< m%:u jrg /|jQ ft;sydisl lD;sh

fuh fjhs'

uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d lD;sfha m%ia;djkdfjys Tyq ish wruqK olajd we;af;a

fufia h(

“fuh ,shk ,oafoa isxy, ck;dj ful, wjfndaO lr .ekSug wleue;s ld,

mßÉfþohl isysjgkhla jYfhka Tjqka Wfoid u h' tla w;lska Y; j¾Ihla

úfoaYSh wdêm;Hhg hg;aj úiSfuka yd cd;sl ixialD;sh iïmQ¾Kfhka fkd i,ld

yßk ,o wOHdmkhla ,eîfuka o wksla w;ska tmuK ld,hla ksjg kshd¨

f,i mr isß;a wkqlrKh lsÍfuka o ;uka Èkd .;a Ôjk l,dj iïnkaOfhka

j¾;udk W.;a isxy,hdg wdvïnr ùug lsisÿ fya;=jla ke;' w;S;hg .ryd

tu.ska j¾;udkh wyig j¾Kkd lrk fkd.eUqre is;sú,s yeu ;ek u olakg

,efí' tfia jqj o isxy, ck;djf.a cd;sl Ôjk l%ufha kshu mqkre;a:dkh yd

kj Ôjkh ,nd .; yelafla fï w;S;h yd Ndr;fha w;S;h ms<sn| úYsIagd¾:hka

uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSug ork m%h;akfhka mu‚' tfia fyhska fï w;S;h jgyd

.ekqï jia iydh ùu fï fmd; ,sùfï mrud¾:h hs'”

106

uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d .%ka:fhys ;;ald,Sk úúO l,d lafIa;% yd ld¾ñlhka ms<sn|

f;dr;=re we;=<;a fjhs' isxy, fudaia;r" .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh" odreuh l¾udka;h"

ffY,uh l¾udka;h" m%;sud Ys,amh" Ñ;% Ys,amh" we;ao;a jev" f,day l¾udka;h"

,dlaId l¾udka;h" ueá l¾udka;h" frÈ úùu" weïfn%daäka jev ^,shje,a ueyqï&

meÿre úùu hkq tajd h' fï tla tla mßÉfþohg wod< Wm.%ka:hkays l,d Ys,am

ms<sn| iúia;r f;dr;=re o .%ka:h wjidkfha PdhdrEm yd Ñ;% igyka o we;=<;a

h' tys ,d YS% ,dxlsl l,dx. flfrys Tyqf.a wjOdkh .eUqßka fhduq jQ whqre ±l.;

yels h'

iS.sß Ñ;% ms<sn|j Tyq olajk újrKh fun÷ h(

fïjd w¢k ,oafoa iS.sß .f,a nodu fh¥ mDIaGh u; h' b;sß Ñ;% msysáfha

w;sYhska ÿ¾. iys; .,a .=ydjl h' we;=¿ u.g by<ska msysá uq¿ ., u nodu

.d is;a;ï lr ;sìKehs is;sh yels h' oyhshd iy we;eï úg fmd,a fldyq

tla lsÍfuka Yla;su;a lrk ,o ueá yd lsßueá ñY%Khla m<uq fldg wÕ,a

nd.hla .klug fhdod iqÿ yqkqj,ska jid yekaolska msßue§fuka nodu wdf,am

flre‚' ly" r;=" mÉp hk uQ,sl j¾K ;=k muKla Ndú; lrk ,o kuqÿ

w÷r t<sh fh§fuka o j¾K ñY% lsÍfuka o fï j¾K úúO úh' fuh" fï

j¾K kQ;k jev i|yd Ndú; lsÍfï l%uhg fjkia h' kS, j¾Kh olakg

fkd ,efí' fï Ñ;% jkdys u,a w;e;sj úydrh lrd hk rc jdi, ia;S%kaf.a

ms<srE hehs fn,a uy;d lshhs' ms<srEj, my; fldgi iïu; j,dl=¿j,ska

lemS ;sfnk fyhska wmairdjka ksrEms; nj uf.a woyi hs' wmairdfjda kQ;k

Ñ;%hkays yeu úg u fufia ksrEmKh flfr;a'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ ish .%ka:fha Wvrg ld¾ñl Ys,amSka ms<sn|j lreKq olajd we;s

;ekls fï'

“Tjqkg ojia l=,sh lsis lf,l fkdf.jk ,oafoa h' jev l< hq;= kshñ;

meh .Kkla o fkd ù h' rdclSh jevfmdf<ys fiajh l< ld¾ñlfhdaa lsysm

fofkla uykqjr uf.a ksfjfia leghï ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd meñ‚hy'

Tjqkag uqo,a bmhSu fyda ;u Ôjk ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSu ms<sn|

woyila fyda fkd ù h' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha ;ukag yd ;u mjq,g wjYH wdydr

ñ, § .ekSug iEfyk uqo,la mu‚' uqo,a b;sß lsÍfï wfmalaIdjla o Tjqka

fj; fkd ù h' lsishï jeo.;a ld¾hhla wjika l< úg fyd| we÷ula jeks

úfYaI ;E.a.la Tjqyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= fj;s'”

jd‚clrKhg hg fkdjQ uOHld,Sk l,d Ys,amshdf.a iajNdjh tu.ska oelafjhs'

107

uykqjr wjêfha meje;s l,d Ys,am iïm%odhhka o ta yd ne¢ miqìu yd ;dlaI‚l

l%ufõohka o Tyqf.a úpdrdlaIshg n÷ka ù we;' we;eï Ys,am Ydia;% iïnkaO ck

.S o uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d lD;sfha oelafõ' l=ïNldr .S;h" lskakr .S;h" meÿre

úhuka wdYs%; mkakka l;=r jeks ck .S Tyq ;=< ckY%e;shg meje;s we,au fy<s

lrjhs'

mdrïmßl ckY%e;s wOHhkfha § l=U,a l¾udka;h yd iïnkaO m%ia;dj msre¿

ix.%y fldg we;s wdldrh wmQre h'

hk hld fldry ì|f.k .shd jf.a'

l=U,d yuila ;e¿E j<x" fmd,a, we;s ñksydg tl mdr h'

msreKq lf<a Èh fkd ief,a'

wvq lf<a Èh fi,fjhs'

we;d jeyereK;a fldrfya kdjkag neye'

yÈiaishg fldrfy;a w; odkak neye'

jd‚clrKh ksid mßydkshg m;a foaYSh l,d iïm%odh /l .ekSfï w.h l=udriajdñ

ksrka;rfhka jgyd ÿkafka h'

fmrÈ. iNH;ajfha yrh fidhd hk .ufka § 1906 wjidk Nd.fha § Tyq bkaÈhdjg

meñK bka§h l,dfõ úúO wxY ms<sn|j lrk ,o m¾fhaIK f,dalfha W.;=kaf.a

uy;a wjOdkhg ,la úh' YS% ,xldfõ" bkaÈhdfõ muKla fkdj mdlsia;dkh"

fkamd,h" áfngh" ñhkaudrh" ;dhs,ka;h" ldïfndach" cdjd" iqud;%d yd úhÜkduh

wdÈ rgj, l,d Ys,am o Tyqf.a wOHhkhg n÷ka úh' Tyqf.a bka§h yd bkaÿkSishdkq

l,d b;sydih kï udyeÕs .%ka:h Bg idlaIs imhhs'

Ydia;%Sh fiajhg lem jQ úoaj;l= jk l=udriajdñ bx.sßis" m%xi" c¾udkq" ,;ska" .S%l"

ixialD;" md,s" isxy," fou<" yskaÿ" b;d,s" iamd[a[" ´,kao" m¾ishka wdÈ NdId

.Kkdjla oek isáfha h' Tyq we;eï .%ka: ,shqfõ m%xi" c¾udkq yd b;d,s nisks'

l=udriajdñ fmrZmr foÈ. NdId yeoErefõ NdId úYdrohl= ùug fkd j" fmrÈ.

ixialD;sh wOHhkh lsÍu Wfoid h'

l=udriajdñf.a Ydia;S%h wOHhk tla úIh lafIa;%hlg iSud fkdùu ksid fiiq

úoaj;=ka w;r Tyq iqúfYaI fjhs' fmrÈ. o¾Ykh" wdOHd;añl úoHdj" wd.u" m%;sud

l,dj" idys;Hh" ix.S;h" N+.¾N úoHdj" jdia;= úoHdj" idïm%odhsl oekqu yd ckY%e;s

Tyqf.a wOHhkhg ,la jQ úúO lafIa;%fhda h' fï úIhhka i|yd Tyq ,shQ .%ka:

108

mkylg wdikak h' fïjd f,dj úúO rgj, § uqøKh fldg m%ldYhg m;aj we;'

bka§h l,djkaf.a mrud¾: 1908&" fmrÈ. m‚úvh 1908& l,dj iy iajfoaYsl;ajh

^1914&" bka§h Ñ;% ^1912&" úYajl¾u ^1914&" bka§h ix.S;h ^1924& fn!oaO m%;sud

l,dfõ uQ,O¾u ^1935&" wdishd;sl l,dj ^1938& fõoh yeoEÍug kj u.la ^1933&

hkq thska lSmhla mu‚'

fï yer" ,xldfõ fuka u f,dalfha fjk;a rgj, mqj;am;a yd iÕrd i|yd Tyq ,shQ

,sms ixLHdj 400lg wdikak h'

úúO rgj, l,d .fõIKfhys fhÿK o Tyqf.a ks;H jdiia:dkh jQfha tx.,ka;h

hs' tfy;a 1914ka we/ô m<uq jeks f,dal ix.%dufha .sksoe,a weúf<ñka ;snqKq

jljdkqfõ Tyqg tx.,ka;h yer oud hEug isÿ úh' ta tx.,ka;h ñ;% ikaOdkhg

ish Wmßu odhl;ajh ,nd §fï wruqfKka ks¾udKh lrñka isá úYd, iafõÉPd

yuqodjg ne£u ta jk úg 39 jk úfha miq jQ l=udriajdñ m%;slafIam lsÍu fya;=fjks'

l,d.drhla n÷ Tyqf.a ksfji we;=¿ ish¨ foam< fï ksid rdcika;l flß‚'

t;eka mgka Tyqf.a Ôú;h .; jQfha wefußldfõ h' W;=re bkaÈhdfõ l< ixpdrfha

§ /ia lr .;a mqrdjia;= yd is;=jï iqrlaIs;j ;ekam;a lsÍug wefußldfõ fndiagka

kqjr ,,s; l,d fl!;=ld.drfha Tyqg bv ,eìK' 1917 isg tys fmrÈ. wxYfha

Ndrldr;ajh o l=udriajdñg mejß‚'

Tyqf.a wjika jir oyh ffjÈl idys;Hh i|yd fjka úh' ta ms<sn| fidhd .;a

w¨;a lreKq we;=<;a .%ka: /ila Tyq ,sù h'

ish Ôú;fha wjidk ld,h bkaÈhdjg f.dia ysud,fha fyda áfngfha Ôj;a ùug

wfmalaIdfjka isáh;a tu woyi uqÿka m;a ùug fmr u 1947 iema;eïn¾ 19 jeks

Èk wdkkao l=udriajdñ wNdjm%dma; úh'

wfma rfÜ muKla fkdj" wdishdfõ u ixialD;sl rgdfõ w.h Tyq f,djg jgyd

ÿkafka h' fï W;=ï ld¾hh fjkqfjka Tyqf.a uq¿ Ôú; ld,h u lem flß‚'

wdkkao l=udriajdñf.a iqúi,a fufyjr w.hkq jia bkaÈhdj o YS% ,xldj o iure

uqoaor folla ksl=;a lf<a h' fld<U .S%kamd;aays m%Odk udj;la wdkkao l=udriajdñ

udj; f,i kï fldg we;af;a Tyqg Wmydrhla f,isks'

1952 § ,kavkfha mj;ajkq ,enQ l=udriajdñ wkqiaurK foaYkfha § lshejqfKa uq¿

f,dalfha u wdpd¾h wdkkao l=udriajdñ ;rï úúO úIhhka .ek lD;Ska m%ldYhg

meñKjQ úoaj;ayq fj;a kï ta b;d iaj,am fokl= nj hs'

109

wjfndaOh

1' mdi,a Ôú;fha § wdkkao l=udriajdñ YsIHhd bf.kSug wu;rj oialï mE

lafIa;% fudkjd o@

2' wdkkao l=udriajdñ mdi,a wjêfha iÕrdj,g ,sms iemhQ úIh lafIa;%h

l=ula o@

3' ngysr ixialD;sfha n,mEug ,la jQ ,dxlslhkag bka ñ§u i|yd wdkkao

l=udriajdñ uy;d úiska fhdackd lrk ,o ls%hd ud¾. fol i|yka lrkak'

4' ,xldfõ ixialD;sh w,<d l=udriajdñ uy;d ,shQ w.kd .%ka:h l=ula o@

5' “,dxlslhl= jQ wdkkao l=udriajdñ fmrÈ. fuka u wmrÈ. f,dalfha o

f.!rjdorhg ,la jQ úoajf;ls"” hkak ikd: lrñka Tfí woyia olajkak'

ud;Dldkql+, l:d

wdkkao l=udriajdñ uy;d mdi,a ld,fhys § mgka l;dfjys olaIfhla úh' tu ksid

Tyq mdif,a idys;H ix.ufha fuka u újdo lKavdhfï o idudðlfhla úh' miq

ld,fha úúO úIhhka Tiafia Tyq úiska lrk ,o foaYk foia úfoiays fndfyda

fokdf.a is;a .;af;a h'

l:d lsÍu fyj;a l:k yelshdj wOHdmkfha u fldgils' mdi,a Ôú;fha § tu

yelshdj jeäÈhqKq lr .ekSfï wjia:d Tng ,efí'

ud;Dldjla Tiafia l,a we;sj iQodkï ù fyda laI‚lj fyda l;djla meje;aùfï §

my; i|yka lreKq flfrys Tfí wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h'

110

³ ud;Dldjg wod<j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu

³ jpk meyeÈ,sj yd ksjerÈj WÉpdrKh lsÍu

³ lreKq ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd WÑ; fia wx.

p,kh fhdod .ekSu

³ tlu lreK kej; kej; bÈßm;a fkdlsÍu

³ l;dfõ ikao¾Nh ^wka;¾.;h& is;a .kakdiq¨ ùu

³ wdfõ.fhka f;drj ixhufhka lreKq oelaùu

³ kshñ; ld,hg l;dj iSud lsÍu

l¾;D ldrl yd l¾u ldrl jdlH

lsishï woyila f,aLkfha § bÈßm;a flfrkafka zjdlHZ u.sks' my; i|yka

jdlH foi n,kak'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ uy;d .%ka: /ila ,sù h'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ uy;d úiska .%ka: /ila ,shkq ,eî h'

fï jdlH foflys u bÈßm;a jkafka tla woyils' tfy;a tu woyi bÈßm;a ù we;s

wdldrh fjkia h' Bg fya;=j jdlHhkays l¾;D ldrl yd l¾u ldrl fNaoh hs'

111

l¾;D ldrl jdlH

l¾;D ldrl jdlHj, l%shdj lrkakdg fyj;a l¾;Dg wkqj wdLHd;h fyj;a

wjidk l%shdj ;efnhs'

uu fmd;la lshjñ'

fjf<kaod nvq úl=Khs'

f.dùyq l=Uqr jmqr;s'

.=re;=ñh mdvu b.ekajQjd h'

úÿy,am;s;=ud YsIH kdhlhka weu;S h'

foudmsfhda orejkag Tjd ÿkay'

fï jdlHj, lshjñ" úl=Khs" jmqr;s" b.ekajQjd h" weu;S h" ÿkay hk wjidk l%shd

mo u.ska tu l%shdjka lrkakd fyda lrkafkda lshefj;s' tA wkqj uu" fjf<kaod"

f.dùyq" .=re;=ñh" úÿy,am;s;=ud yd foudmsfhda hk mo ms<sfj<ska fï jdlHj,

Wla; mo fõ' by; jdlHj, we;=<;a fmd;la" nvq" l=Uqr" mdvu" YsIH kdhlhka yd

Tjd hk mo l¾u mo fyj;a wkqla; mo fjhs'

l¾u ldrl jdlH

l¾u ldrl jdlHj, § Wla; jkafka wkqla; mo fyj;a l¾u mo hs' wdLHd;h

fyj;a wjidk l%shdj ;eìh hq;af;a o Wla; jQ l¾u mohg wkql+,j h' tA wkqj

by; l¾;D ldrl jdlH" l¾u ldrl jdlH njg m;a jkafka fufia h'

ud úiska fmd;la lshjkq ,efí'

fjf<kaod úiska nvq úlsfKhs'

f.dùka úiska l=Uqr jemsfrhs'

.=re;=ñh úiska mdvu W.kajkq ,eî h'

úÿy,am;s;=ud úiska YsIH kdhlfhda wu;kq ,enQy'

foujqmshka úiska orejkag Tjd fokq ,eî h'

112

l¾;D ldrl jdlHhla l¾u ldrl jdlHhla njg m;a lsÍfï § tys fjkialï

lSmhla u isÿ fjhs' by; oelajQ tla jdlHhla weiqfrka tu fjki jgyd .ksuq'

l¾;D ldrl - úÿy,am;s;=ud YsIH kdhlhka weu;S h'

l¾u ldrl - úÿy,am;s;=ud úiska YsIH kdhlfhda wu;kq ,enQy'

l¾;D ldrl jdlH l¾u ldrl jdlH

l¾u moh wkqla; fjhs'

WodyrK - YsIH kdhlhka

l¾u moh Wla; fjhs'

WodyrK - YsIH kdhlfhda

Wla;hg wkqj wdLHd;h ;efnhs'

WodyrK - úÿy,am;s;=ud - weu;S h'

Wla;hg wkqj wdLHd;h ;efnhs'

WodyrK - YsIH kdhlfhda wu;kq

,enQy'

l¾;D moh Wla; fjhs'

WodyrK - úÿy,am;s;=ud

l¾;D wkqla;j zúiskaZ hk ksmd;h

iu. fhfoa'

WodyrK - úÿy,am;s;=ud úiska

isxy,fha l¾u ldrl l%shd mo rEm" l%u follska ilia fõ' zn,hsZ hk l%shd mofha

j¾;udk yd w;S; l¾u ldrl l%shd mo ilia ù we;af;a fufia h'

j¾;udk ld,h

mqreIhtal jpk nyq jpk

l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl

m%:u mqreI

uOHu mqreI

W;a;u mqreI

n,hs

n,ys

n,ñ

nef,a

nef,hs

n,kq ,nhs

n,kq ,efnhs

nef,ys

n,kq ,nys

n,kq ,efnys

nef,ñ

n,kq ,nñ

n,kq ,efnñ

n,;s

n,yq

n,uq

nef,;s

n,kq ,n;s

n,kq ,efn;s

n,kq ,n;a

n,kq ,efn;a

nef,yq

n,kq ,nyqn,kq ,efnyq

nef,uq

n,kq ,nuq

n,kq ,efnuq

113

w;S; ld,h

mqreIhtal jpk nyq jpk

l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl

m%:u mqreI ne,S h

ne¨fõ h

ne¨jd h

ne,s‚

ne¨fKa h

n,k ,È

n,kq ,enqfõ h

n,kq ,enqjd h

n,k ,oafoa h

n,k ,oa§ h

neÆy

ne¨fjda h

ne¨jdy

ne¨jdyq h

ne¨Kq

ne¨fKda h

ne¨Kdy

n,kq ,enQy

n,kq ,enqjdy

n,kq ,enqfjda h

n,kq ,enqfKda h

n,k ,oy

n,k ,oaody

n,k ,oafoda h

uOHu mqreI ne,Sys ne,s‚ys

n,kq ,enqfjys

n,k ,oys

n,k ,oafoys

neÆyq

ne¨fjyq

ne¨Kqyq

ne¨fKyq

n,kq ,enqfjyq

n,k ,oyq

n,k ,oafoyq

W;a;u mqreI ne,Sñ ne,s‚ñ

n,kq ,enqfjñ

n,k ,Èñ

n,k ,oafoñ

ne,Suq

ne¨fjuq

ne¨Kquq

ne¨fKuq

n,kq ,enqfjuq

n,k ,ÿuq

n,k ,oafouq

fiiq l%shd moj, rEm o fï wdldrfhka ilia lr .; yels fõ'

l¾;D ldrl jdlHhla l¾u ldrl njg m;a lsÍfï § mqreI fNaoh" ld, fNaoh yd

jpk fNaohg wkqj iqÿiq l%shd mohla f;dard .; hq;= fjhs' tfia u m%:u mqreI" w;S;

ld," tal jpk ls%hd moj, § ,sx. fNaoh .ek o ie,ls,a, oelaúh hq;= h'

114

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; § we;s jdlH l¾u ldrlhg yrjkak'

¸' iuk,hd u,a me‚ fndhs'

¸¸' f.dùyq t<j¿ j.d lr;s'

¸¸¸' wms fmryr kerUqfjuq'

¸¹' uj orejd ke<jQjd h'

¹' lïlrefjda md,u bÈ l<y'

¹¸' YsIH kdhsldjla Wfoa /iaùu fufyhjhs'

¹¸¸' Tjqyq wm iqyoj ms<s.;ay'

¹¸¸¸' fmd,sia Ngfhla fidrl= ÿqn¢hs'

2' my; oelafjk jdlH l¾;D ldrlhg yrjkak'

1' ßheÿrd úiska r:h mK .kajk ,È'

2' ud úiska l:djla mj;ajk ,oafoa h'

3' ujqmshka úiska orefjda wdrCId flfr;s'

4' mçjreka úiska Ydia;%Sh .%ka: ,sheú‚'

5' Tjqka úiska uu y÷kd .kq ,eîñ'

6' ixúOdhlhka úiska wms ms<s.kq ,enQuq'

7' ckdêm;s;=ud úiska ;%súO yuqod m%OdkSyq m;a lrkq ,n;s'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' wdkkao l=udriajdñf.ka Ydia;S%h yd l,d lafIa;%j,g isÿ jQ fiajdj ms<sn|

flá we.hSula lrkak'

2' my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=ßka Tn leue;s ud;Dldjla Tiafia mka;s ldurh

fyda idys;H iñ;sh bÈßfha l;djla mj;ajkak ^.=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñhf.a

wkque;sfhka ld,h ;SrKh lr .kak&'

wfma l,d Ys,am c, iïmf;ys w.h

mßirh /l .ksuq .=re Tjoka ms<smÈuq

uf.ka rgg bgq úh hq;= foa bf.kSfï jákdlu

isxy, ck lúh wmg Wreu idrO¾u

115

<uhskaf.a lshùu i|yd iïmdokh flfrk .oH" moH" kdgH

wdÈ ks¾udK <ud idys;H ks¾udK f,i ye¢kafõ' wl=re yqre

jk wjêfha isg wjqreÿ fod<y muK olajd orejka Wfoid

rpkd flfrk lD;s fï .Khg wh;a fõ' wod< jhia uÜgfï

orejkag WÑ; NdId Ndú;h yd woaoelSï Ndú;h fuys § w;sYh

jeo.;a fõ' orejkaf.a NdId {dkh yd jdlafldaIh mq¿,a

lsÍu o <ud idys;Hfhka wfmalaIs; h' isxy, <ud idys;H

ks¾udK ms<sn|j Tng fï mdvfuka hï lsis wjfndaOhla ,nd

.; yels h'

fyd| <uhd kqjKskSfyd| foa f;dard .kS13

116

orejka yg uy;a - ;e;la ke;s je ue jegefyk

Wkaf.a is;a mqnqÿjk - weÕm; kslï kgjk

hy¿jka iu.ska - ii|kag fmd,Ujk

Wka lshjkq weiQ - jeäysáhjqka myojk

úis;=re mne÷fuls - t jhig lsúfhla kï

hkqfjka l=udr;=x. uqksodihka lr we;s újrKh <ud idys;Hfha ,laIK ukdj

m%lg lrhs' ir," rij;a" <ud Ôú; yev .eiaùug u. fmkajk" <uhska fjkqfjka

rpkd lr we;s ks¾udK" Wiia <ud idys;H ks¾udK .Kfhys ,d ie,lsh yels h'

mer‚ idys;Hfhys <ud lõ .S fia wmg yuq jkqfha fl<s fi,a,ï ms‚i fhdod

.;a" fmdÿ ckhd úiska uqL mrïmrd.;j mj;ajd f.k wd ks¾udK hs' ksoiqka f,i

“kqfU wïud lsrg .shd lsß trjd tkag .shd”" “álsß álsß álsß ,shd - lf<;a wrka

<s|g .shd”" “w;=re ñ;=re oUÈj ;=re rdc lmqre fiÜáhd”" “fldmamr fldmamr

msms[a[d” jeks l=vd l, wm ljqre;a ri ú|s lú oelaúh yels h' uyoekuq;a;df.a

l;d" wkaof¾f.a l;d o fufia ck jyr Tiafia <uhska w;r m%lg úh'

<uhl= .ek ,shejqKq" isxy,fha tk mer‚ u moH ks¾udKh f,i ie,flkafka

f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñhkaf.a ldjHfYaLrfhys tk fiakl m`ä;=udf.a <ore úh

úia;r lsÍug fhdod .;a my; lúh hs' Y%S rdyq, ysñhka fï lúfhka jHx.Hd¾:fhka

ksrEmKh lr we;af;a Wka jykafia rdc ud,s.fhys f.jQ l=vd ld,h hhs u;hla

o we;'

o;a lel=¿ md,d

iqr;,a iskd iS,d

fnd<| nia È,d

fl<S isfhd,Õ ¥,s .d,d

fï l=vd lúh oK.dñka weúÈk iqr;,a orejl=f.a Ñ;%hla ujd mEug iu;a fjhs'

tys joka ir, h¦ iq.u h' we;euqka lú ;ekSfï § úß; /l .ekSug fhdok

wkjYH joka lsisjla fuys ke;' joka .<md we;af;a meyeÈ,sj ksrjq,aj woyi

m%ldY jk mßÈ h' fujeks u lúhla rdyq, ysñhka l=vd l, lshQ nj ckY%e;sfhys o

ths' l=vd l=ureka isß merl=ïnd rc;=ud fj; meñKjQ wjia:dfõ rcq Tyqf.a iqjÿla

úpdrd lúhla lshkakehs lS úg fï lúh ysájk u lS nj i|yka fõ'

117

ud jeks ì,skaod

jr jr <Õg lekaod

ÿla iem l=ukaod

wik ksßf|da fjk fldhskaod

isxy, <ud idys;Hhla ms<sn| meyeÈ,s idOl wmg yuq jkafka úis jk ishjfia isg

h' hg;a úð; iufha wOHdmkh ms<sn|j j¾Okh jQ m%fndaOh <ud idys;H ks¾udK

ìys ùug uQ,slj n, mE nj úh;=kaf.a u;h hs' <uhska i|yd m%:u isxy, uqøs;

lD;sh f,i ie,flkafka ví' ù' wkaÈßia wmamqydñ ,shQ fydaä fmd; hs' <uhskaf.a

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd ,shejqKq nd,djfndaOkh" kkaok fydaä fmd;" fkdokakd

fydaä fmd; wdÈ fydaä fmd;a weiqfrka kQ;k isxy, <ud idys;Hh werUqKq nj

úYajdi flf¾' mka;s ldurfha lshjk fmd;aj,g wu;rj w;sf¾l lshùï i|yd

fmd;a ìys ùu Tiafia isxy, <ud idys;Hh j¾Okh úh'

1915 § ta' frðfkda,aâ úiska wNskj wrdì ksfid,a,dih kñka o 1916 § ã' fÊ' l=,;s,l

úiska w,snnd iy fydre y;<sy kñka o <ud mßj¾;k lD;s t<solajd ;sfí' tu.ska

<uhskag woaN+; rifhka msß l;d ióm lrùug Tjqka W;aidy f.k ;sì‚' 1927

§ pd¾,sia lreKd;s,l uf.a isß; o ví' YS% ërd,xldr <ud lú u,aou o 1929 §

wdkkao rdclreKd <ore .S o ù' ví' iurkdhl <ud myk kñka o <ud moH lD;s

t<solajd ;sfí' <ud .oH idys;H iïm%odh wrïN ùug fmrd;=j <ud moH iïm%odh

l%ñlj j¾Okh úh' kQ;k <ud .oH idys;Hfha mqfrda.dñhd f,i ie,lsh yelafla

ù' ã' o ,ekfrda,a h' wkaof¾ fyj;a rcjdi, ljghd" uyoekuq;a;d iy f.da,

msßi" we,äkaf.a mqÿu myk" w,snnd yd fydre y;<sy" moaudj;S jeks <ud idys;H

lD;s .Kkdjla Tyq rpkd lr we;af;a w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a jYfhks' we;eï lD;s

i|yd úfoaYSh idys;Hfha wdNdih o ,eî we;'

<ud ldjHfhka yd <ud l;dfjka wdrïN jQ kQ;k isxy, <ud m%nkaO idys;Hh

wk;=rej idys;Hfha tla m%j¾.hla f,i j¾Okh jQfha <ud .S;" <ud kdgH wdÈ

wkqm%fNao .Kkdjla o tla lr .ksñks' wdrïNfha isg kQ;kh olajd ,shejqKq <ud

idys;H lD;s ixLHdj fndfyda h'

isxy, <ud idys;Hfha wdrïNl wjêfha odhl;ajh iemhQ ks¾udKlrejka f,i

ù' ã' o ,ekfrda,a" ;shfvda¾ Ô' fmf¾rd" wdkkao rdclreKd" udß ñhqishia"

l=udr;=x. uqksodi" à' tia' O¾unkaOq" yshqn;a Èidkdhl" wef,laiekav¾ je,súg"

ud¾áka úl%uisxy" mS' ã' weia' ùriQßh" w,jq bis ieìfy<" pkaør;ak udkjisxy"

lreKdr;ak wfífialr wd§ka y÷kd .; yels h'

118

wdkkao rdclreKd kQ;k <ud lúfha fuka u .Sfha o mqfrda.dó rplhd h' <ore .S"

<ud Whk" <ore lú" <ore lú u. yd <ore lõ ó jeks ldjH .%ka: rpkd

l< wdkkao rdclreKd <ud f,dalh yd <ud uki ukdj y÷kd .;a rplfhls'

frdai uf,a kgqfj lgQ" È,sys È,sys wdldfia jeks m%lg <ud lú u.ska Tyqf.a

l=i,;dj ms<sìUq fõ' my; oelafjkafka o Tyqf.a ks¾udKhls'

frdka me‚ - fndkakg ó

ueiais wd ,iaik

f,dalfha - u,a kef;d;a

fldhs o fï ,iaik

fï ysre - /ia jeà

,d Wfoa ,iaik

u,a msmS - ,d wfyda

fï .fya ,iaik

lõñK" lõuq;=" <ud lõ l<U" Tjd uq;=ou" kkaok .S;" ore ke<ú,a, fyj;a cd;sl

f;dá,a, jeks <ud moH ix.%y rdYshla rpkd l< weia' uyskao ysñ <ud idys;Hfha

wOHdmksl mrud¾: o ukdj y÷kd .;a rplfhls' uqks isßmd isôñkafka" iukamsÉp

u,a bysreKq wdÈ <ud lú kQ;k <ud mrmqr w;r o tl fia ckm%sh ùfuka meyeÈ,s

jkafka Wka jykafiaf.a wiydh lú;ajh hs' <ud ldjHhg lú l;d wdlD;sh o

y÷kajd ÿka uyskao ysñ" <ud is;=ú,s foaYjd;ai,Hfhka Tmakexùug <ud lúh

Wmfhda.s lr .;af;a h'

cd;sh rka úukla fõ

wd.u ñ‚ mykla fõ

th /l .kakg fuf,dfõ

iu;a fjf;d;a mq; kqU fõ

ir, nia jyrla Ndú;fhka <ud is;g .eUqre woyila ,nd §ug Wka jykafia ord

we;s W;aidyh my; ks¾udKfhka m%lg flf¾(

fudkj o uq;af;a fudl o lrkafka

fudlgo WU Th ìu ydrkafka

WUg;a <ufhda fkdfmfkhs fkdis;ñ

wU weghla isgqjkakg ydrñ

ÿl fia isgqjd wU weghla wo

tl wUhla j;a lkak ,efíú o

uu <ufhda ñka wUhla fkdm;ñ

hq;=lu muKla bgq fldg ;nfkñ

119

hym;a <uhl= i;= úh hq;= .;s.=K <ud ukig .e<fmk mßÈ m%;sks¾udKhg

uyskao ysñ lghq;= lf<a h' my; lúh Bg ksoiqkls'

u,aj, iqñysß meŒ

weo fndk nurd fukS

fyd| <uhd kqjKskS

fyd| foa f;dard .kS

ySkaierh" u`.=,a lEu" y;amK kï jQ m%lg <ud .oH idys;H lD;ss rpkd l<

l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d <ud moH idys;Hhg o m%dud‚l fufyjrla bgq l<

rplfhls' ydjdf.a j." ke<ú,a," isßu;a" u,a nia" fjf<ka§ jeks <ud moH

ks¾udK lsysmfhka jqj Tyqf.a m%;sNdj úYo fõ' l=udr;=x. yqÿ WmfoaYd;aul <ud

l;d rpkfhka neyer jQ" iaj;ka;% <ud idys;H l,djl w.h y÷kd .;a" <ud

ufkdaúoHd ixl,am o úYsIag f,i wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdfjka hq;a whl= nj

Tyqf.a ks¾udKdj,sh úuid ne,Sfuka mila fjhs'

ojila rd álla

,en îu;aj ófhla

n<,d ù u;la

fufia lSfha WvÕ= jokla

.i j;= iqÿ

ù msßisÿ

fmdfydh ke;sÿ

is,a.;a n÷

Ô' î fiakdkdhl" uy.u fialr" chr;ak iurfialr" iqks,a chùr" fla' ch;s,l"

ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy" .=Kfiak ú;dk wd§ka o <ud idys;Hhg odhl;ajh imhd

we;' isxy, <ud idys;H ks¾udK úfoaYSh NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh ùu fuka u tu

ks¾udK úfoaYSh iïudkj,g md;% ùu o isxy, <ud idys;HfhA iqúfYaI lv

bula f,i y÷kd .; yels h' fï jk úg o <ud idys;HlrKfha ksr;j isák

isì,a fj;a;isxyf.a lD;s .Kkdjla Ökh" cmdkh" fldßhdj" ms,smSkh" fkda¾fõ"

iaùvkh" fvkaud¾lh" wefußldj we;=¿ rgj,a rdYshl NdId .Kkdjlg

mßj¾;kh ù ;sfí' wehf.a l=vfydrd" fjila myk" ÿjk /jq< hk <ud idys;H

lD;s wka;¾cd;sl iïudk /ilska msÿï ,eî h'

<ud l;d" <ud ldjH" <ud .S; ix.%y" <ud lú l;d" <ud kdgH jYfhka

wkqm%fNaoj,g j¾. l< yels <ud idys;H lD;sj,ska kQ;k isxy, <ud idys;Hh

fmdaIKh ù ;sfí'

120

<ud idys;Hfha jia;= úIh .yfld<" i;=ka wdÈ wjg mßirh" iajNdúl jia;="

tÈfkod Ôjk woaoelSï" úúO mqoa.,hka" iqrx.kdjka" rdlaIihka wdÈ mq¿,a lafIa;%hl

me;sr mj;S' uk#l,ams; jia;= <ud idys;Hfha § m%n, f,i Ndú; flfrhs'

orejdf.a f,dalfha j,dl=¿ l;d lrhs' .ia.,aj,g o fõokdj oefkhs' l=re¨

isjqmdjqkag o wmg f;afrk nila we;' wfma ni Wkag o jegfyhs' .x.dj,g

o Èh we,sj,g o is;a ms;a we;' ysre i÷ fuka u iqjyila ;drldfjda o

orejkaf.a ñ;=frda fj;s' úIh f,dalh yd orejdf.a we;s fï ne£u wksjd¾h jQ

o iajdNdúl jQ o ne£uls'

ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy

<ud f,dfjys § i;=ka l;d lrk w;r" wfÉ;ksl jia;+yq im%d‚l;ajh ,n;s'

r;ak YS% úfÊisxyf.a iskaÿ lshk WK m÷r lD;sfha WK m÷r iÔj pß;hla njg

m;a fjhs'

' ;u Èú fírd §u .ek i;=áka bms, WK m`ÿr Woaodufhka o¨fld< i,ñka

isáhd' iq<`.;a tlal fi,a,ï l<d' WKm`ÿr foiska .S;hla jeks isyska y`vla

wefikakg jqKd'

Tyqf.a u .Õ <Õ § mµ mka;sfhys tk fuh o tn÷ ;j;a ksoiqkls'

l=Uqla w;a; .Õg jeà

j;=r w; ..d

oelal o me‚ l=re,af,l=g

j;=r byskjd

- ie,<sys‚fhda

iajNdj O¾ufha úúO ixisoaê o <ud idys;H ks¾udKfha § m%n, jia;= úIh njg

m;a fjhs' ví,shq' ta wfíisxyf.a ks¾udKj,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,o my; kso¾Yk

n,kak'

j,dl=f<a rka mdgg

úÿ,s fldgkjd

wdldfia y~ ;<ñka

wl=Kq y~kjd

ysre u~,g mdr o fï

i| u~,g mdr o fï

lsß uqyqog mdr o fï

lshkak foaÿkafka'''

121

<uhskag jvd;a ióm pß;hla jk ‘wïud’ o <ud idys;Hfhaa ksrka;rfhka wmg

yuq fjhs'

f.hska f.hg f.or nqÿka

wïud hehs lshkjd

nqÿ iñ÷g j¢k f,iska

oE; kÕd j¢kjd

isf;a Wmka lreKdjg

rka lsß ì÷ tfrkjd

trka lsf¾ iqj| ,nd

wms f,dalh Èkkjd

- ,laIauka lygmsáh

uqyqol lsß ÿka wïud

ñysl; ÿla oere wïud

rka iufkd< .sr uqÿfka

isßmd moauh wïud

u;= od fndai;a fjïud

lr msg ys÷jñ wïud

reÿ i;a iuqÿr mSkd

tf;r lrkafkñ wïud

- ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy

mßirh yd <uhd w;r in|;dj f.dv kexùfï ,d <ud idys;Hfha ld¾hNdrh

iqúfYaI fõ' mßirfha wkH jia;+ka ;ud yd iudkj ie,lSug <uhd fmd,Ujk

idys;H ks¾udK <uhd mßirhg wdorh lrk ñksil= njg m;a lrhs' mßirhg

muKla fkdj ;ud Wmka ìug ys;e;s mqrjeishl= fia <uhdf.a fm!reIh j¾Okh

lsÍug <ud idys;Hfha odhl;ajh jeo.;a fõ' tia' uyskao ysñhkaf.a foaYdNsudkS

ks¾udK fuhg ksoiqka l< yels h' uy.u fialrf.a ire fmdf<djla wmg wef;a

lD;sh o <ud is;aj, wm rfÜ mßirh" Ôjk rgdj" úYajdi wdÈh ms<sn|j yeÕSula

ckkh lrhs'

mdg mdg ue‚la cd;s

mig háka leá fõ

r;ak §m fmdf<dj ;=<ska

Ok ksOdk u;= fõ

m,d meyeh yeu l,ays u

/£ Èf,k fmdf<dfõ

bj; ouk o~qj jqj o

o¨ ,d h<s me< fõ

iufkd< ysu l÷ uqÿfka

isßmd i,l=K we£

cd;sh tluq;= lrjhs

iu lreKdfjka ne£

bre foú uqyqÈka we§

iufkd< lkaog j£

t;fldg uq¿ ,xldj u

È,sfyhs ,iaik fjù

- uy.u fialr

122

<ud ukfiys risl;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍu muKla fkd j" msßmqka fm!reIhla f.dv

ke.Su Wfoid o <ud idys;Hfha ld¾hNdrh wkNsNjkSh fõ' flfia jqj o yqÿ

ridiajdohg iSud ùu fuka u kSri f,i WmfoaYd;aul ùu o <ud idys;H

ks¾udKhl .=Kd;aulNdjh ySk lrjhs' <ud f,dalh rifhka mqrjñka jvd yrj;a

Ôú;hlg u.fmkajk <ud idys;H ks¾udK ri ú¢uq'

ú,a c,fha f.dfydre ufâ

iqÿ r;= ishm;a msfma

wj,iaik fldjq¨ ;=fâ

mkais¿ fjK ko kefÕa

le; fn,a,l= l=i we;=f<a

iqÿ uq;= weghla jefâ

fyd| <uhska uq;= jf.a h

fyd| .=K oï uq;= wf.a h

- ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy

wjfndaOh

1' <uhska i|yd lshejqKq mer‚ u mµ ks¾udKh yuq jkafka lskï .%ka:hl

o@ th rpkd lf<a ljqo@

2' <ud ks¾udK i|yd mdol lrf.k we;s jia;+ka lSmhla mdvfuka fidhd

,shkak'

3' <ud idys;H ks¾udK i|yd fhdod .kakd nia jyr fln÷ úh hq;= o@

4' my; jpkj, f;areu Tfí jpkfhka ,shkak'

¸' foaYjd;ai,Hh ¸¸' mßj¾;kh

¸¸¸' wfÉ;ksl ¸¹' mqfrda.dñhd

¹' ckY%e;sh

123

;ks mo

úúO w¾: iys; mo lsysmhlska hqla; fhÿula fyda jdlHdxYhla i|yd ta fjkqjg

fhÈh yels" ta w¾: ish,a, leá fldg .;a m%ldYhlska hqla; mo" ;ks mo f,i

ye|skafõ' tu.ska woyia rdYshla blaukska yqjudre lr .ekSug yels jk w;r

NdIdfõ ixlaIsma;Ndjh o wdrlaId fõ'

WodyrK(

wkqka úiska fmdaIKh l< mrmqgq

wjqreoaola mdid meje;afjk idxj;aißl

Wig .e<fmk uy;ska hq;a wdfrdaymßKdy

le,Efõ bfí yg.kakd .skak <eõ.skak

lsisjl=g fojeks fkdjk woaú;Sh

lsis u m%fhdackhlg ke;s ksIam%fhdack

flf<ys .=K fkdi,lk wlD;{

.,ska ksujk ,o ffY,uh

Èfhys Wmkakd jQ c,c

ÿrÈ. n,d lghq;= lrk ¥ro¾Ys

124

nyq w¾: mo

isxy, NdIdfõ we;eï jpkj, w¾:hla" folla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla ;sìh

yels h' tla mohlska fndfyda w¾: ksrEmKh l< yels úg th nyq w¾:j;a mohla

f,i oelaúh yels h' fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka tl u moh" tl u jdlHh ;=< jqj;a

fjk;a fjk;a w¾: m%ldY lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSu hs' ta wkqj fun÷ moj,ska

m%ldY jk ksYaÑ; w¾:h ksjerÈj wjfndaO lr .ekSug kï tu jpkh fh§ we;s

jdlH mßirh o wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'

WodyrK(-

j;

l:dj

jia;%huqyqK

W;=re

W;=ï

W;=re

^ÈYdj&W;a;r

okfo

am<

Okh

ckhd

iïm;

kd we;

d

kdhl

kd.

i

kd.hd

oo

wkqjK

l=IaGfldä

lr

w;

fyd~fn,a,

125

ijka § W.ksuq

NdIdjl we;s p;=¾úO l=i,;d f,i ijka §u" l;d lsÍu" lshùu yd ,sùu

y÷kajd Èh yels h' ta w;ßka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï uQ,sl l%uh jkafka ijka §u

fyj;a Y%jKh hs' idjOdkj ijka §u u.ska hym;a ridiajdohla fuka u ksjerÈ

wjfndaOhla o ,nd .; yels h'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' <ud idys;H ks¾udKhla lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq fudkjd o@

2' my; oelafjk tla tla lúhg .e<fmk ;j;a lúh ne.ska ks¾udKh

lrkak'

¸' wyi mqrd ks,a ly oï

mdg y;hs foaÿkakg

yß mqÿuhs ljqo wekafo

,iaik foaÿkak

¸¸' Wfoa msfmk u,a wmS

/fha msfmk u,a wmS

Wfoa /fha msmS kgk

mdg iqj| u,a wmS

¸¸¸' fyda fydfyda y`v k.hs

ksÈhkafk kE jf.hs

/<s kef.hs fmK bfyhs

uqyqo kï yß o`.hs

126

3' my; oelafjk mo i|yd fhfok nyq w¾: mo" § we;s moj,ska f;dard

,shkak'

msh" uqj" f;r" jia" iuh

uqLh ;d;a;d hq.h

j¾Ih wd.u ms%h

uqjd i|yd ;Srh

mshjr jhi fjr<

ia:úr uqyqK

4' fkd.e<fmk jpkh f;darkak'

¸' i|" ld,h" pkaøhd" W;=ï" odk

¸¸' oo" ls,sá" nuqKq" fldä" l=IaG

¸¸¸' fmdf<dj" óhd" óme‚" uÿú;" ñksid

¸¹' iur" wkx.hd" ch" isyslsÍu" mdg j¾.hla

¹' u," ls,sá" oeùu" u,a,S" mqIAmh

5' my; moj,g nyq w¾: mo fidhd ,shkak'

¸' ;sr ¸¸' ila

¸¸¸' mr ¸¹' m;a

6' my; i|yka jdlHdxYj,g ;ks mo ,shkak'

¸' ld,hg WÑ; -

¸¸' fndfyda weiQ msrE ;eka we;s -

¸¸¸' Èfhys yeisfrk -

¸¹' wvla id.rfhka o b;sßh f.dvìñka o jg jQ m%foaYh -

¹' wyi;a fmdf<dj;a tlg .Efjk fia fmfkk ia:dkh -

¹¸' mdo fndfyda .Kkla we;s -

¹¸¸' wkqkaf.ka fmdaIKh jk -

¹¸¸¸' Èh f.dv foflys u jik -

127

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' <ud .S; we;=<;a Y%jH ixhqla; ;eá wid ri ú|skak'

2' Tn is;a .;a <ud .S tl;= lrkak'

3' tajdfha ks¾udKlrejka ms<sn| f;dr;=re úuikak'

4' úúO f;aud hgf;a úldYkh jk .=jkaúÿ,s jevigyka lSmhlg fyd¢ka

ijka §" ta ta jevigyka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fjk fjk u my; j.=jg wkqj

f.dkq lrkak' ijka ÿka ish¨ jevigyka ms<sn| f.dkqjla ilid mka;s

ldurfha § ñ;=rka iu. yqjudre lr .ksñka wjfndaO lr .kak'

.=jkaúÿ,s kd,sldj

jevigyfka ku

m%pdrh jQ fõ,dj

W.;a lreKq

fn!oaO mQfcda;aij w;r lÀk mskalug ysñ jkafka úfYaI

ia:dkhls' lÀk hk moh ‘;o’" ‘n,.;=’" ‘n,j;a’ hk

w¾:h fok mohls' lÀk mskalfuka ,efnk wdksYxi

wfkl=;a mskalïj,ska ,efnk wdksYxij,g jvd n,j;a f,i

ie,lSu fï mskalug ‘lÀk’ hk kduh ,eîug fya;=j f,i

ie,fla' ixialD;sh yd idrO¾u y÷kd .ksñka iyÔjkh yd

cd;sldNsudkh f.dvk.d .ekSu Wfoid wjia:dj i,id fok

fï mdvu" j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhkaf.a ‘,xldfõ nqÿ iufhys

b;sydih’" ‘if;Hdaoh ,sms tl;=j’ iy uydpd¾h fÊ' î'

Èidkdhlf.a ‘isxy, isß;a úß;a’ hk lD;s wdOdr lr .ksñka

rpkd jQjls'

lÀk mQfcda;aijh 14


129

lÀk mskalu isÿ flfrkafka jia ld,h flakaø lrf.k hs' jia hkqfjka woyia

jkafka j¾Idj hs' jia ld,h hkq j¾Id ld,h f,i .efka' jia ld,fha § jia úiSfï

pdß;%h uq,ska u we;s jqfKa isoaOd¾: f.!;uhka jykafiaf.a nqoaO;ajfhka jir

úiailg miqj h' ;Èka jeis weoyef,k jia ld,fha § NslaIQka jykafia pdßldfõ

fhfok úg w¨;ska o¨ ,d jefvk ;Kfld< wdÈh;a fmdf<dfjka Wvg u;= jk

i;=kq;a mEf.k njg wkHd.ñlhka fj;ska ke.=Kq fpdaokd NslaIQka jykafiaf.ka

oek.;a nqÿ rcdKka jykafia

“wkqcdkdñ NslaLfõ jiaidfka jiaix Wm.ka;=x” ûyfKks" jiaidk ld,fha jia úiSug wjir foñ'&

hkqfjka úkh kS;shla mekjQ fial' fuhska meyeÈ,s jk jeo.;a lreKla jkafka

nqÿrcdKka jykafia wkHd.ñlhkaf.a woyia o i,ld n,ñka wd.ï w;r iyÔjkh

mj;ajdf.k hEug lghq;= l< nj hs'

jia úiSu wkqoek jodrkakg n,mE ;j;a fya;=jla fjhs' hka;% iQ;%j,ska frÈ úhk

j¾;udkfha fuka fkd j w;S;fha § frÈ ms<s b;d ÿ¾,N úh' ta ksid u NslaIQka

jykafiag isjqre iq,N fkd ù h' we;eï NslaIQka jykafia oeä j¾Idfjka f;ó"

Èh fífrk isjqre we;sj" úydrhg meñK" udre lsÍug fjk;a isjqrla ke;s ksid

ta f;;nß; isjqr msáka u oji f.j;s' th YÍr fi!LHhg ys;lr fkd fõ' jia

ld,fha § NslaIQka jykafiag tla ;ekl jev úiSug kshu lsÍug fï ;;a;ajh o

ie,ls,a,g .ekqKq nj lshfõ'

fufia wdrïN jQ jia úiSu foúêhlska isÿ fõ' ta ‘fmr jia’ yd ‘miq jia’ hkqfjks'

‘fmr jia’ jik NslaIQka jykafia wei< mqr mif<diajl fmdfydh Èk jia iudoka

fj;s' tÈk isg ;=ka uila f.jqKq miq jia ld,h wjika fjhs' fï ;=ka udihg

miqj t<fUkafka Öjr udih hs' fï udih tkñka ye¢kaùug fya;=j ‘fmr jia’ úiQ NslaIQka jykafiag lÀk Öjrh ms<s.ekafjkafka fï udifha § jk neúks'

miq jia jik NslaIQka jykafia jia iudoka jkafka wei< uig miq t<fUk ksls‚

ui mqr mif<diajl fmda Èk isg h' idudkHfhka jia wdrdOkdj isÿ flfrkafka

.fï y;r fmarej ksfhdackh lrñka tla odhlhl= úisks' Tyq wei< fmda Èkg

fmr Èkl mkai,g f.dia mkaif,a yduqÿrejkag fï wdrdOkh lrhs' ta .ufka §

jeis i¿j kï jQ iqÿ frÈ lvla o /f.k hkq ,efí' wod< odhlhd nq,;a fld<

;=klska f.dgqjla idod th jeis i¿j u; ;nd kdhl yduqÿrejkag ms<s.kajd ‘wm

flfrys wkqlïmdfjka fï wdrdufha jia jik’ fuka Wka jykafiag werhqï lrhs'

130

jia wdrdOkdfõ § jeis i¿ mQcd lsÍu w;S;fha isg u isÿ flfrk pdß;%hls' jeis

i¿ mQcd lsÍu iEu m%foaYhl u mdfya isÿ flreK o jia wdrdOkd lsÍu m%foaYfhka

m%foaYhg fjkia wdldrj,ska isÿ lrkq oelsh yels h' jia ld,h we;=<; fkdfhla

jia mskalï mkaif,a § meje;afjhs' u,a mQcd" .s,kami mQcd" fndaê mQcd" O¾u foaYkd

wdÈh fï w;r fjhs' lÀk mskalu fï ish¨ mskalï w;=ßka m%Odk mskalu fjhs'

fï mskalfï § úfYaIfhka isÿ jkafka fmr jia úiQ NslaIQka jykafiag lÀk

Öjrhla mQcd lsÍu hs'

lÀk Öjr mQcd l¾uh wfkl=;a Öjr mQcd l¾uj,g jvd n,j;a mqKH l¾uhla

jk nj fn!oaO ms<s.ekSu hs' Bg fya;=j fï mskalu tla úydria:dkhl isÿ l<

yels jkafka jirlg tla jrla muKla ùu hs' ta ksid u lÀk Öjrh ms<sfh,

lsÍug .fï ish¨ fokd u iïudoka fj;s' lÀk mskalu Ndr .;a odhlhdf.a

ksfjig f.dia tu Öjrh ilia lsÍu fjkqfjka mqKHdOdr lsÍu j¾;udkfha mjd

olakg ,efí'

lÀk Öjrh ilia lsÍug fhdod .efkk jia;%h wod< odhlhdf.a ksfjfia isg

mkai,g f.k hkq ,nkafka úfYaI fmryerlsks' fuh lÀk fmryer kñka

ye¢kafõ' lÀk fmryer wod< úydria:dkhg wh;a i;r fmarefõ u uxudj;aj,

.uka lsÍu idudkH isß; hs' ta ksid fmryer .uka lrk tu udj;a .ïjeishka

úiska msßisÿ lrkq ,efí' ud¾.h wjysr lrk .ia je,a lmd t<s fmfy<s fldg

;Kfld< W.=,ajd mú;% lsÍu ish¨ fokd w;ska u isÿ jkafka wd.ï fNaohla

fkd;ld h' ùÓ fomi we;s ish¨ ksfjiaj, fn!oaO fldähla Tijkq ,efí' wd.ï

fNaohlska f;drj u. fomi we;s ish¨ ksfjia úÿ,s nqnq¿j,ska ieriSu jQ l,s

j¾;udk wd.ñl iyÔjkfha m%;sM,hla jeks h'

lÀk fmryer wdrïN jkafka Wfoa mdkaor h' lÀkh Ndr .;a odhlhdf.a ksfjfia

isg werfUk fï fmryef¾ § lÀk jia;%h ysi u; ;nd .;a odhlhd Wvq úhkla

háka .uka lrhs' fmryr hk w;ru. § ;u leue;a; mßÈ tla tla mqoa.,fhda fï

jia;%h ysi u;ska f.k h;s' lÀk jia;%h mkai, lrd f.k hEug ;ukq;a iïudoï

ùu uyÕ= mqKHl¾uhla f,i Tjqyq i,l;s'

w;S;fha § WK ngj,ska ieliQ mkaoï t<sfhka fyda ,ka;Ereï t<sfhka .uka l<

ir, fmryerla jQ fuh j¾;udkh jk úg úÑ;%j;a fmryerla njg m;aj we;' fmr

§ ieoeye;s Wmdil Wmdisldjkaf.a idOq kdoh" u,a jÜá /.;a <uhskaf.a Ydka;

.uka ú,dih wdÈfhka muKla iukaú; jQ lÀk fmryerg j¾;udkh jk úg

lilrejka" .sksfnda,lrejka" k¾;k Ys,amSka" fnr jdolhka" u,a nhsisl,alrejka

muKla fkd j we;eï úg yia;Ska mjd tla ù we;s whqre oel .; yels h'

131

lÀk fmryef¾ .uka lsÍfuka fjfyig m;a jQjkaf.a fjfyi ksùu ms‚i we;eïyq

isis,a meka" f;a" fldams wdÈ fkdfhla okai,a mj;aj;s' fmryef¾ .uka lrkakkaf.a

úvd ksjd .ekSug fujeks okai,a uyÕ= msgqn,hla fjhs'

fmryr ;u ksfji wi,ska .uka lrk úg mkai,g wjYH hï fohla mQcd lsÍu

fyda tajd /f.k fmryerg tla ùu .ïjeishkaf.a isß; hs' lÀk fmryer mkai,g

<Õd jk úg mkai,a ìu ieoeye;shkaf.ka msÍ hhs' we;eï úydria:dkj, Bg fmr

Èkfhys i¾j rd;s%l mß;%dK O¾u foaYkdjla o meje;aùu pdß;%hls' fï msßf;a

wjidkh yd fmryer mkai,g we;=¿ ùu tl u úgl isÿ fjhs' ta fudfyd; ‘fldia

keá fmak fj,dj’ fyda ‘oyila nqÿka nqÿ jk mdkaor’ f,i .eñ jHjydrfha i|yka

fjhs' lÀk fmryer ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, fkdfhla wdldrfhka meje;afõ'

we;eï m<d;l fï fmryer rd;s%h uq¿,af,a u .u mqrd .uka lrkq olakg ,efí'

lÀk jia;%h f.k hEfuys o fjkialï mj;S' we;eï m%foaYj, isÿ flfrkafka

mkai,g wjYH nvq o fmr Èk mkai,g f.dia" tys we;s lmarel kñka ilik ,o

úfYaIs; jQ lD;s%u .il t,a,Su hs'

mkai,g Ndr ÿka lÀk jia;%h tu oji we;=<; lmd" uid" m~q .id" fõ<d .efkk

úydria:dk o fjhs' we;eï úydria:dkhl fï ish¨ lghq;= flfrkafka NslaIQka

jykafia w;sks' Öjrh uid ksu l< miq Bg m~q fmùu isÿ flf¾' ;o lygla iys;

kq." jrld jeks .iaj, mÜgd fhdod f.k m~q .ikq ,efí' m~q .eiQ lÀk Öjrh

NslaIQka jykafia uOHfhys ;nd mqoa., kduhlska f;drj" idx>slj mQcd lsÍu isÿ

fõ' fï mQcdj ms<s.;a NslaIQka jykafia fmr jia úiQ" jia wdrlaId lr .;a" iqÿiqlï

iïmQ¾K l< tla NslaIq kulg fï Öjrh mjr;s'

132

lÀk Öjrh mQcd lsÍug fmr" tu úydria:dkfha jia úiQ iEu iajdóka jykafia

kulg u isjqre mQcd lsÍula isÿ fõ' tfia mQcd flfrk isjqre ‘jiaidjdisl Öjr’ kñka y÷kajkq ,efí'

lÀk mskalu isÿ flfrk Èk oyj,a wod< úydria:dkfha § NslaIQka jykafia

úIhfhys msßkefuk odkh lÀk odkh hs' tu úydria:dkfhys jia úiQ NslaIQka

jykafia fuka u úydrdêm;s iajdóka jykafiaf.a wdrdOkh mßÈ" wjg fiiq

úydria:dkj,ska jäk NslaIQka jykafia o fï odkh i|yd iyNd.s fj;s' .fï i;r

fmarefõ odhl odhsldfjda l,ska Ndr.;a mßÈ úúO wdydr j¾. ilid f.keú;a

fï odkh Wfoid mQcd lr;s' wjidkfha iEu NslaIQka jykafia kulg u msßlr o

mQcd lrkq ,efí' b;d iyfhda.fhka lÀk odkfha lghq;= ksu lsÍug .ïjeisfhda

j. n,d .ks;s' .ïjeishka ish¨ fokd u b;d Wkkaÿfjka yd Woafhda.fhka lÀk

fmryerg;a lÀk odkhg;a iyNd.S ùu jQ l,s Tjqk;r mj;sk iyÔjkh m%o¾Ykh

jk wjia:djls'

odhl odhsldfjda kej; ijia Nd.fha § úydria:dkhg tla/ia fj;s' ta ‘lÀkdksYxi

O¾u foaYkdj’ Y%jKh lsÍug hs' lÀk Öjrh ysñ jQ iajdóka jykafia tu Öjrh

ye| fmrjd O¾u Yd,djg jevu lr" tu O¾u foaYkdj isÿ lr;s' fï O¾u

foaYkdfjka lshfjkafka lÀk mskalulska isÿ jk wkqiia ms<sn|j hs' lÀkdksYxi

O¾u foaYkdfjka lÀk mQfcda;aijh wjidk fjhs'

jia ld,h ie,flkafka l=vd i;l=g j;a ysxidjla fkdjk" wysxidjdÈ iuhla

f,i hs' fï ld,h ;=< úydria:dkhl jia jik NslaIQka jykafia o úYd, lem

lsÍula lr;s' mkaif,ka neyerg fkdf.dia" tys u jev fjfiñka" ;u fm!oa.,sl

wjYH;d mfil ,d odhl odhsldjka fjkqfjka úúO mskalï isÿ lsÍug Wka jykafia

lghq;= lr;s' fï ld,h ;=< hï wjYH;djlg mkaif,ka neyerg jeäh o kej;

meñfKk Èkh fyda fõ,dj ;SrKh lr hEug NslaIQka jykafia ls%hd lr;s'

lÀk mskalu w;S;fha mgka ,xldfõ m%Odk mskalula f,i isÿ flreKq njg

idOl fi,a,sms wdY%fhka imhd .; yels h' úydf¾., fi,a,smsfhys ‘jeis jisl

ydál’ hkqfjka jia wdrdOkdfõ § mQcd flfrk jeis i¿ ms<sn| i|yka fjhs'

óg wu;rj jia ld,fha § NslaIQka jykafia wßhjxi kï iQ;% foaYkdjla isÿ l<

nj f;daks., iy ,nqwegne¢., fi,a,smsj, i|yka fjhs' fufia w;S;fha isg u

mskalula f,i jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ lr f.k we;s lÀk mQfcda;aijh fn!oaOhdg

jevodhs mqKHl¾uhla f,i w.h l< yels h'

133

wjfndaOh

1' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia wkHhkaf.a u;j,g ijka ÿka nj m%lg jk

wjia:djla i|yka lrkak'

2' jeis i¿j mQcd lrkafka l=ula i|yd o@

3' lÀk mskalfï § wkHd.ñlhka w;r iqyo;dj m%o¾Ykh flfrk wjia:djla

olajkak'

4' ‘lÀk Öjrh’ yd ‘jiaidjdisl Öjr’ w;r we;s fjki meyeÈ,s lrkak'

5' “lÀk mskalfï § .ïjeishkaf.a tluq;=lu j¾Okh fjhs” fï ms<sn| Tfí

woyia olajkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' Tn iyNd.s jQ lÀk mQfcda;aijhl § ,enQ woaoelSu ms<sn| mka;sh bÈßfha

flá úia;rhla lrkak'

2' Tfí jeäysáhl=f.ka w;S;fha lÀk mskalï meje;ajQ wdldrh ms<sn| wid

oek .kak' j¾;udkfha iy w;S;fha fï mskalfuys y÷kd .; yels fjkia

,laIK j.=jl igyka lrkak'

3' wkH wd.ñl ia:dkhl meje;afjk W;aijhla ksÍlaIKh fldg" ta ms<sn|

l=vd ,smshla ilia lrkak'

134

m%fhdacH ls%hd" wiïNdjH ls%hd

lsÍula" isÿùula fyda ú£ula ms<sn| lshfjk mo ls%hd mo nj;a" tu mo w;=ßka

jdlHhl wdLHd;h f,i fhfok ls%hd wjidk ls%hd nj;a" tfia fkdfhfok ls%hd

wkjidk ls%hd nj;a óg by; fYa%‚j, § úia;rd;aulj bf.k f.k we;'

m%fhdacH ls%hd

ls%hd mo

mQ¾j ls%hd ñY% ls%hd wiïNdjH ls%hd wdYS¾jdo ls%hd úê ls%hd

wkjidk ls%hd wjidk ls%hd

fï ls%hdmo w;=ßka wjidk ls%hd .Khg wh;a úê ls%hd iy wdYS¾jdo ls%hd o

wkjidk ls%hd .Khg wh;a mQ¾j ls%hd iy ñY% ls%hd o ms<sn|j Tn 7" 8 fYa%‚j,

§ oekqj;a ù ;sfí' fï mdvfuka wjidk ls%hdj,g wh;a jk m%fhdacH ls%hd iy

wkjidk ls%hdj,g wh;a jk wiïNdjH ls%hd ms<sn| úuid n,kq ,efí'

m%fhdacH ls%hd

1' .=rejrhd wl=re ,shhs'

2' .=rejrhd YsIHhd ,jd wl=re ,shjhs'

;uka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk ls%hd fuka u wkqka ,jd lrjkq ,nk ls%hd úfYaIhla

o isxy, NdIdfjys olakg ,efí' by; m<uq jdlHfhkaa ;uka úiska lrkq ,nk

ls%hdjla ms<sn|j lshefjk w;r fojeks jdlHfhka fjk;a whl= ,jd lrjkq ,nk

135

ls%hdjla ms<sn|j lshefjhs' tfia wka whl= fufyhùfuka lrjkq ,nk ls%hd"

m%fhdacH ls%hd f,i ye¢kafõ'

ls%hd uQ,h;a úNla;s m%;Hh;a w;rg ‘j’ m%;Hh fh§fuka m%fhdacH ls%hd ks¾udKh

fjhs'

ls%hd uQ,h m%fhdacH ls%hd m%;Hh ls%hdjidk m%;Hh

,sh

lr

n,

kg

;k

j

j

j

j

j

hs

;s

ñ

uq

yq

m%fhdacH ls%hdj mqreI;%fhys" ld,;%fhys yd tal jpk - nyq jpk foflys o l¾;D

ldrl yd l¾u ldrlfhys o fhfohs'

wk;S; w;S;

tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk

m%:u mqreI

uOHu mqreI

W;a;u mqreI

lrjhs

lrjys

lrjñ

lrj;s

lrjyq

lrjuq

lrùh

lrùys

lrùñ

lrjQy

lrjQyq

lrjQuq

iuyr wjia:dj, § tl u ls%hdj i|yd m%fhdacH ls%hd rEm lsysmhla olakg ,efnk

whqre o y÷kd .; yels h'

WodyrK(- rlshs - rlajhs" rlalhs" rlaljhs

nishs - niajhs" niaihs" niaijhs

m%fhdacH ls%hdj, § wl¾ul Od;= il¾ul njg m;a fõ'

^w& ^wd&

WodyrK(- u,a,S w~hs - whshd u,a,S w~jhs

orejd kdhs - wïud orejd kdjhs

^w& hgf;a we;s jdlH fol u l¾u mo fkd fhÿKq wl¾ul jdlH fõ' ‘w~hs’ ‘kdhs’ hk wl¾ul ls%hd ‘w~jhss’ yd ‘kdjhs’ hkqfjka m%fhdacH ls%hd njg m;a l<

úg ‘u,a,S’ iy ‘orejd’ hk mo l¾u mo njg m;a fjhs'

136

il¾ul ls%hd m%fhdacH ls%hd njg m;a lsÍfï § nyq l¾ul fjhs'

^w& ^wd&

WodyrK(- kx.S .S; .hhs - .=re;=ñh kx.S ,jd .S; .hjhs

jvqjd mqgqj idohs - ;d;a;d jvqjd ,jd mqgqj idojhs'

^wd& ldKavhg wh;a jdlHj, § ‘kx.S’ iy ‘.S;’ hk mo;a ‘jvqjd’ iy ‘mqgqj’ hk

mo;a l¾u mo njg m;a j we;' tneúka tu m%fhdacH ls%hd iys; jdlH nyq l¾ul

mo njg m;aj ;sfnk nj y÷kd .; yels h'

wiïNdjH ls%hd

wkjidk ls%hd m%fNaohla jk wiïNdjH ls%hdj, iajrEm folla olakg ,efí'

1' ld,d¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd

2' wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd

ld,d¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd

ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla yeÕfjk ls%hd rEm ld,d¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd f,i

ye¢kafjhs'

WodyrK(- ks<shl kgoa§ fma%laIlfhda n,d isáhy'

fï jdlHfhys ‘n,d isàu’ isÿ ù we;af;a ks<shl keàu isÿ jk úg h' ta wkqj

n,d isàfï ld¾hh isÿ jQ ksYaÑ; ld,h l=ula o hkak ‘kgoa§’ hk ls%hd rEmfhka

lshfõ'

fï ls%hd rEm ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd my; oelafjk m%;Hh fhfoa'

lsh;

lsh; Wka fuf;m, wdfhh weÿre .=;a;s,;

137

kef.;a

ysre kef.;a u,a msfma' ;a

isáh §

;d;a;d t;ek isáh § uu f.or wdfjñ'

meñfKoa§

ud ksjig meñfKoa§ wïud Whñka isáhd h'

§

oa§

,enqKd u

wlaldf.ka ,smshla ,enqKd u ug;a okajkak'u

lDoka; kduhlg miqj ld,jdÖ mo fh§fuka o ld,d¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd

ks¾udKh fõ'

úg iSkq y~ wefik úg <uhs /iaùï Yd,djg meñKshy'

fldg udud f.or tk fldg l=vd mq;d bÈßhg ÿjhs'

l,ays f,aLlhka fmd;a ,shk l,ays mdGlfhda i;=gq fj;s'

i| È.= l,lska Tjqfkdjqka uqK.eiqKq i| ñ;=frda i;=gg

m;a jQy'

l, orejd Ys,am W.;a l, foujqmsfhda i;=gq fj;s'

wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd

lsishï ls%hd rEmhla u.ska wúksYaÑ; njla yeÕfjkafka kï tjeks ls%hd

wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd kï fõ'

WodyrK(- YsIHhka mdi,a .sfhd;a .=rejre W.kaj;s'

wuq;a;l= ksfjig meñ‚fhd;a jeäysáhl=g okajkak'

Tyq ,smshla heõj;a f,alï;=ud thg ms<s;=rla fkdtù h'

wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd ks¾udKh jk wdldr lsysmhls' ta i|yd my; i|yka

m%;Hh fhfoa'

138

;= Tn th lr;=ÿ uu fkd lrñ'

; h; neß fkd fõ'

fyd;a u,a,S tys .sh fyd;a uu o tys hñ'

f;d;a Tjqka tfia lshf;d;a uu o th ms<s.ksñ'

T;a Tjqka tfia lf<d;a wms o th wkq.ukh lruq'

T;ska orejka mdi,a .sfhd;ska foudmsfhda i;=gq fj;s'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka ls%hd mo m%fhdacH ls%hd mo njg yrjd w¾:j;a jdlHh

ne.ska ks¾udKh lrkak'

¸' Whhs ¸¸' lruq ¸¸¸' lvhs

¸¹' nis;s ¹' lshñ

2' ld,d¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd mo fhdod jdlH folla jYfhka § we;s

my; i|yka jdlH ;ks jdlHhla njg m;a lrkak'

¸' mdif,a wdrïNl iSkqj kdo úh' isiqyq /iaùï N+ñh lrd msg;a jQy'

¸¸' frda.shd fõokdfjka lE.ihs' fyÈh Tyqg fnfy;a ,nd fohs'

¸¸¸' .s,ka r:fha y~ wE;ska weis‚' ßheÿfrda tu r:hg hEug bv

i,id ÿkay'

¸¹' l%ufhka w÷r me;sß‚' l=re,af,da leo,s lrd mshUd .shy'

¹' cd;sl .Sh jdokh flß‚' ish,af,da iSrefjka isg.;ay'

3' my; i|yka ls%hd mo wkshud¾:fha wiïNdjH ls%hd mo njg yrjd

jdlHh ne.ska ks¾udKh lrkak'

¸' jishss ¸¸' hhs ¸¸¸' lshjhs

¸¹' w~hs ¹' k<jhs

4' fm<fmdf;ys mdvï lsysmhla lshjd tu mdvïj, we;=<;a m%fhdacH

ls%hd iy wiïNdjH ls%hd j¾. folg wh;a mo f;dard j.=jl igyka

lrkak'

139

úúO wjYH;d i|yd jßka jr wm rgg úúO ck fldgia

iuQy jYfhka f.kajd .ekqKq wjia:d fjhs' tfia meñ‚ ck

fldgia w;=frka iuyfrla fï Èjhsfkys iaÓr mÈxÑlrejka

njg m;a jQy' Tjqkaf.ka iuyrl= ish uq,a ni w; yer isxy,h

ujq ni fldg .;a w;r" we;eï msßia È.ska È.g u ish uq,a

ni furg § o jHjydr lrkakg jQy' l,a h;a u ta uq,a nig

isxy, jpk tl;= ùu isÿ jQ w;r" uE;l § uq,a ni w;a yer

isxy, fyda fou< NdId Ndú;h oelsh yels h'

mq;a;,u k.rhg kqÿßka msysgd we;s ‘isrïì wäh’, úfoaY ck

ixl%uK yd NdId mßKduh ms<sn| w.kd f;dr;=re iuqodhla

wmg ,nd fok ck fldgila fjfik .ïudkhls'

isrïì wäh 15

140

furgg meñ‚ mD;=.Sis cd;sl f,dfrkafida o w,afïod m%uqL yuqodj úiska 1505 §

uqyqÿnv m%foaY w,a,d .kq ,eî h' jk ÿ¾." .ssß ÿ¾. yd c, ÿ¾. ;rKh fldg rg

wNHka;rhg hEug mD;=.Siskag ÿIalr úh' le,Eno lgql Èúhla f.jQ wm%sldkqjkaf.a

iydh ,nd .ekSug mD;=.Sis yuqodj fm,ô‚' fï fya;=fjka “isf,daka le*¾” ckhdf.a wdÈ;uhka furgg meñfKkafka jy,a isrlrejka f,i h' mD;=.SiSka

muKla fkd j bx.S%is cd;slhkaf.a md,k iufha ‘le*¾jre’ nyq, jYfhka jy,a

fiajhg fhdod .ekqKy' fudieïìla iïNjhla iys; Tjqyq fojeks f,dal hqoaO

iufha hqo fin¿ka yd l|jqrej, wdjf;ajlrejka f,i fï rgg meñ‚hy'

fï ckhdf.a m<uq ckdjdih ilia jQfha fldïm[a[ ùÈh wdY%s;j h' miq lf,l

Tjqyq úúO jD;a;Skag fn§ f.dia úúO m<d;aj, mÈxÑ jQy' j¾;udkfha ‘isf,daka

le*¾jreka’ nyq, f,i Ôj;a jkafka mq;a;,u k.rfha isg wkqrdOmqr ud¾.fha

ls'ó' 3la .sh ;ek yuq jk ‘isrïì wäh’ m%foaYfhys h'

bx.%Sis md,k iufhys le*¾jreka wkqhqla; lrkq ,enQ jD;a;s lsysmhla úh' ;eme,a

fiajh" mq;a;,u ¨Kq f,ajdfhys lghq;=" .ïuq,doEks rdcldß ta w;r m%Odk fõ'

,xldfõ ;eme,a fiajh wdrïN l< jljdkqfjys uq,ska u fld<U isg mq;a;,ug"

;%sl=Kdu,hg" nÿ,a,g ;eme,a f.k hk ,oafoa bx.S%is wdKavqjg fiajh l< le*¾

fiajlhka úisks' m%Odk uxudj;a fkd;snQ hq.fha jk.; ux Tiafia wod< ia:dkj,g

,sms u¨ /f.k Èùug fï Yla;s iïmkak ñksiqkag mejß‚' miq lf,l iSkqjla

kdo lrñka hk ;eme,a lr;a;j, wdrlaIdjg Tjqyq fhdojd .ekqfKdah'

mq;a;,fï ¨Kq f,ajdfhys lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu;a iu. f,ajdh msßisÿ lsÍu yd

wdrlaIl lghq;= hk ld¾hhka i|yd fhdojd .kq ,enqfõ le*¾ cd;slhka h' fuu

ck fldgig wdfõ‚l isß;a úß;a" kegqï .ehqï /ila we;' tajd w;=frka ‘ldmsß

ud[ac’ kï úfYaIs; .S; j¾.hla ;sfí'

“wrdì pdhd lfvdard

wrdìhd fndf,df¾ $$

bial Wmx ,lámxp kd.r fia ufkdaf¾ $$

whsfpdgdls fío ,.shd $$

ud fpdgdls k.r ,.shd $$

kslr ;sßh ,d, ñrd $$

kdä ;sßh ,d, ñrd $$

wrdì pdhd lfvdard wrdìhd fndf,df¾ $$

141

fï .S;fha f;areu" wrdìfha .eyekq ,iaik hs" wehs Thd,d uqyqKq ksrdjrKh fkd

lrkafka@ Thd,f.a ,iaik uqyqKq fmkajkak fyd| keoao@ hkak hs' isrïì wäfha

le*¾ ckhd i;=j fujeks idïm%odhsl .S; ish .Kkla mj;S' ta ish,a, rpkd ù

we;af;a mD;=.Sis nisks' fï ‘ldmsß ud[ac’ .S;j,g keàfï § w;afmdf<dika §u"

wä fmdf<dfõ .eiSu" T,ajrika §u wdÈh isÿ flfrkq oelsh yels h' fïjdfha

wm%sldkq ck .Sfha wdNdih /£ we;ehs lshefõ' fvd,alsh" rndk" fmd,algq fol"

ye¢ fol" fnda;,h yd ldish hk fïjd ud[ac .dhkfha § jdµ NdKav f,i

Ndú; flfrhs' ud[ac .dhkfha § .eyekq wh úfYaI olaI;d olaj;s'

hg;aúð; iufhys furg jeishka njg m;ajQ fï ckhdf.a mer‚ isß;a úß;a

j¾;udkh jk úg fndfyda ÿrg uelS f.dia we;' újdy W;aijhl § Èk y;la

muK W;aij mj;ajk Tjqyq j¾;udkfha th Èk ;=klg iSud fldg we;af;a

wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d fya;=fjks' újdy .súi .;a ;re‚hg újdyhg i;s ;=klg fmr

m,a,sfha § újdy Èúh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd fohs' újdyhg fmr Èk ukd,shf.a

ksfjfia § mdkaor jk ;=re ukd,shg wdYS¾jdo .S; .dhkd lsÍu ;ju;a fkdlvjd

isÿ flfrk pdß;%hls' mdkaor l=l=<d ye~,Sfuka miq W;aijh mgka .kshs' tÈkg

ukd,sh ‘leka leka’ kñka Tjqka úiska jHjydr lrkq ,nk fndiaf;dfrdlal .jqu

w¢hs' ukd,hd ierfikafka hqfrdamSh we÷fuks' ux., Èkfha § kj hqj< ukd,shf.a

ksfjfia u k;r ùu pdß;%hls' Èk follska miq ukd, hqj< ukd,hdf.a ksfji

fj; h;s' Bg miq ;j;a Èk fol ;=kla fkdkj;sk idohlska miq ux., W;aijh

ksudjg m;a fjhs' fuh le*¾ ckhdf.a wdjdy újdy isÿ lrk idïm%odhsl l%uh hs'

ndr ydr m,a,sfha ùu le*¾ ckhd w;r mj;sk ;j;a iïm%odhls' lsisjl=g flakaor

ke;s ùu o úfYaI ,laIKhls' msá lsß Ndú;h ms%h fkd lrk fï ckhd orejl=

Wmkaod isg jir y;rla .; jk ;=re ujq lsß muKla ,nd §ug W;aiql fj;ss'

;u ck j¾.fha lsisjl=g irïm fyda lïuq,a.dh fkdje,f|k nj Tjqkaf.a

úYajdih hs'

Tjqyq wo ;u w;S; wkkH;dj fkd fidh;s' idïm%odhsl kegqu" .S;h" úfkdaoh

i|yd fmdrne§u wdÈh ms<sn|j kj mrmqr ixfõÈ;djla fkd olaj;s' Tjqka i;=

wdfõ‚l .;s isß;a l%ufhka wNdjhg hñka ;sfí'

142

wjfndaOh

1' ‘isf,daka le*¾jreka’ furg meñfKkafka l=uk fya;=jla ksid o@

2' fï ckhd kshe,s /lshd lafIa;% ;=kla kï lrkak'

3' ‘isf,daka le*¾jreka’ i;= .S; úfYaIh l=ula o@ tajd .dhkd lsÍfï § Ndú;

lrkq ,nk jdµ NdKavj, kï ,shkak'

4' le*¾ ckhdf.a újdy W;aijj, olakg ,efnk wdfõ‚l ,laIK ;=kla

,shkak'

5' fï ckhd i;= wdfõ‚l .;s isß;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

idrdxYlrKh

lsishï jdlHhl" fþohl" ,smshl" m%ldYhl" foaYkhl" wkaa;¾.; jeo.;a u

woyia ms~q fldg oelaùu ‘idrdxYlrKh’ hs' foaYkhlg" idlÉPdjlg ijka §fï

§ mqj;am;lg jd¾;djla iemhSfï § idrdxYlrKh fnfyúka jeo.;a fõ' hula

wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj;a tys idrh jgyd f.k ixlaIsma;j kej; m%ldY

lsÍfï yelshdj;a ‘idrdxYlrKfhka’ n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

“jeÈ ckhd ndysr iudchg ksrdjrKh ùug mgka .ekSu;a iu. Ñrd.;

p¾hdO¾u moaO;sh iEu wxYhlska u mdfya úm¾hdihg m;a ùfï ,l=Kq

my< jkakg úh' uq,a hq.fha § Tjqka jk ueo wdv;d,hg hdka;ñka

fldgd .;a fyafkys l=rlalka" nv bßÕ=" jeks fNda. j.d lrkakg jQfha

ovhï ysÕ jk iufha § mek kÕsk wdydr wfyakshg ms<shula jYfhks'

tfy;a miq ld,fha § wkql%ufhka fyaka f.dú;ekg keUqre jkakg

jQ Tjqyq wi,ajdiS isxy,hkaf.a weiqrg m;a ùfuka wk;=rej tlhdhg

iduQyslj lrk fyaka f.dú;ekg wkq.; jQy'

143

fï mdGh idrdxY l< úg fufia oelaúh yels h(

“jeÈ ckhd ndysr iudchg ksrdjrKh ùfuka Ñrd.; p¾hdO¾uhka

úm¾hdihg ,la úh' uq,a hq.fha Tjqka hdka;ug fyaka f.dú;eka lf<a

wdydr wfyakshg ms<shula f,isks' miq lf,l fyaka f.dú;ekg keUqre

jQfha wi,ajdiS isxy,hkaf.a weiqrg m;a ùfuks'” ^jpk 34&

hï mdGhla idrdxY lsÍfï § wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= lreKq /ils'

• m<uqj fþofha yrh jegfyk f;la lSm jrla lshjkak'

• fojkqj tys jeo.;a woyiaj,g háka bß w¢kak' ke;s kï fjk u

fld<hl ,shd .kak'

• tys § kso¾Yk" Wmud" úfYaIK" w,xldr" mqkrela;s" wkjYH ksmd; wdÈ

ish,a, neyer lrkak'

• bÈßm;a lr we;s lreKqj, jeo.;alu wkqj tajd ms<sfj<g f.dkq

lrkak'

• idrdxYh ,súh hq;= jpk .Kk .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak' îdudkHfhka

idrdxYh" § we;s fldgfika ;=fkka tlla úh hq;= h&'

• m%Odk fþofha woyi uekúka m%ldY jk mßÈ ,shkak'

• fþo lSmhla ;snqK;a th tla fþohla f,i ,súh hq;= h'

• idrdxY .; fþofha we;=<;a jpk .Kk fþoh wjidkfha wksjd¾hfhka

u ,shkak'

144

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' ‘Y%S ,xldfõ Ôj;a jk úúO ck j¾.’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a rpkhla

,shkak'

2' jeÈ ckhd" wys.=KaÀl ckhd wdÈ úúO ck fldÜGdij,g wdfõ‚l isß;a

úß;a fidhd ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ,shkak'

3' my; i|yka fþoh jpk ^30-40& jk fia idrdxY lrkak'

tl;= lr .kakd li< f.dvj,a YS,dpdr ÈhqKq f,dalfha iqkL jiqre fuka wjg

mßirh .| .iajñka tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg f.kú;a oukafka ke;' fkdÈhqKq

hehs iïu; ;=kajeks f,dalfha iuyr rgj,a mjd fï m%Yakhg kùk úoHd;aul

úi÷ï fidhd f.k we;' wmg ;rï YsIagdpdrhla fyda w;S;hla fkdue;s rgj,a

o fujka m%Yak id¾:lj úi|df.k ;sfí' ‘li< m%;spl%SlrKh’ kQ;k f,dalfha

Ndú;hg .efkkafka tA i|yd h' tod mKavqldNh hq.fha ukd m<d;a md,khla

yd li< mßmd,khla mej;s nj wikakg ,efí' iaùvkh jeks rgj,a m%jdyk

lghq;= Wfoid wjeis bkaOk ksmojd .ekSug li< Ndú; lrhs' ol=Kq fldßhdj

tu ;dlaIKh Y%S ,xldjg ,nd §ug iQodkñka isà' le,s li< l<ukdlrKfha §

wmsßisÿ hehs iïu; wi,ajeis bkaÈhdj o isákafka wmg jvd bÈßfhks'

145

kQ;k idys;Hdx.hla jk flál;dj mqrdK l;dkaorhg

kElï lshkakla fia ie,fla' l;dkaorj,g ukqIH f,dalfha

mqj;a fuka u i;a;aj yd foaj f,dalj, mqj;a o jia;= ù we;;a

flál;dj i;H fyda l,ams; mqj;la mokï fldg .ksñka

udkj Ôú;h ksrEmKh yd újrKh flfrk idys;Hdx.hls'

wo flál;dj jia;= úIh w;ska fuka u ld¾h isoaêh yd

rpkd ud¾.h w;ska o kj lafIa;% mqrd me;sr mj;skakls'

flál;d ks¾udKfha § f,aLlhdg woa±lSï b;d jeo.;a fõ'

fÊ' iS' mS' tia' isßj¾Ok úiska rÑ; ‘ÈÜy odk’ flál;dj

udkqIsl woa±lSï fuka u wdl,am m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu Wfoid

flál;d udOHh Ndú; l< wdldrh ms<sn| kso¾Ykhls' th

2013 fmnrjdß ‘ixialD;s’ iÕrdfjka Wmqgd .kakd ,oaols'

ÈÜy odk16

146

;sia jirl fiajd ld,h ;=<" isßfidau ñka fmr fun÷ wlr;eínhlg uqyqK md

ke;' kj fiajd m%foaYfhys ksr; jQ m<uq rdcldßfha § u fujeks ndOlhla t<öu

widudkH isoaêhls' tfy;a uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhl= jYfhka ukd mßphlska

fyì fyf;u bka u|l=ÿ fkd ie¨fKa h'

k.rfhka iEfyk ÿr neyerl msysá .ïno mdi,la jk fuys" bf.kqu ,nk

oreoeßfhda" foiShhlg wvq ixLHdjla fj;s' fyg Èk mdif,a ish¨ <uhska kshñ;

jd¾Isl ffjµ mÍlaIKhg Ndckh lrkq ms‚i" fldÜGdifha fi!LH ffjµ

ks,Odß uy;d meñfKkafka h' ta ta orejkag wod< ffjµ mÍlaIK wdlD;s m;%j,"

Tjqfkdjqkaf.a jhi" Wi" nr" oDIaá Yla;sh yd Y%jK yelshdj hkdÈ uQ,sl o;a; uek

n,d fjk fjk u igyka ;eîu isßfidaug wo Èk mejreKq w;HjYH fufyh fõ'

“weia fmkSfï wvqlu" lka weiSfï ndOd" l;d lsÍfï ÿ¾j,;d" yDohdndO hkdÈ

fya;=" <uhskaf.a bf.kSug yqÕla n,mdkjd' ta jf.a wvqmdvq fidhd n,,d blaukska

ms<shï fhdokak ´kE' fï fi!LH jevigyfka wruqK talhs'”

mdi,a ffjµ mÍlaIKfha wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lsÍug isßfidau tfia jEhï l<

o" mdi,a m%Odkshd ta ms<sn|j lsis ie,ls,a,la fkd oelaù h' .=rejre uq¿ .Kkska

wvlg wdikak ixLHdjla fuÈk fiajhg meñK fkd isáhy' Bg;a jvd miqnEfï

fya;=j" <ud ffjµ mÍlaIKfha M,odhl;ajh ms<sn| w.h" Tyqg ixLHd;aul

jYfhka ìkaÿjla fia yeÕS hEu h'

;j o wo fyg u" fldÜGdi wOHlaI mdi,g meñŒug kshñ; h' ta wd úg Tyq

ksÍlaIKh lrkqfha" <uhskaf.a fi!LH uÜgï .ek fkd fõ' jirg kshñ; úIh

ud,d b,lal imqrd we;s m%udKh ms<sn|j h' todg fï yS,a fijfKa lrf.k hk

úÿy,am;slu;a iqx' wdfh;a" kslïu kslx Wm .=rejrfhla yeáhg" óg;a jvd le,E

uKaähg nv.dm,a,fld'

tjeks Ñ;a;fõ.hlg m;a úÿy,am;sjrhd Woafõ.lr f,i" isßfidauf.a uqyqKg

lvd mekafka h'

“mS' tÉ' whs' uy;a;hd kx nK lshhs' biafldaf, <uhskaf. bf.kSu lvdlmam,a

jqKd u" fomd¾;fïka;=j fodia lshkafka wmg' ;uqkakdkafi,f. Th uyf,dl=

rdcldßhg" wo fyg kï" fï .=re uKavf,a fidÉpfuka lsis Woõjla fokak nE'”

fiajd iydh §u tfia ;rfha m%;slafIam l< uq,a.=rejrhd" isßfidau úiska fmr Èkl

imhk ,o wdlD;s m;% ñáh" zovdiaZ hk y`äka fïih u; ;enqfõ h' th isßfidaug

ÿka w;=,a myrla jekak'

147

“;ry .kak tmd" i¾æ wms fï lrkafk;a wirK orejkaf.a bf.kSug Wojq §ula

;ud” hs" isßfidau iskduqiqj ms<s;=re f,i mejiqfõ" ksjg kshd¨ iajrfhks'

“´l fudk Woõjla o" uy;a;fhda@ óg l,skq;a wjqreoaola mdid" ldKavhla Tfydu

weúÈx" ojila mqrd fuf;k fkhshdv.ula kegqj" wmg;a u;lhs' ta;a taflx" fï

biafldaf, tl fld¨ fl,a,l=g yß fjÉÑ iqnisoaêhla .ek kx" ux lshkav okafk

kE'” mdi,a m%Odkshd .;a lgg u tfia lS h'

tfy;a bka miqng jQfha isßfidau fkd fõ' “fyd|hs" Tn;=uka,d ljqrej;a ug Woõ

fjkak tmd' uf.a ldßh ;kshu lr.kag ug mq¿jks' biafldaf, <uhs mka;sfhka

mka;sh" ñÿf, wkak wr fldia .fya fijKg f.kajd .kak Tn;=ud wjir

ÿkafkd;a" ug ta fyd|fgdau we;s” hs fyf;u ne.Em;aj b,a,d isáfha h'

tu wdhdpkh flf¾ úÿy,am;sjrhd u| wkqlïmdjla oelajQjd úh yels h'

“fyd|hs" ;uqkakdkafia kE flxf.ähla lr.;a;g ldß kE' yenehs wfma b.ekaùï

lghq;=j,g lsis ndOdjla lrkj fyu fkfuhs'” ;¾ckdx.=,sh mdñka mdi,a

m%Odkshd l< ;rjgqj" isßfidau ueoy;a is;ska bjiS h'

tys tl u mdi,a f.dvke.s,a,g ióm fldia .fia fijK" Tyqf.a ldßhg lÈug

.e<fmhs' f.dvke.s,a, fl<jr w.=fjys ;snqKq wn,ka fvial=j iy mqgq ln, ;=re

fijKg f.k taug mjd" isßfidaug lsisjl=f.a iydhla fkd ,eìK'

.=reNj;=ka isma i;r W.kajk y~ mka;s ldurj,ska ksr;=rej wefia' Wod ysre /ia

m;s; mdi,a mßirh msßisÿ h¦ mshlre h' ñÿ, fl<jr ms<sfj<lg jjk ,o ngq"

ñßia" nKavlald iy uE wdÈ t<j¿ j.dj" ÿgqjka fk;a is;a ikik ruŒh oiqkls'

wirK .eñ orejka hym;a wkd.; mqrjeishka lsÍfuys jer ork .=re ujqmshka

flf¾ isßfidauf.a is; lsis lygla fkd bmfohs'

m<uqj uq;= mn¿ je,la fia úkS;j fm< .eiqKq nd,dxY mka;sfhys <ud megjq ;=re

fijK lrd meñ‚hy' Tjqyq .Kkska myf<djla fj;s' tfy;a ore megjqka legqj

mka;s Ndr .=re Nj;l= fkdmeñŒu" isßfidau ;rul wmyiqjg m;a lrù h'

tla kula ne.ska igyka lrk ,o wdlD;s m;%h wkqj" tla tla orejd ms<sfj<ska ;ud

iómhg le|jñka Tjqfkdjqkaf.a Wi iy nr uek wdlD;s m;%fhys igyka lsÍu"

isßfidaug jeä fjfyila f.k kqÿkafka h' tlsfkldf.a uqLh újD; lrjñka

oka;dndO we;a oehs msßlaiSu o jeä wmyiqjlska f;drj l< yels úh'

148

blaì;s oDIaá mÍlaIK igyfka by< isg my<g l%udkql+,j l=vd jk mßÈ fm<ska

fm<g uqøs; wl=re" wyUq f,i w;ßka m;r lshùfï yelshdj wkqj oDIaá Yla;sh

uekSu ms<s.;a kHdh fjhs' jï wefiys iy ol=Kq wefiys fmkSu fjk fjk u

ksÍlaIKh;a w;HjYH o;a;hls' wefia fmkSu orejl=f.a wOHdmkh i|yd fldf;la

ÿrg bjy,a fõ o hkak" isßfidau m%;HlaIfhka okS' tu wjYH;dj ksis mßÈ imqrd

.ekSug Tyq jvd;a Wkkaÿ jQfha tfyhsks'

tfy;a fldia .fia lf|ys .eiQ weKhl weia uÜgug t,a,k ,o oDIaá mÍlaIK

igyka m; bÈßfha iïu; ÿrlska msysgjkq ,enQ orejl= ,jd" igyka mf;a uqøs;

wl=re fm<ska fm< lshùu" ;rula wiSre lghq;a;la fia oeks‚'

mka;sfha wfkla orejl=f.a iydh ,nd" m<uq orejdf.a tla weila ldâm;lska

wdjrKh lrjd" wyUq f,i f;dard olajk wl=ßka wl=r Tyq ,jd lshùug .;a

W;aidyh iM, fkdù h' ldls ks, we÷ñka ieriqKq wd.ka;=l ks,Odßhl= bÈßfha

.eñ orejka fndfyda úg f.d¿ ùu isßfidau w;aoelSfuka y÷kkakls'

mka;s ldurj, b.ekaùfuys ksr; .=rejre mjd" úáka úg ;=re fijK foi úmrñka

n,;s' fi!LH ks,Odßhd ork ÿIalr jEhu Tjqka lsisjl=g úys¿jla fia yeÕS hEu

idOdrK h' we;eul=f.a lg fldkg keÕ=fKa iroï fkdfyd;a idj{ iskdjls'

tfy;a fkdfnda fõ,djlska f.dvke.s,af,a wE; fl<jr mka;s ldurhl

b.ekaùfuys ksr;j isá .=re Nj;l=" läkñka ;=re fijK lrd meñfKkq olakd

,È' fnda;,a wä jeks wj;, ldp iys; Wmfk;a iÕ<la me,| yqka Tyq" fhdjqka úh

fkd blaujQfjls' iqfodaiqÿ cd;sl we÷u" Tyqf.a Wi uy; l¿jka foayhg meyem;a

fmkqula f.k ÿks'

“i¾''' ug Th ldßhg Wojq fjkag wjir fokagæ ‘iafka,ka’ mÍlaIK igyk <Õ

b|ka fï orejkag wl=re tlska tl fmkajd fokag ug mq¿jks' tal i¾g f,dl=

myiqjla fõú'”

;reK .=rejrhdf.a .; yd j; fuka u l;d ny o m%ikak h' tfy;a fi!LH

mÍlaIlf.a is; keÕ=fKa ;rul fkdikaiqkaluls' mdi,a m%Odkshd ÿgqj fyd;a"

Wm.=rejrhd fkdjrojd u fodaI o¾Ykhg ,la jkq ksiel h'

“kE''' uy;auhd" Tn;=ud kshñ; mka;shg hkak' uu ;ksju fï lghq;a;

lr .kakï” hs isßfidau Tyq j<lajkakg W;aidy lf<a tfyhsks'

149

tfy;a bka miqng fkd jQ ;reK .=reNj;d isßfidauf.a iydh ms‚i ish leue;af;ka

tys /÷fKa h' isßfidau úiska ldâ m;lska tla weila wdjrKh flreKq orejd"

.=rejrhd mÍlaIK igyka m; wi, ys| wyUq f,i f;darñka fmkajd fok wl=re"

tlsfkl y÷kdf.k mels<Sfuka f;drj Wia yçka lshù h' .=reNj;d úiska fok

,o iydfhka isßfidaug ,enqKq myiqj iq¿mgq fkd fõ'

tfia jqj o" nd,dxYfha ish¨ orejkaf.a mQ¾j ksÍlaIK wjika lsÍug wjldY fkd

,eìK' mdi,a m%Odkshd jy jyd ;=re fijK lrd Èj tkq olakd ,È'

fyf;u wjg isá l=vd orejka o ìhm;a lrjk ;rï Wia yçka Wm.=rejrhdf.a

uqyqKg lvd mekafka h'

“iq.=Kmd, uy;a;hd" Tfya fï fkhshdvug w;a Wojq fokag wdfõ" fldhs äfrlav¾

Wkakdkafif. wjirhla msg o ´hs@”

.=reNj;d muKla fkd j isßfidau o wkaoukao úh' l=vd <uhs fm< ìfhka

wirKj Tnfudn neÆy' tfy;a Wm.=rejrhd ikaiqka f,i úkS;j fkd mudj

ms<s;=re ÿkafka h'

“iud fjkak i¾" uu fi!LH mÍlaIl uy;auhdg Wojq fjkag wdfõ" t;=ud fu;k

;kshu ú¢k jfoa oel,hs' ta ñi ldf. j;a wjirhlska fkd fjhs'”

“ñiag iq.=Kmd," uqkakefya fu;k ´kE johla ú|.;a;dfõ' Tfyag fï ld,

mßÉfþofha kshñ;j ;sfhkafka mfya mka;sfh jdlH rpkh mdvu' ta <uhs wo

fyg YsIH;afjg;a ,shkav bkak wh' tfyõ tfla Tfya fu;k weú;a wyj,a

fkhshdvula kgkj o@ ”

“uu fu;kg wdfõ" ta <uhskag wod< mdvug jqjukd lreKq lshd §,hs i¾' ta <uhs

;ju rpkh ,shkj we;s' ljqre yß kshñ; ldßh fkd lr" l,ne.Ekshla lf<d;a"

ug weú;a lshkag lshd," uu mka;s kdhlhg;a Wmfoia ÿkakd'”

Wm.=rejrhd l< m%ldYfhys i;H;dj úuikakd fia" mdi,a m%Odkshd mdif,a wE;

fl<jr mka;s ldurh fj; fy¿fõ Wl=iq ne,auls' .=reNj;d i|yka l<d fia u"

mka;s ldurh óhg msïndla fia ksy~ h' th orejka ;ukaf.a mdvqfõ kshñ;

wNHdifha fh§ isák njg lÈu idlaIshls'

tfy;a .=rejreka fom< w;r isÿ jk ixjdoh isßfidauf.a is; ìys lf<a" idkqlïms;

150

yeÕSuls' fyf;u ;jÿrg;a ksy~j fkd isg Tjqka wiajikakg is;S h'

“iq.=Kmd, uy;auhd" úÿy,am;s;=udf.a l;dj yß' Tn;=ud lreKdlr,d kshñ;

mka;sfha mdvug hkakæ ug wmyiqfjka jqK;a mq¿jka yeáhlg uf. lghq;a;

lrf.k hkakï'”

tfy;a Wm.=rejrhd Tyq l< b,a,Sug wjk; fkd ù h'

“kE''' i¾" i¾g fï rdcldßh ;kshu lr .kak wudrehs' uu iEfyk fõ,djla fï

me;a; n,df.k ysáhd' Tn;=ud ú¢k jfoa ug fyd|yeá f;areKd' uu leue;af;ka

u fu;kg ÿj,d wdfõ talhs'”

“iq.=Kmd," Tfyg j;a ug j;a jegqma f.jkafk fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=j fkd

fjhs' Tfyf. ;lalälu .ek" uu wo u l,dm wOHlaI;=udg rfmda¾;= lrkjd” hs

jvd;a m%pKav jQ mdi,a m%Odkshd fldamfhka .=.=f<a h'

“iud fjkak i¾æ lula kE i¾g leue;a;la lrkagæ mdi,a ffjµ mÍlaIKhl

jákdlu i¾g fkdf;areKdg ug wf.ag f;afrkjd' wo f.or hkag isoaO jqK;a"

fi!LH mÍlaIl uy;auhdg fï ldßh fyd¢ka lr.kag Wojq fj,d ;uhs uu f.or

hkafk” iq.=Kmd, ms<s;=re f,i tfia mejiqfõ;a fmr mßÈ u ikaiqka yd úkS;

bßhõfjks'

“flfy,au,a ffjµ mÍiaifka'''æ u<b,jq jákdlu'''@ fï Bfha fmf¾od

fmardfo‚fhx t<sneiai Tfya okafk fudk báf.äh o iq.=Kmd,@ úiai úÊcd,j,

oex Tfy,g W.kakkafk Th jf.a ;lalälï lrk yeá o@”

úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a joka fnfyúka l¾lY h¦ iajrh o Wmydifhka yd iroñka

wkQk h'

tfy;a Wm.=rejrhd iqmqreÿ ixhuh iq/lS h'

“ug iud fjkak i¾" Tn;=ud fkdokakd kuq;a" fï ffjµ mÍlaIKfh w.h ug

w;eUq,la jf. jegfykjd' ta ú;rla fkd fjhs' Tn;=udg lshkag" wirK ug

fmardfo‚ hkag mdr lmd, ÿkafk;a" fïkak fï W;a;uhd ;uhs i¾'”

“fudkjd''' ´hs@” mdi,a m%Odkshd is; Wmka úiauh m< lf<a ta whqßks'

Tyq muKla fkd j" isßfidau o uú; j .,a.eiqfKa h'

151

“tfyuhs i¾æ óg mdf<dia wjqreoaolg by;" oeÿre Thfndv yoaod msáir jkaks

y;am;a;=fõ" wfma .fï lgf.duqfj fmd,a w;= biafldaf," mdi,a ffjµ

mÍlaIfKag;a fu;=ud fjfyi uykais jqfKa fuhdldrfhka u hs' ug ;ju;a wo

jf.a u;l hs'”

“tfykï Tfya uqkakeyej ta ldf, b|, okakj@”

uq,a .=rejrhd úiañ; iajrfhka úuiS h'

“tfyuhs' ux t;fldg y;fr mka;sfh' myqjod biafldaf,g wd fodia;r uy;a;fhla

mÍlaId lr," uf.a weia fofla u fmkSu ÿ¾j,hs lSjd'”

“fodia;r tfyu lsjqjuhs lshuqfld' b;sx uqkakeyef.x Tfyg jqKq fif;a fudlla

o@”

mdi,a m%Odkshd tfia m%Yak lroa§" w;S;h isysj Wm.=rejrhdf.a fokqjka l÷<ska

fnd| úh'

ta ysñÈß WoEik lka ìysß lrjk h;=remeÈ yçka wjÈj" ksÈ meÿßka keÕS t<sm;a;g

tk úg ks,Odßhd wmamÉÑ yd ms<si|f¾ fh§ yqka whqre" Ñ;a;dl¾IŒh iskud

mghla fia" iq.=Kmd,f.a ukeig keÕsK'

“fld¨f. oEye Th fmak ;ru fyd|fgdau we;s wdhqfndjxæ W! b;sx ñka u;a;g;a"

fï fyaxfldfÜ j,aWo¨ .d, tl,dihla lr.kag ug Wojq fjkj ñil" ãwdfrda

Wkakdkafi .dj l=regq .dkag hkag oE@” Woe,a,g ñgla .iñka yqka wmamÉÑ ÿka

ms<s;=re" wo fuka u idkqlïms;j bjiQ uy;aud .=Kh iq.=Kmd,g oekq;a wu;l

fkdl< yels h'

“fï W;a;uhf. rdcldßh t;ksx bjr jqfKa kE''' i¾æ miqjod Wfoa u wfma

me<g weú;a" nE lshoaÈ u" wmamÉÑ;a ud;a fokakd ta fudfgdaihslf,a u kxjf.k"

jdßhfmd< biamsß;df, f,dl=uy;a;hd .djg .shd'”

“ãweï´;a b;sx wrl u lshkav we;s' l;dj TÉprhs fka@” uq,a .=rejrhd tfia

weiqfõ" Wm.=rejrhd ksy~ lrjk woyisks'

“tfy u lSjd ú;rla fkfuhs" ãweï´ uy;auhd ;j;a fyd¢ka mÍlaId lr,

;=Kavqjl=;a ,shd ÿkakd" i¾æ”

152

“tfykx" tal;a n,,d uqkakeye weiaf.ä fol .f,da, Tfyag mQcd l<d j;a o@”

“yskefykag tmd i¾æ fu;=ud ta .ux u wmsj;a lekaodk ãwdfrda lkaf;darejg

.shd'”

“fohshkag u Tmamq fjÉpdfõ''' tfykx ãwdfrda Wkakeye;a Tfyf. weia mÍlaId

l<d@”

“weia mÍlaId l<d fkfuhs i¾æ biamsß;df, jd¾;dj n,,d" tod ta fudfydf;

u" iudc fiajd wdOdfr ,sh, ÿkak' ta wdOdfrx .;a;= lKaKdä l=Ügug msx isoaO

fjkag ux wo fu;k'”

Wm.=rejrhdf.a w;S; l;dj iroñka jqj o wid yqka mdi,a m%Odkshd" l÷rlska weo

yef,k Èhje,la fia meyeÈ,s i;Hh yuqfõ" lkajEhl= mßÈ yels¿fKa h'

blaì;s Tyq" mfil isá isßfidau fj; fy¿fõ" l;r.u uy fofjdf,a" To f;Èka

nn<k ialkaOl=udr foajrdchdKkaf.a fm%!V m%;sudrEmh fj; fhduq lrkakdla

jeks" Nla;s mQ¾jl ne,auls'

“fï bkafk kslï u kslï ysia ukqiaifhla fkd fjhs i¾æ u;= nqÿ fjkag fmreï

mqrk fndaêi;a;aj W;a;ufhla u hs lshd," ug wog;a ysf;kjdæ”

tfia f;m< .=reNj;d tf;lska fkdkej;=fKa iefKlska uq,skqÿrd Æ ioaoka; kq.

rella fia" isßfidauf.a fomd wìhi je,s fmdf<dfõ je| jegqfKa h'

“fï je÷ï msÿï lsis fohla ug ysñ kE iq.=Kmd, uy;auhd''' uu to;a wo;a lf<a"

ug ,efnk jegqmg kshñ; rdcldßh ú;rhs'”

fokqjka ke.= l÷¿ w;ßka fld÷< fi!LH ks,Odßhd" jyd Tyq fojqßka w,a,d kÕd

isgqjoa§" l=vd <uhska fm< mjd whd.;a uqúka yd ixfõ§ yeÕSfuka hq;=j n,d ys¢kq

mdi,a m%Odkshd úiskqÿ olakd ,È'

153

wjfndaOh

1' my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

¸' isßfidau ljr jD;a;shl kshef,kafkla o@

¸¸' úÿy,am;s;=ud ffjµ idhkhg wlue;s jkafka ljr fya;= ksid o@

¸¸¸' ffjµ idhkhla meje;aùfï wruqK l=ula o@

¸¹' ;reK .=rejrhd ffjµ mÍlaIKhg iydh jkafka wehs@

¹' ;reK .=rejrhdf.a Ôú;h fjkia ùug n, mE isÿùu l=ula oehs

úia;r lrkak'

2' flál;dfõ Ndú; lgjyf¾ fhÿï myla Wmqgd olajkak'

3' flál;dfõ wka;¾.; m%n, wjia:djla úia;r lrkak'

ks¾udKd;aul m%nkaOlrKh

ixlaIsma; .µ ldjH úfYaIhla f,i flál;dj ye¢kaúh yels fõ' ixlS¾K

udkqIsl woa±lSï yd ufkdaNdjhka ms<sn| yeÕSï m%n, f,i ksrEmKh lsÍug

flál;d l,dj Ndú; l< yels h'

ks¾udKd;aul m%nkaOlrKfhka wfmAlaId lrkqfha ks¾udKd;aul flál;djla

,shkafka flfia o hkak ms<sn| Tng woaoelSula ,nd §ug h' flál;d udOHh

ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSu i|yd flál;djla rpkd lsÍfï § fyda ri

ú£fï § wmf.a ie,ls,a,g fhduq úh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla ;sfí(

l:d jia;=j

pß; ksrEmKh

miqìu

oDIaáfldaKh

NdIdj

154

fulS ,laIKj,g wu;rj ixfla; Ndú;h wdÈ ;j;a ,laIK /ils'

iEu flál;djlg u l:d m%jD;a;shla uq,a fõ' l:d m%jD;a;shla hkq ld,hg

wkqj taldnoaO lrk ,o isÿùï iuqodhls' fndfyda flál;dj, id¾:l;ajh r|d

mj;skafka fï l:d m%jD;a;sfhys wmQ¾j;ajh Wv h' fï l;d mqj; mdGlhd úYajdi

l< yels tlla ùu jeo.;a h' woaoelSï mdGlhdg ióm jkafka;a" fmdÿ njg m;a

jkafka;a túg h' ksoiqkla f,i ‘óg¾ ishh’ flál;dj .ksuq'

“w¨;a uy;a;hd wdjg miafia biafldaf, l,ska ;snqK md¿ .;sh kE¦

<uhskq;a fjkodg jeäfh wdYdfjka biafldaf, tkjd' miq.sh jdfr

wfma biafldaf, W;aijhla ;snqKd' talg uq,a fj,d jev flrefj;a

w¨;a uy;a;hd' taflka oy;=fkka my< óg¾ ishh Èùfï ;r.fhka

m<uq jekshd jqfKa uu hs'”

‘ógr ishh’ flál;dfõ woaoelSu njg m;aj we;af;a .fï biaflda,hg w¨;ska

m;aj tk biafldaf,a uy;df.a fufyhùfuka ‘uqo,sydñ’ kï orejd iuia; ,xld

óg¾ ishh ;r.fhka ch.%yKh lsÍu hs'

‘pß; ksrEmKh’ flál;d rpkfha § jeo.;a fõ' úYd, ld, mßÉfþohla

we;=<; úldYkh jk woaoelSï úYd, ixLHdjla we;=<;a kjl;djl fuka fkdj"

flál;djl mßmQ¾K pß; ksrEmKhla lsÍu ÿIalr h' flál;djl ksrEmKh

jkafka pß;hlska wxY=jla mu‚' tfuka u flál;dj ;=< biau;= jkafka tla

m%n, pß;hla fyda folls' ksoiqka f,i ‘óg¾ ishh’ flál;dj .ksuq'

óg¾ ishh flál;dj flakaø.; jkafka uqo,sydñf.a pß;h jgd h' tkï Tyq óg¾

ishh Odjk ;r.hg bÈßm;a ùfï isÿùu miqìï lr f.k h' fï l;dj úldYkh

ùug biafldaf,a uy;df.a pß;h o fya;= ù ;sfí'

flál;d ks¾udKfha § jeo.;a jk ;j;a ,laIKhla kï miqìu hs' tkï(

flál;dfõ wka;¾.; l%shdjg msgqmiska we;s mßirh hs' flál;dfõ woaoelSï

lsishï ksYaÑ; ia:dkhl ksYaÑ; wjia:djl isÿ jkakla yeáhg oelaùu ksid

mdGlhdf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSug miqìu WmldÍ fõ'

fld<U k.rfha lS%vd msáhlg lelsrdj .fï <uhl= meñŒu yd Tyq woaolsk

fjki flál;dfõ uQ,sl miqìu hs'

155

oDIaá fldaKh fyj;a l:k l%uh flál;djla rpkd lsÍfï § jeo.;a jk

,laIKhls' oDIaáfldaKh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha ish woaoelSï ksrEmKh lsÍu

ms‚i rplhd úiska f;dard .kq ,en we;s ud¾.h hs' flál;d rpkfha § nyq,

f,i m%:u mqreI oDIaáfldaKh yd W;a;u mqreI oDIaáfldaKh fhdod .efka'

‘ÈÜy odk’ m%:u mqreI oDIaá fldaKh wkq.ukh lr we;s flál;djls' tys § ish¨

pß; ndysr mqoa.,hka f,i úia;r flf¾'

W;a;u mqreIfhka fyj;a ‘u’ Yío ldrlfhka flál;djla rpkd lsÍfï § isÿ

jkafka ‘uu’ keue;s mqoa.,hdg ú£ug isÿ jQ woaoelSul ú,difhka flál;dj

ksrEmKh ùu hs' ‘óg¾ ishh’ tf,i W;a;u mqreI oDIaáfldaKfhka rÑ;

flál;djls'

flál;d rpkfha § jeo.;a jk ,laIKhla f,i NdIdj ye¢kaúh yels h'

flál;dfjka ksrEmKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk woaoelSug mdGlhd yels ;dla

ÿrg ióm lrjd .ekSug bjy,a jk mßoafoka flál;dlrejd jpk Ndú; lrhs'

óg¾ ishh flál;dfõ § uqo,sydñf.a pß;hg .e<fmk wdldrhg NdIdj fhdod

f.k ;sfí'

“Tlafldu im;a;=ldrfhda' fm<la <uhskaf.a im;a;=j, W,a yhs lr,d'

ux biair fj,d ÿjk fldg ta f.d,a, ll=, mE.=fjd;a m;=re hhs' ug

neß fjhs o fï <uhs tlal,d ÿj,d Èkkak@”

‘ÈÜy odk’ flál;dfõ o úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a pß;h biau;= ù fmfkk wdldrhg

Tyqf.a NdId Ndú;h ksrEmKhg l;=jrhd W;aiql ù ;sfí'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' mdi,a Ôú;fha § fyda fjk;a wjia:djl Tn ,enQ wu;l fkdjk woaoelSula

uq,a fldg f.k flál;djla rpkd lrkak' th mka;s ì;a;s mqj;amf;a

m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

2' mqj;am;aj, m< jk flál;d tl;= fldg" f.dkqjla ilia lrkak'

ysre" i÷" ;drld wdÈ wdldY jia;= flfrys w;S;fha isg u

ñksidf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh' uq, § l=;+y,h mokï fldg

f.k werUqKq wdldY jia;= ksÍlaIKh ukqIH Ñka;kh yd

úpdr nqoaêh m%fndaO lrùfuys fya;= úh' ta weiqfrka kj

oekqï bijq lrd ukqIHhd wj;S¾K úh' klaI;%h ke; fyd;a

;drld Ydia;%h jQ l,s tfiaa ks¾ñ; oekquls' f.dùka fnda.

j.dj i|yd;a kdúlhka uqyqÿ .uka i|yd;a bxðfkarejka

ish ks¾udK ÈYdNsuqL lsÍug;a m¾fhaIlhka mDÓú

wkafõlaIKhg;a ;drld yd .%y msysàï fhdod .;a nj fmfka'

wNHjldY .fõIKfha me;slvla wkdjrKh flfrk fï

mdvu ilid we;af;a kùk ;dlaIK ms<sn| wd;¾ iS' la,dla

wdh;kfha wNHjldY fhojqqï wxYfha m¾fhaIK úoHd{

úodkf.a ufyaIa bkaÈl p;=rx. uy;d úiska iïmdÈ; ,smshla

weiqfrks'

wNHjldY ;dlaIKh17


157

oy kj jk ishjfia § úoHd yd ;dlaIK lafIa;%hkays m%n, fjkilg fya;= jQfha

hqfrdamfha isÿ jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh hs' ñksid kj úoHd oekqu ks¾udKh lrñka

úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï" ;dlaI‚l w;ayod ne,Sï i|yd W;aiql úh' Bg iu.dój

mDÓúfhka Tíng jQ" tkï wNHjldY jia;+ka ms<sn| ;snQ Wkkaÿj by< .sh w;r"

wNHjldY .fõIK uQ,sl fldg .;a wNHjldY ;dlaIK úIhh ìys úh' fojk

f,dal hqoaOfhka miq wNHjldY ;dlaIKh wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" c¾uksh yd

fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqj uQ,sl fldg f.k ÈhqKq jQ w;r" wNHjldY .fõIK ms<sn|

Tjqfkdjqka w;r ;r.hla mej;s‚'

wNHjldY ;dlaIKfha jeo.;a u w;ayodne,Sï

w;r frdlÜgqj uQ,sl ;ekla .kS' th mokï

lrf.k wNHjldY ;dlaIK lafIa;%fha

iqúfYAI ch.%yK /ila w;am;a lr f.k we;'

iudcjd§ fidaúhÜ iuQydKavq ix.uh úiska

1957 § ‘iamqÜksla 1’ kï pkaøsldjla id¾:lj

llaI.; lrk ,È' th ñksid úiska llaI.;

lrk ,o m%:u pkaøsldj hs' Bg isjq jirlg

miqj" tkï 1961 § ‘fjdiafgdla 1’ hkqfjka kï

flreKq hdkhla ukqIHhl= iu. wNHjldYhg

hjñka fidaúhÜ ix.uh ñksil= m<uqj

wNHjldYhg heùfï f.!rjh ysñ lr .;af;a h' wNHjldYhg .sh m<uq ñksid f,i

b;sydi .; jkafka hQß ..dßka h' 1969 § i| u;g m<uq ñksid hjñka wefußldj

ysñ lr .;af;a reishdjg fkdfofjks f.!rjhls' fï wNHjldY .fõIK lafIa;%fha

úfYaI ikaêia:dk ;s%;ajhls'

iamqÜksla 1

fjdiafgdla 1 hQß ..dßka

158

pkaøsldjla hkq wjldYh ;=< jia;=jla jgd llaI.; ù we;s îajdNdúl fyda

lD;%su& ;j;a jia;=jls' iQ¾hhd jgd llaIhl .uka lrk mDÓúh o mDÓúh jgd

llaIhl .uka lrk pkaøhd o iajdNdúl pkaøsld fõ' j¾;udkfha fndfyda rgj,a

úúO wruqKq i|yd lD;s%u pkaøsld llaI.; lr ;sfí' fndfyda wNHjldY fhojqï

pkaøsld moaO;s uQ,sl fldg f.k we;'

;dlaI‚l oDIaáfldaKfhka n,k l, wNHjldY ;dlaIK kshe¨ï" m%Odk úIh

m: ;=kla Tiafia Èfõ'

1' ikaksfõok pkaøsld moaO;s ^Communication Satellite Systems&2' jdhqf.da,Sh yd mDÓú iólaIK pkaøsld moaO;s Atmospheric and Earth Observation Satellite Systems&3' f.da,Sh hd;%K pkaøsld moaO;s ^Global Navigation Satellite Systems&

ikaksfõok pkaøsld moaO;s

ikaksfõok pkaøsld ms<sn| uQ,sl woyi

YS%u;a wd;¾ iS' la,dla uy;d úiska 1945 §

Wireless World iÕrdfõ m< lrk ,o

,smshla u.ska bÈßm;a lrk ,È' mDÓúfha

iul ;,h u; uOHhk uqyqÿ uÜgug

lsf,daógr 35786la ÿßka msysá ljdldr

llaIhl tlsfklg wxYl 120l

mr;rhla iys;j ia:dk.; fldg we;s N+

ia:djr pkaøsld ^Geostationary Satellite& ;=kla u.ska uq¿ mDÓúh u wdjrKh

l< yels nj Tyqf.a ms<s.ekSu úh'

mDÓúfha tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg f;dr;=re ikaksfõokhg w;rueÈhka

f,i ls%hd lsÍug fuu pkaøsldj,g yels h' j¾;udkfha by< wlaIdxY m%foaY

wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd" wdk; b,smaidldr llaIj, ia:dk.; lr we;s N+iuuqyq¾;

^Geosynchronice& pkaøsld Ndú; flf¾' wka;¾ uydoaùm" wka;¾ foaY iSud iy

iajfoaYsl ¥rl:k" .=jkaúÿ,s" rEmjdyskS yd wka;¾cd, ikaksfõok lghq;=j,g

wu;rj f.da,Sh iuqøSh ikaksfõok lghq;= i|yd o fï pkaøsld moaO;s fhdod

.kq ,efí'

YS%u;a wd;¾ iS' la,dla uy;d

159

jdhqf.da,Sh yd mDÓú iólaIK pkaøsld moaO;s

fï pkaøsld moaO;Skaf.a wruqK jkqfha mDÓúh u; fyda Bg wdikakj mj;sk

jia;+kaf.a yd ixisoaëkaf.a f;dr;=re wNHjldYfha isg wkafõlaIKh Investigation& lsÍu hs' fuys § fï pkaøsld úiska ;u ixfõol ^Sensors& ud¾.fhka .%yKh lr

.kq ,nk mDÓú mrdj¾;s; fyda úfudaÑ; úµq;a pqïnl ;rx." ms<sìUq Îmages& jYfhka .nvd lr .kq ,efí' fuf,i .nvd lr .kq ,nk ms<sìUq" uQ,sl fmr

ieliqulg miqj úúO jQ f;dr;=re Wlyd .ekSfï l%ufõoj,g hg;a flf¾' fufia

jia;=j fyda ixisoAêh fN!;slj iam¾Y fkdlr f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu ¥ria: .%yK

f.dapr ^Remote Sensing& f,i ye¢kafõ' tys wdldr folls'

1' ils%h ¥ria: .%yK f.dapr Âctive Remote Sensing&

fuys § ixfõolh iys; pkaøsldjg iú fldg we;s

úfudaplhlska ksl=;a flfrk úµq;a pqïnl ;rx.

ud¾.fhka §ma;kh Illumination& flfrk jia;=j

u.ska mrdj¾;s; m%;sm%lsrKh ^Backscatter& kej;

ixfõolh úiska .%yKh lr .kq ,efí'

2' wls%h ¥ria: .%yK f.dapr ^Passive Remote Sensing&

fuys § jia;=j §ma;kh lrkq ,nk m%Njh

ixfõolh iú lr we;s pkaøsldfjka

mßndysr fõ' tkï iQ¾hhd fyda fjk;a

m%Njhla fõ' tu.ska m%;s§ma;kh jk

jia;=j u.ska mrdj¾;kh fyda úfudapkh

lrkq ,nk lsrK" ixfõol u.ska .%yKh

lr ms<sìUq f,i .nvd lrkq ,efí'

ils%h ¥ria: .%yK f.dapr

wl%sh ¥ria: .%yK f.dapr

160

jdhqf.da,Sh yd mDÓú iólaIK pkaøsld moaO;sfha fhojqï fndfyda h' lDIs j.djkays

.=Kd;aulNdjh ks¾Kh yd wiajekak wkqudk lsÍu" kshÕ" .xj;=r yd kdhhEï wdÈ

wdmod ;;a;aj y÷kd .ekSu" yuqoduh lghq;=" k.r ie,iqï lghq;=" jk ixrlaIKh

yd l<ukdlrKh" ld,.=K yd foaY.=K ;;a;aj wOHhkh" id.r wdYs%; lghq;=

md,kh yd N+ñfha úúO is;shï ks¾udKh bka lsysmhls'

f.da,Sh hd;%K pkaøsld moaO;s

hd;%Kh ^Navigation& hkq hï ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhla fidhd hEfï

l%ufõohls' ta i|yd wkjr; ia:dk.; lsÍï o ^Continuous Positioning& ksjerÈj

ukskq ,nk m%fõ. yd ld,h o wjYH fõ' hd;%K ls%hdj,sh i|yd pkaøsld Ndú;fha

§" okakd ia:dk ^Known Station& jkqfha llaIj, .uka lrk pkaøsldj, msysàu hs'

fuys § Ndú; jk isoaOdka;h jkqfha ;%hxYkh ^Trilateration&hs' tkï pkaøsldj,

isg msysàu ks¾Kh lsÍug wjYH mDÓú ia:dkhg ÿr uefkk w;r" tu ÿrj,a

m%;sÉfþokfhka Resection& wjYH msysàu wlaIdxY" foaYdxY yd Wkak;dxY jYfhka

.Kkh lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd wju jYfhka ksjerÈ cHdñ;sl msysàfï ia:dk.;

pkaøsld y;rla j;a wod< ia:dkfha we;s m%;s.%dylhg Receiver& o¾Ykh úh hq;= h'

fï ixl,amh uq,ska u y÷kajd fok ,oafoa fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqj úiska jqj o m<uq

hd;%K pkaøsld moaO;sh ia:dms; lrkq ,enqfõ tlai;a ckmoh úisks' j¾;udkfha

f.da,Sh moaO;shla jYfhka ls%hd;aul jk ‘f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;sh’ ^GPS - Global Positioning System& tys l%ñl ÈhqKqjls' th iul ;,h iu. wxYl

55l wdk;shlska hq;=j tlsfklg fjkia jQ ÈYdNsuqL iys; llaI yhl tll y;r

ne.ska wju pkaøs%ld 24lska msysgqjkq ,enQ moaO;shls' tfuka u th ´kE u ld,.=K

;;a;ajhla hgf;a ´kE u fõ,djl § ´kE u N+f.da,Sh msysàul § ukd cHdñ;sl

msysàulska hq;= wju pkaøsld 4la fyda Bg jeä .Kkla o¾Ykh jk ieliquls'

GLONASS hkq GPSg wkqrEm uE;l § ia:dms; reishdkq hd;%K moaO;shhs' oekg

f.da,Sh hd;%K pkaøsld moaO;shg ils%hj odhl ù we;af;a GPS iy GLONASS moaO;s mu‚' hqfrdamfha GALILEO, Ökfha BEIDOU, bkaÈhdfõ NAVIC iy

cmdkfha QZSS bÈßfha § fï f.da,Sh moaO;shg tl;= ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk

l,dmSh ^Regional& hd;%K pkaøsld moaO;s fõ'

161

f.da,Sh hd;%K pkaøsld moaO;sfha fhojqï fndfyda h' llaI.; lrk ,o wfkl=;a

pkaøsld wëlaIKh" uqyqÿ" f.dvìï yd .=jka .uka kshdukh" wka;¾cd, .kqfokq

kshdukh" uekqï yd is;shï ks¾udKh bka lsysmhls'

fï wdldrfhka wNHjldY ;dlaIKh mq¿,a mrdihl me;sÍ ;sfí' óg wu;rj

fi!r.%y uKav,h yd bka Tíng me;sr hkakd jQ .fõIK o wNHjldY ;dlaIKfha

iqúfYaI ls%hdldrlï f,i ie,lsh yels h' fuf,i wNHjldY ;dlaIKh ñksidf.a

Ôú;h yd ne÷Kq jeo.;a lafIa;%hla njg m;a ù we;'

mdßNdIsl jpk

wNHjldYh - mDÓú jdhq f.da,fhka Tíng ^tmsg& msysá l,dmh fyda

m%foaYh

mDÓúh - ñksid Ôj;a jk .%yf,dalh" mia" Lksc wdÈh ;sfnk

N+ñh" iQ¾hhdf.a isg ÿßka ;=kajeks .%yf,dalh

úfudapkh - msg lsÍu" ksl=;a lsÍu

wkafõlaIKh - úu¾Ykh" j. úNd.h" fidaÈish

llaIh - wNHjldYh ;=< wfkl=;a jia;=jla jgd .uka lrk

pkaøhka" .%yf,dal fyda lD;s%u pkaøsld wkq.ukh lrkq

,nk .uka m:h

fi!r.%y uKav,h - iQ¾hhd o we;=¿j iQ¾hhd jgd mßN%uKh jk ish¨ u

.%yf,dal" pkaøhka" OQufla;= ^j,a.d;re& yd .%yl

pkaøsldj - .%yf,dalhla fyda jia;=jla jgd llaI .; ù we;s iajdNdúl

fyda lD;s%u jia;=j

úµq;a pqïnl ;rx. - tlsfklg ,ïnlj foda,kh jk úµq;a fCIa;%j,ska yd

pqïnl fCIa;%j,ska iukaú;" m%pdrKh i|yd udOHhla

wjYH fkdjk ;rx. úfYaIhls'

wjfndaOh

1' wNHjldY .fõIKfha iqúfYaI wjia:d ;=k kï lrkak'

2' ikaksfõok pkaøsld moaO;s ms<sn| wd;¾ iS' la,dlaf.a u;h l=ula o@

3' jdhqf.da,Sh iy mDÓú iólaIK pkaøsld moaO;sj, wruqK l=ula o@

4' hd;%Kh hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak'

5' m%Odk pkaøsld moaO;s ;=fkys fhojqï fjka fjka jYfhka j.=.; lrkak'

162

ì;a;s mqj;am;l jHQyh

• ì;a;s mqj;am; Èkm;d m;%hl uq,a msgqfõ wdlD;sh wkqj ilia lsÍu iqÿiq h'

• by<ska u igyka l< hq;af;a ì;a;s mqj;amf;a ku hs'

• bkslaì;sj th m< lrkq ,nkafka ljqreka úiska o" Èkh wdÈ f;dr;=re i|yka

l< yels h'

ì;a;s mqj;am;a yd iÕrd ,sms ,sùu

mdif,a m%isoaO ia:dkhl fyda mka;s ldurj, ì;a;sfha iú lrk ,o

mqjrejl fyda w,jk ,o lvodishl fm<.iajd we;s .oH yd moH ks¾udK" Ñ;%"

úúO f;dr;=re" WoaOD; wdÈh Tn lshjd we;' tA Tn lshjQ ,sms ì;a;s mqj;am;a

,smshs' tfuka u kqjK" iïNdId" ixialD;sl mqrdKh" kjhq.h" foi;sh" y~ wdÈ

iÕrdj, o úúO úIh iïnkaO Ydia;S%h ,sms fuka u ld,Sk jeo.;alula we;s

f;dr;=re" ks¾udKd;aul ,sms" iïuqL idlÉPd wdÈh we;=<;a fjhs' tjka iÕrd ,sms o

fldf;l=;a Tn lshjd ;sfí' ks¾udKd;aul f,aLk jk ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms yd iÕrd

,sms ms<sn| óg by; fY%a‚j, § Tn W.;a lreKq kej;;a u;lhg k.d .kak'

ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms iÕrd ,sms

² iSñ; ld,mrdihl § muKla

m%o¾Ykh jk ksid flá ld,Sk h

² ì;a;s mqj;amf;a ,sms kej; kej;

w¨;a l< yels h'

² ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms ixCIsma; úh

hq;= h'

² uqøs; m%ldYkhla f,i È.=l,la

mj;S'

² iÕrdjl tla l,dmhl m< jQ ,sms

kej; fjkia l< fkdyels h'

² bvlv iSñ; fkdjk ksid iÕrd

,sms ixCIsma; ùu wksjd¾h fkd fõ'

163

² úúO udOHj, WodyrK( .µ" mµ"

flál;d" Ñ;%" bf.kqï wdOdrl&

tl;=jls'

² ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms lshùug

mdGlhdg we;af;a iSñ; ld,hls'

WodyrK - mdi, wdrïN jk ;=re"

mdi,a úfõl ld,h" mdi,a nia

r:h meñfKk ;=re

² fmdÿ fyda úfYaI wruqKla mdol

fldg.;a uqøs; udOHh muKla

Ndú; jQjls'

² <Õ ;nd .; yels ksid i`.rd ,sms

lshùug ld,h ndOdjla fkd fõ'

;udg bv ,o ´kE u fudfyd;l

lshúh yels h'

by; i|yka j.=fjys oelafjkafka ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms iy iÕrd ,sms w;r we;s

fjkialï h' fjkialï fuka u fïjd w;r iudklï o olakg ,efí'

• ì;a;s mqj;am;g;a iÕrdjg;a ixialdrljrfhla fyda ixialdrl uKav,hla

isà'

• ixialdrl igykla olakg ,efí'

• fï ,sms foj¾.fha u PdhdrEm yd Ñ;% ;sìh yels h'

• iÕrdj fuka u ì;a;s mqj;am; o úúO l,dm yd f;aud hgf;a m< l<

yels h'

l,dmh f;aud

w¨;a wjqreÿ l,dmh

fjila l,dmh

k;a;,a l,dmh

Y%S ,dxlsl rcjre

c, iïm;

<ud Èkh

• fï foj¾.fha u ,smsj,ska hïlsis u;hla" woyila" m‚úvhla bÈßm;a l<

yels h'

ì;a;s mqj;am;l jHQyh Èkm;d m%jD;a;s m;%hl uq,a msgqfõ wdlD;shg wkqj ilia

úh hq;= nj Tn 7 fY%a‚fha § o bf.k f.k we;' wOHdmksl iÕrd lsysmhla imhd

f.k iÕrdjl jHQyh ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tys msgq ilia ù we;s wkqms<sfj< oel

.; yels h'

1' uq,a msgqj 2' ixialdrl uKav,h

3' ixialdrl igyk 4' iÕrdfõ m< flfrk ,sms

ì;a;s mqj;am;lg fyda iÕrdjlg ,smshla ,sùfï § f,aLlhd ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=

lreKq lsysmhls'

164

rplhdf.a NdId ffY,sh

,smsh ,shkakd ksjerÈ yd ksrjq,a f,i NdIdj Ndú; l< hq;= h' ir, nia jyrlska

mdGlhdg meyeÈ,sj wjfndaO lr .; yels mßÈ ,sms ,sùu jeo.;a h'

w¾:j;aNdjh

,smsfhys we;=<;a lrk lreKq" f;dr;=re w¾:j;a yd ksjerÈ úh hq;= h' ld,Sk

jeo.;alula we;s" wre;anr f;dr;=re iEu úg u mdGl wjOdkh Èkd .kS'

ks¾udKd;aulNdjh

fld;rï ksjerÈ NdId ffY,shla wkq.ukh lrñka fl;rï jeo.;a f;dr;=re

bÈßm;a l<;a ,smsh ks¾udKYS,s fkd fõ kï th mdGlhdf.a wdl¾IKhg ,la fkd

fõ' tA ksid wdl¾IŒh ud;Dldjla fhdod rij;a f,i lreKq bÈßm;a l< hq;= h'

fï lreKq flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñka Tn;a ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms yd iÕrd ,sms ,sùu

m%.=K lrkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' mdßNdIsl jpk fhfok fujeks mqj;am;a fyda iÕrd ,smshla fidhd f.k

tys we;s mdßNdIsl jpkj, w¾: YíofldaI mßyrKh lr fidhd ,shkak'

2' Tn leue;s úIh lafIa;%hla hgf;a mdßNdIsl jpk we;=<;a lrñka ilia

l< ,smshla mka;sfha fyda mdi,a ì;a;s mqj;am;g fhduq lrkak'

3' ‘isxy, idys;HOrfhda’ hkak m%Odk f;audj jYfhka f.k mka;sfha ish¨

fokdf.a u ks¾udK we;=<;a jk mßÈ ì;a;s mqj;am;la ks¾udKh lrkak'

4' .=re;=udf.a$;=ñhf.a Wmfoia wkqj fmdÿ f;audjla imhd f.k ish¨ fokdf.a

,sms we;=<;a lrñka mka;s iÕrdjla ilia lrkak'

165

lsishï p¾hdjla" yeisÍula hym;a hehs iudcfha ms<s.ekSula

we;s jQ úg th idrO¾uhla f,i ie,lsh yels h' iudcfha

iduQysl tl`.;dj idrO¾uhl moku hs'

idys;H ks¾udKhl wfmalaIdj jkafka Ôú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOh

mq¿,a lsÍu hs' idys;Hh ujl fuka Wmfoia fohs' idys;Hfha

tk Ôú; újrK" iDcq WmfoaY iajrEmhla fkdj hym; ms<sn|

woyia jYfhka ukd wjfndaOhlska hqla;j ukfia ;yjqre

fõ' Ôú;h yev.iajd .ekSu i|yd w;HjYH WmfoaY ,nd

fokakg u ,shejqKq fmd;m; o idys;Hfhys nyq, h' idys;H

ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka ,nk wjfndaOh Tiafia jvd hym;a

Ôú;hla f.dvk.d .; yels h' fï mdvu idys;Hfha ksrEms;

idrO¾u lsysmhla .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrkakls'

fmd;mf;ka ire oyï 18

166

hï iudchl Ôj;a jk ñksiqkaf.a Ôú; hym;a f,i yev.iajk" tu iudcfha

u jqjukd ;=<ska u we;s jqKq ms<s.ekSï" úYajdi iy isß;a úß;a ‘idrO¾u’ f,i

ye¢kaúh yels h' iudchl m%.ukhg fya;= jkafka tys fjfikakka ;=< mj;sk

hym;a .=Kdx. hs' iudchl Ôj;a jk wmg ta iudcfha meje;aug fya;= jk p¾hd

wkq.ukh lrkakg isÿ fjhs' fï p¾hd yd isß;a úß;a ñksid úiska u we;s lr

.kakd ,o yd mqreÿ mqyqKq lr .kakd ,o .;s mej;=ï h' fïjd wE; w;S;fha

mgka ilia fjñka mej; tkafka h' fndfyda isß;a úß;a yd ;yxÑ mrïmrdfjka

mrïmrdjg iïm%odhla jYfhka ñksiqka Wreu lr .;a yeisÍï h' ´kE u iudchl

ta ta whf.a cd;shg" wd.ug" úfYaIs; jQ p¾hd isß;a úß;a oelsh yels h'

nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lf<a flkl=f.a W;=ï nj /flkafka W;am;a;sfhka fkd j"

ls%hdfjka nj hs' fï woyi u ikd: lrñka ;srej,a¨j¾ kue;s fYa%IaG yskaÿ

Ñka;lhd ;srelal=r,a kue;s udkj O¾u Ydia;% .%ka:h rpkd lf<a h' fmßhmqrdKï

kue;s .%ka:fha we;=<;a pß; l;d u.ska o flfrkafka iudcfha hym;a nj /l

.kakg Wmfoia §u hs' Y=oaO jQ l=rdkfha i|ykaj we;af;a o bia,dï O¾uh u.ska

iudchg hym; i,ik wdldrh hs' ish¨ ukqIHhka foaj orejka jk fyhska ‘Tjqyq

ish,af,da u ifydaorfhda h’ hk woyi ls%ia;= O¾ufhys b.ekafõ' ls;= oyfuys

o iudch hym;a f,i mj;ajd f.k hEug wjYH Wmfoia wka;¾.; ù we;s nj

nhsn,h lsheùfuka wjfndaO lr .; yels h' fun÷ iEu .%ka:hl u mdfya .eí ù

we;af;a hym;a mqoa.,hl= ks¾udKh lrk idrO¾u nj meyeÈ,s h'

mjq, wm iudcfha l=vd u tallh hs' mjqf,a idudðlhka yeisßh hq;= wdldrh wms

f.or § u W.ksuq' bka miq iudchg msúfik wmg ta ta wdh;k hym;a .=KO¾u

W.kajhs' iudcfha hym;a meje;aug;a mqoa.,hdf.a pß; ixj¾Okhg;a mqoa.,hd yd

iudch w;r ksrjq,a wjfndaOh ;yjqre lr,Su;a fï idrO¾u ufydamldß jkafka

h' fïjdg mgyeks ùu mqoa.,hdf.a h:d meje;aug ydks muqKqjhs'

isxy, idys;Hfha WmfoaY .%ka: hkqfjka úfYaIfhka ye¢kafjk fYa%IaG lD;s

lSmhls' f,dajev iÕrdj" f,dafldamldrh" iqNdIs;h" isß;au,aou tn÷ fmd;a h'

cd;l fmd;a jykafia wmg W.kajk hym;a .=KO¾u fuf;leZhs m%udK l<

fkdyels h' fn!oaO idys;Hfha iEu .%ka:hl u wmg W.kajkafka idrO¾u hs'

ioaO¾ur;akdj,sfhys i|yka mQ;s.;a; ;siai f;reka jykafiaf.a l:dfjys §"

we,a,Sug fkdj ne,Sug mjd fkdyels f,i YÍrh l=Kq ù" we,a,Sug fkdj ne,Sug

mjd fkdyels f,i ierj .,ñka ;snQ wjia:dfõ ta f;rekaf.a ;=jd, fidaod msßisÿ

lrkafka o nqÿka jykafia u h'

167

“ta we;dfKda o nqÿka oel <Õg f.diska je|,d leá j wd wksla f;kla

ke;s kshdj oel jev isá remamfha u ;K mhska Wÿrd mshd w;a;la

lvd f.k wjq;a yeu| mshd nqÿka jia jei jevyqka l,ays jia ;=kaui

u l<h fidçka yerf.k f.diska fndk mekq;a f.kjq;a ;nd,;s'”

- ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh

mdßf,hH we;d nqÿka jykafiag Wjgeka l< whqre fuys lshefõ' tlsfkldg

Wojq Wmldr yd Wjgeka lsÍu u.ska mqoa.,hd hym;a whl= flfrk nj fndfyda

idys;H .%ka: u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrhs' pq,a,yxi cd;lfha yxi fiakdêm;shd yxi

rdchdKkag Wmldr lrkafka ;u Ôú;h o mrÿjg ;nñks'

“kqU jykafia urK mdifhka ne÷Kq fial' uu iafkay mdifhka ne£

.sfhñ' tfyhska ñfh;;a tlaj u h' .e,ù h;;a kqU jykafia yd

tlaj fhñZhs' bÈka wer mshd f.dia udf.a Ôj;a ùug jvd kqU jykafia

yd tlaj r|d ñh hdu W;=ï jkafka h'”

kQ;k idys;H ks¾udK u.ska o fï idrO¾uh Ôú;j,g iïnkaO lrkq ±l .;

yels h'

úfÊisxy wu;l o WUg

lïyf,a frdaohg

w; ì£ .sh oji

kdoka fkdfj o kqU

fír .;af;a tÈk

msÉpu,a yoj;ska

f,a foñka

jdÜgqj <Õ b|ka

u,uQ;% f.k hñka

- áhqv¾ wurfiak

fï ks¾udKfhka lshfjk Wmia:dkh cd;s" wd.ï fNaohlska f;drj flfrkakls'

kQ;k lúhd iu.sh" iduh we;s lrkakg lúh fhdod .;a wmQre wjia:djls fï'

Wjgeka lsÍfï § is;ays u;= lr .; hq;= W;=ï oyu fuh hs' ‘msÉpu,a yoj;ska

168

f,a foñka’ kdoka úfÊisxy fírd .kshs' fuhska iudchg fok m‚úvh fYa%IaG h'

fï idrO¾uh biau;= flfrk ks¾udK kQ;k idys;Hfhys o fndfyda fihska wmg

yuqfjhs' tfia u fun÷ Wjgeka ;u foujqmshkag l< hq;= nj idys;Hfha fndfyda

ks¾udKj, oelsh yels h'

‘ud;d ms;+ WmÜGdkx’ hkqfjka uyd ux., iQ;%fha i|yka fjhs' we;l= f,i bm§

;u w| ujqmshka /ls mq;l= .ek ud;=fmdail cd;l l;dfõ i|yka fjhs' fuf,i

wm idys;Hfha fï W;=ï .=Koyu .ek j¾Kkd ù we;'

wïudf.a yd ;d;a;df.a .=K lshefjk idys;H ks¾udK ri ú¢k úg ;u is;ays

WmÈk wdorŒh yeÕSu ksid u mqoa.,hd ;=< foujqmshka .ek f.!rjh yd wdorh

we;s fjhs'

ujqmshkg wdorh lrk orejka iudchg wjevla lrkafka ke;' idys;Hh ta i|yd

Tjqkag Wmfoia fohs'

mq, fy< l=iqu ,sh msh f;m, rka flç'''

n, iqn ksñ;s fmr u. kel;g;a jeä

ie,<sys‚ ixfoaYh

fmr u. iqn ksñ;s .ek mjik rdyq, ysñ" ms%h jpk l;d lrkaksh iqn ksñ;a;la

nj lshhs' ms%h jpk l;d lrkakg uq¿ iudch u W;aidy .kafka kï ffjrh"

fl%daOh" B¾IHdj jeks ñksid úkdY lrk yeÕSï my< fkdjkq we;s' kkaÈúid,

cd;lh ms%h jpk l;d lsÍfï jeo.;alu .ek wmg uyÕ= wdo¾Yhla imhhs' tys

lshfjk n%dyauKhd ;r.fhka mrdch ùu isÿ jkafka nr Wiq,k jDINhd fmr

mßÈ .e,a we§u fkdl< neúks' th tfia jQfha “wÿj l=<" Wiq,j l=<” hkqfjka

iermreI f,i wK §u ksid h' mrdchg m;a ù fYdalfhka miq jqKq n%dyauKhdg

jDINhd mjikafka fufia h'

“n%dyauKh" fumuK l,la f;dmf.a f.hs jikakd jQ ud úiska lsis Ndckhla

ì|mSula fyda lsisjla uev ñßlSula fyda kqiqÿiq ;efklays u,uQ;% neySula

fyda l< úÍ oE o@ tfia l,ays ug ljr fodaIhlska l=¿jdofhka lSfhys o@”

ier mreI jpkfhka l;d lsÍu ksid isÿ jQ mdvqj .ek yd th fld;rï whym;

idokafka o hkak meyeÈ,s l< nqÿka jykafia “wkHhka yd l:d lrkafka p;=¾fodaI

169

úrys; jQ ñysß jQ ugis¨gq jQ fudf<dla jQ ms%h jpkfhka u ì‚h hq;af;a h' lsis

lf,lays;a wufkda{ jpkh fkd ì‚h hq;af;a h"” hkqfjka YslaIdmo mekjQ fial'

idys;H ks¾udK u.ska" hym;a jpkh mqoa.,hdf.a hym; i,ik idrO¾uhla nj

meyeÈ,s flfrhs' iudcfha Ôj;a jk úg wfkHdakH ine¢hdj i|yd o ms%h jpk

n,mdk nj weia' uyskao ysñhkaf.a my; mµfhka o m%lg fjhs'

lvq oyfhlska jk ßÿug jvd r¿

tl f;m,lska jk ßÿug fjhs lel=¿

ukq f,dj ÿlska .,jkq ßis kï hy¿

msh joklska ikykq i;a j. ish¨

fï iudcfha fndfyda jHik yd wmrdOj,g fya;= jkafka jpk Ndú; lsÍfï

§ ta ms<sn|j fojrla fkdis;Su hs' fï ÿ¾.=Kh u. yrjd f.k hy.=Kh jvjd

f.k wkHhkag i;=g" iykh ,nd §ug idys;H ks¾udK u.ska ,efnk msájy,

fldf;la oehs jegfykq we;'

fohla fõ kï hï

iqÿiaidg u whs;s úh hq;=

u lshkd f,i fuf,o

,eìh hq;= whuhs ,eìh hq;=

- n¾fgda,aÜ fn%IaÜf.a

The Cocacian chalk circle kdgHfha isxy,dkqjdofhks'

iudcfha fndfyda .eg¨ u;= jkafka iqÿiaidg iqÿiq ;ek fkd ,efnk ksid h'

fuhska mqoa.,hd o iudch o msßfyhs' úkdYldÍ ;;a;ajhka u;= fjhs' fykaß

chfiakhka ksIamdokh l< yqKqjgfha l;dj kï fõÈld kdgHh wmg fï nj

mila lrhs'

fuh iudcfha fjfik ish¨ fokd u ms<s.; hq;=" ms<smeÈh hq;= oyuls' tu.ska

fndfyda .eg¨ úi|d .; yels h' j¾;udkfha fndfyda wdh;k mßydksh lrd

hkafka kqiqÿiaikag ;k;=re ,nd §fuks' wfma u idys;Hh wmg Wmfoia fokafka

tn÷ wufkda{ ls%hd fkd lrk f,i hs' iqÿiaid iqÿiq f,i lghq;= lroa§ ish,a,

hym;a jkq we;'

170

fidnd oyu wmg fndfyda foa ,nd fohs' ta;a wm fidnd oyug ,nd fokafka

fudkjd o@ iq<Õ" jeiai" wõj" ;=re,;d" fijK" je,s;,d" l=re¨ .S;" ìf|k rf<ys

isis,i" .x.d Èhwe,sj, iqkaor;ajh hkdÈ ish,a, wmg ,nd fok fï f,dalhg wm

,nd fokafka fudkjd o@

biair ldf,a br y| fijfKA

.y fld< keuª ñksiqkafka

Tn oek isáhd jkka;f¾ j.

talhs l< .=K fufkys lf<a '''

- úkS;d î' wfíúl%u

w;S;fha f.dúhd l=Uqre ,sheoaola b;sß lf<a o l=re,a,kag h' th ‘l=re¨ md¿j’ kñka ye¢kaú‚' wo th o iudcfhka l%ufhka bj;a jk ,l=Kq fmfka' fmdä

u,a,sfha kï mµ ks¾udKh" fï idrO¾u iudch ;=< fmdaIKh lrjkakg .;a

W;aidyhla f,i o ye¢kaúh yels hs'

fï fiaru ;E.s ,enqfK f,dúka - kqUg

fudkjo u,a,sfh fokafka kqfUka f,djg

tl mdrg

gfla .ikafkmd uf,a

l=re,a,xg

bvla Èhx

tl lr,la weox hkag

- mrdl%u fldä;=jlal=

wd.ka;=lhl=g lrk i;aldrh o iudcfha jeo.;a idrO¾uhls'

fmr oel fkdue;s uq;a iqkaorydñ úiska

uf. f;dr;=re weiQ ieá ys;j;l= f,iska

f.ähla lvdf.k f.ñÿ, ;eô,s .iska

ms<s.ekaù h ug fidïki msreKq weiska

- úu,r;ak l=udr.u

171

isxy, idys;Hfha muKla fkdj N.joa .S;dj" WmfoaY Y;lh" kS;s Y;lh"

ysf;damfoaYh" m[ap;ka;%h m%;Hh Y;lh jeks ixialD; .%ka: u.ska o idrO¾u

j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd imhk WmfoaY fndfyda h' kQ;k iudcfhys mj;sk

wmrdO" widOdrK yd jHik i|yd m%Odk jYfhka n,mdkafka idrO¾u msßySu hs'

Bg ms<shula f,i fmd; m; weiqfrka idrO¾u jgyd f.k" tajd wm ;=< j¾Okh

lr f.k wkHhka ;=<;a idrO¾u we;s lsÍug wem lem fjuq'

msÿre;,d., fia Wia m%d¾:kd

iufkd< ., tluq;=lu

ñyska;,dfõ keK .=K

iS.sßfha hisiqre

uyfmdf<dj fia mer‚ Èjhskl

uyje,sh fia mer‚ f,a kyr

O¾fï"

ldisï"

rdciqkaorï

jfr,a,

wms Tlafldu tl;= fj,d

fï f,dalh

hym;a ;ekla lruq óg jeäh '''

- uy.u fialr

wjfndaOh

1' idrO¾u hkq fudkjd oeZhs fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2' isxy, idys;Hfhys tk WmfoaY ldjH ;=kla kï lrkak'

3' fï mdvfï úia;r flfrk idrO¾u myla fláfhka y÷kajkak'

4' úúO wd.ï woykakka ;=< idrO¾u j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk O¾u

.%ka: ;=kla kï lrkak'

5' j¾;udk iudch ;=< idrO¾u we;s lsÍu i|yd ks¾udK ìys l< f,aLlhka

;sfokl= kï lrkak'

172

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï mylg fn§" my; i|yka mejreïj, ksr; jkak'

iqNdIs;fhka f;dard .;a lú oyhl we;=<;a WmfoaY úia;r

lrkak'

»»

lKavdhu

f,dafldamldrh kï .%ka:fha oelafjk WmfoaY oyhla i|yd

WodyrK olajkak'

lKavdhug we;=<;a iEu flkl=u f,dajev iÕrdfjys we;=<;a

mµhla ne.ska f;dard f.k thska lshefjk WmfoaY u.ska

idrO¾u fmdaIKh jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

»

lKavdhuidrO¾u ms<sn|j lshefjk lú oyhla isß;au,aou .%ka:fhka

Wmqgd olajkak'

»»»

lKavdhu

¹

lKavdhu

¸¹

lKavdhu

WmfoaYhla we;=<;a .S; bÈßm;a lr" tu.ska idrO¾u j¾Okh

lr .; yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

173

ksmd; mo

wm W.;a kdu mo yd l%shd mo úúO wdldrfhka jr keÕsh yels h' jpk fNaofhys

yd ,sx. fNaofhys kdu mo jr kef.a' l%shd mo mqreI fNaofhys yd ld, fNaofhys

jr kef.a' tfy;a tf,i fjkia l< fkdyels mo úfYaIhla isxy,fhys we;' tAjd

‘wjHh mo’ f,i ye¢kafjhs' wjHh mo ksmd; yd Wmi¾. f,i j¾. folls' mohl

uq,ska fh§ tu mofha w¾:hg úreoaOd¾:hla fok" w¾:h ;Sj% lrk mo úfYaIh

Wmi¾. kï fõ' ksmd; moj,ska flfrkafka jdlHhl w¾:h meyeÈ,s jk fia tys

mo iïnkaO lsÍfï ld¾hh hs' my; i|yka jelsh lshjkak'

wïud orejd .ug hhs'

fuys w¾:h meyeÈ,s ke;' w¾:h meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd fï jdlHh fjkia lrkakg

ksmd; mo fhÈh hq;= hs'

wïud iu. orejd .ug hhs'

wïud o orejd o .ug h;s'

wïud;a orejd;a .ug h;s'

wïud fkdfyd;a orejd .ug hhs'

wïud tk ;=re orejd .ug hhs'

wïud fjkqfjka orejd .ug hhs'

wïud ksid orejd .ug hhs'

fï wdÈ jYfhka ksmd; mo fhdod" mo iïnkaO lr w¾:h meyeÈ,s jdlHhla

ks¾udKh l< yels h' ksmd; mo fjka fldg ,súh hq;= jqj;a úfgl iuyr ksmd;

mo wfkla mohla iuÕ tlaj o Ndú; fõ' ksmd; mo úúO w¾:j, fhfohs'

174

my; i|yka j.=j fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .ksuq'

w¾:h wod< ksmd;

ld,d¾:h

^ld,h yeÕùu&

iuqÉphd¾:h

^mo iïnkaO lsÍu&

Ndjd¾:h

^yeÕSï ±kùu&

wduka;%Kd¾:h

^weu;Su&

m%udKd¾:h

^m%udKh ±laùu&

úl,amd¾:h

^hula fjkqjg hk woyi §u&

ms‚i w¾:h

^hula fjkqfjka hk w¾:h&

iSud¾:h

îSudj ±laùu&

YS>%d¾:h

úkd¾:h

úNla;Hd¾:h

Wmud¾:h

fya;= w¾:h

m%Yakd¾:h

wo" fyg" Bfha" h<s ksr;=re" blaì;s"

ksf;dr" ±ka" ks;s" mqk" meiq¿

o" ;a" iy" yd" iu." legqj" hs

wfka" wfmdhs" whafhda" wyd" Tfyda" wdhs"

W!hs" Ñ#" W#

tïnd" tïn," fld," tAhs" fnd,

ú;r" ;rï" id" ;dla" ;=jla" ne.ska

fyda" fkdfyd;a" fyj;a

Wfoid" i|yd" ms‚i" ksid" jia" wrnhd"

fjkqfjka

isg" mgka" f;la" olajd" ;=re

fio" jyd" ie‚ka" yksl

úkd" yer" ñi" ñila" uq;a

úiska" f.ka" flfrka" yg" flfrys" ;=<"

u;" Wv

fuka" fia" jeks" jf.a" whqre" f,i" n÷"

tõ

ksid" neúka" fyhska" wrnhd

wehs" lsu" o" ukao"

175

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka ksmd; mo ljr w¾:hla m%ldY lrkafka ±Zhs bÈßfhka ,shd

olajkak'

i|yd - wo -

mqk mqkd - whsfhda -

iy - fuka -

fkdfyd;a - olajd -

úiska - ksid -

2' my; i|yka jdlHj, ysia;eka msrùu i|yd iqÿiq ksmd; fhdokak'

¸' foúhka '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' mqo mQcd meje;aùu úm;g m;a jQ fndfyda

fokdf.a ld¾hhls'

¸¸' YS>%.dó ÿïßh urodk ÿïßh ia:dkfha '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wkqrdOmqr

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .uka lrhs'

¸¸¸' rEmY%Sh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wE fojÕkl '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' nn<hs'

¸¹' mßir Èkh ieuÍu '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' úÿy,am;s;=ud ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

isiqyq '''''''''''''''''''''''' lghq;= iQodkï lr;s'

¹' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ÿIagh" ;d fï u. /l isáñka ;e;a lrkafka ud

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' udf.a fiakdj wdl%uKh lrkakg o@

3' my; i|yka moH mdGj, fh§ we;s ksmd; Wmqgd olajkak'

¸' “<ufhla tA wid - yeé n<,l= ú,id” ¸¸' “lsï o uE‚hks Tn fï - mjik jokd” ¸¸¸' “<sm .sks fudf<djk f;la Èh ie<sfha

iemhla hehs ll=¿j Èh fl<sfha” ¸¹' “ks;s ksß÷f. /ljf,ys kshq;af;da

re;s f,i remqfkdo ì| ch .;af;da” ¹' “iqrka iy iyieia - fkdlr isáfha wyia l=ia ysia”

176

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' úúOd¾:j;a ksmd; mo úúO yev;, iys; m;s%ldj, ,shd" mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh

lrkak'

2' ksmd; mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'

3' fm<fmdf;ys Tn leue;s mdvul fh§ we;s ksmd; mo f;dard ,shkak'

4' my; i|yka ksmd; úúO yeÕSï we;s jk wdldrhg WÉpdrKh lrkak'

¸' wfka - ¸¸' whsfhda -

¸¸¸' tmd - ¸¹' wehs -

¹' b;ska -

ksjerÈj jpk fjka lruq

woyia m%ldY lsÍfï § th Y%djlhdg wjfndaO lrùfï Wmdh ud¾. f,i" wjYH

;ekaj, § y~ Wia my;a lsÍu yd tA tA wod< jpkj,g miqj úrduhla ;eîu Ndú;

flfrhs' tfy;a f,aLkfha § mdGhl woyi meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd Wml%u folla

Ndú; flf¾' ta úrdu ,laIK fh§u yd ksjerÈj jpk fjka lsÍu hs' isxy,fha

m%Odk jYfhka mo j¾. ;=kls' kdu mo" l%shd mo yd wjHh mo hkqfjka tu mo

j¾. ye¢kafõ' kdu mo yd l%shd mo fjka fldg ,shd olajk w;r wjHh mo .Khg

wh;a Wmi¾. fjka fldg ,shd olajkafka ke;' ksmd; mo fjka fldg ,súh hq;=

jqj;a iuyr ksmd; fjka fldg ,shkafka ke;'

mo fnod ,sùu yd iïnkaO Í;s yd iïu; rdYshla fjhs' tA w;=ßka Í;s yd iïu;

lSmhla wms W.ksuq'

177

iïnkaOjdÖ ‘;a’ ksmd;h fmr moh yd tla fldg ,sùu

WodyrK(- Tyq;a uu;a ;r.hg iyNd.s fjuq'

wïud;a whshd;a mdi,g hEug msg;a jQy'

úê l%shd moj, fhfok ‘j’ ‘jq’ m%;Hh tla fldg ,sùu

WodyrK (- lrj" lrjq" n,j" n,jq'

Tng mejrE ld¾hh fyd¢ka bgq lrjq'

fin¿ks" hqoaOh i|yd msg;a ù hEug ierfijq'

ksr;=rej l=i,a /ia lrjq'

Tjqka m,d .sfha oeZhs úuijq'

m%d¾:kd¾: ‘jd’ m%;Hh tla fldg ,sùu

WodyrK(- uu ksÿla fjïjdæ

kqU,dg Ys,am iEfoajdæ

orefjda hyu. h;ajdæ

kqU kS;s.rel fjysjdæ

m%fhdacH l%shd w¾:fha ‘j" ù" jQ" jk’ m%;Hh tla fldg ,sùu

WodyrK(- ;d;a;d fmof¾rejka ,jd f.dvke.s,a, ;kjhs'

ixúOdhlhd" ksfõolhd ,jd W;aijh wdrïN lrù h'

rcjreka lrjQ jeõ wmg iïm;ls'

w,ihka ,jd lrjk l=Uqrej,ska kshñ; wiajekak fkd ,efí'

by;ska oelajQfha mo fn§u iïnkaOfhka iïu; jQ Í;s lSmhls' f,aLkfha § fï Í;s

y÷kd f.k tAjd wkq.ukh lrñka ksjerÈ f,aLk jHjydrhl fhfokak'

178

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka mdG ksjerÈj mo fnod ,shkak'

¸' kjh fY%a‚fha mka;sNdr .=re;=ñh isiqka ,jd iQodkï lr jQ pdßldjg

.=rejre ;a úÿy,am;s;=ud ;a i;=áka iyNd.s jQy'

¸¸' ixúOdhl uKav,h úiska le| jk ,o foaYlhd ish¨ fokdg u iqn

ojila fõ jdæ hs m;ñka foaYkh wdrïN lf<a h'

¸¸¸' f;¨ ;a u¨ ;a /f.k mkai,g hk ieoeyej;=ka foajd,hg o f.dia

fjk;a wh ,jd hd;sld lr jk whqre wms n,d isáfhuq'

¸¹' n, j wkqrdmqr yd fmdf,dkakre jeõ ihqrej, wmQrejæ

¹' kEr f,d,h jv jk ÿgq okka yg

lEr.,h jecfUhs fï f,iska isg

2' my; i|yka mdGj, jpk ksjerÈj fjka lr kej; ,shkak'

¸' mdi,ksuùksfjighkúg jeiailaweoye¿Kqksid u,a,S;auu;a

wvlaksulrjQksfjilg f.dvjeÿfKuq'

¸¸' rdcmqreIhsksjyd l=urekale|jjq'

¸¸¸' Tnghym;laufõjdæ

¹' lrjmshdirilsfldka;.xf;dáka

¹' ñksiqka,jdfmd,alvjkwïud foiu,a,S;awhshd;an,disá;s'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' fm<fmdf;ys mdvï fyd¢ka lshjd" tAjdfhys jpk fjka lr we;s wdldrh

y÷kd .kak'

2' ksjerÈj jpk fjka fkdlsÍu ksid woyi fjkia jk wjia:dj,g WodyrK

imhkak'

WodyrK - Tyq n,shd .;a my ;rg fnr jdo kh;a W.;a f;a h'

179

idys;H lD;shla hkq NdIdj mokï fldg .;a ks¾udKhls'

tn÷ lD;shla lshjd tys w.h ye¢k .ekSug;a tys we;=<;a jk

ri ú| .ekSug yd thska ú| .; yels ri fufia hehs wkqkag

fya;= iys;j fmkajd §ug;a we;s yelshdj idys;H úpdrh

hs' fyd| idys;H lD;shla y÷kd .; fkdyels ;eke;a;dg

;uka lshjk yeu fohla u ‘fyd|’ úh yels h' tneúka ri

- fkdri y÷kkakl= - tkï úpdrlhl= - bÈßm;a ù ‘fyd|’ idys;H lD;shla y÷kd .ekSug u. fmkaúh hq;= h'

tn÷ u. fmkaùulska Wiia idys;H ks¾udK mßYS,khg

wdOqkslhka fhduq l< yels h'

ri ú¢kd oekqu ukd 19

180

‘ldjHh’ hkak mer‚ jHjydrfhys yuq jkafka ‘idys;H ks¾udKh’ hk wre;sks'

“ldjHh hkq rij;a lshukls” hkq ldjHh iïnkaOfhka olakg ,efnk tla

ye¢kaùuls' ldjHh hkak .µ" mµ yd oDYH jYfhka m%fNao ;=klg fnod oelafõ'

‘mµ’ hkq ;d,hlg lshúh yels fia jpk ixúOdkh fldg ,shkq ,enQjls' fï

;d,h ‘úß;’ hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ' idudkH jHjydrfha ‘lú’ hkqfjka ye¢kafjk

isjqmo rpkd fuka u .S" isf,da" ksoyia mµ wdÈ rgdj,ska ne÷Kq rpkd o ‘mµ’ .Kfhys jefÜ' ;d,hlska hqla; ùu ksid u;l ;nd .ekSfï myiqj fya;=fjka uq,a

wjêfha fndfyda úIh ,shjqfKa mµ iajrEmfhks'

‘.µ’ hkq Wla; - l¾u - wdLHd; hk wkqms<sfj<ska jpk fm< .eiajQ jdlH hs'

idudkHfhka nK oyï yd úúO úIhhka ,shfjkafka .µfhks' tys mµfhys

olakg ,efnk ‘úß;a’ jeks ;d, yuqjkafka l,d;=rlsks'

n,d ri ú¢k kdgHh ‘oDYH ldjHhls’'

fï ish,a, idys;Hdx. fjhs' ri iys; NdId;aul ks¾udK" ‘idys;H ks¾udK’ f,i

ye¢kafjhs'

Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh flfrkafka f¾Ld iy j¾K Ndú;fhys' ta wkqj f¾Ld yd j¾K

hkq Ñ;%fha udOHh fjhs' ix.S;fha udOHh ‘kdo’ hs' kdgHh ks¾udKh jkafka

i;r wNskh fyj;a fonia" rÕmEï" jia;% yd ;sr fuka u uqyqfKa bßhjq o udOHh

fldg f.k hs' idys;Hh ìys jkafka NdIdj udOHh fldg .ksñks'

“f,dalh woaoelSï yd idysf;HdaÑ; wuqøjHj,ska msÍ ;sfí' tfia jqj;a

fïjdhska muKla ks¾udKhla my< jkafka fkd fõ' woaoelSï" is;sú,s"

yeÕSï yd woyia rdYshla we;s ;eke;a;d fudag¾ r: fldgia .nvdjla

jekak' r:hlg wjYH yeu fldgila u Tyq <Õ we;;a tajd tfia

;sfnk ;dla l,a bÈßhg ÿjkafka ke;' bÈßhg ÿjk fudag¾ r:hla

ks¾udKh l< yelafla Bg wjYH oekqu yd mßph we;a;l= ta ta fldgia

WÑ; ;ekays tla /ia fldg iú lsÍfuka muKls'”

fla ch;s,l - idys;H ks¾udKfha uq,afmd;

ud¾áka úl%uisxy olajd we;af;a" udkj Ôú;fha iq,n woaoelSï w;=ßka fnd,a foa

oyhshd fuka fmd<d oud jeo.;a u foa f;dard f.k Wiia ks¾udKhla ìys lsÍug

fya;= jkafka ks¾udKlrejd i;= oekqu" jegfyk kqjK yd úpdr nqoaêh nj hs' tn÷

ks¾udKhla úpdrh lsÍug o tu lreKq ;=k jeo.;a jk nj úl%uisxy ;jÿrg;a

úia;r lr we;'

181

“ldjHhla lshjd tys w.h m%udK lsÍug" tys ri ú| .ekSug" ú|.;

yels ri fufia hhs wkqkag ifya;=lj meyeÈ,s lsÍug YlH;dj

we;af;a" fndfyda weiQ msrE ;eka we;s" úpdr l,dj m%.=K l< rislhl=g

muK h'”

“ldjHfha mrud¾:h ri fmdaIKh kï" thska .uHudk ri ljf¾

oeZhs y÷kd .ekSu úpdrlhdg Ndr fjhs' blaì;s ri fmdaIKh i|yd

lúhd úiska fhdod .kq ,nk Wml%u ljf¾ oeZhs fiúh hq;= fjhs' fï

úúfOdaml%u ud¾.fhka mdGlhd ;=< we;s flfrk úkaokh fyj;a

pu;aldrh ljr kï w.hlska hqla; o hkq úuiSu;a úpdrlhdg Ndr

lghq;a;ls'”

“lúhd bÈßm;a lrk woyi l=ula o" ta fldf;la ÿrg wmQ¾j ks¾udKhla

fia .s‚h yels o" ta ks¾udKfhys lsishï w.hla - jákdlula mj;S o

hkq wm úiska úuid .; hq;= jeo.;a m%Yak fjhs'”

ta' ù' iqrùr - idys;H úpdr ixys;d

fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka idys;H úpdrfha §" lúhd ;u ks¾udKh i|yd ork W;aidyh

ms<sn|j úpdrlhd o ukdj wjfndaO lr .; hq;= nj hs' idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú|"

ta ú|.;a rih .ek lshkakg ks¾udKhg mdol jQ woaoelSu yd tys wmQre nj y÷kd

.ekSu jeo.;a h' f,aLlhd ;u woaoelSu m%;sks¾udKh lrkafka idys;H ks¾udK

u.sks' fï i|yd fhdod .kafka mµh kï tys wdlD;sh fyj;a yevh - tkï" i|eia"

ksi|eia" fomo" isjqmo" .S wdÈ jYfhka woaaoelSï bÈßm;a lrkakg fhdod .kakd

ndysr fmkqu - wka;¾.;hg yd wruqKg .e<fmk f,i fhdod .kakg fYa%IaG

lúhd j. n,d .kS' ;u woaoelSï ‘.µfhka’ bÈßm;a lrkafka kï tys l:k l%uh

fyj;a l;dj bÈßm;a lrkafka ljqreka ,jd o hkak yd wjia:d ksrEmKh" pß;

ksrEmKh" fhdod .kakd NdIdj wdÈh .ek ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' ‘kdgHh’ u.ska

woaoelSu bÈßm;a lrkakd i;r wNskh ukdj ixúOdkh l< hq;= h' tkï" jdÑl"

wdx.sl" wdyd¾h yd id;aúl hk y;r hs' .µ" mµ fyda oDYH ldjH úpdrfha §

fulS lreKq ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fjñka ;ud ú¢ rih .ek woyia m< l< hq;= fjhs'

• ‘oEfia ks,a meyeh’ yd ‘ÈÜy odk’ hkq fm<fmdf;ys we;=<;a idys;H ks¾udK

folls' ta ks¾udK ri ú¢kakg W;aidy lruq'

182

ohdfiak .=Kisxyf.a ks¾udKhla jk ‘oEfia ks,a meyeh’ kue;s ks¾udKh Tn

úiska óg fmr ri ú¢k ,oaols' È<s÷ mjq,l Ôjk wfmalaId jia;= úIh lr .;a th

rpkd lr we;af;a ksi|eia ldjH wdlD;sfhks'

fï ks¾udKfha l:lhd jkafka tu mjqf,a ìßh hs' l;=jrhd ish ks¾udKh i|yd

Ndú; lrk NdIdj lgjyr o uqiq jQ f,aLk jHjydrhls' tys § wod< ldka;djf.a

is;=ú,s wef.a yçka u fkd j" lúhdf.a y~ o uqiq ù wmg wefihs' ‘n;a folgla’" ‘wgq fldgq mqrjd’ jeks lg jyf¾ fhÿï iq¿ jYfhka Ndú; lrk lúhd nyq,j

Ndú; lr we;af;a f,aLk jHjydrh hs' my; WoaOD; Bg ksoiqka l< yels h'


iskd y~g lka §f.k'''

kej;;a tk nj fkd lshd

ysre wjßka keõ keÕs miq

;ksj y~k f,dj;a iu.

/hg uqyqK ,d b|f.k'''

ks,a b÷jr ksf,a wreu

wE; ÈhU ksf,a jreK

fhdjqka úfha ks,a oEig

Wjï ke;ehs lS ysñhks'''

Tyq fuys § f,aLk jHjydrfha fhfok ‘ysre wjr’" ‘ks,a b÷jr’" ‘fhdjqka úfha’" ‘Wjï’" wdÈ fhÿï Ndú; lrk w;r u ‘oEfia ks,a meyeh oeù fifuka ;=rka úh"

‘oEfia ks,a meyeh fifuka w÷rg Èh úh’ ‘oEfia ks,a meye fia§ .,d ksud úh’ wdÈ f,aLk jHjydrfha jdlH rgd o nyq,j Ndú; lr we;' ‘bfok nf;a iskd y~"

Èú .Kkla" yo ñßld y< l÷<’ wdÈ rEmdld¾:j;a fhÿï nyq, ldjHuh NdIdjla

lúhd fuys § fhdod f.k ;sfí' fuys lshefjk ldka;djf.a ieñhd ish mjqf,a

wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr .ekSu i|yd Y%uh lem lrkafkls' ldka;dj Tyq fjkqfjka

wdydr msisñka .Dyfha úúO lghq;=j,ska fjfyig m;aj isákakS h' msU fud<jk

<sm" n;a folg;a Wmhkakg oji uq¿,af,a fjfyfik ieñhd" ksÈ meÿf¾ iqiqï

fl¢ß,s y~" Tjqkaf.a È<s÷ nj" Ôú;fha ÿIalr;d ukdj ixfla;j;a lrhs' ks,a

uyfk,a u,l ldka;sh" wE; Èhfò j¾Kh merojQ ldka;djf.a oEfia ks,a meyeh

Ôú;fha lgql nj ;=< Èh ù f.disks' tfy;a weh wiqnjdÈ fkdfõ' lgql Èúh

183

kue;s f.dfydrefõ weh kejqï ks,a uyfk,a u,la olskakS h' ta Tjqkaf.a ÿj hs'

ta weiqfrka Ôú;hg kejqï n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla f.dv k.d .ekSug weh iu;a fjhs'

weh ta n,dfmdfrd;a;=j ish iajdñhd ;=< o o,ajhs' ta Tyqg w;S;fha iqkaor;ajh

ms<sn| ishqï iaurKhla o ,nd foñks' Tyq fhdjqka úfha wehg lS joka isysm;a lrk

w;r u ta w;S;h .ek is;ñka lk.dgq ùu w;yer ÿjf.a wkd.;h ms<sn| l,amkd

l< hq;= nj ieñhdg isysm;a lrùug weh W;aiql fjhs'

È<s÷ núka mSvd ú¢k kuq;a fï mjqf,a wfkHdakH in|;d" wfkHdakH .re;ajh

Yla;su;aj ksrEmKh lsÍug lúhd fhdod .kakd we;eï ldfjHdala;s fya;= ù we;'


iskd y~g lka § f.k'''

msU fud<jk úg <sm .sks

foõ fndcqkl ri uefjkak

ksÈ meÿf¾ je;sfrk Tn

k.k iqiqï fl¢ß,s y~

yo ñßld y< l÷<g

oEfia ks,a meye fia§'''

ieñhdg wdydr ms<sfh, lrk ldka;djg n; bfokd Yíoh iskd y~ls' ta n; wE

msiskafka foõ fndcqkl ri ujk wáfhks' wef.a ;dreKHh Èh lr yßk uq¿;eka

f.h ;=< mjd wE i;=áka ieñhdg wdydr ms<sfh, lrhs' ojfia fufyjßka úvdjg

m;a jk ieñhdf.a fl¢ß,s y~ ìßhf.a oEig l÷¿ kxjhs' weh ;=< Tyq ms<sn| jk

.eUqre fifkyi fuys ,d biau;= flfrhs'

• Tn lshjQ ‘ÈÜy odk’ flál;dj fÊ' iS' mS' tia' isßj¾Ok uy;d úiska rpkd

lrk ,oaols' thg jia;= úIhh ù we;af;a iajlSh rdcldßh foajldßhla fia bgq

lrk uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhl=f.a woa±lSuls' fï l;djg miqìï ù we;af;a

k.rfhka ÿr neyerl msysá .ïno mdi,ls'

uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhl=" úÿy,am;sjrhl= yd .=rejrhl= fuys uQ,sl pß; jk

w;r" .=rejre iy YsIHfhda wjfYaI pß; fj;s' fuys l;d f;audj úldYkh jkafka

uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdf.a pß;h jgd h' tys § wjia:d" isoaê ukd f,i

ksrEmKh lrñka l;dj f.dv k.d we;s wdldrh l;=jrhdf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh

ms<sìUq lrhs'

184

l;dfõ m<uq fþoh m%Odk pß;fha jD;a;Sh jgmsgdj yd Tyq uqyqK § isák ;;a;ajh

ixlaIsma;j ú.%y lrkakls' tfy;a tys § Tyq uqyqK md isák ndOlh y÷kd .ekSug

l;dj bÈßhg lshjd f.k hEug mdGlhdg wjYH fjhs' mdGlhd fï ndOlh

uekúka y÷kd .kafka ;j;a fþo lsysmhla bÈßhg lshùfuka wk;=rej h' tfy;a

ta jk úg iydh §u m%;slafIam lrk úÿy,am;sjrhd ms<sn|j mdGlhd wukdmhla

we;s lr fkd.kafka Bg mdol jk fya;= y÷kd f.k isák neúks' Tyq o ;ud fj;

mejÍ we;s rdcldßh ms<sn| j.lSfuka ueé lghq;= lrkafkls'

“.=reNj;=ka isma i;r W.kajk y~ mka;s ldurj,ska ksr;=rej wefia'

Wod ysre /ia m;s; mdi,a mßirh msßisÿ h¦ mshlre h' ñÿ, fl<jr

ms<sfj<lg jjk ,o ngq" ñßia" nKavlald iy uE wdÈ t<j¿ j.dj"

ÿgqjka fk;a is;a ikik ruŒh oiqkls' wirK .eñ orejka hym;a

wkd.; mqrjeishka lsÍfuys jer ork .=re ujqmshka flf¾ isßfidauf.a

is; lsis lygla fkd bmfohs'”

fï WoaOD;h úÿy,am;sjrhd ish rdcldßh uekúka bgq lr we;s njg olajk

idlaIshla jeks h' l;=jrhd bÈßm;a ù Tyq ‘fyd| úÿy,am;sjrfhls’ hs hkqfjka

ish u;h bÈßm;a lsÍfuka je<lS" l;dfõ tk isoaê" wjia:d fuka u fun÷ mßir

j¾Kkd iy fiiq pß;j, is;=ú,s weiqfrka úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a pß;h ksrEmKh

lsÍu Tyqf.a ks¾udK mßph ms<sìUq lrhs' úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a NdId yeisrùu Tyqf.a

pß;fha tla md¾Yajhla biau;= l< o l;=jrhd fuys § th l¿ pß;hla ùu j<lajd

idudkH pß;hla njg m;a lrhs'

fuys § l;=jrhd uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdf.a pß;h m<uqj wm yuqjg f.k

tkafka fkdmels<j fiajfhys kshef,k" tkuq;a nhdÿ ñksil= f,isks' Tyqf.a

pß;fha fYa%IaG;ajh l=¿ .ekaùug l;=jrhd ;reK .=rejrhdf.a pß;h fhdod .kshs'

;reK Wm.=rejrhd iajdëk fm!reIhlska hqla; pß;hla f,i úÿy,am;sjrhd iu.

flfrk ixjdoh Tiafia l;=jrhd úiska mdGlhdg y÷kajd fokq ,nhs' tfy;a Tyq

o ;u rdcldßh uekúka bgq lrkafkls' fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdg Wojq lsÍug Tyq

meñfKkafka ;u mka;sfha isiqka ls%hdldrlul ksr; lrùfuka wk;=rej h' miqj

úÿy,am;s;=udg Tyq m%ldY lrk l;dj Tiafia uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdf.a

fYa%IaG;ajh mdGlhd yuqfõ È.yefrhs'

185

“Wm.=rejrhdf.a w;S; l;dj iroñka jqj o wid yqka mdi,a m%Odkshd"

l÷rlska weo yef,k Èhje,la fia meyeÈ,s i;Hh yuqfõ" lkajEhl=

mßÈ yels¿fKa h'

blaì;s Tyq" mfil isá isßfidau fj; fy¿fõ" l;r.u uy fofjdf,a"

To f;Èka nn<k ialkaOl=udr foajrdchdKkaf.a fm%!V m%;sudrEmh

fj; fhduq lrkakdla jeks" Nla;s mQ¾jl ne,auls'”

fkdfjkia u;OdÍ mdi,a m%Odkshd mjd ii, lrk l;d mqj;ska ii, ùug;a

jvd mdGlhd ii, jkafka ;udg j¢k ;reK .=rejrhd wu;d uyck fi!LH

mÍlaIljrhd mjik jokaj,sks'

“fï je÷ï msÿï lsis fohla ug ysñ kE iq.=Kmd, uy;auhd''' uu to;a

wo;a lf<a" ug ,efnk jegqmg kshñ; rdcldßh ú;rhs'”

l;dj wjika jkafka l=vd orejka mjd fï isÿùï foi ixfõÈ yeÕSfuka n,d ys¢k

nj mjiñks'

uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdf.a uqjg kxjk by; joka fm<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka

l;=jrhdf.a rdcH fiajh ms<sn| oDIaáh hs' tys W;a;uNdjh o Tyq ‘ÈÜy odk’ flál;dj mqrd biau;= lsÍug W;aidy ord we;' m%:u mqreI oDIaáfldaKfhka rpkd

ù we;s fï flál;dfõ m%Odk pß; ;=kls' ta úÿy,am;sjrhd" uyck fi!LH

mÍCIljrhd iy Wm.=rejrhd h' Tjqyq ;sfokd u rdcH fiajlfhda fj;s'

fï l;dj rpkd lr we;af;a fonia" l:k jHjydrh yd NdIK jHjydrh ñY%

Í;shlsks' l:k jHjydrh Ndú; lr we;af;a fonia rpkfha § muKls' tla tla

pß;hkays iajNdjhg .e<fmk fia tu fonia bÈßm;a lsÍug l;=jrhd W;aiql ù

we;'

idys;H ks¾udKlrejd wm okakd isÿùula Tiafia ish ks¾udKh f.dvke.=j o

th lshùfuka wjidkfha wm msúfikafka w¨;a f,djlg h' ish j.lSï flfrys

lemùu ms<sn| yeÕSula wm ;=< cks; lrjk ‘ÈÜy odk’ l;=jrhd wm%lg úrejka

wm w;r isáh yels nj o wmg isysm;a lrhs'

186

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

i;r wNskh - jdÑl - jpk yd .dhkh u.ska

wdx.sl - YÍrdx. u.ska

id;aúl - uqyqfKa bßhjq u.ska

wdyd¾h - fjia .ekaùï" fõÈld ieris,s yd

wdf,dallrKh u.ska fma%laIlhd fj;

kdgHuh m‚úvh f.k hEu

mßph - m<mqreoao

YlH;dj - yelshdj

ldfjHdala;s - ldjHh ri .kajk fhÿï

jia;= úIh - ks¾udKhg mdol lr .kakd woa±lSï iuQyh$

ks¾udKfha jmißh

l¿ pß;hla - whym;a pß;hla

l=¿ .ekaùu - u;= lsÍu

wjfndaOh

1' idys;H úpdrh hkak fláfhka y÷kajkak'

2' lsishï idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú¢kak ierfik mdGlhd" tu ks¾udKh

ms<sn|j oek isáh hq;= lreKq folla ,shkak'

3' .µ ldjHh" mµ ldjHh" oDYH ldjHh hk idys;Hdx. ;=k fláfhka

y÷kajkak'

4' fYa%IaG ks¾udKlrejl= i;= .=Kdx. ;=kla kï lrkak'

5' pß;hla ksrEmKh lrk úg § l;=jrhd fhdod .kakd Wml%u ;=kla ,shkak'

187

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka mµ yd .µ ks¾udK ri ú|" ta ms<sn| Tfí úpdrh ,shd

olajkak'

wïn,fï mskd

wïn,fï mskd

j<x lola f.kd

tal ì|ms f.dkd

-talg wehs yskd@

ysref.ka .sks werka

m;f,ka ueá werka

lef,ka mdg werka

yod jvk j<x

weia j, ÿï yefma

w;a j, fmd;= lefma

lUqrdf.a <sfma

j<x lel=¿ msfma

“yqrenqyqág ukd

f;davq folla ;ud” ysf;a ySk ;kd

wïn,fï mskd

mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= - w¨;a ñksfila weú;a

mh nqref,ka ;shd

lo wrf.k .shd

wïn,fï mskd

j<x lola f.kd

tal ì|ms f.dkd

ySk md¿ jqKd

lgq ál lo oud

mskd f.or .shd

ysia w;a jk jkd'''

ysia w;a jk jkd'''

mskdf.a fmdä <ud

ñÿ,g ÿj tkd

ì÷K ySk n,d

lo <Õ f.d¿ jqKdæ

188

ii' “uqo,sydñ" fyg iji f.or jevla fudl=;a ;sfhkjd o@”

“jevla kx kE uy;a;hd'''”

“fyg iji ud;a tlal lelsrdjg hkak ,Eia;s fj,d tkak mq¿jka o@”

“mq¿jka uy;a;hd'''”

“tfykï biafldaf, weß,d ud;a tlal lelsrdjg hkjhs lshd f.or

whg lsh, tkak ´kE'”

“fyd|hs uy;a;hd'''”

“oeka b;ska wksoaod fka fld<U hkafka' tfy .syska ÿjk fldg fufy §

jdf.a iru msgmg .yf.k ÿjkak nE' uqo,sydñg uf.a .Kfk l,siula

uiai,d fokjd' fyg .syska ñïu §,d tuq'”

“fyd|uhs uy;a;hd'''”

“oeka tfykï f.or hkak'”

uf.a bfya u,a f.dkakla u msmqKd jdf.a ug oekqKd' w¨;a uy;a;hd wdjg

miafi biafldaf, l,ska ;snqK md¿ .;sh oeka kE' <uhskq;a fjkodg

jeäfh wdYdfjka biafldaf, tkjd' miq .sh jdf¾ wfma biafldaf,

W;aijhla ;snqKd' talg uq,a fj,d jev flrefj;a w¨;a uy;a;hd' taflka

oy;=fkka my< ógr ishh Èùfï ;rf.ka m<uq jekshd jqfKa uuhs' ta

mdr w¨;a uy;a;hd ud lelsrdjg;a tlal f.k .shd' tfy§;a ux m<uq

jekshd jqKd' Bg miafi wkqrdOmqf¾g;a tlal .shd' tfy§;a ux m<uq

jekshd jqKd' tod ;uhs ux biairfj,d u wkqrdOmqf¾ .sfha' uf. wïfï

wkqrdOmqf¾ lv idmamq ;sfhk ;rï¦ ta jdf.auhs tajdfha ;sfhk foaj,a'

wfma .fï úodfkf. lfâ;a lvhla o lsh,d ug ys;=Kd' fld<U Bg;a

jvd f,dl= idmamq we;s' idmamq ú;r he@ fld<U uQo;a ;sfhkj ¨' uQo wfma

jdf. fkdfjhs' l,d jejg;a jeäh yqÕla f,dl= we;s' tafl keõ hkjd

¨' fld<U jrdhl=;a ;sfhkj ¨' ug ta Tlafldu n,kak mq¿jka fjhs'

tod ux biafldaf, b|,d f.or wdfj fldfydu o lsh,d ug u u;l kE'

fjk od mdfr ;sfhk jlalvj,a" ta o~q" jeg lvq¨ tod ;snqK o lsh,d

j;a ug u;l kE'

“wïfï" fyg w¨;a uy;a;hd;a tlal ux lelsrd hkjd'”

“ta fudlg o@”

“ug bka wksoaod fld<U hk fldg we| f.k hkak l,siula uiaikakæ

w¨;a uy;a;hd uiai,d fokjd lsõjd'”

189

“yenEg@ b;ska WUg tfyÈ;a Èkkak mq¿jka fjhs o@ fld<U rfÜ <uhs

fndfydu ymkakq ¨'”

“uy;a;hd lsõjd ;rf.g hkafk Èkkak u fkfjhs lsh,d' fï

biafldaf,ka ta ;rf.g bÈßm;a lrkak ,enqKq tl;a f,dl= Èkqula ¨'”

“yaï" tfykx flda Th iruhs nekshuhs .f,da, Èhx fydao,d odkak' hk

fldg ls¨gq we| f.k .syElE@ wkak l=iaisfha uhsfhdlald ;ïnmqjd

we;s' wr uvlal=fj ¨Kq ñßia we;s' wmafmdÉÑg;a ¨Kq ñßia álla b;=re

lr,d ldmx'”

ux wuqfv .yf.k iruhs nekshuhs .f,da,d wïug ÿkakdæ wïud taj;a

wrx jejg .shdæ ux l=iaishg jeÿKd'

w¨;a uy;a;hd ug l,siu ú;rla fkfjhs' ,iaik lñfil=;a wrx

ÿkakd¦ ux f.or § ;=ka y;r ierhla u tajd we|,d ne¨jd'

uy;a;hhs udhs biafÜIug wer,,d wfma wmafmdÉÑ hkak ,Eia;s fj,d

uf. T¿j w; .d,d ‘mq;d whshkdhl fohshxf. msysfgka .sysx jfrx’ lsh,d lsõj' t<sh jefgkak l,ska lsß ál foda.kak ;shk yskaod ñila

ke;a;x wms fldaÉÑhg f.dv fjk l,a u wmafmdÉÑ;a biafÜIfï b¢hs'

fldaÉÑh tkjd heæ w¨;a uy;a;hd biafÜIfï uy;a;hd tlal l;d lr

lr bkafk fldaÉÑh .ek fjkak we;s' w#" fï fldaÉÑh wo tkafk

ke;=j joao@ miq .sh iqudfk ojil;a by<.u yßfha § fldaÉÑ ms,S

mekakd ¨' wo;a tfyu tlla fj,djoao@ tfyu jqfKd;a wmg fld<U

hkak neß fjhs' t;fldg ;r. Èú,a,;a bjrhs' fld<U ne,s,a,;a bjrhs'

Ñ#" wmrdfo' kE" kE'" fldaÉÑh wdfõ ke;;a uy;a;hdg ´kE tlla

lrkak mq¿jka' yß W.;d' i,a,s;a ;sfhkjd' wfma biafldaf,a ;shd fï

fldarf<a j;a ke;=j we;s tÉpr fyd| uy;a;fhla'

“uqo,sydñ kskao .syska o@ oeka fldaÉÑh <Õhs' flda wr md¾if,a' tal

wu;l lrkak tmd'”

ux l,amkd lr lr Wkafka uf.a we÷ï fmdÈh;a ;=re¨ lr f.kuhs'

uy;a;hdg tal fmfkkak ke;=j we;s' ug kskao .sysx lsh,d uy;a;hdg

ys;=Kg fudl o" ug f.or § j;a fyd|g kskao .sfha kE' kskao hd

f.k tkfldg u fld<U fldaÉÑh tkjd jdf.a wefykjd' ux .eiais,d

weyefrkjd' wr fmfkkafka fldaÉÑfh t<sh' .ia wiafika tydg

fuydg yefrkjd' ?g fmd,a .iaj, weÜá lkak j÷frd weú;a o lsh,d

n,kak úodfk udud negßh w,a,kjd jdf.' fldaÉÑfh yqÕdla ysáfhd;a

ug f.dv fjkak neß fjhs joao@ fldfydu yß we;=<g ßx. .;af;d;a

190

b|.kak kx ke;s jqK;a lula kE' tal jeäfhka fyd|hs' ug cfka,h

whsfk isg f.k jg msg n, n,d hkak mq¿jka' oeka l¿jr jqKdg ;j

ál fõ,djlska br mdhhs fka'

fï fldaÉÑh fu;k kj;a;k tlla fkfjhs j;a o@ tkjd ;o jeähs'

kE" kE" Th ál ál ier nd, fjkafk'

“uqo,sydñ" yaï'”

w¨;a uy;a;hd uf.a w;ska w,a,df.k fldaÉÑ fmÜáj,g tìlï lr

lr hkafka tajd bv ke;s yskaod fjkak we;s' tl fmÜáhlj;a bv

ke;=j .sfhd;a@

“yd kÕskak uqo,sydñ" blaukg kÕskak'”

fldaÉÑ fmÜáfh fikÕ y;a wg fofkl=g jeäh kE' ta f.d,a,;a

nxl=j, È.EÈ,d' ta;a wmg b| .kak ´kE ;rï bv ;sfhkjd' fld<U

.syska wdmqydu wfma uy;a;hdg lsß uqÜáhla uqfoda,d .syska fokak

´kE' fï ief¾ f.dhï md.mqydu w¨;a n;a lkak yd,a áll=;a f.ksysx

fokjd' wjqreÿ ksjdvqjg .ug hk fldg fõ<dmq uia áll=hs ó me‚

fnda;,hl=hs fydh,d fokak;a mq¿jka jqfKd;a@ p#" ug ysf;k foaj,a

lshkak wïud yß u,a,S yß kE fka' .sysx weú;a j;a lshkakxfld'

fldaÉÑfhÈhs ux we÷ï udre flf<a' wms fld<Ug tk fldg Wfoa wgg

ú;r we;s' biafÜIfï fmryer jdf. fik.' wfm wmqÉfÉæ f¾,a mdrj,a

lShla ;sfhkjd o@ yeu mdrl u fldaÉÑ' wms f¾,a mdrj,aj,g Wäka

;rmamqjl keÕ,d .syska wdfh;a neye,d biafÜIfuka t<shg .shd' lsß

wmqÉfpæ fik. bkafk fufya fk' fik. ú;rhe@ ld¾" nia f,dß

f¾ia hkjd jdf.a' wmafmaæ fïjd fldfya b|,d weú;a o@ ;Ügq msg ;Ügq

f.j,a' lv idmamq fl<jrla kE' wfma .fï ljqrej;a fïjd oel,d kE'

ta we;af;da fld<U úia;r wykak wfma f.org ths' ux Tlafldu lsh,d

fokjd'

wms f;a fndkak fydagf,alg .sysx jdä jqKd' tafla t<sh fmd¨" jyf,

yhs lr,d¦ n,kak mqÿuhs' wms b|.;a; fïfia tl t,af,a u jyf, t,a,d

;snqKq rExfm;a; yß ;foka lerflkjd' ta jf.a rExfm;s ;=k y;rla

u ;sfhkafk fudl o@ rExfm;s lerflk fldg yq<x fyda .d,d weú;a

wefÕa j¢kjd'

wms f;a î,d nia tllska ;r.fmd<g .shd' tal yß úYd, msÜgkshla' w¨;a

uy;a;hd ug bkak ;ekla fmkak,d fldfya foda .shd' ux fu;kska

fy,af,kafk ke;=j bkak ´kE' wmafmaæ tk <uhs lkaordjæ iqÿ im;a;=

191

fïia od,d iqÿmdg we÷ï we|,d" n,kak ,iaikhs' fï Tlafldu fld<U

fjkak we;s' fld<U <uhs yß ymkakq ' ta <uhs <Õ bkafka ta we;a;kaf.a

biafldaf, kE" kE" fï fld<U ;sfhkafk fld,Sð fka - ta fld,Sðj,

uy;a;=re" fkdak,d fjkak we;s' tfykx wehs ta <uhs wÉpr ;foka yskd

fjù lE .ykafk@ wfma biafldaf, <uhs kx uy;a;=re <Õ § Tfydu lE

.ykafk kE' wd wkak ;r. mgka wrka fka o@ b|d¦ Tlafldu ÿjkafk

im;a;= odf.k' ug im;a;= ke;s yskaod ÿjkak fok tlal keoao@ wfma

uy;a;hd tal wykak .shd j;a o@ im;a;= ke;s j ÿjkak fokak nE lshhs

o@

“uqo,sydñ" Th ÿjkafk oyifhka my< ógr iSh' B<Õg ;uhs oy ;=fkka

my< ógr iSh' talg ;uhs uqo,sydñ bkafk' oeka fkdïnf¾ lshk fldg

uqo,sydñ wr ;r. mgka .kak ;ekg hkak ´kE' uqo,sydñ nh fjkak

tmd' Èkkak mq¿jks'”

wfm uy;a;hd uf. lñih .,j,d Bg háka ;snqKq nekshfï fo me;af;a

úis yf;a fkdïurh .ymq fld< ;sh,d lgq .yk .uka lsõjd' biairy

fkdïur fldf<a ;j weì;a;la m<,a WKd kï uf.a nekshfï biairy

;shk lcq mqyq,x lyg me,a,u jeys,d hhs' oeka taflka álla fmakjd'

tal oel,d fld<U <uhs TÉpx lrhs o@

“wkak fkdïurh lshkjd' uqo,sydñ hkak' fyd| mq;d jf.a lma tl

.ykak'”

uy;a;hd tfyu lshk fldg u ;r. mgka .kak ;ekg hkak msg;a

jqKd' ux fldfydu .sfhd;a o fyd|@ ye,afu ÿjf.k hkjd o" blaukg

wäh ;sh,d wä .ufkka hkjd o@ wr <uhs kï ÿjf.k tkjd' ud;a

ÿjkak ´kE' kE" wr ;j;a <ufhla wä .ufkka tkafka' ud;a tfyu

hkjd' ux hk yeáfhka ldg;a ysf;hs ux f.dfâ fld,af,la lsh,d'

uu ye,afu ÿjkak ´kE' wd" wr ÿjkak wdmq <uhs fudkjd lrkjd o@

ÿjkjd" ÿjkjd ta;a t;ku hs' ymkakq ÿjkak ,Eia;s fjkafk tfyu

fjkake' Tlafldu im;a;=ldrfhda' fm<la <uhskaf.a im;a;=j, W,a yhs

lr,d' ux biair fj,d ÿjk fldg ta f.d,a, ll=, mE.=fjd;a m;=re hhs'

ug neß fjhs o fï <uhs tlal,d ÿj,d Èkkak@ fï we;af;d fld<U

fld,Sðj, <uhs' Tlafldu ug jeäh f,dl= hs' ta we;a;kag fld,Sðfha §

ÿjkak;a W.kakkjd¨' ÿjkak bf.k .kak ;sfhkafk fudkjd o@ tod

uu álsß whshdf.a rínv kdïnd miafika wU,d .syska biairy /lafl

bf.k f.k he' ux yrla lS fofkla miafika wU,d w,a,,d ;sfhkjd

o@ ta;a fï jdf.a fyd|g iqoao lrmq msÜgksj, he' lgq.d, wiafika

192

.,auq,a Wäka jegj,a Wäka mek mek fka yrla miafi wUkafk' kE ug

Èkkak mq¿jks' ux Èkqfjd;a wfma wmafmdÉp,d wïu,d u,a,s,d fyu

yßhg i;=gq fjhs' wdæ fï ux .dj u <ufhla W,a yhs lrmq im;a;= od,hs

bkafk' thd uf.a ll=, md.hs o@

“lfudaka ifrdaÊ'''” “lfudaka ms%hdka'''” “lfudaka ckla'''” Th kï lsh lshd y;r me;af;ka u lE .ykafka ud;a tlal ;rf.g

ÿjkak bkak <uhskag fjkak we;s' ljqo b;ska lfudaka uqo,sydñ lshkak

bkafka@ tod biafldaf, § kx ‘lfudaka uqo,sydñ’ lsh,d wfma ksjdfi

<uhs lE .eyqjd' t;fldg uf.a ys;g f,dl= yhshla wdjd'

“oeka fï <uhs fm<g bkak' uu ierfiaka" t,a, fjka lsh,d fjä,a,

m;a;= lrk fldg u ÿjkak mgka .kak ´kE'

;ukag whs;s f,aka tfla u ta lsõfõ Th oeka bkak bß w;fru ÿjkak

´kE' f;areKd o@ fyd|hs oeka iQodkï fjkak'” “ierfiaka” “t,a, fjka” “fvdaxæ” wd" W,a im;a;=ldrhd ug biair jqKd fka o@ ta;a thdg álsß whshdf.a

rínv kdïnd ú;r yhsfhka ÿjkak mq¿jka o@ fïfl ÿjk tl uy

lÊcla o@ Th <x fjkafk" ug Èkkak mq¿jks' oeka yß lrg lr uf.a

ll=,a mK ke;sj hkak tkjd o@ u<;a lula kE ;j ;foka ÿjkak

´kE' oeka yß''' W,a im;a;=ldrhd myq jqKd' ñksydg uf. ll=, mEf.hs

o@ ll=,a leä,d .sh;a lula kE''' ;j;a yhsfhka ÿjkak ´kE' oekakx

W.=r lg fyd|g u fõ<s,d wdæ im;a;= ioafo <Õ u wefykjd' wdmiq

n,kak fyd| kE' oeka máh <Õhs' fldfydu yß tal ì| f.k u hkjd'

máh lvd f.k .shdg miafia ueß,d jegqK;a lula kE'

yaï" yß uu Èkqï'

fï fudl o@ uf.a w;ska w,a,d f.k fldfy o fï tlal hkafk@ W,a

im;a;=ldrh;a ljqfoda tla lr f.k tkjd'

kÕskak Wv u ;Ügqjg'

uf. w;ska w,a,df.k .sh uy;a;hd mä fm<la jf.a tllg ug kÕskak

lsõjd' ux kex.d'

fukak ;j;a ;r. m%;sM,hla'

oy ;=fkka my< ógr iSh Èùfï ;r.h' m<uq jeks ia:dkh wxl¦ úis y;

lelsrdj uKav,fha fonEj mdif,a l¿nKavdf.a uqo,sydñ'

hlv láka tfyu lshkjd ug ySfkka jdf.a weyqKd' t;fldg u fik.

193

lE .ykak wmamqä .ykak mgka .;a;d' yßhg nglef,a .sks .;a;d jf.a'

;j;a fudkjd foda hlv láka lsõjd' fik. wmamqä .yk ioafo yskaod

tajd ug weyqfKa kE'

uf.a ol=Kq w; me;af;a my<ska ;Ügqfj ysáfh W,a im;a;=ldrhd' ux

ìug neyemq yeáfha u W,a im;a;=ldrhd ux <Õg weú;a' “Thd yß

ymkd' ux Thdg iqn m;kjdæ” lsh,d ug w;g w; ÿkakd' wks;a me;af;a

ysgmq <uh;a tfyu l<d' ta we;af;d fyd| <uhs'

“uqo,sydñ Èkk nj uu iy;sflka u okakjd' fyd| fld,a,d'” w¨;a uy;a;hd uf.a lsys,s foflka Wiai,d udj ìñka ;sh,d uf.a T¿j

w; .Ejd' t;fldg uy;a;hdf. weiaj, l÷¿ msreKd' i;=fg nerej

uf.a weia fofl;a l÷¿ msreKd'

- óg¾ ishh

ta' tÉ' mshfiak

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' j¾;udkfha Tng wefik .S;j, rih ms<sn| idlÉPdjla ixúOdkh

lrkak'

2' ‘idys;H ridiajdoh’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a mka;sh bÈßfha § yd Woh /iaùfï

§ l:djla mj;ajkak'

uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø ukfï" isxyndyq" fmauf;da cdh;S

fidaflda" lod j<¨" fj,a, jeyqï" tf,dj .syska fuf,dj

wdjd" mndj;S" uydidr wdÈ kdgH .Kkdjla u isxy, kdgH

l,djg odhdo lr we;' foaYSh kdgH l,djla i|yd moku

ilia lsÍu t;=ud bgq l< iqúfYaI ld¾hhls' ta i|yd foaYSh

.eñ kdgl fuka u fmrZmr foÈ. kdgH o úêu;aj yeoEÍu

fnfyúka bjy,a jQ nj fmfka' idys;H úpdr l,dj we;=¿

wxY .Kkdjl t;=udf.a odhl;ajh lemS fmfkhs'

mer‚ l;d mqj;la mokï fldg .;a; o tu.ska kj udkhlska

iudch foi ne,Sug fma%laIlhd fhduq lsÍu irÉpkaøhkaf.a

fndfyda kdgHj, m%Odk ,laIKhls' uydidr kdgHh" uydidr

cd;l l;dj weiqfrka l< ydfiHda;amdol ks¾udKhls' fuys

we;=<;a jkafka ta kdgHfhka Wmqgd .;a fldgils'

uydidr m,òkdj

20

20


195

1 jeks wxlh

^je¢ßhla msúi bÕs ìÕs fldg fkdfhla Wiq¿ úiq¿ mdñka ;ud me,¢ uq;= ud,hla

fm%alaIlhkag fmkajd ´fcda jvñka kghs'&

je¢ßh( ifí isák uy;=ks yeu

Tng wdhqfndajkaæ ug

ys;kak nE Tng udj

w÷k.kak neßh lsh,'

Tõ Tõ Tn ys;kj yß(

wehs ielhla my< fjkafk@

ux kï je¢ßhla ;ud"

wehs talg ,eÊc fjkafk@

fjk;a keoao je¢ßfhd f,dj@

fjk;a f,dafl je¢ßfhd jf.

uu;a leu;s fohla ;ud

fyd|g me,|f.k wnrK"

,d f.k mg ÿyq,a jia;%"

ú,jqka .,ajd iqj|e;s"

Wcdrejg ieriSf.k

fndfydu rejg fmkS bkag'

fldhs je¢ß o leu;s ke;af;

,d f.k mg ÿyq,a jia;%

ú,jqka .,ajd iqj|e;s

fndfydu rejg fmkS bkag@

fldhs je¢ßh jqK;a f,dafl

ye| .;a; u ÿyq,a jia;%"

,d .;a; u uqla;ydr"

fjk;a m,|kd wmuK"

ú,jqka .,ajd .;a; u"

fndfydu rejg yev .efykj"

fndfydu ,flag;a fmfkkj'

.dhl lKavdhu( fldhs je¢ßh jqK;a f,dafl

ye| .;a;u ÿyq,a jia;%"

,d .;a; u uqla;ydr"

fjk;a m,|kd wmuK"

196

ú,jqka .,ajd .;a; u"

fndfydu rejg yev .efykj

fndfydu ,flag;a fmfkkj'

je¢ßh( n,kak fï m,|kdj

^lf¾ me,¢ ud,h wekao u uf. ;shk t<sh(

fmkajñka& yß u rdc l=udßhlaæ

udj oelafld;ska lúfhda

iskaÿ yod rg mqrdu

hdú .dhkd lr lr'

rdc l=udrfhd;a taú

udf. j¾Kkdj wid

udj irK mdj .kak'

^levm;la f.k lkakdäfh uQK n,d

uQK n,d& ta .ek uu uú; fjkj"

y÷kkak;a neß ;ruhs

fïfl bkafk ux o lsh,'

.dhl lKavdhu( fldhs je¢ßh jqK;a f,dafl

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

^fkam:Hfhys wKfnr y~la wefia&

je¢ßh( rÊcqrejkaf. wKfnrldrhd fkao@ fudlla o fï yÈis

ksfõokh@ hqoaOhla j;a o@ ke;akï le/,a,la o@ Th úÈyg

wKfnr .ykafk kï fudlla o Nhdkl ;;a;ajhla mek

keÕs,hs' uu;a fï .ia uqÿfka b|ka ´j wy, ;sfhkj fk"

wjqreÿ myf<djla úiaila uq¿,af,' wfka ug kx ´k kE ´jg

megf,kak' uu hkj hkak" uf.a mqreÿ jdinjfkg'

^wKfnrlrefjla msúfia&

wKfnrlre( wfma uyrcdKka jykafiaf.a wK mßÈ okajk j. kï - i;=re

ìfhka fidr ìfhka §¾> ld,hla uq¿,af,a rg jeishka wdrlaId

lr f.k oeyeñka fifuka rdcH l<d jQ wm uyrcdKka

jykafiag fødaysj Woa.; ù isák lsishï i;=re mlaIhla úiska

lrk ,o uyd Nhdkl wmrdOhla ksid w.%ufyaisldjka jykafia

we;=¿ uq¿ wka;#mqrh;a rdc ud,s.dj;a w;sYhska le,öug m;a ù

isákjd h' ta l=ula fyhska o h;a( wm uyrcdKka jykafiaf.a w.%

197

ufyaisldjka jykafia ;uka jykafiaf.a m%dKh fuka wdrlaId

lrkakd jQ uydidr m,|kdj kï uq;= ue‚la Tínjd .krkska

idok ,o b;d w.kd wdNrKh" ks¾Nh jQ ks¾,ÊÔ jQ fp!rfhl=

úiska fidrlï lr ;sfnkjd h' ta ks¾,ÊÔ jQ fp!rhd w,ajd

;uka jykafia bÈßhg f.k tkakd jQ flfkl=g uyrcdKka

jykafia oyila ne¢ msh,a,la fok nj o ;j;a ;dkak udkak

j;=msá bvlvï .j uysIdÈ iïm;=;a m%odkh lrk nj o okajd

jodrk fial''' ^kslau hhs&

^fkam:Hfhys “fydrd w,a,mshõ” “fydrd w,a,mshõ” hk yçka

lSm fofkl= lE .ikq wefia' ;%ia; jQ ú,dihla mdñka .eñfhla

YS>%j msúfia&

.eñhd( ux kï wo msg;a fjÉp kel; fyd| kE' wo uq¿ k.fru uy

l,n,hla' ljodj;a ke;s úÈyg Tlafldu ñksiaiq lE.ykj"

w,a,mshõ fydrd" w,a,mshõ fydrd lsh lshd' rdcmqreIfhd

j.hla ud Èyd;a ne¨j wuq;= úÈylg' ug yßhg nh ys;=K' uu

mq¿jka blaukg wdmyq .ug .sfhd;a ;ud fyd|' uf. jevm<

ál kï lr, bjr lr.kak neß jqKd' ta jqK;a talg fjk

ojil tkak neßh@ wo kx uf.a ys; lshkj fufy ;j;a bkak

tmhs lsh,' wkak rdcmqreIfhd fokafkl=;a tkj fï me;a;g'

ux blauka lr, .sfhd;a fyd|hs'

^blaukska hkag mgka .kS' rdcmqreIfhda fofofkla msúi Tyq

ols;s&

1 rdcmqreIhd( wkak wr ÿjk ñksy fjkak ´k'

2 rdcmqreIhd( Tõ" Tõ" Wkaoe fjkak ´k' w,a,mshõæ kej;shkaæ kej;shkaæ

jyd kej;shkaæ

1 rdcmqreIhd( jyd kej;shka ^fofokd .eñhd ÿqne| w,ajd .ks;s&

1 rdcmqreIhd( y#æ y#æ y#æ WU ÿj, fífrkak yokj fka o@ WU ys;kafk

WUg Tfydu .e,fjkak mq¿jka lsh, o@

2 rdcmqreIhd( fï ñksyj ;uhs ux oelafl tl mdrl=;a' ug ys;=Kd Wkaoe

fjkak ´fkhs lsh, fydrd'

^.eñhd msá;, yhd ne| ;<hs&

198

.eñhd( wfka rd,ydñ" ug ;<kafka ke;=j hkak fokak' ux fï fmdä

.kqfokqjlg k.frg weú,a, wdmyq hk .uka'

1 rdcmqreIhd( y#æ y#æ y#æ fmdä .kqfokqjla" wd@ w.ìijqka jykafif.

uydidr m,|kdj fydrlï lrf.k hk tl fmdä .kqfokqjla'

ta jpfkgu uQ W, ;shkak jákj fk'

2 rdcmqreIhd( flda Èh f;da .;a; uydidr m,|kdj' nvq;a tlal fydrd w,a,,

ÿkafkd;a ;ud jvd;au fyd|'

.eñhd( wfka rd,ydñ" ux kx okafk kE uydidr m,|kdj lshkafk

fldhs jf. tlla o lsh,j;a ux ta jpfk weyqfj;a wohs'

rd( mq( fofokd y#æ y#æ y#æ okafk ke;s ¨

^.hñka& uydidr m,|kdj

fldhs jf.a tlla o lsh,æ

wy, ke;s¨ ljodj;a

uydidr lshk jpfkæ

tfykx f;da fudg o .;af;@

.ug f.dyska oek .kak o

fydr wUqjf.a lf¾ od,d

fldhs jf.a tlla o lsh,@

uyrÊcqrejka bÈßfh

lshdmsh Th ìkak f.dyskaæ

wmg fudg o ´j lsh,@

wfma fkfõ m,|kdj"

whs;sldß w. ìijhs'

fydrlu f;df. yx..kak

lshmsh ;j ìkak yod'

1 rd' mq( lshmsh f;da m,|kdj

.;af; kef;hs lsh,d fndf,a"

.;af; fjk flfkla h lsh,d

ke;a;ka f;dg .e,fjkakg

úÈyla kE yïn fjkafk'

199

fofokd u( f;daj W, ;shd urdú

ke;a kï fm;s .y, odú"

l|ka folla ueÈka f;daj

ne|, br, odú folg'

oyila jo ú|, ;uhs

f;dg urfKg hkak fjkafk'

1 rd' mq( ke;a kï fnd, lshmsh f;da

ljqo fydfrka weú;a tal

fydfrka wrka hkj oel,

f;da f.dys,a, Wÿrdf.k

w.ìijg fokak lsh,

f.ak w;r m,|kdj

wyig b.s,s,d .syska

w;=reoyka jqKhs lsh,(

wkqyia we;s uydidr

m,|kdj w. ìijf."

tjeks ydialï lrkak

neß nvqjla fkfõ tal'

fofokd( lshmsh ;j ìkak yod

uyrÊcqrejkag f.dyska"

ke;akï f;dg úÈyla kE

fífrkakg fldfydu jqK;a"

oyila jo ú|, ;uhs


^.eñhd /f.k kslau h;s&

.dhl lKavdhu( f;daj W, ;shd urdú

ke;akï fm;s .y, odú

l|ka folla ueÈka f;daj

ne|, br, odú folg

oyila jo ú|, ;uhs


^rc iy ìij msúfi;s&

200

ìij( Tn jykafia;a <Õ u bkaoeoaÈ uf.a m,|kdj fydrlï lrf.k

.sh tl fk ldrKdj' Tn jykafig oeka lsis flfkla nh kE

fï rfÜ' ke;a kï weia bÈßfh" fï yoao oj,a Tfydu tlla

lrdú o@

rc( Wkaoej ux fm;s .ykj y;rux ykaÈfh ;sh,' yefudag u

fmakak' wksla whg;a mdvula bf.k .kak'

ìij( fldhs foa flrej;a m,la kE uf.a m,|kdj fidhd .;af;d;a

ñi prmqreIfhd bkakj lshkj yeu ;ek u' /lj,a¨ wmsj

jg lrf.k ¨' flda b;ska jevla WKd h@ wksla mdr wmsj;a

Wiaif.k hdú'

rc( Wkao,j uu W, ;shkj Tlafldu" m,|kdj fydh, ÿkafk

ke;a kï' Wkao, ys;kafk udj rjÜgkak mq¿jka lsh,' Wkao,

okafk kE uf.a ú;a;sh'

ìij( Tn jykafi álla j;a fidaÈisfhka ysáh kï Tfydu fohla

fjkafk kE' ljqo okafk uqrldrfhd u o lsh,@ Tn jykafi

lS%vdjg .shd u fjk lsis fohla .ek l,amkdjla ke;s nj Wka

okakj - jeäfhka u mqrdx.kdfjd bkakfldg' ^fiajlfhla

msúfia&

fiajlhd( ch fõjd rc;=uksæ w.ìijqka jykafif. uydidr m,|kdj

fidrlï lrmq ñksy rdc mqreIhskaf. w;g m;afj, ;sfhk

nj oekqï fokak leu;shs" foajhka jykai' Tn jykafif.

leue;a; okajkq fhfyls'

rc( î;=gq uqyq‚ka hq;=j ìijg& uu lsõjd fkao m,|kdj

fydh, fokjhs lsh, jeäl,a hkak biair@ uf.a rdÊcfh

Tfydu fydrlula lr, fldfydu o ñksfyla fífrkafk@

^fiajlhdg& fydrd jyd wêlrKhg f.k tj'

fiajlhd( fydrd wêlrK Yd,djg oeka f.k hkj we;s foajhka jykai'

Tn jykafia fufyka hym;a jkq uekú'

^mßl%uKh lrñka&

201

rc( uu wo fï kvqj wykafk ufyaisldjqka jykafi;a iu.hs' wm

fofokdg u wiqka mkjkj fyd|hs'

^fiajlhd kslau f.dia wiqka folla f.kú;a ;nhs&

ìij( uf. ys; kx lshkj Th m,|kdj wdfhu;a yïn fjkafk kE

lsh,'

rc( wehs tfyu lshkafka" fid÷r@

ìij( oeka wmg mlaI kE fï rfÜ lsis flfkla' ál l,la ysgka ug

tal f;areK'

^rcq iy ìij wiqka .;a miq m<uq lS rdc mqreIfhda fofok

.eñhd w,a,d f.k wêlrKhg msúfi;s&

rc( uydidr m,|kdj .;a; fydrd o fï@

1 rd( mq( tfyuhs foajhka jykai'

rc( uf.a rfÜ jeisfhla ;udf.a rfÜ rc lrk rÊcqrejkaf."

w.% ufyaisldjf. wdNrKhla fydrlï lrkj@ tfyu tlla

ljodj;a wy,d ;sfhkj o@ fjk flfkl=f. fohla fydrlï

flrej kï lula kE' kuq;a rÊcqrejkaf. foa@ ufyaisldjf.

foa@ ;ukaf. foa ;uka u fydrlï flrej jf.a fk' ^.eñhdg&

w.% ufyaisldjqka jykafif. uydidr m,|kdj nj oekf.k o

fï fydrlu flf<a@

ìij( oekf.k fkakakï fydrlï lrkafka@ uydidr m,|kdjla

fjk ldg j;a ;sfhkjh" ug wefrkak@

rc( tal ;uhs" fid÷r" uu weyqfj' ta nj okafk ke;a kï" talg;a

o~qjï lrkak ´k fjku u" fydrlug ú;rla fkfõ'

^.eñhdg& uf.a m%iafkg ms<s;=re foj'

.eñhd( tfyuhs foajhka jykai'

rc( fudkj o tfyuhs lshkafk@ w.% ufyaisldjqka jykafif.

m,|kdj nj oekf.k o keoao@

202

.eñhd( kE foajhka jykai'

rc( kE lshkafk" okafk ke;=j fydrlï flrejhs lshk tl o@

.eñhd( kE' foajhka jykai'

rc( tfykï oekf.khs fydrlï lr, ;sfhkafk'

.eñhd( tfyu;a fkfõ" foajhka jykai'

rc( fudkj o fï ñksyd fodvjkafk@ fl<ska W;a;r fokak neß

o wyk m%iafkg@

.eñhd( ^y~ñka& wÕyrejdo ojil y| oelafld;a fudkj yß úm;a;shla

ug fjkj fjkjuhs' uu tal lSm j;djla n,, ;sfhkj'

rc( wdfhu;a wkx ukx fodvkj' wyk tl f;afrkafk keoao@

;ud fldhs m<df; ñksfyla o@

.eñhd( uu fndfydu l,d;=rlska fï me;af; tkafk" foajhka jykai'

wo;a uu tkak fkfõ ysáfh' f.or Wkaoef.ka fífrkak

nerejuhs uu wdfj' Wkaoe ks;ru lshkj" k.frg .sys,a,

uiaudxi álla f.fkka" yeuodu wmg lrj, lld bkak

mq¿jka o lsh,'

ìij( îskdfiñka& fudlg o Th ´k ke;s m%iak wykafk@ rc;=ud

fï jefâ ug ndr §, ksiaiíoj bkakj kx ug mq¿jka óg jvd

fyd|g hqla;sh úi|kak'

rc( kE fid÷r" uu oek .kak yeÿfj" fï fydrlu ;ksfhka

lrmq tlla o ke;akï fydr uq,la úiska lrmq tlla o lsh,hs'

ñka u;a;g fufyu foaj,a fkdfjkak j. n,d .kak tmdh@

^.eñhdg& fyd|hs" k.frg wdju fufyaÈ ljqreyß yïn

fjkj o@

ìij( fydrdf.ka wykj o j@ ta ñksy ksoyia fjkak fndre lshkj

ñila" we;a; lshdú o@

203

rc( ;d fndre lsõfjd;a" ;g ljod j;a ksoyi ,efnkafk kE' ;f.a

lg mqïaikj r;a lrmq hlfvlska'

ìij( tfykï we;a; lsõfjd;a fydrdj ksoyia lrkj o@ fydrlug

o~qjula keoao@

rc( kE" fid÷r ^.hñka&

we;a; lsõj;a fokj o~qjï"

fndrej lsõj;a fokj o~qjï"

lshk úÈhg fokj o~qjï -

W, ;shd,d ur, ouuq o@

folg br,d ur, ouuq o@

.sks ;shd,d ur, ouuq o@

ke;a;x WKq f;,a ye<shl od,d

mK ;sfhoaÈ u ur, ouuq o@

.dhl lKavdhu( we;a; lsõj;a fndrej jdf.hs'

fndrej lsõj;a we;a; jdf.hs'

fldhs foa lsõj;a fldfydu o okafka

we;a; o fndrej o lsh, lshkafka@

W, ;shd,d ur, oeïu;a

.sks ;nd,d ur, oeïu;a

mK ;sfhoaÈ u ur, oeïu;a

fldfydu o we;a; o lsh, fydhkafka@

fldfydu o fndrej o lsh, fydhkafka@

rc( ^.eñhdg& uf.a m%iafkg fl<ska ms<s;=re foj'

.eñhd( wo ux msg;a fjk fldg" foajhka jykai" yQfkl=;a we~qj' ta;a

ux álla kej;s, b|,hs wdfj'

rc( fï ñksy uy fudavfhla fk' wy, lsis fohla oek.kak nE'

ìij( Th jáka msáka fodvkafk" fudavlug fkfõ' lmálug'

rc( rdc mqreIhsks" fï fydrdj wyq jqfK fldfydu o lsh, ug

úia;r lrjq'

204

2 rd( mq( wms uqr ;shdf.k bkak fldg weyqK foajhka jykai' w.

ìijqka jykafif. odish lE.ykj" fydrd w,a,mshjq" fydrd

w,a,mshjq lsh,' ta mdr wms ÿjf.k .sys,a, yeu ;ek u fyõj'

jeä fj,djla hkak biafi,a, wmg wyq jqKd fydrd yex.s,

mek, hkak yokjd'

ìij( odish oelald fk" isheiska u" isoao fjÉp foa' Tn;=udg ielhla

;sfhkj kï odishf.ka wy, n,kak" fydrdf.ka wykafk

ke;=j'

rc( rdc mqreIh" odish fuydg le|jdf.k tj'

^rdcmqreIfhla kslau hhs&

fid÷r ug lsõfj kE fk odishf.a ú;a;shla'

ìij( wehs ke;af;@ ux lS ierhla lsõj o@ Tn;=ud kEfk ux lshk

fohla yßhg wyf.k bkafk' Tn;=ukaf. ys; yeu ;siafi u

fjk Èydjl'

rc( fï wdrxÑh weyqju uu fldÉpr l,n, jqKd o lsõfjd;a

fid÷r lshmq foa;a f;arefKa kE'

^rdcmqreIhd odish iu. ths&

odish" ;sf.a w;ska fldfydu o uydidr m,|kdj ke;s jqfKa'

odish( m,|kdj ljqo fydfrla weú,a, Wÿr f.k .shd" foajhka

jykai'

rc( Wÿrf.k .shd@ b;ska fudl o Wÿrf.k hkak bv ÿkafk@

odish( fldfya yß yex.s, b|, tkak we;s" foajhka jykai' tl mdrg

u weú,a, ug .y, Wÿrf.k .shd'

rc( b;sx fudl o ;S flrefj@

odish( b;sx uu lE.eyqj' t;fldg rdcmqreIfhd weú,a,d ñksyj

fydhkak mgka .;a;'

rc( ta ñksyj ;sg w÷kkak mq¿jka o@

205

odish( mq¿jka" foajhka jykai' uu fyd|g oelal'

rc( ta ñksy oeka fu;k bkakj o@

odish( ^jgmsg n,d& bkakj foajhka jykai' wkak wr ñksy ;uhs'

rc( fyd|hs" oeka odishg hkak mq¿jka'

^ìijg& fid÷r" kshu lrkak o~qju' fidrdj fidhd .;a; fk'

ìij( biafi,a, uf.a m,|kdj ´k'

îsh¨ fokd u wkaÿka l=kaÿka ù Wv ìu n,;s&

2' rd( mq( m,|kdj wmg yïn jqfKa kE" foajhka jykai'

rc( fudkj@ m,|kdj yïn jqfK kE@ fudkj o fuÉpr fj,d

flrefj@

1 rd' mq( fydrd tal fldfy yß yx.,d fjkak we;s foajhka jykai' wms

b,a¨j u wmg ÿkafk kE'

rc( ^.eñhdg& f;da .;a; m,|kdj fldfya o@ ;shmq ;eklska jyd

f.kú;a Èh'

.dhl lKavdhu( fndrej ;uhs ch .kafka

wnqoaoiai ldf, wfma ljqo we;a; woykafka@

fndrej jeäh rij;a fka'

we;a; lsh, fï ldf,a

ldg o fnd, yßhkafka@

.eñhd( m,|kdj uu fjk flfkl=g ÿkak" foajhka jykai'

rc( ldg o@

ìij( ux lsõj fk m,|kdj wdmyq ug ,efnkafk kE lsh,' TÉpr

;uhs fï kvq úndf. mf,a'

206

rc( álla bjidf.k bkak fid÷r' fïl fndfydu jeo.;a lreKla'

ux oek.;a; fï fydrlug ;kslr fydfrla fkfjhs" fydr

uq¿jla u bkak mq¿jka lsh,' ldg o ÿkafk m,|kdj@

.eñhd( uu m,|kdj hijâVk isgq;=udg ÿkak" foajhka jykai'

rc( hijâVk isgq;=udg@ fï wfma hijâVkhg@

.eñhd( tfyuhs rc;=udfKks'

rc( ta fudlg o@

.eñhd( hijâVk isgq;=ud ;uhs ug lsõfj m,|kdj fydrlï lr,

fokafkhs lsh,'

rc( tal fjkak neß fohla'

ìij( uf.a ljodj;a jeä úiajdihla ;snqfK kE Th hijâVk

isgq;=ud .ek" rc;=ud f,dl=jg úiajdi flrejg fudl o@ oek

.;a; Th ñksy uy lmáfhla nj" ks;r u ud,s.dfõ oejá

oejá'

rc( ^rdcmqreIhskag& hijâVk isgq;=ud fuydg jyd lekaoka tj'

^rdcmqreIfhla kslau hhs'&

rc ^.hñka& l=ula o foaúh isÿ ù we;af;a@

weoysh yels o fu wreu mqÿu foa@

wm yd l=¨m. hijâVkhd

fu;rï kSp jq jevla lrdú o@

ìij( fï ldf,a nE lsis u flfkla .ek

úYajdih we;s lr f.k bkakg"

Èj w. ó me‚ ys; hg ji úi

wy, keoao mçjrekf. ta nia@

207

rc( jia;=j ke;=jg foda hijâVk

kskaÈ; f,i fidrlug niskafka@

wnrK ke;=j o Wkaoef. ìß|g

wkqkaf.a foag u f,dan lrkafka'

ìij( jia;=j jeä fjk fldg ;Kaydj;a

jeä fjk nj fkj lshd ;sfnkafka

wnrK fldmuK ;snqK;a flfkl=g

wkqkaf. foag u wdid fjkafka

wjfndaOh

1' rdcmqreIhka .eñhd fidrd f,i wkqudk lsÍug fya;= jQfha l=ula o@

2' Tn is;k whqßka rc ìijf.a uydidr m,|kdj fidrd .kakd ,oafoa ljqreka

úiska o@

3' by; kdgH fldgfiys we;s kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d olajkak'

4' fï kdgH fldgfiys ydiHh biau;= jk ;eka úia;r lrkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' by; kdgH fldgi mka;s ldurh ;=< r`. olajkak'

2' fuys bÈßm;a lr we;af;a ‘uydidr’ kdgHfha wdrïNl cjksld lSmhla

mu‚' fï kdgH msgm; fmd;la fia uqøKh ù we;' th lshjd ri ú¢kak'

3' uydidr fyda fjk;a fõÈld kdgHhla fyda krUkak'

208

wms;a kdgHhla rpkd lruq fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h m%ikakð;a wfíiQßh

fi!kao¾h úYajúoHd,h

kdgHhla hkq l=ula oehs hkakg Èh yels b;d ir, u ms<s;=r jkafka hula lr

fmkaùu hkak h' tfy;a th jvd .eUqßka ú.%y lsÍfï § my; i|yka f,i

w¾:l:kh l< yels h'

“kdgH rplhl= úiska ,shk ,o kdgH fm<la fyj;a msgm;la mdol lr

.ksñka kdgH wOHlaIjrhl= rx.k Ys,amSka m%uqL fiiq wdkqIx.sl Ys,amSka

odhl lr .ksñka ksYaÑ; rx. N=ñhla u; fma%laIl msßilf.a ri ksIam;a;sh

Wfoid bÈßm;a flfrk rx. ld¾hh kdgH kï fõ'”

fuu w¾:l:kfha jvd;a u jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ jkafka kdgH fm< fyj;a kdgH

rpkhg fyda kdgH msgm;g h' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka kdgHhl uQ,sl moku jkafka

kdgH msgm; nj hs'

kjl;djla" flál;djla fyda fjk;a idys;H ks¾udKhla fuka fkdj kdgH

rpkdjla hkq mdGlhl= i|yd ,shkakla fkdfõ' kdgH msgm;la lshjd flfkl=g

rihla ,eìh yels h' tfy;a th idys;H rihla muKla ñi kdgH rihla fkdfõ'

kdgH fm<lska kdgH rihla ,eìh yelafla by; ks¾jpkfha mßÈ th rx. N+ñhla

u; rÕ oelafjk fudfydf;a mu‚' tneúka kdgH msgm;la fyda fm<la hkq

rx. ld¾hh i|yd wOHlaIjrhdg" rx.k Ys,amSkag wjYH lrk lreKq we;=<;a

w;afmd;la f,i o ye¢kaúh yels h'

kjl;d fyda flál;d rplhd ish,a, úia;r lrkqfha jpk ud¾.fhks' Tyqf.a

m%ldYk udOHh jkafka jpkj,ska ieÿï,;a jdlH fõ' we;eï ;efkl ixjdo

fhdod .;a; o Tyq pß; f.dvk.kafka jpk Ndú;fhka lrk úia;r ud¾.fhks'

tfy;a kdgH rpkdjl ish¨ isÿùï th isÿ jQ wdldrfhka u thg uqyqK ÿka

mqoa.,hkaf.a uqjg kxjk ixjdo weiqßka f.dv kef.a' ixjdo Ndú; fkdflfrk

isÿùï kdgHhl bÈßm;a lsÍfï § tajd rpkd flfrkqfha kjl;dlrejd fuka

209

isÿùu úia;r lsÍfuka fkdj tu wjia:dj rx.kh lsÍu Wfoid rx.k Ys,amshdg

wjfndaOhla we;sjk mßoafoks' tajd rx. úOdk f,i kdgH rpkfha § ye¢kafõ' ta

wkqj kdgH msgm;l we;=<;a jkafka ixjdo yd rx. úOdk muKls'

kjl;djl flál;djl we;eï úg ldjH rpkdjl l;kaorhla lshefõ' thska isÿ

jQfha l=ula o hkak meyeÈ,s flf¾'

tfy;a kdgHhla krUkakg fma%laIlhd meñfKkafka isÿ jQfha l=ula o hkak oek

.eksug fkdj th isÿ jQfha flfia o hkak oel .ekSug h' idudkH Ôú;fha fuka

lgg tk ish,a, kdgH ixjdo u.ska mejish fkdyels h' ldjHuh .=Kh /flk

mßÈ th rpkd l< hq;= h' tfy;a kdgHh hkq Y%jH oDYH udOHhla jk neúka th

oDYH ldjH f,i o ye¢kafõ'

fï ish¨ lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k kdgH rpkdjla lr .kakg wms oeka W;aidy

lruq' ´kE u l;djla fyda isÿùula kdgHhlg iqÿiq fkdfõ' kdgHhl m%Odk

,laIKh jkafka .egqu h' “kdglSh .=Kh hkq .egqu hs'”

ienE uqyqK o fjia uqyqK o .%ka:fha tÈßúr irÉpkaøhka kdgHuh wjia:djla

hkak ú.%y lrkafka Wia l÷ uqÿkl ;nd ;sfnk .,la fuka nj hs' th fldhs

fudfydf;a fldhs w;g fmrf<a oehs lsj fkdyels h' fma%laIlhd ;=< kdglSh

wd;;shla yd l=;+y,hla f.dv ke.sh yelafla túg muKls' tfia l=;+y,h f.dv

kef.k mßoafoka kdgHfha tk isÿùï fm< .eiaúh hq;= h' th l;d úkHdih kï

fõ' l;d úkHdih u.ska pß; yd pß; w;r .egqï ;=<ska kdgHhla f.dv kef.a'

fï wkqj kdgH rpkfha § jeo.;a jk m%Odk;u lreK jkafka .egqï iys; isÿùï

ud,djla wka;¾.; l;djla f;dard .ekSu yd th kdgH rih biau;= jk mßÈ

úkHdi .; lsÍu fõ'

kdgHhla rpkd lsÍfï § rx. ffY,sh b;d jeo.;a fõ' kdgHhla rpkh l<

hq;af;a l=uk fyda rx. ffY,shla mokï lr f.k hs' Nr;uqksf.a kdgH Ydia;%fhys

f,dal O¾ó yd kdgH O¾ó hkqfjka uQ,sl rx. ffY,Ska fyj;a rx. wdlD;Ska

folla y÷kajd § we;'

1' f,dal O¾ó

f,dalfha meje;au ta wdldrfhka u wkqlrKh lrk kdgH fõ'

210

2' kdgH O¾ó

k¾;kh" .dhkh jeks wx. Ndú;fhka m%dix.sl .=Kfhka jvd;a

fmdaIKh l< ffY,shlg wkqj ls%hd wkqlrKh lrñka bÈßm;a lrk

kdgH fõ' fuh ffY,s.; kdgH hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'

j¾;udkfha fï uQ,sl m%fNaohkag wu;rj foaYSh idïm%odhsl" iajNdúl ixjdo"

wN+; rEmS wdÈ úúO rx. fY,Ska mokï lr f.k kdgH rpkd flfrhs'

kdgHhla fma%laIlhd fj; bÈßm;a flfrkqfha i;r wNskh ud¾.fhks'

jdÑl" wdx.sl" id;aúl" wdyd¾h hk fï isjq jeoerEï wNskhkaaf.ka kdgH rpkfha

§ jeo.;a jkafka jdÑl wNskh hs' fiiq wNskhka rx. ld¾hfha § fhdod .kS'

tfy;a tu wNskhka fhdod .ekSug yels jk mßÈ Wmfoia yd bÕs kdgH rpkfha §

rplhd olajd ;sìh hq;= h' fndfyda ÿrg tu Wmfoia we;=<;a jkafka rx. úOdkhka

;=< h'

iEu l,d lD;shl u m%Odk wruqK ri ksIam;a;sh hs' teúka kdgH rplhd o

wjidkfha § fma%laIlhd ;=< ri ckkh jk mßoafoka kdgHh rpkd l< hq;= h'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' ir, f;audjla f;dard f.k flá kdgHhla rpkd lrkak'

2' mka;sfha hy¿jka iu. iduQyslj kdgH fmf<ys wvx.= lreKq yd fonia

r`.mEug mqyqKq jkak'

3' mka;s /iaùfï § Tn rpkd l< kdgHh r`. olajd" úkaokhla ,nkak'

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