MODELIRANJE U VOSKU

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Columbia Catalouge

Columbia Catalouge

History

For over eight decades, Columbia Dentoform has been a leading innovator

in providing patient simulation products for dental education.Thousands of

students in dental colleges throughout the world have "cut their first teeth"

on lvorine Dentoform models. Columbia Dentoform dates back to 1917

when Ben Spitzer sold articulators and attachments to dental laboratories.

He created the first manikin for dental teaching and practice, and sold it tothe University of California at San Francisco. It was subsequently used in

course work and, for the first time, provided an effective means to ensure

basic competency before providing treatment to patients. Mr Spitzer further

developed products that simulate the density of skin, gingival tissue, and

dentition that accurately replicates permanent human teeth. Indeed, the

tooth material he created has the same hardness of human teeth. Mr Spitzer

also invented radiopaque plastic teeth for use in teaching proper radiographic

techniques. Today, Columbia Dentoform continues to develop a wide range

of models and teeth, including teeth with caries and abnormalities, in order

to provide the dental community with superior simulation alternatives as well

as patient education models.

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Specialized Study



Columbia Catalouge Page 2

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A Few Words About Columbia Dentoform Models and Practice aids

The line of Columbia Dentoform models shown represents developments in dental models and manikins over a period of more

than six decades. Starting in 1920 with one small Aluminal halfjaw model, made for demonstrating removable-bridge

precision-attachment technique, this aggregation of DENTOFORM® models now consists of thousands of different models foralmost every dental purpose. Here can be found models suitable for technique and teaching purposes in the dental colleges,

auxiliary-training programs, and vocational schools; for study and display, as well as patient education, in the dental office; for

dental laboratories; for visual education and demonstration in the elementary schools; and for study and demonstration by clinicians.

Columbia Dentoform models are now in use for all these purposes around the world. In this brief foreword, we take the opportunity

to thank the dental schools, teachers, and many practicing dentists, to whom we are indebted for suggestions and constructive

criticisms which have helped us develop this great variety of dental models. The variety of dental models referred to above

includes models with different sets of tooth carvings and different occlusal relations. Among our removable-tooth DENTOFORM

models, we now have four different sets of IVORINE® tooth carvings of adult dentition in the natural size. We also have a set of

IVORINE permanent dentition 1Y2 times natural size. In addition, we have tooth carvings of deciduous dentition and mixed dentition.

These are for use in models, with screws holding the teeth in place at the root-holes. These models have tapered roots. In recent

years, we have also introduced epoxy models with anatomically-rooted teeth; hence, we now offer several sets of naturally-rooted

teeth as well. For each of the IVORINE models with removable teeth, we supply a corresponding rubber mold for pouring plaster

models. The plaster is simply poured into the rubber molds, the plaster sets, and you take out a set of models, clean and smooth

and in perfect occlusion.

Added usefulness for such stone or plaster models is obtained by plugging up the mold sockets with wax to provide edentulous

spaces where desired. The insertion of IVORINE teeth in sockets before pouring provides abutment teeth on which preparations

can be made. (Such IVORINE teeth can be made easily removable from the model, if desired, by coating the roots with a thin film

of vaseline before pouring.)

For further information see the appropriate section of removable-tooth models-Pages 6 through 12. We also offer many othermolds for ideal occlusion models, malocclusions, full edentulous and partial edentulous, etc.

Introduction




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Some Additional Points Of Information

1. The terms IVORINE® and DENTOFORM® are registered trademarks belonging to Columbia Dentoform Corporation.

2. When ordering from this catalog, please specify the catalog numbers of the items desired. This will assist us in filling your

order accurately and will eliminate the need for corresepondence, thus ensuring prompt shipment. When the correct catalognumber is given to us, a detailed description of the item is not necessary.

3. In orders for individual teeth, please specify right or left, upper or lower, as desired. When individual teeth are to be used in

DENTOFORM models which have removable teeth, or in rubber molds, please specify which model or mold, and give the

catalog number (usually found on the underside of the jaw). An easy way to specify the assortment of individual teeth that are

ordered is by using our tooth-numbering system. If ordering teeth by numbers, please specify system being used

(e.g., ADA numbers, International numbers, etc.)

4. Removable IVORINE teeth on display bases or in models are held in place by means of screws through the roots. The screws

should be turned just enough to hold the teeth in place. Screws should never be used to force the teeth into their sockets, nor

should they be tightened excessively; otherwise, damage to the teeth may result.

5. Our IVORINE® material is a molded plastic resembling ivory in appearance. The standard IVORINE material is very hard,

designed for use with the current high speed drills. A variation of IVORINE material may be used with slower speed drills.

The IVORINE teeth are ivory-colored (although special colors for testing can be ordered). Pink IVORINE jaws have a gumlike

color. IVORINE teeth cut like dentine, are easily polished, will not warp, shrink, or swell, and are non-flammable.

6. A good separating medium for removal of wax patterns on IVORINE preparations is a mixture of equal parts of glycerine

and alcohol, or Columbia Model Gloss.

7. Our products do not require the issuance of a new catalog every year, so please file this present copy for future reference;

it may be considered current for a number of years. The applicable prices are shown in the enclosed price sheets. The price

sheets will be brought up to date from time to time, as the occasions warrant.

Introduction




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IVORINE® PARTIAL DENTOFORM® MODELS

With Fixed Teeth

Supplied with ivory.color jaw or pink jaw.

If pink jaw is desired, designate with the prefix "P" when ordering. Thus: P-567-A, P-573-E.

Note: Ask about models with 4 different Kennedy Classifications

Specialized Study

NOTE: In all cases, ivory-colored partial models can be supplied with removable abutment teeth. In most cases,

preparations are available for such abutments. (See list.) When ordering models with removable abutments, use

prefix "X"; as in X-574-F. (See illustration.) If pink-jaw model is wanted with removable teeth, it can be supplied

only with all the teeth removable.




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Endondontic MODELS

M-ENDO-X-865

Articulated DENTOFORM® model made of composition plastic that

shows like natural bone in X-Ray pictures. Natural teeth can be placed

in slots provided for that purpose.

RC-8601N6

Split tooth (upper right cuspid) with anatomical root-canal chamber and

with detachable red pulp. When pulp is removed, tooth can be used for

practicing root-canal fillings.

EC-13 Education chart:"PuIp Cavities of the Permanent Teeth." Size 14" X 8". Colored.

CRC-2

Crystal-clear root canal tooth, upper right central; natural size with

anatomical roots. (Also available in opaque.)

K-ENDO-990

Enlarged epoxy teeth, 2.5 times natural size, with removable crown

and with root canals into anatomical roots. One central and one

bicuspid are available.

M-395 Articulated metal jaws with grooves for placing natural teeth; articulated for manikin.

KM-11O (C) Suitable for apicoectomy, mucoperiosteal flap, amalgam retrofill, suturing.

ENDO-860-2 IVORINE® central incisor (upper right), with crown removed and with root canal in anatomical root.




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Edentulous DENTOFORM® MODELS

When ordering edentulous DENTOFORM models, please use appropriate catalog number, according to the item desired.

The catalog number indicates which of the three types is wanted (ovoid, square, or tapering) and also whether IVORINE,

aluminal (metal), or rubber. Models can be furnished articulated (with adjustable-hinge or spring-joint articulator.)

Stone reproductions of these edentulous cases can be supplied. To order them in stone specify S-50, S.55, S-60-1 respectively.

Ovoid In Alumina No.50-i; In Pink

IVORINE® No. V-50; In Soft RubberNo. R-50

Square In Alumina No.55: In Pink

IVORINE No. V-55; In Soft RubberNo. R-55

Tapering In Aluminal No.60; In Pink

IVORINE NO. V-60; In Soft RubberNo. R-60

Rubber molds for producing these models in stone are available. To order rubber molds, specify RM-50, RM-55, or

RM-60-1 respectively. For dental schools we can furnish these edentulous DENTOFORM models in solid rubber, with

metal inserts for mounting them on the Hanau or other anatomical articulators.

F-TUE-1 hard stone model, with mounting plate in lower cast,

and with serrated back on upper.

NOTES: The edentulous DENTOFORM models illustrated are reproductions of actual cases. The bases of the models are supplied

hollow so that they can be attached easily to any anatomical articulator by means of plaster or stone, or metal mounting plates can

be added. Several other metal and rubber models are available; information will be furnished on request.




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Pedondontic Models

IVORINE®

With Removable Teeth

M-760 Upper and lower models, pink jaws, articulated with spring-joint articulator; 24 removable teeth (including the six-year molars).

M-PVNR-760 Same as above, but with soft, pink retractable gingivae.

T-760 Individual IVORINE teeth for above models.

RP-760 Pink root plugs for forming edentulous areas in No. M-760 and M-PVNR-760.

TP-780 Two upper left and two lower left deciduous IVORINE molars with metal anatomical pulps inside the IVORINE crowns.

These can be used in models No. M-760 and M-PVNR-760 above, and in model No. M-PVR-2760.

EP-TPR-760 Epoxy preparations for amalgams or resins, including those from TAPP series.

M-PVR-2760 Upper and lower mixed dentition models; soft, pink gingivae, articulated with spring-joint articulator; 24 removable

teeth (including 8 permanent incisors and 4 six-year molars).

T-2760 Individual IVORINE replacement teeth for No. M-PVR-2760 models.

IVORINE-With Fixed Teeth

P-700 Set of upper and lower models, pink jaws, with 20 teeth.

700 Same as No. P-700, but with ivory-color jaws.

7634 Set of upper and lower models, ivory-color jaws, with 24 teeth (including the six-year molars).

7634A Set of upper and lower models, ivory~olor jaws; six-year molars are not in, except lower right, which is erupting; lower left

second premolar and upper right first premolar areas are edentulous.

P-701 Set of upper and lower models, pink jaws, with some teeth missing for constructing space maintainers (reproduction of an

actual case of young child with unhealthy mouth).

701 Same as No. P-701, but with ivory-color jaws.

MD-76-B Set of upper and lower models, some teeth missing, ivory-color jaws, fixed teeth (model of older child with some

permanent dentition). Designed for demonstrating many different types of techniques, such as: Banding or bonding technique,

using both prefabricated and custom-made appliances. Functional or nonfunctional space retainers. Combination of active

and/or inactive space retainers. Use of clasps, rests, finger-springs, etc. Palatal piece for space maintenance, replacement

of lost anteriors for esthetics, speech, etc.

MD-765 Mixed-dentition model with ivory-color jaws and all teeth fixed; articulated. Can be supplied with some teeth missing

and with removable abutments.

M-PVNR-760 M-PVNR-2760 MD-7634-B M-760




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Other Pedondontic Items

RM-200 Rubber molds for models with 20 deciduous teeth.

R-24 Set of rubber molds for producing stone deciduous models, with six-year molars.

R-3 Set of rubber model-base formers for children's study models.

R-760 Set of upper and lower models, flexible rubber jaws, with 24 removable IVORINE® teeth.

P-760 Extra individual IVORINE teeth for replacements in No. R-760 model, above. Can also be used with No. R-24

rubber molds, above.

MK-7 Latex mask for water drainage; used with deciduous manikins. (See here).

G-1 to 12 A complete set of 12 different rubber molds for pouring models of animals. Models can be produced

quickly from surplus stone or plaster. These models serve as constructive, educational give-away items.

EP-XMD-763 Epoxy model, upper only, mixed-dentition; fractured incisor.

INF-1, 2, 3 & 4 Four sets of stone models of infant mouths from 6 months to 30 months.

PH-7 Plastic skull for pedodontic manikin. Animal Molds (See: No. G-1 to 12 above)

NT-760Epoxy teeth with anatomical roots. Set of 24

includes 20 deciduous teeth plus the six-year

molars. (These teeth can also be supplied in

radiographic metal, to be used as part of an

X-ray model. Information on request.)




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Orthodontic Models

112-MG A group of 12 sets of upper and lower stone models with Model-Gloss

finish, reproductions of actual cases of malocclusion and representative of all of

the various classes and their divisions. With each purchase of this group of 12

sets of models, we include two sets of stone models of normal occlusion

(permanent dentition and deciduous dentition-No. N-20-MG and No. 200-MG,

respectively). A printed list of these cases, giving diagnostic description of each,

is included.

120-MG Set of stone models: "The Thumbsucker" (an actual case).

V-225 Set of upper and lower models in IVORINE® material, showing a case

of distocclusion with bunching or crowding of maxillary anterior teeth (Class 2,

Div. 2, Angle). This set of models has spaces between the teeth for band technique work. Can be articulated with either adjustable-

hinge articulator (designated model No. AH-V-225) or with spring-joint articulator (designated model MV-225).

For in formation on other plastic or stone bandingtechnique models, ask for circular No. 18-D-1.

CP-39O5 Universal orthodontic DENTOFORM® model, including set of 28

Aluminal teeth; jaws and articulator are chrome-plated. (If IVORINE teeth are

desired instead of the metal teeth, designate DENTOFORM model No.

V-CP-3905 when ordering.)

The Universal orthodontic DENTOFORM model consists of articulated upper

and lower Alumina models with deep channels in which the teeth can be set

up in a suitable material. There is enough room in the jaws to show any

malposition of the individual teeth. However, the special articulator can be used

to demonstrate more readily any arch relation desired; and the jaws can be shifted

by means of slots in the articulator bases. To demonstrate the action of applied

stress from orthodontic appliances, two methods are used:

1. If mass movement of teeth is to be demonstrated, such as gaining or breaking down anchorage, the models are immersed in

water at 1350F.

2. If individual tooth movement is to be demonstrated, such as rotations, changing the axial inclinations, or closing spaces, these

teeth are heated with the small flame of the blow pipe. For the study of various techniques and the action of different appliances,

the teeth should be set in hard wax. Ready-made wax patterns for class 1, Z 3 and normal cases are available. (Details upon request.)

An attachment (No. ADM-3905) can be supplied for putting this DENTOFORM model on a bench or chair manikin.

T-3905 Extra Aluminal teeth for the CP-3905 DENTOFORM model. (If extra IVORINE teeth are desired, specify teeth No. VT-3905.)

Bonding technique models-any of the IVORINE® models illustrated in this

catalogue can be used for doing bonding and/or banding exercises and

demonstration. The above illustration is our No. M-1360.)

NOTES: CIeft-PaIate models. Three sets of stone models, showing three

different classes of cleft-palate cases. Information on these actual cases is

available on request.




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Periodontia Technique Models

*KM-21O (C) Articulated Peno model; anatomically-rooted teeth;

osseous and gingival defects; demonstrating case patterns

Types I, 11,111, and IV (as listed in "Current Procedural

Terminology for Periodontists", third edition). Gingival facings

are removable and replaceable.)

*KM-110 (C) Articulated Peno model with calculus on

anatomically-rooted teeth; osseous and gingival detects;

simulating chronic generalized periodontitis; suitable for

scaling, root planing, peno and bone surgery, and for

extractions. (Gingival facings are removable and

replaceable.)

PLW-28 Soft plastic base with 3 enlarged IVORINE first molars;

showing progressive bone loss and consequent progressive loosening

of teeth.

NOTE: *These models are available with transparent gingivae, if desired.

Note: The DENTOFORM® models shown on this page are suitable for

technique and demonstration exercise in Periodontia, Endodontia and

Oral Surgery. Technique exercises can be performed on the gingivae, roots,

and bony sections of these DENTOFORM models. (Teeth are removable by

extraction in models whose designations begin with letter "K".)

KNT-11O Extra teeth (without calculus) for above KM-i 10 (C) model.

KNT-210 Extra teeth (without calculus) for above KM-210 (C) model.

KPM-1 Periodontal membrane kit for cementing teeth in sockets.

*SM-PVR-660 Articulated DENTOFORM® model with soft gingival facings; 32 removable IVORINE® teeth; front screws for

rubber dams; spring-joint articulator. (Original carvings by Dr. L. E. Ford). (Gingival facings are removable and replaceable.)

* XSM-PVR-1O60 Articulated DENTOFORM model, with soft gingival facings; 32 removable IVORINE teeth; front screws for

rubber dams; spring-joint articulator. (Original carvings by Dr. Theodore Kurtz). (Gingival facings are removable and replaceable.)

*SM-PVR-860 Articulated DENTOFORM model, with soft gingival facings; 32 removable IVORINE teeth; front screws for rubber

dams, spring-joint articulator. (Original carvings by Dr. Henry Linek). (Gingival facings are removable and replaceable.)

*X-PVR-861-P Upper DENTOFORM model; with bony loss and hyperplasia on one side; removable IVORINE teeth; no third

molars. Can be occluded with lower DENTOFORM models in PVR-860 series. (Gingival facings are removable and replaceable.)

*X-PVR-862-W Lower DENTOFORM model; with bony loss on left side; gingival hyperplasia on anterior; removable IVORINE

teeth and edentulous right first molar. Can be occluded with upper DENTOFORM model in PVR-860 series. (Gingival facings


F-262 Set of upper and lower flintrock models (with mounting ring in lower) for teaching occlusal adjustment to relieve potential

trauma in the periodontium.

EP-268 Set of natural-sized epoxy demonstration models, fixed teeth, ivory color. One side is healthy; the other has gingival

recession, root exposure, pockets.

K-CAL-2 Synthetic calculus for applying to technique teeth. Can be scaled off.




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Anatomy and Occlusion

Natural-Sized Teeth

with Anatomical Roots

(Ideal Anatomy):

K-NT-1460 Set of 14 natural-sized epoxy ideal-anatomy teeth with

anatomical roots; all left-side teeth, with no 3rd molars. (Selected from clinics).

WM-1260 Set of 32 metal teeth, natural size with anatomical roots. (Carved).

NT-860 Set of 32 epoxy teeth, natural size, with anatomical roots.

(Linek carvings, with roots added).

M-XYNR-865

Set of clear, see-through rigid jaws with 32 fixed, anatomically-rooted epoxy

teeth, color differentiation for enamel and dentin; articulated; lateral and

protrusive movements.

K-YR-1470

Flexible half-jaw model, left side; 14 epoxy teeth with natural roots;

articulated.

YNR-8634

Upper and lower flexible jaws, with 32 removable epoxy teeth with

anatomical roots.

Ideal Anatomy and Occlusion Models:

2OO-MG Stone DENTOFORM® model: normal case, deciduous dentition.

N-20-MG Stone DENTOFORM model: normal case, permanent dentition.RCW-MG Stone, carved balanced-occlusion models, with 32 fixed teeth (from Dr. Russell C. Wheeler). $8634 Natural-size

Linek stone models.

S-96-MG Stone models, Linek carvings, enlarged size. (See illustration, page 25).

11634 Set of upper and lower IVORINE® models, with gnathlogically shaped teeth, inclined Curve of Spee; balanced occlusion.

(From Dr. B.B. McCollum).

S-1183-MG Same as No.11634, but in stone instead of IVORINE material.

Wax-adding For Occlusal Morphology

FLUX-8634 Linek models in flintrock, with all teeth fixed, except for 10 removable stone dies prepared for full-crown; used for wax- adding in teaching

occiusal morphology; IVORINE teeth can be interchanged with stone preparations. (Several variations in arrangements and types of preps are available.)

PR-LUX-8634 Stone preparations for above model.

X-EP-TPR 660 Epoxy preps for wax-adding in occlusal morphology. Preps can be interchanged with IVORINE teeth in No.660 series of DENTOFORM models.

X-EP-TPR-1060 Epoxy preps for wax-adding in occiusal morphology. Preps can be interchanged with IVORINE teeth in No.1060 series of DENTOFORM models.

X-EP-TPR-860 Epoxy preps for wax-adding in occlusal morphology. Preps can be interchanged with IVORINE teeth in No.860 series of DENTOFORM models

X-EP-TPR-1360 Epoxy preps for wax-adding in occiusal morphology. Preps can be interchanged with IVORINE teeth in No.1360 series of DENTOFORM models.

FLUX-8634 Linek models in flintrock, with all teeth fixed, except for 10 removable stone

dies prepared for full-crown; used for wax- adding in teaching occiusal morphology;

IVORINE teeth can be interchanged with stone preparations. (Several variations in

arrangements and types of preps are available.)

PR-LUX-8634 Stone preparations for pictured model.






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Enlarged DENTOFORM Models

V-270 IVORINE® teeth 2.5 diameter, with natural anatomical roots. Those available, illustrated here, are: upper

right central, cuspid, first bicuspid and first molar; and lower right first molar.

K-EPB-990 Set of 14 epoxy right-side teeth, 1.5 times natural size. Each tooth with ideal crown anatomy mounted

on its own integral pedestal

EP-PR-960 Epoxy prepared teeth 1.5 diameter size. Details on the assortment of preparations available will be

provided on request.

EP-270 Epoxy teeth, same as number V-270 above: 16 right-side teeth.

S-96-MG Set of upper and lower stone models with 32 teeth, 1.5 diameter size. (Illustrated here.)

960 Upper and lower IVORINE models, pink jaws; 32 removable teeth; articulated; 11A diameter size; with AMDSdisplay stand.

X-960 Same as No.960, but without display stand.

T-960 Individual IVORINE teeth for No.960 models, or for mounting on display bases.

B-4 Display base for mounting No. T-960 IVORINE teeth. (Base will hold one No. T-960 tooth.)

B-3 Display base to hold either 5 No. V-270 teeth; 8 to 16 No. T-960; or 16 to 32 natural-sized teeth.

AH-965 Upper and lower IVORINE models, ivory-color jaws; 32 fixed teeth; articulated with adjustable-hinge

articulator; 1.5 diameter size.




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Enlarged DENTOFORM Models

The illustration is that of the DENTOFORM® model in stone,

No. S-9634-MG. The DENTOFORM Models in IVORINE®,

described here, are identical in size and in anatomy, as illustrated.

Set of 1.5 diameter

DENTOFORM Models




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DENTOFORM® Models

For Dental Hygiene AND EXPANDED-DUTY PROGRAMS

*KM-11O (C) Articulated model with calculus on anatomically-rooted teeth;

periodontal defects, simulating chronic generalized periodontitis. Suitable for

scaling, root planing, and other prophylactic exercises. Soft gingivae

(NO. KPVF-1112) are removable and replaceable.

*KM.310 Articulated DENTOFORM model, with soft gingival facings; 32

anatomically-rooted teeth; healthy occlusion. (Gingival facings No. KPVF-3112


*SM-PVR-660

*XSM-PVR-1O60

*SM-PVR-860

*AM-660A, with PVR-6612A Articulator with metal trays, with upper and lower

DENTOFORM models; soft pink gingival facings; 28 removable IVORINE® teeth.

Gingival facings are removable and replaceable.)

AH-P-566 Natural-size toothbrush demonstration model. Articulated model with pink gingivae; 28 fixed teeth.

X-AH-965 Enlarged IVORINE articulated DENTOFORM model; 1.5 diameter toothbrush and flossing demonstration model;

with 2 removable IVORINE teeth. (All ivory color)

BRX-2 Enlarged toothbrush.

K-CAL-2 Synthetic calculus for applying to technique teeth. Can be scaled off.

MK-1 Latex mask, to supply mouth opening and drainage.

TG-3 Latex tongue. (Please specify model to which the tongue is to be attached.)

X-Ray Models:

Anatomy and Occlusion:

Model Formers:

Rubber Molds:

AH-P-99 Enlarged viny model, suitable for brushing and flossing demonstrations; jaws and

gingivae are painted pink; with adjustable-hinge articulator. (Large brush No. BRX-2 can be

ordered separately.)

YR-971 or YR-972 Flossing models; 1½-diameters; upper and lower quadrant; soft flexible

bases with eight Ivorine teeth in each quadrant.

AHP-99

YR-972

Rubber Molds For Tooth Preparations

RM-293 Rubber molds for pouring set of upper and lower stone models with representative crown and inlay preparations in the models.

RM-PR-8634-HD Set of upper and lower rubber molds with 3 edentulous spaces. Models include 11 full-crown and pro-celain jacket

preparations; 1 preparation for 3/4-crown; and 2 inlay preparations.

RM-8634 (SB) Set of upper and lower rubber molds, including eight preparations: buccal on upper left 2nd molar; distal on upper

left cuspid; MOD on upper left 2nd bicuspid; MO on upper right 1st molar; O-OL on upper right 2nd molar; oc-clusal on lower right

1st molar; MOD on lower right 2nd bicuspid; and DQ on lower left 1st molar.




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The Prometheus Model

Simulated surgery with a difference

There is no mythology about this repeatedly renewable model for the 'hands on' teaching of dento-alveolar surgery Accurate

construction has produced a realistic anatomical replica of the upper and lower jaws.

The framework is robustly constructed of epoxy resin attached to a cast alloy subframe incorporating the temporomandibular

joints. Factory manufactured upper anterior and lower posterior 'screw secured' sections, together with pull down 'soft tissues',

are quickly and conveniently replaced following use. Thus students may successively practice procedures such as flap reflection,

bone removal, root and tooth elevation, apical surgery and suturing.

A simulated periodontal ligament surrounding the first lower first molar roots and impacted lower wisdom teeth permits successful

elevation following the removal of sufficient bone. Artificial periapical granulomata attached to the upper incisor roots allow the

operator to practice the procedures for apicectomy and apical curettage. The 'soft tissues' will both incise and suture convincingly.

Alternative versions of the replaceable sections are available for 'hands on' instruction in the placement of implants and the application

of barrier membranes. The model is uniquely capable of providing instruction in the critically important handling of the soft tissues

in this context.

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MODELIRANJE U VOSKU