Mhah_Nan_Yar_Za_Win

icy rSefeef;&mZ0if. . .

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 1jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rfrS wifqufonf/

rSefeef;&mZ0ifvm jrefrmbk&ifrsm;tm;

qifjcif-unfhjcif;

icy


xkwfa0rIrSwfwrf;

xkwfa0jcif; ; yxrtBudrf

xkwfa0umv ; 2009 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv

tkyfa& ; uefYowfrxm;

pkpnf;ol ; icy

pmtkyftjyiftqif ; cohtet

rsufESmzkH; ; zdk;0if;awmifeH&Haq;a&;(photo by pfjc2)

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 2


rSefeef;&mZ0ifvm jrefrmbk&ifrsm;tm; qifjcifMunfhjcif;

ordkif; bmvdkY oif&ovJ qdkwJh tar;wpfckudk ]]ordkif;oif&wm rt atmifvdkY}} qdkwJh a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU tajzudk rSwfom;zl;w,f/

&mZ0ifpmtkyfawG trsm;tjym;&SdwJhteuf &mZ0ifausmf&,f? OD;ukvm; &mZ0if&,f? rSefeef;&mZ0if&,f 'D oHk;tkyfu txif&Sm;qHk;yg/ rSefeef; uawmh OD;ukvm;udk trsm;pk tajccHxm;NyD; tenf;i,f wnf;jzwf okwfoifrIawG awmh&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh a&SUrlawGudkawmh udk;um;xm;wm tawmf tjynfhtpHk awGU&ygw,f/

ordkif;udk tajccH ynmtqifhrSm oifcJh&ayr,fh tJh'D oif½dk;nTef;wrf; awG[m rl0g'qdkwJh acgif;pOfatmufrSm enf;enf;awmh tcsdK;rnD aumufEkwfcsufav;awG jzpfrSef; tjyifpmawG zwfrS odvm&ygw,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh bk&ifh taumif;awGcsnf; oifcJh&wmyg/ wu,fh wu,fawmh aumif;wma&m? qdk;wmwcsdKUyg &mZ0ifrSm rSwfwrf;wif xm;wm tcdkiftrm &Sdygw,f/


yk*HacwfeH&Haq;a&;yef;csD (www.seasite.niu.edu)


trSefu uRefawmf[m ordkif;orm; r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfhom;u ordkif; t&rf; pdwf0ifpm;w,f/ olYudk jyefajymjywJhtcg uRefawmf udk,fwdkifu wcgwcg Za0Z0g jzpfaewmav;awG &Sdw,f/ Oyrm - usefppfom; tazu b,folvJvdkY uRefawmhfom;u wcg ar;zl;w,f/ ol rod/ vufvSrf;rD oavmuf&Sm? ar;awmhvnf; tajzr&/ aemufqHk; rSefeef; &mZ0ifudk zwfawmhrS tajza&;a&; ay:awmhw,f/

uRefawmfhtaeeJY rSefeef;u azmfjyxm;wJh &Snfvsm;axGjym;aom bk&ifawG taMumif;zwfNyD; vuf&Sdjrefrmpum;eJY oHcdyfjyK aumufEkwf azmfjyzdkY &nf&G,fygw,f/ tusdK; txdkuftavsmuf &Sdr,fvnf; arQmfvifh rdw,f/

aus;Zl;icy



ed'gef;

rSefeef;&mZ0ifudk ppfudkif;rif; (bMuD;awmf) vufxuf 1829? ar 3 rSm pwifa&;om;NyD; 3-4 ESpftMumrSm a&;om; NyD;pD;cJhygw,f/ tJh'Daemuf rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf eJY oDaygrif; vufxuf awGrSmvnf; qufvuf a&;om; cJhMuw,f/ yHkESdyfwJh tqifh udkawmh oDaygrif; vufxuf usrS aqmif&GufEdkifcJhNyD; tqHk;rowf cJhygbl;/

rSefeef;&mZ0if&JU xl;jcm;csufu wjcm;&mZ0ifawGvdk wpfOD; wpfa,muf xJu a&;wmr[kwfbJ ordkif;aumfr&Sif zGJUNyD; jyKpkcJhwmyg/ yxrqHk; ordkif;aumfr&Sif vdkYvnf; ac:Muw,f/ a&SUu &mZ0ifawGxJrSm tpHkvif? tjynfhpHkqHk;vdkY ,lq&wJh OD;ukvm;&mZ0ifudk t"du tajccH xm;ygw,f/

,ck aemufqHk;xkwf rSefeef;&mZ0ifudk wm0ef,l BuD;Muyf rSwfwrf;wif olrsm;uawmh a':Muef (r[m0dZÆm)? OD;pdefvIdif (r[m0dZÆm) eJY OD;at;csdK (r[m0dZÆm) wdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ OD;ukvm;? wGif;oif; pwJh a&SUpmtkyfrsm;eJY nd§EIdif;NyD; atmufajc rSwfpkav;awGeJY uGJvGJcsuf awGudkvnf; rSwfwrf;wif xm;ygw,f/

t"du tm;jzifh rSefeef;&mZ0ifudk aumufEIwfwm jzpfayrifh OD;azarmifwifeJY *sDtdwfcsfvkpfwdkY bmomjyefwJh The Glass Palace

Chronicle of the Kings of Myanmar pmtkyf&,f? aemuf rSefeef;[m ZmwfuGuf? Zmwfvrf; pdwful;awG odyfrsm;w,fqdkum odyfcHwGif; rawGUwJh a'gufwmoef;xGef; &JU pmtkyfwpfcsdKU udkvnf; tvsif;oifh&if oifhovdk udk;um; oGm;yghr,f/

aus;Zl;

icy



twGJ - 1

urÇmwnf

twGJ-21wGJ yg&mrSm yxrtwGJuawmh xHk;pHtwdkif; urÇmwnfvdkY qdk&rSmyg/ urÇmeJY pMum0VmMuD; ay:aygufvmyHk? jA[®mawG pkawNyD; vljzpfvmyHk? Moumo avmuMuD; ay:xGef;vmyHk? vlUtzGJUtpnf; jzpfwnfvmyHk pwm awGudk *gxmawG? uAsmvuFmawGeJY pDumywfuHk; a&;xm; ygw,f/

avmuwnf[efysuf[efudk -

]]Moumoavmu[k qdktyfaom avmifzuf? ysufzuf uka#wpfodef; yrmP tydkif;tjcm; &Sdukefaom pMu0VmwdkY\ rD;? a&? av wdkYaMumifh ysufNyD;í wpfzef wnfjyefonf}} pm-5 vdkYqdkygw,f/

urÇmysuf&mrSm yxr rD;eJY 7 Mudrf? aemuf a&eJY wpfBudrf? aemuf 'kwd, rD;eJY 7 Budrf ysufr,fqdkw,f/ tck b'úrÇm[m 'kwd,rD;&JU yxrtBudrf rD;zsufNyD; ay:vmwJh urÇm jzpfowJh/

yxrqHk; urÇmwnfNyD;aemuf r[maAm"d yv’ifwnf&m ae&mu pvdkY yx0DajrBuD; ay:vmw,f/ ykAÁedrdwfqdkwJh y'kr®myifaygufw,f/ tJh'D Mum[m tyGifh r&Sd&if bk&m;ryGifh/ tyGifh ta&twGuftwdkif; bk&m;yGifh w,fqdkw,f/

yxr jA[®mawG pkawNyD; udk,fa&mifudk,f0gawGeJY urÇmajray: a&mufvmw,f/ a,mufsm;rdef;r cGJr&/ owå0gvdkYyJ ac:Edkifr,f/ aemuf ajrqDajrMoZmawGpm;NyD;rS udk,fa&mifuG,fNyD; trdkuftwdjzpf&w,fvdkY a&;xm;ygw,f/

wqufwnf;rSm aeawG vawG ay:vmw,f/ Moumoavmu&JU ork'´&m 4pif;? uRef;MuD; 4 uRef;? uRef;i,f 2000? [dr0EÅmawm?



jrif;rdk&fawmif? jrpfBuD;? tkdifMuD; pwmawG wNydKifwnf; ay:vmygw,f/ ay:vmwJh aeYu waygif;vjynfhaeY jzpfygowJh/

ajrqDajrESpfawG pm;rdvdkY vlwpfjzpfvJ jA[®mawG avmb&ruf wufvmNyD; pGrf;tm;awG ,kwfavsmhvmygw,f/ a&S;u tpmawGu usifMuD;usifi,f rjzpfMubl;/ w,faumif;oudk;/ tdrfom rvdkwJh b0/ oav;xrif;udk pm;rdwJhtcgrSm a,mufsm;&,f? rdef;r&,f txift&Sm; jzpfvmMuw,f/ aemuf a,mufsm;eJY rdef;r wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf wyfrufrd&muae arxHkrSD0JrIawG jzpfvmw,f/ 'Draumif;wJh tusifhudk zHk;uG,fzdkY tdrf&maqmufvkyf aevmMuw,f/

aemuf tpm&Sm&rSm ysif;&dolawGu oav;pyg;udk odkavSmif vm Muw,f/ tJh'DrSm olU[m? igh[m awGjzpfvmNyD; cdk;wm0SufwmawG ay:vmw,f/ &efawGjzpfMu? rkom;ajymMu? 'Pfay;MueJY aemufqHk; olwdkY&SdwJh oav;pyg; 10yHk 1yHkudk tcGefoabmrsdK;ay;NyD; tkyfcsKyfpDrHapzdkY pOf;pm; rdvm&mu wdkif;XmaeawG ay:vmwmjzpfaMumif; tawmf us,fus,f 0ef;0ef; a&;xm;ygw,f/

yxrqHk;rif; uawmh r[mor®wrif; jzpfygw,f/ tJh'D r[m or®wrif; uae bk&m;avmif; od'©wfrif;wdkifatmif rif;qufaygif; oHk;odef;? oHk;aomif;? av;axmifhig;&m ajcmufusdyf udk;a,muf &Sdygw,f/ rsm;vdkufwJh rif;qufawGyg/

udk;um;csifolrsm;twGuf rif;ajrmufwefqm ig;yg;? ppft*Fgav;yg; pwJh tajrmuftrsm;aom t*Fg&yf tyg;awGvnf; twGJtqHk;rSm azmfjy xm;av&JU/ uRefawmfawmh 'gawG tJh'DrSm &Sdw,fvdkYyJ vdk&if&SmzdkY aw;rSwf xm;rdygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 2

Adr®om&rif; rS "r®maomurif;txd rif;tyg; 30

Adr®om&rif;[m Ak'©eJY acwfNydKifyg/ Ak'¨xuf 5 ESpf i,fw,f/ tJh'D tcsdef ouúwdkif; uydv0wfbk&if oka'¨g'erif;&JU om;awmf od'¨w¦rif;? &mZN*dK[fjynfbk&if bm*Ded,rif;MuD;&JU om;awmfu Adr®om&aygh/

Adr®om&upvdkY tzudkowfwJh rif;quf awmufavQmuf MuD;pdk; cJhw,f/

zcif Adr®om& udk owf? rif;vkyfwJh om; tZmwowfzcif tZmwowf udk owf? rif;vkyfwJh om; O',b'´zcif O',b'´ udk owf? rif;vkyfwJh om; tEk½k'¨gzcif tEk½k'¨g udk owf? rif;vkyfwJh om; rk@zcif rk@ udk owf? rif;vkyfwJh om; em*'go

rif;ig;qufwdkifwdkif tazawG owfNyD; rif;vkyfcJhMuw,f/

em*'gobk&if vufxufusawmh vlawGu tzowf rif;rsdK;udk z,f&Sm;NyD; okokem* trwf udk rif;ajr§mufcJhygw,f/

okkokem* qdkwm jynfhwefqmu qif;oufvmwJh trsdK;/

yxrqHk; jynfhwefqm

a0omvDjynf? vdpä0Drif;wdkY[m wdkif;jynf om,m0ajym&JUom;eJY bmhaMumifh tkwftkwfusufusuf rpnf&ovJqdkwm wdkifyifESD;aESm MuowJh/ tJhorSm jynfhwefqm r&SdvdkY qdkwJhtcsufudk oGm;awGUMuygw,f/ w,fvnf; tajrmftjrif BuD;Muygayw,f/ tJh'DrSm owdkYorD; wpfa,muf udk yxrqHk; jynfhwefqm tjzpf owfrSwfum bk&ifu wpfywf oHk;pGJ awmfrlygowJh/ tJ udk,f0ef&Sdvmwm oleJYvdkY pmtkyfxJ ajymwmyJ/ aemuf



wjcm; vlawGvnf; pyf,Suf Muoaygh/ udk,f0efudk rD;zGm;NyD; tkd;xJxnfh pGefYypf&mrSm trwfwpfOD;u aumuf,larG;pm;NyD; okokem*vdkY trnfausmf vmcJhygw,f/

okokem* aemuf olUom;awmf umvmaomurif;/ olUvufxufrSm 'kwd,o*Fg,em wifw,f/

umvmaomu aemufrSm b'áoe upvdkY rif; 10yg; &Sdygw,f/ aemufqHk;rif;u yOörurif;/

yOörurif;udk owfNyD; rif;vkyfvmolu olcdk;*dkPf;csKyf cdk;rSL;e'´g ac:wJh bk&ifyg/ bk&ifbGJUu O*¾aoe/ olcdk;awG pkpnf;rdoGm;NyD; bk&ifhtmPmudk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhwJh oabmyg/

O*¾aoe &JU olcdk; rif;qufu nDaemif 9 a,mufvdkY qdkygw,f/ aemufqHk;rif;u "ee'rif;/

"ee'´rif;[m ZmeuúykPÖm;eJY tcsif;rsm;Muw,f/ ykPÖm;usdefpmwdkuf? tNidK;xm;w,f/ tJh'DrSm ar&d,wdkif;u ppf½IH;vdkY xGufajy;vmwJh bk&ifh rsdK;quf pE´*kwÅrif;om; udk ajrawmifajr§muf? "ee'´rif; udkowf? bk&if vkyfapcJhw,f/

ZmeuúykPÖm; uvnf; olwifwJhbk&if tqdyf wjznf;jznf; auR;NyD; pDrHowJh/ taMumif;&if; rawGU&yg/ tJh'Dtpmudk udk,f0ef t&ifhtrm rdzk&m;BuD; pm;rdawmh? rdzk&m; acgif;ukdjzwfNyD; AdkufxJu uav;udkxkwf? qdwfrMuD;0rf;xJ xnfhNyD; &Sifoefatmif vkyfcJhygw,f/ arG;vmwJh om;awmf aemifbk&ifjzpfvmr,fh AdE´Kom&/

tJh'D AdE´Kom&rif;rSm om;awmf 101 yg;&SdowJh/ "r®aomu rif;om; [m nDt&if; wdórif;om;udk csefxm;NyD; usef nDtpfudk 99 a,mufudk owfNyD; rif;vkyfcJhygw,f/



"r®maomurif;[m taomum&mr ausmif;wdkufMuD; ESifh wuG &Spfaomif; av;axmifaom apwD ausmif;wdkYudk aqmufvkyf vSL'gef; cJhygw,f/ omoemrSmawmh eHrnfBuD; bk&ifwpfyg;aygh/ axmywfuef? ysm;uef? wifvJuef? oumuef pwJh uef 4 uefeJY aeYpOf vSL'gef; w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ wwd, o*Fg,emvnf; 'Drif;MuD; vufxufrSm wifjzpf cJhygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä


tmaomuausmufwdkif (en.wikipedia.org)


twGJ - 3

waumif;rif;quf

rSefeef;uawmh jrefrmtp waumif;uudk pGJudkif wifjyxm;ygw,f/ waumif; rSwfwrf;[m rSefeef;eJY OD;ukvm; t"duuGJvGJwJh ae&m jzpf ygw,f/ OD;ukvm;rSm waumif; taMumif; ryg0ifygbl;/

(AdkvfrSL;b&Sif&JU pmwrf;wcsdKUeJY a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU aqmif;yg; wcsdKUrSm jrefrmtp ausmufqnfu t,ltqrsm; awGU&ygw,f/ 'Dt,ltq vufcHolynm&Sif trsm;tjym;yg/)

tbd&mZmrif;

jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxuf yOömv&mZfwdkif;eJY aumvd,wdkif;? OrD; awmif;wJh udpöeJY ppfjzpf&mrSm omuD0if aumvd,wdkY jyKwfjyKwfjyKef; um tkyfpk 3 ck uGJoGm;ygw,f/ aumvd,? a'0'[ eJY uydv0wf &,fyg/ uydv0wfu tbd&mZmrif;[m waumif;jynfudk wnfaxmifcJhygw,f/

uH&mZmi,f

tbd&mZm uG,fvGefawmh om;awmfESpfyg; eef;vk&mrSm om;i,f uH&mZmi,f EdkifoGm;ygw,f/ nwGif;csif; r@yftNyD; aqmufap&mrSm om;tBuD; uH&mZmBuD;u opfBuD;0g;BuD;eJY aqmufw,f/ uH&mZmi,fu opfi,f0g;i,fawGeJY aqmufNyD; EdkifoGm;ygw,f/ tJh'DrSm uH&mZmBuD;[m om;awmf rk'kpdwå udkac:? aemufvdkufawGeJY xGufajy;? om;awmfudk ysL? urf;,H? oufawG&JU bk&iftjzpf uav;awmifndKrSm xm;cJhNyD; "n0wDbufrSm rif;vkyfygw,f/



tbd&mZm? uH&mZmi,fu pcJhwJh waumif;&JU omuD0ifrif;awGu 33 yg; &Sdygw,f/ aemufqHk;rif; bdEéu&mZm vufxufrSm *E©mv&mZfwdkif; ac:wJh w½kwfawG wdkufvdkY waumif;ysufygw,f/

tJh'DrSmvnf; waumif;wdkY tkyfpk 3 pk uGJcJhw,f/ wpfpku &Srf;jynf? wpfpku rk'kpdwå (uH&mZmMuD;om;) wnfcJhwJh a'o eJY rdzk&m; em*qdefeJY wuG rl&if;waumif;rSm usefcJhol qdkNyD; oHk;pkyg/

yOömwaumif;

wcsdefwnf;vdkvdkrSm rZÑdra'orSmvnf; orD;awmif;wJh udpöeJYyJ uydv0wf eJY om0wådwdkY ppfcif;Mujyefw,f/ omuD0ifawG aemuf wpfBudrf rsdK;jyKwf jyefowJh/ usefwJh rsdK;EG,fawG xGufajy;? "Z&mZm eJY em*qdef aygif;zuf? waumif;rSm aemufxyf yOömwaumif;qdkNyD; jynfMuD; wpfck xyfNyD; wnfMujyefygw,f/

tJh'D rif;rsdK;quf[m owdk;r[m&mZrif; wdkifatmif 17 yg; &Sd ygw,f/ rSefeef;eJY rluGJwmwpfcku waumif;udk ordkif;q&mwcsdKU yxr ysLEdkifiHvdkY qdkMuwmyg/

waumif;[m vuf&Sd yk*HeJY anmifOD;tMum;? {&m0wDjrpf ta&SUbuf urf;rSm wnf&Sdygw,f/ yk*HNrdKUa[mif;eJY odyf reD;ra0;jzpfaMumif;yg/

oa&acwå&m

rSefeef;u waumif;udk jrefrmhOD;pGef; xGef;p vdkY qdkw,f/ olUtaMumif; ajym&if; oa&acwå&m NrdKUudkyg qufvuf azmfjyygw,f/

(rSefeef;rluGJ uawmh oa&acwå&m[m 'kwd, ysLEdkifiHawmf jzpfygowJh/ / ysLya'o&mZfacwf? AdkvfrSL;b&Sif)



oa&acwå&m[m omoemxGef;um;r,fh taMumif; jrwfpGmbk&m; Asm'dwf ay;cJhygw,f/ 'DAsm'dwfudk a'opm&D<u&if; yifv,fxJarsmvmwJh EGm;ajc;ajcmuf eJY ayG;i,fudk tjrifrSm a[mcJhygw,f/ edrdwfMuD;ig;yg;udk a[m&mrSm oa&acwå&mrSm yifv,fa& crf;ajcmufr,fh taMumif; eJY ayG;i,f[m 'Gwåaygifrif;tjzpf omoemjyKr,fh taMumif; yg0ifygw,f/

(bk&m;&Sifacwfu jynfa'o w0dkufrSm yifv,fa& &Sdaewm odyÜHoabmt& jzpfEdkifacs &Sdygw,f/ blrdoabmt& vGefcJhwJh ESpfoef;aygif; 50 ausmfu &Srf;ukef;jrifheJY &cdkif½dk;rMum;u a'o[m yifv,fjyifMuD;yg/ aemufrS wjznf;jznf; tenfydkYcsNyD; ajrjyif jzpfvmcJhwm jzpfw,f/ t*Fvdyfacwf &efukefNrdKUv,frSm awmifrS a&uef vdkvdk? prf;vdkvdk? a&tdkifvdkvdk &SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ tJh'Dwkef;uawmh NrdKUpGefaygh/ tck r[mAE©Kv ausmufwdkifem;rSm wHwm;av;wpfckudk ausmfoGm; Mu&w,f/ tJh'DwHwm;udk ausmufwHwm;vdkY ac:&muae uaeYacwf ausmufwHwm; NrdKUe,f jzpfvmwmyg/ tckawmh NrdKUv,facgifaygh/)

waumif; aemufqHk;rif; owdk;r[m&mZ&JU tdrfa&SUrif;[m awm0ufudk ESdrfESif;zdkY bk&ifhckdif;apcsuft& oa&acwå&mzuf a&mufcJhw,f/ awm0ufudk ESdrfESif;NyD; waumif;rjyefjzpfbJ w&m; tm;xkwfum &aohtjzpf aeowJh/ tJh'Dtdrfa&SUrif;[m owdk;r[m&mZ&JU rdzk&m;&JU armif? bk&ifh a,mufzawmf jzpfw,fvdkY OD;ukvm;u qdkygw,f/

&Sif&aoh&JU a&a[mif;pGefYwJh ausmufcGufudk trSDjyK &SifoefwJh orifr AdkufMuD;ygowJh/ a&a[mif;qdkwm usifi,fpGefYwmudk qdkcsifyHk&ygw,f/ tJh'Dorifru vlr av;arG;/ aA'g&D trnfwGif owJh/ &Sif&aoh&JU orD;ayghav/ oa&acwå&m&JU Zmwfvdkufrif;orD;vdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/

(odyHÜacwfrSmawmh usifi,fa& aomufNyD; AdkufMuD;wm &,fp&myg/ &mZ0ifuawmh &mZ0ifayghav/ orifr bmvdkY AdkufMuD;w,fqdkwm 'Dae&mrSm cPawmh &yfNyD; pOf;pm;Munfhrdygao;w,f/)


yef;csDay:OD;ouf


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ydóEdk;NrdKU (www.seasite.niu.edu)


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AdkufMuD;onf 7000/

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½Sift&[H - tmeE´mbk&m;(www.seasite.niu.edu)


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rEl[mbk&m; (www.ancientbagan.com)


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a½Tpnf;ckH (classics-central.com)


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('Dvdk usefppfom;udk ESpfBudrf jyefac:cJh&wJh apmvl;rif;udk rSL;rwfawG pum; em;raxmifbl;vdkY rSefeef;u ajymxm;wJhtwGuf apmvl;&JUvkyf&yfeJY rSefeef;&JUta[m uGJvGJaewm owdxm;rdygw,f/

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i&refuef;

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apmvl;rif;oHk;oyfcsuf

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usefppfom;rif;

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rdzk&m;MuD; ty,f&wemeJY&wJh orD;u a&Ttdrfonf/ wcsdKUpmtkyfu a&TtdrfpnfvdkY a&;w,f/ rSefeef;tac: tJh'D a&TtdrfonfeJY yxrqHk; cspfBudKufrdolu [dE´Lukvm; y#duú&m;rif;om;/ usefppfom;u oabmrwlbJ apmvl;&JUom; ajcroefwJh apm,Gef;eJY ay;pm;w,f/ tavmif;pnfoludk arG;w,f/ taemf&xm&JU jrpf? usefppfom;&JU ajr; aygh/ usefppfu ajr;jzpfol tavmif;pnfoludk tdrfa&SUt&m ay;w,f/ tJh'DaemufrS om;awmf &mZukrm&fay:vmowJh/ rSefeef;u aZ,sacwå&mqdkwJh bGJUtrnfudkom azmfjyNyD; &mZukrm&f trnf rawGU&/ om;jzpf&ufueJY xD;eef;tarG r&cJholyg/ tJh'Duae ]]om;um;t&if;? ajr;um; tzsm;}} qdkwJh qdk½dk;pum; ay:vmygowJh/

(rSefeef;rSm rygayr,fh &mZukrm&f a&;xdk;cJhwJh jrapwDausmufpm[m ysL? jrefrm? ygVd? rGef bmomawGeJY a&;xdk;xm;NyD; jrefrmpm&JU tp vdkY okawoDwdkY rSwfwrf;wif xm;w,f qdkwJh tcsufuav; Mum;jzwf ajymvdkygw,f/)


usefppfom; - tmeE´mbk&m;(www.seasite.niu.edu)


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usefppfom;oHk;oyfcsuf

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aqG;aEG;csuf/ /

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jrefrmrif;rsdK;awG xJrSmvnf; ukvm;aoG; rygbl;vdkY ajymr&Edkifbl;/



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y#du©&m; EdkifiHu qEé qdkwJY b*FgvDedkifiH r[kwfvm;/ [dE´LedkifiHav? at'D 12avmufrSm r*dkNrif;wyfu 0ifodrf;oGm;wm/

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bmomrwlvdkY ray;pm;wmvm; qdkwJhtcsuf/

tJh'DrSm pmawGjyefppf&if;eJY uRefawmfhtrSm;udk jyef&SmawGUcJhygw,f/

usefppfom;u olUorD;udk ukvm;eJY ray;pm;wJh taMumif; &if;u ]]yk*Hjynf[m ukvm;jynf jzpfoGm;rpdk;vdkY}} vdkY ajymygw,f/ bmom taMumif;ryg yg/



tJh'DrSm y#duú&m;qdkwJh wdkif;jynfeHrnf aemuftvdkufrSm [dE´L wdkif;jynf vdkY udk;um;xm; wmudk tvG,fwul ,loHk;rdcJhwJh uRefawmfh trSm;udk oGm;awGU&wmyg/

wu,fh r[mtrSm;ygyJ/ aus;Zl;yg udkarmfuif;/

y#duú&m;[m a&S;,cifu [dE´Ljzpfayr,fh aemufydkif; Ak'¨bmomEdkifiH jzpfcJhzl;ygw,f/ r[m,me*dkPf; jzpfygowJh/ yk*Hjynfu t&nf;BuD; awG[m r[m,me jzpfawmhum tJh'D y#duú&m;eJY trsm;BuD; ul;vl; qufqHrI &SdcJhygw,f/ (AdkvfrSL;b&Sif-taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEdkifiH)

qefem; u 13 &mpkavmufrSmqdkawmh tJh'Drwdkifcif ygvm; qdkwJh wdkif;jynf jzpfEdkifygw,f/ usefppfom;u 11&mpk tukefavmufrSm rif;jzpfawmh tJh'Dwdkif;jynfeJY tcsdefudkufygyJ/ 0DuDuvnf; Pala udk Ak'¨bmom wdkif;jynfvdkY qdkw,f/

aemufydkif; wmufh vlrsdK;awG 14 &mpkavmufrSm 0ifwdkufawmhrS y#duú&m;[m tpövmrfwdkif;jynf jzpfoGm;cJhw,f/ ,aeY b*Fvm;a'h&Sfaygh/

usefppfom; orD;eJY y#duú&m rif;om;wdkY EspfOD; pvHk; Ak'¨bmom awGjzpfMuwJh twGuf bmomwl? vlrsdK;rwl jzpfygaMumif; trSm; jyifvdkuf &ygw,f/

atmf ... &mZ0ifrSm ukvm; ... ukvm; qdkwdkif; vnf; bmomuGJ r[kwf yguvm; vdkY uRefawmfh trSm; udk qifjcifrd ygawmhw,f/


The Pala university of Nalanda(en.wikipedia.org)


tavmif;pnfol

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tavmif;pnfol oHk;oyfcsuf

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 5

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e&olrif; (ukvm;usrif;)

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a0VK0wD? ijynfh? atmifpGmi,f

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e&ywdpnfolrif;

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teEÅol&d,vuFm

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olwpfa,mufrSm? ysufvifhumom? "r®wmwnf;/

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a&yGufyrm? wpfoufvsmwnf;/

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csefbdpifppf? tjypfrJha&;? cGifhvQifay;\?

aoG;onftedpöm? ighcE¨mwnf;/



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aZ,sodcF eef;awmif;rsm;rif; (xD;vdkrif;vdk)

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uspGmrif;MuD; ("r®&mZm)

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aqG;aEG;csuf/ /

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OZemrif;

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rif;acG;acs; (e&oD[yawh)(w½kwfajy;rif;)

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OD;aqG;qHajrh tkwfvSi,f

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o&ygwHcg; (www.seasite.niu.edu)


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ausmfpGmrif;

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rdzk&m;apm

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yk*HaemufqHk;rif;qufrsm; (apmepf? apmrGefepf)

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 6

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OZemrif;

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yif;,*lokH;vkH;rS awmifbuf*l ("mwfykH-qefeDNidrf;)


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apmOr®m ac: Or®m'EÅD

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olcdk;rSmvnf; tonf;eJYygvdkY qdk&avrvm; rod/

Or®m'EÅDESpfa,muf

rSefeef;xJrSm a&maxG;aewJh Or®m'EÅD ESpfa,muf awGUygw,f/

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Magic-art Art Gallery


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bk&ifrif;vSi,f? uav;aus;awmifndKrif;

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uav;aus;awmifndKrif; vufxufrSm rdk;n§if;rif;w&m;u tif;0udk vkyfBuHw,f/ tif;0ysufNyD; awmifndKrif; &cdkifudk ajy;&/ &ckdifudk odrf;NyD; &cdkifutm;eJY jyefwdkufr,fvdkY &nf½G,fcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh pvif;NrdKU tvGef vrf;rSmyJ uG,fvGefcJh&Smw,f/ rdzk&m; &SifbdkYr,f eJY ol&Jaumif; b,*grPdwdkY uawmh tJh'DrSmyJ tajccs cJhMuowJh/

rdk;n§if;rif;w&m;

&mZ0if toGm;tvm? trsdK;tEG,fawG t&qdk&if rdk;n§if;rif;w&m; [m &Srf;? jrefrm ujym; jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmrif;rsdK;eJY &Srf;apmfbGm;rsdK;wdkY pyfxm;wm jzpfw,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh olUrsdK;½dk;udk &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; azmfjy&mrSm wzufu yk*He&ywdpnfolrSm qHk;NyD;? wpfzufrSm anmif&rf; apmrGefepfqDrSm qHk;ygw,f/ yk*Hrif;rsdK;qdkawmh rGefaoG;? &cdkifaoG; awGvnf; ygr,f xif&w,f/



rdk;n§if;&JU om;awmf tdrfa&SUrif;om;u aemufxyf rif;&JausmfpGm trnfeJY rif;om; jzpfygw,f/ rdk;n§if; vufxufrSm ykcef;udk Edkifw,f/

rdk;n§if; vufxufrSm eHrnfBuD;cJhwm b,*grPd ppfolMuD;yg/ olu &Srf;wyfawGudk EkdifcJhwm tygt0if wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym; atmifEkdifcJhygw,f/ a&SUwef; a&mufaewHk; rdef;rudk pdwfrcsvdkY ½kyfzsufNyD; jyefMunfh&mrSm vifi,faewm rdNyD; owfr,f ½G,fayr,fh rowfjzpfcJh/ 'guawmh olU&JU tBuD;rm;qHk; atmifyGJvdkY qdkygw,f/

rGefrif;orD; &Sifapmyku b,favmuf acsmarmvSy ovJawmhrod/ rGefwdkYu wul;wu jyefcdk;,l Mujyefw,f/ 'Dawmh rGefjynfu Anm;&HqD jyefa&mufcJh owJh/ tJh'DtcsdefrSm touf 36 ESpf om&Sdao;NyD; vSqJyJvdkY qdkygw,f/

Anm;&Hu jynfudk vkyfMuHwmeJY tif;0u rdk;n§if;w&m; ppfcsD cJhjyefw,f/ Anm;&Hu aygif;wnfpm;udk zrf;xm;ovdk rdk;n§if;u rGefol&Jaumif; ordefy&rf;udk zrf;xm;w,f/ Anm;&Hu wlrawmfeJY vufqufzdkY urf;vSrf;vmwJh tcg rdk;n§if;rif;w&m; uvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; oabmwl? ususee r*FvmaqmifNyD; wyfjyefqkwfcJhygowJh/

rdk;n§if;rif;w&m; vufxufrSm jrefrmouú&mZf NzdKcJhygw,f/

(rdk;n§if;&JU aumif;rIawG &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; a&;xm;&mrSm oabmus rdwJh tcsufwcsdKUuawmh jynfhwefqmrawGudk vif,lcsif&if vif,lcGifh ay;cJhwJhtcsuf? udk,fvkyfawmf? tysdKawmfawG a,mufsm;eJY azmufjym;&if tjypfray;bJ vufxyfay;cJhwJh tcsufawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ udk,fcsif;pm w&m;&SdNyD; vlYtcGifhta&; em;vnfwJh rif;wyg;vdkY ,lqrdaMumif;yg/)

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 9

tif;0rif;quf

rif;&JausmfpGm

rdk;n§if;rif;w&m; uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGm eef;wuf w,f/ rdk;n§if;? uav;u ykefuefvdkY ESdrfESif;w,f/ awmifil? awmifwGif;? &rnf;oif;? yifv,f pwmawGvnf; ykefukefMuvdkY ESdrfESif;cJh&w,f/ awmifilrSm rif;apmOD;eJY tif;0bufu b,*grPdwdkY pD;csif;xdk;&mrSm rif;apmOD; usvdkY awmifiludk &cJh/

oufawmf 32 ESpfrSm rif;&JausmfpGm tedpöa&mufw,f/

rif;&JausmfpGm uG,fvGefawmh a,mufzawmf oD[yawhudk eef;wif ayr,fh jiif;cJhwJhtwGuf nDawmf oD[oludk eef;wifMuw,f/ oD[ol[m e&ywd trnfeJY eef;wufcJhygw,f/

e&ywd

e&ywd vufxufrSm w½kwfawG tif;0udk ppfcsDcJhMuw,f/ odkiHbGm;udk awmif;&mrSm e&ywdu &rnf;oif;NrdKUrSm ykefuefaewJh rif;i,fausmfxifudk zrf;Edkifygu tvJtvS,fjyK r,fvdkY jyefMum;cJhw,f/

w½kwfawGvnf; &rnf;oif;udk tEkdifwdkufNyD; tif;0udk jyefvmMuw,f/ odkiHbGm;u aq;pm;NyD; aovdkY tavmif;udk xkyfydk;NyD; w½kwfawGqD ay;w,f/ w½kwfawGu odkiHbGm;udk &wJhtcg tludkxkwf oHwHpdkYrSm xdk;vdkY rD;uif tajcmufvSef;NyD; ,lowJh/



odkiHbGm;eJY OD;wnfbGm;[m bdk;awmfodkcsnfbGm; vufxufuwnf; u 10 ESpfausmf ppfrufjyKcJh MuygowJh/ rdk;aumif;? rdk;n§if;qdkawmh {&m0wDudk jzwfjzwf wdkuf&wJhtcg w½kwfwdkY txdemavh &Sdygw,f/

rGefbk&if "r®&mZmrif; om;awmf Anm;usef;[m Anm;&HeJY roifhjrwf vdkY tif;0rSm cdkvIHw,f/ e&ywdu om;t&if;eJY rjcm; pvif;udk tydkifpm; apcJhowJh/

[Hom0wDrSm Anm;&H uG,fvGefawmh &Sifapmyk&JU om;awmf Anm;y½l eef;wufw,f/ Anm;y½l vkyfBuHcH&awmh pvif;pm; Anm;usef;udk rif; jyefvkyfzdkY urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f/ e&ywduvnf; tapmihfa&SmufawGeJY wuG [Hom0wDudk apvTwfygowJh/

rGefrif; Anm;usef; tedpö a&mufawmh Anm;&H &JU om;awmf vdwfrGwfaxm rif;jzpfw,f/ wpfESpfaevdkY tJh'Drif; uG,fvGefawmh t&D;awmf &Sifapmykudk rif;ajr§muf cJhygw,f/ &Sifapmyk[m touf 59 ESpf t&G,frSm Anm;usef;awm trnfeJY bk&ifr jzpfcJhygw,f/ atmuf jrefrmjynf[m rGefvufatmufrSm qdkawmhum a&Twd*Hk? ql;av pwJh apwD awmfBuD;awG jyKjyifrGrf;rH wnfaqmufcJhwJh bk&ifr &Sifapmykvnf; jzpfygw,f/

e&ywd&JUajr;? tdrfa&SUrif;&JU om; owdk;ausmf[m ppfudkif; rdzk&m; orD;awmfeJY BudKuf&mrSm e&ywdu oabmrwlbJ cGJzdkYvkyfw,f/ 'geJY ajr;awmf owdk;ausmf[m olUtaz tdrfa&SUrif; tdrfudk rD;½IdUw,f/ rD;avmifvdkY ½Iwf½Iwf,Suf,Suf jzpfaecsdefrSm bdk;awmf e&ywdudk "m;eJY 0ifckwfygowJh/

rdzk&m;u 'Pf&m&wJh bk&ifudk csDNyD;xGufajy;? &mZoBuFef om;tzu u,fNyD; jynfudk ydkYay;ygw,f/ jynfrif;BuD;pGm uvnf; &mZoBuFef om;tzudk rMumcP &efp wmuae pD;csif;xdk;Mu? NyD; &mZoBuFefwdkY tif;0udk jyefxGufajy;ygw,f/ tif;0rSm e&ywd om;awmftBuD; eef;wuf



aeNyD; zcifjzpfoludk xD;eef;jyef,lzdkY ajymayr,fh jiif;y,fcJhygowJh/ e&ywdvnf; ajr;awmf&JU "m;'Pf&meJYyJ tedpö a&mufcJhygw,f/

e&ywd NyD;awmh om;awmf tBuD;[m 'kwd,rif;acgif trnfeJY eef;wufw,f/ 'kwd,rif;acgif[m jrif;pD;twwf tvGefuRrf;usif w,fvdkY qdkw,f/ olUvufxufrSm awmifil[m tif;0vufatmufcH jzpfqJyg/ ol uG,fvGefawmh om;awmfti,fu e&ywd trnfeJYyJ eef;wufcJhygw,f/

ouú&mZf 888 rSm tif;0ysufNyD; rdk;n§if;pvHkom;awmf odk[efbGm; eef;wufcJhygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä


tif;0eef;awmf (www.seasite.niu.edu)


twGJ - 10

tif;0rif;quf

yxrtif;0ysuf

tif;0rSm owdk;rif;zsm;u pvdkY rif;quf 14 quftNyD; yxrtif;0 ysufw,f/ rdk;n§if;pvHk&JU om;awmf odk[efbGm; eef;wufygw,f/ tif;0udk atmifEdkifcJhwJh rkd;n§if;pvHk uawmh olUtrwfawG vkyfBuHvdkY uG,fvGef chJ&ygowJh/

awmifilbk&if rif;w&m;a&TxD;

awmifilbk&if rif;w&m;a&TxD;[m ouú&mZf 900 rSm rGef[Hom0wD udk vkyfMuHw,f/ rGefrif; ol&Sifwum½Gwfyd jynfudk xGufajy;&JU/ jynfrif; e&ywdeJY ol&Sifwum½Gwfyd aygif;NyD; tif;0u &Srf;odk[efbGm;udk ppful awmif;w,f/ [Hom0wDudk rif;w&m;a&TxD;&NyD;wJhaemuf jynfudk qufNyD; vdkufvmcJhygw,f/ tif;0wyfeJY awmifilwyftawGUrSm tif;0wyfawG ta&;edrfhovdk ol&Sifwum&Gwfydvnf; usqHk;cJhw,f/ odk[efbGm;wdkY tif;0udk jyefqkwf oGm;cJh&ygw,f/

odk[efbGm;

odk[efbGm;[m tvGef &ufpufMurf;MuKwf w,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkw,f/ bk&m;ykxdk;awG[m ArmawG a&TaiGawG 0Sufxm;wJh ae&mqdkum zsufqD; owJh/ bkef;BuD;awG[m om;r,m; r&SdbJ wynfhwyef; aygrsm;wJh twGuf wcsdefrSm ykefuefEdkifw,fqdkum oHCmawGudk yifhaqmif pkpnf;NyD; owfjypf cJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh &Srf;awGu oem;NyD; vTwfcJhwJh twGuf



usefwJh &[ef;awG jynf? awmifilbufudk xGufajy;Muygw,f/ zrf;xm;wJh &[efk; 1300 ausmfrSm 360 ausmf owfcJhygowJh/

ArmawG tay:vnf; &Srf;awG tawmf ESdyfpufcJhw,fvdkY rSefeef; uqdkw,f/ 'geJY rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfNyD; pkaygif;BuHpnfum rif;BuD;&efaemif OD;aqmifvdkY odk[efbGm;udk vkyfBuHcJhMuw,f/ &Srf;wdkY tif;0u xGufajy; MuowJh/

tkef;abmifcHkrIdif;

odk[efbGm;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfBuHcJhwJh rif;BuD;&efaemifu xD;eef;r,lbJ &[ef;abmif 0ifoGm;cJhw,f/ tif;0 e&ywd&JU aqGrsdK; tkef;abmifcHkrIdif;BuD;&JU om;i,f? cHkrIdif;i,fudk eef;wifygw,f/ cHkrIdif; eef;wufwJh ESpfrSmyJ apmfbGm;awG tiftm;pkNyD; jynfudk ppfcsDum rif;w&m; a&TxD;udk wdkufw,f/ ½HI;NyD; jyefqkwfcJh&/ tkef;abmifckHrIdif; uG,fvGefw,f/

rdk;NAJe&ywd

cHkrIdif; vGefawmh olUom;awmf rdk;NAJpm; e&ywd tif;0 eef;udk wufw,f/ olYvufxufrSm ppfudkif; pnfolausmfxif 0ifwdkufvdkY eef; usNyD; tif;0eef;udk ppfudkif; pnfolausmfxif wufvmcJhw,f/ oluvnf; e&ywdbGJY eJYyJ eef;wufw,f/ w,frsm;wJh e&ywdawG ygvm;vdkY xifrdaMumif;yg/

bk&ifhaemif tif;0udk odrf;jcif;

ouú&mZf 916 rSm [Hom0wD jynhf&Sif jzpfaewJh awmifilu bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm tif;0udk odrf;,lygw,f/ tJh'Daemuf nDawmf owdk;rif;apmudk tif;0udk pm;apcJhowJh/



yxrtif;0 oHk;oyfcsuf

tif;0acwf[m trSefawmh jrefrmtifyg,mudk xlaxmifEdkifcJhjcif; r&Sdygbl;/ jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif; uGufuGufuav;rSmom rif;rlaeEdkifwJh NrdKUjyEdkifiH tpkuav;yJ jzpfygw,f/ atmufjrefrmjynfrSm rGefwdkY tm;aumif; aeNyD; taemufbufu &cdkifuawmh rGef? Arm wpfvSnfhpD todrf;cH&wJh taetxm; &Sdygw,f/

tm;NydKifwJh EdkifiHi,fav;awG rsm;NyD; tiftm;csdefcGifvQm nDrQ aewJhtwGuf uaeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkwJh tifyg,m tpkwpfck ay:xGuf vmcJhjcif; r&SdwJh acwfvdkY oHk;oyfrdaMumif;yg/

awmifilrif;quf

ouú&mZf 641 rSm o0efBuD;u awmifilukd wnfw,f/ 679 rS nD o0efi,f eef;wufw,f/ yif;,wpfpD;&Sif vmwdkufvdkY opömcHcJh&ygw,f/

686 rSm o0efi,f uG,fvGefawmh r,m;MuD; apmpvm[m om;apmepfudk rif;vsmxm;NyD; rif;vkyfowJh/ wpfESpfyJ cHygw,f/ axmifrSL;u&ifb u apmepfudk vkyfBuHNyD; rif;vkyfcJhjyefw,f/

axmifrSL;u&ifb vufxufrSm awmifilNrdKU[m pwifpnfum; vmcJh w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/

ouú&mZf 704 rSm orufawmf vuf,mpMum eef;wuf/ 2 ESpf aeawmh nD axmufavSum; vkyfBuHNyD; rif;jyKowJh/ aemuf 2 ESpf Mumawmh axmufavSum;udk od*Fyg owfNyD; rif;jyKcJhjyef ygw,f/ od*Fyg aoawmh om;ysHcsDBuD; eef;wuf/

ysHcsDMuD;udk tif;0rif;BuD;pGmu vkyfBuH cdkif;vdkY jynfrif;u vkyfMuH cJhw,f/ 'gaMumifh awmifilrSm NrdKUapmifh rGef rpdef eef;wuf cJhygw,f/



tJh'Daemuf ysHcsDBuD;om; awmifiludk jyefwdkufNyD; ysHcsD trnfeJYyJ eef;wufjyefw,f/

aemuf pkuúaw; rif;jzpf/ pkuúaw;udk rif;abmif;um; vkyfMuH? rif;vkyf/ rif;abmif;um;u tif;0udkvnf; aygif;&? [Hom0wD udkvnf; aygif;&aygh/

aemufom;awmf apmOD;/ apmOD;udk i,fw,fqdkum tif;0 rif;BuD;pGmu &mxl;uz,fvdkY rif;aerdudk eef;wifw,f/ aemif rif;acgifBuD; vufxufrSm icifndKudk awmifil pm;apcJh jyefw,f/

'DvdkeJY rif;qufaygif; rsm;pGm tkyfcsKyfvmNyD;aemuf ouú&mZf 872 rSm r[moD&daZ,ol& eef;wufw,f/ olUom;awmfu wyifa&TxD;/ wyifa&TxD;vdkY trnfay;cJhvdkY rif;quf jywf&w,fvdkY qdkowJh/ olU txdef;awmf rif;&JodcFol&JU om; &Sif&JxGwf uawmh bk&ifhaemif ausmfxifaemf&xm jzpfvmcJhw,f/

wyifa&TxD; eef;wufawmh touf 17 ESpf/ em;xGif; r*Fvmudk [Hom0wD? a½Tarma"mrSm vkyfvdkwJhtwGuf rGefjynfxJudk &J&J0Hh0Hh wdk;0ifNyD; em;xGif;cJhygw,f/ rGefol&Sifwum&Gwfydu tzrf;ckdif;ayr,fh zrf;rrdcJhyg/

rGefrif; "r®apwD&JU om;awmf rif;&JausmfpGmudk tdrfa&SUrif;u owfw,f/ tJh'DrSm jrefrmAdkufxJ 0ifpm;NyD; rGefudk ESdyfpuf&ygvdk\ qkawmif;owJh/ tJh'D towfcH&wJh rGefbk&ifhom;awmf[m wyifa&TxD; jzpfvmw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/ (a&SUrSm &mZm"d&mZfeJY rif;&JausmfpGmvnf; tvm;wl Zmwfvrf;ygyJ/)

wyifa&TxD;[m awmifiluae tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmNyD; [Hom0wDudk ppfcsDcJhygw,f/



aemif½dk;wdkufyGJ

aemif½dk; wpfzufurf;u rGefwyfawGudk wdkufzdkY bk&ifhaemifrSm tiftm; rvHkravmuf jzpfaew,f/ rGeftiftm;u olwdkYxuf 10 q rsm; ygowJh/ tJh'DrSm azmifeJY wpfzufurf;ul;/ NyD; azmifawGzsuf/ zsufNyD;wJh tcg wyifa&TxD;u olUudk apmifhygtHk;vdkY vSrf;rSmwmudk ]]wdkufyGJ atmifEdkifcJhygNyD}} vdkY owif;ydkY ckdif;w,f/

tJh'DrSm wu,fvdkYrsm; ratmifjrifcJh&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJ 0dkif;ar;wJh tcg bk&ifhaemifu atmifEdkif&if touf&Sifrnf? ratmifvQif aornf/ aoNyD;oludk tjypfb,fvkd ay;rvJvdkY jyefajymcJhygowJh/

tiftm; 10 q enf;wJh olUwyfawG&JU pdwf"mwfudk 10 q ru wdk;jr§ifhay; cJhwmyg/

touf&Sifcsifovm;/ aemufqkwfp&m vrf;r&Sd/ EdkifatmifwdkufzdkYyJ &Sdygw,f/

aemif½dk;wdkufyGJ atmifEdkifNyD;rS ausmfxifaemf&xmudk wyifa&TxD;u bk&ifhaemifbGJU csD;jr§ifhcJhwm jzpfowJh/

[Hom0wDudk wyifa&TxD; odrf;NyD;aemuf rGefbk&if ol&Sifwum&Gwfyd ewf&GmpHwJhtcg rGefwdkY wyifa&TxD;xH 0ifvmMuw,f/ tJh'Daemuf rGefjynf t&yf&yfudk wqufwnf;odrf;,lcJhum [Hom0wDrSm eef;pdkufcJhygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 11

awmifilrif;quf

tif;0eJY wyifa&TxD;wdkufyGJ

tif;0 tkef;abmifcHkrIdif;eJY apmfbGm;awG wkdifyifMuwmu yxr jynfrSm wyfpGJNyD; awmifiludk wdkufr,f/ aemuf [Hom0wD udkqif;NyD; rif;w&m;a&TxD;udk t&,lr,faygh/

wyifa&TxD;&JU wyfawGrSm rGefol&JawGvnf; trIxrf; aeMuw,f/ wyfrSL; wpfOD;jzpfwJh apmvuGef;tdrfu Munf;aMumif;eJY tEdkifwdkufNyD;rS a&wyfudk NzdKcGif;zdkY tMuHay;w,f/ bk&ifhaemifuvnf; ol Munf;aMumif;u wdkufr,f/ wyifa&TxD;udk a&aMumif;u csDaygh/ tJh'DrSm jynfudk tcdkiftrmjyKxm;wJh tif;0wyfawG qkwfay;&owJh/ &Srf;wyfawG 4 pkuGJ xGufajy; Mu&NyD; wyifa&TxD;wdkY pvif;txd vdkufcJhMuw,f/ pvif;w0dkuf NrdKUjyawG yk*Htygt0if odrf;,lcJhygw,f/

ouú&mZf 906 rSm wyifa&TxD;u eef;awmftwGif;rSm a½TvTwfawmf aqmufvkyfcJhw,f/

wyifa&TxD; &cdkifcsDjcif;

wjznf;jznf; tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmwJh wyifa&TxD;[m wyftiftm; tvHk;t&if;eJY &cdkifudk csDcJhw,f/ &cdkifwdkY yxr ckcHayr,fh tiftm;rrQvdkY oHwGJusw,f/ tJh'Daemuf &cdkifbkef;MuD; av;yg;u 0ifa&muf aphpyfay;wJh twGuf &ckdifbk&ifudk eef;rcsbJ rlvtwdkif; aeapum vufaqmif y@moGif;apcJhygw,f/

&cdkifudk wdkufaewHk; [Hom0wDrSm tiftm;enf; oGm;wJhtwGuf ,dk;',m;wdkY xm;0,fudk vkyfMuHw,f/ xm;0,fpm;vnf; rcHEkdifwmeJY



a&;udk qkwf&owJh/ 'geJY rkwårpm; apmvuGef;tdrfudk wm0efay;NyD; ,dk;',m;udk jyefwdkufapygw,f/ ,dk;',m; wyfawGvnf; wyifa&TxD; jyefvmNyD txifeJY weoFm&Dudk qkwfcJhMuowJh/

wyifa&TxD; ,dk;',m;csDjcif;

,dk;',m;oGm;rJh vrf;wavQmufu NrdKUpm;awGu ppfonf? &du©m quf&w,f/ NrdKUapmifhwyfawG wm0efay;w,f/ vmr,fqdkwm BudKodawmh ,dk;',m;u uHyl&Duae BudKwdkufw,f/ ,dk;',m;wyf ysufw,f? upOfh uvsm; xGufajy;&mrSm NrdKUuae jyefvnf ckcHwdkufcdkufowJh/ ,dk;',m; bk&ifhom;eJY nDawmfudk zrf;rdcJhw,f/

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ukvm;eJYaygif;vdkY b0ajymif;&wJh wyifa&TxD;

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wyifa&TxD; r&Sdawmh [Hom0wDrSm&SdwJh bk&ifhaemif&JU nDawmf oD[olu &SdwJh qifjrif;vlolawG odrf;MuHK; ac:aqmifNyD; awmifilrSm rif;vkyf jcm;em;w,f/ ordefapmxGwfuvnf; [Hom0wDrSm oD[ol r&Sd awmhrSef; odawmh ordefpuúa0g trnfeJY [Hom0wDudk jyefNyD; rif;jyK ygw,f/ bk&ifhaemif ausmfxifaemf&xmuawmh xdktcsdefu 'vrSm a&mufaecJhowJh/

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 12

qifjzLrsm;&Sif? b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;

bk&ifhaemifausmfxifaemf&xm

rGefoHk;&yfESifh tif;0

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a½Tomavsmif; eH&Haq;a&;(fotosearch.com)


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&Srf;udk;jynfaxmif eJY Zif;r,f

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 13



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,dk;',m;udk ppfcsDjcif;

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[Hom0wD r[m&mZXmeD a&TNrdKUawmf

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taemufwHcg; 5 cku uav;wHcg;? rdk;eJwHcg;? anmifa&TwHcg;? om,m0wDwHcg; eJY odEéDwHcg;awG jzpfMu ygw,f/

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 14

bk&ifhaemif ausmfxifaemf&xm

bk&ifhaemif[m ppftwdkufqHk; bk&ifvm; vdkYawmif xif&ygw,f/ ppfyGJeJY jywfw,f&,f r&Sd/ ppfEdkifjyef&ifvnf; MumMumrcH/ jyefykefuef MuwmygyJ/

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vif;Zif;u ydóavmufudk odrf;wJh twGufyg/

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a&TaiGaMu; &wemawG aygNyD; tpma&pm ravmufiSwJh oabm jzpfr,f xify/

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eef;awmf topfMuD;eJY eef;wufyGJ vkyfNyD; rMumrDyJ ,dk;',m; ykefuef ygw,f/

[Hom0wDudk ac:vmwJh ,dk;',m;rif;om; jA&mroGef uG,fvGefawmh olU om;r,m;awGudk ,dk;',m;jyefydkYw,f/ jyefydkY&wJh trwfu &mZrEk/ olu vrf;rSm ,dk;',m; jA&mroGef r,m;eJY Zmwfvrf;½Iyfygw,f/ 'gudk ,dk;',m;u jyefwdkifawmh bk&ifhaemifu &mZrEkudk uGyfrsufcJhw,f/



aemuf [Hom0wDu vTwfvdkufwJh bk&ifhoHudk ,dk;',m;bk&ifu uGyfrsufwJhtcg ,dk;',m;rif;MuD; tudk&JU oruf? ydóavmufpm; Mo,m [Hom0wDatmuf 0ifa&muf cpm;owJh/

,dk;',m;ppf

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bk&ifhaemifa'go

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 15

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oD[dk pG,fawmfausmif;(www.onhiatusphotos.com)


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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 16


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awmifilbk&if aejynfawmf jyefawmh ,dk;',m;wdkY csDvmNyD; xD;eef; jyefwifzdkY qdkum [Hom0wDrif;udk awmif;ygw,f/ awmifiluray;/ ,dk;',m;u wdkufayr,fh rEdkifvdkY jyefqkwf oGm;cJh&w,f/ [Hom0wDrSm wyfpGJxm;wJh &cdkifwyfawGvnf; ,dk;',m;wdkY vmwm Mum;wmeJY eef;awmfudk rD;½IdUzsufqD;NyD; bk&m;qif;wk yd#uwfeJY oHxnfawG o,fum &cdkif jyefMuw,f/

[Hom0wDrif;udk awmifila&mufrif; vdkYvnf; &mZ0ifrSm ac:w,f/ olvnf; olUom; rif;&JausmfpGm vrf;udk vdkufoGm;&wm ygyJ/ ewf&Sifaemif u wdwfwqdwf vkyfBuHcJhw,fvdkY rSefeef;u qdkygw,f/

'D [Hom0wDbk&if[m jynfolawG rSL;rwfawGudk 0rf;enf;apw,f? ppfrufudk aumif;aumif; rBuD;MuyfEkdif? jynfaxmifawG udkvnf; roifhrjrwf jzpfapw,f&,fvdkY &mZ0ifrSm rSwfwrf; twifcH cJh&ygw,f/

auwkrwDeJY "n0wD Mum;cH iZifum

awmifileJY &cdkif yl;aygif; rdMuw,f/ vrf;c&D;a0; ordkY oHydkY&wm tqifrajy/ 'gaMumifh &cdkifbk&ifu olUuRef b&if*sDukvm; iZifumudk oabFm 3 pif;? vl 2000 eJY oHvsifrSm wyfpGJ apcJhw,f/ iZifum uvnf; oHvsifrSm aeNyD; &cdkifeJY wpfvrf;? awmifileJY wpfvrf;? rkwår rGefwdkYeJY wpfvrf; a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; azmufEdkifcJhygw,f/ iZifum orD; eJY rGefAnm;'v om;awmfwdkY vufqufNyD; trsdK;pyfcJh ygao;w,f/

ewf&Sifaemifudk uG,fvGefol Oy&mZmi,f&JU rdzk&m; &mZ"mwkuvsm eJY vufquf ay;w,f/

1603 ckESpfrSm iZifum[m rkwåreJY aygif;NyD; &cdkifeJY awmifiludk jcm;em; ygw,f/ 'geJY &cdkifeJY awmifilaygif;NyD; oHvsifudk wdkufw,f/ r&/ &ckdif bk&ifhom;awmf tzrf;cH&w,f/ iZifumu om;awmfudk jyefvdkcsif&if olUudk uReftjzpf rrSwfbJ bk&iftjzpf todtrSwfjyKzdkY? aemifudk oHvsif



udk rwdkufzdkY? urf;vSrf;vmw,f/ &cdkifeJY awmifilvnf; iZifumpum;udk vdkufavsm cJh&oaygh/

'DrSmyJ &ckdifeJY awmifiltMum;u a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; jywfawmufoGm; cJh&w,f/ &cdkifeJY awmifil aygif;rdjcif;[m tiftm;MuD; wpf&yfvdkY jrifygw,f/ &cdkifu odyfrodomayr,fh awmifiluawmh oHvsiftjyif? '*Hk? ykodrf wdkYudkyg vufvTwf vdkuf&ordkY tawmfhudk tiftm; ,kwfavsmh oGm;cJh&w,f qdk&r,f/

1609 ckESpfrSm awmifilbk&if ewf&GmpHawmh tdrfa&SUrif; ewf&Sifaemif eef;wufw,f/

touf 31 ESpfrSm bk&ifjzpfNyD; &mZ"mwkuvsmxuf touf 19 ESpf i,fygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 17

anmif&rf;rif;quf

[Hom0wDudk &ckdifeJY awmifil yl;aygif; wdkufMupOfrSm bk&ifhaemif om;awmf anmif&rf;rif;MuD; uvnf; olYNrdKUudk tcdkiftcHh jyKvkyfw,f/ NyD; &rnf;oif;udk pwif odrf;,lcJhygw,f/

tJh'Daemuf tif;0? yk*H wdkYudk qufvuf odrf;,l&m uae txuf jrefrmjynf wpfckvHk; pk½Hk;rdvmw,f/

jynfrif; rif;BuD;aESmif;u awmifileJY aygif;NyD; tif;0udk wdkufzdkY BuHpnfw,f/ azmifay: twuf rGefwdkY vkyfBuHvdkY a&xJ ckefcs? tedpö a&mufcJhw,f/

ouú&mZf 1597 rSm 4 ESpf wdkifwdkif vloluif;rJh cJhwJh tif;0 aejynfawmf rSm anmif&rf;rif;w&m; eef;wuf cJhygw,f/ 'kwd,tif;0 acwfvdkY ac:Mu&JU/

(&mZ0if zwf&wmvnf; ppfwdkufvdkuf? xD;wif ukodkvf,lvdkuf eJY oHo&mvnf aewmygyJ/ wu,f wdkufolrsm;awmh b,fodkY&Sdr,frod? zwfolrawmh rsufpdeJY tm½HkrSm tawmfyJ ppfyef;vSygNyD/)

rdk;aumif; rdk;n§if;udk odrf;/ &rnf;oif;udk awmifilu odrf;vdkY jyefwdkuf? anmifa&Tudkwdkuf? Aef;armfudkcsD/ apmfbGm;w½kwfqD xGufajy;/ anmif&rf;wyf vdkufawmif;/ apmfbGm;udk tao&/ aumif;rIawmf r[m jrwfrked ajrzdkY/ rdk;eJudkcsD/ &Srf;jynf tvHk;udk&/ jynfudkwdkufzdkY jyifwkef; rdk;aumif;u jcm;em;vdkY jyefwdkuf/ aumif;rIawmf r[mjrwfrked Xmyem awmfrl/ odEéDudkcsD/ 'DvkdeJY oDaygta&mufrSm wpfvrf;vHk; rrmrusef; jzpfvmwJh anmif&rf;rif;w&m;BuD; ewf&GmpHygw,f/



bk&ifhtavmif;udk bk&ifaorSef; b,folrS r&dyfrdatmif jy'g;oGwfvdkY jyefv,f o,faqmifum tif;0a&mufrS oN*ØØK[f cJhygw,f/

taemufbufvGefrif;

([Hom0wD taemufbufrSm vkyfBuHcH&NyD; uG,fvGefvdkY taemuf bufvGefrif;vdkY ac:ygw,f/)

tdrfa&SUrif; jzpfwJh taemufbufvGefrif; 1606 ckESpfrSm eef;wuf cJhw,f/ 1608 ckESpfrSm jynfudkodrf;cJh/ eef;NrdKUukd NzdKcsNyD; bk&m;?ykxdk;? apwDaqmufzdkY vSLygw,f/

&cdkif? awmifil? Zif;r,f ponfwdkYu trsdK;rjym; jzpfcsif ygw,fvdkY ajymvmayr,fh omuD0ifjzpfvdkY "avhtwdkif; ESrawmfudkom rdzk&m;ajr§muf cJhowJh/ trsdK;rjym;qdkwm aqGrsdK; awmfpyfMuzdkY urf;vSrf; wmvdkY ,lqygw,f/

tJh'Daemuf awmifiludk csDw,f/ wdkufMucdkufMueJY aemufqHk; awmifil ta&;edrfh/ rif; 2 yg; n§dEIdif;NyD; awmifilu opömcH/ awmifiludk ewf&Sifaemiftm; jyefpm;apcJhw,f/

awmifileJY tif;0aygif;NyD; tiftm;BuD;vmwJh oHvsif iZifumudk wdkufzdkY jyifygw,f/

tJh'D tcsdefrSmyJ iZifumeJY Anm;'v aygif;NyD; awmifiludk csDvmw,f/ ewf&Sifaemif &JU nD usqHk;w,f/ ewf&Sifaemif udkvnf; iZifumwdkY oHvsifudk zrf;ac: oGm;owJh/

taemufbufvGefrif;vnf; awmifilysufaMumif; odwJhtcg oHvsifudk ppfcsDNyD; tjyif;txef wdkufygw,f/ vufeufrsdK;pHk? enf;rsdK;pH kwdkufayr,fh oHvsifudk rodrf;Edkif jzpfcJhw,f/ aemufqHk;rSm OrifvIdifacgif; wl;NyD; NrdKU&dk;udk NzdKzsufrS oHvsifudk &ygw,f/



iZifumudk ppfar;wJhtcg ewf&Sifaemif ac:vdkY awmifiludk csD& aMumif; qdkw,f/

ewf&Sifaemifu jiif;owJh/ pm b,folydkYovJ qdkawmh iZifumu Muufqdk;yifpm; vdkYqdk/ Muufqdk;yifpm;udk ppfwJhtcg pmydkY&wm rSefw,f? 'gayr,fh pmxJ bmygw,f olrod wJh/

tJh'Daemuf taemufbufvGefrif;u ewf&Sifaemifudk NrdKUv,faumif rSm uGyfrsufygw,f/ iZifumudkvnf; bk&m;ykxdk;awG zsufqD;wJhtwGuf olUtdrfa&SU vljrifuGif;rSm wHusifwif uGyfrsufcJhygw,f/ ptdkuae wkwfoGif; owfw,fvdkY em;vnfrdygw,f/

&wkbk&if ewf&Sifaemif[m touf 35 ESpfrSm uG,fvGefcJhw,f/ udk,fvkyfawmf 5 a,muf a&wGuf &&Sdygw,f/ &mZ"mwkuvsm eJY uav; r&/ r&qdk "mwkuvsmu touf tawmfBuD; aeNyD/

olU &wk awG[m &mZ"mwkuvsmudk nTef;wm r[kwfbl;vdkY q&marmifomEdk;wdkY jiif;wmvnf; rSwfom;zl;w,f/ jzpfEdkifaumif;yg&JU/ ewf&Sifaemif[m ysdKrspfwJh rif;i,fqdkawmh "mwkuvsmudkom wpGJrufruf qdk&if udk,fvkyf awmfawGeJY tcsdef odyfay;cJhrSm r[kwfvdkY ,lqygw,f/

'gayod udk,fvkyfawmfu 5 a,muf &SdcJhovdk olwdkYawGeJY om;orD; 9 a,muf awmif xGef;um; cJhygw,f/ pmuAsm xJrSmyJ vGrf;aevdkYaum bmjzpfovJ qdkNyD; jiif;r,fqdkvnf; jiif;Edkifaumif;r,f xif&JU/

ewf&Sifaemifudk rSefeef;u wdkwdkwkwfwkwf uav; rSwfwrf;wif xm;w,f/ rl&if;twkdif; azmfjyvdkufygw,f/

]]xdkrif;um; &wkqdkjcif;ü odrfarGU\/ *rÇD&ÓPfESifh jynfhpHk\/ tusifh ESvHk; aomfum; aumufuspf qef;jym;\}} ygwJh/



bmyJajymajym &Sm;yg;wJhyg&rD&Sif &wkbk&if wpfa,muf apmapmpD;pD; tedpö a&mufwmawmh 0rf;enf; ESajrmrdwm trSefyg/

oHvsif usoGm;wJhtcg rkwårbk&if Anm;'vvnf; taemufbuf vGefrif;xH opömawmfcH cJhygawmhw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä


ewf½Sifaemif*lbk&m;Photo by flappingwings (flickr.com)


twGJ - 18

anmif&rf;rif;quf

b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD; (taemufbufvGef) [m [Hom0wDwJawmfrSmyJ pHaeawmf rlw,f/ tJh'Duae rkwår? a&;? xm;0,fudk qufcsDygw,f/ weoFm&Dudk odrf;zdkY&mrSm a&aMumif;vrf; romwmeJY rodrf;EdkifcJhbl;/ rkwår a&mufaecsdefrSm Zif;r,frSm eef;a&; t&IyftaxG; jzpfyGm;w,f/

Zif;r,f bk&if taemf&xmrif;apm (bk&ifhaemifom;) uG,fvGefawmh ,dk;',m; eJY aqGrsdK;pyfNyD; ,dk;',m; a&mufaewJh olUom;awmf wkavmif udk bk&ifvkyfzdkY ac:w,f/ a&mufrvmcifrSm aemufom;awmf wpfyg; rif;&J'dAÁudk eef;wifw,f/ wkavmifvmawmh wdkuf&/ wkavmif uG,fvGef/ aemuf rif;&J'dAÁudk eef;cs/ olUnD owdk;ausmfudk eef;wifcJh owJh/

weoFm&DrSm wyfpGJxm;wJh jrefrmwyfawGudk ,dk;',m;wdkY vmwdkuf &mrSm ta&;edrfhNyD; xGufajy;&w,f/ 'geJY rif;MuD;vnf; Zif;r,fudk ppfcsDcJh ygw,f/ Zif;r,f bufuae vif;Zif;u ppful 0ifwdkufowJh/

Zif;r,f bk&if owdk;ausmf uG,fvGefNyD; Zif;r,fwdkY uRefcH vmw,f/ vif;Zif; &Jruf awGvnf; &vdkuf w,f/ Zif;r,fbk&if &JU udk,fvkyfawmf awG? ayguf zGm;vmwJh om;orD; awG vnf; tm;vHk; odrf;aygh/ awmifilrif; &JoD[ol udk Zif;r,f udk pm;apcJhygw,f/


Zif;r,fNrdKUa[mif;(www.lasplash.com.jpg)


'DtcsdefrSmyJ &cdkifbk&ifu uGrf;eJY tkef;oD; qufozdkY awmif;qdkvmwJh twGuf rif;BuD; trsufxGufNyD; &cdkifudk ppfcsDygw,f/ oHwGJudk odrf;,l cJhjyefw,f/

taemufbufvGefrif;[m usdKufuvdkY bk&m;udk xD;wifcJhygw,f/ wcsdefwnf; vdkvdkrSm ykefuefNyD; xGufajy;wJh rdk;eJapmfbGm;udk zrf;zdkY nDawmf rif;&JausmfpGmeJY rif;&JausmfxifwdkYudk apvTwfw,f/

rdk;eJudk &NyD;aemuf usdKif;½Hk;udk qufcsDapw,f/ aemufuae nDDawmf owdk;"r®&mZmudk ppfulvTwfcJh/

[Hom0wDrSm aA'ifudef;cef; raumif;qdkum ,m,Deef;awmf udk a&TUcJh&w,f/ tif;0u rdzk&m;? udk,fvkyfawmfawGudk [Hom0wDudk ac:aqmifw,f/ 1628 ckESpf rSmawmh om;awmf rif;&J'dAÁ vkyfBuHvdkY taemufbufvGefrif; uG,fvGef cJhygw,f/ vkyfBuH&wJh taMumif;&if;u rdef;r udpöyg/ bk&ifhudk qufovmwJh usdKif;wHkapmfbGm; orD; ESif;cef;ayg uG,f0ef&Sdawmh olUudk,f0ef[m bk&ifeJY &wmr[kwf? om;awmf rif;&J'dAÁeJY &wmvdkY 0efcHw,f/ bk&ifu om;udkac:NyD; oHtdk;uif;eJY aMumfypfr,fvdkY jcdrf;ajcmufowJh? 'geJYyJ tazvkyfoludk vkyfBuHcJh ygawmhw,f/

taemufbufvGefrSm rdzk&m;u arG;wJh om;orD;r&Sd/ udk,fvkyfawmf awGu arG;wmyJ &Sdygw,f/ bk&ifh nDawmf 2 yg; jzpfwJh rif;&JausmfpGm eJY owdk;"r®&mZmwdkY uvnf; usdKif;½Hk;buf ppfcsDum c&D;vGefaeawmh om;awmf rif;&J'dAÁudkyJ eef;wif cJh&w,f/

rif;&J'dAÁu owdk;"r®&mZmeJY rif;&JausmfpGmwdkY tcsif;csif; jyefwkduf atmif BuHpnfcJh ygao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh ratmifjrif/ wyfESpfck aygif;rdNyD; tpfudkjzpfol owdk;"r®&mZm[m omvGefrif; jzpfvmw,f/ 'gayr,fh bdodwf rcHao;/ tif;0udk odrf;,lygw,f/ zcif anmif&rf;rif; &JU eef;awmfudk zsufNyD; topfaqmufw,f/ qufvufNyD; [Hom0wDudk odrf;? Zif;r,fudkvnf; 1632 ck rSm odrf;,lEdkifcJhw,f/



bk&if jzpfNyD; ppfyGJawG 4 ESpfavmuf wdkufNyD;wJh tcgusrS [Hom0wD rSm r*Fvm eef;awmfaqmufNyD; bdodwfcH cJhygw,f/ &cdkifeJY cspfMunfa&; wnfaqmuf EdkifcJhNyD; oH tquftoG,f jyKw,f/ ,dk;',m;eJYvnf; oH qufoG,fcJh ygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 19

omvGefrif;

taemufbufvGefrif; uG,fvGefawmh nDawmf omvGefrif; eef;wuf cJhw,f/

&cdkifu oHwref awGa&muf/ yxr [Hom0wDrSm 4 ESpf avmuf trI awmfpD&if NyD;rS tif;0udk jyef? eef;awmf topf wnfcJhowJh/

eef;opfaqmufyGJ eJY eef;wufyGJudk tawmf tus,fw0ifh a&;om; xm;ygw,f/

(twGJ 19 wpf0ufavmufu 'Dtcrf;tem;eJYyJ NyD;oGm;cJhw,f/

aemufxHk;pH twdkif; bk&m;wnfwmawG? aqGawmfrsdK;awmf awG ay;pm;wmawG? e,fy,fawG bGJUawG csD;jr§ifhwmawG wcrf;wem;ygyJ/ jrefrmbk&ifawG[m bGJUtrnf csD;jr§ifh&wm tifrwef 0goemxHkyHk &w,f/ tm;tm;&Sd eHrnfawG ay;aeawmhwmygyJ/)

omvGefrif; vufxufrSm tkwf<uyf trdk;eJY taqmuftODawG pNyD; ay:vmcJhNyD jzpfygw,f/ olUvufxufrSm ivsifvnf; tBuD;tus,f vIyfcJhyHk&w,f/ ykcef;tjrifh wvkyf tv,fuRef;rSm ajruGJNyD; a&xGuf vmowJh/

'DtcsdefrSmyJ tdrfa&SUrif; rif;&JausmfpGm qifudk uRJcwfvdkY rif;om; crsm tdrfawmfa&mufatmif vefYajy; ajy;cJh&w,f/ aemufydkif; 0ufouf aygufvdkY uG,fvGef&Sm owJh/

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omvGefrif;vnf; eef;awmf taemufwHcg; uae xGufajy;NyD; tjyifrSm vlol pk&ygw,f/ tJh'Daemuf eef;awmfudk jyefwdkufwJh tcg tjrifhrif; aoewfrSefNyD; aoyGJ0ifw,f/

1648 Mo*kwfv 17 &ufaeY rSm omvGefrif; ewf&GmpH ygw,f/ om;awmf orD;awmf pkpkaygif; tyg; 20 usef&pfcJhw,f/

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rif;&J&EÅrdwf vufxufrSm w½kwfwdkYu jrefrmjynf ta&SUbufu NrdKUawGudk tcGefawmf awmif;cH vmcJhw,f/ 'geJYyJ w½kwfwdkYqD csDwuf wdkufcdkufygw,f/ olEdkifvdkuf? udk,fEdkifvdkufeJY ppfyGJu jywfjywfom;om; rjzpfbJ ESpfOD;ESpfbuf txdemcJhMuw,f/

aemufqHk;awmh vufatmuf i,fom;awG&JU aoG;xdk;rIaMumifh ppfjzpf aeqJrSmyJ nDawmfjynfrif;u tif;0eef;awmfudk wdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkuf ygw,f/ yxrawmh tpfudkbk&ifudk zrf;½Hk zrf;xm;cJhwm/ aemufawmh aeESpfpif; xGufvdkY roifhawmfaMumif; i,fom;awG avQmufwJhtcg tpfudk rif;&J&EÅrdwfeJY olU om;awmf oHk;yg; (5 ESpfom;uav; tygt0if) udk a&cs cJhw,f/ rif; 4 yg; udk a&ESpfowf cJhw,fvdkY qdkvdk&if;jzpfygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 20

anmif&rf;rif;quf

jynfrif;? e&m0&? rif;&Jausmfxif eJY paerif;

jynfrif; rif;&Jausmfacgifu tpfudkeJY olUrsdK;qufudk a&ESpfowfNyD; tif;0bk&if jzpfvmcJhw,f/

trIxrf; t&mxrf; awGudk xHk;pHtwdkif; bGJUtrnfawG ay;oem; cJh ygw,f/

tJh'Daemuf Zif;r,fudk ,dk;',m;wdkY csDvmw,f Mum;wmeJY rkwåruae Zif;r,ftxd ppfcsDw,f/

Zif;r,fjynf ,dk;',m;vufatmuf uscJhw,f/ rkwårudk qufwdkufwJh ,dk;',m;wdkY rGefwyfudk rausmfEdkif/ xm;0,fudk qufwdkufjyef awmhvnf; r&/ armfvNrdKif rSmvnf; ,dk;',m;wdkY t½IH;eJY &ifqkdif&jyefw,f/

om;awmf e&m0&udk tdrfa&SUt&m tyfESif;w,f/

Zif;r,fu xGufajy; MuolawGu NrdKUjyifuae ,dk;',m;wdkYudk enf; rsdK;pHkeJY vkyfBuH MuwJhtcg aemufqHk; ,dk;',m;wdkY rcHEdkifbJ xGufajy; &w,f/ Zif;r,fudk jrefrmwdkY jyef&cJhowJh/

jynfrif; rif;&Jausmfacgif oufawmf 53 ESpf rSm uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf e&m0& eef;wufcJhw,f/ e&m0&bk&ifu eef;ouf wpfESpf awmif rpHvdkuf&/ oufawmf 23 ESpfrSm uG,fvGefawmh rdzk&m;vnf; r&Sd? om;awmf orD;awmfvnf; ew¦dyg/

e&m0&NyD; bk&if jzpfvmolu nDawmf tdrfa&SUrif; &rnf;oif;pm; rif;&Jausmfxif jzpfygw,f/



rif;&Jausmfxif bk&if jzpfvmwJhtcg omvGefrif;&JU om;awmf oD&d "r®maomu eJY taygif;ygawGu eef;wGif;udk vkyfBuHMuw,f/ eef;wGif; xJrSm tavmif;awG tpkvdkuf tNyHKvdkuf jzpfcJhowJh/ aemufqHk; olykefawG bufu ta&;edrfhcJhw,f/

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rif;&Jausmfxif oufawmf 48 ESpfrSm uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf paerif; eef;wufw,f/

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paerif; ruG,fvGefcifrSm ig;vavmuf tdyf&mxJ vJaecJhw,f/ uG,fvGef cgeD;rSm nDawmf yk*Hrif;xH ]]ig aoawmhr,f}} qdkwJh owif; ta&mufyg; EdkifcJhygw,f/

paerif; uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf tdrfa&SUrif; wk&ifeef;ol eef;wuf cJhw,f/ we*FaEGrif;vdkY &mZ0ifrSm qdkygw,f/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



twGJ - 21

anmif&rf;rif;quf

we*FaEGrif; ESifh [Hom0wDygrif;

paerif; uG,fvGefawmh om;awmf we*FaEGrif; eef;wufw,f/odkYayrifh Zmwfu ½Iyfcsifawmh paerif;u olraocif nDawmfyk*Hrif;udk aor,fhtaMumif; trSmyg; xm;cJhacsw,f/

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yk*Hu ykefuefwJh tcg jynf? awmifil? [Hom0wDwdkYuvnf; tif;0udk jcm;em;Muw,f/

tif;0wyfawG yk*Hudk csDwuf acsrIef; MuwJhtcg tiftm;rrQawmh rdzk&m;awG? uRefawG xm;&pfNyD; yk*Hrif; udk,fvGwf½kef; xGufajy;&owJh/

ppful vmwJh jynf? awmifil? [Hom0wDwyf awGvnf; yk*Hta&;edrfh aMumif; Mum;wJhtcg tif;0eJY jyefaygif;rd oGm;Mujyefw,f/

1720 ckESpfrSm taemufbuf udk,fvkyfawmf taqmifuae rD;pwif avmifuRrf;&mrSm we*FaEGrif;wdkY eef;awmfu pGefYajy;cJh&w,f/ rD;ayghqwJh taqmifydkif&Sif refusnf;uef uawmfudk e,fESif'PfeJY uomudkydkYNyD; tjypfay; cJhowJh/

tJh'Daemuf e,fpyfrSm xdyg;vmwJh uonf;wdkYxH ppfcsDcJhjyefw,f/

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Zif;r,frSm ppf½HI;wJh jrefrmwyfawGudk aiG&nfusdKoGif; ypfr,fvdkY bk&ifh trdefY &SdvmwJhtcg ppfuJawG tukef aq;aomufNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk owfao ukefMuowJh/

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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä



ed*kH;

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tpuawmh udk,fhbmomudk,f rSwfpkav;awG xkwfxm;wm/ rSwfpk xkwfwJh tusifhuvnf; ausmif;om;b0 uwnf;u ygcJhwmqdkawmh/ 'Dpmtkyf txlBuD; o,f&jyK& rvG,feJY? aemufwpfcg jyefzwf&if cuf& csnf&JU qdkNyD; xkwfcJhwm/

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aqmif;yg;qefygw,f/ wu,fvdkY jynfhjynfhpHkpHk odcsif&ifawmh rSefeef; udkyJ jyefudk;um; &rSm jzpfygw,f/

bmyJajymajym tckvdk 3 vausmf tcsdefay;cJh&wJh 'Daqmif;yg;awGudk tm;ay;ol? 0ifa&muf aqG;aEG;ol taygif;tm; aus;Zl; txl;wif &Sdygw,f/ usefaeao;wJh ukef;abmif &mZ0ifudkawmh jzpfEdkif&if a&;om;csifygw,f/ rSefeef;avmuf pmtkyfrxl ayrifh ukef;abmif taMumif;u vlawG ydkpdwf0ifpm;w,f? vuf&SdacwfeJYvnf; teD;pyfqHk; jzpfaew,f? ajymp&mawG rsm;ygw,f/

uaeYawmh wm0efwpfck ayghoGm;ordkY aemuf&ufawGawmh &obuf cP vSnfhvdkufOD;r,fAsm/

aus;Zl;

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(20-Oct-08)

(q&mBuD; OD;azarmifwif &JU jrefrmpmayordkif;xJu jrefrmrif;quf pm&if;udk tudk;tum; taeeJY wifjyvdkygw,f/

'Dpm&if;xJrSm wyifa&TxD;? 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiH xlaxmifcJhwJh bk&ifhaemif eJY bk&ifhaemif&JU om;awmf? bk&if 3 yg;awmh rygygbl;/ tJh'D bk&if 3 yg;[m [Hom0wDrSm eef;pdkufcJhMuygw,f/)





25/ jrif;auR;rif; 78-88 1026/ xGefjcif;rif;\ajr;-odcF 88-96 827/ om;-odef;cGef 96-106 1028/ a&Tavmif; 106-115 929/ xGefwGif; 115-124 930/ a&TarSmuf 124-147 2331/ nD-xGefvwf 147-164 1732/ om;apmrGefepf 164-191 2733/ cJvl; 191-208 17

pwkw¦yk*H ouú&mZf eef;ouf (ESpf)34/ nD-ysOfjym; 208-240 3235/ om;-wefeuf 240-268 2836/ paviacG; 268-277 937/ om;-odef;cdk 277-293 1638/ awmifolMuD; 293-326 33

anmifOD;apm&[ef;39/ wefeufom;-uGrf;aqmf 326-348 2240/ om;-MuD;pdk; 348-354 641/ nD-pkuúaw; 354-379 2542/ om;-aemf&xm 406-439 3343/ om;-apmvl; 439-446 744/ nD-usefppfom; 446-474 2845/ ajr;-tavmif;pnfol 474-529 5546/ om;-e&ol 529-533 447/ rif;,Ofe&odcF 533-536 348/ nD-e&ywdpnfol 536-573 3749/ om;-xD;vdkrif;vdk 573-596 2350/ uspGm 596-612 1651/ OZem 612-617 552/ e&oD[yawh 617-648 51

(w½kwfajy;rif;) (rif;vyf 2ESpfygonf)53/ ausmfpGm 648-660 1254/ apmepf 660-687 2755/ apmrGefepf 687-730 43








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