LECTURE 1

LECTURE 1LECTURE 1

Theme: Introduction. Theme: Introduction. Ukrainian Alphabet. Ukrainian Alphabet.

PLANPLAN

1. Introduction.1. Introduction. 2. Major differences of the Ukrainian 2. Major differences of the Ukrainian

and English Languages.and English Languages. 3. Ukrainian Alphabet.3. Ukrainian Alphabet.

Ukrainian (Ukrainian (УкраїнськаУкраїнська))Ukrainian is an Eastern Slavonic Ukrainian is an Eastern Slavonic

language closely related to language closely related to Russian and Belarusian. It is Russian and Belarusian. It is spoken by about 51 million spoken by about 51 million people in Ukraine (people in Ukraine (УкраїнаУкраїна) and ) and in many other countries, in many other countries, including Argentina, Armenia, including Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Hungary, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia and Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia. Slovakia.

Ukrainian (Ukrainian (УкраїнськаУкраїнська))

The recorded history of the Ukrainian The recorded history of the Ukrainian language began in 988, when the language began in 988, when the principality of Kiev (principality of Kiev (КиївКиїв) was ) was converted to Christianity. Ukrainian converted to Christianity. Ukrainian religious material, including religious material, including translations of the Bible, was written translations of the Bible, was written in Old Slavonic, the language used in Old Slavonic, the language used by missionaries to spread Christianity by missionaries to spread Christianity to the Slavic peoples.to the Slavic peoples.


In the 13th century, Ukraine became In the 13th century, Ukraine became part of Lithuanian and an early form part of Lithuanian and an early form of Belarusian became the main of Belarusian became the main language. The remaining parts of language. The remaining parts of Ukraine were taken over by Poland Ukraine were taken over by Poland during the 16th century and Latin during the 16th century and Latin and Polish were used for official and Polish were used for official purposes.purposes.

The first page of Ivan Fedorovych's The first page of Ivan Fedorovych's AzbukaAzbuka (Alphabet (Alphabet book), printed in Lviv, 1574book), printed in Lviv, 1574


The Cossacks later moved into eastern The Cossacks later moved into eastern Ukraine and during the 17th century, their Ukraine and during the 17th century, their leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, invited leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, invited Russia to help against Polish domination in Russia to help against Polish domination in 1648. During the reign of Catherine the 1648. During the reign of Catherine the Great, the Cossacks moved to the eastern Great, the Cossacks moved to the eastern frontiers of Russia, but Ukraine remained frontiers of Russia, but Ukraine remained under Russian domination, and the under Russian domination, and the Russians considered the Ukrainian Russians considered the Ukrainian language as little more than a dialect of language as little more than a dialect of Russian.Russian.


A decree in 1876 banned the A decree in 1876 banned the printing or importing of Ukrainian printing or importing of Ukrainian books. In spite of this, there was books. In spite of this, there was a revival of Ukrainian poetry and a revival of Ukrainian poetry and historiography during the 19th historiography during the 19th century.century.


Ukraine enjoyed a brief period of Ukraine enjoyed a brief period of independence from 1918 to 1919, then independence from 1918 to 1919, then was taken over by the USSR and declared was taken over by the USSR and declared a Soviet Republic. During the Soviet era, a Soviet Republic. During the Soviet era, Russian was the main language of Russian was the main language of education and employment and Ukrainian education and employment and Ukrainian was sidelined. was sidelined.

Ukraine declared independence in 1991. Ukraine declared independence in 1991. Since then many Ukrainian émigrés have Since then many Ukrainian émigrés have returned to Ukraine, particularly from returned to Ukraine, particularly from central Asia and Siberia. central Asia and Siberia.

Current usageCurrent usage The Ukrainian language is currently The Ukrainian language is currently

emerging from a long period of decline. emerging from a long period of decline. Although there are almost fifty million Although there are almost fifty million ethnic Ukrainians worldwide, including ethnic Ukrainians worldwide, including 37.5 million in Ukraine (77.8% of the total 37.5 million in Ukraine (77.8% of the total population), only in western Ukraine is the population), only in western Ukraine is the Ukrainian language prevalent. In Kiev, Ukrainian language prevalent. In Kiev, both Ukrainian and Russian are spoken, a both Ukrainian and Russian are spoken, a notable shift from the recent past when notable shift from the recent past when the city was primarily Russian speaking. the city was primarily Russian speaking. The shift is caused, largely, by an influx of The shift is caused, largely, by an influx of the rural population and migrants from the the rural population and migrants from the western regions of Ukraine but also by western regions of Ukraine but also by some Kievans' turning to use the language some Kievans' turning to use the language they speak at home more widely in they speak at home more widely in everyday matters. everyday matters.

Current usageCurrent usage

In northern and central Ukraine, In northern and central Ukraine, Russian is the language of the urban Russian is the language of the urban population, while in rural areas population, while in rural areas Ukrainian is much more common. In Ukrainian is much more common. In the south and the east of Ukraine, the south and the east of Ukraine, Russian is prevalent even in rural Russian is prevalent even in rural areas, and in Crimea, Ukrainian is areas, and in Crimea, Ukrainian is almost absent.almost absent.

The Ukrainian alphabetThe Ukrainian alphabet

А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Д д Е е Є є А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Д д Е е Є є Ж ж З з И и І і Ї ї Й й К к Л л Ж ж З з И и І і Ї ї Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ь у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ь ь Ю ю Я яь Ю ю Я я

The Ukrainian language possesses an extremely The Ukrainian language possesses an extremely rich grammatical structure inherited from Indo-rich grammatical structure inherited from Indo-European:European:

Nouns have grammatical gender, number, and Nouns have grammatical gender, number, and are declined for 7 cases; are declined for 7 cases;

Adjectives agree with the noun in case, number, Adjectives agree with the noun in case, number, and gender; and gender;

Verbs have 2 aspects, 3 tenses, 3 moods, and 2 Verbs have 2 aspects, 3 tenses, 3 moods, and 2 voices. voices.

Furthermore, many verbs show traces of Indo-Furthermore, many verbs show traces of Indo-European gradation. This often explains the European gradation. This often explains the difference between the infinitive and its present difference between the infinitive and its present root form of the verbs.root form of the verbs.

The spoken language has been influenced by the The spoken language has been influenced by the literary, but continues to preserve characteristic literary, but continues to preserve characteristic forms. The dialects show various non-standard forms. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language.discarded by the literary language.

Major differences of the Ukrainian and Major differences of the Ukrainian and English Languages.English Languages.

Cyrillic writing Cyrillic writing two forms of "you" address: formal and informaltwo forms of "you" address: formal and informal absence of articles absence of articles a relatively loose word order in sentences a relatively loose word order in sentences three genders of nouns three genders of nouns nouns change their endings (cases) depending on nouns change their endings (cases) depending on

their functions in the sentencetheir functions in the sentence besides grammatical tenses (present, past, besides grammatical tenses (present, past,

future), forms of verbs express the idea of future), forms of verbs express the idea of completed or progressive action.completed or progressive action.

The alphabet of the Ukrainian The alphabet of the Ukrainian language consists of 33 letters and is language consists of 33 letters and is derived from the Cyrillic writing derived from the Cyrillic writing system. The modern Ukrainian system. The modern Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a number of alphabet is the result of a number of proposed alphabetic reforms from proposed alphabetic reforms from the nineteenth and early twentieth the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in Ukraine under the centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine. and later in Soviet Ukraine.

The Ukrainian AlphabetThe Ukrainian Alphabet

The Ukrainian AlphabetThe Ukrainian Alphabet A unified Ukrainian alphabet (the A unified Ukrainian alphabet (the

SkrypnykivkaSkrypnykivka, after Mykola Skrypnyk) was , after Mykola Skrypnyk) was officially established at a 1927 officially established at a 1927 international Orthographic Conference in international Orthographic Conference in Kharkiv, during the period of Ukrainization Kharkiv, during the period of Ukrainization in Soviet Ukraine. But the policy was in Soviet Ukraine. But the policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the Soviet reversed in the 1930s, and the Soviet Ukrainian orthography diverged from that Ukrainian orthography diverged from that used by the diaspora. The Ukrainian letter used by the diaspora. The Ukrainian letter ge ge ґґ was banned in the Soviet Union from was banned in the Soviet Union from 1933 until the Ukrainian independence in 1933 until the Ukrainian independence in 1990.1990.

The alphabet comprises thirty-three The alphabet comprises thirty-three letters, representing thirty-eight letters, representing thirty-eight phonemes (meaningful units of sound), phonemes (meaningful units of sound), and an additional sign—the apostrophe. and an additional sign—the apostrophe. Ukrainian orthography is based on the Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme, generally corresponding to one phoneme, although there are a number of although there are a number of exceptions. The orthography also has exceptions. The orthography also has cases where the semantic, historical, and cases where the semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied.morphological principles are applied.



Ukrainian vowels:Ukrainian vowels:

A aA a (English A) (English A) O oO o (English O) (English O) У уУ у ( (English U)English U) Е еЕ е ( (English E)English E) И иИ и ( (English Y)English Y) І іІ і ((English I)English I)

Classification of vowelsClassification of vowels

Two different classification of vowels Two different classification of vowels can be made: a historical perspective can be made: a historical perspective and a modern perspective. From a and a modern perspective. From a historical perspective, the Ukrainian historical perspective, the Ukrainian vowels can be divided into two vowels can be divided into two categories:categories:


Hard vowels (in Cyrillic: Hard vowels (in Cyrillic: а, и (from а, и (from Common Slavic *ы), о,Common Slavic *ы), о, and and уу or or transliterated as transliterated as a, y (from Common Slavic a, y (from Common Slavic *y), o,*y), o, and and uu; ) ; )

Soft vowels (in Cyrillic: Soft vowels (in Cyrillic: е, іе, і and and и (from и (from Common Slavic *и)Common Slavic *и) or transliterated as or transliterated as e, ie, i and and y (from Common Slavic *i)y (from Common Slavic *i)). The ). The iotified vowels are considered to be soft iotified vowels are considered to be soft vowelsvowels

From a modern perspective, the From a modern perspective, the Ukrainian vowels can be divided into Ukrainian vowels can be divided into two categories:two categories:

Hard Vowels (In Cyrillic: Hard Vowels (In Cyrillic: а, е, и, і, о,а, е, и, і, о, and and уу or transliterated as or transliterated as a, e, y, i, o,a, e, y, i, o, and and uu). This category as can be seen ). This category as can be seen from the table is different from the from the table is different from the historical hard category historical hard category



Iotified Vowel (In Cyrillic: Iotified Vowel (In Cyrillic: я, є, ї,я, є, ї, and and юю or transliterated as or transliterated as ja, je, ji,ja, je, ji, and and juju). To this category can also be ). To this category can also be added the combination of letters added the combination of letters йойо (transliterated as (transliterated as jojo) )

ДЯКУЮ ЗА ДЯКУЮ ЗА УВАГУ!УВАГУ!

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LECTURE 1