BI TIU LUN ti: NNG LNG HYDRO

Mc lc

LI NI U4CHNG 16TNG QUAN V NNG LNG HYDRO61.1.Khi nim hydro v c tnh ca hydro61.1.1Khi nim61.1.2Ti sao li l nng lng Hydro (c tnh)61.2.Cch sn xut hydro91.2.1. Phng php in phn nc91.2.2.Nhit ha nhin liu hydrocacbon101.2.3.Phng php sinh hc111.3.ng dng hydro thnh ngun nng lng111.4.u v nhc im ca nng lng hydro131.4.1.u im131.4.2.Nhc im14CHNG 215THC TRNG NGNH NNG LNG HYDRO TRN TH GII152.1. Khi qut thc trng152.1.1. Thc trng ngnh nng lng Hydro mt s nc v khu vc trn th gii152.1.2. Hp tc quc t172.2. Phn tch, nh gi thc trng18CHNG 321GII PHP PHT TRIN NNG LNG HYDROGEN TI VIT NAM213.1. V sao Vit Nam cha pht trin ngnh nng lng hydrogen?213.2. Xu hng pht trin23KT LUN27

LI NI UNh chng ta bit, nhin liu ha thch ch yu l than v du m. Vic to ra than v du m l 1 qu trnh xy ra hng triu nm. l qu trnh m cc hp cht hu c khc b vi lp lu ngy b phn hy to nn. V vy khi t chy nhin liu ha thch s xy ra vic pht thi khi CO2, lng CO2 ny phi mt hng triu nm cc loi thc vt mi hp th ht. V vy ngi ta ni nhin liu ho thch l khng ti to.Th gii ca chng ta ang b ph thuc nng n vo mt nn kinh t nhin liu ha thch. Nhin liu ca a s phng tin giao thng vn ti hin nay: xe hi, xe la, my bay.. l xng du. Hn na, mt t l kh cao cc nh my in dng du ha, kh thin nhin hay than . Nu khng c nhin liu ha thch, nn kinh t cng vi cc phng tin giao thng, lin lc, vn ti s ri vo khng hong ngng tr. V vy, ton b nn kinh t, x hi hin i b ph thuc vo nhin liu ho thch.Trong khi nhin liu ha thch gi vi tr quan trng trong vic a x hi n mc pht trin nh ngy nay th n cng tn ti vn nhc nhi ln: nhim khng kh, cc vn v mi trng nh trn du, bin i kh hu ton cu. Ngoi ra nhin liu ha thch khng h c ti to, v vic da trn nhin liu ha thch cn lm cho mt s nc khng c ti nguyn s b ph thuc vo nhng nc c ngun du di do nh khu vc Trung ng, t dn n nhiu hu qu chnh tr khc, thm ch l chin tranh.Gia bi cnh , nng lng hydro ngun nng lng da trn nguyn liu sch, di do, da trn mc tiu pht trin bn vng ca nhn loi xut hin nh mt gii php y tim nng. Nn kinh t da vo nng lng hydro ha hn s y li tt c nhng vn do nn kinh t da trn nhin liu ha thch gy ra.y cng chnh l l do chng em chn ti ny. y l mt ti kh mi m, trong qu trnh tm hiu ti, tuy c gng ht sc nhng chc hn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nhm chng em hi vng nhn c s gp t c gio v cc bn.Nhm chng em xin gi li cm n n c gio to iu kin v hng dn nhm thc hin ti ny.

Nhm sinh vin.

CHNG 1TNG QUAN V NNG LNG HYDRO1.1. Khi nim hydro v c tnh ca hydro1.1.1 Khi nim

Hydro (Hydrogen) l mt nguyn t ha hc trong h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc. nhit thp v p sut tiu chun Hydro l mt kh lng nguyn t c cng thc phn t , khng mu, khng mi, d bt chy, ph bin nht trong v tr, chim 75% cc cht thng thng theo khi lng v trn 90% theo s lng nguyn t. Tuy vy, trn tri t hydro c rt t trong kh quyn, ngun ch yu ca n l nc (), cc ngun khc bao gm phn ln cc cht hu c, than, nhin liu ha thch, kh t nhin ...Hydro ng vai tr sng cn trong vic cung cp nng lng trong v tr thng qua cc phn ng nhit hch gii phng nng lng.

1.1.2 Ti sao li l nng lng Hydro (c tnh)

Trong lnh vc nng lng hydro th hin cht mang nng lng gn nh hon ho. Hydro khi chy trong khng kh nng trong gii hn 4-75% th tch, nhit chy ca hydro cao nht t c 2318 oC nng 29% th tch, nu chy trong xy - nhit c th ln n 3000 oC ,cao nht so vi tt c cc loi kh khc nh kh metan (CH4) ch t 2148 oC, propan (C3H8) - 2385 oC. Nhit t bc chy ca hydro l 585 oC cn metan 540 oC , propan 487 oC.

Mt khc trong phn t khng cha ccbon nn sn phm chy hon ton l nc, khng pht thi cc cht c hi rt sch v thn thin vi mi trng.

Hydro khng c sn trong thin nhin nhng c xem l mt dng nng lng ti to nh nhng dng nng lng ti to khc. Nguyn nhn v hydro c tch ra t nc nh vo cc ngun nng lng: Nng lng mt tri, nng lng gi, nng lng sinh khi, nng lng a nhit , nng lng nc, v vy hydro cng mang y nhng c tnh ca mt dng nng lng ti to, ngha l c th ti to v hn cho con ngi s dng.

Hydro cn c th thu c t nng lng sinh khi trc tip bng con ng ci to hi nc kh metan (CH4) hoc bng con ng kh ho trong iu kin c mt hi nc cc vt liu ph thi cha cacbon dng cellulose nh ci,g,rm ,b ma ...

Qu trnh sn xut hydro t nng lng sinh khi ni trn hon ton ging nh qu trnh sn xut hydro trong cng nghip ho hc hin nay.Tuy nhin mt im khc bit quan trng so vi cc dng nng lng ti to khc l chng khng th cha v tr li s dng mi lc mi ni . Cn cht mang nng lng hydro th c th lu gi, tn cha, vn chuyn, phn phi nh tnh cht ca cc dng nng lng ho thch, con ngi s dng khi cn n Hay ni cch khc n l cht chuyn ti nng lng.

So snh c tnh nng lng ca hydrogen:Hydro p sut bnh thng l cht kh khng mu, khng mi. T trng 0,0899g/lt.Hydro si nhit - 252,77 oC, hydro lng c t trng 70,99 g/lt.

Bng1: So snh c tnh nng lng ca cht mang nng lng khi chy.

n vH2CH4C3H8

Nhit tr thpkj/kg119,97250,02046,350

Nhit tr caokj/kg141,89055,53050,410

T trngkg/m30,089880,71752,011

Bng2: So snh mt nng lng ca cht mang nng lng .

Cht mangnng lngDng tch trMt nng lng theo trng lng kWh/kgMt nng lng theo th tch kWh/lt

HydrogenKh (20 Mpa)33,30,53

Kh (30 Mpa)33,30,75

Lng (-253oC)33,32,36

Kh thin nhinKh (20 Mpa)13,92,58

Kh (30 Mpa)13,93,01

XngLng12,78,67

Vi nhng c tnh ny hydro c nng lng tnh theo n v khi lng l cao nht.

1.2. Cch sn xut hydroC th sn xut hydro t kh t thin nhin, than , ngun nng lng ht nhn, nng lng gi, nng lng sinh khi v nng lng mt tri ... thng qua cc nhiu phng php iu ch khc nhau. Trong c 3 phng php chnh:1.2.1. Phng php in phn ncPhng php ny dng dng in tch nc thnh kh hydro v oxi. Mt s kiu in phn l: in phn thng thng, in phn nhit cao, in phn p sut cao, quang in phn ...Trong , quang in phn ang c ng dng nhiu hn c. Phng php ny s dng nng lng mt tri tch hydro t nc ng dng hin tng quang in. Kh hydro c sinh ra khi dng quang in chy qua thit b in phn t trong nc. u im ln nht ca phng php ny l tn dng c ngun nng lng mt tri v tn.

S qu trnh quang in phn1.2.2. Nhit ha nhin liu hydrocacbonHa nhit kh thin nhin vi hi nc: y l phng php cng nghip ph bin hin nay sn xut hydro. Tuy nhin phng php ny khng c p dng to ngun nng lng m ch cung cp nguyn liu cho cc ngnh ha cht, phn bn, tinh lc du m ...Kh ha hydrocacbon nng (du m, than ...)

CO2 + H2Than aH2 + COHi nc, xtNghin140000CBt+H2O

S kh ha hydrocacbon nngR rng y khng phi l phng php ti u. Bt li nht ca n l s dng nhin liu ha thch lm nguyn liu v ng thi cng lm nhin liu cung cp nhit lng cho qu trnh. Nhin liu ha thch l ngun nhin liu hu hn, thm vo vic t chng to ra kh cacbonic gy hiu ng nh knh. Do phng php ny xt v lu di khng bn vng.To ra kh hydro t kh thin nhin m khng thi ra cacbonic: phng php ny s dng cng ngh nhit cao tch hydro v than hot tnh t lp cht hydrocacbon nh du m hay kh thin nhin m khng thi ra cacbonic.

Kh ha sinh khi v nhit phn: nguyn liu s dng cho phng php ny c th l cc mnh g bo vn, sinh khi thc vt, rc thi nng nghip v th ... u tin sinh khi c chuyn thnh dng kh qua qu trnh kh ha nhit cao to ra hi nc. Hi nc c cha hydro c ngng t trong cc du nhit phn v sau c ha nhit sinh ra hydro. C th thy phng php ny hon ton ti to c v bn vng.1.2.3. Phng php sinh hcMt s to v vi khun chuyn bit c th sn sinh ra hydro nh l sn phm ph trong qu trnh trao i cht ca chng. Cc sinh vt ny thng sng trong nc, phn tch nc thnh kh hydro v oxi. Hin ti phng php ny vn ang trong qu trnh nghin cu.

Chu trnh sn xut hydro t to xanh1.3. ng dng hydro thnh ngun nng lngChng ta kh quen thuc vi hnh nh hydro nh l nguyn liu cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip ha hc nh: ch to ammonia, methanol, lc du, phn bn, luyn kim, m phm ... Th nhng khng ch dng li , hydro cn l mt ngun nhin liu y tim nng vi nhng u im thun li v mi trng v kinh t. Hydro c ng dng thnh ngun nng lng ti to sch, v thn thin vi mi trng. Vi nhng c tnh ca hydro nu trn, hydro c dng lm nhin liu thay th cho kh thin nhin cung cp nng lng phc v nhu cu dn dng hng ngy nh un nu, si m, chiu sng, ... Hydro cng c th c t trc tip trong cc ng c t trong tng t nh trong cc loi phng tin giao thng chy bng xng du ngy nay.Xe chy bng hydro My bay s dng nhin liu hydro

Mt khc, hydro cn c th c s dng lm ngun nng lng cung cp cho h thng pin nhin liu, nh qu trnh in ha s to ra in nng. N c th to ra dng in lin tc khi c ngun nhin liu cung cp cho n, trong khi c quy cn phi sc in sau mt thi gian s dng. Loi pin nhin liu ny c u im l chy m, khng gy ting ng, hiu sut cao. Chnh v nhng u th vt tri m hin nay pin nhin liu cng ngy cng c quan tm v d bo s tr thnh ngun nng lng y trin vng trong vin cnh tng lai.Pin hydroS cu to pin hydro

Mt ng dng na ca pin nhin liu hydro l ch to cc trm pht in. Cng ngh ny c u im rt ln, gim thiu pht thi kh c hi ra mi trng v hiu sut s dng nng lng cao. Tuy nhin gi thnh ca n kh t v i hi cc b lu in c cng sut ln.

Trm pht in hydro lp rp ti cc gia nh

S hot ng ca trm in hydro1.4. u v nhc im ca nng lng hydro1.4.1. u im Khng gy nhim: kh hydro c s dng trong pin nhin liu, n l mt cng ngh hon ton sch. Sn phm ph duy nht sinh ra trong qu trnh s dng l nc. Ngay c khi sn xut hydro bng qu trnh in phn nc cng khng h to ra kh nh knh no. l mt qu trnh l tng v hon ho, in phn hydro t nc, hydro li ti hp vi oxy to ra nc v cung cp in nng trong pin nhin liu. Khng ph thuc v kinh t: ngun sn xut hydro t nc l v cng v tn, khng chu nh hng ca vn nhp khu nh vi du th, do s dng nng lng hydro hon ton c lp v kinh t quc gia. Hydro c th c sn xut t nhiu ngun khc nhau nht l t cc ngun nng lng ti sinh.

Nh vy, nhng li ch v mt kinh t, x hi, mi trng ca nng lng hydro l rt ng k v ngha. Tt c nhng u im ny lm nn nn tng cho nhn loi t tin hng ti mt nn kinh t hydro.1.4.2. Nhc im Gy nguy him Khi a hydro vo cc bnh cha c khuynh hng to ra dng tnh in, d gy n. Hydro gy gin kim loi Khi hydro chy n mang mi nguy him tim n bi ngn la ca n khng th nhn thy bng mt thng. Vi cng mt lng th hydro sinh ra t nng lng hn xng nn trong nhng ng c s dng hydro s yu hn. Vn chuyn v lu tr kh khn.

CHNG 2THC TRNG NGNH NNG LNG HYDRO TRN TH GII2.1. Khi qut thc trng2.1.1. Thc trng ngnh nng lng Hydro mt s nc v khu vc trn th gii chu u, vo cui th k XIX , ngi ta s dng nhin liu t c gi l kh thnh ph hoc kh tng hp l hn hp vi CO, thm ch n ngy nay mt vi ni ti c v Braxin vn s dng nguyn liu ny. Ngi ta s dng Hydro li kh cu. Bt u t chuyn bay bng kh cu Hydro u tin ngy 27/8/1784 ca Jacque Charle ti Php. Nga, ng c t u tin s dng Hydro lm nhin liu ti Leningrad khi b c bao vy nm 1942. Vo nhng nm 80, t hp khoa hc k thut hng khng mang tn A.N.Tupolev ch to ra chic my bay TU -155 u tin s dng nhin liu c lm lnh Hydro lng v kh thin nhin ha lng.Hin nay, ngnh nng lng Hydro quy m ln ang c quan tm nhiu hn, c bit ng dng trong ngnh giao thng vn ti. Hydro c nhiu u vit lm nhin liu cho cc phng tin vn ti v ngnh cng nghip t ang tch cc tham gia vo vic s dng Hydro.Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu, thit k, ch doanh nghip v cc nh u t li hng s ch c bit vo pin nhin liu. Cc chng trnh v tr ca M v Lin X p dng loi pin ny trong sut nhiu thp nin qua. Pin nhin liu lm dn ng cho t ti v t khch ang c nghin cu trin khai thnh cng cho cc phng tin vn ti th h tip theo k c cho cc h thng cung cp in c lp.Nm 1960, cng ty general electric sn xut ra h thng cung cp in bng pin nhin liu cho tu v tr Apolo ca NASA v sau l hng lot tu v tr khc. Ngy nay hu ht tu con thoi v cc trm nghin cu khng gian ca NASA u c cc pin nhin liu cung cp (v trn tu khng gian, hydro v oxi khng c mang theo sn, m pin nhin liu hydro c nc thi l nc siu sch cung cp lm nc ung cho cc phi hnh gia). M, c, Nht Bn, Canada xy dng v khai thc cc trm np hydro cho t. t s dng nhin liu hydro s tr nn ph bin, thay th cho xng du hin nay. Chng ta c th hy vng vo tng lai vi h thng giao thng sch nh hydro.

Trm np hydro cho xe hi ca HondaNht Bn l quc gia kh u t cho loi nng lng ny. H xy dng c cc trm pht in hydro v sn xut ra cc my pht in hydro nh s dng trong cc h gia nh. Theo k hoch n nm 2015 hng Panasonic ca Nht s bn ra khong 60 n 100 nghn my pht in mi nm v tng dn h gi thnh sn phm gip ngi tiu dng d dng tip cn hn. Chnh ph Nht cng rt h tr d n ny. H sn sng h tr 1 na kinh ph cho mi d n trm in hydro.

Phn xng lp rp my pht in hydro ti Nht BnTng t nh vi Nht Bn, cc d n v hydro s khng th thc c nu khng c s h tr t Chnh ph. T nm 1995, theo chng trnh nghin cu ch to th nhm to cc kiu ng c mi ni trn, chnh ph M ti tr 1,7 t USD. Phn ln trong khon ti tr nhm to ra cc loi t s dng pin nhin liu. Trc xut hin nhiu cc t chy bng hydro lin kt v ha hc trong ru methanol. t u tin chy bng pin nng lng c hng Daimler Benz trnh din vo nm 1994. n nm 2000 hon thin mu t bnh cha 100 lt hydro lng m bo cho cng sut ng c in 74 m lc, tc ti a 160 km/h, cho hnh trnh 450 km. n nm 2004, lot t con u tin chy bng pin nng lng bng hydro lng c hng Ford Focus cho ra xng. Hng t Toyota Nht cng bt u a ra hng lot t u tin vi pin nng lng bng hydro lng vi gi rt cao 75 nghn USD 1 chic. Cho n ngy nay, rt nhiu loi t s dng nng lng t hydro ra i v c nhiu ci bin tt hn trc, l nhng t sch v sinh thi.2.1.2. Hp tc quc tKhng ch dng li vic pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro trong phm vi mt quc gia, m cc nc c lch s pht trin ngnh ny m rng ra th gii, iu ny cho thy tm quan trng ca nng lng hydro.Thng 3 nm 2003, b nng lng M khi ng cc cng trnh theo chng trnh sng kin v hydro nguyn t nhm to ra trc nm 2015 t hp hydro nguyn t v sn xut hydro bng l phn ng ht nhn nhit cao. Thng 7 nm 2003 Thng Vin M cp ngn sch cho sng kin v hydro nguyn t gp 2 ln so vi ngh ca chnh quyn tng thng M.Thng 6 nm 2003 ti k hc ca c quan nng lng quc t, b trng nng lng M Spencer Abraham tuyn b rng sau 20 nm na ton th gii (cc nc pht trin) s chuyn sang loi nhin liu mi chy ng c, th d, hydro. Trong sut 5 nm nghin cu trin khai ng c chy bng hydro M chi 1,7 t USD, lin minh Chu u chi 2 t USD. Pht biu ti Hi ngh Lin minh Chu u Bruxen (B), Spencer Abraham ku gi Chu u lin kt trong vic nghin cu pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro.Ngy 25/6/2003 trong mt tuyn b chung, Tng thng M Gorge Bush v Ch tch Lin minh Chu u Romano Prody tuyn b v s cn thit phi hp tc pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro.Trong thi gian gp g thng nh v nng lng Nga M (22 23/9/2003 Saint Peterbung) cc b trng Nga, M tuyn b v hp tc Nga M trong cc cng trnh pht trin ngnh kinh t hydro.2.2. Phn tch, nh gi thc trngT thc trng trn c th thy, th gii ang v cng quan tm n hydro v tim nng thay th ca n cho cc ngun nng lng khc, c bit trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti. Th gii thc c tm quan trng ca loi nng lng ny, v ang chung tay hp tc, gp rt u t pht trin mt nn kinh t hydro.Vic chuyn sang mt nn kinh t s dng hydro l ngun nng lng l mt gii php y ha hn. Tuy nhin cng gp phi khng t kh khn.- Thu thp mt khi lng hydro khng l. Trong thin nhin, hydro hu ht tn ti trong cc phn t cng vi cc nguyn t khc. Ph v lin kt trong cc phn t thu c hydro i hi phi c nng lng ln thng qua cc phng php trnh by trn. Ngun nng lng ny ly t u ra? Mc d nh ni trn, s dng phng php quang in phn l tt hn c, tuy nhin phng php ny s khng c lin tc do ngun nng lng mt tri l ngun nng lng khng lin tc, bn cnh cn cht xc tc platinum c th thu c hydro nguyn cht m cht xc tc ny tht s t v him.- Khng ch khai thc hydro gp nhiu kh khn m vic tn tr, chuyn ch n cng khng h n gin.- Th gii tp trung pht trin nhiu cc loi xe chy bng pin nhin liu hydro nhng ph tn cho mt chic xe rt ln. Tng lai cng phi mt nhiu thp nin na nng lng hydro mi thc s tr thnh ngun nng lng kh d nhng gi thnh vn cao hn nhiu nhng chic xe thng thng v nhng chic xe s dng nguyn liu hydro ny i hi cng ngh cao.- Ngoi nhng i hi v mt cng ngh, xy dng mt nn kinh t hydro s cn phi thc hin mt cng cuc ci cch ton b cu trc h tng hin ti. n gin trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti, ch khi c s trm nhin liu hydrogen th nhng ngi li xe mi c th c iu kin hng li t cng ngh ny. Cng vic ny khng h n gin cht no.- Cc d n khc cng i hi ngun kinh ph ln, mc d thc c s cn kit ca cc ngun nhin liu ha thch nhng ng trc bi ton u t cho ngun nng lng sch, ti to v y tim nng nh hydro th cc nc trn th gii vn cn nhiu suy xt. Bi trc mt cc ngun nng lng nh gi, mt tri, sinh khi... cng v cng tim nng. Cn nhc vic pht trin ngun nng lng no trc phi ph hp vi iu kin mi quc gia.Trc nhng thnh tu m th gii t c nu trn, c th thy nn kinh t hydro hin ch c iu kin pht trin cc nc pht trin nh Nga, c, M, Nht Bn ... Tuy nhin vi nhng tin b ngy cng vt bc ca khoa hc k thut cng s pht trin mnh m ca tri thc con ngi kh ai c th ni trc c tng lai ca ngnh nng lng hydro, hy c lc quan tin tng vo tim nng ca n.

CHNG 3GII PHP PHT TRIN NNG LNG HYDROGEN TI VIT NAM

3.1. V sao Vit Nam cha pht trin ngnh nng lng hydrogen?Th gii ang n lc pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro tin ti mt nn kinh t hydro sch v an ton. Vy i vi Vit Nam th sao? nh gi mt cch khch quan th Vit Nam cha pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro mc d thc t bc u nc ta cng v ang tip cn vi loi nng lng ny.Mt s nh khoa hc ca Vit Nam bt u nghin cu v hydrogen. Kt qu bc u cho thy c nhng thnh tu nht nh trong vic nghin cu pin nhin liu. Vo cui nm 2004, tin s Nguyn Mnh Tun thuc phn vin Vt l ti TP H Ch Minh cng b kt qu nghin cu ca mnh v pin nhin liu. y l loi pin s dng cn methanol vi hiu sut chuyn ha in nng l 50%, 250ml cn c th cung cp 600W/h in.u thng 6 nm 2005, tin s Nguyn Chnh Kh ph gim c trung tm nghin cu cng ngh v trin khai, khu cng ngh cao TP H Ch Minh cng cng b thnh cng pin nhin liu s dng cn, nghin cu ny c ng k s hu tr tu th gii. Hoc nh trng hp ca k s V Hng Khnh Hi Phng ch to ra my in phn nc thu hydro v dng n chy t v hn nhit.Tin s Nguyn Chnh Kh biu din phng php bin nc thnh in

ng V Hng Khnh v chic my sn xut hydro t nc.

Cc nghin cu trn v ang c th gii thc hin. i vi Vit Nam cc phng n ca tin s Nguyn Mnh Tun, Nguyn Chnh Kh hay k s V Hng Khnh tuy thnh cng nhng ng dng trn din rng th bt kh thi v bi ton kinh t cn nhiu bt cp. l cha k ti nhng nguy him m hydro em li trong cc nghin cu . Nhn chung cc tng ny hay nhng cha kh thi, ch dng li trong nhng phng th nghim nh, trn giy t dng m hnh m cha th thng mi ha.C th ni tin trnh hng ti ngnh nng lng hydro ca Vit Nam cn kh xa xi.Chng ta cng vp phi nhng kh khn tng t m th gii ang gp. Hn na nc ta vn cn l mt nc ang pht trin, kinh t cn thiu thn m u t vo ngnh nng lng hydro th mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt l kinh ph. Trc mt l kinh ph u t cho cng ngh, nghin cu sng ch; sau l kinh ph a vo ng dng thc tin nh phn tch trn. Cha cp nhng vn su xa, y l vn ni cm nht hin nay.Nh vy, c th gii thch cho cu hi v sao Vit Nam cha pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro l do vn kinh ph. Chng ta khng th ch ngi trng ch thnh qu ca th gii p dng nhng vi iu kin hin nay th vic u t nhiu vo ngnh nng lng ny l cha ph hp. iu ny khng c ngha l Vit Nam b qua n. Li mt cu hi na t ra l lm sao c th pht trin mt ngnh nng lng tim nng nh hydro trong hon cnh hin nay v xu hng pht trin s nh th no trong tng lai?3.2. Xu hng pht trin Trc tin ta c th v ra mt vin cnh ca nn kinh t hydrogen y tim nng trong tng lai. Nn kinh t hydrogen nh l mt h thng cc ngun nng lng lin kt vi nhiu dng ng dng phong ph thng qua hydrogen vi vai tr cht mang nng lng. Hydrogen c th lm cho vic sn xut v s dng nng lng tr nn a dng, linh hot bi n c th c sn xut bng nhiu ngun khc nhau t nhin liu ha thch, ht nhn cho ti nng lng ti to. Hydrogen c th c lu tr, chuyn ch bng cc phng tin vn ti hay trong cc ng ng dn kh v c s dng trong pin nhin liu, ng c m khng thi kh nhim v ch c nc l sn phm ch yu.

Trong bi cnh hin nay, y nn l xu hng pht trin ca Vit Nam ni ring v th gii ni chung. Tuy nhin i vi Vit Nam, t c ti ngng ca ny l c mt qu trnh cn c thi gian v tri qua nhiu giai on ph thuc vo nhng tin b v cng ngh.Da vo tnh hnh hin nay ca Vit Nam c th d bo xu hng pht trin nn kinh t hydro qua cc giai on sau:Giai on u: lm sao hydro tr nn ph bin hn, bi c th ni so vi cc ngun nng lng ti to thay th nhin liu ha thch hin nay nh nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri, nng lng sinh khi, nng lng thy triu ... th nng lng hydro vn cn kh mi m. Nh nc nn c nhng chnh sch gio dc v hydro, c tim nng, u im ca n cng nh nhng vn an ton khc. ng thi Nh nc nn c nhng chnh sch u tin, khuyn khch cho cc cng trnh nghin cu v lnh vc ny. T vin cnh trn c th thy, sn xut hydrogen kh linh hot, thm ch t nng lng ti to. Vy hin nay, trong khi nc ta ang tp trung pht trin nng lng ti to t mt tri v gi, nng lng ht nhn ... th ti sao khng ng thi sn xut hydro. C th s dng phng php thu hydro bng in phn nc vi ngun in ly t in mt tri hoc in gi. Kt hp nhiu phng php sn xut, tin hnh thc y nghin cu h gi thnh sn xut hydro v pin nhin liu.Trong giai on ny, Nh nc c vai tr u t, khuyn khch, thc y v to iu kin bc u cho s pht trin ngnh nng lng hydro. Do vai tr ca Nh nc mang tnh cht quyt inh. D bo giao on ny ko di t nay cho n nm 2030.Giai on hai: tip thu thnh qu ca th gii. n giai on ny, c th ni th gii c bc tin ln trong ngnh nng lng hydro, c bit trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti, v sn xut in. Vi iu kin nc ta khi cha th sn xut c cc loi xe chy bng hydro hay my pht in bng pin nhin liu, Nh nc nn m rng chnh sch nhp khu ngi dn c th tip cn gn hn vi ng dng ca hydro v ng thi gim thiu mt phn nh vic phi s dng n cc ngun nng lng ha thch ang i vo giai on cn kit.ng thi trong giai on ny, khi vn thiu ht nng lng tr nn nhc nhi, Vit Nam cn tp trung pht trin ng thi cc dng nng lng ti to khc nh nng lng mt tri, gi, ht nhn, ... p ng nhu cu nng lng cng nh to iu kin pht trin nng lng hydro.D bo giai on ny ko di 10 nm t 2030 n 2040.Giai on ba: khi t nc c tim lc v kinh t v nng lng hydro tr nn ph bin, nc ta bc tip vo giai on thng mi ha. Bc u sn xut cc phng tin giao thng s dng hydro, sn xut pin nhin liu v my pht in hydro ... a vo th trng. Bng nhng kinh nghim hc tp t th gii cng nh thnh qu nghin cu c c ngay t nhng giai on u tin, Vit Nam chnh thc t sn xut cho mnh nhng sn phm ng dng nng lng hydro.Trong giai on ny, cng ngh k thut ng vi tr then cht, bn cnh l vai tr to ln ca Nh nc. D bo giai on ny ko di 20 nm t 2040 n 2060.Giai on bn: bc vo giai on ny c th ni ngun nng lng ha thch gn nh cn kit. Vai tr ca hydro tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht. Vi nhng g t c ba giai on trc, nhim v ca giai on ny l xy dng c c s h tng chun b phc v cho nn kinh t hydro. Vit Nam cn u t ngun kinh ph ln thay i hon ton h thng c s h tng c ca nn kinh t da vo ha thch. D bo giai on ny ko di 30 nm t 2060 n 2090.Giai on nm: chnh thc bc vo nn kinh t hydro. Tri qua qu trnh chun b k cng v u t mnh, n giai on ny Vit Nam c th i vo s dng ngun nng lng hydro nh mt dng nng lng chnh cho s pht trin kinh t, x hi. tri qua nm giai on ny trong khi nc ta cn ng trc mun vn kh khn chc chn s gp khng t tr ngi nhng vi tim nng ca t nc th vic pht trin ngnh nng lng hydrogen ch cn l vn thi gian.

KT LUN

Ngy nay, nng lng hydrogen ang tr thnh mt xu th khng th o ngc trn th gii. Nng lng hydrogen s thay th nng lng t nhin liu ha thch. Hydrogen v pin nhin liu l cha kha gii quyt vn nhim bu kh quyn v s bin i kh hu ton cu mi lo ca ton th gii hin nay khi s dng nhin liu ha thch.Cuc cch mng v nng lng ang c hin thc ha v kt cc s dn n s pht trin ca nn kinh t hydrogen.Bc chuyn tip sang nn kinh t hydrogen s cn c thi gian v phi tri qua nhiu giai on. Cc giai on c xc nh bi nhng tin b v cng ngh v s chp nhn ca th trng. Thm vo , vic gio dc v an ton hydrogen cng cn c n lc xc tin m bo v thuyt phc cng ng sn sng cho hydrogen ngy cng tr nn ph bin hn. Nh nc - chnh ph, cng nghip v cng ng, tt c s ng nhng vai tr quan trng quyt nh.Bc vo thi k hu ha thch, bi ton kh t ra vi Vit Nam l tm c ngun nng lng thay th. Trc nhng kh khn pht trin nng lng hydrogen. Nh nc ta cn cn nhc k lng c nhng bc i vng chc nht a nn kinh t pht trin cng nhng m bo mi vn v i sng cho ton x hi.Nh nc s l ngi h tr chnh cho vic nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh, cng nh trong vic pht trin cc quy nh lut php v tiu chun an ton cho vic s dng hydrogen. Nh nc cng c th s dng chnh sch kch thch th trng v khuyn khch cc cng ngh nng lng hydrogen. Vai tr ca nn cng nghip l xc nh khi no cc cng ngh sn sng cho bc chuyn tip vo th trng, v thit lp nn c s sn xut cung cp cc thnh phn ca cng ngh. Cng nghip cng vi cng ng, s xc nh nhng i hi ca ngi tiu dng v s chp nhn ca th trng i vi cng ngh ny.Bc chuyn tip s i hi nhng n lc u t ng k ban u. Tuy nhin, kt qu t c s l mt nn kinh t n nh v bn vng, s dng nhng ngun ti nguyn ti to c sn c ca a phng cung cp ngun in nng v nhin liu sch p ng cho cc nhu cu nng lng ca chng ta.6