-
7/28/2019 Mn in
1/347
. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
2/347
2
1
, . , . , . ; , , (. 1.1) , , , . - , , . .
, . , , .1.2. , . , , . , .
1.2.
. 1.1. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
3/347
3
( ). , , . .
, , .R ( ).
, , . , . . 1.1. 1.1
I ,
V ,
R ,
= 1/1000 = 10-
= 1/1000 = 10- , 1/1000000 = 10-
= 1/1000 = 10-
= 1/1000 = 10- , 1/1000000 = 10-
= 1000 = 10
= 1000 = 10
= 1000 = 10 , 1000000 = 10
, . , , , , , (. 1.3). , . , , . :
() = () / (), I = V/R
R = V/I V=IR.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
4/347
4
()
()
. 1.4. () ().
. 1.3. .
R1 R2 , (. 1.4()). , R1, R2, . . . .
1R1= 2 ,R2= 6 I =3 ,
R1:V = 6 R2:V = 18 .
R1R2V= V1 + V2 = 6 B + 18 B = 24 B
R1 R2 .
, (.1.4()). R. R = R1 + R2. 1:
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
5/347
5
R = R1 + R2 = 2 + 6 = 8 . I =3 V=IR = 3 * 8 = 24.
, , V1 V2.
2 1.5R1= 1 ,R2= 4 ,R3= 10 R = R1 + R2 +R3 = 15 ;I = V / R = 1 ;
R1: V1 =I R1= 1 ; R2: V2 =I R2= 4 ; R3: V3 =I R3= 10 .
,
, .
. 1.5. .
. 1.6. .
. , . 1.6,R1= 2 ,R2= 1 V= 30 . , . . 30 . VB R2.
I = 10 R2: V2 =IR2=10.
: R2: V2 = VR2 / (R1 + R2) = 10 B.
, , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
6/347
6
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
7/347
7
, .
3 . 1.7 , 1 . .
R = R1 + R2 + R3 = 3 ;VAE = 10 B;
VBE = 20 B.
. 1.7. .
. 1.8.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
8/347
8
( , ). , . 1.8 VA= (VAV), VA V . ,
. , . , VA= 5 V= 3 , VA = VAV= 5 - 3 = 2 (. 1.9()).
. , , . , V= 3 , VD = -2 , V = V+ VD=3 + 2 = 5 (. 1.9()).
, , , . , .
. 1.9. .
. 1.10 , R1R2 . I
I1, R1, I2, R2. I=I1 +I2.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
9/347
9
. 1.10. , .
, V, . . V = R1
= R2.
RT , , :
RR
RRRT
21
21
, , .
, , .
, , :
RRRRT 3
1
2
1
1
11 . .
4
, . 1.11().
R1R2 R1 =R1 +R2 = 6 + 8 = 14 .
, R1 R2 R1, ( .1.11()), R3 R1, ., R2 . , . 1.11(), R2 = 7
R4. R2 +R4= 7 + 3 = 10
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
10/347
10
. 1.11
- .
: , , , . . 1.12. I1 , , I2I3, . ,
I1 =I2 +I3
I3 =I4 +I5
, I4= 2 I5= 3 ,
I5 = 2 + 3 = 5 .
I2= 1 , I1 = 1 + 5 = 6
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
11/347
11
I6 =I4 +I5 = 2 + 3 = 5
D
I1 =I2 +I6= 1 + 5 = 6 .
, , , .
. 1.13, . 1 +2, , R1R2:
1 +2 = VR1 + VR2
2 (. 1.14), ( ), VR1VR2:
12 = VR1 + VR2
1 = VR1 + VR2 +2
, (. 1.15). F
1 = VR1 + VR2,
DF12 = VR1 + VR3
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
12/347
12
, , 2 ( ), VR3:
1 + VR3 = VR1
, ,. . , .
()
P = V I
V ,I . , :
P = I2R, P = V2/R
5 R3(. 1.16).
*12 = . R3, , VAB = 4,5 .
6 Y (. 1.17).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
13/347
13
R3 +R4 = 2 + 8 = 10 .
Y 10/2 = 5 .
VAY= 18/(4 + 5)*5 = 18/9*5 = 10 . Y VAY = 10/(2 + 8)*8 = 10/10*8
= 8 B.
7 2,5 50 . ,
.
P = V2/R= 50*50/2,5 = 1000 = 1 .
8 . 1.18. S 15 . , ?
S, 0,1+4,9 = 5 15/5 = 3 . 4,9 , 3 * 4, 9 = 14, 7 , .
. 1.18.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
14/347
14
2
,
. , .
. (. 2.1). , : . . , (), . = + = .
. 2.1.
, . . , .
, , . , , . :
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
15/347
15
. = ; . = . . .
, . 1 1 ?
, 240 ( 220 . . .)., , 1 = 1000 . P = V2/R
P = V2/R= 240*240/1000 = 57, .
. , 0,707 (). , ., V = 10, V.. = 0,707 * V = 0,707 * 10 = 7,07
(. . 2.2). V.. = 0,707 * V,
V = 1/0,707 * V.. = 1,414 * V..
. 2.2. .
. 2.3. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
16/347
16
, . , . 2.3. , . 5 .
, .
, (. 2.4).
. 2.4.
1. .2. 1, :
1=4*1 = 4.
3. 2, :2=2*1 = 2.
4. :12=42=2.
5. / = 2/3 = 0,67 .
,
= 0,707 . , , .1. . ,
.2. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
17/347
17
3. . , (. 2.5()). 3 * 3 = 9. (-3) * (-3) = 9. ,
, 9. 9 = 3 .
. 2.5.
.
, +3 3 (. 2.5()): 0,707 * 3 = 2,12 .
, . , , , .
. . 2.6 , . .
.
, , . . 0,707 (. 2.7), , .
, , , ,
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
18/347
18
. 2.6. , .
. 2.7. () 0,5 .
() 0,707 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
19/347
19
3
, . , , (. 3.1()), . , . . (. 3.1()). . 3.2.
. 3.1. () () .
. , , . 3.2, , .
. (). , , 1 , 10 10 (. 3.3).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
20/347
20
. 3.2. : (), (), (), (), (), ().
, , . , , 1 , 0,5 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
21/347
21
. 3.3. .
. 3.4. 1.
(Mark) (Space)(. 3.4). . t1, t2,
t1 = =.
t2
, = t1 + t2.
1,
t1= t2.
:
= 2 * = 2 * .
:
, ; , ; , .
:
,;, = 1/1000 = 10-3
, = 1/1000 = 10-3 = 10-6
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
22/347
22
.3.5.
. 3.5. , , . , .
1 ( ),
Tf
1 ( ),
1 ( ),
f
1 ( ).
. , .
f 1 1 1
1 1 1
, , - , . . , .
, . .
, ,
. 20 20 . 20 20 . . 20 , , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
23/347
23
, (. 3.2()). ,
(. 3.1()). , .
. , .
, , . , :
1. , , . , , .2. . ,
. , 100 ,
2- = 2 * 100 = 200 ; 3- = 3 * 100 = 300 ; 4- = 4 * 100 = 400 .
.
, . . , . .
, . , . , . , , .
,
.
1. + 3- (. 3.6).2. + 2- (. 3.7).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
24/347
24
. 3.6. + 3- ( ).
. 3.7. + 2- ( ).
. , 1
1 ;3- 3*1 = 3 ;5- 5*1 = 5 ;7- 7*1 = 7 . .
, , , . , .
. , 1
1 ;
2- 2*1 = 2 ;4- 4*1 = 4 ;6- 6*1 = 6 . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
25/347
25
4
( ), . , (. 4.1). , , . .
.4.1. .
.
. 4.2() , . (. 4.2()), , . , , . . ,
. , . Q, ().
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
26/347
26
.4.2. .
, , , .
, , (. 4.2()), . . (. 4.2()) .
, ().
, . :
1 () =1000000
1 = 10-6,
1 () =1000000
1 = 10-6 = 10-12.
.
, . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
27/347
27
, V,
VCQ
, V , Q . ,:
V
QC
C
QV
W, ,
VCW 2
2
1
W , , V .
, 1 2, (. 4.3()), :
CCCT 21
(. 4.3()),
CC
CCCT
21
21
, 1 = 2, :
CCCT 22
1
12
1
, . 4.4, 1 2 V. V 1 2 , ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
28/347
28
. 4.3. () () .
. 4.4.
. V1 ( 1) V2 ( 2) V.
, , , , . 1 2
CCC
VTV 2
211
1 , . 4.5.
2 + 3= 10 + 20 = 30
1 30 , *30 = 15 .
. 4.5
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
29/347
29
. 4.6. . 4.7.
2 . 4.6 1
C
CC
VT202,0
2,01,0
302
21
2 30 20 = 10 .
, . , , , .
. , , , , , , . 4.7,
25 . , ,
. . 4.8. 1 (1 , V= 25 ) 2(10 , V= 10 ). 1, , , 2, 1, 25 . , V1=
25 . V1/ V2= 1/ 2,
5,210125
2112
CCVV
2, V2, 25 + 2,5 = 27,5 .
, ,, 2 , . 4.9,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
30/347
30
. 4.8. . 4.9.
. 4.10. . 4.11. .
, 1 25 . :
V2= 2 , . 201
102
1
221
C
CVV
, 20 + 2 = 22 .
3 1 2, . 4.10, 60 . ?
1 , 2, . V1 = 60
206
2
602
112 C
C
VV
, , 60 + 20 = 80 .
, . 4.11, . . 4.12. , ,
. ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
31/347
31
. 4.12. .
, , , , . ,
, . L, ().
. 4.13.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
32/347
32
R-
. 4.13 . 1, , . .
. . 4.14() . , 0,63 , . . 0,63, .
. 4.13. 2, . 3 R, . . 4.14(). , 0,63 .
. 4.14. () () , t .
, R
,RCt
t , , R , .
, = 10 R=10
1,01031010 6101010 RCt
. 4.15 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
33/347
33
. 4.15. .
RL - , . 4.16. L R, 1 . S , , ,
. , , , , , . 4.17. , . , R .
E/R = 20 /1 = 20 .
R L. , , , 0,63 , . L/R L , R . . LR, ,
1,01000
1,0
1
100
R
L
, , R, L/R .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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34
. 4.16.
. 4.17. , .
, , ,, , , . , . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
35/347
35
, = 2f, f (. 4.18). ,
. (360, 2)
. (180, ) , . , , , , . 90 (1/4 ), 270 (3/4 ).
, . 4.19() . , = 2f. ,
. 4.18. .
. 4.19. .
( ) .
. , , . . 4.19() . ,
, f, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
36/347
36
, , . 4.19(), . . , .
R V, I. .
. 4.20.
. 4.21.
(. . 1) , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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37
R, , R, , . . (. 4.20(, )).
(. 4.21), , 90, .
, , 90, , . 4.22, .
. 4.22.
. 4.23. (a) RL-, 1. () .
1
RL-, . 4.23(), VT, .
. 4.23(). I. VR I, VL I(, , VR) 90. VT, , VR VL. , , VT = 7 . ,
VT , (VR VL), . , VT =45.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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38
2 RC-, . 4.24(), .
. 4.24.
. 4.25.()RLC-, 3. () .() .
, . 4.24(), , VC ( VR) 90. VT VR VC. , VT, , . . , 4 , , (3 + 4
= 7 ). , , VT= 5 = 36.
3
RLC-, . 4.25(), .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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39
. 4.25(). VR I, VC 90 VL 90. VL VC , , . 4.25(),
OZ = VLVC = 9060 = 30 . VT, , VR OZ. VT= 50
, , = 36.
, . . , .
VL
fLVL 2 ,
f , aL . = 2f, XL = L. ,
10 , 1 ,
XL= 2*1*103*10 *10-3= 62,8 .
(. 4.26).
XC
CfCXC
1
2
1
. , 1 , 10 ,
9,152
10
102
1
10110102
12
263
XC
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
40/347
40
. 4.26. . 4.27.
.
. 4.28.
(XC) (XL) .
. 4.29.() ,
R.() R,XL
Z
(. 4.27).
, XC XL, XCXL.XCXL, . 4.28(), , . . 180 0.
XC XL. , XL = 100 , XC = 70 . = 10070 = 30 XL, X.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
41/347
41
, , ( ) ,
. Z R., , , . 4.29. XL R. . 4.29(),XLR 90.
22 RLXZ
XL=400 R= 300 , Z= 500 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
42/347
42
5
, . , . . , .
, .
=
, , . ():
V
V
GU
I
IG
I
P
PG
P
. 5.1. V1 . , V1 . V, V.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
43/347
43
. 5.1. = G1G2
G
V
VG
, G1= 20, G2= 50. V= 1 :
V1 = G1V= 20*1 = 20 ,
V = G2V1= 50*20 = 1000 = 1 .
1000
V
VG
10005020
21
GGG
321 GGGG
.
- ()
. (
), , , (. 5.2). () . .
, . , f1f2, . f1f2 a1 a2, 3 (). () (. 2). a1 3 , a2 3 . 70%
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
44/347
44
. 3 , .
. 5.2.- .
( ) , 0 . 3 3 .
()
, , , . . 20 20 . . 20 20 . . 5.2.
, , . .
. : .
, . . ( ) .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
45/347
45
. 5.3. .
. 5.3 .
- , . . , . , , .
, , . 5.4, . .
. 5.4. , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
46/347
46
.
. , , .
, . .
:
200 Hi-Fi 10 100 .
, (. 5.5).
. 5.5. .
, :: . : A1, A2. , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
47/347
47
. 5.6. .
, (. 5.6). .
, ( ) . . , .
, 5 (. 5.7). .
.
. , , .
. 5.7. .
. , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
48/347
48
()
. ,
; .
, . 5.8, 3 . f0 . f0 ( ).
. 5.8. .
(. 5.9). .
()
, , . ( ) . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
49/347
49
. 5.9. .
. 5.10. .
()
, , . , . , . 5.10.
, - (. 5.11). , .
. 5.11..
. 32, (-) . -
. .
RC- , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
50/347
50
, . . , R- -.
, , .
. -, () , (). , , , , -, .
-, . . , , . ( .5.12). .
. 5.12. .
() (. 5.13) . - , . , . -, .
. 5.13. .
, . (, ), . :
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
51/347
51
) , 20(10- )
) , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
52/347
52
6
( ) . 6.1, R L .R . , . . . , , -.
, 0 , , . f0 L C . , f0 .
LC , , ,
Z = R. Z, , . 6.2.
, .
. 6.1. . 6.2. . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
53/347
53
. 6.3. .
(. 6.3). , L , ,
. ,
. .
. 6.4. ,
LCf
2
10
L= 10 C = 1, f0= 1,59 .
, .
- - . -, , , .
. 6.4.
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
54/347
54
. 6.5. -
(f ).
. 6.6. - .
1 ;2 .
- . 6.5. 3 , . () . , . Q,
f
f
Q 0
, , , .
, , -, - . , . 6.6().
- , (. 6.6()).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
55/347
55
, 1 . , ,
, 1 . , .
, .
. 6.7 , 3,3 , 1 . (. . 3,3 ). . 6.8 , S. ,
3,3 .
. 6.7. , .
. 6.8. , .
, . . , , , , - . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
56/347
56
. S., , , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
57/347
57
7
, , (. 7.1). . . 7.2: . 7.2() , , , . , , . 7.3. ( ): , .
. 7.1. . . 7.2. ()
() .
. 7.3. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
58/347
58
,
1. . . 7.4() , , .
. . 7.4(). - ,
(. 7.4()).
. 7.4. () (6, ).
2. . . 7.5() . (. 7.5())
.
. 7.5. () ().
. 7.6. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
59/347
59
, (. 7.6). , . . ,
, . () .
, , . , . .
. 7.7 , . , . , , (. 7.8).
, , .
,
, , , . 7.8. , .
. 7.7. . . 7.8. -
, , , , . , ,
. ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
60/347
60
. , . . .
, . . . , () (). , . 7.9. (W1), (W2) ( ). .
. 7.9. .
, . . , (, ). , , , , .
= V1 = V2 = T1 = T2
2
1
2
1
T
T
V
V
, I1/ I2 = T1/ T2, I1 I2
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
61/347
61
()
, 100%- ,. . - . ,
I1V1= I2V2.
96-99%. (. 7.10).
( )
, ( ). . ,
, .
, . 7.11,
r2. r2 , , , . . r1 .
r1/ r2 . . r1 = V1 / I1 r2 = V2 / I2,
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
I
I
V
V
V
I
I
V
r
r
. 7.10... 7.11.
r1/ r2= 1
2/22 =n2.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
62/347
62
. 7.12..
V1 / V2 = T1 / T2 = n I2 / I1 = T1 / T2 = n,
r1 / r2 = n2
, r2= 100 ( ) T1 / T2 = = 2 : 1, r1= 100 2
2 = 100
4 = 400 .
- , . 7.12. T1 T2
. , , , -.
. 7.13 , . , - (V1/Va = 1/a,V1/Vb = 1/b . .).
. 7.14 . Va Vb, ( ) ,
V1/Va = 1/a V1/Vb = 1/b
1,
a
b , b
. , VaVb . , . 7.14, , , .
.7.13. - .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
63/347
63
. 7.15. () ,() 30 , ?
a) VBC= VADVABVCD=36 6 12 = 18 .
b) VAB/ VAD== D
, 6 /36 = 30/ TAD, TAD= 30 36/6 = 180 .
. 7.14.
.
. 7.15.VAD= 36 , VAB= ,VCD= 12 .
, ( ), , , (). , , . , R , - S ; . , , , ,. . .
. ,
, , , . , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
64/347
64
. , , , ( ),
. .
, (. 7.16). ( ), , , .
.7.16. .
. 7.17. .
, - , () . , , - - , , . .
, .
, . 7.17. -, - .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
65/347
65
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
66/347
66
8
, , (. 8.1), Z Z.
Z , , aZ , CD.
- , Z. , Z.
, , . . .
, , ,
(.8.2).
, . 8.3. , r = 10 e = 3 , R. R , R ( ) .
.8.1. ZZ.
.8.2. , Z =Z.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
67/347
67
. 8.3.
. 8.4. .
T1/ T2 = 10 : 1
R = 10 R VR= 3/2 = 1,5 ., , , ,
V2/R =0,225 = 225 .
, , , , r.
R , 225 . , R= 20 , VR= 2 B,
V
2
/R =200 . R 10/2 = 5 , 200 .
.
. 8.4 , . ,
r2 = 10 , r1 = 1000 . T1/ T2 = n, , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
68/347
68
. 7 ,
n2 = r1/r2= 1000/10 =100, , n = 10
, ,
10 : 1., , ( ), .
1
. 8.5 , 8- 7 ,
) R.) ?
) R .
) , .
2
. 8.6 . , 8 .
R = 308 = 22 .
. 8.5. . 8.6.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
69/347
69
. 8.7.
. 8.8.
3
. 8.7. 15 ,
?
, . , , 7,5 , 7,5 .
4
. 8.8 , . R.
RAE, AE, 75 . RBE E ( )
2
75
2)75(
2
1
RR
,
2
75
2
3
2
75
2
RRR
BERR
AER
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
70/347
70
, RAE = 75 . ,
2
75
2
375
R
2
75
2
7575
2
3
R,
252
75R
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
71/347
71
9
,
, . . (. 9.1()) , , .
. 9.1., .
. , . (), , , (. 9.2).
, . (.9.3). , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
72/347
72
. 9.2. . () . () . () .
. 9.3. -
, .
, , .
:) . ,
. , . 9.4, . 0,318 ( 1/3) .
. 9.4. 0,318 V. (i) ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
73/347
73
(ii) .
. 9.5. 0,636 Vp.
(i), (ii).
6) , , (. 9.5). 0,636( 2/3) .
, .
. , . .
() ,
. , .
() , . , .
() , , .
. 3, . ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
74/347
74
( ), ( ). , .
,
, .
. . , , . 9.6. . .
. 9.6. .
. , , . .
. , (. 9.7).
.9.7..
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
75/347
75
. 9.8 , .
. 9.8. .
, , , . . , . . : .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
76/347
76
10
I
: . . (
), . , , . .
, .
. -
. . 29.
- . 10.1 - () () . . ( ). : . , , , . , ( ), .
. , , .
, (. 10.2). .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
77/347
77
. 10.1. .
. 10.2. .
, , ( ), . - . () . . 10.3.
, . . , , . - . 10.4.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
78/347
78
. 10.3.
. 10.4. .
, (. 10.5), .
. 10.5., ; (.10.6).
. 10.6.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
79/347
79
11
. . , , , . , ON () OFF (). - .
, , - , : ( 0) (1). .
(. 11.1)
1, , 1. . 11.1 .
1 , , 1. . 11.1 .
. 11.2 .
11.1.
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
80/347
80
11.2. -
. 11.1. . . 11.2.
.
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
81/347
81
. 11.3. . 11.4. . 11.5. .-. - .
, 1 ,
1.
- (. 11.3 . 11.2)
- 0, , 1. , - 0, 1 (. . 11.4). , - .
11.3.
11.4. -
0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 0
0 0 00 1 1
1 1 1
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
82/347
82
. 11.7. - .
(, 11.5 . 11.3)
1, 1. 0 , 0.
- (. 11.6 . 11.4) - 0, 1. 1 , 0. , - . .11.7 , -.
(. 11.8 . 11.5) . 1, 0, . - - (. 11.8() ()),
0 1
1 0
. 11.6. -.
0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 0
0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 1
. 11.8. .
11.5.
11.6.
11.7.
-
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
83/347
83
. . 11.9 .
(. 11.10 . 11.6) 1, 1. 0 1, 0.
- (. 111 . 11.7) - 1, 0 1.
. 11.10. .
. 11.11. -,
. 11.12 ,
. . 11.8.
.11.9. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
84/347
84
.11.12.
11.8.
- - . , -
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 01 0 0 1 1 0 1 01 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
. , - (. 11.13()). -, (.11.13()).
. 11.14. 0111. .
. (i) 1, - (ii) 0., (iii) 10 G 1.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
85/347
85
. 11.15 . G1 -, .
G1 . , , . . ( G2) 1. 1.
, S1, S2. , , .
. 11.13. . 11.14.
. 11.15.
, : (0 1). .
(. 11.9) , , , D . . 0, 1. , -, , D . . , . . 11.10 0 7 .
11.9
D C B D C B
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
86/347
86
103 102 101 10 23 22 21 2
11.10
(4) (2) (1)
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 12 0 1 03 0 1 14 1 0 0
5 1 0 16 1 1 07 1 1 1
, 7, (). , 8 = 1000,9 == 1001,10 = 1010, 11 == 1011 . . . 11.11
.
11.11
1110 1 1 1 0 = 8 + 4 + 2 = 141011 1 0 1 1 = 8 + 2 + 1 = 11
11001 1 1 0 0 1 = 16 + 8 + 1 = 2510111 1 0 1 1 1 = 16 + 4 + 2 +
1 = 23
110010 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 32 + 16 + 2 = 50
. . 11.16 , . , . . , . , 10 , 1 1 ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
87/347
87
10 , , , 1 .
. 11.16.
( ) (. 11.17)
, , , . , (. . 35). , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
88/347
88
. 11.17.- .
- () (. 11.18). ( .11.18). .
. 11.18.
- () . ( ),
. 11.19.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
89/347
89
. , (.11.19).
, , , . , , - (. 11.20). , . . , - .
. 11.20.
12
. 12.1 - . (), . ,
, , , - ., . , , . . , , , - . . 12.1, . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
90/347
90
. 12.1.
: , .
, , , ,
, . , (),
()
. , (, ) ( ).
(. 12.2) (). - , , ( ).
. 12.3 - . . , .
. 12.2.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
91/347
91
. 12.3.
. () .
8, 16 32. . (). , . ,
. () .
(). , ,, , . . 12.4 -
.
. 12.4.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
92/347
92
() , (). . , .
, . . 12.4. . , . , .
, , , . , , (. 12.5). ,
, , .
. 12.5.
,, . .
. 12.6 - . . . . ,
. . . , ,
. , - , . , , , . , , , . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
93/347
93
. 12.6.
() . , .
. . . ,
, 30-100 () . - . , .
. 12.7.
. 12.7 - . . , . . , , ( ),
. , ( ).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
94/347
94
13
, , , . ( ) . , . , , , . , . , , , , .
- , .
. , . , , .
. . ( ) ().
, , , .
. , , . .
, , ( ) . , - (). .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
95/347
95
. 13.1 .
. . :
( ) . ( ) .
, . , , . 13.2(). 1 .
(. . ) 10 , 10 (. 13.2()) 10 . 1 10
( ) , 1 10. 1 10 . .
. 13.1. . 13.2. .
, () . . , . ,
10 , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
96/347
96
, . , , 300 , (), , 100 . ,
.
. . 13.3 - .
. 50 .
, ( ). , , , .
. .13.4.- .
. .
300 3400 , . . 3,1 . 20 - 20000 , . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
97/347
97
. 13.4 - . , .
.
() . (, ).
: 120 , , 25 :
= 3000/120 = 25.
.
. 13.4. - .
. - . , . , , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
98/347
98
, . .
, . , , . , , . . .
, 3 108/, . . .
. 13.5 . , , . , , , . , , , .
, 300000 , . , , . 13.5. () .
. 13.5. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
99/347
99
(VLF)
( )
30
(LF)
( )
(LW)
( )
30-300
(MF)( )
(MW)( )
300-3000
(HF)
( )
KB (SW)
( )
3000-30 000
(VHF)
( )
30-300
(UHF)
( )
300-3000
(SHF)
( )
3000-30 000
(EHF)
( )
30 000-300 000
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
100/347
100
14
(AM) . AM (. 14.1). , . 14.1(). . , . - (. 14.1()) , , .
. . , .
= 100%
(. . 14.1). , 1 , 2 , (1 )/(2 ) 100% = 50%. -, . 14.1.
. 14.1. ( 50%);() ; (); () .
. 14.2() - 100%- . , 100%, (. 14.2()).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
101/347
101
. , -- 80%.
. 14.2.() 100%; () .
, - () .
: f1 f2. . fs fc ,
f1 =fcfs, f2 = fc +fs,
f1 f2 ., 100 , 1 ,
f1 = 1001 = 99 ,
f2= 100 + 1 = 101 .
- , . . , , (. 14.3). ,
, ( -).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
102/347
102
. 14.3. AM-. . 14.4. .
. , , (.14.4). . f2 f4 (). f3 f1
(). , . . .
, (. 14.5).
1
100 , 400-3400 . .
3400 , , (. 14.6):
f1 = 100 000 - 3400 = 96 600 ,
f2= 100 000 + 3400 = 103 400 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
103/347
103
. 14.6.
400 , , :
f3 = 100 000 - 400 == 99 600 ,
f4= 100 000 + 400 = 100 400 .
():f2f4 = 103400 - 100400 = 3000 .
():f3f1 = 99 600 - 96 600 = 3000 .
, , :3400 - 400 = 3000 .
.
, , -, , . . , f1 f2(
. 14.5)., 1 ,
= = 1
. 14.5. ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
104/347
104
+ = 2 1 = 2.
, , - , .
, - , , , .
- , , , . (SSB ) , . (DSB) .
, ,
. , . AM. , AM, , .
2
100 . , , ) DSB ()- ) SSB ()-.
100 :
=100 , 3- = 3 100 = 300 , 5- = 5 100 = 500 .
. ,
f= 500 .
DSB- = 2 f= 2500 = 1000 .
SSB- = DSB/2 = 1000/2 = 500 .
-
- ( ) (. 14.7).
( 1) - ( 2). (, 5),
(, 6), ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
105/347
105
-. , , 3 ( 4). (. . ) . , -
, 9 .
. 14.7.- -.
- (, ) (), . (. . ) .
. 14.8 - . 1 2
( ). .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
106/347
106
. 14.8. .
, . - , . ( 4), , ,.
, . , -( 1 2) , 600 1600 . -
, , . .
. , ().
. - 470 ( 465 . .).
(. 14.9). -:
f f.
: , f f
, f
+ f
f
f
.
, . 470 . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
107/347
107
. 14.9. .
-
(. 14.10). 4 5
, 470 ( , ). -, .
-
- 9 . ,
4,5 . 4.5 . - - 9 , 4,5 .
. 14.10. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
108/347
108
15
, , (), (. 15.1).
. 15.1. . , , .
1 . (/). ,, 1000 5 (. 15.2). , 10/. 5 10 = 50 ( )
1000 + 50 = 1050 . , 5 10 = 50 , 1000 50 = 950 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
109/347
109
. 15.2. .
, . . , - -- 15 / 75 . .
75 = = = 5 15
, , 5 .
,
. . , -
. -
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
110/347
110
- . ,- -- 250.
AM- -
1.
2.
3. 9 250
4. , . KB
- .
1. . -, .
2. - . , . - . , ,
.
-
- (. 15.3) -, ( 3). , , ( 2).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
111/347
111
. 15.3.-.
- --
DSB ( )250 15 /
75 : 89,1; 91,5; 93,5 .
- . 15.4 - -. , -. - -. ( 2 3) 10,7 . . - ( ) . , , ().
- 250 . , , 250 . ( 7 8) 20 20 .
- , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
112/347
112
AM-, -, ().
. 15.4.- -.
, . 15.5. . , .
. 15.5. ().
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
113/347
113
. (). -. , . 15.6, ( ).
, .
. 15.6. ().
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
114/347
114
10
(). , . .
1.- (), (. 16.1 ()).
2. - (), , , . (. 16.1()).
3. (), () (. 16.1()).
. 16.1. .
- ()
- . ., . , , - (. 16.2).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
115/347
115
. 16.2. () .
. 16.3.
() , (. . 11). , . . , (). , , . 16.3.
, . . , (0-7). 16 (0-15) . .
. . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
116/347
116
. , , , ,, .
, . . , , , . , . . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
117/347
117
17
-
- ()
- , . .
(. 17.1). , . ,
. (), , . () , , Y.
. 17.1.- - .
. , (. 17.2()). , , , . , , . , . 17.2(), ( ). .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
118/347
118
. 17.2. () () .
, . (), , , .
. 17.3 - .
. , ( ), () . , , , , .
. 17.3.- .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
119/347
119
. 17.4. .
,
. 3 ( ), (). D1 D2 .
Y- ( ), - ( ). Y-, .
X- () ( ). - (. 17.4),
. . - Y-,
, .
-
- - I , (), . .
17.5 - . Y- ()
Y- ( ), (/). , Y-, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
120/347
120
. 17.5.- - .
. 17.6. . 17.7.
. 17.6 - Y- ., Y-, , , . ,
-, - . ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
121/347
121
. , (/).
( ) ,
, , . . .. 17.7 , . , ,
. 17.7(). , . .
, (, 17.8()). ( ), () (. 17.8()).
. 17.8.
. , . . :
30
0
+1400
+2000
70 (-)120 ()30
2-3
15-20 (-)20-25 ()
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
122/347
122
. 17.9.
1
- Y- , . 17.9. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
123/347
123
18
, , . , . -.
, , . . , , . , .
(. 18.1). - 25 . ( . . .) , 625 .
. 18.1. .
25 / , , . , 50 /, .
, : , . . 50 ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
124/347
124
, 50 , .
, . (). . - (. 18.2), . , . . 50 . . , 625 625 . , 625 25 = 15
625 , . . 15625 (15,625 ).
. 18.2, . , .
. 18.2..
, 625
625 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
125/347
125
- (400-900 )
AM,
5,5
50
15,625
. . , .
. , , . (. 18.3). () fc f2 () f1 fc. .
.18.3. .
() (). , . , .
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
126/347
126
- - 625 (. 18.4)
. ( 1). . 39,5 ( 2 3).
(, 4) ( 5) . . .
- (. , 18,5). , . , , - , .
- 6 . ( 12), (13) ( 14).
, , (. 18.4 18.5). ( 7), (). ( 8 10), . , , , 10-20 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
127/347
127
. 18.4. - - 625.
. 18.5. - - 625.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
128/347
128
. 13, . , ,
(. 18.6). .
. 18.6. .
, , :
, .
, , (), . 2, 3, .
. , (, 3, ) . . , 3
, , :
+ 3 = + = 3 + = -
+ 3 + =
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
129/347
129
, -
- , . - .
, - ( ) . , ( ), 4.43 , . 18.7, .
.18.7. .
.
. , : , .
. 18.8 - . , , - . . , , : ( Y) ( ). .
, . , , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
130/347
130
. 18.8. - .
(. 18.9)
- , , , , . 120 . (), . , .
, (). , ,
, . , , . , (), .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
131/347
131
. 18.9. -.
, , , . , .
Sony . (precision-in-line PIL) , (. 18.10).
. 18.10. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
132/347
132
NICAM
, 6 , , . , ,
. (hi-fi), , - , . ( hi-fi) .
-- , NICAM 728, NICAM. NICAM , 728 - , 728 /.
, , . , , - 6 .
(HDTV) , , 16- . ,
. 1250 , . 34,7 .
. , 1000 (1 ).
. - 625 575
. . . , . . 18.11 . ., , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
133/347
133
, NICAM, . . 18.12 .
. 18.11.
. 18.12.
- () . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
134/347
134
. , ,
, () . - ()
, ., , ,
(), . , , , ,
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
135/347
135
19
I
1 18. . 7 .
1. , . 19.1
)11/4, )11/2, )21/2, )3.
2. , . 19.2,
) 2 , ) 2,5 , ) 4 , ) 5 .
3. 10 .
) 5 , ) 7 , ) 10 , ) 20 .
4. -
) ,
) ,) ,) .
5. ()?
) 100 , ) 1000 , ) 10000 , ) 100000 .
6. - --
) 9 , ) 30 , ) 75 , ) 250 .
7. , ,
) ,
. 19.1. . 19.2.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
136/347
136
) ,) ,) .
8. ,
) ,) ,) ,) .
9. , . 19.3,
) ,) ,) ,) .
10. . 19.4 pnp-?
. 19.3.
. 19.4.
11. 625- -
) ,) ,) -,) .
12. . 19.5 2
) ,) ,) ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
137/347
137
) .
13. 1, 0?
) - ,) - - ,) - ,) - .
14. . 19.6. ,
) ,) ,) ,
) .
. 19.5.
. 19.6.
. 19.7.
15. 120 .
?
) 50 , ) 60 , ) 120 , ) 200 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
138/347
138
16. . 30, 40. ?
) 70, ) 120, ) 1200, ) 7000.
17. . 19.7
) ,) ,) ,) .
18. . 19.8
) ,) ,) ,) .
. 19.8.
19.
) , ,) , ,) , ,) , .
20. , ,
) ,) ,
) ,) ().
21. , . 19.9, ,
) ,) ,) , ,) .
22. 500 , 50 .
) ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
139/347
139
) ,) ,) .
. 19.9.
23. M1 2, . 19.10, :
) M1 , 2,) M1 , 2 ,) M1, 2 ,) M1, 2.
24.
) ,) ,) ,) .
25. , . 19.11,
) 2 , ) 5 , ) 10 , ) 20 .
26. , 800 . ?
) 10 , ) 50 , ) 400 , ) 1600 .
27. . ,
) 1 : 2, ) 1 : 4, ) 2 : 1, ) 4 : 1.
28. ?
) , , , -,) , , -, ,) -, , , ,) , -, , .
. 19.10.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
140/347
140
. 19.11. . 19.12.
29. , 100-5000 ,
) 100 , 6) 400 , ) 5000 , ) 10000 ,30. -
) 9 , ) 100 , ) 10, 7 , ) 470 .
31. . 19.12. 1,
F G H) 0 0 1 1
) 1 1 0 0) 1 1 1 0) 0 0 0 1
32. -
) ,) ,) ,) .
33. 10- 90 , 30 .
) ,) .) ,) ( ) .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
141/347
141
34. 7?
) 0110, ) 0111, ) 1001, ) 1110.
. 19.13. . 19.14.
35. . 19.13. ,
36. - ) ,) ,) ,) .
37. . 19.14. -
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
142/347
142
38. . 19.15 - - .
) ) ) )
. 19.15.
39. Y- 10 /. , Y- 6?
) 30 , ) 60 , ) 120 , ) 600 .
40. -
) ,) ,) ,) .
41. ,
) ,) ,) ,) .
42. , . 19.16, 1?
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
143/347
143
. 19.16.
. 19.17.
43. , . 19.17,
) ,) ,) ,) .
44. :
) ,) ,) ,) .
45.
) 20 - 20 ,) - 5 ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
144/347
144
) 470 - 10,7 ,) 10 - 40 .
46. ?
) ,) ,) ,) .
47. 1 10 , ?
) 0,1 , ) 1 , ) 10 , ) 100 .
48. , ,
) ,) ,) ,) , .
49.
) ,) 2,) ,) .
50. 0101 1010, ?
) 4, ) 10, ) 15, ) 1111.
51. . 19.18 ?
) 3 : 1, )2 : 1, ) 1 : 2, ) 1 : 3.
. 19.18.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
145/347
145
. 19.19. . 19.20.
. 19.21.
52. . 19.19
) 0 , ) 10 , ) 50 , ) 100 .
53. , . 19.20,
) 2 , ) 3,1 , ) 8 , ) 38 .
54. . 19.21. pa
) 1 , ) 4 , ) 1 , ) 4 .
55.
) ,) ,) ,
) .
56. 1 . 19.22
) ,) ,) ,) .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
146/347
146
. 19.22.
. 19.23. . 19.24.
57. 3 . 19.22
) ,) ,) (),) .
58. 8 . 19.22
) ,) ,) (),) ().
59. , . 19.23,
) ,) ,) (),) ().
60.
) ,) ,) ,) -.
. 19.25.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
147/347
147
. 19.26.
61. . 19.24
) -,) -,) (),) .
62. . 19.25
) 0,5 , ) 1 , ) 2 , ) 5 .
63. - . 19.26
) ,) ,) ,) .
64. . 19.27
) (),) -,) ,) -.
65. . 19.27
) ,) ,) ,) .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
148/347
148
. 19.27.
. 19.28.
66. . 19.27
) ,) ,
) ,) () .
67. , . 19.28,
a) t1, ) t2, ) t3, ) t4.
68. 625- 405- , ) ,) ,) ,
) .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
149/347
149
69.
) ,) ,
) ,) .
70. . 19.29
) ,) ,) ,) .
71. . 19.29
) ,) ,) (),) .
72. , . 19.30,
) 2 , ) 3,5 , ) 5 , ) 7 .
73. 1
) 0,25 , ) 0,5 , ) 1 , ) 2 .
. 19.29.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
150/347
150
. 19.30. . 19.31.
. 19.32.
74. , . 19.31,
) 3,86 , ) 10,8 , ) 12 , ) 26 .
75. . 19.32
) ,) ,) -,) .
76.
) 50, ) 425, ) 625, ) 1250.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
151/347
151
. 19.33.
. 19.34.
77. . 19.33 .
) , ) , ) , ) -.
78. , , . 19.34?
79. . 19.35
) - ,) - ,
) ,) .
) ) ) )
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
152/347
152
. 19.35.
80. NICAM
) ,) ,) ,) .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
153/347
153
20
, , , . . . , , : , . , .
, , , ,
, (. 20.1). , , . .
:, , . , ( ), , , .
.
. 20.1. , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
154/347
154
. 20.2., .
, , , .
, . , (. 20.2). , .
, , , . , , , , .
, . ( ), . , . .
. , , , n-. -. , -(, ) , , p- (. 20.3). , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
155/347
155
. 20.3. n- p- . 20.4. -.
- n- (. 20.4),
n- -, . , - - , . , .
, , . (). . , (Ge) 0,3 , (Si)0,6 .
(. 20.5) n- (n-) ,
- . , - .
(. 20.6) , , . . , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
156/347
156
. 20.5. . . () , .
. 20.6. . , () . , , (0,3 0,6 ).
. 20.7.
, , , . , . (), .
. 20.8. , . , -
. , , . ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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157
, . ,, , .
. 20.7. -
.
. 20.8. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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158
21
, pn-, . 21.1. : , . : pnp- (. 21.1()) npn- (. 21.1()). , .
npn- (. 21.2). ( ) VBE, , I. -, . , . , . , Ib. 95% I Ic.
,
I =Ic +Ib.
Ib ( ), . , Ic I, .
. 21.1. : : ()pnp-, () npn-.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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159
. 21.2. . 21.3.
npn-. pnp-.
, ( ) VCD. , . ( - ) , .
- , . 21.3.
.
.
1. (). : , (. 21.4).
- .2. (). (. 21.5).
3. (). . (. 21.6).
, , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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160
.21.4. - ().
. 21.5. ().
. 21.6. (). , .
, , .
, , .
1. , .2. , .3. , .
npn- (. 21.7). pnp- .
. 21.8 npn -. pn - , , ( )
. 21.7.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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161
. 21.8. .
. , , , Ib , . (0,3 Ge 0,6 Si), Vbe . ,
, .
. 21.9 , , ( ) Ic ( ) VCE. ( ) Ib. , , . -, , . 21.9,
Ib = 40 VCE = 6 Ic = 4 . , .
Ib= 0 , . . , VCE .
Ib = 0; .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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162
. 21.9. .
, . , , . -
( )
Ic= =
Ib
. , , Q ( ),
Ib,= 40 Ic =4 , 100
40
10004
Ib
Ic
(. 21.10).
. , Q ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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163
10040
10004
Ib
Ic
. 21.10. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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164
22
, ( ), . 22.1() -. VBE( ) VCB(
) . R1R2,
. 22.l(). VCC. R1R2 , .
Is = VCC/ (R1R2) R1R2 . R1R2. , , R1 .
( ) ,, R2.
. 22.1. -.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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165
. 22.2. -.
RRR
CCV
VRVb 221
2
, V= 10 ,R1 = 15 ,R2,= 1
625,016
101
115
102
21
RRR
CCVVb
R1R2, . - (. 22.2). (-V). R1R2 , -. , , , . ,
625,016
101
115
102
21
RRR
CCVVb
-0,625 .
, . . , -, -. , , .
, , , , . . VBE = Vb Ve.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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166
. , , .
B62,0062,0 VBE .
, Vb ( npn- pnp-), VBE, . Vb VBE , , .
()
,
R3, (. 22.3). Ic, R3, .,
RIcRV 33
, VCE . ,
VCERVVCC 3
VCC , , VCE = VCC VR3. , ,
43,32,133
RIcRV (),
VCE= VCCVR3,= 104 = 6 .
, . ICB0 ( ) , . 22.4. , () , . . , , , . . , , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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167
. 22.3. R3.
. 22.4. ICB0.
( ). , R4 , . 22.5. R4, Ie
. , Ve = IeR4. ., - IcIe.
Ve. VBE = Vb - Ve, Ve VBE. , Ic
Ie . R4 ,
. , . 22.5, Ie= 1,2 ,
2,112,14 RIeVe
8,13,318,3
103,3
3,315
102
21
RRR
CCV
Vb
6,0,218,1 VeVbVBE
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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168
. 22.5. - R4 .
-
. 22.6 pnp-. . ,
:
5,19,325,9
109,3
3,922
102
21
RRR
CCV
Vb
VBE = Vb Ve Ve = Vb VBE. VBE = 0,6 () Vb= 1,5 ,
Ve = 1,50,6 = 0,9 .
, Ve = IeR4,
1,18209,0
4
R
VeIe ,
1,1 IeI ,
3,63,31,133
RIcRV ,
6,43,6103
RVVVc CC
, :
Ve = - 0,9 , Vb = - 1,5 , Vc = - 6,4 ,Ie= 1,1 .
. 22.6. -.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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169
, . 0,1 V, 0,6 V., , , 0,6 (
) .
- - , V, . 22.7.
, , . , - , , Vb
R1, R3,
2,81518,3
1015
3,351
101
21
RRR
VVb
CC
43,32,13 RIcVc
8,81,2104
RVVVe CC
, : Ve = - 8,8 , Vb = - 8,2 , Vc = - 4 .
.22.7. - VCC.
. 22.8. Ib.
Ib(. 22.8) R1 . , R1 : Is ( R2)
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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170
( R2). R1 IbR1. VR1 + VR2 = VCC, VR1 VR1, . . . Ib , , , Vb
R1R2.
(, ) R1 , Ib, , .
. 22.8. , 10 , R1 IbR1= 10 10
-6 15 103= 150 10-3 =0,15 . , 1,8 , R1 R2. , ., 80 . R1, , 80
10-6 15 103= 1,2 . , . .
1,8 0,6, .
, . 22.9. R2 R1 . Ib ( ). .
10 (. 22.9) :
VR1 = IbR1= 10 10-6 390 103= 3,9 .
, . .
Vb= VCCVR1 = 63,9 = 2,1 .
. 22.9 , R2, ,
.
, , , . . . Ie= 0 R4 (.22.10).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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171
.22.9. .
.22.10. :Ve = 0, Vc = VCC.
. 22.11. ; Ve Vc.
, . Ic = 0, R3 VCC. , VCE = Vc Ve VCC.
, , , , . . IeIc . Ie Ve (.22.11). Ic R3, VCC . , . , , Ve Vc ,
> . VCE . . 22.11 , .
, (. 22.12):
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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172
. 22.12. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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173
23
, . , , , . , ( )
. , . 23.1.
, a R . , . .
, R. ( ) . , V= 100 ,
, V = 95 5 (5%).
.
I. R., , =R/20, R =1 =50 .
. 23.1. . 23.2. . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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174
() ().
, f= 300 . c = 1/2fC1,
10
503002
1
2
11
Xcf
100 , c= R/20 = 1/20100 =5
1,031053002
1
2
12
Xcf
, 100 ( 1 100 ), ( 10 0,1 ).
, , .
2. . , = 10 R= 1 f= 300 .
300 , =R/20 = 50
01,0310503002
1
2
13
Xcf
, 1000 ( 300 300 ), 1000 ( 10 0,01 ).
, , .
, . , , ) 10 300 300 . , 0,1 300 , 300 .
. 23.2(6) . R. (- 23.2(^.1) 10 , - 10 . , , , , R, .
, . , ,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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175
R - , .
-
. 23.3 -, } . ( - , R^}. -^ , Ci. - :
: :
. 23.3. RC- 3
.
. 23.4. ( 180) .
R4 . 23.3, , , , (2-3). , R4. 3.
, .
10-50 .0.01-0,1 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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176
, . 23.3, . (, )
1 . , VBE , Ie, Ic, ,
Vc. , . , . , , . 23.4. , VBE
, , R3, .
. , . . 23.5 , . 23.3, XY.
, , . , Ic = 0, Y , Vc = 0.
. , Vc = VCE.X. Ic =0. .
, Vc = VCC. Y. Vc = 0. Vc = 0
VCC = Vc + VR3, VCC = VR3. VR3 =Ic R3, VCC =Ic R3.,
Ic = VCC / R3.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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177
. 23.5. .
, . 23.3, Y :
Ic = 0, Vc = VCC= 10 .
Y Vc = 0,Ic = VCC/ R3 = 10/3,3 = 3 .
, XY R3= 3,3 .
(2,2 ) Ya. , V
10 . Y
b
Ic = VCC / R3 =10 /2,2 = 4,55. , 4,9 ,
Yb YbIc= 10 /4, 9 2 .
, . 23.6. Q ,
, . . . . :
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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178
Ib= 20 ,Ic= 1,5 , Vc= 5 .
.23.6. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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179
. 23.7. , .
20 ( 0 40). Ic 2,8 9 .
Ib = 0, ( ), Ib= 40 , ( N ).
Q . 20 0 40 , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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180
. 23.8. .
. . 23.7, . (. 23.8). , .
, . 23.9. R1 R2 T1 (
T2 ). C1 , R2. R3 C2 . L1L3 T1 T2 . , VCC.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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182
RC-
RC- , , ,
. , , . :
1. . , . ., , RC-. , .
2. (. . 8). r1 T1 r2 T2(. 23.11), , . 8,
2
2
1 nr
r
= T1/ T2 . : T1 T2 .
. 23.11.
.
, , () ,
.
, , IcVCE .
, , . 23.12, Vc = 9 , Ve= 1,5 .
. 23.12.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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183
B5,75,19 VeVcVCE
25,12
R
VeIeIc
, ,
B4,95,725,1 VCEIc
,
B712 RIc
, ,
, , . 23.13.
. Q , . .
. 23.13, , (Ib = 0)
. . 23.13 .
. 23.13. ( ).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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184
24
. 24.1 , (). . 1 ( ). R4.
. 24.2
. 3L1 . 1 , R1 R2 , R3 . 2 . , . , ( ) . .
(50-100 ) .
( ). ,
, - . .
. 24.1. . 1 2 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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185
.24.2. .
, Ic
. . , .
. 24.3() , . 1 2 , R1 R2 . , . . 24.3() .
R3, .
. 100 %-
R3.
, . . VBE, , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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186
. 24.3. , , () ().
24.1. ,
1-2 10-50
,
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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187
25
.
.
, , . , , , . , . . , .
. pn- . , , , .
. , , . . , pn-, .
, . . , , ,
, . . 25.1 . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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188
. 25.1. .
- , -, -. p-. . . ,
pn-, () ,
. 25.2. , , . .
. 25.2.
,
,, , . , , , , , . , (.25.3).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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189
. 25.3.
, . , , , .
, ( ). , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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190
26
, . , . , .
, . n-, p-. , . , - ( ) - (). .
: s (source), g (gate) d (drain). , . . . , , .
, . : pn-
-- (-).
-
n- ( n-), VDD (. 26.1()). , Id. -
-, (. 26.1()), -. , -, , . , , . , . , . . , VGS, (. 26.1()). ,
ID. . 26.2
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
191/347
191
. 26.1. -.
. 26.2.
-.
. 26.3. -.
p-, VDD.
pn- . 26.3.
- . 26.4. . ID VDS( ) VGS( ).
- () , - .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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192
, ( ) . , - , . , .
VGS= 0 (. 26.4). VDS( ) , , . . , -, . ID , . : P1,P2 . . , ,
.
. 26.5. R1 . R3 , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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193
. 26.4. -.
. 26.5. - -.
, . R2 , ( 1,5 ). 2 R3. ,
1 (0,1 ) . , , ,
. , - ,, ID . ID () , . , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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194
, (10 -12 A). .26.5 . ID(, ,
IS). . 26.5. ID = 0,2 , :
VS = 0,2 5 = 1 . pn-.
R2= 0,2 30 = 6 . VD = 156 = 9 .
, . .26.6 . 26.5.ID = 0, VDS= VDD= 15 . . VDS = 0, VDD R2.
, ID = VDD /R2 = 15 / 30 = 0,5 . Y . Q , .
Q ( ) . 26.6 :ID= 0,2 , VGS= - 1 , VDS= 9 .
- , , . - --.
- - - (. 26.7). , . ( )
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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195
. 26.6. (. 26.5).
. 26.7. -.
- , . - - .
-: , , , . ,
, ( ), VGS= 0.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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196
. 26.8. - -, , .
. 26.9. - n-, , .
. - - -, , . 26.8.
-, , , ( ). - n- (. 26.9).
- - . 26.10., -,
( ).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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197
. 26.10. -
-.
. 26.11. - -, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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198
-, ( ). , . . 26.11
- -, . . VGS R3 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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199
27
-, . (. 27.1). . , VZ, .
, . . . (. . 29).
. 27.1. .
, , , . 27.2. , , (. 27.3). , , ,
, , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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200
. 27.2. , . 27.3. .
(SCR) , , -. , (. 27.4). , -
. . 27.5 . ( ) V1. , Ig1 , V2. . .
. 27.4. : .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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201
.27.5. .
, (. . ) , .
.
( ) , . (. . 29).
. 27.6 , . , . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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202
. 27.6. (SCR).
. 27.7 R1, . . R1 , . 27.7(). , , , . R1
(. 27.7()). , , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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203
. 27.7. .
, . . , .
. 27.8 R1., , ( ), . 27.8(). , . , , . , (. 27.8()).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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204
. 27.8. R1C
, - , , . .
, , (. 27.9). . .
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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205
. 27.9... 27.10. -. ()
. () .
( ).
. 27.10 - -. , - b1, . ( 0,6 ). (. . 33.8) .
T1 T2, . 27.11. . , . , . 30-50 . ,
.
. 27.11. . () . () .
. 27.12. .() . () .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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206
, , (. 27.12) . , T1 T2 ( ) .
, , T1 T2. , , .
, . , , .
: . . . ,
. , (), -, . ( 0.02 ) , ( 26 2). , , . : , . .,
. ( , ) , .
, . . , , . , .
1. , . , .2. , . .3. . . .4. , , . , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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207
5. , . .6. - , . ,
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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208
28
RC-,
, () . , , f(.28.1).
. 28.1. () () .
. 3, , .
, . , .
() , , . 28.7(). , . (), , (. 28.5()).
RC-
RC-. , , . .28.2 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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209
, R. Vc , Vr. : Vc , Vr. , . 28.3(),
, -, . , . , (. 28.3()), . R .
. , , . . 28.4 RC-.
- , , 10 .
( RC) , 10 , - CD (. 28.5()). , , . . ,
. CD 10 -. 10 . 10 , , , .
. . , , , . 28.5().
. 28.2. . 28.3.RC- () () .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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210
. 28.4.RC-. . 28.5. , . 28.4, ()
() .
RC-
RC- () () () . . 28.6 RC-. (. 28.7) +10 . RC, , CD , (. 28.7()).
. FE , .. ,
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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211
, , . 28.7(). , , ., 100 , -, 5 ( 200 ), 5 ( 200 ).
RC-
, . , . , .
RC-
(. 28.8). . , .28.8().
. 28.6.RC-. . 28.7. , . 28.6, () ()
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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212
. 28.8.
.
. 28.9. .
. 28.9 . ()(. 28.9()).
. . , . 28.10 . 0,6 , . .
, . (. 28.11()) (. 28.11()) . . 28.11() , 2 .
( ).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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213
. 28.10.
. 28.11. +2 () 2 ().
-2 , . . , .
:1. ,
.2. , ,
, . . , .
. 28.12 . . 28.12() D1 , D2.
. ( 0,6 ), +0,6 -0,6 . . 28.12() . D1 , +2 , D2 -4 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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214
. 28.12. .
( ) (. 28.13). Z2 () . Z1 , ( 6 ), . Z1
, Z2 -9 .
28.14. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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215
. 9, . . 28.14 .
, . (- ) . .
+V. , .
. 28.14. .
, . 28.15. T1 , . T2 , , R2-R4-R5. ( T2) . T2, R3, , T1 .
T1 , +0,6 . , T1 , T2. T2, T1 T2 T1 . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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216
. 28.15. .
, T1 , T2. VCC. , , T1 , T2 .
(). , .
., , , . , ,
. , (. . 30). . 28.16 .
(. 28.17)
10 . , (.) . , , X . (. 28.16()).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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217
. 28.16. , () 0 .() ( X) 0 10 ,
-5 +5 .
. 28.17. , . 28.16, :() , () , () .
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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218
CD 10 . , 0 +10 (. 28.16().
(. . )
10 R. ; . , RC , (. 28.17()).
, , , . 28.17(). (. 28.17()).
, R . r, r . , (. 28.18). , .
. 28.18. .
, . , ,
, . .
. 28.19 . , ,
, (. 28.20()) (. 28.20()) . . 28.20() +5 , , +5 . , +5 -15 20
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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219
. 28.19. .
. 28.20. -5 () +5 ().
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
220/347
220
29
II
.
1 , . 29.1. D1 . 29.1 () , . (. 29.1()),
. (. 29.2), () (0,318Vp, Vp ).2. , . 29.3. . , , .
. 29.1. () () .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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221
. 29.4. (0,636V), .
, , . DI RL I1. D1 I2 RL , I1. . 29.4. , (0,636Vp, ).
, , .29.5. . (. 29.6()) , . D1 D3, I1 RL , ( ). (.
29.6()), , , .
. 29.2.
. 29.3.
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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222
. 29.5. .
. 29.6.
D2 D4, RL .
. .
1, (. 29.7). RL, . . 29.8 . ,
. (RC-)
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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223
. 29.7. .
. 29.8. .
100 5000 ( ).
, . 29.8, , :
1. , .2.
, . , ,
2 50 = 100 , 50 . , .
, . . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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224
. 29.9. .
29.9 . , , . , (no load),
( ) - . , Vnl . V.. = 240 ( )
3362404,1.
4,1
VpV
nlV
, , , . . . 29.9. D 336 . +336 -336 . , , , , , -336 .
336 + 336 = 672 . , , . . .
RC-
( ). R1 2 . 29.10 RC-.
R1C2 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
225/347
225
. 29.10. RC-.
, (. . ), . ,
. C2 100
5000 , . . C1. R1, , , . 1 100 .
LC-
. 29.11. L1 C2 . L1 (100 10 ), , , , , . -, . , , , . .
, , .
. 29.11. LC-.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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226
. 29.12. .
, , , . 29.12 . (). , , . . . ,
() (full load), Vfl.
VnlVfl 100% = 100%
Vfl
, 22 20 10 ,
%10%10020
2022%100
flV
flV
nlV
, ( ) .
. : .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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227
- (, , ) . 29.13. . 29.14 , . , . , .
, IL IZ . ,, 2 , 2
, .
R1, , , V1 VAB VZ:
V1 = VABVZ
. 29.13.- .
. 29.14. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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228
. 29.13 VL= VL =9 .
V1 = VABVZ = 309 = 21 .
21 IT == 21 .
1 0
9 IL=== 7,5 .
1, 2 0
IZ =ITIL= 217, 5 =13, 5 .
2,5 ( 5 ), 2,5 13,5+2,5 = 16 .
, IL = 0, IT :IZ = IT. , , , IT. .
. 29.15 , . 29.14.
, ( 21 ). IT . , . , .
. 29.15.
.
. 29.16. -
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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229
(, , ), , . -
. 29.16. - , .
. 29.17. T1, , . 29.18, -, .
. , 0,6 ( ), .
, . , . 5 .
.
. 29.17. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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230
. 29.18. - . 29.17. , T1 .
1. .2. .
, T2, (. 29.19). (), - . , , . 29.20. T1 , T2 . ,, .
T2 . T1, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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231
. 29.19. ( ).
. 29.20. , .
, , V. T2 , .
, . T1 , , T1 V. , V. .
,
, . . . 29.21. T2
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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232
or. IL R1 , . , R1 T2 . R1 T2, . T2 T1, . , .
. 29.21.
T2.
. . .
, ,
. , , , (. 29.22).
. 29.22.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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233
. , .
. 29.23 -. - -
, R1C1. D1 . . 29.24. - T1 T2 .
. ( ) . , .
. 29.23.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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234
. 29.24.
. (.29.25). , .
. 29.25.
. 29.25,
. . , , , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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235
, (, , ), . (. .
) , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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-
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237
. 30.2. . R1R2 VBE(0,12 ) .
, , , . ( 30%); , , , .
( ). . 30.1 . (180)
, . 30.2. (50-60%), . .
( . 30.1). , ( 180). , . 30.3. (65-85%). .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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238
. 30.3. . () .() 1R1
.
, , , . -.
, . . . . , , (0,1-0,2 ) R1R2,
. 30.2. Q .
. , - . , . , , . . . 30.3(). . . 30.3(), 1 R1 , . Vp. , . (. .
) , 1R1( R1 ).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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239
. 30.4. .() , ()
R3, 3, .
. 30.4. 3 . -. . 30.4(), 3 R3 3.
. 30.5 RC- . 1 2 , R1R2
R5R6. 3.
. 30.5. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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240
. 30.6. , , .
2 . 30.5. , , 2. 13 , , .
. 30.6. .
,
, , . . , . () , , . - .
3, 70% , .
() , - ( ).
470 AM-, 10,7 - 39,5 .
. 30.7 , -. R1 R2 T1, 2 , 4
R3 ,
.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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241
. 30.7. -.
C1L1 C3L3 470 . , . 2 . r0 C3L3, . , t1 t2
, . 30.8. , r0, n = t1 / t2, . R0 = r1 / n
2(. . 7) r0. - .
, . , , . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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242
. 30.9 , . . - , . .
, .
. , , .
. 30.10 . , .
Tp1 .
. 30.9.
.
. 30.8.
. L3 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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243
. 30.10. .
() : Va, , Vb, . Va , Vb . T1 T2 , . , T1 Va. i1 Tp2 VCC. Tp2.
T2 Vb, i2 ( i1) Tp2, . . T1 T2 . , 10 , Tp2.
, . 30.10. . , , . (0,1-0,2 ), . 30.11,
R1 R2 . , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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244
. 30.11. R1R2 .
. 30.12 -. R3 R4 , , . R1: R2 2 : 1 3 : 1. , , .
. 30.12. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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245
, . , - npn-,
. , -, -. . 30.13 ( ). T1 T2 - , . . . : +VCC VCC. T1 , T2. i1
T1
R. T2, i2, i1 , . , , . ,
, , .
. 30.14 .
. 30.13. .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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246
. 30.14. T1 .
. T1 ( ). R1R2
. T1( ). -
. , , T2 T3, . , T1. T2. T3 (-) . , i2, , C3, . .
, T2. , ( ) .
T1 , 0,5VCC, T2 , 0,5VCC. , . T2 T3 ( ) , . . .
T1 , T2 T3. , .
. 30.14 . T1 , . , T1, . 30.15. , (0,5Vcc), T1 RF.
3. , T3 , T2 . , , , , . R4
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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247
, . R6R7 T2 T3 , , .
. 30.15. . 1 RF.
, . 30.16. 2 1. ( ) 2 . .
, . () - , . 30.16.
-
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248
. 30.16. .
. 30.17 , . f , i
ei, . . 0,
f =0
i = ei+ f = ei +0.
0
00
eiif
G
. 30.17. .
, , ei = if, . : , ei = i + f, . .
, .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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249
, . 30.17, , , .
ei = 10 - 2 = 8 .
0 = 8 100 = 800 .
,
8010
8000
if
G
0,25%0025,0800
2
0
f
. . , . 30.18 R4. , - . . 30.18 C2R3.
30.1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(
),
(
)
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ,
,
7.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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250
. 30.18. , , : ( R4) ( C2R3).
() , -, , , . . , , .
. 30.19. .
. . , , - , .
, (. 30.19). T1 , T2 . T1. 3.
T1 T2, 1. R1R2R3.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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251
Hi-Fi-
Hi-Fi (high fidelity , -) . ,
, , . Hi-Fi- (40 16), .
(. . ) . ( ) ( ) . : ,
, . . 30.20 . R1 C1 . C1 , , R1. R2 C2 . C2 , ,
R2.
. 30.20. .
. , , , . .
. , , , , , . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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252
30.21 () .
. 30.21. .
L1 C1, , L2 C2, .
, , , ( ).
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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253
31
, , , . . (). ( ),
.
, , , . :
1) ( 50000);2) ;3) ;4) ;5) .
. 31.1. .
. 31.1 . : (-), , (+), .
. , , , , . , , . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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254
. 31.2 . ( ) , . , ( ) () , . . . Roc. (. 31.2)
R
RocV
G1
.
. 31.2. .
R1 = 1 Roc = 2,2 , , 50 .
2,21
2,2
1
R
RocV
G
= -2, 2 50 = -110 .
(. 31.3) , V1 V2. V1 GV= - Roc / R1, V2 GV= - Roc / R1.
, Roc =R1 =R2, -5 / 5 0 = -1. V1 =1 V2 = 2 , , V1, 1 (-1) = -1 ,
, V2, 2 (-1) = -2 .
, V = -1 - 2 = -3 .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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255
1
, . 31.4, V1 = 20
V2 = -10 . V.
. 31.3. .
. 31.4.
V1= -5/1 20 = -100 . V2 = -5/5 (-10) = +10.
, V = -100 + 10 = -90 .
100%- (. 31.5) , 1. , .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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256
. : ( ) . ,
, , , .
R2, , . 31.6.
. 31.5. .
RRoc
RRocR
1
12
, , R2 R1 . R2 , - -Roc/R1. ,
.
,
. 31.7.
= R
Roc
R
RRoc
111
1
. 31.6.
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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257
. 31.7..
. 31.8 . C1. () , (. 31.9).
. 31.8..
C1R1 .
= [B/c]1 1
1
RC
V
V1 . .
2
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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258
C1 = 1 , R1 = 1 V1 = 3 . .
, .
= C1R1= 1 10-6 1 103 = 10-3 = 1 .
=RC
V
1 1
1 = -3 /1 = -3 /. ,
-3 . , C1 . 0,5 -1,5, 1 -3 , 1,5 -4,5 . . , C1R1 , , , .
, . ,
. 31.9. . . 31.10.
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. 31.11.
.31.10: t= 0, V= 0, t = C1R1 ( ),
V = - V1( ). , . (0 , 0 ), (-3 , 1 ).
. 31.11.
,
. , C1R1 .
XC1
= ,R1
f
R2
1
1
1
.
=Rf 12 1
1
(. 31.12) , V1V2.R1 =R2
)21(1
VV
RRocV
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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260
. 31.12.
741
. 31.13 741, 8-DIP- ( ). ( ) , 1 5 ( . 31.14). 2 3 . 6. (+15 )
7, (-15 ) 4. 8 .
. 31.13. 741.
. 31.14.
. . ,, . 748 1 8 (. 31.15). C1 , . 31.15().
-
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.31.15. 748: () ; () .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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32
, , , . , : T1 / T2 , , T1 / T2. . 32.1 , Z1Z2 , .
. 32.1. .
.
1. , . , . , , .
2. ( ), . , , .
3. ( ), . . .
-
7/28/2019 Mn in
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, . 32.2. -
, . , , , , ., T2 , T1. T2 , T1. T1 , . - T2 , T2 . , T2, T1
(). T1 +VCC(10 ), T2 0 .
T1 R3R5. . 32.2(), T1 , -V, T1 . T2 (. 32.2())
R2 R6 , T2.
, . , T1, T2.
, , . 32.3, R6 . Ve R6. ,
, . C2 C3 . .
-
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. 32.2. (). +VCCVBB.
, , .
. 32.3, , D1 D2. , . , T1 / T1 .
-
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. 32.3. D1 D2.
- D1 D2 VCC(10 ), . . D1 . D2
T2, 1 ( T2 ), .
