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S TATISTICS. E LEMENTARY. M ARIO F . T RIOLA. E IGHTH. E DITION. S TATISTICS. E LEMENTARY. Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics. M ARIO F . T RIOLA. E IGHTH. E DITION. 1-1 Overview 1-2 The Nature of Data 1-3 Uses and Abuses of Statistics 1-4Design of Experiments. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
MARIO F. TRIOLAMARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTHEIGHTH
EDITIONEDITION
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
2Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
MARIO F. TRIOLAMARIO F. TRIOLA EIGHTHEIGHTH
EDITIONEDITION
ELEMENTARY STATISTICSChapter 1 Introduction to Statistics
3Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
1-1 Overview
1-2 The Nature of Data
1-3 Uses and Abuses of Statistics
1-4 Design of Experiments
Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics
4Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Statistics
Two Meanings Specific numbers Method of analysis
1-1 Overview
5Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Specific numbernumerical measurement determined by a
set of data
Example: Twenty-three percent of people polled believed that there are
too many polls.
Statistics
6Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Method of analysisa collection of methods for planning
experiments, obtaining data, and then
then organizing, summarizing, presenting,
analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the data
Statistics
7Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Population the complete collection of all
elements (scores, people, measurements, and so
on) to be studied. The collection is complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied.
8Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Censusthe collection of data from every
element in a population
Sample
a subcollection of elements drawn from a population
9Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Parameter
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population
Definitions
10Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Parameter
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population
population
parameter
Definitions
11Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Statistic
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample
12Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Statistic
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample
sample
statistic
13Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Quantitative data
numbers representing counts or measurements
14Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Quantitative data
numbers representing counts or measurements
Qualitative (or categorical or
attribute) datacan be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristics
15Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Quantitative data
the incomes of college graduates
16Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Definitions
Quantitative data
the incomes of college graduates
Qualitative (or categorical or
attribute) datathe genders (male/female) of college graduates
17Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Discrete data result when the number of possible values is
either a finite number or a ‘countable’ number of possible values
0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Definitions
18Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Discrete data result when the number of possible values is either a
finite number or a ‘countable’ number of possible values
0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Continuous (numerical) data result from infinitely many possible
values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps
Definitions
2 3
19Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Discrete
The number of eggs that hens lay; for
example, 3 eggs a day.
Definitions
20Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Discrete
The number of eggs that hens lay; for example, 3 eggs
a day.
Continuous
The amounts of milk that cows produce; for example,
2.343115 gallons a day.
Definitions
21Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
nominal level of measurement
characterized by data that consist of names,
labels, or categories only. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low
to high)
Example: survey responses yes, no, undecided
Definitions
22Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
ordinal level of measurement
involves data that may be arranged in some
order, but differences between data values
either cannot be determined or are meaningless
Example: Course grades A, B, C, D, or F
Definitions
23Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
interval level of measurement
like the ordinal level, with the additional property
that the difference between any two data values is
meaningful. However, there is no natural zero
starting point (where none of the quantity is
present)
Example: Years 1000, 2000, 1776, and 1492
Definitions
24Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
ratio level of measurement
the interval level modified to include the natural
zero starting point (where zero indicates that
none of the quantity is present). For values at
this level, differences and ratios are meaningful.
Example: Prices of college textbooks
Definitions
25Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Levels of Measurement
Nominal - categories only
Ordinal - categories with some order
Interval - differences but no natural starting point
Ratio - differences and a natural starting point
26Chapter 1. Section 1-1 and 1-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Levels of Measurement
Nominal - categories only
Ordinal - categories with some order
Interval - differences but no natural starting point
Ratio - differences and a natural starting point