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Shan Herald Agency for News 3

INDEPENDENCE

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pWc]:kCam];nL: 1

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4 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

L,5b'yrxwKr voyxGoy0;yhakTdpK'yr z:'yr

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182 the Constitution of the Union of

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z6boyvb'y

1. The 1947 Constitution andThe Nationalities (UniversitiesHistoricial Research Center, 1999)

2. The Shan States and the BritishAnnexation(Sao Saimong Mangrai, 1965)

3. Shan State's Grievances(Tun Myint Taunggyi, 1957)

5. The Moon Princess(Sao Sanda, 2007)

Shan Herald Agency for News 5

INDEPENDENCE

50 yD Oef;vkufhzdkefh

ykdef;ydkefhvif nFyfbqrfj,mrf;vAOf (6)

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nefugmrf;vmwfj vdufjvBm;[Of;clef;rmefj-

iBm;rmefj-qrfrmefjvdlOfqrfcdlOf;wB;wmifbwDj

wmifbvFef) rD;yDje.ifUvmwfjugmrf;rdlefuef

efg;rdlif;xB;erf/ ugmrf;xB;auMj vmwfjugMbvmwfj

cdkef; nrfbayM;arM,myfb/ wifjtwbvkufUcdkefj

u.yfbuljqdlOfUqmwfjrM;awMb,mrf;vAOf wB;vlif

[Of;eBU cOfjn.ufbwmif;xB; erfvdlOfyDje.ifU

[Of;wmif;rdlif;tcb rdlif;vmOf;/

yDje.ifUqdlOf;eBU qB.jxFrfwB;u.yfbulj

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q qB.jwrf;Omif;yefwDj,lb

q qB.juyf;odkyfbwdwf;awMbyef

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q qB.jydefbzMoMyef

q qB.jvmwfjwFef;wmif

q cOfj[Awf;umefq.rf; wB;u.yfbuljqmwfj

q qB.j[Awf;{j=y.ifbwMvFif; v.ifjvkrfjZMU

v.ifje.ufjrldif;

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q cOfj=rfjyM;aoqB.jumef

q ,lbe.ufjrkufUqkrf;ao qB.jyef

qdlOf;cOfj=rfjumefu.yfbuljqmwfj

ulef;efg;rdlif;xB; qdlOf;nefcOfjrM;u.yfbulj

qmwfj q.rf;wB;ymefeefUrD;vBmauMU/ qdlOf;

qdkOfj,fgb rD;rdlefyMjwfgjeBUurfjz.ifj/

q qOfj[mefzlrf;rdef;

yAefwB;ndlifbr.efjydefb aq@OAif;Zmif

aq@w.efjuAif;rBb/ yAefcdlOf;wB; yBmjrM;,lb

rdlif;xB; z.if;nMbOtvjrldif;eBm;wdkuf;awM;uef

(1882-85) rD;ulef;qdqrfjOMj yAefauMU

teUerf;{jwB;qdlOf;vkufUy.wf;edlOfrM; vBj=U

quf; qOfja[Mcrf;xB; ea'@olef (1555-

1605) tvj u.if;rl; (xmwfjckrfukwf;) qOfj

ea'@olef wDjrdlif;[mif aq@OAif;rldif;wlef/

qOfjea'@olefvBje.ef;tz;wDjeefj z.if;

wdkufU[mifj[Fef; odkuf;cdkefjugMbqB.j qOfjcrf;uBmb

eB.U rdlif;oFefOD/ ,.efUref;qOfje.ef;tz;

ugMbtvj rdlif;oFefODauMj vBjwluf;ugMbwfgjrdkOf;

nMbO/

ymefekrfbodkuf;[mefeBUOMjuefOMj ayM;

odkuf;wB;ugMbcmrf;ymif wDju.if;rl;qOfjea'@

olef eefUqdkif wyfUodkuf;rmefjqdlOf;cfgjrM;

v.rfUwdkuf;umifcdkef; cOfjql;nrfbvBj/ ,.efU

[efodkuf;odlOfqmifUrMUcyfUcdkOf;oFrf;,BugMbrlwf;/

rdlOfj 1960 wyfUrmefj=UcmOfbao qifb

,MUvFOf nOfuM;xBxBn.ufb rmufbnkwfbu.if;rl;

eefUxkpfwluf;erfU[mif/ rmufbnkwfbqdlOf;

udkwf;eefh wmif;wyfhodkuf;z.rfh=rfjvkufhzdkefU

(qdkifjwB;) SURA vBjugMbawMUnOfao

rM;xMyeMOBU wDju.if;rl;rfgb ndlifbrdlif;iBm;

aq@OAif;uAif;vmOf aq@w.efjuAif;rBb/ u.if;rl;

(wmif;xB;+ifUq.rf;yMvdOMj oxkyfb) eefU

uljyDyD ayM;vdlefuFsef@edOf@O'D@ Oef;xd 18

rM; wyfUodkuf;xB;ugMbOBjOmef; eyfU,rf,lb

[mefUawMb,mrf;vAOf-rmifyDyM;qArfqOfjemif;

a[Mcrf;xB;erf;eMj/

q qBm;n.ifb (ayMjxOfjn.ifb)

uAOfbvlpfj umefcOfjn.ufbwif;xB;eefU

ayM;nrfbrD;yDjn.ifbauMjaw,myfbtwUtwU-

ulef;uOfburfjz.ifj OMjeef/

v.ifjodkuf;wB;ymefuljy.ufj,lb udefugMbrM;

q.rf;vFefvdefxB;qdlOfU[dkOfeefU vBj=UacMj

rkef; wDjayMjxOfjn.ifberftwUtwU/

q qOfjcdlOf;odlOf

yAefxB;rdlif;xB; qAifb+ifbOef;n.ufb

nef+ifUOMj (ndomef)/ qdkOfjtwUyAef

Vef@wdwfb zOf@'if@ ������� ��� ��� /olrfzlif@ ���� ��� eBauMj+ifU/ rdlOfjyD

1985 ,mrfjqlOf;zljwFrfjugMb=yfUxlyf;wif;

e.ifUqBm;ref;qOfj zB@usdwfb ��������� wDj

ukif;xAyfj,lb/ e.ifUqBm;ayM;OMj ]wlOfref;

nrfbqfgjwB;auMj [ufUwB;w.ef;vdlOfwB;ndlOfj}

OMjeB/ ,.efUref;qOfj[ufUwB;eMbtvj ayM;

qdlOf;nrfb=Uquf;w.ifjxmrftwU ref;qOfj

wdkef;OMjyAefqMb wdoFefODwduf;wduf; awMb

,mrf;vAOf/

6 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

L

xuho:'yt9wr d.kjp:oyrl5r ;oyrd5b9yj0;yhp:9yhakT 9uh,5b'yrd:dyj

ref;qOfjeBU vBjcdkefjyAefqmif;wDjrdlif;

wlefao cOfjugMb[Aef;efg;rdlif;wB; rdlif;rmefj/

ugMb,lbuAif;wkif qyf;qdkOfjqOfjuAif;wkif? OBm;

eefUugMbyAefqOfjeifjuRif; wDjOwfUcdlOf;wB;

OmefjnBmb-ndlifbcBm;[AOf; OAif;vMjoAOfj/

ayM;OMjqdlOf;[Of;nef=Uvdufjrmefj cOfj

xdlefb,dyf;u.ifjawMbolj wyfUodkuf;rmefjeBU

qdkif ,.efUvBjvlyyfUvdufjxkef;rsdefUw.ifbusD;

(1920-1997) wFrfj? qdlOf;[Of;nef=U

vdufjwB;wlifUwdkefbcOfjxdlefbeefUauMj aw

vBjqdqrfjteOMj u.yfjyyfUvdufjqOfjcdlOf;odlOf

(qdkOfjuRif;-qOfjyefbwdw) wFrfj rdlefeifb

],.ifja,M;zMoMcdlOf;wB;} ]cdlOf;wB;rdlif;wB;}

]=UwlOfwMUwB;} tvj ]vBm;Zef;rdlif;}/ xdkif

wDjwyfUodkuf;rmefjayM;qfgvrfao[Mwdref;

qOfj? ,.efUvlpfj zDwlOfzDcdif;ref;qOfj

vDtvj ref;qOfjvBjv.wfjyFwfjauMj zM

nkwfb=OfUuRif;ref;qOfj vBjxkufbuM;wFifU

rmefj zMbulefbyFwfj/

qOfj,.wfjZMU

ref;qOfjyAef cdlOf;a[Mcrf; rldif;xB;/

qdkOfjtwUyAef ����� �������� �����⌫(y'dOwf; uoArfoD)/

nAef;nmef;ref;qOfjeBU w.efjwMb

[Awf;{jqdkifjwB;u.ef;acMao nOfrM;=rfjuef

wif;rdlif;xB;/

12_10_1976 n.efauMbwifjwyfU

odkuf;u.ef;acMwB; (TIA) / 1_1_1980

zFefumefcOfjwdkuf;wyfUrmefj wMjcDjvAuf;/

,.efUwyfUodkuf;rmefjwef;=UwlOftvj nrfb

,dkwf;vBj xdkifwDjrdlif;xB;rldif;rmefj vBjyAef

olyf;yAefugmrf;qdte;uefwif;[dkif/ wmif;

qOfja[Mcrf;auMj vBj+ifUref;qOfj ao yef

eMjumefefg;[mifjefg;a[M,lbugMb awMbayM;okwf;

rkef/

z.if;wB;twbvkufUzdkefU cOfjrM;vFefvdefxB;

eefU ayM;nrfbqfgUugmrf;ndif;uvAwfj auMj

nrfby.ifbuef/ wmif;qkrf;vBm;vkufUzdkefUcOf

yAefeBOBU? orfUcOfj,lbq.rf;vFefvdefZifb

wmif;xB;vBjeBU ydlifedkifj ,.efUvlpfjyDje.ifU

xB; qdlOf;=Uydkef;wB;-xB; yAefyDje.ifUuef

eefU urfUqB.jvmwfjqB.j/

efg;xB;qdlOf;nrfbvDvdkrf;eBh

=UawrD;OBUvBmauMU

q y'Odwf; ok'dOlif; ��������� ����� ���

rdlOfj 1959 qOfju.ef;qdlif; vBjrmwfb

qAyf;wDjymifwdkuf;=pfjanMjao zFOfrM;wDj

rdlif;Zmif/ rdlOfjeefU auMUnefolifbyefyAef

ref;qBm;,OfU/ uAOfbvlpfjref;qOfjeBU vDvBj

odkyfbw.ifjxmrfxFifj/

qdlOf;,lbe.ufjaoqB.j

wB; nrfbeefwB;vlif[Of;eBU vmwfj

awMbuefwif;xB; nrfbayM;=Uugmrf;uef/ u.yfj

OMjugmrf;wB;vlifylef; (clef;) ugmrf;rmefjerf/

ugmrf;xB;orfUylef;ugmrf;yMvderf/ ayM;[efwB;

cdkef wB;vdkOfUcOftwU xB;nrfbolj+ifUOMj

rmefj/ ayM;wB;vlif[Of;twU ,MbOMjxB;u.efb?

wB;vdkOfU wB;cdkef ,if;cfgj+ifUOMjyAefrmefj/

q \ldif@ edref@a[rdef@

(1919-1992)

u'B@oD@ edref@a[rdef@

(1912-1992)

o.ifyDje.ifUeBU yAefcdlOf;wB;vdkOfU/ urfU

qB.jidkef;w.if;tvjuyf;odkyfbyef zlj,fgb ulef;

vlifcOf/ wFrfjvdufjcmOfbimOf;v.ifjwB;/ ckef@

\ldif@ yAefzljydkefn.ufbzdkefcmOfb clef@rdlif@

Shan Herald Agency for News 7

INDEPENDENCE

efg;,mrf;eef/

rdlOfjqOfjtrj=def;crf; rM;xdkifrdlif;xB;

auMj o.ifyDje.ifUvBjqwf; Odusdwfb csB@Oef@

ugMbyfgU[yfUw.efj rM;uAif;rfgb [MyefwDj,lb

wDjoOf;/ rdlOfjqOfjqmifU,.if=pfj vBjxkufb

ylwf;ayM;umefefg; SSA ao pM;wmif;,myfb

zdkwfb,lb wDjuAif;rfgbeefUauMj auMU[Mumefyef

yAefckef@u'B@oD / vkufjref;qOfjauMUedkifj

xM@'def@ ,mrfjyAefz.if;vlifZBmbumefidkef;

efg;vlify.ifqdkifjxB;/

q cdkuf;c'dwfb y'M@rlwfU

(1911-1995)

yAefcdlOf;qOfjcdlOf;ckeftvj ,mrfjyAef

q.rfz.if;vlifefg;rdlif;xB;/ rdlOfj 1959 ref;

qOfj,mrfjqB.j{jzljwFef;wB; qOfjckefawMb

wMb qOfjxkef;an; tvj qBm;yef (qOfj

ydkef;wB;) cOfjugMb=yfUxlyf; zlwf; oM'odef

nefyAefzljerf;efg; rkufUqkrf;vdufj=rfjrBm

an@osLdOf@qAifbqmef;Oef;n.ufb oD@wlOf@

(SEATO) nefvBmrdlif;cOfj=rfjyM; wMbcAifb

wMU ZBmbc.rf@rdOf@edwfU/

ulpf;uMj nrfbyAefumeftvj nOf[Fif;qfg

wluf;ugMbao [mifb,mefyFwfjwif;umefwB;/

(rdlefeifbZBmbrmefjuBUte;OMj qOfjZMUcOf

nOf[Fif;oD@wlOf@ awrM;nOfcdkef;rldif;eB

eefU yAefvlrf;yAefvFifUao,OfUvBmugMb)/

rdlOfjymef SURA qOfju.ef;qdlif;vBj=yfU

xlyf;ref;qOfj efg;ymifudefvAifUy.ufjedkifj

wDjukif;xAyfj/ rD;zlj,fgbulef;vlifxB;auMUedkifj

teUerf;yefOMj yAefqOfju.ef;qdlif; =OfeMj

u.yfbuljqmwfjxB;,fgbeBauMj ref;qOfj,if;

vFyfjyBbvdkrf; nef,mrfjqAyf;qfgOBUqArfrdlOfjqrf

qrf 20 yDyBmeefUaoOMj ]xB;,fgboleBU

([Awf;rM;r.ufjeBUtvjyBbn.ifbeefU) ,if;yBb

ql;u.efb[MU} OMjeB/

rdlOfjOef;udlwfbref;qOfj urf;vdkef;

okwf;eefU wB;qdlOf;,lbukif;xAyfjugMbyefy.ef;

ref;qOfj/ rdlOfjeefUtwUOMj ]qlOfjuOfyBb

vyf;wMvdkrf;rldif;eBU cfgj[efwB;olxmifb[mifj

v.wfjvFOf; rD;eMjrD;wMefg;vkrfjZMU,lb} OMj

eifbeB/

wB;q.ifbvBj

wmif;qB.jxFrfwDjxB;<

eBUyAefugmrf;xmrf nefuljZBmbcf gj=U

ugmrf;w.yfb/ wlOfzljwFrfjauMj,mrfjxmrfrM;?

nrfbw.efUvBjugmrf;w.yfbnefxkufbqfg/ u.yfj

eef ugmrf;w.yfb[Of;auMj q.ifbawxkufbqfg

nrfbxkufbqfgzljnmefb[Of;eBeefU rD;wDj

zljnmefbcOfwFyf;wwf;/

wifjnOf 1958 xdkif 1982 eBU

wyfUodkuf;wB;vBmrlbvBmqkrf; rM;wifjiOfjikef;

q.rf;efg;vFefvdefefg;ZifbxB;/ ekrfbodkuf;[mef

wDj=if;OlOf; uAif;vmOf? SSA wDjOmefjrfgbr.ufb

qmrf_udOfb=uf;_cM;[mef? SURA wDjyAif;vlif

OAif;[Fif? SNA wDjerfUckefbtrjoBm? SUA wDj

[defwFufb (trjqef;) trjZMUvlif/

e.ufjvldOfaoeefU

q rD;wmif;wdwf;awMbcOfj[Muef/

q rD;wmif;qB.jxFrfuef (ydlifvlifuAOfbvlpfj

umefcmOfbimOf; v.ifjc.rf@rdOf@edwfU?

v.ifj,MjrOf;urf)

q rD;yef[MauMjvmwfjuef/

ulpf;uMj v.ifjwB;-xB; cOfj[MuefeBU

nrfbw.efUxdkifwDj

q qrfqfguef

q qB.jxFrfuef u.ifjumifb rmufb,mrf;

idkef;w.if; clOf;c.if

q qB.jxFrfuefawMbxdkifcOfj[MvBj

uljrdlif;rdlif;ao nOfwmif;urfUqB.jydlefj

cOfjrM;

q Zdkuf;o.rfUumef uAOfbvlpfj

vBm;wdkuf;ymefrfgb

oifOMjvBjqdlifUeeftwU- yAufUOMj

yBbvBjrdlif;auMj awu.ef;vBjydkefUwDjerfvdlOf

,mrf;vAOf/ ,.efUoifyAefeBeefU=UiBmj,lb/

xuho:'yt9wr05b;yrp5j,5b'yrd:dyj

d.kjxoyx:oyr;oyrdb59yj

0;yh-6bdyr-ib9yj xikH,59ty xu @+_)

l6bxyjokhS@#

8 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

L

qBm;rAOf;Odef;xkef; vkufjqkrf;oFef;

[kefjrfgbqdkifjwB; auMUcrfc.ufjodkuf;rmefj 79

yD OAif;rdef;csmefb wdlif;wMjvdlOfb qyf;wmif;

yAefvBm,mifbvdlOf[Fif; nrfbcfgjw.if;ulef; vBj

cOfj=if;,M 2 vdlefyBm-zljcmefymufbiOfjikef;

WD@r.uf@ca'@oD@qdlOfhcdlOf;wB;vmwfj/

wifjtwbvdlefanM@uwfhofrM; awMb

,mrf;vAOf qBm;rAOf;Odef;xkef; vBjcOfj=if;,M

,lwf;,Mwmif;yAefvBm,mifb- ref;qBm;yAef

wmif;yAefrmufb=Ofqfg? ovdlufj? wmif;yAefyBm;qfg

(=Ofqfg=OfacM; cfgjrdlefulef;,.ifb)? nrfbudef

cOfj udeferfhulpf;? xmwfjqfgwluf;? [Fif;urfh

wlOfanb? wMvBm;=Ofyefb? zfgyAefzfgnrfbcfgj=U

quf;,Ofhtvj vBjcOfj=if;,M/

qBm;vAufh zljcmefbymufbiOfjikef; WD@

r.uf@ca'@oD@qdlOfhcdlOf;wB;vmwfjOMj ]Olifj

ylefheBh ulef;=def;cOfugMbolbqgfg;vBj=UOMj cFef;

rM;z.ifj/ c.ufjuljwDj (ywf;ydkefh) wDj,lbe.ef;?

wmif;udef,rfhckpfjwFrfb okefbvBjulef;wluf;

c.ufjnrfbrD;? nrfbyAif;ayM;aoydlif/ yDuBmauMj

ref;qBm;vBjcOfj=if;,Murf;edkifj/ yDeBhyAef[Fif;

vdlOfuOfb ayM;vBjugMb,lwf;,MauMj cFef;rM;

vDqfgrM;? ayM;xdkifefg;c.ufjorfh rdlefuOfbcdkef;}

-eB,Ofh/

zljerf;qdkifjwB; qdlOf;crfc.ufjrmefjcmOf;,mOf;

qyf;wmif;yAefvdlOf[Fif;

qBm;vMUn.ifb vkufjqkrf;iOfjikef;WD@

r.uf@ca'@oD@qdlOfhcdlOf;wB; (SNLD) nef

odkuf;rmefjcifOBhefg;c.ufjuRufhzdOfb 79 yD (aq@

rldif;'cFifb) auMjyAefudef;vdlOf[Fif; wmif;yAef

vdlwfjokif? ,AOfjOmef? erfheuf;wlOfcdif;vlwf;

vlif;? udefnrfbOmef? e.ef;nrfbvBj? +ifjwDj

,lbuFyfj? vBj,lb=rfjueferf/

ekrfb,dif;wB; [Aef;vdufjwMjukifj auMU

edkifjvmwfjOMj- ]ayM;yDje.ifhugMbolbqfg; vBj

nOfikdef;,Awfjr.efzljukrf;c.ufj=OfoFef? ayM;

vAifhn.Bby.efj[mrfhanbnrfb[yfh/ uljy.ufjarM,M

uBUugMbulwfbyBm;,lbvDyef/ wifbtwbcmOf;=Of

[dkOfhrM;awMb,mrf;vAOf arM,MnrfbcOfjwlpf;

tvj yDeBhnrfbwmefbyDuBmauMj vBjOMjyAef[Fif;

,lb} /

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uRufhzdOfb (aq@rldif;'cFifb) eefh efg;zljukrf;

c.ufjuljwDj ref;qBm;nM,kvAufhekrfbvdlOfydlefj/

orfhcMbtubzFefokif udefidkef;,Awfjr.eferf

tvjrD;idkef;? wFifbwlOf[mifjcdlifj rdlefOdef;nl;

(qBm;nAufbiOf;wlifhuljy.ufj)? arMolifb,kdefj

,Awfjr.efyMjedlOf/ nrfboljvAifhn.Bbulef;yMjwfgj

tvj nrfbrFefjvkufje.ifh-OMjeB/

zljerf;wB; 7-8 qOfj nefvBjxkufb

odkuf;rmefjukrf;cifyD[dkifcmOf;,mOf; 75-106 yD

eBh vBj=yfhyef[Mzljukrf;c.ufj[kuf;[Bmh? okefbvBj

ulef;wluf;c.ufjnrfbrD; wmif;udef,rfh nrfbyAif;

ayM;tvj yBm;,lbvDvlwf;,.efb ,lyfj,.rf;

uljqOfj/ zljerf; SSA (qkrf;udkwf;okduf;)

y.wf;+ifb qOfjodlOfxFefj auMUcrfc.ufj 106

yD OAif;crf;wDj wdlif;aq@uAif;y.wf;eldOfeefh

wlpf;oDnrfbqFufbvBj yAefwMrlefbwMawMj

rM;[drf;yD wmifbvdufjvOfj,.ef;qkrf;odkuf;rmefj

{jvBj,lwf;,MauMjyBbvBjugMb,lwf;,M ao

y.ufjawMbrdlOfjvAOf/ ,.efhv.ifj,myfbzdkwfb

qdlOf;eBhao zljerf;oFef;[kefbrfgb qdkifjwB;

cl;rs def hwmef; vBjokwf;rkefugMbef g;c.ufj

wmefbw.B; rldif;'cFifb rdlOfjumifyD 2006 /

¾

qBm;rAOf;Odef;xkef; qBm;vMUn.ifb cl;rsdefhwmef; (oAifjrkefrldOfjumifyD 2006)

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Shan Herald Agency for News 9

INDEPENDENCE

rldOfjOef;xd 29_10_2008 yAefOef;

nefvkif;ckefusMbnl; zljauMbwifj uOfhiOfj

okefbvBjulef;qkdifjwB; (Shan Human Right

Foundation-SHRF) oAifjurf@okwf;rkef

z.if;wkdufh[myfbykefjz.ef; ,lbwDjvFefvdefxB;

y.wf;wmif;uAif;[Bm; c.yfj+yfjxkdif 11 yD egf;yD

eBh/

uOfhiOfjokefbvBjulef; (SHRF) eBh vkif;

ckefusMbnl; n.ef=OfauMbwifjrM;rldOfjyD 1991

n.ef=Oft[Uuifj q.BjxFrfulef;yBmjaz;egf;

rldif;wB;tvje.ufjrldif; q.rf;vFefvdefxB; wif;

rldOfjyAefokduf;wkduf;awM;uef/

vkif;ckefusMbnl; vBjoAifjurf@okwf;rkef

ugMbrldOfj 29_10_1997/

cmOf;wmif; 7 yDwArf vBj[Awf;umefq.Bj

xFrfulef;wluf;udef; nrfbeef ulefyBmjaz;

rldif;wB;vBmvBmwDj qArfy.wf;trj+ifjo.ef

rldif;Zmif? uAif;rBb? wif; trjoBm trjZMUvlif

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10 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

L

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Shan Herald Agency for News 11

INDEPENDENCE

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12 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

L

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Shan Herald Agency for News 13

INDEPENDENCE

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14 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

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INDEPENDENCE

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16 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

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INDEPENDENCE

Milosevic) voyxGoy0;yhvkjokj]5'y 05b'yt

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Shan Herald Agency for News 19

INDEPENDENCE

Graceful tolerance blunts the sharp edge of opposition.

Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, Chapter 4

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20 Vol. 25, No. 249, 2008

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