new World Church History final - Alpha Institutealphathalassery.org/.../2015/10/new_World-Church-History-final.pdf · blptZXcaXßfnepw Hcp c£Is‚ BKa\sØ°pdn®p ... Pohn®ncp∂

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Xncp`m NcnXw

ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND SCIENCEThalassery, Kerala, India - 670 101

Ph: 0490 2344727, 2343707Web: www.alphathalassery.org, Email: [email protected]

tUm. tPm¿÷v Im™n-c-°m´v (F-Un-‰¿)

D≈QQ-

QS°w

Title: General Church HistoryPublished by: The Director, Alpha Institute,Archdiocese of Tellicherry,

Sandesa Bhavan, Tellicherry, 670 101, Kannur, KeralaPh: 0490 - 2344727, 2343707

Published on: 2015 April 15 (Easter)

Editor : Rev. Dr. George Kanjirakkatt

Office Assistance: Rev. Sr. Glorista SABSMr. Renjith K.CMrs. Anitha VijayanMrs. Maneesha ShinojMrs. Jeshitha VijeshMiss. Bhavya K

Language Mentor: Rev. Fr. Mathew EdamulaDesign & Layout: Mr. Midhun ThomasPrinting: Midas Offset, KuthuparambaCopy Right: © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwisewithout the prior written permission of the publisher

Xncp`m NcnXw

D≈S°w

1. k- -bpsS Bcw`w: BZn-a-k` ..................................................................... 5

2. aX-a¿±-\-ßƒ ............................................................................................... 20

3. k-\ym-k-k- -I-fpsS Bcw`w ....................................................................... 30

4. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ ......................................................................................... 35

5. k -bpsS LS\ .......................................................................................... 40

6. ]uckvXy k -Iƒ .......................................................................................... 54

7. t]jnX ]h¿Ø\w ..................................................................................... 63

8. a≤y-bp-K-Ønse k` .................................................................................... 69

9. InkvXob k`bpw C…mw-a-Xhpw ............................................................. 73

10. ]m›m-Xy-k- bpw cmjvS-ßfpw ................................................................ 80

11. tdma≥ tIµo-I-cWw .................................................................................. 86

12. C≥Iznknj≥............................................................................................. 93

13. Keoentbmsb k` F¥psNbvXp?.......................................................... 99

14. \thm-∞m\w ............................................................................................... 104

15. ZWvUhntamN\w ........................................................................................ 108

16. B[p-\nIbpKw s]m -Ã‚v hnπhw, Bw•n-°≥ k` ............................ 116

17. k\ym-k-k- -Iƒ- - t]-jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w .................................................. 122

18. ]m∏m-ÿm-\hpw en_-d-en-khpw .............................................................. 130

19. am¿]m∏mamcpsS NcnXw........................................................................... 134

20. ]m›m-Xy-k- -bpsS \ho-I-cWw ............................................................... 142

21. km¿∆-XnI kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ.................................................................150

22. k` B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬ ........................................................................ 154

23. \ho-I-c-Whpw kss -Iyhpw ................................................................... 156

Xncp`m NcnXw

4 5

Xncp`m NcnXw

Published for the use of the students of Alpha Institute of Theology and Science

-k-`-bpsS

Bcw`w: BZn-a-k`

01

InkvXp ÿm]n® k` \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsSFßs\ hf¿∂p-sh∂pw GsX√mw ]Xn-_-‘-ß-fmWv k`bv°v Aò-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n h∂-sX∂pwIme-K-Xn-bn¬ k`-bv°p-≠mb t\´-ßfpw tIm´-ßfpw Gh-sb∂pw \njv]-£-ambn k`m-N-cnXwA]-K-Yn-°p∂p. B¥-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb am\-ß-fp≈ k` Ch-c-≠nepw hf¿® ]m]n-®n-´pt≠mF∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv k`m-N-cn-X-Øns‚ apJy-[¿Ω-am-sW∂p ]dbmw tIhew hkvXp-°sf hnh-cn -°pI F∂-Xn -t\-°mƒ B hkvXp -X -IƒC∂sØ k`m Pohn-X-Øn\v F]-Imcw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-sW∂pw k`m NnX-Im-c≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. C∂ bYm¿∞-amb Hcp k`m PohnXw \bn-°m≥ k`-bnse AwK-ßƒ°v km≤y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Ign-™-Im-e-ß-fn¬ k`m-Po-hnXw F]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. ]e \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS hf¿∂-t∏m-ƒ k` B¿÷n® ss]Xr-

1. tUm. tkhy¿ IqS∏pg, Xncp-`m Ncn-Xw (tIm´bw: ]uckvXy hnZym-]o-Tw, hS-hm-Xq¿, 1966).

2. tUm. tPmk v ]mwπm-\n, hnizm-khpw hymJym-\hpw (Xe-t»cn: B¬^m-_p-Ivkv, 2010).

3. hnizm-k-Øns‚ hgn-bn¬: hnizm-k-]-cn-io-e-\-k-lm-bI KŸw (X-e-t»cn:B¬^m-_pIvkv 2009).

B[mcKŸßƒ

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

Ihpw A\p-`-h-k-ºØpw hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°pI F∂ al-\ob IrXy-amWv k`m-N-cn-X-Øn\v \n¿∆-ln-°m-\p-≈-Xv. hn.-KŸw t]mse Xs∂ ]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnip≤]mc-º-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v \ap°v Adnhv e`n-°p-∂Xv k`m NcnX]T-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv. hnfn-°-s∏- -h-cpsS kaq-l-amb k` sshhn-[y-am¿∂ k`-I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv. hnizmkw , IqZm-i-Iƒlb-cm°n F∂o LS-I-ßƒ Cu k`-Isf H∂n-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. sshhn-[y-Øn\v Imc-W-amb LS-I-ßƒ: Bcm-[-\-I-aw, B≤ym-fln-I-X, ssZh-im-kvXw, `c-W-Iaw, thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, apX-em-b-h-bm-Wv. Cu hyXy-kvX-k-`-Iƒ hgnbmWvsshhn-[y-am¿∂v hnip≤ ]mc-ºcyw Xe-ap-d-I-fn¬ \n∂v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-tebv°v ssIam-‰-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hnhn[ k`-I-fn-eqsS BZn-a-k-`-bpsS InkvXzm-\p-`-hhpw km£yhpw \ap°v Ic-K-X-am-Ip-∂p.

A. P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS ]Xo-£-bmb aninl

a‰p aX-ÿm-]-I-sc-t∏mse A]-Xo-£n-X-ambn Ncn-X-Øn-tebv°p IS-∂p-h∂ hy‡n-b√ InkvXp InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-Øn\v hfsc \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºp Xs∂ Ahn-SpsØ P\\w]h-Nn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sXsc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-ambCkm-tb-en\v InkvXp-hns‚ hc-hns\°pdn®v ASn-bp-d® t_m≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ ssZh-]p-Xs‚ P\\w ]h-Nn-°-s∏- n- p≠v. Ab-bv°-s∏-Sm-\n-cn-°p∂ P-\-X-I-fpsS ]Xym-im-]m-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Abmƒ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc bqZm-bn¬ \n∂vsNt¶mtem Ahs‚ tKmX-Øn¬ \n∂v `cW I¿ØmthmFSp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ (D¬]Øn 49:10) bmt°m-_n¬ \n∂v HcpXmc-ap-Zn°pw , Ckm-tb-en¬ \n∂v Hcp sNt¶m-ep-b-cpw. (kwJy14:17) _Xve-lta , \o bqZm-bpsS tKmX-ß-fn¬ sNdp-Xm-Ip-∂p. F¶nepw Ckm-tb-ens‚ A[n-]-Xn-bm-tI-≠-h≥ \n∂n¬\n∂v D¤-hn°pw. Ahn-Sp∂v BZn-bnte D≈-h-\m-Wv. (an-Jm.5:2)

blp-tZ-X-c-a-X-ß-fnepw Hcp c£-Is‚ BK-a-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈]Xo-£-bm-bn-cp∂p. tdmam-°mcpw t]¿jy-°mcpw Cu ]Xo-£-tbm-sS-bmWv Ign-™n-cp-∂-Xv. _n.kn \memw \q‰m-≠n¬Pohn-®n-cp∂ Ko°p XXz-Nn-¥-I≥ tkmI- okv FgpXn : ImØn-cn-°pI ; hcp-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ km¿∆-XnI hn⁄m-\osb ]m¿Øn-cn-°pI. ssZh-Øn-t‚bpw a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw apºmsI Fßs\

hym]-cn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw \ap°v ]d™p Xcpw. tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-bmb thkvt]-kn-bs‚ ImeØv (F-.Un.69-˛79) tkzt‰m-Wn-bkv F∂ Ncn-X-Im-c≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv. A°m-eØv bqZm-bn¬ \n∂pw hcp-∂-h¿ temIw`cn-°Ww F∂v AXn-]p-cm-X-\hpw AwKo-Ir-X-hp-amb Hcphnizmkw ]uc-kvXysc apgp-h≥ kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p. tdma≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂ Smkn‰kv lnkvtXm-dnb F∂ KŸ-Øn-se-gp-Xnb ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ßƒ i‡n-]m-]n-°p-sa∂pw bqZm-bn¬\n∂v temI-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ \mY\pw `c-W-I¿Øm-hp-ambh≥Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX hcp-sa∂pw ]mNo\ ]h-N-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n P\-ßƒ ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. _n.kn 551-479 Ime-b-f-hn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ I¨^q-jykv tcJ-s∏-SpØn: hnip-≤-\m-b-h≥ kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂pw hcWw. At±-l-Øn\v F√mwAdnbmw. kz¿§-Øn-t‚bpw `qan-bp-tSbpw ta¬ Ahn-Sp-tØ°vA[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. bqZ-∑m¿°v P\n® cmPm-hns\ tXSnIng°p \n∂v tPymXn-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ bmX-bm-b-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]Xo£ Xs∂bmbn-cp-∂p. temIwInkvXp-hns\ ]Xo-£n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wt√m apI-fn-ep-≤-cn-®n-´p≈ km£y-ßƒ.

B. k`bpsS D¤-h-Øns‚ ]m›m-Ø-e-ßƒ

k`-bpsS D¤-h-sØbpw hf¿®-sbbpw KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n® aq∂p ]m›m-Ø-e-ßƒ \ap°p ImWm-\mhpw. cmjvSo-bhpw kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-ambn Hu∂Xyw ssIh-cn®Hcp temI-Øn-emWv k` P∑w sIm≠-Xv.

I. cmjvSob ]m›m-Øew

ssIkvXh k`-bpsS ]n≈sØmń-em-bn-cp-∂p -tdm-am-km-amPyw. \mƒ°p-\mƒ i‡n-bm¿÷n®v qan-bnse G‰hpw henbcmjvSob i‡n-bmbn tdmw hf¿∂p hcp∂ Ime-ØmWvCutim P\n-®Xv. tdmam-km-amPyw bqtdm∏p apgp-h\pw _n´≥,Gjym-ssa-\¿, kndnb ]me-kvXo-\, Atd-_y, CuPn-]vXv, B^n-°-bpsS hS-t°-Xocw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p._n.kn .31˛¬ AK-Ã-o-k¿ (H-Ivt‰-hn-b≥) BIvknbw bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-®-t∏mƒ Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ cmjvSobIe-lhpw hnπ-hhpw Ah-km-\n-®p. Aßs\ AK-Ãkv kok¿i‡-amb tdma≥ kmam-Py-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]mIn . hnhn[ kn‰ntÃ‰p-Iƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-®mWv kmam-Py-Øn\v cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xv.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

kp∏-kn-≤-amb tdma≥ kam-[m\w (Pax Romana) DZvLm-S\wsNø-s∏-´Xv AK-Ã-o-k-dns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. kmam-Py-Øn-seßpw B`y-¥c kam-[m\w Dd-∏n-°m≥ CXp-aqew km[n®p .D∂X \ne-hm-c-ap≈ Pohn-X-coXn hfcm\pw tdma≥ kam-[m\wtlXp-hmbn . kmam-Py-Øn-se-ßp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb A¥-co£w BZn-a-k-`-bpsS t]jnX ]h¿Ø-\-ßsfhfsc klm-bn®p. sshhn[yw tdma≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚ ][m\khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ kwkv°m-c-ßfpw hnhn[ mj-Ifpw hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw F√m-‰n-t\bpwkln-jvW-X-tbmsS ho£n-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Kh¿W¿am¿`cn-®n-cp∂ GXm-≠v 40 t]mhn≥kp-Iƒ tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ kam-[m-\-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ASn-a-k-º-Zmbw t]mep≈ AI-a-ßfpw kmam-Py-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂F∂ hkvXpX hnh-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.

II. kmwkv°m-cnI ]›m-Ø-ew

kmwkv°mcnI _u≤nIafieß-fpsS ta[m-hnXzw Kokn-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ko°p-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ kzmYo\w hfsc i‡-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L- -am-bn-cp∂p InkvXp-hn-t‚Xv Ko°v Nn¥k`sb hfsc kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. Ccp-∂q-dp-h¿j-°m-e-tØ°v_u≤nI afi-e-Øn¬ Kokn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amWv. Ko°p kwkv°mcw A\y cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXoh i≤ ]Z¿in-∏n-®-h¿ amkn-tUm-Wn-bm-bnse alm-\mb Ae-Ivkm-≠dpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhv nen-∏p-am-Wv. Xm≥ Iog-S-°nb F√m h¿§-ß-sfbpw Hcp-an®v tN¿ØvHcp ]pXnb a\pjy kaqlw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ø-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂pAe-Ivkm-≠dns‚ tamlw Ko°v kwkv°mcw AtX-cq-]-Øn¬]uc-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏- n-√. Ko°v kwkv°m-chpw]uc-kvXy-kw-kv°m-c-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂v Hcp k¶ckwkv°m-c-ap-≠mbn. AXmWv sle-\nkw . ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ sle-\nkw ]N-cn-∏n-®Xv tdma Bbn-cp-∂p. Xmc-X-tay\sle-\n-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ]me-kvXo-\m-bn¬ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-thWw ]d-bm≥. i≤ blq-Z-\mb InkvXp-hn-s\bpwsle-\nkw Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-√. InkvXp-hn\p tijwInkvXp aXw ]me-kvXo-\mbv°p ]pdØp hym]n-®-t∏mƒ AXvsle-\n-k-Øn\v A[o-\-am-bn-´mWv hf¿∂Xpw ]pjvSn-]m-]n-®-Xpw.

Koknse ]kn≤ XXz-Nn-¥-I-cmb tkmI-ókv (_n.-kn.469˛399) tπmt‰m(-_n.-kn. 428˛347) Acn-tÃm-´¬ (_n.-kv.384˛322) F∂n-h¿ Ko°p Z¿i-\-Øns‚ s\Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXphn\pw InkvXp-a-X-Øn\pw \√ ]m›m-Ø-e-a-cp-fm≥ Ko°p-Z¿i-\-Øn\p km[n-®p.

Cuizc hnizmkw bp‡ncln-X-a-s√∂pw bp‡n-bn-eqsSAXn-te-bvs°-Øm-sa∂pw Ko°p Z¿i\w ka¿∞n-®p. ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°pw Cu Z¿i\w hnc¬ Nq≠n. ]]-©-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Ne-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Cuiz-cm-kvXnXzwsXfn-bn-°m-sa∂v Acn-tÃm-ń¬ ka¿∞n-®p. ]]-©-ØnseF√m Ne-\-ßƒ°pw ASn-ÿm\ Imc-W-ambn AN-©-e-ambHcp kØ-bp-s≠∂pw BZna k©m-e-I-\mb (Prime Mover)Cu ]c-a-bm-Ym¿∞y-amWv ssZhw F∂pw Acn-tÃm- n¬ ]kvXm-hn-®p.

bh-\-Z¿i-\-Øn\p ]pdta F∏n-°q-dn-b-\nkw, tÃmbn-kn-kw,kvsI]v‰n-knkw F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-Ifpw tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂p Xn∂p-Ip-Sn-®m-\-µn-°pI, \msf\Ωp-tS-X√ F∂ apZm-hm-Iy-tØmsS sFlnI kpJ-ß-fn¬apgp-Ip-∂-h-cpsS Z¿i-\-amWv F∏n-°p-dn-bnkw , tÃmbn-kn-kw,k∑m¿§nI Pohn-X-Øn¬ Atß-b‰w ]q¿ÆX \njvI¿jn®p.kXyw Kln-°m≥ a\p-jy\v Ign-bp-I-bn-s√∂v hmZn-°p∂ Nn¥m-[m-c-bm-bn-cp∂p kvsI]v‰n-kn-kw.

III . aX]-›m-Øew

blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ ]m›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv k` P∑w sIm≠Xv.k -bpsS LS-\-tbbpw kz`m-h-tØbpw Bcm-[\m Ia-tØbpwblq-Z-aXw hfsc kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv hmkvX-h-am-Wv.BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ blq-Z-X-e-ß-fn¬ amXw HXpßn \n∂ssIkvXh k` ItaW hnhn[ aX-hn-izm-kn-Isf X∂n-te°vkzmKXw sNbvXp. X∑qew k`-bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ tdmam-km-am-Py-Ønse blq-tZ-Xc aX-ß-fpsS ]m›m-Ø-ehpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

1. bh\ aX-ßƒ

Hfn-ºkv ae-bn¬ A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂ tkhqkv tZhs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ tZh-∑m-sc-bmWv Ko°p-Im¿ s]mXpsh Bcm-[n-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

®n-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm \Kc cmjvS-Øn\pw AX-Xns‚ Ie tZh-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aXw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn-se-∂-Xn-t\-°mtfsd I¿Ωm-\p-jvSm-\-ß-fn¬ HXp-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. am\p-jnI _e-lo-\-X-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p bh\ tZh-∑m¿. hn⁄m\ IpXp-In-I-fm-bn-cp∂ bh-\-Zm-in-\n-I-cm-Is´ CØcw tZh-∑m-cn-ep≈ hnizm-khpwAh-tcm-Sp≈ Bcm-[-\bpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-fmbn IcpXn.

Ko°vaX-ß-fnse c≠p ]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv cl-kym-cm-[-\bpwHm¿^n-b≥ aXhpw. hnizm-khpw I¿Ω-ßfpw ]c-a-c-l-ky-am-bn-°-cpXn ]Xn-⁄m-]q¿∆w clkyw kq£n-°p∂ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p cl-kym-cm-[\. Ie ssZh-Øns‚ k¥m-]-k-t¥m-j-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ \mS-Io-bm-h-X-c-W-ß-fmbn X∂p cl-ky-ßƒ. tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS kt¥m-j-k-¥m-]-ßƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Aa¿Xy ssIh-cn-°m-sa∂v Bcm-[-I¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. [m¿ΩnI \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw A[x-]-Xn-∏n-°p-hmt\ cl-kym-cm-[\ D]-I-cn-®p-≈q.

cl-kym-cm-[-\-bp-tSbpw XØz-Nn-¥-bp-tSbpw kwbp-‡-amWvHm¿^n-b≥ aXw. ssZhn-I-amb \∑-bp-w tZh-i-Xp-°-fmb Xo¿Ø-cn¬ \n∂p≈ Xn∑bpw a\p-jy¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xn∑-bn¬ \n∂p≈ ap‡nbpw \∑-bpsS hnP-b-hp-amWvHm¿^n-b≥ Bcm-[\ e£yw hbv°p-∂-Xv. bh-\-a-X-ß-fn¬[m¿ΩnI aqey-ßƒ°v hne-I-ev]n°p-hm≥ ap≥ssIsøSpØXvHm¿^n-b≥ aX-am-Wv.

2. tdma≥ a-Xßƒ

BZnatdma≥ aXw ]Ir-Xn-i-‡n-I-sf-bmWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv Pohs‚ c£m-[n-Im-cn-bmbn Cuiz-cs\ I≠p-Xp-Sßn. CtXmsS D]-tZ-h-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]c-ºc Xs∂ Bcm-[\m ]mX-ß-fmbn. Km¿ln-I-kz-`m-h-amWv tdma≥ aX-Øns‚Hcp khn-ti-j-X. hońse Hmtcm AwK-Øn\pw ]tXyI tZh-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tdma≥ tZh-∑m¿ hy‡n-I-sf-∂-Xn-t\°mƒZnhy-i-‡n-I-fm-bn´v Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. \n¿±n-jvS-amb I¿Ω-ßƒA\p-jvSn-®m¬ D±n-jvS-Im-cy-ß-ƒ km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ tZh≥_m≤y-ÿ-\mbn Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬A‘-hn-izm-k-]q¿Æ-amb Cu aX-ßƒs°m∂pwXs∂ a\p-jys‚ B≤ym-flnI Zmlw ]q¿Æ-ambn ian-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n√. X¬^-e-ambn ]e aX-ß-fnepw P\-ßƒ°v

hnizm-k-an-√m-Xm-bn.

3. cmPm-cm-[\

kmamPy ÿm]-I-cmb cmPm-°-∑m¿ tZh-∑m-tc-°mƒ i‡-cm-sW∂v P\-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn® Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu cmPm-°-∑msc Ah¿ Bcm-[n®p . kndn-bm-bn-tebpw CuPn-]v‰n-tebpwcmPm-°-∑msc Incn-tbmkv (A-[n-]-Xn), thmtØ¿ (c-£-I≥),F∏n-s^-\kv ( tZhm-h-Xm-cw) Fs∂-√m-ap≈ hnti-j-W-ßƒtN¿ØmWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-am-¿ kzbw tZh-∑m-cm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏´p. tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ ]te-SØpwP\-ßƒ cmPm-hn\p _en-b¿∏n-°p-Ibpw cmP-\m-a-Øn¬ kXywsNøp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. P∏m-\nse NI-h¿Øn-amcpw C]-Imcw tZh-∑m-cmsW∂v ]Jym-]n-®-h-cmWv . P∏m-\n¬ cmPm-cm-[\ \nb-a-am-bn-cp∂ (1946˛¬ P∏m≥ bp≤-Øn¬ ASn-b-dhp]dbpw hsc P∏m≥ NI-h¿Øn ZnhyXzw Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.)

4. blq-Z-aXw

aninlm ]nd-∂Xpw ]h¿Øn-®Xpw blq-Z-a-X-Øn-em-Wv. anin-lm-bv°p-th≠n ssZhw ]tXyIw Xnc-s™-SpØv Hcp°nb P\-am-Wv blq-Z-P\w a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS Ing-t°-Xo-c-Øp≈ ]me-kvXo-\-bm-Wv blq-Z-cpsS \mSv. blq-Z-Ip-e-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbA_m-lsØ ssZhw Du¿tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v hnfn®v Im\m≥ tZi-Øns‚ A[n-]-Xn-bm°n At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp DS-º-Sn-bn-te¿s∏-´Xp apX-emWv blq-Z-P-\-X-bpsS Bcw`w (1850 B.C) tKmX]nXm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmb Ckm-tb-en¬ (bmt°m-_v)\n∂v blq-Z-P-\-Xbv°v Ckm-tb¬ F∂ t]cp Inń . \m\qdp h¿j-tØmfwCuPn-]v‰n¬ ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ Ign-™-tijw Ckm-tb¬ P\wtami-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hntam-Nn-X-cmbn hmKvZ-Ø-`q-an-bmb]me-kvXo-\-bn-te°v Xncn-®p. bp≤-ho-c-\mb tPmjzm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ckm-tb¬ P\w hmKvZ-Ø-`qan ssIø-S-°n.

Ckm-tb¬ aX-tI-µo-Ir-X-amb cmPy-am-bn-cp-∂p. cmjvS-\n-b-a-ßfpw aX-\n-b-a-ßfpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ G‰w ][m\ khn-ti-jX GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Iev]-\-Iƒ A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ A\p-k-cn-°p-hm≥ blq-Z¿ _≤-i-≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw B¥-cnIssNX-\ysØ Ah-K-Wn®pw \nb-a-ß-fpsS _mly ]tXy-I-X-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ Ah¿ aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏- n- p≈ c£-I≥ Hcp cmjvSob hntamNI-\m-bn-cn°pw F∂ hnizm-k-am-Wv]-cs° blq-Z-P-\-X-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. _m_n-tem-Wn-tebpw Ako-dn-b-bn-tebpw ASn-a-Ø-ß-fpsS ImeØv Ah¿ hntam-N-I-\mb anin-lmsb ImØn-cp-∂p. t]¿jym-°mcpw tdmam-°mcpw Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mgpw blq-Z¿cmjvSob hntam-N-I-\mb InkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

InkvXpaXsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw blq-Zcpw ]ca ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v. blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ hnizmk kwln-X-IfpwBNm-cm-\p-jvSm-\-ßfpw InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øn-bn-´p≈kzm[o\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.

C. k -bpsS D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpw

1. Pdp-ktew k` ( \S-]Sn 1:1-- ˛ 6:7)

]¥-Ip-kvXm-Zn-\-Øn-emWv k` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn DZvLm-S\wsNø-s∏- -sX∂v ]d-bmw. Pdp-ktew \K-csØ tIµ-am-°n-bmWvk` hf-cp-hm-\m-cw-`n-®-Xv.

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ]tNm-Z-\-Øm¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ZuXyw kam-cw- n-®p. Pdp-k-te-anse k -bpsS ][m\ khn-ti-jX A∏-kvtXm-e-tI-µo-Ir-X-Xz-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ i‡n-bm¬ BZna k` FXn¿∏p-I-fp-tSbpw aX-a¿±-\-ß-fp-tSbpw at≤y ss[cy-k-taXw InkvXp-hns‚ \maw ]tLm-jn-®p. A∏-kvtXme kwJy ]¥≠v B°p-hm≥ \S-Ønb Xnc-s™Sp∏v ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p≠v (\-S-]Sn 1:15˛26) k` kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambn cq]w sImW-ASp XpS-ßp∂Xns‚ kqN-\m-bm-Wn-Xv. a\p-jy\v ssZh-cm-Py-sØ-∏‰n ]d™p sImSp-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ùXn-I-amb Bh-iy-ßfpw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂vA∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ a\-n-em-°n. AXn-\mbn Ggp-t]sc Uo°-∑m-cmbn Xnc-s™-SpØp. Uo°-∑mcpw kphn-ti-j-]-tLm-j-W-Øn-te¿s∏-ń-cp-∂p. ka-cn-bm-bn-ep≈ ^nen-∏ns‚ ]h¿Ø\wCXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

2. ]me-kvXo-\-bnse k` ( \S-]Sn 6:8-˛9:3)

k` ItaW Pdp-k-te-an\p ]pd-tØ°p hym]n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Uo°≥ Ão^s‚ c‡-km-£nXzw ]pXn-sbmcp hgn-Øn-

cnhm-bn-cp∂p. Ão^s‚ c‡-km-£n-Xz-tØm-Sp-IqSn Bcw-`n®aX-a¿±-\hpw AXp-h-gn-bp-≠mb injy-K-W-Øns‚ NnX-depwbqZbm ka-dnbm F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ k` hf-cp-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-ambn. ka-dn-bm-bnepw Xoc-]-tZ-i-Øp-ap≈ ^nen-∏ns‚ t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ime-L- -Ønse G‰hpw][m\ kw`hw hnPm-Xo-b-cpsS A∏-kvtXm-e-\mbn InkvXpXnc-s™-SpØ kmhq-fns‚ am\-km-¥-c-am-Wv. k`-bpsS hf¿®-bnse c≠mw L´-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu NcnXw \S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

3. At¥ym-Iym-bnse k` (\-S-]Sn 9:32 -˛12:24)

]me-kvXo-\m-bn¬ [mcm-f-ambn hnPm-Xo-bcpw k`sb Bt«-jn-°p-hm≥ apt∂m´p h∂p. hnPm-Xo-b-cpsS am\-km-¥c ]iv\wBZn-a-k-`bv°v Hcp Xe-th-Z-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k`-bn¬ AwK-am-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºmbn Hcmƒ blq-Z-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v blq-Z-ssI-kvX-h¿ Icp-Xn. ]n∂oSv Pdp-ktew Iu¨kn-en¬ Cu ]iv\w]cn-lr-X-ambn (\-S-]Sn 15:6˛21) Pdp-ktew k` hnPm-Xo-b-cpsSam\-km-¥-csØ kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXp. BZn-a-k-`m-k-aqlw Pdp-k-te-an-em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-ƒ Xs∂ hnPm-Xo-b-cn¬ \n∂vam\-km¥-c-s∏-´-h-sc√mw tN¿∂v kndn-bm-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-ambAt¥ym-Iym-bn¬ Hcp ssIkvXh kaq-l-Øn\v cq]w \evIn.CXns‚ Npa-Xe _¿W _mkn-\m-bn-cp∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ \maw BZy-ambn \evI-s∏-´Xv At¥ym-Im-bn¬ h®mWv . ]utem-kns‚ t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS Bcw`w At¥ym-Iym-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚t]jnX kmam-Py -Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\hpw At¥ymIymBsW∂p ]d-bmw.

4. Gjym ssa\-dnse k` (\-S-]Sn 12:25˛16:5)

BZysØ t]jn-X-bm-X-bv°n-S-bn¬ ]utemkv Gjym-ssa-\-dnse ]e-b-h-\-\-K-c-ßfpw kphn-ti-j-h-Xv°-cn®p. hnPm-Xo-b¿ [mcm-f-ambn k`sb kzoI-cn-®p. bh-\-\-K-c-ß-fn¬ k`ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS km¿∆-XnI k` F∂ Bibw cqV-aq-e-ambn. \thm-t∑-j-tØmsS ]utemkv c≠m-aXpw Gjym-ssa-\-dn-te°v t]jn-X-bmX \SØn. bmXm-at≤y BZy-bm-X-bn¬ÿm]n® k`-Iƒ At±lw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn.

5. bqtdm-∏nse k` (\-S-]Sn 16:6˛19:20)

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ \n∂pw bqtdm-∏n-te°p Xncn® ]utemkv]kn-≤-ß-fmb ^nen-∏n-b-bnepw sXk-tem-\n-°-bnepw sImdn-¥nepw k -Iƒ ÿm]n®p. BX≥knepw At±lw kphn-tijwAdn-bn®p .F-∂m¬ AXv hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. aq∂m-asØt]jn-X-bm-X-bn¬ At±lw Kem-Ønbm bntebpw ^nPn-bm-bn-tebpw k`-Iƒ kµ¿in®p Ft^-kqkw tIµ-am-°n-sIm≠vcmPy-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fnepw At±lw kphn-tijw Adn-bn-®p.

XpS¿∂v k` tdman-te°pw hym]n-®p. ]tXmkv ]utemkv«ol-∑m¿ tdmanse A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sPdp-k-te-an¬ \n∂v hf¿®-bm-cw-`n® k` A°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ kmkw-kv°m-cnI tIµ-ß-fn-sems° ÿm]n-X-am-bn.tXmam-«olm kphn-ti-j-Zu-Xy-hp-ambn Ing-°≥ \mSp-I-fn-tebv°p bmX-bmbn. t]¿jy. taZnb In°m-\n-b, _mIvSn-b,C≥Uy F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw kphn-tijw ]tLm-jn®vAt±lw k -Iƒ ÿm]n®p. BZy \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂ k` BtKm-f-hym-]-I-ambn hf¿∂p. t]jnX]h¿Ø\w G‰w Imcy-£-ahpw Du¿÷-kz-e-hp-am-bn-cp-∂-XmWv k`-bpsS Cu AZv`p-X-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv.

D.BZn-a-k- -bpsS c-W-kw-hn-[m\w

k_-bpsS Bcw`w apX¬Xs∂ k -bn¬ kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambhf¿® ImWm-\mhpw InkvXym-\n-Isf hy‡n-I-fmbpw Kq∏p-I-fmbpw Xncn®v ]tXyI tPmen-I-ƒ Gen-]n-®n-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ , tae-t\z-j-I¿ , BNm-cy-∑m¿ , Uo°-∑m¿ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ ipiqjm hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂p.

kphn-ti-j-a-dn-bn-°p-I, ⁄m\-kv\m\w \evIpI , \bn-°pICh-bm-bn-cp∂p A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS ][m-\-Zu-Xy-ßƒ. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cn¬Øs∂ ]tXm-kn\v ]map-Jy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.tae-t\z-j-I≥ (F-∏n-kvtIm-t∏m-kv) BNm-cy-kw-L-Øns‚ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp∂p InkvXob kaq-l-Øns‚ Imcy-ÿ\pw ]nXm-hp-am-bn- mWv tae-t\z-j-I≥ Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A∏-kvtX-e-∑m-cpsS]n≥Km-an-I-fmbn tae-t\z-j-I¿ Adn-b-s∏-´p. c≠mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ tae-t\z-j-I-cpsS (sa-Xm-∑m-cp-sS) ÿm\w Iptd-°qSnhy‡-ambn. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kaq-l-Øns‚ Kpcphpw t\XmhpwCS-b\pw IqZm-i-I-fpsS Im¿Ωn-I-\p-ambn saXm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p.

A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS klm-bn-I-fmWv BNm-cy≥am¿ . blq-Z-k-aq-l-Øns‚ t\Xm-hns\ Cu t]cp-sIm-≠mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv BNm-cy-∑m¿ tae-t\z-j-I-tcm-sSm∏w klm-bn-I-fmbn ]h¿Øn-®p.

Uo°≥ F∂m¬ tkh-I≥ F∂m-W¿∞w. Uo°≥saXms‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ saXm≥Ign-™m¬ ASpØ ÿm\-amWv Uo°-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Uo°-∑m¿ k`-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. ]Ww hnX-cWwsNbvXn-cp-∂Xv Ah-cmWv. \memw \q‰m-≠m-Ip-tºm-ƒ Uo°\vIqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-ihpw \evIn-bn-cp-∂p. tcmKn-I-fmbn hoń¬ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°v Xncp-∏m-tYbw sIm≠p-t]m-bn-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv Uo°-∑m-cm-Wv. saXms‚ A\p-hm-Z-tØm-Sp-IqSnamtΩm-Zok \evIm\pw Uo°\v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kvXoI-fpsS Bh-iy-ß-ƒ i≤n-°m-\mbn BZn-a-k-`-bn¬h\n-Xm-Uo-°-∑m-tcbpw \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp I\y-Itbm hniz-kvX-Xbpw am\y-bp-amb Hcp hn[-htbm Bbn-cn-°Ww h\nXmUo°≥ F∂v \n_-‘-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h\n-Xm-Uo-°-∑msc]≈n-bpsS Imcy-ß-ƒ t\m°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿°vAflm-b-cpsS ÿm\ta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

E. BZn-a-k- -bpsS hnizm-khpw Bcm-[-\-I-ahpw

Cutimanin-lm-bpsS D∞m-\-am-bn-cp∂p BZn-a-k-`-bpsShnizm-k-Øns‚ tIµw. Cutim-bpsS D∞m-\-amWv Xß-fpsSssIkvX-hm-kvXn-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂v BZn-a-k-`-bnsehnizm-kn-Iƒ IcpXn. ]oTm-\p-`-h-Øn-t‚bpw ac-W-Øn-t‚bpwD∞m-\-Øn-t‚bpw ]m›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ah¿ Cutim-bpsS Pohn-XsØ ]p\¿ho-£n-®p. hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂ anin-lmsbCutim-bn¬ Ah¿ I≠p. Ahsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw anin-lm, I¿Ømhpw (\-S-]Sn 1:11;7:59˛60;9:1)]cn-ip-≤\pw \oXn-am\pw(\-S 3:14) Pohs‚ Dd-hn-Shpw ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk\pw a\p-jyc-£-I\pw (\S 5:31) F√m-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Bcm-[-\m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ BZn-a-ssI-kvX-h¿ blq-Z-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ ]eXpw A`w-Kpcw ImØp-kq-£n®p. tZhm-e-b-Ønse]m¿∞-\-Iƒ XpS¿∂p \SØn. ]m¿∞\m bma-ßfpw \ne-\n¿Øn. k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ blq-Z¿°n-√mØ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-Ifpw k`-bn-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.\S-]Sn 2:42 Cu ]tXy-I-X-bn-te-°mWv hnc¬Nq≠p-∂Xv A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-Ønepw Iq´m-bva-bn-epw A∏w-ap-dn-°-enepw ]m¿∞-\-bn-epw Ah¿ apgp-In-bn-cp-∂p. tZhm-e-b-Øn¬\n∂pw thdn´p\n∂ Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\m¬ \bn-°-s∏ v [oc-ambn I¿Øm-hn\v km£yw hln-°p∂ DØa hnizm-kn-I-sf-bmWv BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ \ap°p ImWm-\m-hp-∂-Xv.

amtam-Zok

A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS ImeØv hfsc efn-X-amb coXn-bn-emWvamtam-Zok \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]m]-ß-sf-°p-dn®v A\p-X-]n-°p-IbpwInkvXob hnizmkw G‰p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXm-ep-S-s\-Øs∂amtam-Zok \¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-]-Xn-hv. (\S. 2:38). efn-X-ambcoXn-bn¬ sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n-bmWv amtam-Zok \evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv.F∂m¬ sh≈w inc-n¬ Hgn®p \S-Øp∂ amtam-Zokmsb-°p-dn®v c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ UnUms° km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. c≠mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ amtam-Zok kzoI-cn-°m-\m-K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ (kv\m-\m¿∞n-Iƒ) ]tXyIw Hcp-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.km[m-c-W-bmbn h¿j-Øn¬ c≠p-]m-hiyw ⁄m\-kv\m\w\¬In-bn-cp∂p. CuÃ-dn-t‚bpw ]¥-Ip-kvXm-bp-tSbpw Xte-Zn-hkw amtam-Zok kzoI-cn-®-h¿°v ]cn-ip-≤n-bp-tSbpw shä-bp-tSbpw AS-bm-f-amb sh≈-hkvXw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Hcm-gv®-°m-e-tØ°v Ah¿ CXp [cn-®n-cp∂p. ]pXn-b-Xmbn ⁄m\-kv\m\w kzoI-cn® hy‡n°v Hcp InkvXob \maw \¬Ip∂]Xnhv aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ D≠m-b-XmWv. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬inip-am-tam-Zok \ne-hn-en-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v.

hn. -Ip¿∫m\

C∂sØ Ip¿∫m\ c≠p hyXykvXipiq-j-I-fn¬ \n∂vcq]w ]m]n-®-XmWv. blq-Z-cpsS kn\-tKm-Kp-I-fnse thZ-]p-kvX-I-hm-b\. ]kwKw, s]mXp-]m¿∞\ Ch Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS BZy-`m-K-amb kv\m\m¿∞n-I-fpsS Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-am-Wv.InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS A∏w apdn-°¬ ipiq-j-bmWv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Ip¿∫m-\bv°v ASn-ÿm-\w. blq-Z-cm-bn-cp∂ BZnaInkvXym-\n-Iƒ kn\-tKm-Knse ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ ]Xn-hp-t]mse]¶p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p sshIp-t∂cw GsX-¶nepw Hcp hoń¬ ktΩ-fn®v A∏w apdn-°¬ ipiqj \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. blq-Z-∑m-cn¬\n∂v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ AI-em≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Cu c≠p

hyXykvX ipiq-j-Ifpw Hcp-an®v \S-Øn-Øp-S-ßn.

Cutim-bpsS _en-bpsS Hm¿Ω-bm-bn-´mWv BZna InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Bcw-`-Im-eØv CuNSßv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv sshIp-t∂-c-am-Wv. CXn\p ap≥]mbnP\-ßƒ Hcp-an-®p-IqSn blq-Z-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ kvt\l-hn-cp∂v ( agape) \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬kvt\l-hn-cp-∂n¬ Nne A]m-I-X-Iƒ IS∂p IqSp-I-bm¬ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS Ime-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øntem c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øntem hn.-Ip¿∫m\ kvt\l-hn-cp-∂n¬ \n∂vamdn BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ XpSßn. A∂p apX-emWv hn.-Ip¿∫m\cmhnse \S-Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Zo¿L-amb aWn-°q-dp-I-fnseNS-ßp-Iƒ BZn-a-In-kvXy-\n-Iƒ°v Hcp Xc-Ønepw hnc-k-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. km[m-c-W-bmbn Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv hn.-Ip¿∫m\A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ip¿∫m-\-tbmSv _‘-s∏´v kwKo-Xw, Xncp-h-kvX-ßƒ, Xncn, aWn, F∂nh BZysØ aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. _en-b¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mwhnizm-kn-Iƒ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p hn.-P-Ãn≥km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. km[m-cW Znh-k-ß-fn¬ hn.-Ip¿∫m\C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v IqZmi sNbvX A∏w Znh-khpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hoń¬ sIm≠p-t]m-Im-am-bn-cp-∂p.IqZm-i-sNbvX A∏w Ic-ß-fn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv.

]m]tam-N\w

InkvXp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ hchv hfsc Bk-∂-am-sW∂pwX∑qew amtam-Zo -km-bn¬ ssIh-cn®v lrZ-b-ss\¿aeywbmsXmcp Ipdhpw IqSmsX ImØp-kq-£n-°-sW∂pw BZn-a-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. BI-bm¬ ]m]n-Iƒ°v ITn-\-amb in£-bmWv BZna k` \evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]m]-tam-N\IqZm-isb ZznXob amtam-Zok F∂tX k`m ]nXm-°-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn\p \nb-X-amb Hcp cq]w ssIh-∂n-cp-∂n-√. A\p-Xm-]n-Iƒ k`-bpsS Xe-h-\mb saXms‚ ASp-°¬ t\cn´p sN∂v Ip‰-ßƒ G‰p-]-d™v am∏-t]-£n-®n-cp∂p. ]c-ky-]m-b-›n-Ø-amWv BZy-Im-eØvD≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS NnesaXm-∑m¿ henb ]m]-ßƒ sNbvX-hsc F∂-t∂-°p-ambn]pd-Øm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]mj-fi-X, hy`n-Nm-cw, sIme-]m-X-Iw,F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu henb ]m]-ßƒ.

Xncp`m NcnXw

18 19

Xncp`m NcnXw

k -bpsS am∏v Hcn-°¬ amXta e`n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ]mb-›nØwsNbvX-Xn\p tijw ho≠pw ITn-\-amb ]m]-Øn¬ hoW-h-cpsS t\sc ImcpWyw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ahsc ssZh-Øns‚Icp-W-bv°mbn hnń-cp-∂p. BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ amtam-Zo-kmbv°ptijw Htc-sbmcp ]m]-tam-N\w amXta \¬In-cp-∂p-≈q.

]c-ky-amb Ip‰-ßƒ°v ]c-ky-amb Ip‰w G‰p]-d-®n-emWv\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. saXm-t‚bpw sshZn-I-cp-tSbpw P\-ß-fp-tSbpwapºn¬h®m-bn-cp∂p CXv. F∂m¬ cl-ky-Ip-‰-Øn\v saXm-s‚tbm sshZn-I-t‚tbm ]°¬ cl-ky-Ipºkm-cta \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p≈q F∂m¬ ]mb-›n-Øhpw ]m]-tam-N-\hpw ]c-ky-ambn \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂p.

Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ

blq-Z-∑m-cpsS i\n-bmgvN BtLm-j-Øn\p ]I-c-ambnInkvXym-\n-Iƒ InkvXp-hns‚ D∞m-\-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω BN-cn-°p∂ Rmb-dmgv® ]tXyI Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn \o°n-h-®p. Rmb-dm-gv®-Zn-hkw euIn-I-amb F√m-°m-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw InkvXy-\n-Iƒ AI∂p \n∂n-cp-∂p. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS ][m-\-s∏´ c≠pXncp-\m-fp-Iƒ s]k-lmbpw ]¥-Ip-kvXmbpw InkvXym-\n-I-fp-tSbpw ][m\ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fmbn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]uc-kvXy-k-`-bn¬ Bcw-`n® Xncp-\m-fmWv Z\l (P-\p-hcn 6) InkvXp-hns‚ ⁄m\-kv\m-\-Øns‚ kvacW sIm≠m-Sp∂ Xncp-\m-fmbn CXp ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ ]qP-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ Znhy-in-ip-hns\ kµ¿in®v Bcm-[n® kw -h-amWvA\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

\memw \q‰m≠p apX-emWv Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XoøXnInkvXym-\n-Iƒ Inkvakv BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XoøXn hnPm-Xo-b¿ kqcy-tZ-hs‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. B Xncp-\m-fn\p ]Icw HcpInkvXob Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØm-sS-bmWv Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XoøXn InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\m-fmbn tLmjn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. . F.-Un.-\m-\qdv apX¬ Hmim\Rmb-dmgv® ]tXyI aX-I¿Ω-ß-tfmsS Pdq-k-eØv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]cn-ip≤ adn-b-tØmSv ‡n]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. adn-b-Øns‚kz¿§m-tcm-]-W-Øn-cp-\mƒ F.Un 450 ¬ Pdq-k-eØv Bcw- n®p.

D]-hmkw

BZy-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ InkvXy-\n-Iƒ _p[-\m-gv®bpwsh≈n-bm-gv®bpw D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. blq-Z-∑m-cpsS BNm-ca\pk-cn-®mWv BZn-a-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ D]-hmkw A\p-jvSn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.kqcym-kvX-abw hsctbm As√-¶n¬ kmbm-”-\-a-kv°mcwsNm√p-∂-Xp-h-sctbm `£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn h¿÷n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv-A-h¿ D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F.-Un.400˛t\m-Sp-IqSn]m›m-Xy-k- -bn¬ _p[-\mgv® D]-hmkw am‰n ]Icw i\n-bmgv®D]-hmkw kzoI-cn-®p. CuÃ-dn\v Hcp-°-am-bp≈ \mev]-Xp-t\mºv]uc-kvXy¿ c≠mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ BN-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ Cu t\mºv \mev]-Xp-Zn-h-k-sa∂v \n›-bn-®Xv \memw\q‰m-≠n-em-Wv. ]uckvXy k`-bn¬ a‰p t\mºp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p˛ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS t\mºv (Pq¨ 16˛28) adn-b-Øns‚t\mºv (BKÃv 1˛13) Inkva-kn\v Hcp-°-am-bp≈ t\mºv (\-hw-_¿ 15 ˛Un-kw-_¿ 24).

Xncp`m NcnXw

20 21

Xncp`m NcnXw

aX-a¿±-\-ßƒ

02

anin-lm-bpsS k`bv°v BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬t\cn-tS≠n h∂ ]oU-\-ßfpw ]bm-k-ßfpw oj-Wn-I-fp-amWv aX-a¿±\w sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv.am\h kaq-lsØ c£n-°p-hm-\mbn a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX ssZh-]p-X\pw cmPm-[n-cm-P-\p-ambCutim-an-in-lmsb blq-Z-]-am-Wn-Iƒ Ipcn-in¬Xc®p sIm∂p. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv Cutim-\m-Y≥ injy-tcm-S-cp-fn-sNbvXp: (an-in-lm-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-sS-√m-am-bn-cp∂p Acp-fn-sN-bvX-Xv) Ah¿Fs∂ ]oTn-∏n-s®-¶n¬ \nß-sfbpw ]oTn-∏n°pw(tbm-l, 15:20). anin-lm-bpsS B hN-\-ßƒA£cw ]Xn \nd-th-dp-I-bmW.v aX-a¿±\ ImeØvtemI-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Hcp aXhpw CX Iqchpw i‡-hp-amb FXn¿∏n\pw a¿±-\-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-ń-√.

aX-a¿±-\-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ

aX-a¿±-\-Øn-\p-≠mb ][m-\-s∏´ Imc-W-ßƒc≠p Xc-am-Wv. H∂v aX-]-cw, c≠v atX-X-cw.

1. aX-]-c-amb Imc-W-ßƒ

1. ]¥-Ip-kvXm-Zn-hkw ]tXmkv «olm-bpsS ]kwKw tI´v3000 t]tcmfw ⁄m\-kv\m-\-s∏´v (\-S-]Sn 2:11) InkvXp-hn¬hniz-kn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v , H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ InkvXp-hns‚k` hfsc kzX-¥-ambpw hy]-I-ambpw hf¿∂p. Cu AZv`p-X-I-c-amb hf¿®-bn¬ blq-Zcpw ]n∂oSv hnPm-Xo-bcpw Akq-bm-ep-°-fmbn.

2. ssIkvX-h-k` blq-Z-a-X-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂v hntam-Nn-X-\mbn. hnPm-Xo-bcpw InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tNcp-Ibpw k` tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw hf¿∂v ]¥-en-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS blq-Z-cpsS hntcm[w h¿≤n-®p.

3. tdmam-°m-cp-tSbpw Ko°p-Im-cp-tSbpw a\-p-I-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-ń-cp∂ Hcp-Xcw iq\y-Xm-t_m-[sØ ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥kphn-ti-j-X-Xz-ßƒ°v km[n-®p. tdmam-Im¿°pw Ko°p-Im¿°pwInkvXp-a-Xhpw, anin-lm-bpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßfpw XmXv]-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hf¿® cmPm-hn\pw , hnK-lm-cm-[-I¿°pw CjvS-s∏-ń-√.

4. F.Un 70˛sebpw 135 sebpw Pdp-ktew XI¿® I¿Ør-]-h-N-\-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambpw Cutim-an-in-lmsb Iqin-®-Xn\v blq-Z¿°v e`n® in£mbmbpw ssIkvX-h¿ I≠p.kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ tami-bpsS \nb-a-Øn¬ \n∂pw blq-Z-cpsSòj-Wn-bn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Snb InkvXp-aXw kz¥-ambhy‡n-Xz-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm-\m-cw- n®p CtXmsS blq-Z-cpsS tIm]wBfn-°-Øn.

5. tdmam-°m¿ hnhn[ tZho-tZ-h-∑m-tcbpw ZnhyXzw Iev]n®vNI-h¿Øn-tbbpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ GI kXyssZh-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hnK-l-ß-tftbm NI-h¿Øn-tbtbm Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn®p. InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Cu \ntj-[-`mhw tdma≥N-I-h¿Øn-tbbpw Cuiz-c-`-‡cpw cmP-`-‡-cp-amb AssI-kvXh tdma≥ P\-X-tbbpw]tIm-]n-∏n-®p.

6. blq-Z¿°v tdma≥ A[n-]-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o\wsIm≠v ssIkvX-h¿s°-Xnsc Icp-°ƒ \o°p-hm≥ km[n-®p.

7. NI-h¿Ønsb Bcm-[n-°m-Xn-cp∂ ssIkvX-hsc \nco-

Xncp`m NcnXw

22 23

Xncp`m NcnXw

iz-c-∑m-cmbn ImWp-Ibpw , cmPy-Øm-I-am\w D≠mb AXy-ln-X-ßƒ°pw , ]Ir-Xn-t£m- -ßƒ°pw ImcWw ssIkvX-h-cpsSssZh-\n-tj-[-am-sW∂p Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

8. ssIkvX-h¿ hn.-Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏-W-Øn-\p-th≠n H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. ssIkvX-h-cpsS Cu ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ cmPm-hnepwcmP-`-‡-cnepw kwi-b-ßƒ P\n-∏n®p .Cu ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ssewKn-I-ssh-Ir-X-ßfpw , a\p-jy-°p-cp-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-®p.

9. [m¿Ωn-I-\n-e-hm-c-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ tdma≥ D’-h-ß-tfmSvssIkvX-h¿°v Ah-⁄-bm-bn-cp∂p. bp≤sØ A\p-Iq-en-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Nne ssIkvX-h¿ ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-Øn\vhnk-Ω-Xn-®p. CXv kmaq-ly-tZm-l-ambpw tZi-kvt\-l-an-√m-bva-bmbpw a‰p-≈-h¿ NnXo-I-cn-®p.

10. hymP-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-tSbpw , tPymXn-j-°m-cp-tSbpw hnK-l-\n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw hntZzjw ssIkvX-hsc ]oTn-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn.

2. atXXc-Im-c-W-ßƒ

1. kmlnXyImc-∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw ssIkvX-h-tcm-Sp≈Ah⁄ Xß-fpsS krjvSn-I-fn-eqsS ]N-cn-∏n-®p.

2. _p≤nPo-hn-I-fpsS Bi-b-]-c-amb ]n¥pW aX-]o-T-\-ß-fpsS XohX h¿≤n-∏n-®p.

blq-Z-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb ^vfmhn-bqkv tPmtk-^qkv (F.-Un.37˛105) tdma≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb Smkn-‰kv (F.-Un.54˛119) πo\n(F.-Un.62˛113) F∂n-h¿ InkvXp-a-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw , InkvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]kvXpX Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿°v InkvXp-hn-t\mSpw InkvXy-\n-I-tfm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ah-⁄bpw emL-h-a-t\m- m-hhpw Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬hy‡-am-Wv.

c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS Nne¿ InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xnsc KŸ-ßƒ Xs∂ cNn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn . Ah-cn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ GXm\pw hy‡n-I-fpsS t]cpw Ah-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-IfpwXmsg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.

a) sN¬kqkv

F.Un. 161˛180 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L- -Øn¬ aX-]o-T\w \S-Ønbam¿°kv Hutden-b-kns‚

ka-Im-en-I-\mWnt±lw. Cutimbv°v ssZhn-I-Xz-an-s√∂pwAhn-SpsØ D∞m\w sI´p-I-Y-bm-sW∂pw , Cutim Hcp Pmc-k-¥-Xn-bm-sW∂pw Cbmƒ Xs‚ kc-k-amb mj-bn-eqsS ]N-cn-∏n-®p. a\p-jym-h-Xmcw bp‡n-c-ln-X-am-Wv............]tXmkv h©-I\pw aninlm Icp-Ø-\mb h©-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-t]m-Ip∂ sN¬kq-kns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn. hn.-bu-tk∏v Cutimsb CuPn-]vXn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-bXv a¥-hn-Zy-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw , AXp-sIm-W-A-SmWv aninlm A¤p-X-ßƒ ]h¿Øn-®-sX∂pw Ct±lw ]d-™p.

b) eqjy≥

sN¬kq-kns‚ ka-Im-en-I\pw kmsam-km-Øm-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂p eqjy≥, ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnXw Hcp sI´p-I-Y-bm-sW∂pwInkvXp-aXw hnUvVn-I-fpsS aX-am-sW-∂p≈ Bi-b-ß-ƒ‘s]c-Ko-\p-kns‚ acWw’ F∂ IXn-bn-eqsS Ct±lw ]N-cn-∏n-®p.

c) t]m¿^ncn

InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xnsc 15 ]pkvX-I-ß-f-S-ßp∂ Hcp Zo¿L-amb IrXn Ct±lw cNn-®p. ]utemkv hnπ-h-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-c\pw , ]tXmkv A_-≤-ßƒ hnfn®p]d-bp-∂-h-\p-am-W∂pwCutim-bn¬ Ak-Xyhpw , Aÿn-c-Xbpw Ds≠∂pw Ct±lwNn¥n-°p-∂p.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]pcm-X-\-K-Ÿ-I¿Øm-°ƒ aq∂v hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ\evIp-∂p≠v. Ah Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂p.

1. anin-lm-bvs°-Xnsc Pmc-k-¥-Xn, injy¿ ap°p-h-cm-Wv,ASn-a-sb-t∏mse Ipcn-in¬ acn®p

2. ssIkvXh ]t_m-[-\-ßƒs°-Xnsc A‘-hn-izm-k- amWv kwkv°m-c-c-ln-X-amWv ]c-kv]c hncp≤ßß- fmWv

3. ssIkvX-h¿s°-Xnsc \nco-iz-c-∑m¿ ,kwkv°m-c-iq-\y¿,

Xncp`m NcnXw

24 25

Xncp`m NcnXw

tZi-kvt\-l-an-√m-Ø-h¿, A‘-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ, aX-`m-¥¿.

aX-a¿±-\-ßƒ \S-Ønb NI-h¿Øn-am¿

1. \otdm (F.-Un.54˛68)

InkvXp-aX ]oT-\-]-cn-]mSn Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn DZvLm-S\wsNbvXXv \otdm-bpsS Ime-ØmWv. kz¥w amXm-hn-s\bpwktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcbpw , ]Xv\n-sbbpw a‰v IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfbpwIqc-ambn sIme-s∏-Sp-Ønb oI-c-\m-bn-cp∂p \otdm F∂v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv km£n-°p-∂p. (F-hp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k`m-N-cnXw,t]Pv 129˛130 ) F.Un 64 Pqsse 14 \v tdmam-\-K-c-Øn-\p-≠mbXo]n-Sp-Ø-Øn\v ImcWw ssIkvX-h-cn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw\nc-h[n ssIkvX-hsc AdÃp sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. arK-ß-fpsS tXm¬ [cn-∏n®p ssIkvX-hsc h\y-ar-K-ßƒ°v CSn-Sp-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw , Nne ssIkvX-hsc \otdm-bpsS DZym-\-Ønse]¥-ß-fm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aºp-I-sfbvXpw Ipcn-in¬Xq°nbpw tXmep-cp™pw knwl-Øn\v Cc-bm°nbpw Xnf-bv°p∂ FÆ-bn-en´pw ssIkvX-h-a-°sf lnwkn-®p. BcpwssIkvX-h-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ ]amWw \otdm \ne-hn¬ sIm≠p h∂p. hn.-]-tXmkpw hn.-]u-temkpw F.Un 64˛\pw65˛\pw CSbv°v c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn. At\Iw ssIkvX-h¿IkvXp hnizm-ksØ Dds° ]d-™p-sIm≠v ac-WsØ Bt«-jn-°p-I-bp-≠m-sb∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

2. sUmao-jy≥ (F.Un 81˛96)

ssZh-tØmSv shdp∏pw iXp-Xbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ Imcy-Øn¬\otdm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ sUmao-jy≥ (F.-Un.163)ssIkvX-h-cm-bn-cp∂ ]e Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-tcbpw h[n-®p. hn.-tbm-l-∂ms\ Xnf® FÆ-bn¬ ap°n ]oTn-∏n-s®∂pw]mtflmkv Zzo]n-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn-sb∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.sUmao-jys‚ IpSpw-_-°m-c-\mb s¢a≥kpw At±-l-Øns‚`mcy sUmav‰n-√bpw h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cn¬s]Sp-∂p.

3. SmP≥ (F.Un 98˛117)

hnJym-X-\mb aq∂m-asØ aX-]o-T-I-N-I-h¿Øn-bmWv SmP≥.ssIkvX-h-cpsS Bcm-[\mktΩ-f-\-ßƒ sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw,ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw cmPm-hns‚ B⁄ ewLn-®-hsc h[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. SmPs‚ HutZym-KnI \bw Cß-

s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ip‰w ]e-XmWv. ]›m-Ø-]n-®m¬ am∏p-sIm-Sp-°m\pw InkvXym-\n-Isf sXc-™p-]n-Sn-t°-s≠∂pw InkvXym-\n-I-sf∂v ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂hsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bm¬ aXn-sb∂pw Iev]-\-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ssIkvXhhnizmkw Dt]-£n®v \√ hgn-bn¬ Xncn-bp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-hsc amXw h[n-®m¬ aXn-sb∂pw B⁄m-]n-®n-cp-∂p.At¥ym-Iym-bnse hn.-C-t·-jykv , \mem-asØ am¿]m-∏- Bbhn.-s¢-a‚ v XpS-ßn-b-h¿ SmPs‚ ImeØv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cm-Wv.

4. As‚m-Wn-\kv ]bkv (F.-Un. 138˛161)

Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØpw \nc-h-[n-t∏¿ c‡-km-£n-I-fm-bn-´p-≠v. lnPn-\pkv ]m∏mbpw (136˛140) ]obqkv 1˛]m-∏mbp (140˛155)kvan¿Æm-bnse alm-\mb t]mfn-°m¿∏pw (69˛155) Cu cmPm-hns‚ aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv c‡-km£n aIpSw NqSn-b-h-cmWv.

5. am¿°v Hutdm-en-bkv (161˛180)

ssIkvX-hsc A‘-hn-izm-kn-I-fmbn IcpXn cmPy-Øp-≠mb]IrXn t£m`ßƒ°v ImcWw ssZh-tIm-]-am-sW∂pw AXn\pImcWw ssIkvX-h-cm-sW∂pw ]d-™p-]c-Øn. tcmKn-bm-bn-cp∂ t^mØn-\pkv saXms\ 90˛masØ hb-n¬ hfsc ]oTn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-e-S-°p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-°n-S∂ acn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ssIkvX-hsc h\y-ar-K-ßƒ°v Cc-bm-°p-IbpwAh-cpsS ih-ßƒ IØn®v Nmcw \Zn-bn¬ Hgp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.IqSmsX J\n-I-fn¬ \n¿_-‘n-∏n®v tPmen FSp-∏n-®p. Kh¨sa‚ vÿm]-\-ß-fnepw ]cky ÿe-ß-fnepw ssIkvX-h¿°v ]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®p. ]IrXn t£m`-ß-ƒ°v FXnsc \S-Ønb_en-bn¬ Inkym-\n-Iƒ kl-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ][m-\-Im-c-Ww.

6. sk]vXo-an-bkv skth-ckv (193˛211)

Ct±-l-Øns‚ `mcy-bpsS t]c-W-\n-an-Ø-amWv ]oT\w XpS-ßn-b-Xv. F.-Un. 202 ¬ Bcpw InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√F∂ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏´p. XpS¿∂v AXn-cq-£-ambaX-a¿±-\-ß-fmWv \S-∂-Xv. B^n-°-bnepw CuPn-]vØnepw[mcmfw c‡-km-£n-I-fp-≠mbn. C°q-´-Øn¬ alm-\mb Hcn-sPs‚ ]nXmhv ˛ setbm-Wo-Zmkyw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Hcn-sP\pwsNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ c‡-km-£n-bm-°m≥ BK-ln-®n-cp-∂p. (F.-

Xncp`m NcnXw

26 27

Xncp`m NcnXw

Un.349) seb¨knse saXm-\mb hn. Cc-t\-bqkpw 19,000hnizm-kn-Ifpw Hcp-an®p h[n-°-s∏-´p.

7. tUjykv (249˛251)

InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xnsc Hcp s]mXp-a¿±\w , Agn®p hn´XptUjy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPy-Øp-≈-h-sc√mw tdma≥ ssZh-ßƒ°vBcm-[-\-b¿∏n-°-a-sa-∂p≈ Iev]\ 250˛¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. _en-b¿∏n-®-Xn-\p≈ sXfn-hn-\mbn k¿ń-^n-°‰v hmß-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnizmkw ]cn-Xy-Pn-®-hsc em]vkn F∂pw [q]w A¿∏n-®-hsc Xqcn-^n-°mØn F∂pw _en-b¿∏n-®-hsc kmIn-^n-°mØn F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. At\-Im-bn-c-ßƒ Cu aX-]o-T-\-Øn¬ c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn Xo¿∂p. Nne saXm-∑m¿t]mepwC°m-eØv k`m-XymKw sNbvXp hn.-^-_n-bm-t\mkv am¿]m∏A-t¥ym-Iy≥ saXm≥ _m_n-emkv, Pdp-ktew saXm≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw C°m-eØv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cmWv. 251˛ep-≠mb bp≤-Øn¬ tUmjy≥ acn-®p.

8. hte-cn-b≥ (253˛260)

hte-cn-bs‚ `c-W-Øns‚ Ah-km\ L´-Øn¬ cmPyØvhf-sc-b-[nIw Akz-ÿ-Ifpw bp≤-ßfpw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ImcWw InkvXym-\n-I-fm-sW∂p IcpXn Ahsc]oTn-∏n-°p-hm≥ XpSßn. Aßs\ F.Un 257˛¬ F√m-hcpwtdma≥ ssZh-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Hcphn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. 258˛se as‰mcp hn⁄m-]\ ]ImcwsshZn-Icpw k`-bnse D∂X hy‡n-Ifpw ]nSn-°-s∏-´p. sshZn-Isc apgp-h\pw sIms∂m-Sp°n. hnizmkw Dt]-£n-°m-Xn-cp∂Aflm-b-tcbpw hI-h-cpØn (F.k 442˛443) hn.-kn-Iv‰kv IIam¿]m∏, hn.kn]bm≥ , Uo°≥ temd≥kv , XpS-ßn-b-h-scms°hte-cn-bs‚ ImeØv c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cm-Wv.

hte-cn-bs‚ aI-\mb K≈n-tb-\qkv (260˛268) k`bv°pth≠X B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ \evIp-hm≥ Iev]n®p. Cu HuZmcywkvt\lw sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. adn®v k`sb ASn-®-a¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-In-s√∂v t_m≤y-s∏-´-Xn-\m-em-Wv.

9. Utbm-¢o-j≥ (284˛305)

CXn-\p-apºv ]oT\w \S-Ønb F√m NI-h¿Øn-am-tc-°mfpwkwlm-cm-fl-IX HØp tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Utbm-¢o-j-t‚Xv.

BZy-Im-eØv k`-tbmSv hntcm-[-sam-∂p-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬Xs‚ `mcy ]nkvIbpw aIƒ hte-dn-bmbpw Dƒs∏sS At\-I¿ ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-I-fm-b-tXmsS aX-]o-T\w Bcw-`n-®p.tZhm-e-b-ßƒ XI¿°p-Ibpw hn.-K-Ÿ-ß-ƒ Nps´-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp kz¥w mcy-tbbpw aI-tfbpw saXm-∑m-tcbpw At\IwsshZn-I-tcbpw h[n-∏n-®p. saXm-∑m-tcbpw, sshZn-I-tcbpw,Aflm-b-tcbpw sIm≠v Pbn-ep-Iƒ \nd-™-t∏mƒ bYm¿∞Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf kzX-¥-cm-°n. Iºn ]gp-∏n®v IÆp Xpc∂p If-bpI. Hmtcm Imep-ap-dn®p If-bpI XpS-ßnb Iqc-]o-T-\-ß-fmWv\evIn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ssIkvXh ] -W-am-bn-cp∂ ôPnb AXnseP\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w A·n-°n-c-bm-°n-I-f-™p. hn.-B-·-kv, hnb-sk-_m-Ãy≥ , hn.-s^-en-Ivkv, hn.-am¿sk-√n-\kv am¿]m∏ XpS-ßn-h-sc√mw Utbm-¢ojs‚ ImeØv hotcm-Nn-X-ambn c‡-km-£n-I-fm-b-h-cm-Wv.

hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I¿

tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-amcp-tSbpw, blq-Z-Nn-¥-I-cp-tSbpwFXn¿∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc i‡-amb `mj-bn¬ hnizm-k-Øns‚amlmflyw FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-b-h-cmWv hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I¿ . Ch-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ At∏m-fPn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.hn.-P-Ãn≥, AØ-\-tKm-d-kv, sX¿Øp-ey≥ XpS-ßn-b-scms°hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I-cn¬ GXm\pw hy‡n-I-fm-Wv.

tIm¨Ã-ss‚-d≥ (306˛337)

aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-Imew \o≠p-\n∂ Iqchpw \nµy-hp-amb aX-a¿±\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-®Xpw k`bv°p aX-kzm-X¥w \evIn-bXpwtIm¨Ã-ss‚-d≥ NI-h¿Øn-bmWv. 313 s^_p-hcn Ah-km\w]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® anem≥ hnfw-_cw (Edict of Milan) F∂ Iev]-\-bn-eqsS ssIkvXh k`bv°v aX-kzm-X¥w A\p-h-Zn®p.k`bv°v Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw hkvXp-°ƒkq£n-°p-hm\pw I≠p-sI- n-b-h-sb√mw Xncn®p e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pwCu hnfw-_-c-Øn-eqsS km[n®p. t]K≥ aX-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂tIm¨Ã-ss‚-ds\ an¬hy≥ bp≤-amWv InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te-°-Sp-∏n-®Xv. Ipcn-ip-Nnlv\w D]-tbm-Kn®v bp≤w sNøm≥ t]c-W-e-`n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ bp≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. ssIkvX-h-cpsS iXp-°sf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw , ssIkvX-hm-cm-[-\sb t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw , Rmb-dmgv® s]mXp Ah-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

[n-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm¨Ã-ss‚-d-bn≥ ac-W-°n-S-°-bn¬h®p amX-amWv amtΩm-Zok kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Nne k`-Iƒ Ct±-lsØ hnip-≤-\mbn IW-°m-°p-∂p-≠v.

sXb-tUm-jykv cmPm-hmWv (379˛395) hnPm-Xo-b¿s°-XnscI¿i\ \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-°n-b-Xv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv tdma≥ssZh-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ‡n Ah-km-\n-∏n®p. Aßs\ InkvXp-aXwcmjvS-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI aX-ambn ]Sn-™mdv amX-a√ Ing-°≥ k`-I-fnepw aX-a¿±-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

I¬Zm-b-k-`-bnse aX-a¿±-\-ßƒ

aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ t]¿jy-bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p. A¿k-koUv cmPm-°-∑m¿ t]¿jy-bn¬`cn®p sIm≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ InkvXp-aXw AhnsS ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ 222 apX¬ t]¿jy≥ cWw \S-Ønb k-\oUv cmPm-°-∑m¿ InkvXp-a-XsØ ]oTn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. j∏q¿ I ,j∏q¿II , Jpkm I, Jpkm II Cu cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv ][m-\-ambpw aX-a¿±\w \S-Øn-b-Xv.

t]¿jybpw ss_k‚bn\pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ cmjvSobiXp-X-bmWv t]¿jy-bnse aX-a¿±-\-Øn-\p-≠mb ][m-\-Im-c-Ww. anem≥ hnf-w-_cØn\p-tijw tIm¨Ã-ss‚-bn≥ t]¿jy-bnse InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kwc-£-Wm-h-Im-i-Øn¬ AXohi≤ ImWn-®-Xv. t]¿jym-cm-Pm-°v\-am¿°v CjvS-am-bn-√. c≠m-a-Xmbn t]¿jy-bnse InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tdmΩm-°m¿s°-Xnscbp≤w sNøp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. ImcWw InkvXym-\n-I-sf√mwGtIm-Z-c-k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fm-Wt√m. ]s£ Hcn-°epw t]¿jy≥InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS amXr-cm-PysØ H‰n-s°m-Sp-Øn√.aq∂m-asØ ImcWw Bdpw Ggpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ t]¿jy-bn¬akvsZ-bnkw F∂ aXw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w \n¿Ø-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS cmPm-hmb j∏q¿ 40 h¿jw Iqc-amb aX-a¿±\w \S-Øn. [mcmfw P\-ßfpw sshZn-Icpw, saXm-∑mcpwj∏q-dns‚ ImeØv c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn . k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mbtkmtm-ans‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ j∏q-dns‚ aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv16,000 t]¿ c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. bp≤-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ t]¿jy≥ cmPm-°-∑m¿ , ]cm-P-b-Ip‰wInkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ Btcm-]n®p Ah-cn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ \nIpXn

Npa-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

akvsZ-bn-km≥ aX-Øns‚ BNm-cy-∑m-cp-tSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-tSbpw t]c-W-bm¬ ssIkvXh tZhm-e-b-ßfpw , Bi-a-ßfpw \in-∏n-®p. ImtXm-en-°bpw k`m-t\-Xm-hp-ambncp∂ am¿B_msb \mSp-I-SØn. Jpkm c≠m-a\pw InkvXym-\n-Isfhfsc Iqc-ambn ]oTn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ k`-bnse aX-a¿±\w

`mcn® \nIpXn ssIkvX-h¿ sImSp-°p-I-bn-s√∂v FXn¿Ø-Xn-\m-¬ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ImtXm-en-t°m-kmb am¿ sia-tbm\pw A©v saXm-∑mcpw \qdv sshZn-Icpw At\Iw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw 339˛se ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgv® Znhkw kpk F∂ ÿe-Øp-h®v h[n-°-s∏-´p. (G-jy-bnse am¿tØm-am-k-`-Iƒ, 105)

F.Un 420˛¬ t]¿jy≥ NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ _lmwA©m-a≥ Iqc-amb aX-a¿±\w \S-Øn. Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb hnKm-bns‚ A`n-]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v In¿°pIv F∂ ÿeØp amXw1,53,00 InkvXym-\n-Iƒ h[n-°-s∏-´p. F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ sk]v‰w-_¿ 25˛mw XoøXn Cu c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS am≤yÿw ]m¿∞n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ C∂p≈ ssIkvXh k` c‡-km-£n-I-fpsSNpSp-\nWw hoWv hf¿∂-Xm-Wv. InkvXp-hns‚ k`-bn-ew-K-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ GsXmcp hy‡nbpw A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

k-\ym-k-k- -I-fpsS Bcw`w

03

euIn-I-hym-]m-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hn´p-amdnGIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂-hc F°m-eØpwF√m-tZ-i-ß-fnepw ImWmw. ]≠p-ap-X¬ `mcXwtbmKo-h-cy-∑m-cm¬ [\y-bm-Wv. k\ymaw F√m-hcpwA\p-jvTn-t°≠ Hcp Pohn-X-ÿn-Xn-bm-bn- mWp mc-Xo-b-th-Z-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cuizc km£m-Xv°m-c-Øn-\p≈ Hcp DØ-a-am¿§am-WsX∂v Ah¿Icp-Xp-∂p.

Xncp--`-bpsS Bcw-`w-ap-X¬ kphn-ti-tjm-]-tZ-i-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p Pohn-®n-cp∂ A¿∏n-X-hy-‡n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ GIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®-t∏mƒa‰p Nne¿ kaq-l-Po-hn-X-amWv Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Po-hnXw ]n∂oSp k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßƒ°p hgn sXfn-®p. Cu k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßƒhf¿∂p-h-∂p. k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØbpw hf¿®-tbbpw]‰n-bmWv ChnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ k`-bnse k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØ-∏‰n ImWp-∂-Xn\p apºv

Ahbv°p hgn-sX-fn® Nne LS-I-ßsf∏‰n ]dtb-≠-Xp-≠v.

BZn-a-k- -bn¬

kphn-ti-j-]-t_m-[-\m-\p-k-cWw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ssZh-Øn\pka¿∏n-®psIm≠v Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ BK-l-Øn\p ]pdsa a‰p-Nne Imcy-ßƒIqSn k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\v BZn-a-In-kvXym-\n-Isf t]cn-∏n-®p. H∂v, InkvXp-hns‚ al-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb ZznZobm-K-a-\-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-am-Wv. InkvXp-hns‚ c≠mwhchv DSs\D≠m-Ip-sa∂v Ah¿ ]Xo--£n-®p. AXn-\m¬ euInI Imcy-ß-fn¬ \ns∂√mw hnc-an®v ssZhn-I-Imcyß-fn¬ amXw i≤-]-Xn®v GIm-¥-X-bnepw a‰pw Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. hnK-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬ \n∂pw Hgn™p\nev°m-\p≈ BK-l-am-bn-cp∂p as‰mcpImc-Ww. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ _‘wDt]-£n-®mte hnK-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬\n∂pw c£-s]-Sm≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. s]mXp-sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ hnK-lm-cm-[-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. BZna \q‰m≠pI-fn¬ \S∂aX-a¿±\-ßƒ as‰mcp Imc-W-ambn Nq≠n°m-Wn-°mw. hnizmkwkwc-£n-°m≥ aX-a¿±-\-Im-eØv At\Iwt]¿ h\-ß-fn-tebv°pw, Kpl-I-fn-tebv°pw, acp-`q-an-bn-tebv°pw, a‰p cl-ky-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-tebv°pw ]em-b\w sNbvXp. AhnsS Ah¿ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw \bn-®p.

BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬

InkvXz_vZw H∂mw-i-X-I-Øn¬Xs∂ BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ I\y-I-Iƒ Fs∂mcp ]tXy-I-k-aqlw anin-lmbv°v kzbw ]Xn-jvTn-®p-sIm≠v Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. kzKr-l-Øn-tem, GIm-¥-ÿ-e-ß-fntem Iq´-ambn Ch¿ Xma-kn-®p. InkvXob kaq-l-ß-fpsSBcm-[-\m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ch¿ i≤ ]Xn-®n-cp-∂p.

BZn-a-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fmb k\ym-kn-I-fmWvacp-`q-an-bnse hn. ]utemkv (+341) hn. a°m-cn-bqkv (300˛389)hn. At¥m-\okv (250˛356) F∂n-h¿. CuPn-]vXm-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS P∑-\mSv. k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]n≈-sØm-ń¬ F∂ÿm\w CuPn-]vXn-\m-sW∂p ]dbmw. sXs_-bvZn¬ P\n®]utemkv tUjy-kns‚ aX-a¿±\m-h-k-c-Øn¬ acp-`q-an-bn-tebv°v Hfn-t®m-Sp-Ibpw AhnsS Xm]-k-Po-hnXw \bn-°bpwsNbvXp. Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬Xs∂ hn. a°m-cn-bqkv CuPn-]vXn¬]pWy Pohn-X-Øn\v ]kn-≤n-t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

32 33

Xncp`m NcnXw

CuPn-]vXnse hn. At¥m-\okv (250˛355)

GIm-¥-X-bn-ep≈ k\ym-k-Øns‚ Bcw- -I\pw ]nXm-hp-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv CuPn-]vXnse hn.At¥m-\o-km-Wv. CuPn-]vXnse ent°m-t]m-fnkv apX¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠vdn-bm-h-sc-bp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Iq -am-bpw X\n®pwhn. At¥m-\o-kns‚ injy-∑m¿ hkn-®n-cp-∂p. AeIvkm≠vdn-bm-bnse hn. AØ-t\-jy-kv, hn. At¥m-\o-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn-bn´p-≠v. CXv k\ym-k-Po-hn-XsØ ka-_-‘n-°p∂B[n-Im-cn-I-K-Ÿ-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. ]p-Wy-k-ºm-Z\w Ffp-∏-am-sW-∂pw, AXp \sΩØs∂-bm-Wm-i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw, \mw Zpcm-K-l-Øn-\-Sn-a-I-fm-I-cp-sX∂pw At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. BZn-a-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS PohnXw ]n≥Xp-S-cm-\m-K-ln® At¥m-\okv G. Un. 271˛¬ 21˛masØ hb-n¬k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw- n-®p. 15 h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw ]nkv]n¿F∂ ÿeØv Hcp ]gb tIm -°p-≈n¬ A`bw tXSn. ]pXn-b-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Cu PohnXw kaq-l-Øn¬ hfsc kzm[o\wsNep-Øp-hm≥ t]mcp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ D]-tZiwtIƒ°p-hm-\pw, \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw HmSn-°q-Sn-b-h¿ hf-sc-bm-Wv. Cßs\ hf-sc-t∏¿ HmSn-°q-Sn-b-t∏mƒAt±lw AhnsS\n∂p amdn. tijn® 40 h¿j-°mew h\m-¥-c-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p GIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®-Xv. 105˛masØhb-n¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc ss\¬\-Zn°pw Nmhp-I-S-en\pwat≤y-bp≈ ]tZ-iØv At±lw [ym\-Ønepw X]-nepwIgn-®p-Iq- n.

hn. At¥m-\okv A\p-bm-bn-Isf D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]Øv Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw IpSn-ep-I-ƒ D≠m°nXma-kn-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬IrXy-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-tfm, \nb-a-ßtfm At±lw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n√.

hn. ]t°m-an-bqkv

sNdp-∏-Øn¬ ssk\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ hnip≤ ]t°m-an-bqkvIpsd Ign-™-t∏mƒ k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-\mbn]mse-tam≥ F∂ k\ym-kn-bpsS Iogn¬ GIm-¥-Po-hnXwBcw- n-®p. ]t£ kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\v

Xmev]-cyw. CuPn-]vXnse Xms_-∂n-kn¬ Hcm-iaw XpSßn.ItaW At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS kwJy h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. ac-Ww-hsc At±-l-am-bn-cp∂p k`m-ti-jvT≥. kaq-l-Po-hnXw Ffp-∏-am-Ip-hm≥ At±lw \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ°p cq]wsImSp-Øp. At±lw Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw B≤ym-fln-I-\n-b-¥m-hm-bn-cp-∂p. amemJm ]d-™p-sIm-SpØv Fgp-Xn-®p-sh∂dnb-s∏-Sp∂ ]mt°m-an-b≥ \nb-am-h-en-bpsS ssienbpw Dd-hn-Shpwhy‡-am-°p-∂p, AXp ]t°m-an-bq-kns‚ Zo¿LIm-e-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw ]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw e-am-sW∂v. ]pWy-]q¿Æ-Xm-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\p tbmPn® am¿§-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈hy‡n-]-c-amb kzmX¥w AwK-ßƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv Cu \nb-am-h-en-bpsS Hcp khn-ti-jX.

]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬

GXm≠v Cu Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ]m›m-Xy-k- -bnepw k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Bcw- -an- p. hn. AØ-t\-jy-kv, sh¿s®√n-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (365), anem-\nse hn. Awt_mkv(333˛374) F∂n-h-cpsS XW-en-emWv AhnsS k\ym-k-Po-hnXw]pjvSn-]m-]n-®-Xv. lnt∏m-bnse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ hn. AK-kvXo-t\mkpw (354˛430) Bi-a-Po-hn-XsØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-®n- p-≠v. hn. AØ-t\-jykv CuPn-]vXnse At¥m-\o-kns‚Poh-N-cnXw eØo-\n-tebv°v ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ]m›m-Xy-k- -bn¬ Bi-a-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v hfsc D]-I-cn-®p.

\¿kn-bm-bnse hn. _\-UnIvSv (480˛547)

_\-UnIvSv Hcp Kpl-bn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw Bcw- n-®p. AXn-\p-tijw Bi-a-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤-Xn-cn-®p. 12Bi-a-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. F. Un. 524˛¬ tams¥-I-o-t\m-bn¬Hcp henb Biaw ÿm]n-®p. _\-Un-IvSns‚ k -bpsS amXr--h\w CXm-bn-Øo¿∂p. hn. _\-UnIvSv ÿm]n® k\ym-k-

k` bqtdm-]y≥ k\ym-k-k- -I-fn¬ hfsc ]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. hy‡n-]-c-amb A\p- -h-⁄m-\hpw ]uc-kvXy-k-\ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw Hcp ]pXn-b \nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°pcq]w sImSp-°p-hm≥ _\-Un-IvSns\ klm-bn-®p. ]m›m-Xy-k-\ym-kn-I-fpsS ]mXn-bm¿°o-sk∂ _lp-aXn ]m›m-Xy-

Xncp`m NcnXw

34 35

Xncp`m NcnXw

temIw At±-l-Øn\p \evIn.

_\-Un-IvSns‚ \nbaw alm-\mb KnKcn ]m∏m (590˛604)AwKo-I-cn-®p. Zmcn-Zw, _“-Ncyw, A\p-k-c-Ww, \nb-a-]m-e\w, [m¿Ωn-I-\-ho-I-c-Ww, k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep≈ ÿncXF∂n-ßs\ Bdp hX-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B \nb-am-h-en. ÿncX F∂ hXw-hgn At±lw k\ym-k-hr-Øn°psNbvX kw`m-h\ Aaq-ey-am-Wv. AwK-ßƒ Xß-fpsS k\ym-k-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn Pohn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw BK-ln-®n-cp-∂p, k\ym-k-ssN-X-\y-a‰ \ma-am-X-k-\ym-kn-Iƒ \mSp-tXmdpw Ae-™p-\-S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw A\¿lsc k\ym-k-Øn-te-°m-I¿jn®v AwK-kwJy h¿≤n-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pwAt±lw BK-ln-®p.

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

04

k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-®n-´p≈ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc-∏-‰nbpw Ah-cpsS]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp-amWvCu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. k -bpsS BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse hf¿®bv°pw hnizm-k-Po-hn-X-Øn\pw cq]hpw mhhpw ]I¿∂Xv Ah-cm-Wv. Ah-csX k`m-in -ip -hns\ ]oU-I-cpsS Ic-ß-fn¬\n∂pw c£n-®p-h-f¿Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. Bcw-`-Im-esØ \nc-h[n ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw hnizm-k-]-c-hp-amb ]iv\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]Xn-_-‘-ß-fp-tSbpw a≤y-Øn-eqsS Ah¿ BZn-a-k-`sb \bn-®p. kXy-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-°m-ńb [oc-tk-\m-\n-I-fm-W-h¿.ssIkvX-h-hn-izmkw Ipsd XØz-kw-ln-X-I-fpsSkam-lmcw amXas√∂pw, Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°≠ I¿Ω-am¿§-am-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS [\y-amb PohnXw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. A[p-\m-[p-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ t]cn¬ C∂-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]e Imcy-

Xncp`m NcnXw

36 37

Xncp`m NcnXw

ßfpw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p- aptº k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Xqen-I-bn-eqsS shfn®w I≠-h-bm-sW∂v Ah-cpsS NcnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\-n-emIpw. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑msc s]mXp-hn¬ ]m›m-Xy-sc∂pw ]uckvXy-sc∂pw c≠mbn Xncn-°mw. c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpwhyXy-kvX-ßfpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-ß-fp-amb Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \oßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

BcmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿?

B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-Øn-tebv°p P\n-∏n-°p-∂-hscbmWv]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]nXmhv F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Cutim-an-in-lm-bn¬ P\n-∏n-°pI F∂mWp hnh£ (1 tImdn. 4:13˛16; Kem.4:19). ]tZ-in-I-k- -I-fpsS Xeh∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ saXm-∑msc ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. k`bpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øn\p km£yw hln-®-hsc k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-¿ F∂p hnfn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-bXv \memw\q‰m≠p-ap-X-emWv. hym]-Im¿∞-Øn¬k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc∂ kw⁄sIm≠p \mw a\-n-em-°p-∂XvBZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ssIkvX-h-X-Øz-kw-ln-I-tfbpw hnip-≤-c-l-ky-ß-tfbpw]p‰n Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p≈]WvUn-X-cmb k`m-≤y-£-∑m-sc-bmWv.

H∂p-ap-X¬ Ggp-hsc \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-hsc amXtaC°q-´-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øp-∂p-≈q.

\mev khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv: 1. kXy-hn-izmkw 2. k`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-Imw-Ko-Im-chpwÿnco-I-c-Whpw 3. hnip≤n 4. ]mNo-\-X. ]mNo-\-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fn-√m-Xn-√. G. Un. 750˛¬ hn. tPmÜa-jo≥h-sc-bp-≈-hscbmWv ]uc-kvXy¿ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS]ń-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ]m›m-Xy-cm-Is´ G. Un. 636˛¬ acn®Ckn-tZm¿ hsc-bp-≈-hsc amXsa k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p-≈q.

taev]-d™ \mep khn-ti-j-X-I-fp -an -√mØ Nnescÿqem¿∞-Øn¬ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h-cmWv Hcn-Pn≥, sX¿Øp-ey≥, Fhp-tk-_n-bqkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿. ]t£ Chsc k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Øp-∂n-√. hnizm-k-c-l-ky-ß-fp-sSbpwXØz-ß-fp-tSbpw kwc-£-I-cmb k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ k`-bpsSHutZym-Kn-I-]-t_m-[-\-Øn\p km£ywhln-®-h-cm-Wv. Ch-sc-

∏-‰n-bp≈ ]T-\-Øn-\mWv ]tSm-fPn F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. k`m-]n-Xmhpw k`m-]m-cw-K-X\pw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap-≠v. k`m-]m-cw-K-X\v ]mNo-\X Hcp am\-Z-WvU-ambn Icp-Xp-∂n-√.

A∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

H∂mw \q‰m-≠nepw c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-h-sc-bp≈Ime-L-´-Ønepw Pohn-®n-cp∂ InkvXobKŸ-Im-c-∑m-sc-bmWvA∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿°p A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cp-ambn t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[\w Ie¿∏n-√msX Kln-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™n-cn-°-Ww. C°m-c-W-ß-fm-emWv ChscA∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw IØp-Ifpw teJ-\-ß-fp-am-Wv; _m°n ssk≤m-¥nI]t_m-[-\-ßfpw.

tdmanse hn. s¢a‚ v (+ 96), _¿W-_mkv (+ 98), hn. Ct·-jykv (+ 107), hn. t]mfn-°m¿∏v (69?-˛155), ]∏n-bmkv (75˛150)F∂n-h-sc√mw A∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS KW-Øn¬s]Spw.Ch¿°p ]pdsa ]obqkv H∂m-a≥ ]m∏m-bpsS (.....140˛155) ktlm-Z-c\pw Zn sjt∏¿Uv F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw BsW∂pIcp-X-s∏-Sp∂ sl¿akv F∂ Hcm-sfbpw A∏-kvtXm-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ ImWmw.

c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I¿

c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn s]m¥n-h∂Btcm-]-W-ßƒ°pw oj-Wn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn kXy-hn-izmkwkwc-£n-°phm≥ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-sc-bmWv hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I-sc∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXym-\n-Isf]oUn-∏n® cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw kss[cyw Ch¿kXy-hn-izmkw G‰p-]-d™p; At\-Isc hnizm-k-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øn.

c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Db¿∂p-h∂ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ°pw oj-Wn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xn-cmbn kXy-hn-izmkw kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-sc-bmWv hnizmkkwc-£-I-sc∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXym-\n-Isf ]oUn-∏n® cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm-Sp-t]mepw kss[cyw Ch¿ kXy-hn-izmkw G‰p-]-d™p; At\-Isc hnizm-k-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-®p-\n¿Øn.InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-ta¬ ]e Btcm-]-W-ßfpw D∂-bn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p.Ah¿ Xß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ ini-IvfpsS amwkw `£n-®n-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

cp-∂p-sh∂pw A[m¿Ωn-I-ambpw Ak-∑m¿§n-I-ambpw ]eXpwsNbvXn-cp-s∂-∂pw ]ecpw ]d™p ]c-Øn. CØcw Btcm-]-W-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn InkvXp-a-XsØ kwc-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂phnizmk kwc-£-I-cpsS I¿Ø-hyw. Btcm-]-W-ßfpw A]-hm-Z-ßfpw Xncp-ØpI amX-a√ ssIkvX-h-hn-izmk kXy-ßƒhy‡-ambn ]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.hn.-P-Ãn≥, Smkn-b≥, AØ-\m-tcm-d-kv, At¥ym-Iym-bnsesXtbm^ne-kv, tl¿an-bm-kv, an\p-®n-bqkv tênIvkv F∂n-h-cmWv hnizmk kwc-£-I-cn¬ apJy¿.

]uckvXy k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS ]m›mXy ]uckvXyssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-I¿ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-bn-Øp-S-ßn. ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bpsS HutZym-KnI `mj-bmbneØo≥`mj AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw XΩn-ep≈ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fn¬ AIew h¿≤n-∏n-®p. ]uckvXy ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p s¢a‚ v (150˛216), Hcn-P≥ (185˛255), Ub-\o-jykv (190˛265) XpS-ßn-b-h¿ tbip-hns‚ ssZh-a-\pjy kz`m-h-ßsf hni-Zo-I-c®p ]Tn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ XnXz-sØ-°p-dn®v B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]Tn-∏n® I∏-tZm-kn-bm-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ]uckvXy ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-cm-Wv. \om-bnse hn.KnKdn (335˛394), \n-bm¬knse hn.-Kn-Kdn (330˛390), hn.-t_-kn¬ (331˛379) F∂n-h-sc-bmWv I∏-tZm-kn-bm-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. tbip-hns‚ ssZhn-I-Xsb \ntj-[n® s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]m-j-WvU-X-bvs°-Xnsc s]mcp-Xnb hn.kndnepw (370˛444) ]uckvXy k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-\m-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ hoW F∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ am¿At]w (308˛373) kpdn-bm\n k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]Y-a-K-W-\o-b-\m-Wv.

]m›mXy k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿]m›m-Xy-k-`-bn¬ kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Db¿∂p-h∂sh√p-hn-fn-Isf ka¿∞-ambn t\cn´ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J¿ hn. lnemcn (315˛367), hn. Awt_mkv (333˛397), hnip-≤-KŸ ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂ hn. Ptdmw (342˛420), Xn-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hn. AK-kvXo-t\mkv(352˛440) F∂n-h-cm-Wv.BZysØ Ggp \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \S∂ km¿∆-XnI kq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fnse N¿®-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXo-b-amb Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂Xnepw Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xnepw k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ AZzn-Xo-b-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn

CuÃ¿, InkvXp-akv F∂o Xncp-\m-fp-I-fpsS BN-c-W-ßsfkw_-‘n®v cq]w-sIm≠ hnhm-Z-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-®Xv k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

CuÃ¿ hnhmZwBcw-`-Im-eØv blq-Z-cpsS s]klm Xncp-\m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®mWv ssIkvX-h¿ CuÃ-tc# BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ blq-Z-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w ssIkvX-h¿]q¿Æ-ambpw hnt—-Zn-®-Xn-\m¬ CuÃ¿ BtLm-jn-t°≠ Xnb-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v hnhn[ k`-I-fn¬ A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-Øp. Gjym-ssa-\-dnse k`-Iƒ \okm≥ amkw 14-˛mwXobXn amXta CuÃ¿ BtLm-jn°q F∂p iTn-®p. D-∞m-\-Øn-cp-\mƒ Rmb-dmgvN BN-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-an√ F∂pwAh¿ hmZn-®p. “]Xn-\memw Zn\-hn-hmZw” (quarto decimanism)F∂ t]cn¬ Cu hnhmZw k`-bn¬ `n∂-X-bp-f-hm-°n. a‰p ]ek`-Ifpw Rmb-dmgvN amXta CuÃ¿ BN-cn°q F∂ \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-®p. hnIvS¿ am¿]m∏ (189˛198) hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb kn\-Unepw Cu ]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-ń-√. F∂m¬ k`m ]nXm-hmb entbm¨knse hn. Cd-tW-hq-kns‚ _p≤n-]q¿∆-ambCS-s]-S¬ k`-bn¬ sFIyw ]p\-ÿm-]n-®p. Cu HØp-Xo¿∏-\p-k-cn®v kqcy≥ qa-[y-tcJ IS-°p∂ am¿®v 21 (Spring Equinox)Ign-™p≈ shfp-Ø-hm-hn\p tijw hcp∂ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWvCuÃ¿ F∂p Xocp-am-\n-®p. 325 ¬ \S∂ \nJym kq\-l-tZmkvCd-t\-hq-kns‚ Xocp-am-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw km¿∆-XnIk`-bn-eqsS \ofw CuÃ¿ Htc-Zn-h-kw-Xs∂ BtLm-jn®p XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

InkvXp-akvInkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-Xn-cp-\m-fmb InkvXp-akpw hnhn[ tZi-ß-fnse k`-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-´mWv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ kqcy-tZ-hs‚ Xncp-\mƒ Unkw-_¿ 25\mWv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-am¿ InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-tXmsS Unkw-_¿ 25 \oXn kqcy-\mb InkvXp-hns‚ (a-em°n 4:2) P\-\-Xn-cp-\m-fmbn BN-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.F∂m¬ A¿ta-\n-b≥k` P\p-hcn 6 -\mWv InkvXp-akv BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnhn[ k`m--]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambCS-s]-Sepw am¿§ \n¿t±-i-ß-fpw-hgn InkvXp-akv BN-cWwUnkw-_¿ 25-˛\v BsW∂v 567˛¬ tN¿∂ Sq¿knse kq\-l-tZmkv ]Jym-]-®p.BZn-a-k-`-bnse hnhn[ hn`m-Ko-b-X-Isf ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ \S-Ønb kvXpXy¿l tkh-\-ßsf \mw \µn-tbmsS Hm¿Ωn-°-Ww.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

c≠mw \q‰m≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤w apX¬ CShI F∂ t]cnemWvsNdnb k`mkaqlßƒ Adnb s∏ńcp∂Xv. Cu sNdnbkaqlßƒ°v Hmtcm c‡km£nbpsS \maw \evInbncp∂p.\memw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ (300) tdman¬ GItZiw 20CShIIƒ D≠mbncp∂sX. 2. Chsb√mw saXms‚A[nImcØn≥ Iognembncp∂p. ]´Wßƒ tIµam°n cq]wsIm≠ k`mkaqlßƒ ItaW ]´WØns‚ ]pdtØ°pwhym]n®p. Cßs\ kaqlßfpsS FÆw h¿≤n®t∏mƒk`bpsS `cW®paXesshZnIsc G¬∏nt°≠nh∂p.]mcw`Øn¬ XmXv°menIamb \nbaßfmbncp∂p˛ Hcp\n›nX ImetØ°v ]tXyI kaqlßƒ°v t\XrXzw \evIpIF∂m¬ ItaW saXm≥ Hmtcm kaqlØn\pw ]tXyIwsshZnIsc \nban®p XpSßn. Cu kºZmbamWv C∂sØCShIIfpsS B[mcw. Hcp saXms‚ Iogn¬ ]e CShIIƒD≠mbncn°pw, Hmtcm∂n\pw Hmtcm sshZnI\pw, NneCShIIsf Uo°∑m¿ `cn®ncp∂Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v. 3.AXpt]mse CuPn]vØn¬ Nne Kma]tZißfn¬BNmcy∑mcpw ]t_m[Icpw D≠mbncp∂Xmbnk`mNcnXImc\mb Ghp tk_nbkv ]dbp∂p≠v.

CShIm kºZmbw ]uckvXytZißfn¬ hfsc thKwhnIkn®p. F∂m¬ ]m›mXytZißfn¬s]mXpsh kmh[m\amWv CShIkºZmbw hf¿∂Xv. tdmamt]msebp≈henb \Kcßfn¬ saXm≥ Xs∂bmWv Bcm[\mI¿Ωßƒ°p t\XrXzw \evInbncp∂Xv . sshZnI¿klmbnIfmbn h¿Øn®p. Hcp \KcØn¬ ]e tZhmebßƒD≠mbncp∂m¬ hnip≤ _enbn¬ A∏hpw ho™pwBin¿hZn®ncp∂Xv saXm≥ amXamWv. AXn\ptijwhn.Ip¿∫m\ a‰p ]≈nIfnte°v (HutZymKnI tZhmebØn¬\n∂v) sIm≠pt]mIp∂p. sshZnI\v hnip≤ hkvXp°ƒBio¿hZn°Wsa¶n¬ saXms‚ ]tXyIm\phmZwBhiyambncp∂p.

A©mw \q‰m≠mbt∏mƒ kvs]bn\nepw, ^m≥knepwIqSpX¬ ]mtZinItZhmebßƒ Db¿∂p h∂p. Chbvs°√mwsshZnIcpw ÿncambn \nban°s∏ńcp∂p.

A©mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\tØmsS Nne ]≈nIƒA¬ambcpsS ssIhiamIm≥ XpSßn. ]`p°∑m¿ kz¥ambn

k -bpsS LS\

05

k`-bpsS LS\ F]-Imcw cq]wsIm≠pF∂-XmWv Cu B≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

CShI

]Ya InkvXobkaqlßƒ cq]w sIm≠Xv\Kcßfnembncp∂p. ImeItaW Dƒ\mSpIfnte°pw k` hym]n®p. ‘]mtcmbn°nb’ F∂ Ko°p]ZØn¬ \n∂mWv CShI F∂ ¿∞ap≈ ]mcnjvF∂ hm°v cq]saSpØXv. Xo¿∞IcpsS kaqlw,ssZh`h\tØmSv ASpØh¿ F∂nhbmWvhmNym¿∞w. AXn\m¬ CShI F∂Xn\vClØn¬ Xo¿∞ Isct∏mse Pohn°p∂hcpsSkaqlw F∂ A¿∞w e`n®p.

ImeIaØn¬ k`bn¬ AwKßƒ h¿≤n®t∏mƒ IqSpX¬ Bcm[\mtIµßƒ Bhiyambn. tdman¬ Xs∂ Nne hoSpIƒ Cu BhiyØn\v D]tbmKn®p. kaqlØns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS tIµw C]Imcap≈ ]≈nIfmbncp∂p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

hn`P\ßƒ kzoIcn®p. ]m›mXy kÌfn¬ hn`P\w \S∂Xvhfsc sshInbmWv. ][m\Xeÿm\ ]´Wßfn¬ kÌƒBÿm\w Dd∏n®XpsIm≠v t]jnX]h¿Ø\w Ffp∏ambncp∂p. AXns\ØpS¿∂p ]pXnb k`mkaqlßƒ cq]wsIm≠p. Aßs\ amXrkÌfp≠mbn. AhnSsØ saXm≥amsc saXmt∏meoØmam¿ F∂p hnfn®ph∂p.

Hcp s]mhn≥knse saXm∑m¿ H∂n®pIqSn ][m\s∏´]iv\ßƒ N¿®sNøp∂ ]Xnhv c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂p. Cu ]Xnhv Bcw`n®Xv Gjymssa\dnemWsX. C]Imcap≈ ktΩf\ßƒ k`bpsS sFIyØn\pwkpÿn°pw ]tbmP\Icambncp∂p. s]mhn≥kv ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ Cu ktΩf\ßfpsS t\XrXzw saXmt∏meoØbmWv hln®ncp∂Xv. ]m›mXyk`bn¬ tdmansebpwIm¿tØPntebpw saXm∑mcmbncp∂p Cu s]mhn≥jy¬Kq∏pIfpsS t\Xm°∑m¿. ]uckvXykÌfnepw cmjvSobtaJemhn`P\coXn ]Xnên®ncp∂p. ]m›mXyk`bn¬,hSt° B^n°≥ s]mhn≥kpIIfnse saXm≥amsc√mwIm¿tØPn¬ ktΩfn®v N¿®Iƒ \SØnbncp∂p. tdmamAt¥ymIym, AeIvkm≠dnb F∂o tIµßfnsesaXm∑mcmbncp∂p k`bn¬ ][m\ ÿm\w hln®ncp∂Xv.

]mXobm¿°ok∑m¿

saXmt∏meoØmamcpsS Iognep≈ k`mkaqlßsf√mwH∂n®v Hcp henb kwLS\bv°v cq]w sImSp°m≥ aq∂mw\q‰m≠n¬ Nne iaßƒ \S∂p. ChsbbmWv ]mXnbm¿t°‰vF∂p ]dbp∂Xv. Hcp IpSpw_Ønt‚tbm tKmXØnt‚tbmXeh≥ F∂¿∞ØnemWv blqZ¿ ]mXnbm¿°m F∂ ]ZwD]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. ]gb \nbaØn¬ tKmXØeh∑m¿°pw]mXnbm¿°okv F∂ t]cp≠mbncp∂p. A_mlhpwbmt°m_pw ]mXnbm¿°okv F∂ t]cnemWv Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv.

Xncp`mNcnXØn¬ ]mXnbm¿°okn\v ]tXyIA¿∞ap≠v. BZy\q‰m≠pIfnse ][m\ ssIkvXhtIµßfmbncp∂p tdma, AeIvkm≠dnb, At¥ymIymXpSßnbh. ChnSsØ saXm∑m¿°v ]mXnbm¿°okv ÿm\we`n®ncp∂p. t]jnX]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v Cu tIµßƒ henb

]≈nIƒ ÿm]n®v sshZnIsc \nban®p h∂p. Cu kºZmbw]›na bqtdm∏n¬ Bcw`n®v ]n∂oSv, …mhn°vtZi°mcpsSCSbnte°p hym]n®p. ssIkvXthXc aXßfn¬\nehnencp∂ Nne kºZmbßfpsS A\pIcWambncn°mwCsX∂v IcpXp∂p. Ah¿ kz¥w sNehn¬ Bcm[\mebßƒ]WnIgn∏n®v ]qPmcnIsf \nban°pI ]Xnhp≠mbncp∂p.Aßs\ kvs]bn\nepw ^m≥knepw CShIIfpsS FÆwh¿≤n®p h∂p. kzImcy tZhmebßfnse hcpam\w DSaÿs‚AhImiamWv. AØcw ]≈nIfn¬ XncpI¿ΩßƒA\pjvTn°p∂ sshZnI\p iºfw \evInbncp∂XpwAh¿Xs∂bmWv. ]`p°∑mcpsS Iognep≠mbncp∂sshZnIcpsS ÿnXn ]cnXm]Icambncp∂p. Ah¿°v]et∏mgpw ]`phns‚ ]m¿izh¿ØnIfmbn ]h¿Ønt°≠nh∂p.

CShIIfpsS hym]vXn A\pkcn®v , BfpIfpsSkuIcyØn\mbn, CShImXn¿Ønbn¬ Xs∂ sNdnb]≈nIƒ ÿm]n®p h∂p. Ch It∏f, Hmd´dnF∂o t]cpIfn¬Adnbs∏ńcp∂p. Cu ]≈nIfnsem∂pw amtΩmZok\evInbncp∂n√. AXv CShI]≈nbn¬ amXta \SØnbncp∂p≈q. henb CShIbpsS t\XrXzw hln°p∂ sshZnIs\][m\ ]ptcmlnX≥ F∂p hnfn®ncp∂p.

t]mhn≥kv cq]X

Hcp \KcØnse hnizmknIƒ F√mw IqSn Hcp CShIbmbXpt]mse ]e CShIIƒ tN¿∂v Hcp s]mhn≥kp≠mbn.ssIkvXh aXw tdmamkmamPyØnse HutZymKnI aXambnAwKoIcn°s∏´t∏mƒ Xs∂ k`m`cWhpw cmPy`cWhpambnD‰_‘ap≠mbn. tdma≥ `cWIqSØn¬ \nehnencp∂`cWcoXn k`mt\Xm°fpw kzoIcn®p.

\nIymkq\ltZmkns‚ BdmasØ Imt\m\ ]pcmX\kÌfpsS taJemhn` P\ coXn sb∏‰n ]dbp∂p≠v. saXm\vHcp ]tXyItaJebn¬ A[nImcap≠mbncp∂p. saXm≥Xmakn°p∂ ÿeØns‚ t]cnemWv cq]X Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.tdma≥ kmamPyØnse s]mhn≥kpIfpsS Xeÿm\ßfmbncp∂p ssIkvXhkaqlØns‚ ]YatIµßƒ.]uckvXy kÌƒ aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ `cW]camb

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

Pdpktew

k`mXeØn¬ Pdpktean\v ]tXyI ]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂p. ]mekvXo\mbnse tIkdnb cq]XbpsS kam¥ccq]Xbmbncp∂pPdpktew. \nIykq\lmtZmkv Cu cq]Xbv°vNne ]tXyI \pIqeyßƒ A\phZn®psImSpØp. F∂m¬AXpsIm≠v Xr]vØns∏SmsX, Pdpkteanse Hcp]mXnbm¿t°‰mbn am‰Wsa∂v AhnSpsØ saXm≥am¿Bhiys∏´p. Ahkm\w Ah¿ AXn¬ hnPbn®p.Im¬knU¨ Iu¨kn¬ (451) ]mekvXo\mbnse aq∂ps]mhn≥kpIfpsS ta¬ Pdpktean\v A[nImcw \evIn.CXn\p ]pdsa At¥ymIy ]mXnbm¿°okns‚ Iognep≈Atd_ym, ^n\ojy, F∂o cq]XIfpsS ta¬ A[nImcwsNepØm≥ ians®¶nepw AXn¬ ]cmPbs∏´p. Ah Xncn®vAt¥ym°ym°v sImSpt°WASnh∂p.

tdmakmamPyØn\p ]pdØv t]¿jybnse k`mtIµambncp∂p skeqjy sÃkn^≥. ChnSsØ saXms∏meoØmBZyw ItØment°mkv F∂pw ]n∂oSv ]n∂oSv ]mXnbm¿°okv F∂pw Adnbs∏´p. `mcXk`bv°v t]¿jy≥ k`bpambn ASpØ _‘ap≠mbncp∂p. `mcXk`bpsS Xeh≥‘C¥y apgphs‚bpw saXmt∏meoØ’ F∂ t]cnemWvAdnbs∏ńcp∂Xv. ‘am¿tØmamInkvXym\nIƒ’ F∂ t]cmWv`mcXØnse BZysØ ssIkvXh kaolØn\p≠mbncp∂Xv.

]utcmlnXyw

BZnak`bpsS t\XrXzw A∏kvtXme∑mcn¬ Bbncp∂p.D∞m\w sNbvX Cutimaninl a\pjyh¿§sØ apgph≥kphntijadnbn°m\pw, \bn°phm\pw, ⁄m\kv\m\wsNøphm\pw Ahsc NpaXes∏SpØn Ab®p (aØmbn28:19˛20) Ahsc klmbn°m≥ ]hmNI∑mcpw ]t_m[I∑mcpw D≠mbncp∂p. (1 sImdn 12:28 \S]Sn 13:1 Ft^.4:11)P\ßsf ]Tn∏n°pIbpw D]tZin°pIbpambncp∂p AhcpsSNpaXe. ‘A∏kvtXe≥’ F∂ \maw sXcs™Sp°s∏´]¥≠pt]¿°p amXap≈ t]c√mbncp∂p. AhcpsSklmbnIsfbpw A∏kvtXme≥am¿ F∂p hnfn®ncp∂p.

]¶p hln®n´p≠v.

BZy\q‰m≠pIfn¬ ]mXnbm¿°okv kwhn[m\wk`bn¬ Gsd°psd Imcy£aambnØs∂ ]h¿Øn®p.][m\ tIµßfnse ]_ecmb ]mXnbm¿°okpam¿AhchcpsS kÌfpsS `cWØn¬ amXa√,km¿∆XnIk`bpsS s]mXpImcyßfnepw AXnbmbXmXv]cyw ImWn®p. .tdma, AeIvkm≠dnb, At¥ymIy,tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ, Pdpktew F∂o AXn][m\]mXnbm¿t°‰pIƒ k`bpsS s]≥dm°n (A©v A[nImctIµßƒ) F∂mWv Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv. Chcn¬]apJÿm\w tdmanse ]mXnbm¿°okn\mbncp∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ

\memw \q‰m≠mcw`Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ sslcm¢nb AXncq]XbpsS Hcp kam¥cq]Xbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬324˛¬ tIm¨Ãss‚≥ NIh¿Øn tdmans‚ Xeÿm\wtIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnte°p am‰nbt∏mƒ ]pXnbtdmam F∂t]cn¬ Cu \Kcw Adnbs∏Sphm≥ XpSßn. H∂mwtIm¨Ãm t\m∏nƒ Iu¨kn¬ (381) CXn\v]mXnbm¿°okpamcpsS Iq´Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\w \evIn.Im¬kntUm¨ Iu¨ knens‚ 28˛masØ Imt\m\mbpwCXv AwKoIcn®pd∏n®p. F∂m¬ tdmanse t]m∏v setbmH∂ma≥ (440˛461) CXp kzoIcn®ncp∂n√.Im¬kntUmWns‚ 28˛mw Im\≥ AkzoImcyamsW∂pam¿]m∏ ]Jym]ns®¶nepw ItaW Cu Imt\m\s]mXpsh AwKoIrXambn. 1438˛¬ \S∂ ^vtfmd≥kvIu¨kn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfns‚ c≠mw ÿm\who≠pw Dd∏n®p.

Bdmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnse]mXnbm¿ °okns\ F°pta\n°¬ ]mXnbm¿°okvF∂p hnfn®p XpSßn t]m∏v KnKdn (590˛604) Cu ]ZhnsbFXn¿Øp sh¶nepw, NIh¿ØnbpsS AwKoImctØmsSAXp] tbmKn®pt]m∂p. Gjymssa\¿ apgph\nepwtIm¨Ãm‚n t\m∏nfn\v cWm[nImcw D≠mbncp∂p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

\nebn¬ _lpam\n°pIbpw `cWm[n]≥ F∂ \nebn¬klmbn°pIbpw thWw.

\memw \q‰m≠p apX¬ saXms\ Xncs™Sp°m\p≈AhImiw ASpØ ]tZißfnse saXm∑m¿°v e`n®p.AhcpsS ÿm\w IqSpX¬ \nbXhpw hy‡hpambn \nIy,Im¬knU¨ F∂o kp\lmtZmkpIfpsS Xocpam\Øns‚shfn®ØnemWv saXm≥ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ hyXnbm\ßƒhcpØnbXv. saXm∑msc Xncs™Sp°phm≥ s]mhn≥knsea‰p saXm∑m¿°p A[nImcw e`n®psh¶nepw P\ßfpsSA`n]mbw IW°nseSpØncp∂p. Uo°∑msc Ab®vP\ßfpsS A`n]mbw Adn™Xn\p tijamWvs]mfn°m¿∏ns\ saXm\mbn sXcs™SpØXv. F∂At±lØns‚ PohNcnXØn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v. P\ßƒ HcmsfsaXm\mbn kzoIcn°m≥ hnkΩXn®m¬, At±lw Hcpkm[mcW sshZnIs‚ ]Zhnbnte°v Xncn®pt]mIWw F∂vA≥Notdm (314) ]mtZinI Iu¨knens‚ 18˛mw Imt\m\Iev]n°p∂p≠v.

Hcp saXm≥ Hcp ÿeØp \nbanX\mbm¬ At±lwAhnSw hn´pt]mIm≥ ]mSn√. Ae™p \S∂ncp∂saXm∑mtcbpw sshZnIscbpw \nb¥n°m≥ Iu¨knepIƒ\nbaßƒ D≠m°n. cq]XIƒ ssIamdphm≥ A\phmZan√mbncp∂p. Hcmsf saXm\mbn \nban®p Ign™m¬sshZnIKWtØmSpIqSn XncpI¿Ωßfn¬ Im¿ΩnI\mIWw.t]mhn≥kns‚ Xeh\mb saXmt∏meoØmbpsS\nb¥WØn≥Iognembncn°Ww saXm≥ hym]cnt°≠Xv.hnip≤ A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS Imt\m\Ifn¬ 15˛mwImt\m\bn¬ saXmt\m, BNmcyt\m, Uo°t\m, XßfpsSÿeØp\n∂v amdnt∏mIphm≥ ]mSn√ F∂p Iev]n°p∂p≠v.saXms‚ ÿm\Øn\SpØ Kuchw BZna k` Iev]n®ncp∂p.saXms‚ ISaIsfbpw tbmKyXIsfbpw]‰n A∂v icnbmbt_m[yap≠mbncp∂p F∂mWv CXn¬ \n∂p sXfnbp∂Xv.AtbmKysc saXm≥ÿm\Øp ]XnjvTn°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂p\n¿_‘w ]nSn®Xpw CXpaqeamWv. AXpt]mse _‘p°sf]n≥KmanIfmbn \nban°p∂ ]Xnhp≠mbncp∂Xpw \memw\q‰m≠n¬ \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXp. cmjvSobm[nImcnIfpsSCSs]Sepw k` \nb¥n®p.

k`mNcnXImc\mb Fhptk_nbkv At±lØns‚KŸamb k`mNcnXØns‚ aq∂mw ]pkvXIØn¬ 37˛mwA≤ymbØn¬, A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS ]n≥KmanIfmbkphntijI∑mcpsS t]cpIƒ FXsb∂v hnhcn°m≥]bmkamWv F∂p ]dbp∂p. ]pdPmXnIfpsS CSbn¬ ,k`bpsS inip]mbØn¬ saXm∑mcpw , s]kv_n‰d≥amcpw,Uo°∑mcpw kphntijthebn¬ G¿s∏ńcn°p∂XpImWmw.F∂m¬ k` hf¿∂p h∂tXmsS kphntijI¿ t]mep≈ÿm\ßƒ \maamXambn. k`sb \bn°phm≥ saXm∑m¿\nbanXcmbn. (\S]Sn 20:28) A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS ImeSnIƒ]n¥pS¿∂v AhcpsS I¿Ω]≤Xn Xs∂ XpScpIbmbncp∂pChcpsS ISa. A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS Hcp injy\mb tdmansbhn.s¢a‚ v sImdn¥ym°m¿°v FgpXp∂ Hcp teJ\Øn¬(G.Un.96) Cu hkvXpX hy‡am°p∂p. Uo°∑mtcbpw\Kcßfnepw Kmaßfnepw \nban®p. Ch¿ acn°ptºmƒAwKoImcap≈ hy‡nIƒ Bÿm\w Gs‰Sp°Wsa∂v\nbahpw D≠m°n. ItaW k`bn¬ Hcp `cWIaw cq]wsIm≠p. AXns‚ ta¬t\m´w B[y£yw hln®XvsaXm∑mcmbncp∂p.

taet\zjI¿

c≠mw \q‰m≠mbt∏mƒ saXm∑mcpsS ÿm\w Ipsd°qSnhy‡ambn. kaqlØns‚ Xeh\mbn´mWv ChnsS saXms\ImWp∂Xv. hnizmknIfpsS kaqlØns‚ Kpcphpw, t\Xmhpw,CSb\pw IqZmiIfpsS Im¿ΩnI\pambn saXm≥\ntbmKn°s∏Sp∂p. At±lw kaqlØns‚ tIµambn\nesIm≠p. saXms\ P\ßƒ Xs∂ sXcs™Sp°WwF∂mWv lnt∏mfn‰kv(235) ]dbp∂Xv. P\ßƒ°v CjvSap≈Hcmsf sXcs™SpØv ]ns‰ Rmbdmgv® BNmcy∑mcptSbpwASpØp≈ saXm∑mcptSbpw km∂n≤yØn¬ H∂n®p IqSp∂p.saXm∑m¿ \nbp‡ saXms‚ ta¬ ssIh®p ]m¿∞n°p∂p,ssZhta Atß APKWsØ ]men°m\mbn saXm≥ÿm\tØ°p sXcs™SpØncn°p∂ AßbpsS Cu Zmks\A\pKln°Wsa. kaqlØns‚ ][m\nbpw ]pXnbCktbens‚ ]ptcmlnX\pamb saXms‚ t\XrXzw P\ßƒAwKoIcn°Ww. ssZhhN\w ]kwKn°m\pw hymJym\n°m\pw saXm\v A[nImcw D≠v. ]nXmhpw amXmhpw F∂

Xncp`m NcnXw

48 49

Xncp`m NcnXw

k`mku[Øns‚ I√pIfmbn NnXoIcn°p∂p (3˛mw Z¿i\w)

Uo°≥

Uo°≥ F∂m¬ tkhI≥ F∂mW¿∞w. k`bn¬Uo°≥ÿm\w D≠mbncp∂Xmbn A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS\S]Snbn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v. (\S]Sn 6:1˛6) Uo°≥ saXms‚kl]h¿ØI\mbncp∂p(^nen. 1:1) hn.]utemkns‚teJ\ßfn¬ Uo°∑msc∏‰nbp≈ ]cma¿ißƒ ImWmw.sImdn¥ym°m¿°p≈ H∂mw teJ\Øn¬ tkhI≥ (1sImdn16:16 ) F∂pw sXktemWnb°m¿°p≈ H∂mw teJ\Øn¬thesNøp∂h¿ (1 sXk 5:12) F∂pw ImWp∂p≠v. Chc≠pw H∂mtWm F∂p hy‡a√.

Znbs°mtWmkv F∂ ]ZamWv tkhI≥ F∂A¿∞Øn¬ D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. `£WkabØv tai°SpØp\n∂v `£Ww hnfºns°mSp°p∂Xns\bmWv Cu ]Zw][m\ambpw [z\n∏n®ncn°p∂Xv.

InkvXobZuXysØ tkh\w F∂v ]pXnb \nbaØn¬s]mXpsh hntijn∏n°p∂ps≠¶nepw tkh\Øn\mbn]tXyI hy‡nIsf \nban®ncp∂p F∂v \mw t\csØI≠pht√m. Pdpktean¬ Xmakn®ncp∂ hn[hIfpsSImcyØn¬ i≤n°p∂Xn\pw Ahsc ipiqjn°p∂Xn\pwth≠n A∏kvtXme∑m¿ Ggpt]sc sXcs™SpØv AhcpsSta¬ ssIh®p ]m¿∞n®p (\S]Sn 6:1˛6). saXm≥ Ign™m¬ASpØ ÿm\amWv Uo°\p≠mbncp∂Xv. hn.]utemkvXntamØn°p≈ teJ\Øn¬ (G.Un 65) Hcp Uo°\p≠mbncnt°≠ tbmKyXIƒ hnhcn°p∂p≠v. (1Xntam.3:8˛13)Chsc hnizmknIfpsS CSbn¬ \n∂p Xs∂bmWvXncs™SpØncp∂Xv.

h\nXm Uo°¿

Uo°∑msc klmbn°m≥ h\nXmUo°scbpwBZnak`bn¬ \nban®ncp∂p. Ft^kqknse k`bn¬h\nXmUo°¿ D≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿ Uo°∑mcptSbpwsaXm∑mcptSbpw `mcyamc√. (Nne a≤yiXI ]WvUnX∑m¿Aßs\ [cn®ncp∂p) hnZhItfmsSm∏w k`mtkh\w\SØnbncp∂hcmWv. tdmam°m¿°p≈ teJ\Øn¬hnb]utemkv Hcp h\nXbpsS tkh\sØ ]iwkn®p

BNmcy∑m¿

taet\zjI (saXm≥) tcmsSm∏w ImWp∂ A[nImcÿm\nIfmWv BNmcy∑m¿. blqZkaqlØns‚ t\Xmhns\Cu t]cpsIm≠mWv hnfn®ncp∂Xv. hfsc ]pcmX\amWvBNmcyÿm\w. Ckmtb¬ P\X Im\m≥ tZiØp h∂tijw AhcpsS BNmcy≥amcpsS ktΩf\ßƒ \SØnbncp∂Xmbn ]gb \nbaØn¬ ImWmw. alm]ptcmlnX∑mcptSbpw\nba⁄∑mcptSbpw km∂n≤yØn¬ Pdpktean¬BNmcy∑m¿°v henb ÿm\an√mbncp∂p. Jpa vdm≥kaqlØns‚ CSbnepw BNmcy∑m¿ D≠mbncp∂p. AhcpsSÿm\w ]ptcmlnX∑mcpsS Iognembncp∂p (IQS 68˛10)blqZ∑mcpsS CSbn¬ kn\tKmKns‚ ta¬t\m´whln®ncp∂Xv BNmcy∑mcmbncp∂p. BZnak`bnepw CublqZ]mcºcyw hfscb[nIw kzm[o\w sNepØnbn´p≠v.BNmcy∑mcpsS \nba\sØ∏‰n hnip≤KŸØn¬ H∂pw]dbp∂n√. F∂m¬ Pdpktew k`bpsS ]Xn\n[n F∂\nebv°v BNmcy∑msc ]pXnb \nbaØn¬ ImWp∂p. Hcp]t£ CXv Pdpkteanse BNmcy∑m¿ InkvXpaXwkzoIcn®tXmsS AhcpsS ÿm\w k`bn¬ XpS¿∂vt]mIp∂Xmbncn°mw.

k`m≤y£\pw (taet\zjI≥) BNmcy\pw XΩnep≈hyXymkw BZyImeßfn¬ AX hy‡ambncp∂n√. ImcWw,F∏nkvtImt∏mkv ]kv_nØtdmkv F∂o ]Zßƒkam\m¿∞Ißfmbn ]tbmKn®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ H∂mw\q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®ncp∂ hn.Ct·jykv (110) taet\zjIs‚ÿm\w hy‡am°p∂p≠v. taet\zjIs‚ t\XrXzØne√msX _en A¿∏Ww ]mSn√F∂t±lw ]dbp∂p≠v.CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Imcyw hy‡amIp∂p. taet\zjI¿(k`m≤y£≥) A∏kvtXme∑mcpsS ]n≥KmanIfmbncp∂p.hn.s¢a‚ v (92˛101) Xs‚ teJ\ßfn¬ taet\zjIcpwBNmcy∑mcpw hyXykvXcmbn ]dbp∂n√. ]tXyIn®v 44˛mwteJ\Øn¬, Nnet∏mƒ Ah kam\m¿∞IßfmbnD]tbmKn°p∂p≠v(44:4˛5). s]mfn°m¿∏v ^nen∏nb¿°vFgpXnb A©pw Bdpw teJ\ßfn¬ BNmcys‚ISaIsf∏‰nbpw ÿm\alXzsØ∏‰nbpw ]dbp∂p≠v.sl¿aknse CSbs‚ Z¿i\ßfn¬ BNmcy∑msc

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

ssIImcyw sNøp∂ BfpIƒ kvXokwk¿§w h¿÷n°Wsa∂v Bhiys∏Sp∂p≠v. ko\mbvaeapIfn¬ \n∂p aqiCdßn h∂p P\ßtfmSm⁄m]n®p: aq∂mw ZnhktØ°pXømdmbn \n∂p sIm≈phn≥, kvXoIsf kao]n°pIbpwAcpXv (]pd 19:15) kvXoIfpambn thgv® \SØcpXv F∂hyhÿbnemWv ZmhoZn\pw A\pbmbnIƒ°pw hnip≤ A∏w\evInbXv (1 kmaq 21:4) _enb¿∏WØn\papºv blqZ]ptcmlnX¿ ssewKnI_‘ßfn¬ \n∂v amdn\n∂ncp∂p.acn°pI ]m]ambn´mWv blqZ¿ IcpXnbncp∂Xv. AXn\m¬Bcpw AhnhmlnXcmbn Ignbm≥ CjvSs∏ń√.

Fo≥ kaqlØn¬

Fo≥ kaqlØn¬ _“Ncyw A\pjvTn®ncp∂ BfpIƒD≠mbncp∂Xmbn NcnXImc\mb ntem ]dbp∂p. AhcpsSCSbn¬ hnhmlnXcpw D≠mbncp∂Xmbn blqZ NcnXImc\mb ^vfmhnbqkv tPmk^v ]dbp∂p≠v. Bfl\nb¥WØn\v gfsc ]m[m\yw Iev∏n®ncp∂psh∂pw, Hcp ]tNyI]mbw Ign™h¿ ssewKnI_‘ßfn¬ \n∂v ]cn]q¿ÆambnAI∂p \n∂ncp∂psh∂pw A`n]mbap≠v.

Jpavdm≥ kaqlØn¬

Nmhp ISen\p kao]w k\ymkPohnXw \bn®ncp∂ Hcp]tXyI kaqlamWv Jpavdm≥. InkvXphn\v apºv \nehnencp∂Hcp kaqlamWnXv F∂v KthjWßƒ sXfnbn°p∂p≠v.F∂m¬ IrXyw Ime\n¿Æbw km≤ya√ ASpØImeØvI≠pInńb NmhpIS¬ NpcpfpIƒ ChcpsS PohnXØnte°vshfn®w hnip∂p≠v. aqibpsS \nbaßƒ A\pkcn®pPohn®ncp∂hcmWv Ch¿. Cu kaqlØn¬ _“NmcnIsfamXta ]thin∏n®ncp∂p≈q F∂pw hnhmlw Ign®h¿°p]tXyIw ÿew G¿s∏SpØn sImSpØncp∂psh∂pw]dbs∏Sp∂p.

]pXnb \nbaØn¬

InkvXphpw AhnSpsØ injy≥amcn¬ Nnecpw_“NmcnIfmbncp∂p. _“NcyPohnXsØ kphntijßfnepw hn.]utemkns‚ teJ\ßfnepw «mLn°p∂p≠v. (eq°18:29:aØm 19:12 1 sImdn 7:8, 7;32˛33)

]dbp∂p≠v. (tdma 16:1˛2) kvXoIfpsS Bhiyßƒi≤n°m\mWv h\nXIsf ]tXyIn®v \ntbmKn®ncp∂Xv.kvXoIƒ°v amtΩmZok \evIptºmƒ Hcp kobmWv AhsfssXew ]qti≠Xv F∂v UnUmkvImenbbn¬ ]dbp∂p≠v.Hcp I\yItbm hnizkvXbpw am\ybpamb Hcp hn[htbmBbncn°Ww Ahƒ F∂v A∏kvtXme tIm¨Ãn‰yqj≥A`n]mbs∏Sp∂p. Cßs\sbms°bmbncp∂psh¶nepwh\nXmUo°sc ]≈nbpsS Imcyßƒ t\m°m≥ A\phZn®ncp∂n√. ethmUns®bm Iu¨kn¬ Cu Imcyw ]tXyIwFSpØp]dbp∂p≠v. Ah¿°p AflmbcpsS ÿm\taD≠mbncp∂p≈q.

sshZnI]cnioe\w

InkvXp A∏kvtXme∑msc ]Tn∏n®Xpt]mse A∏kvtXme∑m¿ XßfpsS injy≥amscbpw ]cnioen∏n®p. tbmKycmbhsc amXsa ][m\ ÿm\ßfn¬ \nban®ncp∂p≈q.BZyImeßfn¬ sshZnIÿm\m¿∞nIsf ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xn\v aX]T\imeIƒ D]tbmKn®pt]m∂p. kaqlambnsshZnI]cnioe\w \SØnbncp∂Xmbn hnip≤ AKÃn\pwsh¿sN√nbnse saXm\mb Fhptkhnbkpw (+307)]dbp∂p≠v. ]mbhpw ]cn⁄m\ap≈h¿ Cu ÿm]\ßfn¬A≤ym]\w \SØnbncp∂p. sshZnIÿm\tØ°v bphm°∑msc ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xn\v kvs]bn\nepw Cu ImeL´Øn¬]tXyIÿm]\ßƒ D≠mbncp∂sX. ImeIaØn¬k\ymkmiaßƒ sshZnIÿm\m¿∞nIsf ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xn\v D]tbmKn®p XpSßn. Biam[nImcnIfmbncp∂pAhnsS A≤ym]I¿.

]mbhpw ]IzXbpw ]cn⁄m\hpw D≈ sshZnI¿sshZnIhnZym¿∞nIsf IqsS Ømakn∏n®v ]cnioe\w\evInbncp∂ ]Xnhv `mcXØnse am¿tØmamInkvXym\nIfpsS CSbn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. Cßs\ ]cnioe\w\evInbcp∂hsc aev]m∑m¿ F∂mWv hnfn®ncp∂Xv. mcXobkwkv°mcØneSnbpd® KpcpIpe kºZmbambncp∂p CXv.

sshZnI_“Ncyw ]gb\nbaØn¬

Ckmtb¬°m¿ _“Ncyw A\pjvSn®ncp∂Xmbnhnip≤KŸØn¬ ImWp∂n√. F∂m¬ hnip≤ hkvXp°ƒ

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

hnip≤ hkvXp°ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Imeßfn¬

]ptcmlnX≥ hnc‡n]men°p∂Xv bp‡amWv F∂v

Iu¨kn¬ \n¿t±in°p∂p. AXpt]mse hnhmlnX≥

saXm\mbm¬ At±lØns‚ `mcy Hcp aTØn¬ tNcWw.

`mcXk`bn¬

]uckvXy]mcºcyamWv ChnsSbpw 16˛mw \q‰m≠phsc\nehnencp∂Xv. tIcfØn¬ hnhmlnXcmb sshZnIcp≠mbncp∂p. ]p\¿hnhmlw A\phZn®ncp∂n√. 1583˛¬ A¶amenbn¬ IqSnb kq\lmtZmkn¬ ]m›mXyanj\dnamcpsSt]cWbm¬ am¿ F_lmw _“Nmcyw \nbaam°m≥ians®¶nepw AXp \S∏mbn√. F∂m¬ 1599˛¬ tKmhsaXmt∏meoØ hnfn®pIqńb DZbwt]cq¿ kq\lmtZmkvtIcfk`bn¬ sshZnI_“Ncy\nbaw I¿i\am°n. AXpewLn°p∂h¿°v I¿i\amb in£Ifpw \evInbncp∂p.1696˛¬ tdmkv saXm≥ _“Ncy\nbaw ]m_eyØn¬hcpØm≥ ian®p. 17˛mw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn tIcfk`bn¬ AXp]m_eyØnembn. Aßs\ ]uckvXy ]mcºcyap≈tIcfk`bnepw ]m›mXyk`bnse _“Ncy\nbaßƒ\S∏nembn. AItØmen°cmb am¿tØmam InkvXym\nIƒ]pcmX\ ]mcºcyw Ct∏mgpw XpScp∂p.

k`bnse ]ptcmlnX∑m¿ _“Ncyw A\pjvTn°Wsa∂vhnip≤KŸØn¬ HcnSØpw ]dbp∂n√. adn®v saXm∑m¿°vHcp `mcytb BImhq F∂p hnip≤ ]utemkv \n¿t±in°p∂p≠v. (1 Xntam 3:1˛16). F¥psIm≠v Hcp kvXosb Iq´Øn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn°qS F∂v ]utemkv tNmZn°p∂XpImWmw. (1 sImdn.9:5) hnip≤ ]utemkv hy‡n]cambnAhnhmlnX PohnXamWv BKln®ncp∂Xv. ]utemkv«olmbpsS hy‡n]camb A`n]mbw ImeIaØn¬ ]ecpw\nbaambn a\nem°n. F∂m¬ BZnak`bn¬ _“Ncyw\nehnencp∂Xmbn ]tXyI sXfnhpIƒ C√.

\memw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`ØnemWv _“Ncyw Hcp\nbaambn cq]w sIm≈p∂Xv. 306˛¬ kvs]bn\nseF¬hocbn¬ IqSnb ]mtZinI Iu¨knen¬ sshZnI¿hnc‡ PohnXw \bn°Wsa∂v Iev]n®p. \nIy kp\ltZmkn¬ (325) h®v Cu \nbaw km¿∆XnI k` apgph\nepw_m[Iam°m≥ ]cnians®¶nepw ]nXm°∑m¿ CXns\FXn¿°pIbp≠mbn. Xo_vknse ]mw^v\pknbkv FXn¿ØhcpsS Iq´Øn¬s∏´bmfmWv. hnhmlnXsc sshhmlnIPohnXØn¬\n∂v am‰pXv F∂pw, sshZnI\mb tijw hnhmlwA\phZn°cpXv F∂pw At±lw A`n]mbs∏´p.

]uckvXykÌfn¬

]uckvXykÌƒ \nIykp\ltZmkns‚ \nbaßtfmSv

_‘s∏´p\n∂p. 5˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ \s√mcp `mKw hnhm

lnXcmb ]ptcmlnX¿ ]uckvXy kÌfn¬ D≠mbncp∂p.

486˛se skeqjy≥ Iu¨kn¬ k\ymknIƒ amXw

_“NcyPohnXw \bn®m¬ aXnsb∂v \n›bn®p. CShI

sshZnIcpsS CSbn¬ _“Ncy\nbaw \S∏nemt°≠Xn√

F∂v Iu¨kn¬ \njv°¿jn®ncp∂p.

692˛se Spt≈m Iu¨kn¬ _v]“NcysØ°pdn®v Nne

Xocpam\ßƒ FSpØn´p≠v. AXn≥]Imcw ]´w kzoIcn®

tijw sshZnI¿°v hnhmlw A\phZn®ncp∂n√. F∂m¬

`mcysb am‰n Xmak∏n°p∂Xns\∏‰n ]uckvXy ]nXm°

∑m¿°v A\pIqeamb A`n]mba√mbncp∂p. hnhmlnXcmb

sshZnI¿°v sshhmlnI_‘w \ntj[n®ncp∂n√. F∂m¬

Xncp`m NcnXw

54 55

Xncp`m NcnXw

fmWp ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ. ]m›mXy kmam-Py-Øn-teXp]m›mXy k`-Ifpw. ]uc-kvXy-km-am-Py-Øn¬ \nc-h[n k`-Iƒ kwPm-X-ambn. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-h-bmWv Ae-Ivkm≥Unb , At¥ymIy, Pdp-ktew , tIm¨kv‰m‚nt\m∏nƒF∂n-h.

tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn\p ]pdØpw A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m¿ k`-Iƒÿm]n-®p. tXmam-«o-l-bm¬ kwÿm-]n-X-amb `mc-X-k` CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Ime-I-taW ]m›mXy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-SmØdoØp-Iƒs°√mw ]uckvXy k`-I-sf∂ t]cv ]m_-ey-Øn¬h∂p. Cß-s\-bmWp t]¿jy-bn-sebpw `mc-X-Øn-sebpw k`-Ifpw ]uckvXy k -I-fm-b-Xv. ]uckvXy tdmam kmam-Py-Ønsek`-Iƒ ÿm]n® CX-c-k-`-Iƒ°pw Cu t]cp Xs∂ e`n-®p.

doØ-pIƒ

]mtZ-inIkÌ-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-Iaw ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWpdoØp-Iƒ hf¿∂-Xv. k`-bpsS kIe Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øn-t‚bpwDd-hn-Shpw tIµhpw A¥ym-Øm-g-Øn¬ InkvXp ÿm]n® Znhy-_-en-bmWv. ‘CXp \nßƒ Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn sNøp-hn≥’F∂ InkvXp-hns‚ A\p-im-k-\-a-\p-k-cn®v BZn-a-In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ H∂n-®p-IqSn A∏w apdn-°p-Ibpw (1sImdn 10:16; \S.2.42 )Hcp-an®v ]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒs°m-∂n\pw hyIvXhpw hyh-ÿnXhpamb Ia-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kwJy h¿≤n-®-tXmsS ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°pw A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°pw \n›n-Xhpwhyh-ÿm-]n-X-hp-amb cq]w \evtI-≠-Xm-bn-h∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Bcm-[-\-I-a-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n\pwA©mw \q‰m-≠n\panS-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ ]mtZ-in-I-k-`-Iƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o\w sNepØn hnip-≤cpw]WvUn-X-cp-amb k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ BNm-c-hn-[n-Ifpw Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-bp-sa√mw kºp-jvS-am°n. Cßs\ Hmtcm k`-bnepwcq]w sIm≠ Bcm-[-\m-I-a-Øn-\mWv dosØ∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. Imt\m-\nI ]m¿∞\, _en-b¿∏Ww, IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, t\mºv, D]-hmkw F∂n-h-sb√mw doØn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.F∂m¬ Ime-I-a-Øn¬ ssZhm-ebw, AXnse kwhn-[m\w,`c-W-coXn, Xncp-h-kvX-ßƒ, sshZn-I-]-©mwKw, Imt\m-\-\-a-kv°mcw, sshZn-I-cp-tSbpw saXm-∑m-cp-tSbpw, thj- q-jm-[n-IƒCh-sb√mw doØns‚ A¿∞-hym-]vXn-bn-¬s∏´p. F∂m¬

]uckvXy k -Iƒ

06

]cn-ip-≤m-cq-]n-bm¬ ]cn-]q-cn-X-cmb InkvXpinjy¿ B kZzm¿Ø Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw t]mbn. Ah¿ kphn-tijw ]tLm-jn-°p-Ibpw k`-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.Aßs\ hnhn[ A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cn-eqsS ]e]mtZ-in-I-k- -Iƒ cq]-sa-SpØp. Cu k -Iƒ tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn-\-IØp ]e-bn-SØpw a¿±n-°-s∏- p-sh-¶nepw AXn-s\-sb√mw AXn-Po-hn®v hf¿∂p hnI-kn-®p. kmam-Py-Ønse kmw-kv°m-cnI tIµ-ßƒI-taW k`m-`-c-W-tI-µ-ß-fp-am-bn.

]uckvXyw ˛]m›mXyw

]uc-kvXy-sa∂ kw⁄ tdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ thWw a\-n-em-°p-hm≥. G.Un293˛¬ Ub-¢o-j≥ NI-h¿Øn tdmam-km-am-PysØ\mep ]hn-iy-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®p. 395˛¬ AXp c≠m-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw. ]uc-kvXy-km-am-Py-Øn¬ hf¿∂p hnI-kn® k`-I-

Xncp`m NcnXw

56 57

Xncp`m NcnXw

Ah-bpsS Bhn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ sshhn[yw Bh-iy-am-Wv.ImcWw ÿe-Im-e-]-cn-tXm-h-ÿ-Iƒ°-\p-k-cWw k` ]p\-c-h-X-cn-∏n-s®-¶nte k`bv°p ]k-‡nbpw Poh\pw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sq. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ Hcp ]tXyI doØn¬ amXw HXp°n\n¿Øm-hp-∂-X√ hnip≤ ]mc-ºcyw (Divine frasition ) hnhn[doØp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv k`-bpsS hnip≤ ]mc-ºcyßƒ A`w-Kpcw ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-SpI. ssZhw Bhn-jv°-cn-®n- p≈ k -bpsS(Revealed) ktµiw hnip≤ enJn-X-Øn-eps≠¶nepw AXpk`m ]mc-º-cy-Øn-eqsS PohnX \nb-a-am°n ssIkvX-h¿ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂p. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-tcmSpw BZn-a-In-kvXym-\n-I-tfmSpw \sΩ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ I\-I-ir-J-e-bmWv doØp-Iƒ A\p-kyqXw kwc-£n-°p∂ hnip≤ ]mc-ºcyw. k`-bpsSHutZym-KnI]t_m-[-\-ß-sf-∏‰n B[n-Im-cnI \nK-a-\-Øn-se-tØ≠ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch-sb-°p-dn®v hnhn[ doØp-I-fpsS]mc-ºcyw F¥p ]d-bp-∂p-sh∂v Xncp-` kkq£vaw ]Tn-°p-∂p.

hnhn[ doØp-Iƒ k`-bpsS sFIyw `⁄n-°p-I-b√, ]men-°p-I-bmWv sNøpI. ImcWw Xncp--`-bnse sFIyw _mly-amb sFI-cq]w (uniformity) Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hnip≤ enJnXw,hnizmkw . k∑m¿§w, ssZhn-Im-[n-Im-cw, IqZm-i-Iƒ Ch-bn-se√mw sFIy-ap≈ hnhn[ doØp-Iƒ Ah-bpsS Bhn-jv°-c-W-co-Xn-I-fn¬ amXw sshhn[yw ]pe¿Øp-∂p. Cu hnhn-[Xzwk`-bpsS sFIysØ XI¿°p-I-b√, ]XypX ]Xy-£-am-°p-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. (]uc-kvXy-k` art. 2 ) hØn-°m≥Iu¨kn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

]uckvXy k`m]mc-ºcyw A`wKw kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂p]d-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w, Imem-\p-kr-X-amb hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpwHmtcm k -bv°p-ap-≠m-h-W-sa∂pw Iu¨kn¬ BK-ln-°p-∂p.(]u-ckvXy k` art. 2). At∏mƒ A\p-cq-]-W-ßƒ BhiyamWv;am‰-am-h-iy-am-Wv. ssNX-\yhpw Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw k -bpsS A¥-k-Ø-bn-epƒs°m-≈p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. ImcWw am‰-Øn-eq-sStb bYm¿∞ ]ptcm-KXn km[n-°q. At∏m-ƒ a\p-jys\Ahs‚ kmI-ey-X-bnepw kz`m-h-ssh-Pm-Xy-ß-fnepw ap∂n¬I≠psIm≠v doØp-I-fn¬ kPo-h-amb A\p-cq-]-W-ßƒ hcp-tØ-≠Xv C∂sØ Bh-iy-am-Wv. tIhew ipjvIhpw D]-cn-π-h-hp-amb am‰-ßƒsIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-Sm-\m-hn√. en‰¿Pn-sb-°p-

‘doØv’ F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ hnh-£n-Xm¿∞w CXnepw hn]p-e-amWv.Hcp P\-Xn-bpsS Bcm-[-\-I-ahpw, Im\m≥ \nb-ahpw, `c-W-Iq-Shpw amX-a-√, B P\sØ Xs∂ ‘doØv ’ F∂ ]ZwsIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ ]uckvXy doØp-Iƒ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv ]uckvXy k`-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. A©mw\q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn, Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ hnhn[doØp-Iƒ hy‡-cq]w ssIs°m-≠p. hnhn[ ssIkvX-h-tI-µ-ßƒ B-ÿm-\-am°n hf¿∂p h∂ Cu doØp-Iƒ°p t\XrXzw\evIn-bn-cp-∂Xv AXXp tIµ-ß-fnse saXm≥am-cmWv. ]mXn-bm¿°okv F∂ ÿm\-t]-cn-em-bn-cp∂p ][m\ ]mtZ-inIk`m-tI-µ-ß-fnse saXm-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv.

doØp-I-fpsS hn -P\w

]m›m-Xy-doØv

]m›m-Xy-tdm-am-km-am-Py-Øn¬ tcma≥, Km≈n-°≥, Awt_m-kn-b≥, samm-d-_n-°v, F∂n-ßs\ ]e ]mtZ-inI doØp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw, tdmans‚ ]m[m-\yhpw kΩ¿±hpw h¿≤n-®p-h-∂-tXmsS tdma≥ doØp-Xs∂ ]m›mXycmPy-ß-fn¬ apgp-h≥ hym]n-°p-Ibpw CX-c-]m-tZ-inIdoØp-Iƒ £bn®v tdma≥doØns‚ mK-ambnØocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C]-Imcw sam-d-_nIv,Km≈n-°¬, Awt_m-kn-b≥, F∂o doØp-Iƒ C∂p \ma-am-X-ambn Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. tdma≥ doØpw,]m›mXy doØpw , eØo≥doØpw Ct∏mƒ H∂p Xs∂

]uckvXy doØv

]uckvXy tdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚ ÿnXn XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS doØp-Iƒ kzX-¥-am-bn hf¿∂p.H∂ns‚ hf¿® as‰m-∂ns\ hnLm-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. ][m-\-ambnBcm-[-\-I-a-]-c-ambn Ae-Ivkm≥Un-b≥, At¥ym-Iy≥,ss_k-ss‚≥, I¬Zmb, A¿ta-\n-b≥ F∂n-ßs\ A©p][m\ ]uckvXydoØp-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.

doØp-I-fpsS ]m[m\yw

doØp-I-fpsS sshhn[yw k`-bpsS km¿∆-Xn-I-X-bpsSbpwkmwkv°m-cn-tIm-ZvK-Ÿ-Øn-s‚bpw AS-bm-f-am-Wv. doØv Hcp]mtZ-inI k`-bpsS amX-a√ k`-bpsS apgp-h≥ s]mXp-kz-Øm-Wv. XØz-ß-fnepw ]t_m-[-\-ß-fnepw k` H∂m-sW-¶nepw

Xncp`m NcnXw

58 59

Xncp`m NcnXw

CuPn]vXnse k`m≤y£\v ]m∏ F∂ ÿm\t]cp≠mbncp∂p. tdmambnse saXm≥ Ign™m¬ ssIkvXhtemIsØ, c≠masØ ÿm\w At±lØn\mbncp∂p.F∂m¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnse saXm≥ ]mamWyØnte°pb¿∂tXmSpIqSn AeIvkm≠vdnb aq∂mw ÿm\Ømbn.

FtXym-]y≥ k`

B^n° h≥I-c-bnse FtXym]ym (A-_n-ko-\n-bm)cmPyØv skan-‰nIv hwi-P-cpsS CS-bn¬ hf¿∂v hnI-kn® k`-bmWv FtXym-]y≥ k`. FtXym-]y≥ k` Bcw- w-ap-X¬ CuPn-]vXnse k`-bp-am-bmWv _‘-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠vAt\Iw kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ Cu k`bv°v CuPn-]vXnse tIm]v‰nIvk`-tbmSv kmayw D≠v. tIm]v‰nIv k`-bpsS Hcp Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ambn Cu k`sb IW-°m-°p-∂-hcpw D≠v. 1953˛¬ amX-amWv FtXym-]y≥ k`bv°v Hcp ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns\ e`n-®-Xv.

InkvXp-a-Xm-cw-`-Im-e-Øp≈ FtXym-]y≥ k`m-N-cn-X-sØ-∏‰n hf-sc-°p-d®v amXta \ap-°-dn-hp-≈q. FtXym-]y≥ P\-Xbv°vPdp-k-te-ap-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ k`m-cw-`-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ InkvXp-a-X-hp-ambn Ah¿ _‘-s∏-´p-Im-Wm-\m-Wn-S.F∂m¬ X’w_-‘-ambn hy‡-amb Ncn-X-tc-J-I-fn√.

FtXym-]y≥ k`-bpsS Bcw`w \memw \q‰m-≠n-emWv.^psa≥kyqkpw FUo-kn-bp-kp-amWv FtXym-]ym-bpsS «ol-∑m-cmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿. Ch-sc-∏‰n \nc-h[n sFXn-ly-ß-fp-≠v.

ss_kss‚≥ kÌƒ

ss_km≥kyw AYhm tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ tIµam°nbp≈ kÌfmWv ss_kss‚≥ kÌƒ. In.h. 330˛¬alm\mb tIm¨Ãss‚≥NIh¿Øn (+337) ÿm]n®]´WamWv ss_km≥kyw (tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ) Cu ]´WwtIµam°n ]uckvXy tdmam kmamPyw D≠mbn. alm\mbXnbtUmjykv NIh¿Øn°p tijw (+395) ]uckvXw,]m›mXyw, F∂o hn`P\ßƒ imizXoIcn°s∏´p.kmh[m\w Hcp ss_kss‚≥ kmamPyw Xs∂ DSseSpØp.IrXyambn ]d™m¬ alm\mb PÃo\nb≥ NIh¿ØntbmSpIqSn amXta (527˛565) Hcp ss_kss‚≥ kmamPysØ

dn-®p≈ Iu¨kn¬ tcJ CtX-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F√m doØp-Iƒ°pw Xncp--`m-flmhv Xpeym-h-Im-ihpw tijvT-X-bp-amWvIev∏n-°p-∂-Xv. BI-bm¬ Ahsb kwc-£n®v ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p hcp-hm≥ Ahƒ BK-ln-°p-∂p. amX-a√ Bh-iy-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-SØv icn-bmb ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s\mØ doØp-Isf kkq£vaw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm\pw B[p-\nI Ime-Øns‚Bh-iy-ß-sfbpw kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw t\cn-Sm≥ t]mcp∂]pØ≥ssN-X\yw ]I-cm\pw Iu¨kn-en-\m-K-l-ap-≠v (-en-‰¿Pn

4)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k -Iƒ

CuPn]vØn¬ AeIvkm≠vdnb tIµam°n hf¿∂phnIkn® ssIkvXh k`bmWv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k` AYhmtIm]v‰nIv k` F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. kphntijI\pw hn.]tXmkns‚ injy\pamb hn. am¿t°mkn s\bmWv Ch¿ tIm]v‰nIvk`mÿm]I\mbn AwKoI cn°p∂Xv. C∂v Cu k`bn¬ItØm en°¿ AI tØmen°¿ F∂nßs\ c≠phn`mK°mcp≠v. tIm]vXnIv k` F∂m¬ Cu Pn]vØnse k`F∂mW¿∞w. tIm]v‰nIv (CuPn]vXv) FtXym-]y≥ (A_n-ko-\n-b≥) F∂o D] doØp-Iƒ Cu k`-bn-ep-≠v.

k`mt\XrXzw

k`mcwÌmeØv ]K¤cmb \nch[n k`m t\Xm°∑m¿CuPn]vØnse k`bn¬ D≠mbn ´p≠v. ]t¥∂qkv, s¢a‚ v,HdnsP≥, slcm¢mkv, Znh∂mtkymkv, sXtbmtKmÃkv,]ntbcnbqkv, ,]o‰¿, ZoZnaqkv, sXtbm^nekv, kndn¬ F∂nh¿Ahcn¬ Nne¿ amXamWv.

Znh∂mtkymkns‚ ImeØv (+264/5) CuPn]vXv apgph\pwIqSn Hcp saXm≥ amXta DWASmbncp∂p≈q F∂ptXm∂p∂p. H∂mbncp∂ cq]X hn`Pn®v sNdnb cq]XIfm°n.AeIvkm≠vdnb≥ saXm≥ CuPn]vX v apgph\nepwhfscb[nIw A[nImcw ]tbmKn®ncp∂p. henb t\mºvXpSßp∂Xn\v apºv Aem≠vdnb≥ saXm≥ CuPn]vXvapgph\pw CSbteJ\w Ab®ncp∂p. Dbn¿∏p XoøXnAdnbn®psIm≠pw henb t\mºn¬ A\ph¿Ønt°≠kwKXnIƒ P\ßsf Hm¿Ωn∏n®psIm≠pamWv C]ImcwFgpXnbncp∂Xv.

Xncp`m NcnXw

60 61

Xncp`m NcnXw

F∂ tdma≥ t]mhn≥kns‚ Xeÿm\hpw ]uckvXytZiØvAeIvkm≠vdnb Ign™m¬ G‰w henb kmwkv°mcnItIµhpambncp∂p At¥ymIym ]´Ww. Gjybn¬ \n∂pwbqtdm∏n¬ \n∂pw B^n°bn¬ \n∂pap≈ I®hSKXmKXw\nb¥n°p∂Xn¬ CXn\v \√ ]¶p≠mbncp∂p.

H∂ntesd «ol∑mcpsS ]cnemf\ta¬°phm\p≈ `mKywAt¥ymIvbv°p≠mbn. ]mekvXo\nb≥ k`bpsS XpS¿®bmbnthWw At¥ymIybnse k`sb ImWphm≥. s]¥sImkvXZnhkw Pdpktean¬ D≠mbncp∂hcpw aX]oT\w `b∂vHmSnt∏mbhcpw BcwÌmeØpXs∂ At¥ymIybn¬FØp∂Xn\p apºp Xs∂ At¥ymIbbnsemcp ssIkvXhkaqlw D≠mbncp∂p. (\S11) kphntij]NcWwh¿≤n®t∏mƒ bqZ∑mcn¬ \n∂pw PmXnIfn¬ \n∂pw\nch[nbmfpIƒ InkvXym\nIfmbn. Ah¿ XΩnep≈AI¬® «ol∑mcpsS N¿®Iƒ hgn ]cnlcn°s∏´p.CutimbpsS injy≥am¿ InkvXym\nIƒ F∂dnbs∏´XvAt¥ymIybn¬ h®mWv (\S11:26 InkvXym\n F∂ \maw Hcp]cnlmk \maambn´tX 180˛¬ t]mepw At¥ymIybnseBfpIƒ IcpXnbncp∂Xv At¥ymIybnse saX∑mcpsS ]ńIsImSp°p∂ ]nev°me NcnXImc∑mscms° am¿ ]tXmkns‚t]cpsImWASmWv XpSßp∂Xv. tdmante°p t]mIp∂Xn\papºv At±lw Ggph¿jw AhnsS ]kwKn®p. hn.]utemkpwa‰p A∏kvtXme∑mcpw AhnsS ]kwKn®n´p≠v. injy≥am¿At¥ymIybn¬ \n∂mWv kphntij ]tLmjWm¿∞w a‰pÿeßfnte°p t]mbXv. Pdpktew XI¿°s∏´tXmsSssIkvXhcpsS G‰w ][m\ k`mtIµambncp∂p At¥ymIy.Pdpktean¬ £maw _m[n®t∏mƒ At¥ymIybnsessIkvXh¿ Ahsc klmbn®v klhnizmknItfmSp≈sFIyw ]ISam°n \S]Sn ]pkvXIØn¬ At¥ymIy≥k`sb∏‰n \nch[n]cma¿i\ßfp≠v. kndn-b≥, amtdm-\o-Øm,kotdm-a-e-¶c F∂o aq∂p k -Iƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ k -bpsS mK-am-Wv.

A¿ta\nb≥ k`

hS°p Ipcm\Zn, Ing°p Imkv]nb≥ IS¬ sX°psaks∏mtánb, ]Sn™mdp bq^ókv \Zn F∂nhbv°nSbnep≈ `q]tZiamWv A¿ta\nb F∂dnbs∏ńcp∂Xv.

∏‰n ]dbm\mhq. ]mNo\ tdmam tIµam°nbp≈ tdmamkmamPyØns‚ XpS¿®bmbn´mWv NcnXImc∑m¿ss_kss‚≥ kmamPysØ ImWpI. tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nƒ]´Ww ‘]pXnbtdmam’ F∂pw Adnbs∏ńcp∂p.

ss_kss‚≥ k`bn¬ ItØmen°cpw AItØmen°cpamb ssIkvXhcp≠v. ss_kss‚≥ k`bn¬s∏ÍtØmen°mkÌƒ

1. _ƒtKdnb≥2. A¬t_\nb≥3. lwtKdnb≥4. Ko°v sa¬°bn‰v5. dpta\nb≥6. djy≥7. -dptØ\nb≥8. bptI\nb≥9. …mhnIv10. Ko°v11. tPm¿Pn-b≥12. etØm-Wn-b≥13. bqtKm…mhnb≥

14. amk-tUm-Wn-b≥

Hm¿ØtUmIvkv

Im¬kntUm¨ kq\lmtZmtkmSpIqSn ss_kss‚≥ k`,Hm¿ØtUmIvkv F∂ t]scSpØp.

Im¬kntUm¨ Iu¨kn¬

Im¬kntUm¨ kq\lmtZmkv Xnckv°cn®hcn¬ \n∂vIm¬kntUm¨ AwKoIcn°p∂hsc Xncn®dnbm≥]uckvXytemIØp≈ ItØmen°¿ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv F∂t]cp Iqńt®¿Øp.

At¥ymIy≥ k`

]ikvXamb At¥ymIy]´WØns‚ t\XrXzw kzoIcn®phf¿∂ ssIkvXhkaqlßsfsb√mw At¥ymIy≥ k`bn¬Dƒs∏SpØmw. ]mNo\ tdmamkmamPyØnse aq∂masØ h≥\Kcambncp∂p At¥ymIy. Hmdnb≥kv AYhm ]uckvXyw

Xncp`m NcnXw

62 63

Xncp`m NcnXw

k` kz`mhØmse anj\dnbmWv. A¥naktµiambn Cutim ]d™p: ‘ ‘ \nßƒtemIsaßpw t]mbn kphntijw ]kwKn°pI.’’Cu ZuXy\n¿∆lWw XßfpsS ]ca][m\ ambI¿ØhyamsW∂ Dd® t_m≤yw A∏kvtXme∑m¿°p≠mbncp∂p.

BdpapX¬ ]Øphscbp≈ \q‰m≠pIfnseanj≥ ]h¿Ø\w _m¿t_dnb≥ h¿§ßfpsSam\km¥cØn¬ ][m\ambpw tIµoIrXambncp∂p. c≠pw aq∂pw \q‰m≠pIfn¬ Xs∂ _n´\nepw^m≥knepw P¿Ω\nbnepw InkvXpaXwhym]n®ncp∂p. ]t£ Bdmw \q‰m≠phsct]jnX]h¿Ø\w Imcy£ahpw êhØpwBbncp∂n√, sI¬´v, ‰yqt®m¨, …mthmWnb≥,F∂o h¿§°mcpsS CSbnep≈ t]jnX]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Ahsc kwkv°mc kº∂cm°pIF∂ ZuXywIqSn ASßnbncp∂p. t]jnX]h¿Ø\w A£camem`yk\Øn¬ XpSßn.

t]jnX ]h¿Ø\w

07

D¬∏Øn ]pkvXIØn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂ AdmdmXv (8:4)A¿ta\nbbnemWv.

A¿ta\nb≥ `q]tZiw C∂v ]e cmPyßfnepƒs∏´pInS°p∂p. Cdm≥, S¿°n, djyF∂o cmPyßfnembnA¿ta\nb hn`Pn°s∏´p.

InkvXpaXØns‚ BcwÌmeØpXs∂ A¿ta\nbbn¬k`mktµiw FØn. A¿ta\nb≥ ]mcºcya\pkcn®vAhcptSXv Hc∏kvtXmenIk`bmWv. XtZhqkv, _¿Øtemantbm, F∂nh¿ AhcpsS CSbn¬ kphntijw FØn®p.D∞m\w sNbvX aninlmXs∂ Hcn°¬ AhcpsS CSbn¬]Xy£\mbn Fs∂mcp ]mcºcyhpw A¿ta\nbm°m¿°p≠v.A°mesØ HutZymKnI tcJIfn¬ ‘ A]cnjvIrX\mSpIfnse k` ’ F∂mWv A¿ta\nb≥ k` Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv.

A¿ta\nb≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkpImcpw ItØmen°cpwA¿ta\nb≥ doØnep≠v. A¿ta\nb≥ Bcm[\IaØns‚cq]oIcWØn¬ ss_kss‚≥ k`bpsS kzm[o\wD≠mbn´p≠v.

IevZmb-k` AYhm ]uckvXy kndn-b≥ k`

Cu k` sak-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ , t]¿jy≥ , FtZ-k≥, F∂ot]cp-I-fnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu doØv DS-se-Sp-ØXv FtZ-kn-bnepw CXns‚ ]›m-Øew ska-‰nIv kwkv°m-c-hp-amWv.F_m-b-]m-c-ºcyw Cu k`-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂p. FtZ-km-bn¬ \n∂v t]¿jy-bn-te°p k` hym]n®p t]jn-X-ssN-X-\y-Ønepw Cu k` hf-sc-b-[nIw ap∂n´p \n∂n-cp-∂p- h-f-scb[nIwaX-a¿±-\-ßƒ°v Cu k` hnt[-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p-≠v.

I¬Zm-b-k`, kotdm ae-_m¿k` F∂v c≠p D]-hn- m-K-ßƒCu k`-bv°p-≠v.

Xncp`m NcnXw

64 65

Xncp`m NcnXw

t]jnX]h¿Ø\w \SØn. hn.]mSn°ns‚ t]jnX]h¿Ø\w hfsc hnPb]Zambncp∂p. BIbm¬ ‘Ab¿e≠nse A∏kvtXme≥’ F∂ t]cv At±lØn\p e`n®p.

4. P¿Ω\n

shsIvkpImc\pw P¿Ω\nbpsS A∏kvtXme\pambt_m\n^kv (680˛755) saXm\mWv P¿Ω\nbnse ][m\t]jnX≥. hn≥^nUv F∂mbncp∂pAt±lØns‚ BZy \maw.tlmf≠nepw At±lw t]jnX]h¿Ø\w \SØnbn´p≠v.

7. U≥am¿°v

Bdpw Ggpw \q‰m≠pIfn¬ tlmf≠pambn U∑m¿°n\vhym]mc_‘ap≠mbncp∂p. AXns‚ eambn´mWv U∑m¿°vInkvXpaXsØ∏‰n Adnbphm≥ XpSßnbXv.

hn√nt_m¿Uv BWv ChnsS BZyambn t]jnX]h¿Ø\wBcw`n®Xv. Ct±lw t\m¿Øw_bmbn¬ P\n®p. 690˛¬ôknkn¬t]jnX]h¿Ø\w \SØnsb¶nepw AhnsS\n∂v At±lw \njv°mknX\mbn. 700˛¬ U∑m¿°nte°vXncnsIh∂t∏mƒ cmPmhmbncp∂ F≥Kn≥ At±lsØlm¿±hambn kzoIcn°pIbpw kphntij]h¿Ø\Øn\vA\paXn \evIpIbpw sNbvXp. tdmapw sU∑m¿°pambncmjvSobXeØn¬ sFIyØnembXn\m¬ anj\dnam¿°vU∑m¿°n¬ kzX¥]h¿Ø\Øn\v hnjaan√mbncp∂p.

8. kzoU≥

kzoU\nse cmPmhmbncp∂ _ntbm¨ P¿Ω≥ NIh¿Ønsehnnt\mSv ssIkvXhanj\dnamsc Bhiys∏´p.CX\pkcn®v 829˛¬ B≥kvKm¿ kzoU\nte°p Xncn®p.IS¬sIm≈°mcpsS BIaWêambn F√mw \jvSs∏´h\mbn´mWv At±lw _n tPm¨ Xmakn®ncp∂ F∂ ÿesØØnbXv. FXn¿∏pIfpsS at≤y c≠p sIm√w]h¿Øn®tijw At±lw P¿Ω\nbnte°p Xncn®p h∂vlw_p¿§v cq]Xm≤y£\mbn. 834˛¬ At±lw saXm\mbKhp v _¿ńt\bpw a‰p Nne sshZnItcbpw kzoU\nte°b®p.

848˛¬ B≥kvKm¿ kzoU\n¬ ho≠pw h∂p. A∂sØkzoU≥ cmPmhmbncp∂ Hmfm^ns\ ImWpIbpw P¿Ω≥NIh¿ØnbptSbpw U∑m¿°p cmPmhnt‚bpw FgpØpIƒ

Cu ImeL´Ønse am\km¥cßƒ ]ebnSØpwcmPm°∑mcptSbpw, t\Xm°∑mcptSbpw kzm[o\Øn¬Iq´tØmsS D≈Xmbncp∂p. BZy\q‰m≠pIfnse anj≥]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ \n∂p XnI®pw hn`n∂ambncp∂p Ah.lrZb]q¿∆amb a\x]cnh¿Ø\tam hy‡n]cambssZhka¿∏Wtam ]et∏mgpw D≠mbncp∂n√. cmPin£sb`b∂v ]ecpw InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®p Ft∂bp≈q.

1. t]jnX]h¿Ø\w Cw•≠n¬

IncmXcmb sI¬ń°v h¿§°mcmbncp∂p Cw•≠nseBZnahmknIƒ. UvdqbnUpIƒ F∂dnbs∏ńcp∂]ptcmlnX∑m¿°v AhcpsS CSbn¬ henb kzm[o\ap≠mbncp∂p. ]IrXn i‡nIsfbpw Ko°v tZhXIsfbpw , tdma≥ssZhßtfbpw Bcm[n®ncp∂ Cu h¿§°m¿ \c_ent]mepw\SØm≥ aSn®n√. ChcpsS CSbn¬ BZyambn InkvXpaXw]Ncn∏n®XmcmsW∂v hy‡amb Adnhn√.

2. t\m¿Øw_nb

tbmWZzo]pImc\mb AbnU≥ (˛651) saXms‚t]jnX]h¿Ø\êambn´mWv t\m¿Øw_nb InkvXpaXwkzoIcn®Xv. C°meØpXs∂ kpsIvkpw InkvXpaXØn\vkzmKXacpfn. eØo≥ Bcm[\Iaambncp∂p ChnSßfnse√mw D]tbmKØnencp∂Xv. cmPm°∑m¿ am¿∏m∏mtbAtßb‰w _lpam\n®ncp∂p.

3. Ab¿e≠v

Ab¿e≠nse k`mNcnXØn\p Hcp ]tXyIXbp≠v.tdmamkmamPyØns‚ shfnbnembncp∂XpsIm≠‡sNmcn®n¬ IqSmsXbpw, tdmans‚ CSs]S¬ Hgnhm°nsIm≠pamWv ChnsS anj≥ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \S∂Xv.

lnt_¿Wnb F∂mWv Cu Zzo]v Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv.UvdqbnUnkw F∂ aXØn¬ hnizkn®ncp∂ sI¬ń°vh¿§°mcmbncp∂p AhnsS A[nIhpw. InkvXpaXw]Ncn∏n°p∂Xn\v apºv Ab¿e≠v ‘ ]cnip≤ Zzo]v ’F∂mWdnb∏ńcp∂Xv. ]Xns\m∂mw \q‰m≠phsc CXn\vkvtImjy As√¶n¬ kvtIm´ve≠v F∂mbncp∂p t]cv.

hn.]mSn°pw (450˛493) hn._nPn‰pw (˛523) ChnsS

Xncp`m NcnXw

66 67

Xncp`m NcnXw

cq]XbpsS `mKambncp∂p. ]n∂oSv s_mtlanb samdmhnb≥cmPmhmb kmt´mπp°ns‚ A[o\Xbnembn. C°meØcmPmhv s_mtlanb≥ ]`phmb t_m¿knhmbnbpsS ]pXnsbhnhmlw sNbvXp. t_m¿knhmbnbpw `mcy epUvan√bpwIpńIfpw InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®p.

13. t]mf≠v

t]mf≠n¬ BZyambn t]jnX]h¿Ø\w \SØnbXv…mhnIv sshZnIcmbncp∂p. kndnepw satØmUnbpkpwt]mf≠pk`bpsSbpw t]jnXcmbmWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. dmÃn…mhv cmPmhns‚ ImeØv t]mf≠vsamtdmhnb≥kmamPyØn¬ Dƒs∏ńcp∂p. AXpsIm≠v kndnepwsatØmknbqkpw samdmhnbmbn¬ t]jnX]h¿Ø\w\SØnbt∏mƒ t]mf≠nte°pw anj\dnamsc Ab®p.Aßs\ t]mf≠n¬ ]h¿Øn°m≥ Ahkcw e`n® Hcp…mhv anj\dnbmWv hnkv\m°v. samdmhnb kmamPywXI¿∂t∏mƒ cmPm°∑mcpw, sshZnIcpw A`bw]m]n®Xvt]mf≠nemWv. AhnsS Uyq°mbncp∂ sktamhn‰ns‚ImeØv InkvXpaXw IqSpX¬ hym]n®p.

14. _ƒtKdnb

_ƒtKdnbm°m¿ ‰ptd\nb≥Imcmbncp∂p. ]t£ Ah¿hfsc°mew …mhnIv ]tZißfn¬ Xmakn®XpsIm≠vAhcpsS `mjbpw, BNmcßfpw. hnizmkhpw …mhnIvBbncp∂p. Um\yq_n\SpØp≈ kaXe]tZiØv Xmakn®psIm≠v ss_kss‚≥ kmamPysØ ]et∏mgpw BIan®ncp∂C°q´¿ 813˛¬ BUobmt\m∏nƒ IogS°n. AhnsS\n∂vAt\Isc ASnaIfm°n _ƒtKdnbmbnte°v sIm≠pt]m∂p.A°q´Øn¬ Hcp saXm\pw Hcp Iq´w InkvXym\nIfpwD≠mbncp∂p. ChcmWv _ƒtKdnbmbn¬ InkvXpaXw]Ncn∏n®Xv.

15. l¶dn

amKnbm¿ h¿§°mcmWv l¶dnbn¬ A[nhkn®ncp∂hcn¬A[nIhpw.

BZyambn Ch¿ InkvXpaXhpambn _‘s∏´Xv ss_kss‚≥ Imcpambp≈ kº¿°ØneqsSbmWv. l¶dnbpsS

ImWn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AX\pkcn®mWv kzoU\n¬ InkvXpaX]NcWØn\v ho≠pw A\paXn e`n®Xv. U∑m¿°pImc\mb B≥kv^nUv, dnw_¿´v F∂nh¿ ChnSsØanjn\dnamcmWv.

9. t\m¿sh, sFkve≠v

t\m¿shbn¬ InkvXpaXw ]Ncn∏n°p∂Xn\v t\XrXzw\evInbXv cmPm°∑mcmWv. F∂m¬ Ah¿°v InkvXpaXsØ∏‰n icnbmb Adnhn√mbncp∂Xn\m¬ bYm¿∞ssIkvXh \hoIcWØn\v Imehnfw_w h∂p.

10. kvfmhpIfpsS am\km¥cw

DØcP¿Ω≥ kvfmhnIv h¿§°mcpsS CSbn¬ (sh‚ vh¿§°mcpsS CSbn¬) InkvXpaX]NcWØn\v ]cnian®hcn¬ ][m\n Nm¿ensabn≥ NIh¿ØnbmWv. F∂m¬kvfmhnIv h¿§°m¿ InkvXpaXkzoIcWw cmjvSobASnaØambn sX‰n≤cn®p. X∑qew NIh¿ØnbpsS \o°sØAh¿ i‡nbmbn FXn¿Øp. F¶nepw P¿Ω≥ NIh¿Ønbmbncp∂ Hmt´m H∂mas‚ t\XrXzØn¬ t]jnX]h¿Ø\w ]ptcmKan®p.

11. samdmhnb

kndnepw satØmUnbpkpw

kvfmhv h¿§°mcpsS t\Xmhmbncp∂ dmÃn …mhns‚£W]Imcw kndnepw (827˛869) satØmUnbqkpw (825˛885)samdmhnbmbn¬ t]jnX]h¿Ø\Øn\v BKXcmbnChcmWv ‘…mhpIfpsS t]jnX¿’ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂h¿.

kndnens‚ tkh\w kvXpXy¿lamWv. …mhp`mjbn¬hnZKv≤\mbncp∂ At±lw ]pXnb A£camebp≠m°n. CuA£camebmWv t\cnb am‰ßtfmSpIqSnbmsW¶nepw djy,h≈mlnb, _ƒtKdnb, sk¿hnb, XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Bcm[\Iaw …mhp`mjbnem°nbXpwkndnemWv.

12. s_mtlanb

s_mtlanb ]q¿Æambn IogS°phm≥ Nm¿ensabnt\m,tehnkv cmPmhnt\m Ign™n√. F¶nepw AXv sdK≥ kv_p¿§v

Xncp`m NcnXw

68 69

Xncp`m NcnXw

G.Un. 754 apX¬ 1870 hsc am¿∏m∏ km¿∆-XnI k`m-≤y-£≥ amX-a√ Hcp ]cn-]q¿ÆcmjvSm-[n-Im-cn-bp-ambncp∂p. C‰-en-bpsS a≤y-`m-KØv t]∏¬tÃ‰v, ]tXm-kns‚ ]X-ta\n F∂ot]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏- n-cp∂ Hcp qhn- m-K-am-bn-cp∂am¿∏m∏-bpsS cmPyw.

Cu ]tZ-iØv cmPm-hn-t‚-Xmb F√m ùXn-Im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw am¿∏m-∏m-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CuAh-ÿm-hn-tijw Bcpw a\x-]q¿∆w hcp-Øn-h-®-X-√. F¶nepw CXv k`m-`-c-W-Øn¬ hy‡-ambkzm[o\w sNep-Øm-Xn-cp-∂n-√.

t]∏¬tÃ‰v

313˛¬ tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ k` kzX-¥-bm-b-t∏mƒ Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ ssIhiw hbv°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ kzmX¥w k`bv°p kn≤n-®p. AtX-Øp-

a≤y-bp-K-Ønse k`

08

Np‰pap≈ cmPyßƒ InkvXob hnizmkw kzoIcn®hbmbncp∂pXm\pw. 950˛¬ P¿Ω\nbnse cmPmhmbncp∂Hmt´m H∂mas‚ \n¿t±i]Imcw ]mmhnse saXm≥l¶dnbnte°v anj\dnamsc Ab®p. l¶dnbnsecmPmhmbncp∂ sKbnkSm≥kn¬th\nbmcmPmhmbssKbpfbpsS ]pXnbpw Hcp InkvXym\nbpambkmthmƒ´sbbmbncp∂p hnhmlw sNbvXncp∂Xv. ItaWsKbnkbpw InkvXpaXm\p`mhnbmbnØo¿∂p. amKnbm¿h¿§°m¿ IogS°nb cmPyßfn¬ \n∂v sIm≠ph∂ncp∂P\ßfn¬ ]ecpw InkvXym\nIfmbncp∂p. KbnkcmPmhvA\pIqeamsW∂v Adn™t∏mƒ XßfpsS InkvXobhnizmkw Ah¿ ]ckyambn ]Jym]n®p.

16. djy

]¥≠v «ol∑mcnsemcmfmb B≥U knXnbmbn¬ h®vaSWaS™XpsIm≠v At±lamWv djybpsS A∏kvtXme≥F∂ Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. H≥]Xmw \q‰m≠n¬ Ingt° bqtdm∏n¬Xmakn®ncp∂ djym°m¿ dqdn°v F∂ hcm©nb≥cmPIpamcs‚ t\XrXzØn¬ djybn¬ ]thin®p. 862˛¬At±lamWv djy≥ kmamPyw ÿm]n®Xv. Cu AhkcØn¬djym°m¿ ss_kss‚≥Imcpambpw InkvXpaXhpambpw_‘s∏´p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

70 71

Xncp`m NcnXw

I-cn-t°≠Xv B Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXp a\-n-em-°n icn-bmb ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂pw hgp-Xn-am-dn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ P\-ßsf XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cp-hm\pw hnI-e-amb B≤ym-flnI Pohn-XsØ ]p\¿÷o-hn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Nne¿ Xøm-dm-bn.CΩm-Xncn \thm-∞m-\-]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn BZyw cwK-]-th-i\w sNbvXXv IvfqWn-bnse k\ym-kn-I-fm-Wv. Bi-a-Po-hn-X-\-ho-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS apJy-e-£yw.

IvfqWn-b≥ ]ÿm\w

Bi-a-Po-hn-X-\-ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ BZy-L-´-amWv IvfqWn-b≥]ÿm-\w. ^m≥knse IvfqWn-\-K-c-Øn¬ 910˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Hcp k\ym-k-hn-`m-K-sØ-bmWv IvfqWn-b≥ F∂ t]cn¬hnfn-®-Xv.

Bi-a-Po-hn-X-\-ho-I-cWw

a≤y-i-X-I-ß-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bv°p-≠mb B≤ym-fln-Im-[x-]-X\w Bi-a-Po-hn-X-tØbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-®p. ]e am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Bi-a-ß-fn¬ kzØv Ip∂p-Iq-Sn-b-t∏mƒ Bi-a-hm-kn-Iƒ euIm-b-Xn-I-Xz-Øn-tebv°v Xncn-bp-hm≥ CS-bm-bn.euIn-I-kp-Jm-\p-`-h-ßsf amXw e£ywh-®p-sIm≠pw cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS in£-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬\n∂pw c£-t\-Sp-hm≥th≠nbpw Bi-a-Po-hnXw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿ H´pw Ipd-h-√m-bn-cp∂p A°m-e-Øv. Bi-am-[n-]-∑m-cpsS Akm-∑m¿§n-I-Po-hnXw]e-cp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-Øn\pw CS¿®bv°pw Imc-W-am-bn. ssZh-Øn-\p-th≠n kzbw ka¿∏n-®n-d-ßn-b-h-cpsSbnS-bn-emWv \ho-I-cWw BZy-ambn \S-t°-≠Xv F∂p a\-n-em-°nb Nne hnip-≤¿ AXn-\mbn ian-®p-Xp-S-ßn.

P∑n-k-º-Zmbw

Bi-a-Po-hn-X-\-ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ Ae-Iƒ A∂sØ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI˛cm-jvSob hyh-ÿn-Xn-bnepw Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n. P∑n-k-º-Zm-b-amWv F´mw \q‰m≠p-ap-X¬ ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc ]›n-a-bq-tdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnse kº-Zvhy-hÿ Irjn-]-[m-\-am-b-t∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p-th≠n G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb ssk\n-I-cm-jvSo-b-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bmWv ^yqU-en-kw.

S¿∂v tIm¨Ã-s‚-bn≥ NI-h¿Ønbpw DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fmb \nc-h[n ]`p-°-∑mcpw k`bv°v ùXn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn hnkvXr-X-amb `q]-tZ-i-ßƒ Zm\w sNbvXp. ItaW C‰-en-bnseG‰hpw henb `qhp-Sa am¿∏m∏m-bm-bn.

cmjvSo-bm-[n-Imcw e`n-®-tXmsS k`m-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS InkvXo-b-em-fn-Xyhpw Acq-]nbpw BUw-_-c-Po-hn-X-Øn-\pw, thj-hn-[m-\-ßƒ°pw hgn-am-dn-s°m-SpØp F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ cmP-sIm- m-c-ß-fnse kpJ-Po-hnXw Bcw- n-°p-I-bm-Wv. AtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ cmP-Io-b-amb ]uVn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS F√m hym]m-c-ß-fn-tebv°pw IS-∂p-h-∂p.

am¿∏m-∏mbv°v em‰≥sIm-´mcw kuP-\y-ambn e`n-®p. cmP-Io-b-th-j-hn-[m-\-ß-fmb Inco-Shpw (.....), ]pdw-Ip-∏m-b-hpw, Nph∂DSp∏pw, a‰p cmP-Io-b-h-kvX-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS Awi-hSn cmPm-hns‚ sNt¶m-en\p ]I-c-am-bn. Cßs\cmPm-hns‚ F√m thj-hn-[m-\-ßfpw ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw k`m-[n-Im-cn-bmb am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS Ah-Im-i-am-°n.

am¿∏m∏ cmjvS-Ø-e-h\pwIqSn Bb-t∏mƒ kz¥w cmPy-Øns‚ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-IqSn At±-l-Øn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn. _mly-i-‡n-I-fn¬\n-∂pw t]∏¬ tÃ‰p-Isf c£n-°pI Bh-iy-ambnh∂p. CXn-\mbn am¿∏m∏ ^m≥kns‚klmbw tXSn. ]e-t∏mgpw cmPm-hns‚ CwKn-X-Øn\p hg-ßm\pw _m≤y-ÿ-\m-bn. AXns‚ e-ambn cmPm-°-∑m¿ k`m-`-c-W-Ønepw ssII-S-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. ^m≥knse cmPm-hmbNm¿en-sa-bns‚ ImeØv Cu ssII-S-Ø¬ hfsc hy‡-ambnImWm≥ Ignbpw.

]m›m-Xy-k- -bpsS \thm-∞m\w a≤y-bp-K-Øn¬

k`-bpsS `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Aan-X-amb CS-s]-S¬ k`bv°v hf-sc-b-[nIw tZmjw-sN-bvXp. cmPm-°-∑mcpw a‰p `c-Wm-[n-]-∑mcpw Xß-fpsS _‘p-°-sfbpwkvt\ln-X-scbpw k`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®p. Aßs\ A\¿l-cmb ]ecpw k`-bn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬Ib-dn-∏-‰n. Ch¿ k -bn¬ [m¿Ωn-Ihpw B≤ym-fln-I-hp-amb A[x-]-X-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. hntZ-im-I-a-W-ßfpw X¬^-e-ambAc-£n-Im-h-ÿbpw hen-sbmcp BLm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

C]-Imcw hnhn[ aWvU-e-ß-fn¬ ]mfn-t∏mb k`sb \ho-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

k`m-k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≈n¬Ø-s∂-bp-≠mb`n∂-X-I-tfbpw Ass\-Iy-tØbpw C√m-bva-sN-øm≥C≥Izn-kn-j≥ XpS-ßnb in£-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn® k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ ]pXnbNne òjWn-Isf t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. AXn-sem∂vC…mw-a-X-Øns‚ apt∂-‰-am-Wv.

apl-Ω-sZ∂ ]hm-N-I≥

F.Un. 570˛¬ Atd-_y-bnse sa°-bn¬Jpssdjv h¿§-Øn¬ apl-ΩZv P\n-®p. Ct±-l-amWvC…mw-a-X-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥.

GIm-¥-Xbpw [ym\m-fl-I-Po-hn-Xhpw CjvS-s∏-ń-cp∂ apl-ΩZv sa°-bpsS ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ loc-a-e-bnse Kpl-I-fn¬ t]mbn hkn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsSh®v Xs‚ \mev]-Xm-asØ hb-n¬Hcp Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. kXy-hn-izmkw temI-Øn\p ]Zm\w sNøp-hm\pw ITn-

InkvXobk`bpw C…mw-a-Xhpw

09

\ho-I-cWw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn¬

am¿∏m∏m-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ \ho-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\-ßsfBi-a-Po-hn-X-\-ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-sa∂v thW-sa-¶n¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-emWvG‰-hp-a-[nIw \ho-I-cWw Bh-iy-ambn h∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv\ho-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ _‘-s∏- -h¿ am¿∏m-∏m-am-cm-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ \ho-I-cWw tdma≥ Iqcn-bm-bn¬Xs∂ Bcw-`n-®-Xv.

`n£p- -k-\ym-kn-Iƒ (Mendicant Orders)

]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Ønepw ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-ep-ambn k`-bn¬ Aßnßv sX‰mb kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]N-cn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-sIm≠pw D]-tZ-iw-sIm≠pw a\p-jysc \√-h-gn°p Xncn-°m-sa∂ hnizm-k-tØmsS c≠p-t]¿ ]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-tØ-°n-d-ßn-bXv; Ao-n-bnse hn. ^m≥kn-kpw, kvs]bn≥Im-c-\mb tUman-\n°vKpUvam\pw: ^m≥kn-kvI≥ k\ym-k-k-`bv°pw sUman-\n-°≥k\ym-k-k-`bv°pw cq]w \¬In-bXv Ch-cm-Wv. Cu k`mw-K-ßƒ `n£m-S\wsNbvXv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ `n£p-˛-k-\ym-kn-Iƒ F∂ t]cpw kn≤n-®p.

in£-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ (Inquisition)

k`-bv°p-≈n¬ OnZ-ßƒ ]I-S-am-b-t∏mƒ k`m-t\-XrXzwPmK-cq-I-am-bn, AXns‚ e-amWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ F∂ t]cn¬D≠mb in£-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ ssIkvX-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ]hr-Øn-Iƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I, aX-tZm-l-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \ntcm-[n-°p-I, Ch-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-hscin£n-°p-I, aX-hn-izm-k-hn-cp-≤-K-Ÿ-ßsf \ntcm-[n-°pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bv°p-th≠n tdman¬ KnKdn Hº-Xm-a≥ ]m∏m (1227˛41)ÿm]n® Hcp ]tXyI in£-W-co-Xn-bsX C≥Iznkn-j≥.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

]›n-a-bq-tdm-∏ns\ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n a≤y-bp-K-Øn¬,am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS AwKo-Im-c-tØmSpw A\p-K-lm-in-p-I-tfmSpwIqSn ]m›m-Xy-ssI-kvX-h¿ \S-Ønb sFXn-lm-knIka-c-ap-t∂-‰-ß-fmWv Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ F∂-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ ]s¶-SpØh¿s°√mw B≤ym-fln-Ihpw ùXn-I-hp-amb \nc-h[n B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ \evIn. ]m]-ßƒG‰p-]-d™ Ipcn-ip-tbm-≤m-°sf ]mb-›nØ ]hr-Øn-IƒsNtø≠ Bh-iy-I-X-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ

Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬Øs∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ ]me-kvXo\ Iog-S-°n.F¶nepw ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ henb _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ IqSmsX InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p Xncp-°-√d kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xn\p km[n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 11˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ skeq-jy≥ Xp¿°n-I-fpsS apt∂-‰-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v Xncp-°-√-d-bn-te-bv°p≈ Xo¿∞m-S-I-cpsS ]hmlw \nb-¥n-°-s∏-´p. 1010˛¬ Imen-^m-bn-cp∂ lm°nw Xncp-°-√-d-bpsS apI-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssZhm-ebw \in-∏n-®p. 1071˛se am≥kn-°m¿ v bp≤-Øn¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ ss_k‚-bn≥ kmam-Py-Øn-s‚-ta¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb hnPbw t\Sn-b-tXmsS Xo¿∞m-S\w IqSp-X¬ hnj-a-I-c-am-bn. Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ°p hgn-sX-fn® Hcp ][m\ Imc-W-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.

1071˛¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ Pdp-ktew Iog-S-°n. Xncp-°-√d kµ¿in-°p∂ Xo¿∞mS-I-cn¬\n∂v òa-amb \nIpXn Ah¿ CuSm-°n.Nne-t∏mƒ Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ BI-an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw Ad-_n-I-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ D]-Z-h-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Xp¿°n-Iƒ F∂ptXm∂p-∂n-√. kndn-bm-bnepw Gjym-ssa-\-dn-ep-ap-≠mb ap…owBI-a-W-ßfpw Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Bibw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ klm-bn-®p.

Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ°p≈ Bk-∂-Im-c-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ss_k‚-bn≥ NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkn-bqkv sImwt\-\q-kns‚ (1081˛1118) klm-bm`y¿∞-\-bm-Wv.AXn-\p-apºv 1071˛se am≥kn-°m´v bp≤-Øn¬ ss_k‚-bn≥ssk\yw ]cm-P-b-s∏- -Xn-t\-Øp-S¿∂v ]uc-kvXy-ssI-kvX-h-cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n∂pw XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc klm-bm-`y¿∞-\-Iƒ

\hpw Bk-∂-hp-amb ssZh-hn-[n-sb-∏‰n ]kw-Kn-°p-hm\pwssZh-Øns‚ aXsØ ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\p-ambn ssZh-Øm¬ Ab-bv°-s∏´ Ah-km-\sØ ]hm-N-I-\mWv Xms\∂v apl-ΩZv hniz-kn-®p. loc-a-e-bn¬h®p e`n® shfn-]m-Sp-Ifpw ]hm-N-Is‚hN-\-ß-fp-amWv ap…ow-ß-fpsS hnip≤ KŸ-amb Jp¿-Bs‚D≈-S-°w.

Ckvfmapw k`bpw

BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ blq-Z-˛-ssI-kvXh aX-ß-tfmSv kl-h¿ØnXzw ]men-°p-hm\pw Ah-bnse ]e kXy-ßfpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ hnim-e-a-\-ÿnXn apl-Ω-Zn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ ItaW At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bnepw kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fnepw ]I-S-amb am‰-ßƒ h∂p. \jvS-s∏- p-t]m-sb∂v Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂ kXy-hn-izmkw ]p\-c-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I, Bk-∂-ambhn[n-sb-∏‰n ]h-Nn-°pI F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-hs√m apl-Ω-Zns‚ZuXyw. CXp km[n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ a‰p aX-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ Hcp hnip≤bp≤w (PnlmZv) \S-Ø-W-sa∂v At±lw [cn-®p-h-im-bn. sa°-bnse FXn¿∏p-Iƒaqew 622˛¬ saZo-\-bn-tebv°p ]em-b\wsNtø-≠n-h∂ L´-Øn¬ Cu Nn¥m-K-Xn°p i‡n-Iq-Sn.

apl-Ω-Zn-\p-tijw ]n≥Km-an-I-fmb Imen- vam¿ Atd-_y-bpsS]m¥-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Iog-S-°m-\m-cw-`n-®p. ss_k‚-bn≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚ kº-∂-`m-K-ßƒ Ah-cpsS ssIh-i-am-bn.

Iog-S-°nb ÿe-ß-fn¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]c-kym-cm-[\apS-°n-sb-∂-√msX as‰m∂pw At∏mƒ sNbvXn-√. F∂m¬ Atd-_ym-bn¬\n∂v F√m ssIkvX-h-tcbpw blq-Z-scbpw \mSp-I-S-Øn. XXv^-e-ambn InkvXp-aXw ]cn-e-kn-®n-cp∂ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw k` £bn-®p. InkvXym-\n-Ifpw blq-Z-cpsamgn-®p≈ aX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ C…m-an¬ tNcm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.

C…m-ans‚ Cu apt∂‰w InkvXo-b-k-`-s°mcp òj-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]uc-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ kwL-Sn-X-k-`bv°v ASn-°-Sn-bp-≠mb ]cm-P-b-ßƒ Nne \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°m≥ k`m-t\-Xr-XzsØ t]cn-∏n-®p. CXns‚ ê-am-bn-cp∂p Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ.

F¥mWv Ipcn-ip-bp≤w?

ap…ow-ß-fpsS ssII-fn¬\n∂pw Xncp-°-√-dbpw a‰p hnip-≤-ÿ-e-ßfpw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw apl-Ω-Zo-bm-I-a-W-Øn¬ \n∂v

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

fn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ipsd km[m-cW Xo¿∞m-S-I-cm-Wv. lt¶-dn-b-°mcpwXp¿°n-Ifpw tN¿∂v Ch-sc-sb√mw Xpc-Øn. Ipsdt∏sc h[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cn¬ ][m\ hn`m-KsØ \bn-®n-cp-∂Xv]o‰¿ k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv Ct±lw ]`p-°-∑m-cpsSssk\y-hp-ambn tbmPn-®p.

Pdp-ktew Iog-S-ßn-sb-∂p-tI v Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´ _c-Kn-°mcpwsemºm¿Up-Imcpw P¿Ω≥Imcpw t]mb-t‰-hn¬Imcpw 1101˛¬Gjym-ssa-\¿ IS-°th Xp¿°n-I-fpsS BI-a-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-Ip-Ibpw ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

c≠mw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

1144˛¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ FtZm ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. Cu hm¿Ø-bdn™v Fhp-Pn≥ aq∂m-a≥ ]m∏m (1145˛1153) c≠m-asØ Ipcn-ip-bp≤w kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. s¢b¿thm-bnse hn. _¿Æm¿Zns‚A`y¿∞\ kzoI-cn®v ^m≥knse cmPmhv eqbnkv Ggm-a\pwP¿Ω-\n-bnse sIm¨dmUv aq∂m-a\pw IqSn-bmWv C]m-hiywcwK-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. kndn-bm-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Uam-kv°-kn-s‚-ta¬ Hcm-I-aWw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw AXpw ]cm-P-b-Øn-emWvIem-in-®Xv (1148). CtXmsS ssk\yw apgp-h≥ aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p.

aq∂mw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

1187˛¬ kem-Un≥ Pdp-ktew ]nSn-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ amX-amWv]e¿°pw ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n t_m[-ap-≠m-b-Xv. Aßs\aq∂mw Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Øns‚ Hcp°w Bcw-`n-®p.

\memw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

Xo¿∞m-S-I¿°v Pdqktew kµ¿in-°m-\p≈ A\p-hmZwdn®m¿Uv H∂m-a≥ t\Sn-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw hnip≤ ÿe-ßƒAt∏mgpw ap…ow-ß-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v B ]tZ-i-ßƒ kzX-¥-am-°p-∂-Xn\v ]pXn-sbmcp iawIqSn \S-Øm≥ t]m∏v C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a≥(1198˛1216) Xocp-am-\n-®p. 1198˛¬ AXn-\p-th≠n ]kw-K-ßfpw]N-c-W-ßfpw XpS-ßn.

A©mw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

BIbv°v Hcp oj-Wn-sb-t∂mWw apkvfow-ßƒ Xmt_m¿a-e-bn¬ Hcp tIm´ \n¿Ωn-®p. hnh-c-adn™bp-Ss\ 1213˛¬ t]m∏v

A∂sØ am¿∏m-∏m-bm-bn-cp∂ KnKdn Ggm-a\p (1073˛1085) e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Bin-X-cm-bn-cp∂ ]`p-°-∑m-sc-sb-√mw-Iqń Hcpssk\yw cq]o-I-cn®v ss_k‚-bn≥ ssk\ysØ klm-bn-°p-I-sb∂ e£y-tØmsS 1074˛¬ am¿∏m∏m Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn°pcq]wsImSp-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. CXn-s‚-IqsS Xncp-°-√-d-bn-te°vXo¿∞m-S\w \S-Øm-sa∂ Dt±-ihpw ]m∏m-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.GXm-bmepw Cu ]cn-]mSn ]hr-Øn-]-Y-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-hm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bcw- n-®Xv Du¿_≥ c≠m-a≥ (1088˛99) ]m∏m-bpsS ImeØv Ae-Ivkn-bqkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS A`y¿∞-\-sb-Øp-S¿∂m-Wv.

Du¿_≥ ]m∏mbv°p apºp-Xs∂ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈Bibw Nne am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ ]I-Sn -∏n -®n -´p -≠v. G. Un.1000˛Øn\ptijw kn¬sh-Ã¿ c≠m-a≥ (999˛1003) InkvXp-hns‚ ]S-bm-fn-Isf DW-cp-hn≥ F∂p-ZvtLm-jn-®p. 1010˛¬Imen^v lm°nw Xncp-°-√-d-bpsS tZhm-ebw \in-∏n-®-t∏mƒsk¿Pn-bqkv \mem-a\pw (1009˛1012) CXp-t]m-semcp A`y¿∞\]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. KnKdn Ggm-a≥ (1073˛1085) ac-W-Øn\p sXm´p-apºv C]-Imcw ]d™p: ]]©w apgp-h≥ cn-°p-hm-s\-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Rm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂Xv hnip-≤-ÿ-e-ßƒc£-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥th≠n Fs‚ Poh≥ A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\mWv.

1095 \hw-_¿ 18˛mw XnbXn s¢¿tam¨ F∂ ÿeØv HcpIu¨kn¬ Bcw-`n-®p. Iu¨kn¬ XpS-ßn-b-Xns‚ ]ØmwZnhkw s]mSp-∂s\ Du¿_≥ c≠m-a≥ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Xs‚ Bibw \mS-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Xp¿°n-I-fpsS \nc-¥c ]oU-\-ßƒ°p hi-K-cm-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ ]uc-kvXy-ssI-kvX-hsc klm-bn-°m≥ At±lw F√m ]`p-°-∑m-tcmSpw Bh-iy-s∏- p. Pdp-ktew Ah-cpsS e£y-ambn At±lwNq≠n-°m-ń. A∂p ap…ow A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ Xncp-°-√-d-sb-∏‰n ]d-bm\pw t]m∏v ad-∂n-√. Cu ZuXy-\n¿∆-l-W-Øn¬]¶p-sIm-≈p-∂-h-cp-sS-sb√mw ]m]-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw tamNn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw At±lw hm°p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

H∂mw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

Du¿_≥ ]m∏m-bpsS A`y¿∞-\bv°v ]Xo-£-bn¬°hn™ê-ap-≠m-bn. BZyw cwK-Øn-d-ßn-bXv th≠-hn[w Bbp-[-ß-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

sa∂ Hcm-fl-hn-izmkw ssIh-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pXnb apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v klm-b-I-am-Ip-amdv Xmh-f-ßfpw Xpd-ap-J-ßfpw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ign-™p.

Xo¿∞-bm-X-I-fpsS hnkva-b-\o-b-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn°v Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ hgn-sX-fn-®p. ]¥≠pw ]Xn-aq∂pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnseaXm-fl-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ CXn\p KWy-amb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.hnip -≤ -\m -ń¬ ÿm]n -°-s∏´ aX-ÿm-] -\ -ßƒ hgn]uckvXyk-`-I-fp-ambn IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-Sm≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂Xpw Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒsIm≠p-≠mb t\´-am-Wv.

]uc-kvXy-cpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fp-ambn ]m›m-Xy¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´Xv Cu hgn-°m-Wv. k¿t∆m-]cn ]uc-kvXy-\m-Sp-I-fnsehnhn[ Dev]-∂-ßsf∏‰n a\-n-em-°p-hm\pw ]m›m-Xy¿°v Ah-kcw e`n-®p.

]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ

ap…ow-cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fnse GX-t±-io-b-ssI-kvX-h¿ `b-¶-c-amb aX-]o-U-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-bn.

Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒaqew \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpsS c‡w sNmcn-bp-IbpwssIkvX-h¿Xs∂ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IpSpw-_-tØmSpw ]P-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ IS-a-Iƒ ad-∂mWv P\-ßfpw cmPm-°-∑mcpw bp≤-Øn\p ]pd-s∏-´-Xv.

e£yw am¿§sØ \oXo-I-cn-°p-∂n√ F∂ InkvXobkm∑m¿§nI \nb-a-Øn\v tIm´w-X-ń-sb∂p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F¥pXs∂ \√ e£y-tØm-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw CX hen-bc‡s®mcn-®n-en\pw \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ°pw k`m-t\-XrXzw ap≥ssIFSp-Øp-sh-∂Xv \oXo-I-cn-°m-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-sa∂ t]cp-Xs∂ sshcp-≤y-am-Wv. qan-bn¬ kam-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-hm≥h∂ InkvXp-hns‚ AS-bm-f-amWv Ipcn-iv. AXpw bp≤-hp-ambn _‘-an-√.

C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a≥ ]pXnsbmcp BI-a-W-Øn\p t]cW sNep-Øn. ssk]-kn-sebpw l¶-dn-bn-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ 1217˛¬hnip-≤-\m-ń¬ FØn. ]t£ henb hnP-b-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-√.

Bdmw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

Ggmw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

CuPn-]vjy≥ kp¬Øms‚ Iqen-∏-´mfw 1244˛¬ Pdq-ktew]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. ^©p-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂ eqbokv Hº-Xm-a\pw Cw•o-jv-˛-t\m¿∆o-Pn-b≥ ]`p-°-∑mcpw C∂-sk‚ v \mem-a≥ ]m∏m(1243˛54) bpsS A`y¿∞\ kzoI-cn®v Ggm-asØ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Øn\v Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-´p.

F´mw Ipcn-ip-bp≤w

amsa-eq°v kp¬Øm≥ s_bv_m¿kv H∂m-a≥ (1260˛1277)em‰n≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ ho≠pw Iog-S-°n-Øp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒDu¿∫≥ \mem-a≥ (1261˛64) F´m-asØ Ipcn-ip-bp≤w ]Jym-]n-®p.

a‰p Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ

1212˛¬ Ipń-I-fpsS Ipcn-ip-bp≤w F∂t]-cn¬ Hcp ]pXnbkwcw`w ^m≥knepw P¿Ω-\n-bnepw Bcw-`n-®p. \ncm-bp-[cpwsNdp-∏-°m-cp-amb Ipsd Xo¿∞m-S-I-cmWv CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv.H∂pw t\Sp-hm≥ Ch¿°p Ign-™n-√. am¿sk-bn¬kn¬\n-∂p≈I®-h-S-°m¿ Ch-cn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n-\m-fp-Isf ASn-a-I-fmbn CuPn-]vXn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hn‰p F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ß-fpsS ê-ßƒ

]m›m-Xy-ssI-kvX-h-cpsS apgp-h≥ i‡nbpw Ignhpw Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ß-fn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®n-´p -≠v. Pdq-k-te-ans‚ ]X-\-Øn\ptijw F√m-Ø-c-Ønepws]´ Bfp-Iƒ ssk\ytkh\wsNøm-t\m, bp≤-k-∂m-l-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI`mcw hln-°mt\mAXp-a-s√-¶n¬ hnip-≤-\m-ńse eØo≥Im¿°v ]W-a-b-®psImSpØp klm-bn-°p-hmt\m \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]Ya Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Øn¬ hnip-≤-ÿ-e-ßƒ tamNn-°-s∏-´p-sh∂p amX-a√ kz¥w ]tZ-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ km[n-°p-

Xncp`m NcnXw

80 81

Xncp`m NcnXw

ssIkvX-h¿s°mcp t]Sn-kz-]v\-ambna≤y-]q¿∆-tZ-i-Øp-b¿∂p-h∂ C…mw F]-Imcwhf¿∂p hnI-kn-®p-sh∂pw k`m-t\-XrXzw Fßs\AXns\ t\cn-´p-sh∂pw Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬I≠p. F∂m¬ ssIkvX-h-sa-∂-`n-am-\n-®n-cp∂]m›m-Xy-cmjvSß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw k`bv°vAX A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. P¿Ω-\n, Cw•-≠v,^m≥kv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse cmPm-°-∑mcpw ]m∏m-[n-]-Xy-hp-ambn Xpd∂ G‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ Xs∂ \S-∂p. CXn -s\√mw Fgp -]Xp h¿j-tØ°v^m≥knse Ahn-t™m-Wn-tebv°v am‰nb ]›m-Øew XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Cu A≤ym-b-Ønse ]Xn-]m-Zyw.

saXm-∑m-cpsS \nb-a\w (Lay Investiture) kw_-‘n® X¿°-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v DS-º-Sn-Iƒ H∏p-h-®-tXmsS k`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw cmjvSo-bm-

]m›m-Xy-k- bpw cmjvS-ßfpw

10

[n-Im-cn-Ifpw XΩn¬ AXp-hsc \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Dc-k-ep-IƒHs´ms° Ah-km-\n-®p. F¶nepw CS-bv°nsS s]mépw No‰epwD≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. a≤y-bp-K-N-cn-X-Øn¬ G‰hpw it≤-b-amb kw -h-amWv k`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ Cu G‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ.

k`bpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-L-´hpw

a≤y-bp-K-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Imew k`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hnj-a-]q¿Æ-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-e-ØmWv F√m-cw-K-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ t\´-ßƒ Ah-bpsS D∂-X-ti-Wn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. ]t£ Ch Fs∂∂pw \ne-\n-ev°p-sa∂v Bsc-¶nepwIcp-Xn-sb-¶n¬ AXp auVyw amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. a≤y-bp-K-Øn¬kwL-Sn-X-k- -bpsS i‡n £bn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. kaq-lsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ _mly-i-‡n-I-fn¬\n∂pw Hgn™p \nev°p-hm≥ k`-bnse am\p-jn-I-L-S-I-ßƒ°p Ign-bn-s√-∂mWv CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-h¿Ø-\-L-´-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bmb kmº-Øn-I-hpw, kmaq-ly-hpw, _p≤n-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb LS-I-ßƒk -bn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS-ta¬\S-Ønb IS-∂m-I-a-W-am-Wv Cu A[x-]-X-\-Øn\p Imc-Ww.]m∏m-am-cpsS Ahn-t™m¨ ASn-a-Øw, ]m›m-Xy-io-iva, \thm-∞m\w XpS-ßn-bh Cu A[x-]-X-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂p-am-Xw.

kmº-Øn-I-L-S-I-ßƒ

^yqU¬hy-h-ÿn-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v kº-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw am\-Z-WvUhpw qan-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ I®-h-Shpw hyh-km-bhpw Cu \ne-]m-Sn\p am‰w-h-cp-Øn.

kmº-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ ]Ww ]Y-a-ÿm\w Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-tXmsS qan-bpsS ]m[m\yw Ipd-™p. Cu am‰w IqSp-X¬]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®Xv, A∂v bqtdm-∏nse G‰hpw henb`qhp-S-a-bm-bn-cp∂ k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-sØ-bm-Wv.

kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

kaq-l-Øns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bnepw ]I-S-amb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-bn. ]pXnb kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ê-ambn aX-\n-c-t]-£X hf¿∂p-h-∂p. `mhn-bn¬ hcm-\p≈ kz¿§-`m-Ky-Øn-

Xncp`m NcnXw

82 83

Xncp`m NcnXw

s\-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-tem-I-Øn\v a\p-jy≥ IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In. aX-\n-tj-[tam \nco-iz-c-Xztam Bbn-cp-∂n√ CXns‚ ASn-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®-Xv; ]XypX temI-tØbpwAXnse kuI-cy-ß-tfbpw]‰n-bp≈ h¿≤n® Ah-t_m-[-am-Wv.temI-tØbpw euInI Imcy-ß-tfbpw XyPn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv°p kzoIm-cy-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ ]eXpw A\m-I¿j-I-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

_u≤n-I-a-WvUew

ssZh-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn-tebpw XØz-im-kvX-Øn-tebpw AXn-Im-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ kvsImfm-Ãn°v Nn¥-I¿ an°-hcpw 1300 Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw Ime-b-h-\n-I-bv°p-≈n¬ ad-™p. C°m-eØvAflm-b-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-\n-e-hmcw Db¿∂-tXmsS _u≤n-I-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ IpØ-Im-h-Imiw\jvS-s∏-´p. tXmakv AIzo-\m-kns‚ XØz-ßƒ°v At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw henb ]Nm-csam∂pw Inń-bn-√. AtX-k-abw Hm°m-anse hney-ans‚ t\man-\-enkw Akq-bm-h-l-amb]Nmcw t\Sn. ap≥Km-an-Ifpambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒkvsImfm-Ãn°v ]mc-ºcyw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-cmcpwIpsd-°m-e-tØ-bv°p-≠m-bn-√. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tgbv°pw ]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-Iƒ°v Ah-bpsS ÿm\w ho≠p-In-ń. ItØm-en-°-cmb kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿t]mepw kz¥w Ign-hp-Iƒ atX-X-c-amb e£y-ßƒ°pth-≠n-bmWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.k`m-tk-h-\-Øn¬ Ah-scm∂pw ]tXy-I-Xm-ev]cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-√. Aflm-b-cpsS _u≤n-I-\n-e-hmcw Db¿∂-tXmsS sshZn-I-cpsS A⁄-Xbpw t]mcm-bvIIfpw \ncq-]-W-hn-t[-b-ambn.

cmjvSo-b-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

cmjvSo-b-`-c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ GXp cq]-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-sW-¶nepw]Xy-£-Øn¬ AXp k`sb Imcy-ambn kv]¿in-t°≠-X-√.F¶nepw Nne ]tXyI c-W-co-Xn-Iƒ k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-e-am-sbmcp A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-sa∂Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. Aß-s\-bp≈ H∂m-bn-cp∂p yqU¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn. sNdn-bXpw _e-lo-\-hp-amb cmjvSo-b-L-S-I-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln®p Ign™ Hcp Ime-L- -Øn¬ k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\v AXns‚kzm[o-\-i‡n ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p.F∂m¬ ^yqU-enkw XI-cp-Ibpw tZio-b-t_m[w hf-cp-Ibpw

sNbvX-tXmsS tZio-b-kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ ]pXn-sbm-cp-W¿∆pw \h-Po-h\pw ssIs°m-≠p. CXv k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\v Hcm-Lm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. NI-h¿ØnamcpsS ÿm\w-IqSn tZio-b-t\-Xm-°ƒGs‰-Sp-Øp. tZiob]ÿm-\-ßsf∏‰n P\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-bn. hntZ-io-b-am-b-h-tbm-sS√mw shdp∏pw Ah-⁄bpwDS-se-Sp-Øp.

t]m∏v kztZ-io-b-\-s√∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcp ItØm-en-°≥t]∏¬ Ah-Im-i-ßsf tNmZyw sNøp-I, Hc-\y-cm-jvSsØklm-bn-°p-I-bm-sW∂ `bw-sIm≠v ]m∏mbv°v k`m-]n-cnhvsImSp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, am¿∏m∏m hntZ-io-b-\m-I-bm¬ At±lw\nb-an-°p∂ Bsf kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°pI XpS-ßnbImcy-ß-sf-∏‰n a≤y-bp-K-Øn¬ Nn¥n-bv°p-I-t]mepw km≤y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]t£ Ch-sb√mw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p ]n∂oSv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂p-sh-∂-XmWp kXyw.

CXp-hsc `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-bp≈ bp≤-ß-fn¬ ]am-Wn-I-fmb Aflm-b-cp-tSbpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc saXm-∑m-cp-tSbpwklmbw am¿∏m-∏m-am¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1270˛ap-X¬ Im‰pXncn™p hoin-Øp-S-ßn. P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS tZio-b-t\-Xm-hp-am-bp≈ Iq´p-sI-ń\v hnZq-c-ÿ-\mb t]m∏p-am-bp≈ kJy-tØ-°mƒ ]m[m\yw \evIn. Ah-cpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ap≥K-W\ \evtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv k`-bpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ°-√.]XypX cmjvS-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°m-Wv.

am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ Ahn-t™m-Wn¬ (1309˛1376)

1309 apX¬ 1376 hsc am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS Bÿm\w ^m≥kn¬tdm¨ \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ Ahn-t™m-Wm-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-eØvt]∏¬ Iqcn-bm-bn¬ ^©p kzm[o-\-i‡n hfsc h¿≤n-®p.tZio-b-t_m-[-Øn¬\n∂p-f-hmb i‡-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ°vCXn-S-bm-°n. Iqcn-bm-bpsS Kmwò-cyw, ]mj-WvU-X-I-fpsSA`mhw, Xmc-X-tay\ kz`m-h-ip-≤n-bp≈ am¿∏m-∏m-am¿, kzm[o-\-i-‡n-bp≈ hnip-≤¿ XpS-ßn-bh Cu Ime-L- -Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. F∂m¬ Chsb√mwIqSn hy¿∞-amsbmcp kpc-£n-X-Xz-t_m[w \evIn-b-Xp-aqew aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bn-te-bv°p≈Pohn-X-Øns‚ Nmbvhv a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ A∂m¿°pw Ign-™n-√.

C‰-en-bn-tebpw tdman-tebpw Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bmWv Ahn-

Xncp`m NcnXw

84 85

Xncp`m NcnXw

t™m¨ ]hm-k-Øns‚ ][m-\-Im-c-Ww. t]∏¬ I£n-I-fmbKƒ^v IpSpw-_-°mcpw ]m∏m hncp-≤-cmb Kn_-√-\kv IpSpw-_-°mcpw C‰-ensb Hcp ]S-°-f-am°n am‰n. Cu Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ A`-b-tIµw t\m°n am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ amdn-Øm-a-kn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ahn-t™m¨ t]∏¬ A[n-hm-k-tI-µ-am-bXvBI-kvan-I-am-bm-Wv. 1305˛¬ t_m¿tUm-bnse B¿®p-_n-j-∏m-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv Ivsfa‚ v A©m-a≥ (1305˛1314) Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv. A\m-tcm-Kyhpw ^m≥knse ^nen∏v \mem-a-\p-am-bp≈ CS-]m-Sp-Ifpwaqew At±-l-Øn\v DSs\ tdman-tebv°pt]mIp-hm≥ km[n-®n-√. 1309˛¬ Ahnt™m¨ kµ¿in®At±lw sUman-\n-°≥ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS AXn-Yn-bmbn ac-Ww-hsc AhnsS Ign-™p. XpS¿∂p-h∂ tPm¨ 22˛ma≥ (1316˛1334)Ahn-t™m-Wnse saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPm-hp-am-bp≈ Dc-k-ep-Iƒ G‰w kpc-£n-X-amb ÿeØp hkn-°m≥ At±-lsØbpwt]cn-∏n-®p. CXn-\nsS C‰m-en-b≥ bp≤-ßƒ cq£-X-c-am-bn.tdman-tebv°p kpc-£n-X-ambn hcnI AX Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1348˛¬ A∂sØ t]m∏v Ahn-t™m¨ hne-bv°p-hmßnHcp Ac-a\ ]Wn-Xp. Cß-s\-bm-sW-¶nepw Ign-hXpw thKwtdman-tebv°p t]mtI-≠Xv Hcm-h-iy-am-sW∂v F√m am¿∏m-∏m-am¿°pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ahn-t™m¨ am¿∏m∏m-am-cpsS kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ

]hm-k-Im-esØ Ggp am¿∏m-∏m-amcpw hyXy-kvX-kz- m-h-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ ]cn-jv°¿Øm-°-fm-bn-´mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. c≠p-t]¿ hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-cmbn ]Jym-]n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. Nne¿ kz`m-h-Zm¿Vy-ap≈hcpw a‰p Nne¿ N©-e-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. [q¿Ø-\mb am\y≥ F∂mWv s¢a‚ v Bdm-a-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂-Xv; tPm¨ 22˛ma≥ Hcp X]-kzn-bpw. -

A©p-t]¿ ]kn-≤-cmb k`m-\n-b-a-⁄-cm-Wv. an°-h-cpwXnI™ ]WvUn-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Im-cy-Øn¬]tXyI Xmev]cyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. Imt°m, hnb-∂m, Hmd©vF∂o k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS ÿm]-\-Øn¬ Du¿_≥ A©m-a\p (1362˛1370) hen-sbmcp ]¶p-≠v. c-W-ss\-]p-Wy-amWv Ggp-t]¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]mXp-Kp-Ww.

ho≠pw tdman-tebv°v

tdman-tebv°p Xncn-®p-h-cm≥th≠ A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-

∂-Xn\v Icp-X-temsS am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ Icp-\o-°-ßƒ \S-Øns°m-≠n-cp-∂p. tdman¬ Ia-k-am-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-I, ]tXm-kns‚ ]X-ta-\n-bn¬\n∂pw Ih¿®-°msc ]pd-¥-≈p-I, Kƒ^p-Ip-Spw-_-°msc F√m cwK-ß-fnepw klm-bn-°p-I. F∂o am¿§-ß-fmWv Ah-c-Xn\p kzoI-cn-®-Xv. 1334˛hsc C‰-en-bn¬ bp≤wXpS¿∂p. 1350˛\p tijw, Xncn-®p-t]m-Im-\p≈ A¥-co£wkrjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pXnb ia-ß-fp-≠m-bn. I¿±n-\mƒ A¬_-tdm¨kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ t]∏¬ssk\yw Ipsd-sb√mwhnP-bn-®p. 1367˛¬ Du¿_≥ A©m-a≥ (1362˛1370) Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. F∂m¬ A¬_-tdm-kns‚ ac-W-tijwho≠pw Ahn-t™m-Wn-tebv°p aS-ßn-t∏m-tI≠ KXn-tI-SmWv]m∏m-bv°p-≠m-b-Xv. 1375˛¬ t]∏¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse 80 \K-c-ßƒ Hcp Iq´p-sI-ń-te¿s∏´v Ah-cpsS kzmX¥w t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ ia-ß-fm-cw-`n-®p.

Cu A¥-co-£-Øn-emWv kob-∂m-bnse hn. ImX-do≥ cwK-Øp-h-∂-Xv. B hnip≤ Ahn-t™m-Wn-seØn KnKdn ]Xn-s\m-∂m-a≥ ]m∏msb (1370˛1378) t\cn¬°≠v ssZh-Øns‚ \ma-Øn¬ tdman-tebv°p Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ A`y¿∞n-®p. AXn-\p≈ ]Xn-_-‘-ß-sf√mw XcWw sNøp-hm≥ Ah¿ \n¿t±-in-®p. hnip-≤sb \ncm-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]m∏mbv°v Ign-™n-√. P\o-hm-bnse I¿±n-\mƒ tdm_¿ńs\ Hcp ssk\y-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ic-hgn Ab-®-tijw am¿∏m∏m Pt\m-h-bn¬\n∂p Pe-am¿§w ]pd-s∏´v 1377 P\p-h-cn-tbm-Sp-IqSn hØn-°m-\n-se-Øn. ]Xym-I-a-W-ßsfsb√mw t]∏¬ssk\yw th≠-t]mse t\cn-´p. ]t£,]q¿Æ-k-am-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv KnKdn ac-W-a-S-™p.

]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-k-`bv°vA`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h∂ ]iv\-ß-fmWv Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬N¿®-sN-bvX-Xv. hnhn[cmjvS-ß-fp-am-bp≈ G‰p-ap-´¬ k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ i≤sb B≤ym-fln-I-X-e-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hyXn-N-en-∏n-s®-¶n¬ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√. Cu Ime-L- -Ønse Hcp-]t£G‰w henb kw`-h-amWv am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS _m_n-tem¨ ASn-a-Øw F∂v Ncn-X-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-t™m¨ ]hm-kw.am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ Hcp cmPy-hp-ambpw ]tXy-I-co-Xn-bn¬ _‘-s∏´p\nev°-cp-sX∂pw, tZio-b-]-_p-≤-X-bpsS a≤y-Ønepw k` Ah-fpsS AXn-kzm- m-hn-IXzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-sX-∂p-amWv Cu kw -h-ßƒ \sΩ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xncp`m NcnXw

86 87

Xncp`m NcnXw

Snbpw tdmans‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ HXp-ßn.

]¥≠pw ]Xn-aq∂pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ hym]-I-amb C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw tdma≥ tIµo-I-cW]ÿm-\sØ hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v.

saXm-∑m-cpsS \nb-a-\hpw am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ a‰p cq]-X-Iƒ°v tdman-t\m-Sp≈ hnt[-bXzwH∂p-IqSn h¿≤n-®p.

]m›m-Xy-k-`-bpsS ]mc-º-cyßfpw, A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßfpwicn-bm-bn´v ]men-°p-∂pt≠m F∂t\zjn°p-hm≥ am¿∏m∏m]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ab-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv 9˛mw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmWp≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \b-X-¥-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn am¿∏m∏m CXc cmPy-ß-fn-tebv°v Ab-®n -cp -∂-h -cmWv semKmØn aon. t]m\p¨tjym,C‚¿\p¨tjym XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.

c≠m-asØ hn`mKw seKmØn \mØn F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C°q-´¿ tdman¬\n∂v ]tXyIw Ab-bv°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-c-√.Xt±-io-b-cmb saXm-∑m-sctbm AXp-t]m-ep≈ k`m-[n-Im-cn-I-sftbm B Hcp ]tZ-i-tØbvt°m cmPy-tØbvt°m apgp-h-\mbp≈ Xs‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn am¿∏m∏m \nb-an-°p-I-bmWpsNøp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ kz¥w \mń¬ hkn-®p-sIm≠v tdmanse]m∏m-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Ah¿ h¿Øn-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw]tXyI Ah-k-c-Øntem ktΩ-f-\-Øntem NS-ßntem Xs∂]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m≥ am¿∏m∏m \ntbm-Kn-°p∂ hy‡n-I-fmWvseKmØn Aem-Øsc F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ aq∂m-asØhn`m-Kw.

A[n-Im-c-tI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ a‰p am¿§-ß-fmWv ]menbw \¬Iepw BZven-an\m kµ¿i-\-hpw. ]menbwF∂Xv Igp-Øn¬ [cn-°p∂ Ae-¶-cn® tcma-h-kvX-am-Wv. knhn-e-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw a‰pw tXmfn¬ [cn-®n-cp∂ Cu hkvXw k`m-[n-Im-cn-Øns‚ Hcp Nn”-ambn ]cn-W-an-®p. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lWw ]q¿Æ-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ am¿∏m∏m-bn¬\n∂pw t\cn´v ]menbw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂mbn ]pXnb\n_-‘-\. CXn-\p-th≠n saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ tdmam kµ¿in-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂p. F√m saXm-∑mcpw A©p-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬tdman-seØn hn. ]tXm-kn-s‚bpw ]utem-kns‚bpw ih-Ip-So-

tdmam tIµ-am-°n-bp≈ i‡-am-sbmcp c-W-k-º-Zmbw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ ]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xv ]¥≠pw ]Xn-aq∂pw \q‰m-≠p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. C°m-eØv `c-W-]-chpw \b-]-c-hp-amb ]e Imcy-ßfpw am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn-em-bn. cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cnIfpsSbpw ]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw AXn-cp-I-S∂ t]c-W-Iƒ B≤ym-fln-Ihpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ ]e Ia-t°-Sp-Ifpw hcp-Øn. CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn i_vZ-ap-b¿Øm≥k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ aSn-®n-√.

tdma-\m-[n-]Xyw

A[n-Im--c-tI-µo-I-c-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSnktΩ-fn® \memw em‰-d≥ kq\-l-tZmkv (1215) hnhn-[-ß-fmb am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS AXp km[n-®p. hnip-≤-cpsS ]qPym-h-in-jvS-ß-fpsS ]c-ky-h-W°w am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS thW-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p∂ Hcp tcJ Xs∂ ]kvXpX ktΩ-f\w ]mm-°n. CtXm-Sp-IqSn hnip-≤-cpsS \ma-I-cW \S-]-

tdma≥ tIµo-I-cWw

11

Xncp`m NcnXw

88 89

Xncp`m NcnXw

\n¿hnLv\w XpS¿∂p. 1918 hsc D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp∂ k`m-\n-b-a-ßƒ°v GIo-Ir-X-cq]w \evIn-bXv tPm¨ 22˛ma\m-Wv.

am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ]c-am-[n-]Xyw

]m›m-Xy-k-`-bpsS \b-]-chpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]pjvSn-]m-]n-®Xv ]Xn-aq∂pw ]Xn-∂mepw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-Wv. k`-bpsS hnI-k-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb `c-W-X¥w Iptd-°m-e-tØ-s°-¶nepw Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. a≤y-bp-K-Øns‚ Bcw- -Ønse cmjvSo-b-]-›m-Ø-e-amWv CXc InkvXo-b-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw kmam-Py-ßƒ°pw tdmam-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn\v hnLm-X-am-bn-\n-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Aflmbta[m-hn-Øz-Øs‚ Zqjy-h-i-ßsf \o°w-sN-bvXp-sIm-≠p≈ KnKdn Ggm-as‚ \ho-I-c-W-b-Xv\-tØmsS kpZr-Vhpw kzX-¥-hp-amb ]m∏m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p≈ km≤y-X-Iƒ sXfn-™p. ]mtZ-in-I-]-iv\-ß-fn¬ am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS B[n-]Xyw h¿≤n-®-tXm-sS, ]mtZ-in-I-k--IƒXs∂ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp∂ Imcy-ßƒt]mepw am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS

\nb-¥-W-Øn-em-bn.

am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ]Xm]w IqSp-X¬ h¿≤n-®Xv 1198˛¬ C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a≥ ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS t\cn-´p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øn≥ Iogn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒÿm]n-°p-I-bpw, tdmapw knkn-enbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘wi‡hpw hy‡-hp-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C∂-sk‚ v am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ImesØ G‰hpw henb kw`-h-amWv \memw em‰-d≥ kq\-l-tZm-kv. tdma≥ B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw k -bpsS kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb hf¿®-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬\n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶p hln®p Cu Iu¨kn¬.

\memw em‰-d≥ Iu¨kn¬˛1215

Cu kq\-l-tZmkv ]Jym-]n-°-s∏- Xv 1213 G]n¬ 19˛mw Xnb-Xn-bm-Wv. 1215 \hw-_-dn¬ 412 saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw 800 k\ym-k-k`m[n]-∑m-cp-sSbpw km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Iu¨kn¬ Bcw-`n-®p.]m›m-Xy-k-`-bnse F√m-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-ap≈ ]nXm-°-∑m¿CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬, ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fn¬ Ko°p-k-`-bp-sSbpw a‰p Nne k`-I-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.\hw-_¿ 11˛mw XnbXn Bcw-`n® Cu Iu¨kn¬ aq∂p ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn-embn 70 Imt\m-\-I-fmWv ]mm-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv. tdman¬

c-ßƒ kµ¿in®p ]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂pw cq]Xm`c-WsØkw_-‘n® hni-Z-amb dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n°-W-sa∂pw \nb-a-ap-≠m-°n. Cß-s\-bp≈ kµ¿i-\-Øn-\mWv BZven -an\mkµ¿i\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Im\≥ \nb-a-ßƒ

k`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-`-c-W-I-a-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn\nev°p∂ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bmWv Im\≥ \nb-aw. G. Un. A©mw\q‰m-≠n¬ Ub-\o-jykv FIvkn-Kp-hqkv ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv BZysØ \nb-a-k-am-lm-cw. lnkv]m\m tiJcw Ggmw\q‰m-≠n¬ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. skho-ense Ckn-tZm-dmWv CXv tiJ-cn-®-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. GUn-bm≥ am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS \nb-a-kw-lnX F´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. am¿∏m-∏m, Nm¿en-sa-bn≥ NI-h¿Øn-°-b® \n¿t±-i-ß-fmWv CXnse D≈-S-°w.]Ømw\q‰m-≠n¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv ]ohn-anse sdPn-\m-bpsS tiJ-cw.

]¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]m›m-Xy-k` HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb \nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v tkmX-mbpw B[m-c-ambpwap≥\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]pd-Øp-h∂ GXm\pw Nne tcJ-I-fmWv apI-fn¬ ]d™h. _mlyhpw B¥-cn-I-hp-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ°vhnt[-b-am-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu IrXn-Iƒ. t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn®v Hcp ]pXnb \nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v cq]wsImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne]WvUn-X-∑m¿ Xøm-dm-bn. s_mtfm™m-k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnseA≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Kmkn-bm≥ BWv Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn\vap≥ssI-sb-SpØv ]h¿Øn-®-Xv.

1190˛\pw 1226˛\pw CSbv°v A©v \nb-a-k-am-lm-c-ßƒIqSn]pd-Øp-h-∂n-´p-≠v. Ch-bpsS t]cmWv ‘Quinque Compilationes’Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ aq∂m-a-s‚bpw (1159˛1181) slmtWm-dn-bkv(1216˛1227) aq∂m-a-s‚bpw Iev]-\-I-fmWv Ch-bpsS D≈-S-°w.

ka¿∞hpw tIµo-Ir-X-hp-amb hyh-ÿn-Xn°v D]-bp-‡-ambHcp \-\-I-fpsS A©p kam-lm-c-ß-fp-≠mbn C°m-e-Øv. 1210˛¬]pd-Øn-d-ßnb tcJ C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a-t‚-Xm-Wv. HutZy-Kn-IhpwG‰hpw ]g-°-ap-≈Xpw, tdma≥ k`-bpsS \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v\nZm-\-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≈Xpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]n∂oSv1234˛¬ KnKdn Hº-Xm-as‚ Iev]-\-Iƒ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. tPm¨22˛m-as‚ (1316˛1334) Iqń-t®¿°¬hsc k`m-\n-b-a-hn-I-k\w

Xncp`m NcnXw

90 91

Xncp`m NcnXw

ßƒ°v tij-am-Wv. Bdmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tdmanse Nne ]tXyICS-h-I-I-fnse sshZn-I-ti-jvT-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p am¿∏m-∏msb `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ klm-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ CXn-s\mcp am‰w-h-∂p. ss«lnI knwlm-k-\-ssh-Zn-I¿F∂-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ sshZn-I-KWw CXn-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. ][m\ ]´-W-ß-fnse hnIm-cn-amcpw tdmanse Ggv Uo°-∑mcpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ch-sc-√m-hcpw I¿±n-\m-f-∑m-cmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1170˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ aq∂m-a≥ Cu kwL-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-\mbn \nb-a-ßƒ D≠m-°n. C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a≥]ns∂bpw AXns\ Iao-I-cn-®p. 1588 P\p-hcn 22˛mw XobXn]pd-Øn-d-ßnb CsΩ≥km F∂ NmIn-IteJ\-tØm-Sp-IqSnknIvÃkv A©m-a≥ (1585˛1590) AXn-s‚ Iao-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. Aßs\ ]e Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS cq]m-¥-c-hn-t[-b-ambnhf¿∂p-h∂ Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv tdma≥ Iqcn-bm.

Iqcn-bm-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hnI-kn-®-tXmsS tPmen ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hn`-P\w Bh-iy-ambnh∂p. ]Xn-aq∂mw\q‰m-≠n¬ cq]wsIm≠ `c-W-kw-_-‘-amb aq∂p hIp-∏p-IƒC∏-d-™-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. HutZym-KnI Imcym-ebw (Chan-cery), \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k` (Apostolic Chamber), tImS-Xn-Iƒ(Judicial Tribunals) F∂n-h-bm-W-h. I≈-tc-J-Isf Ffp∏wI≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-I-Ø-°-hÆw am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsStcJ-Iƒ°v \nb-X-amb cq]hpw `mhhpw \¬Ip∂ hn]p-eamb\nb-a-ßƒ C∂-sk‚ v ]m∏m G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS tcJ-Iƒ°v _qf F∂ t]cv AXn-t∑-ep≈ apZ-bn¬\n∂pw D¤-hn-®-Xm-Wv.

[\-]-c-amb hnj-b-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv A∏-kvtXm-enIv tNw_¿ F∂ Imcym-e-b-Øns‚ aWvU-e-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tNw_¿se-bn≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CXns‚ A≤y-£≥tdma≥ Iqcn-bm-bnse ][m\ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv.At±-lsØ tÃ‰v skI-´dn F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂p.

am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS hcp-am-\-am¿§-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.F¶nepw km¿∆-Xn-I-k-`m-`-c-W-Øns‚ hºn® sNe-hp-Iƒ\n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ CsX√mw XnI-bmsX h∂-Xn-\m¬ F√m]mtZ-in-I-k-`-I-fn¬\n∂pw \n›n-X-XpI Ic-ambn ]ncn-t°-≠n-h-∂p.

tIµo-Ir-X-amb Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-Øn\v cq]w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pwtdma-\m-[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw DX-Ip-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂pCXnse Imt\m-\-Iƒ ]eXpw. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bnse hkvXp-t`ZwF∂ ]Z-Øn\v HutZym-Kn-Imw-Ko-Imcw \¬In-bXv Cu Iu¨kn-em-Wv. CXns‚ 21˛mw Imt\m\m B≠p-Ip-º-km-c-Øn\pw Ip¿_m-\-kzo-I-c-W-Øn\pw F√m hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw IS-s∏-Sp-Øn.]pXnb k\ym-k-k-`-I-fpsS ÿm]\w \ntcm-[n-®p. k`-bpsShkvXp-h-I-Ifpw \nIp-XnIfpw kw_‘n®p≈ \n¿t±-ihpwas‰mcp Imt\m-\-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. (Can. 54). Im\≥\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ tIp-I-fnepw am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS Xnc-s™-Sp∏vkw_-‘n® Imcy-ß-fnepw ]pXnb \nb-a-ßƒ \S-∏m-°n. \mevImt\m-\-Iƒ blq-Zsc kw_-‘n-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv.

]¥≠v Imt\m-\-Iƒ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc kv]¿in-°p-∂-h-bmWv. Ah¿ cmPy-`-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xns\ I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n®p (Can. 44). Xncp-t»-jn-∏p-Iƒ°v AwKo-ImcwsImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw tdman\p amX-ambn \o°n-h®p(Can. 62).

KnKdn ]Øm-as‚ Ime-ØmWv (1271˛1276) c≠mw eb¨kvkq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-∂Xv (1274). ]kvXpX kq\-l-tZmkv]m›m-Xycpw ]uc-kvXycpw XΩn-ep≈ Xmev°m-en-ssI-Iy-°n\vkm£yw-\n-ev°p-∂p. kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ CXc Iev]-\-I-fn¬G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´Xv am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw ]Øp Znh-k-Øn-\Iw ]pXnb ]m∏msb sXc-s™-Sp-°mØ]£wsIm¨t¢hnse I¿±n-\m-f-∑m¿°v sdmńbpw ho™pw amXw`£-W-ambn \¬IpI Fs∂mcp \n¿t±-i-ap-≠m-bn. Cu UnInBZyw X≈n-t∏m-sb-¶nepw 1294˛¬ ske-Ãn≥ 5˛mas‚ ImeØv(1294) ]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂p.

tdma≥ Iqcnb

ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS s]mXp-hmb Imcy-ß-fn¬ am¿∏m-∏msb klm-bn-°m-\p≈ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv tdma≥ Iqcnb.cmjvSo-b-`-c-W-Ø-e-h-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb `c-W-h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ tdma≥ Iqcnb am¿∏m-∏m-sbbpw klm-bn-°p-∂p.

tdma≥ Iqcn-bmbv°v cq]w e`n-®Xv hfscb[nIw ]cn-Wm-a-

Xncp`m NcnXw

92 93

Xncp`m NcnXw

C≥Iznknj≥

12

kXyhn-izmkw kwc-£n-°p-hm-\mbn ]mj-WvUn-Isfbpw A_-≤-]-t_m-[-I-scbpw Xncp-Øp-I, Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ hnNm-c-W-sNbvXp in£-hn-[n-°pI F∂o-e-£y-ß-tfmsS ÿm]n-X-amb k`m-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 12- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ i‡n-]m-]n® B¬_n-P≥kn-b≥ ]mj-WvU-Xsb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C≥Izn-kn-j≥ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]Y-a-e-£yw. a\n-t°-b≥ ]mj-WvU-Xsb Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v Ah-bnse ]e Bi-b-ßfpw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v acn-®-h¿°v ]p\¿P-∑-ap-s≠∂p hmZn-°p-Ibpw Zriy-k- -bpsSbpw IqZm-i-I-fp-sSbpw ]k‡n\ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B¬_n-sP≥kn-b≥]mj-WvUX hnhm-lsØ ]m]-ambn ]Jym-]n®vkºq¿Æ-hn-c‡ Pohn-X-Øn-\p-th≠n hmZn-®n-cp-∂p.Cu A_≤]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ hym]\w XS-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn k`bpw cmjvS-ßfpw XΩn¬ G¿s∏´Hcp DS-º-Sn-bmWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚

]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Zm\-ßƒ, \nIp-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh Iqcn-bm-bpsSkzØv h¿≤n-∏n-®p. F¶nepw [\-]-c-ambn kzbw ]cym-]vX-X-bn-se-Øm≥ Iptd-°m-e-tØbv°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√.

Iqcn-bm-bnse hnhn[ tImS-Xn-I-fpsS D¤hw hy‡-a-√. Ah-bpsS A`n-]m-bm-\p-k-c-W-amWv ]m∏m ]e Xocp-am-\-ßfpw FSp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv.

]e Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw A\o-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw A_-≤-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn¬\n∂pw k`sb c£n-°p-hm≥ Cu ]tXy-I-cq-]-Øn-ep≈`c-W-k-º-Zm-b-Øn\v Ign-™n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ CXn\v a-dp-h-i-hp-ap-≠v. B≤ym-fln-I-X-e-Øn¬ sFIy-ap≈ ssZh-P\w F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ _mly-ambn sI´p-d-∏p≈ shdpsamcp aX-kw-L-S-\-bmbn k`sb ]e-t∏mgpw Xcw-Xm-gvØm-dp-≠v.

Xncp`m NcnXw

94 95

Xncp`m NcnXw

1252 ¬ C∂-sk‚ v \mem-a≥ am¿]m-∏m- C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS hnNm-c-W-bn¬ a¿±-\-ap-d-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm≠v I¬]-\-]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. XnI®pw Zmcp-W-amb Cu \S-]Sn C≥Izn-knj≥\S-]-Sn-Isf Ip]-kn-≤-am-°n. kwi-b-Øns‚t]cn¬ At\-I¿]oUn-∏n-°-s∏- p. a¥-hm-Zw, ssZh-Zq-j-Ww, _m[-sbm-gn-∏n-°¬XpS-ßnb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°phnt[-b-am-°n-Øp-S-ßn-b-tXmsS At\Iw a¥-hm-Zn-Ifpw B`n-Nm-c-°mcpw \njvTq-c-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kIe AXn-cp-Ifpwt`Zn®p apt∂-dp∂p F∂p a\-n-em-°nb \nt°m-fmkv aq∂m-a≥]m∏ (1277- 1280) C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-ffa¿±-\-ap-d-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. P¿Ω≥ cmPy-ßƒ C≥Izn-kn-j≥\S-]-Sn-I-tfmS\p_-‘n-®p-ff a¿±-\-ap-d-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. P¿Ω≥cmPy-ßƒ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-tfmSv Bcw`wapXte hntbm-Pn∏v ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. 1233 ¬ am¿_p¿Knse tIm¨dmUv F∂C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \ymbm-[n-]s‚ Zmcp-W-amb h[-tØmsS P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿÷o-h-ambn. C‰-en,^m≥kv, kvs]bn≥, t]m¿®p-K¬ XpS-ßnb em‰n≥cm-Py-ß-fn-emWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ ][m-\-ambpw \S-∏n-em-b-Xv. 1184 apX¬1260 Iƒhsc \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°p-am-Xta ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm -£-amtbm k`m-t\-XrXzwta¬t\m´w hln-®n-cp-∂p-f-fq.

Ip]-kn-≤-amb kv]m\njv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImSXn ÿm]n-°s∏-´Xv kvs]bn-\nse BƒtKm-Wnse s^¿Un-\m‚ v c≠m-a≥ cmPm-hns‚ ta¬tam-´-Øn¬ 1498 ¬ BWv.- kvs]-bn-\nepwAXns‚ tImf\n cmPy-ß-fnepw hnizm-k-hn-cp-≤-\n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ°vac-W-in£ \¬Ip∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Inb CutImSXn ]q¿Æ-ambpw cmPm-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. CutImS-Xn-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X¿ cmP-I-ev]\ ]Imcw \ymbm-[n-]-cmbn h¿Øn-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ch-cpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ am¿]m-∏-bpsS\n¿t±-im-\p-k-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kvs]bn-\nse Incm-X-amb blq-Z-a-X-a¿±-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv kv]m\njv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-bm-Wv. am¿]m-∏-bp-ambn _‘-an-√msX XnI®pwcmP-\n-b-¥-W-Øn¬ \S-∂-Xmbn´pw kv]m\njv C≥Izn-kn-js‚DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw k`-bp-sS-ta-emWv Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, t]m¿®p-K-ense tbmthm aq∂m-a≥ cmPmhvÿm]n® C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-bn- setbm ]Øm-a≥ am¿]m-

D¤-h-Øn\p Imc-W-am-b-Xv. DS-º-Sn-]-Imcw ]mj-WvUn-I-sfbpwA_-≤-]-t_m-[-I-scbpw k`-bpsS C≥Izn-kn-j≥ kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ hnNm-c-W-sNbvXv in£-hn-[n-°pw. in£m¿l-cmb Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf cmjvS-Øn\p ssIam-dpw. in£-\-S-∏n-em-t°≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw cmjvS-Øn-\m-bn-cn-°pw. 12˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Ønepw ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Ønepw C‰-en-bnepw^m≥knepw C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hym]-I-am-°p-hm≥saXm≥ kan-Xn-Iƒ ap≥ssI FSp-Ø-Xn\p Ncn-X-tc-J-I-fp-≠v.CS-h-I-hn-Im-cnbpw hniz-kvX-cmb Bflm-b-cpsS Hcp kwLhpwAS-ßp∂ kan-Xn-bmWv ]mtZ-in-I-ambn C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch¿ A_-≤-]-t_m-[-Isc Is≠-Øp-Ibpw hnNm-c-W-sNbvXv in£ hn[n-°p-IbpwsNbvXn-cp-∂p. 1215 se em‰-d≥ Iu¨kn¬ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-k-l-I-cn®v ]mj-WvUn-Isf Aa¿® sNøm≥ Iq´m-°mØ cmjvSob A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v al-tdm≥ in£ ]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS k`m t\Xr-Xzhpw cmjvSob t\Xr-Xzhpw kwL-Sn-X-ambn C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xzcn-X-am-°n. ^©p-cm-Pm-hmbÛ-dnIv c≠m-as‚ ImeØv cmPysØ k¿∆-]m-j-WvUn-Ifpwin£-°p-hn-[n-°-s∏-´-Xns‚ ]›m-Øew CXm-bn-cp-∂p.

\nc-¥-c-amb ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn®v ]mj-WvU-X-bn¬XpS-cp-∂-h¿ ac-W-in-£°v A¿l-cm-sW∂v 1229 ¬ Xpfq-kn¬tN¿∂ Iu¨kn¬ ]Jym-]n-®p. ]mj-WvUn-Isf t_m[-]q¿∆wkwc-£n -°p -∂-h-cpsS hkvXp -h -I -Iƒ I≠p-sI-´m\pwIu¨kn¬ \n¿t±in-®p. ]mtZ-inI saXmt\m At±lw \nb-an-°p∂ hy‡ntbm Bbn-cp∂p ]kvXpX cq]-X-bnse C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS A¥n-a-A-[n-Im-cn. am\-km-¥-c-Øn\p Xøm-dm-Ip∂ ]mj-WvUn-Iƒ°v ITn-\-amb ]mb-›n-Ø-ßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS hkvX-ß-fn¬ c≠p Ipcn-i-Sbm-fßƒkZm-Zr-iy-am-I-Ø-°-hn[w ]Xn-®n-cp-∂p. km¿∆-Xn-I-k-`m-X-e-Øn¬ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v AwKo-Imcw e`n-®Xv 1231¬ BWv. cmPy-tZm-l-Ip-‰-Øn\p kam-\-amb Ip‰w F∂-\n-e-bn-emWv hnizm-k-[zw-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS Npa-Xe sUman-\n-°≥ k\ym-k-k-aq-l-sØ-bmWv KnK-dn- H≥]-Xm-a≥ am¿]m∏ (1227˛1241)`mc-ta¬]n-®-Xv. th≠X hnZym-`ym-ktam hnth-Itam C√mØNne sUman-\n-°≥ k\ym-kn-Iƒ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS At\-Isc ]oUn-∏n-®p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

96 97

Xncp`m NcnXw

F∂m¬, aXhpw cmjvShpw XΩn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-k-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ a[y-bp-K-ß-fn¬ aX-hn-izm-k-[zw-k\w cmPy-tZm-l-°p-‰-am-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. cmPysØ Hcp-an-∏n-®p-\n¿Øp∂][m-\-L-SIw aX-hn-izm-k-am-I-bm¬ aX-hn-izm-k-Ønse `n∂-kz-c-ßƒ cmPy-Øns‚ AJ-WvU-Xbv°p lm\n-I-c-am-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m-emWv k`m-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw cmjvSm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw ssItIm¿Øv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®Xpw in£-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xpw. C∂pw C…m-an-I-cm-jvS-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-¬°p∂ icn-AØv tImS-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xn\p kam-\-amb\nb-a-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp∂p C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. aXhpw cmjvShpw H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ aX-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff hyXn-N-e-\-ßƒ ac-W-in-£m¿l-am-Ip∂ Iqc-X-Iƒ°p- h-gn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. ]mIn-ÿm-\nse aX-\n-µm-\n-b-a-ßƒXs∂ hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fm-Wv.

C≥Izn-knj≥ tImS-Xn-I-fpsS \S-Øn-∏ns‚ Npa-X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ k\ym-kn-I-fp-sSbpw sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw Ahn-th-IhpwA]-Iz-X-bp-amWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-Isf Iqc-X-bpsS ]cym-b-ß-fm°n am‰n-b-Xv. A\n-b-¥n-X-amb A[n-Imcw Iøm-fn-bn-cp∂ Ch¿ ]m¿iz-h¿Øn-I-fp-sSbpw X¬]-c-I-£n-I-fp-sSbpwCwKn-X-Øn\p hgßn H´-\-h[n AXn-I-a-ßƒ°pw A\ym-b-ßƒ°pw hgn-sbm-cp-°n. H´-\-h[n \nc-]-cm-[n-Iƒ sshc-\n-cym-X-\-_p-≤n-tbmsS hnNm-c-W-sN-ø-s∏-Sm\pw A\ym-b-ambn h[n-°-s∏-Sm\pw CS-h-∂-Xns‚ ImcWw CXm-bn-cp-∂p.

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ h[-in-£-Iƒ k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. sNdnb Ip‰-ßƒ°pt]mepw(D-Zm. tamj-Ww, \pW-]-d-®n¬, NoØ-hn-fn) h[-in-£-bn¬ Ipd-™-in£ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-I-fn-eqsS \S∂ hym]-I-amb h[-in-£-Isf CXns‚ t]cn¬ \ymbn-I-cn-°m-\m-hns√¶nepw C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ Cu kmaq-lnI ]›m-Øew IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

\√ e£y-ß-tfmsS Bcw-`n°p∂ Imcy-ßƒt]mepw F]-Imcw kphn-ti-j-Øn\v ]Xn-km-£y-am°mw F∂-Xns‚ hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-amWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS Ncn-Xw.e£yhpw am¿§hpw Hcp-t]mse kwip-≤-am-sW-¶nte Hcp-]-ÿm\w kphn-ti-jm-\p-kr-X-am-hp-I-bp-ffq F∂v Xncp-` Kln-®Xv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ ]ÿm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-

∏-bpsS A\p-hm-Z-tØmsSbpf-f-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-Ip-Spw-_-ØnseHcp AwKsØ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ tImS-Xn-bpsS apJy-\ym-bm-[n-]-\mbn \nb-an-°m≥ aq∂mw-t]mƒ am¿]m∏ A\p-hmZw\¬In-bn-cp∂p. t]m¿®p-Kokv tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Incm-X-amb ]oU-\-ßƒ°vCu tImS-Xn-Iƒ t\XrXzw \¬In. t]m¿®p-K-ens‚ tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p tKmh-bnepw C]-Im-c-ap-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Ac-tß-dn-bn-cp-∂p. 1821 hsc t]m¿®p-Kokv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

1542 ¬ aq∂mw t]mƒ am¿]m-∏-bmWv hnhn-[-cm-Py-ß-fnseC≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v ta¬t\m´w hln-°pI F∂-e-£y-tØmsS tdma≥ Iqcn-bm-bn¬ I¿±n-\mƒam-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬Hcp Imcym-ebw ÿm]n-®-Xv. 1633 ¬ Keo-en-tbmsb hnNm-cWsNbvXXv Cu Imcym-e-b-am-Wv. kXy-hn-izmkkwc-£Ww e£y-am°n Bcw-`n® Cu Imcym-e-b-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬ A\-h[nA]-N-b-ßƒ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn. ]mj-WvUn-I-fpsS kzØp-Iƒ I≠p-sI-´m≥ hIp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kº-∂-cmb ]ecpw AIm-c-W-ambn hnNm-c-W-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS òa-amb kzØv]nSn-s®-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn Btcm-]-W-ß-fp-≠v.kv]m\n-jv, t]m¿®p-K¬ tImf-\n-Iƒ kzmX¥yw ]m]n-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-tXmsS 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-®p. C≥Izn-kn-j-\p-th-≠n-bp-fftdma≥ Imcym-ebw (Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith) F∂m°nam‰n.

C≥Izn-kn-j≥ Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

k`m-N-cn-X-Ønse IdpØ GSp-I-fn-sem-∂m-bmWv C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hnizm-k-kw-c-£Ww F∂ kZp-t±-iy-tØmsS Bcw-`n-®-Xm-sW-¶nepw Ah-bpsS \S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fn¬ Ht´sd A]-N-b-ßfpw A\o-Xn-Ifpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-\m-emWv c≠m-bn-c-am-≠nse alm-Pq-_n-en-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥am¿]m∏ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fnse AXn-I-a-ßsf]Xn-tem-I-tØmSp apgp-h≥ am∏ptNmZn-®-Xv.

Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ atX-Xc ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ C≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-Isf a\-n-em-°m≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ AXv Ncn-X-Ønse henb A_-≤-am-bn-Øs∂ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

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Keoentbmsb k` F¥p sNbvXp?

13

k`sb BI-an-°p-hm-\p≈ G‰hpw i‡-amb hSn-bmbn ]ecpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂IY-I-fn-sem-∂mWv Keo-en-tbm-bpsS Pohn-Xw.CXnse kXyhpw anYybpw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.hn≥sk≥tkm Keo-en-bpsS Bdp-a-°-fn¬ koa-¥-]p-X-\mbn C‰-en-bnse ]nkm-bn¬ Keoentbm P\n-®Xv 1564 s^_p-hcn 15 ˛ \m-bn-cp-∂p. Keo-en-tbmbv°v F´p-h-bv ]mb-am-b-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsSIpSpw_w vtfmd≥kn-te°v Xma-kw-am-‰n. Ahn-sS-bp≈ InkvXy≥ Bi-a-]-≈n-°q-S-Øn-emWv Keo-entbm ]mY-anIhnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-bXv. sshZn-I-\m-Im≥ AXn-bmbn BK-ln-s®-¶nepw kml-N-cy-ßƒ At±-lsØ KWn-X-im-kvX⁄\m-°n. 1589˛ ¬ ]nkm-bnse ItØm-en°m k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n∂v KWn-X-im-kvX-Øn¬ _ncp-Z-sa-SpØKeo-entbm AtX k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn. 1592 ˛ ¬ ]mZphm k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬

k-ßsf apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-tºmgpw hnizm-k-Øns‚ hyXn-cn‡hymJym-\-ß-sfbpw CX-c-a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw kln-jvW-X-tbmsS ImtW-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw Xncp--`bv°p t_m[yw h∂XpwC≥Izn-kn-j≥ \S-]-Sn-I-fnse ]mfn-®-I-fn¬\n∂p ]mTw-]-Tn-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. CX-c-a-X-hn-izm-k-ß-fnse kXy-Øns‚ Inc-W-ßsf AwKo-I-cn®v G‰p-]-d-bm≥ c≠mw-h-Øn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬k∂-≤-am-bXpw Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. C≥Izn-kn-j-\nsesX‰p-I-fn¬\n∂p ]mT-apƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠mWv h[-in£ ]q¿Æ-ambpw sX‰mb \S-]-Sn-I-a-amWv F∂-\n-e-]m-Sn-te°v Xncp-`FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. am\p-jn-I-amb hnNm-c-W-bnepw hn[n-I-ev]-\-bnepw FXtbm Kpcp-X-c-amb ]mfn-®-Iƒ kw`-hn°mw F∂vk` A\p-`-h-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv ]Tn-®-Xv. AXn-\m-emWv ssZh-Z-Ø-amb Poh≥ FSp-°m≥ Hcp cmjvS-Ønt\m tImS-Xnt°mAh-Im-i-an√ F∂ Ak-µn-Kv≤amb \ne-]m-Sn-te°v k` \oßn-b-Xv.

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ßnb tNmZy-ß-fp-am-bmWv Io-\nbpw kwLhpw Keo-en-tbmsbt\cn- -Xv. Io-\n-bpsS tNmZy-ßƒ°p adp-]-Sn-bmbn Keo-entbm\¬Inb IØns‚ ]I¿∏v Io\n tdman¬ hnizm-k-Xn-cp-kw-L-Øn\v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Ah¿ \S-Ønb kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ Keo-en-tbm-bpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ sXs‰m∂pw Is≠-Øn-bn-√. Xs∂-bp-a√, At‚m-Wntbm t^mkvIm-dn\n (F.Un. 1565˛1630)F∂ I¿Ω-eoØm sshZn-I≥ tIm∏¿\n°≥ kn≤m-¥hpwss__n-fns‚ hnh-c-W-ßfpw XΩn¬ sshcp-[y-an√ F∂pÿm]n-°m≥ Hcp KŸ-sa-gpXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu KŸwhmbn® I¿±n-\mƒ tdm_¿´v _√m¿an≥, ]Xy-£-Øn¬ ]vtSmf-an-bpsS kn≤m-¥-sØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ hniz-k\o-b-ambn tXm∂p-∂Xv tIm∏¿ \n°-kns‚ kn≤m-¥-ß-fm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp (Letter to foscarini). F∂m¬ ss__n-fn-s\bpwk`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]T-\-ß-sfbpw am\n®v Cu ]pXnbkn≤m¥w IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-°msX ]c-ky-ambn]Tn-∏n-°m-\m-hn√ F∂ \ne-]m-SmWv I¿±n-\mƒ _√m¿an≥kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

1615 ¬ Keo-en-tbm-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠vI¿±n-\mƒ t_m\n-^mkv K±m-\n-bpsS \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWwsUman-\n-°≥ sshZn-I\pw imkvX-⁄-\p-ambncp∂ tXmatkmIw]m-s\√ Apologia pro Galileo F∂ KŸw cNn-®p. k`bpwk`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw H∂msI Keo-en-tbmbv°pw imkvX-]-T-\-ßƒ°pw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂ hmZw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂p a\-n-em-°m-\mWv Keo-en-tbmsb ]n¥p-W® I¿±n-\mƒam-cpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv. 1616 ¬ Keo-en-tbm-bpsS\ne-]m-Sp-Isf FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v hnizm-k-Xn-cp-kwLw hne-°p-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønbncps∂-¶nepw 1623˛¬ ]m∏m-bmbn ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvX D¿_≥ F´m-a≥ (I¿±n-\mƒ ams^tbm_m¿s_-co\n) Keo-en-tbm-bpsS Nnc-Im-e-kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Keo-en-tbm-bvs°-Xn-tc-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂ Ah-km-\n-®p.

tdman¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb Keo-entbm Xs‚ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ ka¿∞-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ kqcy-tI-µo-IrX]]-©-ho-£Ww ]c-ky-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂v I¿±n-\mƒ tdm_¿t´m _√m¿ant\mbpsS hne°v (1616) Keo-entbmA\p-k-cn-®pt]m∂p. 1622˛¬ Xs‚ ]T-\-ßƒ Hcp KŸ-ambn

tPyman-Sn, sa°m-\n-Ivkv, tPymXn-imkvXw F∂nh ]Tn-∏n-°m-\mbn \nb-an-X-\m-bn. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬, imkvX-ta-J-e-bn¬it≤-b-amb H´-\-h[n I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ Keo-entbm \S-Øn.

XnI™ ItØm-en°m hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ Keo-en-tbm-bpsSaq∂pa°-fn¬ c≠p-t]¿ hn. aØm-bn-bpsS aT-Øn¬tN¿∂vk\ymk hX-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p.

hm\-\n-co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Xm≥ Is≠-Ønb hkvXp-X-I-fpsSshfn-®-Øn¬ tIm∏¿\n°kns‚ kuc-tI-µo-IrX ]]©wF∂ Bi-b-amWv icn F∂v Keo-entbm hmZn-®p. ]]-©-Øns‚tIµw `qan-b-m-sW∂v Acn-tÃmńepw (_n.kn 378˛322) ]vtSmf-anbpw (_n.kn 150) ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ]T\w kXy-am-sW∂vKeo-en-tbm-bpsS Imew-hsc k`-bpƒs∏sS kI-ecpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. `qan-bmWv ]]-©-Øns‚ tIµw F∂ coXn-bn¬ k`Hcp-\mfpw ]t_m-[\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√. k`-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw-aptº \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp kmam-\y-⁄m\w icn-bm-sW∂vk`bpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv kXyw. \nt°m-fmkvtIm∏¿\n-°kv (F.-Un. 1473˛1543) Xs‚ hnJymX KŸ-Øn-eqsS (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) kqcy-\mWv ]]-©-tI-µ-sa∂pw \n›-e-kq-cys\ `qanbpw CX-c-K-l-ßfpwàWw sNøp-I-bm-sW∂pw ]kvXpX à-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ `qankz¥w A®p-X-≠n¬ Id-ßp-∂p-s≠∂pw hmZn-®p. Cu hmZ-sØ-bmWv Keo-entbm ]n¥p-W-®-Xv. tdmanse Cutim-k`m k¿∆-I-em-imebmb “sImtf-Pntbm sdmam-t\m” -bn¬ Xs‚ ]pXnbkn≤m¥w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\mbn Keo-entbm £Wn-°-s∏- p. Keo-en-tbm-bpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ aXn-∏p-tXm-∂nb A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v _lp-Xn-ap-Z-Iƒ kΩm-\n-®p.

F∂m¬ 1614˛¬ kqcy-tI-µo-IrX ]]-©-ho-£Ww ]mj-WvU-X-bm-sW∂v km¥m-a-cnb IØo-U¬ hnIm-cn-bmbtXmakv Io\n A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p. kqcy-tI-µo-IrX ]]©ho£Ww (Heliocentric theory) ss__n-fnse Nne mK-ßƒ°phncp-≤-amWv F∂ Bi-b-amWv FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n--®-Xv.kqcy≥ Nen-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ tPmjzm kqcys\ \n›-e-am-°n-bXv(tPmjz 10:12˛13) Fßns\? DZ-bw- ap-X¬ AkvX-a-bw-h-sc-bp≈kqcys‚ ]bmWw (k`m 1:5) Fßns\ hni-Zo-I-cn°pw? `qanId-ßp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ “ssZhw qansb ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-d-∏n®p”(k¶o 103:5) F∂ hmIysØ F]-Imcw a\-n-em°mw? XpS-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

\ne-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb ]pXnb ]T-\-ßƒAh-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ kzm`m-hn-I-ambFXn¿∏p-Iƒ Keo-en-tbmbv°pw t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂p F∂Xv kXy-am-Wv. Keo-en-tbmsb FXn¿Ø Xncp-kw-L-Øn-\mWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sX‰p-]-‰n-bXv F∂v Imew sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw AXns\k` AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]co-£W \nco-£-W-ßfpw KWn-X-im-kvXhpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v imkvX-Øn\v \ho-\-]mX shń-Øp-d∂ Keo-entbm B[p-\n-I-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]nXm-hm-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Keo-en-tbmsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ kXyw CXm-bn-cnt° k`sbXI¿°m-\m-K-ln-°p∂ i‡n-Iƒ Keo-en-tbmsb k` ]oUn-∏n-®p-sIm-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n® IY-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. H´-I-Øns‚ Imen¬sIń acp-`q-an-bn¬ hen-®n-g®v Keo-en-tbmsb k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ h[n-®-Xmbn hnh-cn-°p∂ IY-bmWvCh-bn¬ ]Np-c-]-N-cn-X-am-b-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu IYbv°v kXy-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√m-sb∂v hy‡-am-W-t√m.

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ k -bpsS A\p-hmZw Bcm-™p. 1623˛¬ k -bpsS A\p-hm-Z-tØmsS BZy-K-Ÿhpw 1630˛¬ c≠mw-K-Ÿhpw]kn≤w sNbvXp.

1630˛¬ Keo-entbm Xs‚ hnJym-X-K-Ÿ-amb Dialogue onTwo Great World Systems ]kn≤w sNbvXp. tIm∏¿ \n°-kns‚ kn≤m¥w amX-amWv icn-sb∂pw ]vtSmf-an-bpsSkn≤m¥w sX‰m-sW∂pw Cu KŸ-Øn-eqsS Keo-entbm Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-®p. ss__n-fns\ \ntj-[n-°p∂ ]T\wF∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bn¬ Xncp-kwLw Keo-en-tbmbv°v in£-hn-[n-®p. Fgp]-Xp-Im-c-\mb Cu imkvX-⁄\v hn[n-°-s∏ín£-Iƒ Ch-bmWv: (1) apń¬\n∂v hnizm-k-]-amWw G‰p-sNm-√-Ww, (2) kqcy-tI-µo-IrX ]]-©-kn-≤m¥w X≈n-∏-d-b-Ww, (3) ho´p-X-S-¶¬ A\p-`-hn-°-Ww.

1634 apX¬ 1638 hsc At±lw kz¥whoń¬ HXp-ßn-°q-tS-≠n-h-∂p. 1638˛¬ sl¿Wn-b-tcmKw _m[n-®-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øn-s\-Xn-tc-bp≈ hne-°p-Iƒ k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]n≥h-en-®p.^vtfmd≥kn¬t]mbn hnZ-Kv≤-Nn-In-’-t\-Sm≥ Keo-en-tbmbv°pIgn-™p. 1642 hsc kplr-Øp-°-sfbpw kµ¿i-I-scbpw kzoI-cn®v Kth-j-W-ß-fnepw ]T-\-ß-fnepw apg-pIn At±lw Ign-™p. 1642˛¬ lrZ-bm-Lm-Xw-aqew 78˛mw hb-n¬ IqZm-i-IƒbYm-tbmKyw kzoI-cn®v ac-W-a-S-™p.

Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ Cu \S-]Sn Ahn-th-I-]-c-am-bn-cp∂p F∂vtPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏ ]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. ss__n-fns\ imkvX-X-Xz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ KŸ-ambn Icp-Xn-bXpw`qan-bmWv ]]-©-tI-µ-sa∂v ss__nƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-XmbnsX‰n-≤-cn-®-Xp-amWv Xncp-kw-L-Øn\p sX‰p]‰m≥ Imc-W-am-b-sX∂pw ]m∏m Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ \S-]SnsX‰m-h-c-tØm-sS-bp≈ ]t_m-[-\-a√ F∂Xpw \mw Hm¿°-Ww.

Keo-en-tbm-bpsS arX-tZlw ^vtfmd≥knse hn. tImt®-bpsS tZhm-e-b-Øn-emWv kwkvI-cn-®-Xv. 1737 ¬ Keo-en-tbm-bpsS I_-dn-S-Øn\p apI-fn¬ k` Hcp kvamcIw ]WnXv alm-\mb Cu imkvX-⁄s\ BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2000˛mwB≠n-emWv Keo-en-tbmsb k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xv F∂ hmZwicn-b√ F∂v CXn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-W-t√m.

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104 105

Xncp`m NcnXw

]]-©m-XoX hkvXp-°-sf-sb-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Cu ]]-©sØIÆp-Xp-d∂p ImWp-hm\pw hnNn-¥-\-hn-j-b-am-°p-hm\pw \thm-∞m\w t]cn-∏n-®p. temI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ amlm-flyhpw a\p-jys‚ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _p≤n-]-c-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS tijvT-Xbpw A∂sØ Nn¥-I¿ hmt\mfw ]pI-gvØn.ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ k¿∆-i-≤bpw tIµo-I-cn-°p-I-b-√,ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-sØ tib-kvI-c-am-°p-I-bmWv A`n-Im-ay-sa∂vAh¿ hmZn-®p. bqtdm-∏ns\ BI-am\w Cu ]pXnb Nn¥m-[mc`cn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. ^vtfmd≥kn-emWv Cu ]h-WX Bcw-`n-®-Xv. Umt‚, entbm-\m¿tUm Umhn≥Nn, am°n-sh-√n, ssa°nƒB©tem F∂n-h-cpsS kzm[o\w G‰w A[nIw A\p-`-h-s∏-´Xv ChnsSbmWv. C‰-en-bn¬ Bcw-`n® Cu ]ÿm\w ItaWP¿Ω-\n-bn-tebv°pw Ahn-sS-\n∂p kvtImSve≥Un-tebv°pwhym]n-®p.

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]tW-Xm-°ƒ s]mXp-hn¬ lyqa-\n-Ãp-Iƒ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Ir-Xy-XoX i‡n-Isf Ht´sdXnc-kvI-cn-°p-Ibpw a\p-jy-_p-≤nsb k¿∆-kz-hp-ambn Icp-Xn-t∏m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp Ah¿. k`-bpsS ]e ]t_m-[-\-ßfpwCubh-k-c-Øn¬ hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n. F¶nepw lyqa-\n-Ãp-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn k`-tbmSv hnt[-bXzw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂p. t]m∏v \nt°m-fmkv A©m-as‚ Imew apX¬ (1447˛1455)am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v \¬In-bn-cp∂ c£m-I¿ØrXzwCXmWv sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

\thm-∞m-\hpw am¿∏m-∏m-amcpw

am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ s]mXp-hn¬ \thm-∞m-\sØ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p. s¢a‚ v Bdm-a-\mWv (1342˛52) Cu\o°-Øn\p XpS-°-an-´-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv lyqa-\n-Ãp-Iƒ tdma≥ Iqcn-bm-bn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰n. lyqa-\n-Ãp-I-fn¬\n∂v ]m∏m-bm-bp-b¿Ø-s∏´ ]Y-a-hy‡n \nt°m-fmkv A©m-a-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tdmam-]-´-WsØ Hcp ]WvUn-X-k-Z-ns‚ Bÿm-\-am-°n-Øo¿°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. t]∏¬ sse_dn hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsSbpw ss__n-fn-s‚bpw Isø-gp-Øp-]-Xn-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂X tiJ-cn®v tImUo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw km[n-®Xv At±-l-Øns‚ henb t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p. hØn-°m≥ sIm´m-chpw t]∏¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ]≈n-Ifpw \thm-∞m-\-I-e-bv°-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-hm≥

\thm-∞m\w

14

]pcm-X\ Ko°p-˛-tdm-a≥ kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw Iem-km-ln-Xym-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw a≤y-bp-K-Ønse ]p\¿÷-∑-sa∂v \thm-∞m-\sØ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. a≤y-bp-K-bq-tdm-∏nse kmln-Xy-]-chpwkmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb hyh-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ Xncn-®-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]]-©-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßƒ ]msS Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw ùXn-Im-Xo-X-aq-ey-ßƒ°v Aan-X-]m-[m\yw sImSp-°p-IbpwsNbvXp-t]m∂ kvsImfm-ÃnIv Nn¥bpw k\ym-k-Po-hn-Xhpw bqtdm-∏nse P\-X-bpsS, ]tXy-In®vNn¥-I-cpsS a\w-a-Sp-∏n-®p. ]pcm-X\ Ko°p-˛-tdm-a≥kwkv°m-chpw Ah-bpsS ê-amb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Iem-h-kvXp-°fpw IqSp-X¬ Bkzm-Zy-ambnA\p-`-h-s∏-´p. Ah ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]pXnb Hcp-W¿∆v F√m-h¿°p-ap-≠m-bn. 14˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`w-ap-X¬ 16˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤ywhsc \o≠p-\n∂Cu ]pØ≥ ]h-W-XsbbmWv \thm-∞m\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠p hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xncp`m NcnXw

106 107

Xncp`m NcnXw

√. k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ km∑m¿§n-Im-[x-]-X-\-am-bn-cp∂p ew.

A©mw em‰-d≥ kq\-l-tZmkv

Akm-am\y hy‡n-]-`m-hhpw A\ym-Zr-i-`-c-W-]m-S-hhpwHØn-W-ßnb hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p Pqen-bkv c≠m-a≥ am¿∏m∏m(1503˛1513); H∏w \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ DØa t]jn-X-\pw.F∂m¬ Cu Ign-hp-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw euIn-Im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ tIµo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Pohn-XkuI-cy-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWvAt±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS BUw-_-c-Po-hn-Xhpw k`-bn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw Zriy-amb euIm-b-Xn-IXz hnf-bm-´hpw Hcp \√-hn-`mKw Bfp-Isf tcmjm-Ip-e-cm-°n.

h¿≤-am-\-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ ]m∏m-hn-tZz-j-Øn\pw hn[zw-k-I-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw ]Xn-hn[n t\tS-≠-Xm-sW∂v Pqen-bkv]m∏mbv°p t_m≤y-ambn. k`sb \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]m∏m-hn-tcm-[n-Iƒ ]okm-bnse ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ D∂-bn® Btcm-]-W-ßƒ°v DNn-X-amb adp-]Sn \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Hcp km¿∆-Xn-I-kq-\-l-tZmkv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-I-am-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬At±lw FØn-t®¿∂p. AXns‚ e-amWv 5˛mw em‰-d≥ kq\-l-tZm-kv. ]kvXpX Iu¨kn¬ 1512 G]n¬ 19˛mw\p em‰-d≥_kn-en-°m-bn¬ ktΩ-fn-®p.

k -bn¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬Cu Iu¨kn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. \ne-hn-en-cp∂Zpcm-Nm-c-ßƒ A∏msS XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂p. Iu¨kn-ens‚ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-t]mepw c£-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\p ]gp-Xp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cq]-Xm-`-c-W-Øn¬ i≤n-°msX saXm-∑m-cpsSkhmcn XpS¿∂p. H∂n-e-[nIw cq]-X-I-fpsS hcp-am\w ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn°v bmsXmcp am‰hpw kw -hn-®n-√. tdma≥Iq-cn-bm-bnse saXm-∑mcpw I¿±n-\m-f-∑mcpw XΩnepw saXm-∑mcpwk\ym-k-k-`m-ti-jvT-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ I£n-am-’-cyhpw hSw-h-enbpw kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ ]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.

saXm-∑m-cpsS i_vZw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ k\ym-k-k-`-I-fpsSta¬ Nne \nb-¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p.saXm≥ \¬Ip∂ in£ Cfhv sNøp-hm\pw AƒØm-c, knan-tØcn BZn-bmb ÿe-ßƒ Bio¿∆-Zn-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ A[n-Imcw saXm -∑m¿°mWv k`m -ti -jvT -∑m¿°√ F∂pIu¨kn¬ Xd-∏n-®p-]-d-™p.

At±lw ap≥ssI FSp-Øp. C°m-eØv ssa°nƒ BRvP-tem,dmt^¬, setbm-\m¿tUm Umhn≥Nn F∂o Iem-Im-c-∑m-cpsSssIhn-cpXp tdmam \K-csØ AXym-I¿j-I-am-°n-Øo¿Øp.tdmanse a\wIh-cp∂ inev]-I-em-ku-[-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw C°m-e-Øns‚ t\´-ß-fm-Wv.

tdma≥ Iqcn-bm-bnse Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ

_mlym-Uw-_-c-ßƒ h¿≤n-®-tXmsS B¥-cnI aqey-ßƒA\p-Zn\w A[x-]-Xn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. B¥-cn-I-\-thm-∞m-\-Øn\pBcpw ap≥ssI FSp-Øn-s√-∂-XmWv hmkvXhw. euIm-b-Xn-IXzw tdma≥Iq-cn-bmsb Kkn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. BUw_-c-Po-hn-Xw, Blvfm-Z-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ Iq´p-sI- v, hn -h-k-ar-≤-amb hncp-∂p-Iƒ, D√m-k-k-hm-cn-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bn-em-bn-cp∂p D∂-X-]oTwAe-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂-h-cpsS i≤bpw Xmev]-cyhpw. k`m-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS km∑m¿§n-Im-[x-]-X\w ]e-tcbpw sRń-®p.

t]∏¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ

\thm-∞m-\-bp-K-Ønse am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ B≤ym-flnI t\Xr-Xz-Øn-s\-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ cmjvSo-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-ambta¬t°mbva-bv°mWv ]e-t∏mgpw hne-I-ev]n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂vtXm∂pw. cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfmSv kzbw XmZm-fly-s∏-Sp-hm≥Ah¿ ian-®p. t]∏¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS i≤. cmjvSo-b-kzm-X-¥w-sIm≠p amXsaB≤ym-fln-I-kzm-X¥w e`n°q F∂Xmbn-cp∂p Ah-cpsSs]mXp-hn-izm-kw. C‰en kzbw`c-Wm-h-Im-i-ap≈ A\-h[n sNdp-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpwi‡nbpw kzm[o-\-hp -ap≈ ^vtfmd≥kns‚ BI-a -W-Øn¬\n∂v t]∏¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ ImØp-kq-£n-°m≥ am¿∏m-∏m-am¿°p hfsc t¢in-t°-≠n-h-∂p. ]m∏m-am-cpsS Aan-X-ambcmjvSo-b-ssI-I-S-Ø¬ aqew Ab¬cmPy-ß-fnse c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ _≤-ssh-cn-I-fm-bn.

Zpcm-Nm-c-ßƒ

15˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂ Zpcm-Nm-c-ßƒ ][m-\-ambpwk`m-`-c-WsØ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aevam-b-cpsS]mWvUnXyw h¿≤n-®-tXmsS sshZn-I-cpsS A⁄X IqSp-X¬]I-S-am-bn. sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ \ne-hmcw timN-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ AXn¬ AX Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp-∂n-

Xncp`m NcnXw

108 109

Xncp`m NcnXw

]mbv›nØ I¿Ω-ßƒ°p ]Icambn eLp-hmb hgn-Iƒ(]m¿∞-\-Iƒ, Zm\-[¿Ω-ßƒ... XpS-ßn-b-h) \n¿t±-in-®p.]Ømw \q‰m-≠p-hsc Ipº-km-c-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂ ]mbv›nØ]hr-Øn-I-fpsS KW-Øn-emWv ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßsf a\-n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1095- ¬ D¿_≥ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏ Ipcnip bp≤-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h¿°v ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]Jym-]n-®-tXm-sS-bmWv ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-hym]vXnssIh-∂-Xv. hn. B¬_¿´v, hn. tXmakv AIzo-\mkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ k`-bpsS ]pWy-`-WvUm-csØ (treasury of the church)ZWvUhntamN\-ß-fpsS B[m-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

Hcp hy‡n ]m]w sNøp-tºmƒ c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ê-ßƒ Df-hm-Ip-∂p≠v: \nXy-in-£bpw Xm¬Im-en-I-in-£-bpw.amc-I-]m]w sNøp∂ hy‡n ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ Xs‚ _‘w\jvS-am-°p-Ibpw hc-]-kmZw C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬\c-I-in-£°v A¿l-am-Ip-∂p. CXmWv \nXy-in-£. F∂m¬Hmtcm-]m-]hpw (am-c-I-]m-]hpw eLp-]m-]-hpw) \nXy-in-£-tbm-sSm∏w Xm¬°m-enI in£°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ]m]-Øn-eqsS temI-tØmSpw temI-h-kvXp-°-tfmSpw tXm∂p∂ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb A`n-\n-th-i-sØ-bmWv Xmev°m-en-I-in£ F∂-Xn-eqsS hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. Xm¬°m-enI in£ F∂ ]Z-]-tbmKw ]e-t∏mgpw sX‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P-\-I-am-Wv. Xm¬°m-enIin£ F∂-Xn-eqsS euIn-I-tamlw Ft∂m IqSp-X¬ ]m]-ß-fn-te°v XpS¿∂pw \bn-°m-\nS-bp≈ ]m]-I-c-amb hmk-\-sbt∂m (tendency) BWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.CØcw ]m]m-`n\nthi-Øn¬\n∂v (temporal punishment) CutemI-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-tºm-tgm- a-c-Wm\¥cw ip≤o-I-cWÿeØpht®m hnSp-X¬ t\tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Xm¬Im-en-I-in£\nXy-in-£-bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amWv. Xm¬°m-enI in£-bpsS]cn-lmcw \n›n-X-ImewsIm≠v t\Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬\nXy-in-£-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hnSp-X-em-Is´ a\p-jys‚ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-bn-´√ ssZh-Øns‚ Icp-W-bn¬amXw A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. ]m]-Øns‚ ]cn-lm-c-I¿Ω-ß-sf√mw Xm¬°m-en-I-in -£-bpsS hnSp -X-en\p amXta Imc-W-am-Ip -∂p≈qF∂pkmcw. \nXy-in-£-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hnSp-X¬ Ipcn-insetbip-hns‚ _en-bn-eqsS e`y-amb hc-]-kmZw Hgp-Ip∂ ]m]-tam-N-\-Iq-Zm-i-bn-eqsS amXta km[y-am-Iq.

ZWvUhntamN\w

15

k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ht´sd hnhm-Z-ßƒ°pw]nf¿∏n\pw Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ. Ipº-km-c-Øn-eqsS -tamN\w e`n-®n-´p≈ ]m]-ß-fpsS Xm¬Im-enI in£-bn¬\n∂pw (temporal punishment) Hcphy‡nbv°v k`-bn¬\n∂pw InkvXp `c-ta-ev]n®]pWy-Øns‚ WvUm-c-Øns‚ tbmKy-X-bm¬ e`n-°p∂ ]q¿Æ-amtbm `mKn-I-amtbm Cf-hp-I-fmWvZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ (indulgences).

BZn-a-k-`-bn¬ tcmKm-h-ÿbn-ep≈hcp-sSbpwc‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn\p hn[n-°-s∏-´-h-cp-sSbpw ]m]-ßƒ°p≈ ]cn-lm-c-a-\p-jvTn-°m≥ a‰p-hn-izm-kn-Isf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Ipº-km-c-°m¿°v \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. CXmWv ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\ -ß-fpsS BZy -cq -]w. 517 -˛¬ F]m-thm≥Iu¨kn¬ Ipº-km -c -Ønse ITn -\ -amb

Xncp`m NcnXw

110 111

Xncp`m NcnXw

shfn-®-Øn¬ 1967-˛¬ t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ am¿]m∏ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ k`-bpsS G‰hpw B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]T\w(indulgentiarum doctrina) \¬In. ]pWy-hm-∑m-cpsS sFIyw (k-ac ˛ kl\ ˛ hnPb k`-I-fpsS sFIyw) aqew Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]cn-lmc ]hr-Øn-I-fn-eqsS ip≤o-I-cm-flm-°ƒ°vZWvU-hn-tam-N\w t\SnsbSp-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂ (suffragium) k -bpsS]c-º-cm-KX hnizm-ksØ Cu ]t_m-[-\-tcJ Du∂n-∏-d-™p.

]q¿Æhpw `mKn-I-hp-amb ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-fp-s≠∂v k`]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]m]m-h-ÿ-aq-e-ap-≠mb Xm¬°m-enI in£sb]q¿Æ-ambpw FSp-Øp-\o-°p∂ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\sØ ]q¿Æ-Z-WvU-hn-tam-N-\-ambpw (plenary indulgence) Xm¬°m-enIin£sb `mKn-I-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-hsb `mKn-I-Z-WvU-hn-tam-N\w (partial indulgence) F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. `mKnIZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßsf Znh-k-ß-fp-sSbpw amk-ß-fp-sSbpw IW-°n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]Xnhv (quarantines) k`-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m-emWv ]gb ]m¿∞\m ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ Nne-]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°p-tijw ]q. Z. hn. (]q¿Æ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\w), 100 Zn. Z.- hn. (100 Znh-ksØ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\w) XpS-ßnb kqN-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ 1967- ¬ t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ am¿]m∏m \¬Inb \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v `mKnI ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\sØ Znh-k-ßfpw amk-ßfpw h¿j-ß-fp-ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂ ]Xnhv k`-bn¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. Ct∏mƒ k`-bn¬]q¿Æ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w, `mKnI ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w F∂o hn`-P\w amX-ta-bp-≈q.

`mKnI ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v ssZh-hn-Nm-c-tØm-Sp≈ Pohn-Xhpw ]tcm-]-Im-c-]-hr-Øn-Ifpw kt¥m-j-I-chpwkpJ-Zm-b-I-hp-amb Ncy-I-fn¬\n∂v a\-]q¿∆w amdn-\n¬°p-∂XpwhnizmkØn\v ]c-ky-ambn km£yw hln-°p-∂Xpw klm-b-I-am-Wv.

]q¿Æ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ e`n-°p∂ I¿Ω-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bmWv (cfr. Enchiridion Indulgentiarum)

1) `‡n-]q¿∆w, Ac-a-Wn-°q-dn¬ Ipd-bmØ kabw hn. KŸw hmbn-°p-∂-Xv.

2) Znhy-ImcpWy-\m-Ys\ ]cn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q- dn¬ Ipd-bmØ kabw Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xm¬°m-en-I-in£ F∂-Xn-eqsS hnh-£n-°p∂ euIn-I-tamlw F∂ hkvXpX kXy-am-sW∂v Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ßƒ \sΩ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ipº-km-c-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw ]m]-ß-fn-te°pXncnsI hogm-\p≈ ]h-WX XpS¿∂pw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂Xv \ap°vA\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-W-t√m.

ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-Øn-eqsS ]m]-tam-N\w e`n-°p-sa∂v k`Hcn-°epw ]Tn-∏n-®n-ń-√. ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w Ipº-km-c-Øn-\p-]-I-c-ap≈X√. ImcWw ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-Øn-eqsS Xm¬°m-enIin£-bn¬ \n∂p≈ (eu-InI taml-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈) tamN\wamXta e`n-°p-∂p-≈q. ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-fpsS amXw tbmKy-X-bn¬ B¿°pw kz¿§w e`n-°p-I-bn-√. kz¿§-]m-]vXn°v \nXy-in-£-bn¬\n-∂p≈ hnSp-X¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k`m-]-t_m-[-\-ßƒ Npcp°nhnh-cn-°mw.

(i) InkvXp-k- -sb - -c-ta¬∏n-®Xpw hnip-≤¿ Xß-fpsS amXr-Im-]-c-amb Pohn-Xw-sIm≠p ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®-Xp-amb ]pWy-Øns‚ WvUm-c-Øns‚ tbmKy-X-bm¬ hy‡n-Iƒ°v Xm¬°m-enI in£-bn¬\n∂v hnSp-X¬ \¬Im≥ k`°v A[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂v ¢a‚ v Bdm-a≥ am¿]m∏ 1343-˛¬ (Unigenitus Dei Filius)]Tn-∏n-®p.

(ii ) A\p-X-]n®v ]m]-tam-N\w tXSnb hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v \n›n-X-amb ]m¿∞-\-I-fpsSbpw ]pWy-]-hr-Øn-I-fp-sSbpw e-ambnZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]m]n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ ]Jym-]n-°m≥k`-bpsS ]pWy`WvUm-c-Øns‚ Imcy-hn-Nm-cn-∏p-Im-c≥ F∂\ne-bn¬ am¿]m-∏°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v F∂v am¿ń≥ A©m-a≥]m∏ 1418-˛¬ ]Jym]n®p (Inter Cunctas). ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w]Jym-]n-°m-\p≈ am¿∏m-∏-bpsS A[n-Im-csØ tNmZyw-sNbvXeqYdns\ Xncp-Øn-s°m≠v setbm ]Øm-a≥ am¿∏m∏m 1520-˛¬ hy‡-amb ]t_m-[\w \¬In (Exsurge Domine).

(iii ) sXt¥mkv kql-tZmkv (1563) ZWvU-hn-tam-N\ \ntj-[n-Isf JWvUn®p ]pdw-X-≈n-sb-¶nepw ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-fpsSZpcp-]-tbm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn®v ]cn.-]n-Xm-hn\vdnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n-°m≥ saXm≥ kan-Xn-Isf Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn(Decree on Indulgences).

(iv) c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚ ]t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS

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ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\ -]m-]vXn°v DX-Ip-sa∂v ]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂pwhnizm-kn-Iƒ apd-hnfn Iqń-Øp-S-ßn. ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-fpsSt]cn¬ Nne tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°pw Nne `‡m-`ym-k-ßƒ°pw]Nmcw h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Xev]-c-I-£n-Iƒ iaw XpS-ßn. k\y-kvX¿ Xß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Iq´mbvaIƒ°pw XßƒkwLSn-∏n-°p∂ tbmK-ßƒ°pw [ym\-ßƒ°pw ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]Jym]n-°-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-ap-ambn cwK-sØ-Øn. ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-sØ- ]-W-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®-XmWv Cu cwKsØG‰hpw henb Zpcp-]-tbm-K-Øn\v \nan-Ø-am-bXv. Poh-Im-cpWy]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw k`m-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS \S-Øn-∏n\pw ]WwIs≠-Øm-\p≈ Ffp-∏-am¿§-ambn ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-´p. Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈ [\-ti-J-c-Wm¿∞hpwZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p. ê-Øn¬ k`-bnepwkaq-l-Ønepw G‰hpw e-]-Zhpw Bbm-k-c-ln-X-hp-amb [\m-K-a-am¿§-ambn ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏- p. IqSm-sX,Nne k\y-kvX¿ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]Jym-]n-°m≥ Xßƒ°vam¿]m-∏m-bn¬\n∂v A\p-hmZw e`n-®n-´p≠v F∂ hymP Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hp-ambn cwK-]-thiw sNbvXp. k\y-kvX¿ a’-c-_p-≤n-tbmsS ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ ]Jym-]n-°m\pw hnX-cWwsNøm\pw XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w F∂ hnizm-k-k-Xy-Øns‚ A¥--Ø-°p-Xs∂ aß-te-‰p-Xp-S-ßn. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, hn. KnK-dn-bpsS _en F∂ t]cn¬ ]N-cn® Hcpinev]-Øn\p ap∂n¬ ]m¿∞n-°p-∂-h¿°v 45000 h¿jsØZWvU-hn-tam-N\w e`n-°p-sa∂v ]kvXpX inev]-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-I¿ ]N-cn-∏n®p XpS-ßn. CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Dt±-iy-ip≤n Bcw-`-Øn¬ If-¶n-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ [\-hp-ambn_‘-s∏´ kIe taJ-e-I-fnepw kw`-hn-°m-\n-S-bp≈ A]-N-b-ßƒ Cu taJ-e-bnepw kw`-hn®p XpS-ßn.

1510-˛¬ Pqen-bkv c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏ (1503-˛13) tdmanse hn.]tXm-kns‚ _…n-°m-bpsS ]Wn ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS _…n-°m-bpsS [\-ti-J-c-Wm¿∞wZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ ]Jym-]n-®p. Cu ]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ tdma≥ Iqcnb P¿Ω-\n-bnse ssa≥kv AXn-cq-]-X-bnseB¬_¿´v saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-ambn Hcp DS-º-Sn-bn¬ G¿s∏-´p. AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ cq]-X-I-fnse ]≈n-I-fn¬ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]kw-Kn-°p-hm\pw ]ncn-™p-In-´p∂ XpI AXn-cq-]-

3) Ipcn-ins‚ hgn F∂ `‡-Ir-Xyw A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv.

4) `‡n-]q¿∆w P]-ame sN√p-∂Xv

5) k`-bpsS Imt\m\ \a-kv°m-c-ßƒ sNm√p-∂Xv

6) aq∂pZn-h-k-Øn¬ Ipd-bmØ [ym\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p- ∂Xv

Ch hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CjvSm-\p-k-cWw GXp Znh-khpw t\Sm-hp∂ ]q¿Æ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-fm-Wv. IqSm-sX, am¿]m-∏m-bpsSBio¿hmZw (Sn.-hn, tdUntbm XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eq-sS-bpw) kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw, am¿]m∏ \n¿t±-in-°p∂ Znh-k-ßfpw h¿j-ßfpwImcy-£-a-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]q¿Æ ZWvUhntam-N\w\¬Ip-∂p. ]q¿Æ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v \mev Imcy-ßƒ Bh-iy-amWv: Ipº-km-cn®v ]m]-tam-N\w t\S-Ww, hn.Ip¿∫m\ kzoI-cn®v ssZssh-Iy-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°-Ww, \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ `‡IrXyw i≤m]q¿∆w A\p-jvTn-°-Ww,am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS \ntbm-K-ßƒ°pth≠n ]m¿∞n-°-Ww.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ k`-bpsS hnizm-k-k-Xy-Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. ]m]-tØm-Sp≈ a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bpsS Bk-‡nsb \n¿ho-cy-am-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ `‡-Ir-Xy-ß-fpw]cnXymK ]hrØn-Ifpw A\p-jvTn-°m≥ hnizm-kn-Isf ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv k` ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ\¬Ip-∂-Xv. ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w InkvXpk`sb `c-ta-ev∏n® hc-]-km-Z-]q¿Æ-X-bm-Wv. k` Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hcpw acn-®-h-cp-amb hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v Xs∂ `c-ta-ev]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]pWy- -WvUm-Km-c-Øn¬\n∂v \¬Ip∂ A\p-K-l-amWvZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ. ip≤o-I-cm-flm-°ƒ°v ka-c-k- -bp-sSbpwhnP-b-k- -bp-sSbpw am[yÿyw hgn-bmWv ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒe`n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒGsd Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. X¬^-e-ambn k`m-Km-X-Øn¬ henb ]nf¿∏n\p hgnsbmcpßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

]m]-ß-fpsS Xm¬°m-en-I-in£ (]m-]-I-c-amb A`n-\n-th-iw)- bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnSp-X¬ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Bcw-`n®ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ a[y-i-X-I-ß-fn¬ Gsd Zp¿hym-Jym-\-Øn\pw Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-bn.

Xßƒ°v CjvS-ap≈ ]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°v ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂pw Xß-fpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fnse kµ¿i\w

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ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-Øn\v ]Xn-^-e-ambn ]Ww kzoI-cn-°p∂]Xnhv \ntcm-[n-®-tXmsS Cu taJ-e-bnse A\m-Nm-c-ßsf i‡-ambn \nb-¥n-°m≥ am¿]m-∏bv°p Ign-™p. 1669 ¬ s¢a‚ vH≥]-Xm-a≥ ]m∏ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-°m\pwZpcp-]-tbm-K-ßƒ XS-bm\pw ]tXy-I-ambn Hcp Xncp-kwLwXs∂ ÿm]n-®p. s_\-UnIv‰v ]Xn-\-©m-a≥ am¿]m∏ 1915 apX¬ZWvUhn-tam-N\ Imcym-e-bsØ Ipº-kmcImcym-e-b-Øn\v(Sacred Penitentiary) Iogn-em-°n-b-tXmsS ZWvU-hn-tam-N\wAXns‚ bYm¿∞ A¿∞kmµX XncnsIt\Sn.

ZWvU-hn-tam-N\ hnhmZw B[p-\nI k`-bv°p≈ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iq-Sn-bmbn a\-n-em-°mw. ‡-Ir-Xy-ßsf [\-k-ºm-Z\ am¿§-ß-fmbn amXw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ]h-WX Xncp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. 5001 ]kn-tZ-¥n-am¿ s\mth\ G‰p-I-gn®v Xncp-\mƒ \S-Øp-tºmƒ Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw Bflob I¿Ω-ßƒ [\m-Ka am¿§-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ Xncp-Ø¬ Bh-iy-hp-am-Wv.

Xbpw tdma≥ Iqcn-bmbpw Xpey-ambn hoXns®Sp°p-hm-\p-am-bn-cp∂p DS-º-Sn. ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]kw-Kn-°p-hm≥ ssa≥kn-te°vAb-bv°-s∏-´-h-cn¬ ]ap-J≥ sUman-\n-°≥ k`mw-K-ambsS‰vk¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ AXn-h¿Æ\ Ie¿∂ Ah-X-c-W-coXn ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-sØ-°p-dn®v A_-≤-[m-c-W-Iƒ ]N-cn-°m≥ CS-bm-bn. \n›nX XpI \¬In hmßp∂ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IØv (letter of pardon) ssI]-‰n-bm¬ \nXy-c£ Dd-∏mbn F∂v hnizm-kn-Iƒ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. CXv ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ k`m-ho-£-W-Øn\v IS-I-hn-cp-≤-ambNn¥m-co-Xn-bm-Wv. ZWvU-hn-tam-N\ ]`m-j-I-cpsS A⁄-XtbmZhym-K-ltam BWv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A_-≤-Nn-¥m-K-Xn°v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßƒ ]W-Øn\p hn¬°m≥ XpSßnF∂ ]XoXn P\n-°m≥ Ch-cpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Imc-W-am-bn.

1517 HIvtSm-_¿ 31˛mw XnbXn ZWvU-hn-tam-N\ hnev]-\sbFXn¿Øp-sIm≠v am¿ń≥ eqY¿ cwK-Øp-h-∂p. hn‰≥ _¿KnsesIm´m-c-I-t∏-f-bn¬ eqY¿ ]Xn® 95 ]ta-b-ß-fn¬ 28˛masØ]tabw ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-hn-ev]-\sb ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. “t\¿®-s∏-ń-bn¬ \mWbw hogp-tºmƒ Bflm-°ƒ kz¿§-Øn-te-°p-b-cp∂p” F∂-XmWv k`-bpsS \ne-]m-sS∂v eqY¿Bt£-]n-®p. F∂m¬ eqY-dpsS Bt£-]-Øn-\n-c-bmb \ne-]mSv k -bpsS HutZym-KnI ]t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS mK-am-bn-cp-∂n√F∂Xv ]tXyIw i≤m¿l-am-Wv. GXm\pw ]kw-K-I-cpsS mK-Øp-kw- -hn® hogvNsb k`m-]-t_m-[-\-Ønse hogvN-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n® eqY¿ ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-s\bpw AXv\evIm≥ am¿]m-∏-bv°p-≈ A[n-Im-c-sØbpw tNmZyw- sN-bvXp.Cu A`n-]mb kwL¿j-amWv ZWvU-hn-tam-N\ hnhmZwF∂t]cn¬ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ CSw-t\-Sn-b-Xv.

ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ßsf kw_-‘n® Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßƒ XS-bm≥ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ k`m-t\-XrXzw Inbm-fl-I-ambn CS-s]- n-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1215 se \memw em‰-d≥ Iu¨kn¬ZWvUhn-tam-N-\-ßƒ A\nb¥nX-ambn Zo¿Ln-∏n-°p∂ ]h-WX XS-™p-sIm≠v ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-ß-fpsS Ime-ssZ¿Lyw]c-am-h[n Hcp-sIm-√-ambn \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn. ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w]kw-Kn®v kw`m-h\ kzoI-cn-°p∂ ]Xnhv (the office ofquaestores) 1562 ¬ sXt¥mkv Iu¨kn¬ \n¿Ø-em-°n. 1567¬ ]bkv A©m-a≥ am¿]m∏ ZWvUhn-tam-N-\sØ ]W-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ kIe A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sfbpw \ntcm-[n-®p.

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eqX-d≥ \ho-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ

Cu ]ÿm-\-Øn\v hnZq-c-Im-c-W-ß-fmbn ]eXpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-hm-\p-≠v. a≤y-bp-K-k-`-bpsS \ne-hm-c-an-√mØ ssZh-im-kvXw, Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn, k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn‚ A⁄-X, kzP-\-]-£-]mXw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw AXn¬s∏Spw. Ahn-t™m¨]m∏m-am-cpsS ImeØv (1309˛1378) \S-∏n¬hcp-Ønb \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ k`-bpsS kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb N´-°q-Sn-s\bpw `c-W-I-a-sØbpw Atß-b‰w k¶o¿Æ-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Chbv°p ]pdsakaq-l-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ, tZio-b-t_m-[w, GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS h¿≤n-®p-h∂ A[n-Im-c-i‡n, \thm-∞m-\- -e-am-bp-≠mb_u≤n-I-hn-Imkw F∂n-h-sb√mw ]tcm-£-am-sb-¶nepw eqX-d≥ \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ°p ]tNm-Z\w \¬In.

XØz-im-kvX-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

a≤y-bp-K-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS hf¿∂p-h∂ t\man-\-en-kw, Hm°m-ankw XpS-ßnb kvsImfm-Ãn°v Nn¥-bpsS ]pXnbcq]-t`-Z-ßƒ eqX-d≥ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ KWy-amb]¶p-h-ln-®p. k`-tbbpw IqZm-i-I-tfbpw ]‰n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂B≤ym-fln-I-ho-£-W-Øn\v tIm´w-X-ń. XØz-im-kvX-ØnepwssZh-im-kvX-Ønepw I≠p-h∂ \qX-\-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-I-fn¬ Nne-sX√mw \ho-I-c-W-°m¿ kzoI-cn-®p; a‰p Nne-Xn-s\-Xnsc i‡n-bmb FXn¿∏pw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p.

hnip≤ KŸ-Øns‚ ÿm\w

eqX-dn\p apºp-Xs∂ hnip-≤-K-Ÿ]T-\-Øn-\p≈ ia-ßƒIpsd-sb√mw \S-∂n-cp-∂p. hn. KŸ-Øns‚ eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p (Vulgate) ]pdsa ]e ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fnte°pwss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F¶nepw hmNym¿∞-Øn-\p-sIm-SpØ Aan-X-]m-[m\yw aqe-hpw, hnip-≤-KŸw hmbn-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnI-e-X-Iƒ aqehpw ]e ]iv\-ßfpw D≠m-bn. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kz¥-X-Øz-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥th≠n hn. KŸsØ btYjvSw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.

hnI-e-amb Bcm-[-\-Iaw

Bcm-[-\bpsS A¥--Øsb Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v BNm-c-ßƒ°v Aan-X-]m-[m\yw Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p. Ah \S-Øn-bn-cp∂

s]m´-Ã‚ v hnπ-h-sa∂pw \ho-I-c-W-sa∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ eqX-d-\n-k-Øns‚ D¤-h-Im-c-W-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p∂ Ncn-X-tc-J-Iƒ \ap-°n∂pkpe-`-am-Wv. Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I≠-Xp-t]mse k`-bn¬ s]mXpsh hf-sc-b-[nIw Agn-a-Xn-Ifpw Zpcm-Nm-c-ßfpw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn -bn-cp -∂p.CXn¬\ns∂√mw tamN\w e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ auen-I-am-sbmcp \ho-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Nne¿s°-¶nepw t_m≤y-s∏- p. Cu Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWvPqen-bkv c≠m-a≥ ]m∏m (1503˛1513) 1512˛¬ em‰-d≥ Iu¨kn¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv. F∂m¬ Cue£yw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Iu¨kn¬ Fßs\ Zb-\o-b-ambn ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p-sh∂v Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cp-∂-t√m. Cu ]cm-Pbw s]m´-Ã‚ v hnπ-h-Øn\pw ]›m-Øew Hcp°n F∂p ]d-bmw.

B[p-\nIbpKw

s]m -Ã‚v hnπhw, Bw•n-°≥ k`

16

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Xncp`m NcnXw

kns‚ teJ-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc At±lw ]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.

CXn-s‚-sb√mw a≤y-Ønepw eqX¿ ITn-\-amb B¥-cn-I-kw-L- -\-Øn\p hnt[-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv kXyw. ssZh-Øns‚\ymb-hn-[n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥ At±-l-Øn¬ òXn P\n-∏n-®p.tdmam-°m¿°p≈ teJ-\-sØ-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®-tijwAt±lw Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øn, ssZhw Iqc-\mb \ymbm-[n-]-\-s√∂pw \oXn-am≥ hnizm-kw-aqew Pohn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw. CuNn¥ At±-l-Øn\v Bizmkw \¬Im≥ t]mcp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.F∂m¬ CXn¬\n∂p kzoI-cn® \nK-a-\-ß-fn-emWv At±-l-Øn\p sX‰p ]‰nb-Xv. ssZh-Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw amX-amWvc£-bv°-Sn-ÿm-\w. InkvXp \ap-°p-th≠n c£ t\Sn-°gn™p.AXn-\m¬ InkvXp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw \nw-K-cmbn Ahn-Sp-tØbv°p hnt[-b-cm-Ip-Ibpw amX-amWv a\p-jy¿ sNtø-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS k¬]hr-Øn-IƒsIm≠v H∂pw t\Sm≥ t]mIp-∂n-√. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS ]T-\-ßƒ ]eXpw A¿∞-iq-\y-am-Wv CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p At±-l-Øns‚ \nK-a-\-ßƒ. CXbpwXocp-am-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ, ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsSA_-≤-]-T-\-ßsf FXn¿t°-≠Xv IS-a-bm-sW∂v At±lw Icp-Xn. A∂p \ne-hn-en-cp∂ ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-]-ÿm\w DS-\-Sn-bp≈\S-]-Sn°v At±-lsØ t]cn-∏n-®p.

ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-hn-hmZw

eqX-d≥ \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v ]›m-Ø-e-sam-cp-°nb LS-I-ßƒ]e-Xm-sW-¶nepw Bk-∂-Im-cWw ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\sØ kw_-‘n® hnhm-Z-ß-fm-Wv. ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-]-ÿm-\-tØmSv eqX-dn\v BZyw-ap-X¬t° FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

1510˛¬ Pqen-bkv c≠m-a≥ ]m∏m (1503˛1513) Hcp ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. B¬_¿ńs‚ A[o-\-X-bn-ep≈cq]-X-I-fn¬ Cu ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]kw-Kn-°p-hm\pw Aßs\In´p∂ XpI-bn¬ ]IpXnsbSp-Øn´v _m°n ]IpXn tdma≥Iq-cn-bm-bn-e-S-bv°p-hm-\p-am-bn-cp∂p DS-º-Sn. CX-\p-k-cn®v ZWvU-hn-tam-N\w ]kw-Kn-°m≥ sUman-\n-°≥k-`mw-K-amb sS‰vk¬\nbp-‡-\m-bn. At±lw kmIvk¨]-hn-iy-bpsS DØ-cm-Xn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ Pq´¿t_m-Kv, tk¿_vÃv F∂o \K-c-ß-fn¬ ]kwKwBcw- n-®-tXmsS eqXdpw cwK-]-thiw sNbvXp. [m¿ΩnI-ambpw

coXn-Xs∂ ]e-t∏mgpw Atcm-N-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipsd AS-bm-f-ßfpw BwKy-ßfpwsIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-´-X-√msX Ah-bpsSA¿∞-sa-¥m-sWt∂m Ah F¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-sht∂m]Tn-°mt\m P\-ßƒ°p ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-hmt\m Bcpw an\-s°-ń-√.

D]-cn-π-h-ß-fmb Bi-b-ßƒ Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øn¬ IS-∂p-IqSnAXns\ Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. \n¿÷o-hhpw A‘-hp-amb Cu Cucm-[-\m-co-Xnsb eqX¿ tNmZyw sNbvXp. ssZh-im-kvX-]-T\w Ah-K-Wn® Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂n-Xv. kz¿§-Øn¬t]mIm≥ Ipdp-°p-h-gn-I-f-t\z-jn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Bfp-Iƒ, AXn-\p-]-‰nb `‡m-`ym-k-ßfpw ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ anin-lm-bpsS ]t_m-[-\-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ PohnXw \bn-°m≥ th≠-X-]-cn-i-an-®n-cp-∂n-√. IqZm-i-I-fpsS A¿∞tam Bh-iy-I-Xtbmt_m≤y-am-Im-Ø-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p A[n-I-hpw. Nne sshIm-cn-Imw-i-ßƒ°mWv ]ecpw IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw \evIn-b-Xv, en‰¿Pn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv ipjvI-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-êwDuln-°m-a-s√m. IqZm-i-Iƒ shdpw A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fmbn A[x-]-Xn-®p. Ah-bpsS ssZh-im-kvX-]-›m-Øew s]mXpsh a\-n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√.

am¿ń≥ eqX¿ ˛ PohnXw

1483 \hw-_¿ ]Ømw XobXn P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ sFkvte_-\nse Xpdn≥Pnbm F∂ Kma-Øn¬ am¿ń≥ eqX¿ P\n-®p.lm≥kv eqXdpw am¿K-c‰pw Bbn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhpwamXm-hpw.

aI≥ Hcp \nb-a-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-°m-Wp-hm-\mWv lm≥kveqX¿BK-ln-®-sX-¶nepw ssZh-imkvXw ]Tn-°p-hm-\mWv am¿ń≥Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. 1505˛¬Øs∂ At±lw AK-Ão-\n-b≥ k\ym-k-k- -bn¬ AwK-am-bn. c≠p h¿jsØ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-tijw1507˛¬ sshZn-I-]´w kzoI-cn-®p.

1512˛¬ ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬ tUmIvS¿ _ncp-Zhpw At±lwt\Sn. As°m-√w-Xs∂ Ãu∏n-‰vkns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn hnip-≤-K-Ÿm-≤ym-]-I-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂p≈ A©p-h¿j-ßƒ eqX-dns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse ][m-\-Im-e-L-´-am-Wv. At±lwkz¥-am-sbmcp ssZh-im-kvX-Øn\p cq]w sImSp-ØXv Cu ka-b-Øm-Wv. CXn-\nsS k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw hn. ]utem-

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-≠m-Ip-Ibpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p hnizm-kn-Ifpw At\Iw sshZn-Icpw saXm-∑mcpw h[n-°-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. tXma-kp-aq¿, tPm¨^n-j¿, XpS-ßn-b-h¿ h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Cßs\ sl≥Sn F´m-as‚ hnhm-l-]-iv\-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v Cw•-≠n¬ cq]w sIm≠-XmWp Bw•n-°≥ k`.Im‚¿_dn B¿®p _nj-∏ns\ k`-bpsS k¿∆m-[n-Im-cn-bmbnAwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

sl≥Sn-sb-Øp-S¿∂p c-aWta‰FUvth¿Uv Bdm-as‚ Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw Cw•-≠ns‚ qcn- m-Khpw ItØm-en-°m-k- -bn¬\n∂p th¿s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Im‚¿_dn saXm-s∏m-eoØ Bbn-cp∂Im≥a¿ Bbn-cp∂p FtUz¿Uns‚ hewssI. FtUz¿Uns‚ac-Wtijw tacn cm⁄n (1553˛58) t]m´-Ãm‚n-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn t]mcmSn. Ipd-sbms° hnP-bn-s®-¶nepw, ]n∂o-Sp-h∂ Fen-k-_Øp cm⁄n AXns\ Cw•-≠n¬ Ac-°n- p-d-∏n-°p-I-Xs∂sNbvXp. Im≥am-dns‚ 42 hnizm-k-]-Jym-]-\-ßƒ Ahƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn. Cw•-≠nse k`bv°p Bw•n-°≥ k`-sb∂p t]cp ]d-bp-∂p.

hnizm-k-]-c-ambpw ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-fmWvsS‰vk¬ ]kw-Kn-®-Xv. ]t£ At±-l-Øns‚ Ah-X-c-W-co-Xnbpw AXn-h¿Æ-\bpw sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ°n-S-sIm-Sp-Øp.

B¿®p-_n-j-∏n-s\-gp-Xnb Znh-kw-Xs∂ am¿ń≥ eqX¿ Ncn-X-]-kn-≤-amb Xs‚ sXmÆq-‰©p ]ta-b-ßƒ hn‰≥_¿§nsesIm´m-c-°-t∏-f-bpsS Npa-cn¬ ]Xn-®p. CtXmsS Xpd∂kwL-´\w Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂p ]d-bmw.

eqX-dns‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

ZWvU-hn-tam-N-\-hmZw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ eqX¿ hnhm-Z-]-c-amb ]e kn≤m-¥-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Bfl-c-£-sb-∏‰n Aan-X-amb DXvIWvT h®p-]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p eqX¿. ssZh-Øn-ep≈ hnizmkwamX-amWv \oXo-I-c-W-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm\w F∂ Nn¥ At±-l-Øn\v a\--am-[m\w \evIn.Aßs\ c£ a\p-jys‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂-s√∂pw, ssZh-Øns‚ `mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-Øm¬ amX-am-sW∂pwAt±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. CXns\ km[q-I-cn-°m-\mWv ]m∏m-[n-Imcw At±lw \ntj-[n-®-Xv. ss__n-fmWv F√m-‰n-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm\w. AXv B¿°pw hymJym-\n-°mw. am≤y-ÿyw-h-ln-°m≥]ptcm-ln-X¿ Bh-iy-an-√. amtΩm-Zo-kmbpw Ip¿_m-\bpwamXta km[p-hm-bn-´p-≈p. CX-c-Iq-Zm-i-I-sf√mw Ahm-kvX-h-ß-fmWv ˛ CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ \qX-\-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ.

Bw•n-°≥ k` sl≥Sn-b≥ hnπ-h-k-¥m\w

Cw•-≠n¬, ItØm-en-°m-k-`-tbm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v ssh¢n-^ns‚ (1384) Imew apX¬ Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬AXns\ tdmam-k-`-bn¬ \n∂p ]q¿Æmbn hnt—-Zn-®Xv sl≥SnF´m-a≥ (1509˛1547) cmPm-hm-Wv. ImX-dn-\p-am-bp≈ hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ tamNn-∏n-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏- p-sIm≠vka¿∏n-°-s∏´ At]£ \nc-kn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS, ‘hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I’ -s\∂ Io¿Øn apZ t\Sn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂ sl≥Sn ]mm-°n-sb-SpØ ]c-am-[n-Imc \nbaw hgn Cw•-≠ns\ tdman¬\n∂pw ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn th¿Xn-cn-®p. am¿]m-∏bv°p Cw•-≠nsek`-bpsS ta¬ bmsXm-c-[n-Im-c-hp-an-s√∂pw Bwt•-b-k-`-bpsS]c-am-[n-Imcw Cw•-≠nse cmPm-hn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-sW-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p hnfw-_cw. cmPm-hns‚ \b-Øn\p Bcw-`-Øn¬ Xs∂

Xncp`m NcnXw

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_\-Un-Ivss‰≥ k\ym-k-k-aq-l-am-Wv ¢qWn. ]m›m-Xy-k-\ym-k-Øn-ep≈ \ho-I-cWw Bcw- n-®Xv ¢qWn-bpsS ÿm]-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. ¢qWnk\ym-kn-Iƒ am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS t\cn-´p≈ `c-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. hnip-≤cpw ]K-¤-cp-amb At\Iw k\ym-km-[n-]-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ Ign™ ¢qWn P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬\s√mcp kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.

I¿Øq-ky≥k`

Hcn-°epw hncq-]-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Hcn-°epw \ho-I-cWw\S-Øm-Ø-k` F∂-`n-am-\n-°p∂ I¿Øq-ky≥ k\ym-k-k-`-bpsS ÿm]-I≥ hn. _qtWm-bm-Wv. 1084˛¬ BWv CXns‚ÿm]-\w. jm¿tXkv (Chartreuse) F∂ ÿe-t∏-cn¬\n-∂mWvI¿Øq-ky≥kv F∂ t]cv e`n-®Xv. k\ym-kn-Iƒ kz¥w IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ ]m¿∞-\-bnepw GIm-¥-X-bnepw kabw sNe-h-gn-°pw. h√-t∏m-gp-ap≈ `£-W-Øn\pw Zn\w]Xn-bp≈ Imt\m-\n-I-]m¿∞-\bv°pw Ah¿ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Spw. Cßs\ [ym\m-fl-I-Po-hn-X-am-W-h¿ \bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

kntÃ-gvky≥k`

^m≥kn-ep≈ knt‰m (Citeaux) F∂ ÿeØv 1098˛¬ hn.tdm_¿´v Cu k` ÿm]n-®p. aq∂m-asØ B_-´mb hn.Ão^≥lm¿Unw-Kns‚ Imew-hsc Imcy-amb ]ptcm-KXn Cuk`-bv°p-≠m-bn-√. 1112˛¬ hn. _¿Wm¿Upw ap∏Xp kl-]-h¿Ø-Icpw Cu k -bn¬ tN¿∂p. kntÃ-gvky≥ \nb-am-h-en°pcq]w sImSp-ØXv hn. Ão^≥ lm¿Unw-Km-Wv. _\-Un-Ivss‰≥\nb-a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p an°-hm-dpw.

`n£mw-tZ-ln-Iƒ

13˛mw \q‰m≠v k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ k\ym-kn-Iƒ kz¥w Bfl-c-£bv°v]m[m\yw \evIn Kpl-I-fnepw ae-tbm-c-ß-fnepw H‰-s∏´ IpSn-ep-I-fnepw Xma-kn-®-t∏mƒ 13˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DS-se-SpØ ^m≥kn-kv°≥kpw sUman-\n-°≥kpw ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn\pwBfl-hn-ip-≤o-I-cWw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Is≠-Ønb am¿§wa\p-jy-tk-h-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.

^m≥kn-kv°≥kv

a≤y-Im-e-k- m-N-cn-X-Ønse KW-\o-b-\mb Hcp hy‡n-bmWv

Ime-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®mWvk\ym-k-k-`-Iƒ an°Xpw DZbw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.]Ømw \q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw k\ym-k-k-`-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hp-Im-Wmw. ]pXnb k\ym-k-k-`-Iƒ ]eXpw Db¿∂p-h-∂-tXmsSm∏w ]gbk`-I-fpsS \ho-I-c-Whpw \S-∂p. k`-bpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-hm≥ ]‰p∂coXn-bn-ep≈ k\ym-k-k-`-I-fmWv Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Ønepw cq]w-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬Xmev]cyw ImWn®p aptºm-´p-h-∂Xpw k\ym-k-k-`mw-K-ß-fm-Wv. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n-\p-ti-j-ap≈ k\ym-k-k-`m-N-cn-X-sØ-∏‰n Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu A≤ymbw.

¢qWn

^m≥kn-ep≈ ¢qWn-bn¬ 910˛¬ ÿm]n-X-amb

k\ym-k-k- -IfpsS-

- t]-jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w

17

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

k-hkvXw F∂n-h-bn-sem-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p sshhn-[y-a-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]Ømw setbm am¿∏m∏mCu¥¿ tNsØc F∂ NmIn-I-te-J-\-Øn-eqsS ]m›m-Xy-k--bn¬ km[m-cW hX-ß-f-\p-jvTn-°p∂ k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßƒ°v

A\p-hmZw sImSp-Øp.

]gb kaq-l-ß-fpsS \ho-I-cWw

]Ømw setbm ]m∏m (1513˛21) bpsS ImeØv k\ym-k-k-`-I-fpsS \ho-I-cWw Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. F¶nepw ê-]-Z-ambn H∂pw A∂v \S-∂n-√. t]m´-Ã‚ v hnπhw \ho-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ°v DW¿∆pw Du¿÷-kz-e-Xbpw ]I¿∂p. FPn-Untbm I\o-kntbm Fs∂mcp sshZn-I≥ k`m-P-\-d-em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv AK-Ão-\n-b≥ k`-bn¬ \ho-I-cWw XpS-ßn-b-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman skdn-]mt¥m CXp ]q¿Øn-bm°n.

I¿Ω-e-k`

]e-kvXo-\m-bn-ep≈ I¿Ω-e-a-e-bn¬ kaq-l-Po-hnXw \bn®Genbm ]hm-N-I-\mWv I¿Ω-e-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mbn]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1206˛\pw 1214˛\p-an-Sbv°v hnip≤ B¬_¿´v\nb-a-ßƒ tImUo-I-cn-®p. ]t£ Ipsd-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ k -bn¬\ho-I-c-W-ßfpw ]cn-jv°m-c-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-bn. CXn\vt\XrXzw \¬In-bXv hn. AΩ-tX-kymbpw hn. tbml-∂m-\p-am-Wv. 1562 HmKÃv 24˛mw\p aq∂p-t]-tcm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp aTw Bhn-em-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ hnip-≤bv°p Ign-™p. 1567˛¬ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-k-`-bpsS ]pcp-j-hn-`m-K-Øn\v \ho-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ A\p-aXn e`n-®p. ]pXnb Bi-a-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ BZyw tN¿∂-h-cn¬ bph-ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn-cp∂ hn. tbml-∂m\pw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.hn. tXkym-tbm-sSmØv \ho-I-c-W-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ°mbn At±-lhpw ]cn-i-an-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.

I∏q-®n≥k`

^m≥kn-kv°≥ k`-sb-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-t∏mƒ H_vtk¿h‚ vkv F∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ e£yw \nb-a-ßƒ A£cw]XnA\p-k-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂-t√m. ]t£Iptd-°mew Ign-™-t∏mƒ Ch-cpsS CS-bnepw ]cm-P-b-ßƒI≠p-Xp-S-ßn. AXp-sIm≠v as‰mcp \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ BhiywD≠m-bn. asØtbm sZ _mkntbm F∂ sshZn-I-\mWv CXn\vBcw-`-an-´-Xv.

Ao-n-bnse hn. ^m≥kokv (1182˛1216). Zcn-Z\pw hn\o-X-\p-amb InkvXp-hns\ A\p-]Zw A\p-K-an-°p-hm\pw kl-Po-hn-Iƒ°p tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p-sIm≠v kmbqPyw ]m]n-°p-hm\pwXøm-dmb B [oc-bp-hm-hns‚ cwK-]-thiw Hcp ]pXp-bp-K-Øns‚\mµn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw a\pjycp-sSbpw t\¿°p≈AXy-Km-[-amb kvt\lw, euIn-I-ß-fmb kI-e-Øn-t\m-Sp-ap≈A\m-k-‡n, Zmcn-Z-kvt\-lw, B\-µ-]-IrXn XpS-ßnb hnin-jvS-Kp-W-ß-fmWv Bt±-l-Øn-te°v P\-ßsf BI¿jn-®-Xv.F√m-ap-t]-£n® B ]`p-Ip-am-c≥ ]mh-s∏´ IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Isfipiq-jn-°p-hm\pw, ]m¿∞-\-bn¬ kzbw PohnXw ka¿∏n-°p-hm\pw \n›-bn-®p. 1207˛emWv \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Cu Xocp-am\wAt±lw FSp-Ø-Xv. At±lw Bscbpw £Wn-®n-s√-¶nepw BPohn-X-hn-ip≤n At\-Isc BI¿jn-®p. Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-b-a-ambn Zmcn-Zhpw, ]mb-›n-Ø-hpw, kphn-ti-j-]-kw-Khpw \n›-bn-®p. A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ hy‡-amb Nne\nb-a-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n. AXv 1209, G]n¬ 16˛mw \p aq∂mwC∂-sk‚ v ]m∏m-bpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n®p. Aßs\ ^tbgvkvssa\¿ F∂ Hm¿U¿ XpS-ßn. Zmcn-Zw, _“-Ncyw, A\p-k-cWw F∂o hX-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Np‰n-\-S-°p∂ kphn-ti-j-hm-l-I-cmbn Ah¿ ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p.

sUman-\n-°≥k`

hn. ^m≥ko-kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mb hn. tUman-\n-°mWv(1170˛1221) Cu k`m-ÿm-]-I≥. ]mj-WvU-X-Ifpw ioiva-IfpwAßn-ßmbn Xe-s]m-°n-b-t∏m-gmWv hn. tUman-\n-°ns‚ cwK-]-thiw. sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw Aevam-b-cp-sSbpw A⁄-X-bmWv]mj-WvU-X-I-fpsS hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-sa∂v At±lw a\-n-em-°n. CXns\ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\mWv At±lw ]kw-K-I-cpsS k`ÿm]n-®-Xv. ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS][m\ tPmen. ]kw-K-Isc ssZh-im-kvX-Ønepw a‰pw ]_p-≤-cm-°m≥ hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øm-Wn-h¿ IqSp-X¬ i≤n-®-Xv._u≤n-Ihpw, [m¿Ωn-I-hp-amb \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ch¿sNbvX tkh\w al-Øm-Wv.

cq]-Xm-k-\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßƒ

16˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂hX-ß-fpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hyXym-k-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. hX-ß-fpsSFÆw, \nb-a-ßƒ, _mly-amb BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, k\ym-

Xncp`m NcnXw

126 127

Xncp`m NcnXw

UnIn-Ifpw ]pdØp h∂n- p-≠v. 1496˛¬ t]m∏v C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a≥ \¬Inb \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\p apºv]pkvX-I-ßƒ k`m-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. sS‚ v Iu¨kn¬ AXp-hsc D≠m-bn- p≈ \nb-a-ßsf tImUo-I-cn-°pIbpw hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

skan-\mcn

sshZn-I¿°v icn-bmb ]cn-io-e\w e`n-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠vk`-bn¬ ]e ]iv\-ßfpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. sS‚ v Iu¨kn¬CXn\pw ]cn-lmcw D≠m-°n. Iu¨knens‚ Xocp-am-\-Øns‚]n∂n¬ k\ym-k-k-`-I-fpsS t]cW D≠m-bn-cp-∂p F∂Xvhy‡-am-Wv. Hmtcm cq]-Xbv°pw Hmtcm skan-\m-cn, As√-¶n¬]e cq]-X-Iƒ°v Hcp skan-\mcn F∂ \n¿t±-i-amWv sS‚ vIu¨kn¬ \¬In-b-Xv. hnip-≤-K-Ÿw, XXz-im-kvXw, k∑m¿§-im-kvXw, en‰¿Pn F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°v ⁄m\w \¬I-Ww; sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Isf Xncs™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Nne ]tXyIsshZn-Isc \nb-an-°Ww; Ch-bm-bn-cp-∂p Iu¨kn-ens‚ a‰p\n¿t±-i-ßƒ.

sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn\v hy‡-am-sbmcp cq]-ap≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. 826˛¬ Fhp-Pn¬ aq∂mw-]m∏m IØo-U¬ ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn\v ÿe-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v\n¿t±-in-®p. 1179˛¬ aq∂mw em‰-d≥ Iu¨kn¬ IØo-U¬kvIqfp-I-fn¬ sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn\v ^≠v D≠m-°-W-sa∂vhyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn- p-≠v. 1215˛¬ \memw em‰-d≥ Iu¨kn¬ IØo-U¬]-≈n-I-fn¬ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑msc \nb-an-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xmbn IWmw.

CS-hI sshZn-I-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ ]p¿Æ-amb DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Xt±-in-b-cmb CS-hI sshZn-I-sc-Øs∂ Gev]n-°p-∂Xv 1962˛em-Wv. ]uc-kvXy-k- -Iƒ°p-th≠n hS-hm-Xq¿ sk‚ vtXmakv A∏-kvtXm-enIv skan-\mcn 1962 Pqsse 3˛mw\p Bcw-`n-®p. Ct∏mƒ kotdm-a-e-_m¿, ae-¶-c, eØo≥ F∂o aq∂pdoØp-I-fn¬s∏´ sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ Cu ÿm]-\-Øn¬]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-∂p. 1982˛¬ tUmIvS-td‰v Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-tIm-gvkp-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ ]uc-kvXy-hn-Zym-]o-T-ambn ].knwlm-k-\-Øn¬\n∂v Cu ]cn-io-e-\-tI-µsØ Db¿Øn. 1983HIvtSm-_¿ 26˛mw\p C¥y≥ ]kn-U‚ v skbn¬knwKv]uckvXy hnZym-]o-T-Øns‚ HutZym-Kn-I-amb D¬Lm-S-\-I¿Ωw

]pXnb k\ym-k-kaq-l-ßƒHmd-t´m-dn-b≥kv

16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]e k\ym-k-k-`-Ifpw ]pXnb cq]-`m-h-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®, Ime-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm≥ i‡-ambn F∂p ]d-™p-h-t√m. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-s∏-´-h-bmWv Hmd-t´m-dn-b≥kpw Cutim-k-`-bpw. c≠n-s‚bpw e£yw ssZh-N\wtemI-Øn\p \¬IpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£ hyXy-kvX-Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bmWp Ccp-Iq-ćpw kzoI-cn-®-Xv. AwK-ß-fpsS kzmX-¥-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-h-cmWv Hmd-t´m-dn-b≥kv. Hmd-t´m-dn-b≥ k`m-ÿm-]-I-\mb hn. ^nen-∏p-t\cn1515˛¬ ^vtfmd≥kn¬ Hcp Ipt_-c-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®p.18˛masØ hb-n¬ tdman¬t]mbn tcmKn-I-fp-sSbpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ tPmen-sN-øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Xs∂ ]n¥p-S¿∂ 12 t]sc-°qń At±lw Hcp kaqlw ÿm]n-®p. ]n∂oSpsshZn-I-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ ^nen∏v Ahsc H∂n-®p-Iqń ]m¿∞n-°p-hm\pw, ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn. Aßs\ Ch¿ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp∂ ÿe-Øn\v Hmd-´dn F∂ t]cp e`n-®p. Ah-cn¬]ecpw ]n∂oSv sshZn-I-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. 1575˛¬ KnKdn ]Xn-aq∂mw]m∏m-bmWv Cu k`bv°v AwKo-Imcw \¬In-b-Xv.

Cutim-k`

t]m´-Ã‚ v hnπ-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw \S∂k`m-\-ho-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ Cutimk` hensbmcp ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. kvs]bn-\nse Imk tSmsd semtbmf F∂ ÿeØv1491˛¬ P\n® Ct·-jykv sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ ]´m-f-Øn¬tN¿∂p, ]t£ apdn-th‰v Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InS-∂-t∏mƒ ssk\n-I-tk-h\w Dt]-£n-®v, tijn-®-Imew InkvXp-hn-\p-th≠n bp≤w-sN-øm≥ Xo¿®-bm-°n. 1522˛1523 h¿j-ß-fn¬ a¨tdk F∂]´-W-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ B≤ym-fln-Im-`ym-k-ßƒ F∂]pkvXIw cNn-®p. a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ AKm-[-⁄m-\-hpw, ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Adnhpw H∂p-tN¿∂t∏mƒ AsXmcp¢mn-°m-bn-Øo¿∂p.

C≥UIvkv ˛ Index of Forbidden Books

A©mw \q‰m-≠n\pw ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-Sbv°v ]e

Xncp`m NcnXw

128 129

Xncp`m NcnXw

B^n-°≥ k`

415˛¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cmWv B^n-°-bn¬ BZy-ambnanj≥]-h¿Ø\w XpS-ßnbXv. BZyw ChnsS FØn-bXv^m≥kn-kv°≥ k`-°mcpw ]n∂oSp h∂Xv Cutim k`-°m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1462˛¬ km¥n-bmtKm Zzo]n¬ Hcp CS-hI Bcw-`n-®p. Kn\n-b-bn¬ ]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßn-bXv 1466˛¬ c≠p ^m≥kn-kv°≥ sshZn-I-cmWv. 1533˛¬ tI∏v sh¿sU-bn¬ Hcp cq]Xÿm]n-°-s∏-´p.

Xmbve-≠nse k`

t]m¿´p-Kokv I®-h-S-°m-cmWv Chn-sSbpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒBcw-`n-®-Xv. Xmbve-≠ns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ Abq-≤y-bn¬1554˛¬ c≠p sUman-\n-°≥ sshZn-I-sc-Øn. 1584˛¬ ^m≥kn-kv°≥ k`-°mcpw. 1606˛¬ Cutim-k-`-°mcpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒBcw-`n-®p. 1669˛¬ kbmw Hcp ]tXyI hnIm-cn-bm-ØmbnDb¿Ø-s∏-´p.

\n¿∆-ln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kotdm- -a-e-¶c skan-\m-cnbpw ASp-Ø-Im-eØv ÿm]n-X-am-bn.

t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w˛]u-c-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fn¬

15, 16 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ anj≥]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬]tXy -I -amb DW¿∆p -≠m -bn . t]m¿®p -Ko -kp -Imcpwkvs]bn≥Imcpw \S-Ønb I∏¬ k©m-c-ßƒ ]pXnb tImf-\n-Iƒ ssIh-i-am-°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-c-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Xß-fpsS aXw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pwAh¿ Xmev]cyw ImWn-®p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ItØm-en-°m-\-thm-∞m\w anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ DtØ-P\w\¬In.

P∏m-\nse k`

InkvXp-hns‚ ktµ-i-hp-ambn hn. ^m≥kokv tkhy¿ P∏m-\n-tebv°v IS-∂p-sN-∂Xv 1549, HmKÃv 15˛mw \p BWv. `mj,`£-Ww, Imem-hÿ F∂nh At±-lsØ hfsc hnj-an-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw 1551, \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ At±lw Xncn-®p-t]m-∂-t∏mƒ 2000 t]¿ InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Xmgv∂ PmXn-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p Ch-cn¬ `qcn-`m-K-hpw. At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tij (1552) hpw Ahn-SpsØ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒDu¿÷-kz-e-ambn \S-∂p. A∂v a‰v k\ym-k-k-`mw-K-ßfpwAhnsS ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. 1560˛¬ ssUantbb NI-h¿ØnaX-a¿±\w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ hf-sc-t∏¿ \mSp-hn-´p-t]m-bn. 1570˛¬\mep P∏m≥Im-cpƒs∏sS 18 sshZn-I-cm-Wv-A-hnsS ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

ssN\-bnse k`

]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm-\n-k` hfsc hf¿∂p-hn-I-kn-®n-cp∂ cmPy-amWv ssN\. C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw ]uc-kvXy-k-`-bnse anj-\-dn-am¿ ssN\-bn¬ t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬]n∂oSv aX-]o-U-\-ßsf XpS¿∂v AXv A]-Xy-£-am-bn. 1294˛¬^m≥kn-kv°≥ anj-\-dn-am-cmWv c≠m-aXv kphn-ti-j-hp-ambnssN\mh≥I-c-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. A∂-h¿ Ipd-®p-t]sc am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. F¶nepw ItaW AXpw A]-Xy-£-ambn; 14˛mw\q‰m-≠n¬ hfsc Ipd®p ssIkvX-htc Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

Xncp`m NcnXw

130 131

Xncp`m NcnXw

Cu \n¿Æm-b-I-L-´-Øn¬ k`sb `cn® [oc-\mb am¿∏m-∏m-bmWv 9˛mw ]obq-kv. 1846˛¬ k`m- -cWw Gs‰-SpØ At±lwBcw-`-Øn¬ XnI™ ]cn-jv°-c-W-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬AXn-thKw kzm\p- -h-sh-fn-®-Øn¬, ISpØ bYm-ÿn-Xn-I-\mbnamdn. A\-¥cw ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn \nc-¥-c-t]m-cm-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw tdma≥ ]iv\w, amXm-hns‚Aa-tem-¤-h-kXy ]Jym-]-\w, sX‰p-I-fpsS ]ńI (Syllabusod Errors) H∂mw hØn-°m≥ kq\-l-tZm-kv, am¿∏m-∏m-bpsSA]-am-ZnXz kXy-]-Jym-]\w F∂nh Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse][m\ kw`-h-ß-fm-Wv.

Aa-tem-¤-h-k-Xy-]-Jym-]\w

1854˛¬ Cs\-^m-_n-enkv tZhqkv F∂ NmIn-I-te-J-\w-hgnamXm-hns‚ Aa-tem-¤hw hnizm-k-k-Xy-ambn ]Jym-]n-®p. BAh-k-c-Øn¬ ]kvXpX ]Jym-]-\-Øn\v th≠X ]m[m\ywNcn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ \evIn-bn-√. acn-b-`‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p≈ t]c-I-ambpw km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn-ep≈ Hcp kXy-]-Jym-]-\-ambpwamXta F√m-hcpw AXns\ IW-°m-°n-bp-≈q.

1848 Pq¨ H∂mw-Xo-bXn Aa-tem-¤-h-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-°p-hm≥20 ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m¿ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp IΩo-js\ ]m∏m\nb-an-®p. 1849˛¬ F√m ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw ]m¿∞-\m-k-lm-bhpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw At±lw Bh-iy-s∏- p. Ah-cn¬\n∂pe`n® ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ XnI®pw t]m’m-l-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.A\-¥cw c≠p D∂-X-ssZ-h-im-kvX-⁄-∑msc Aa-tem-¤-h-k-Xy-]-Jym-]-\-Øns‚ IcSp cq]w Xøm-dm-°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.

saXm-∑m-sc-√m-h-scbpw ]kvXpX kXy-]-Jym-]-\-Øn-\mbntdman-tebv°v £Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cn¬\n-s∂√mw Xncp-Ø-ep-Ifpw a‰p \n¿t±-i-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p. F¶nepw kXy-]-Jym-]\w \S-Øn-bXv F√m saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw t]cn-e-√. ]Xyp-X, am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS HutZym-Kn-Im-[n-Imcw (ex Cathedra) D]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿∏m-∏m, k`m-≤y-£≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬, hnizm-k-tØtbm k∑m¿§-tØtbm kw_-‘n-°p∂ kwK-Xn-Iƒ,hnizm-k-k-Xy-ambn ]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-i-tØm-sS, ]mc-º-cy-Øn\pw hn. enJn-X-ßƒ°pw tN¿∂-hn-[w, HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \n¿∆-ln-°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\v A]-am-Zn-Xz-ap-s≠∂v

]m∏m-ÿm-\hpw en_-d-en-khpw

18

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠v, ]tXy-In®v AXns‚DØ-cm¿∞w k`m-N-cn-X-Øn-se Hcp \n¿Æm-b-I-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. k`m-cw-KØv kwL¿jßƒ \nd-™-Im-ew. P\-ß-fpsS \thm-∞m-\m-h-t_m[w a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ipsd-sbms° ]cm-P-b-s∏´ k`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw \thm-∞m-\-e-l-cn-bn¬ hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßsf Im‰n¬]-d-Ønb ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn¬\S∂ \nc-¥-c-h-Sw-hen Cu Ime-L- -Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Cu ioX-k-a-c-Øns‚ êw Zqc-hym-]-I-ambncp∂p. k`m-[n-Im-chpw cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-chpwXΩn¬ AI-∂p. k`bpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-ÿm-\-ßfpwXΩn¬ hensbmcp hnShv Zriy-am-bn. AtX-k-abwk`m-`-cWw cmjvSo-b-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn¬\n∂v Ipd-sbms° kzX-¥-am-bn-sb-∂XvCXns‚ Hcp t\ -hp-am-Wv. hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ hy‡-ambn Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°m≥ CXn-\n-S-\¬In.

Xncp`m NcnXw

132 133

Xncp`m NcnXw

H∂mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨knepw am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS A]-am-Zn-Xzhpw

Aa-tem-¤-h-k-Xy-]-Jym-]-\-Øn\pw sX‰p-I-fpsS ]ń-I-bpsS]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw tijw k`m-¥-co£w ]iv\ k¶o¿Æ-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v \mw I≠p. k`-bv°-I-Øp-\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-\n∂pwk`m-[n-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xnsc tNmZy-i-c-ß-fp-b¿∂p. CØ-c-samcpkµ¿`-Øn-emWv 1869˛Un-kw-_¿ 8˛mw\p, 9˛mw ]obqkv ]m∏mH∂mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xv. 700˛¬]cwsaXm-∑m¿ Cu Iu¨kn-en¬ kw_-‘n-®p. Cw•ojv kwkm-cn-°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂v amX-ambn 120 saXm-∑m¿ FØn.

AI-tØm-en-°m-k-`m-t\-Xm-°-∑msc £Wn-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepwAh¿ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-√. Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn-te°v cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-cn-Isf Bscbpw £Wn-®n-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v saXm-∑m¿ cmjvSo-b-k-Ω¿±-ß-fn¬\n∂v s]mXpsh kzX-¥-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Iu¨kn¬ am¿∏m∏m-bpsS A]-am-ZnXzw \n¿∆-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-am-Wv; BI-bm¬, Bcw-`w-ap-Xevt° \ap°p e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ ]mc-º-cyhpw apdp-sI-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠v, \ΩpsS c£-I-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ al-Øz-Øn\pw ItØm-en-°m-k- -bpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \nXy-c-£bv°pwth≠n kq\-l-tZm-kns‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS ssZh-\n-th-in-X-amb kXyw \mw]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw \n¿∆-Nn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tdmam-am¿∏m∏mHutZym-Kn-I-ambn (ex Cathedra), AXm-b-Xv, A∏-kvtXm-en-Im-[n-Im-c-Øm¬, CS-b≥, Kpcp F∂ \ne-bn¬, F√m ssIkvX-h-tc-bpw, km¿∆-Xn-I-k` kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xmb k∑m¿§-tØtbmhnizm-k-tØtbm kw_-‘n-°p∂ XØz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ,hn. ]tXm-kp-hgn hmKvZm-\w-sN-ø-s∏´ ssZhm-\p-K-lw-h-gn, hnizm-k-tØtbm k∑m¿§-tØtbm kw_-‘n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ItØm-en-°m-k-`bv°v \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ A[n-Imcwam¿∏m∏mbv°p e`n-°p-∂p. X≥aqew tdmam-am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS A]-Im-c-ap≈ \n¿∆N-\-ßƒ hyXn-bm-\m-Xo-Xhpw Ah-bpsS km[p-Xbv°v k`-bpsS thsd AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-am-Ip-∂p.

At±lw hy‡-am-°n. Aa-tem-¤-h-k-Xy-]-Jym-]\w C]-Im-c-amWv; ]cn-ip-≤hpw Ahn-`-‡-hp-amb XnXz-Øns‚ _lp-am-\-Øn-\pw, I\y-Im-ssZ-h-am-Xm-hns‚ al-Øz-Øn\pw at\m-lm-cn-X-bv°pw, ItØm-en-°m-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ]pI-gvN°pw ssIkvX-h-a-X-Øns‚ hf¿®-bv°pw-th≠n \ΩpsS I¿Øm-ho-tim-avin-lm-bpsSbpw, hn. A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cmb ]tXm-kn-s‚bpw,]utem-kn-s‚bpw \ΩpsSbpw A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn®v \mw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. am\-h-Ip-e-c-£-I-\mbInkvXp-hns‚ tbmKy-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ ]tXy-Im-\p-K-l-Øm-epw, ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dnbw K¿`w-[-cn-°-s∏´ \nan-jw-ap-X¬ D¤-h-]m-]-Øns‚ F√mId-I-fn¬\n-∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnap-‡-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂ kXywssZh-\n-th-in-X-hpw, BI-bm¬ kI-ecpw kZm-k-abw ZrV-ambnhniz-kn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

en_-d-en-khpw sX‰p-I-fpsS ]ń-Ibpw

]m∏m-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hym]vXn Aa-tem-¤-h-k-Xy-]-Jym-]-\-co-Xn-bn¬Xs∂ Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-s∂-¶nepw AXns‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w icn°pw a\-n-em-bXv sX‰p-I-fpsS ]ńIbpw hØn-°m≥Iu¨kn-ens‚ ]am-W-tc-J-Ifpw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv.

F∂m¬, Cu sX‰p-I-fpsS ]ńI kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ImWmw, AXn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn H∂pw-X-s∂-bn-s√-∂v. AXn-ep≈ 80 ]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-se√mw Xs∂ 9˛mw ]obqkv ]m∏m-bpsS NmIn-I-te-J-\-ß-fn¬\nt∂m ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ \nt∂m D≤-cn-®n-´p-≈-h-bm-Wv. Ah-sb-√mw-IqSn H∂n-®p-I-≠-t∏mƒ hnNn-X-ambn tXm∂n-sb-∂p-amXw. amX-a-√, ]kvXpX ]ńI Izm¥m-Iqcm F∂ NmIn-I-te-J-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®p tN¿Øn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXns‚ tIm∏n-Iƒ F√m saXm-∑m¿°pw Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm hmIyhpw Fhn-sS \ns∂-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-s∂∂pwImWn-®n-´p-≠v. kne-_kv Hcp enÃmbn (Index) ´mWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXp X\n-s®-SpØv]ecpw N¿®-sN-øm≥ XpS-ßn. CXmWv tImfn-f°w krjvSn®]›m-Ø-ew. Cu kne-_-kns‚ ]kn-≤o-I-cWw hnth-I-]q¿∆-I-amb Hcp \S-]Sn Bbn-cpt∂m F∂v kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.F∂m¬ ta¬]-kvXm-h-\-I-sf-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ a\-n-em-°p-hm≥Ah-bpsS aqe-tc-J-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. kne-_-kn¬ 12]kvXm-h-\-Itf hnhm-Z-hn-j-b-ß-fm-bp-≈p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

134 135

Xncp`m NcnXw

am¿]m∏mamcpsS NcnXw

19

tbip-InkvXp Xs‚ k`sb ÿm]n-®Xv]¥≠v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cm-Ip∂ ASn-Ø-d-ta-em-Wv. A∏-kvtXm-e-K-W-Øns‚ Xe-h≥ hn. ]tXm-kmbncp∂p (aØm 16:13-˛19; eq°m 22:31-˛32;tbml 21:15-˛17). ]tXm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbtdmanse saXm-\mb am¿]m∏m km¿∆-XnI k_apgp-h-s‚bpw Xe-h-\mWv F∂ ItØm-en-°m-k- -bpsS hnizm-ksØ ]ecpw tNmZyw sN-øm-dp-≠v. AI-tØm-en°m k`m-hn- m-K-ß-sfm∂pw]tXm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb am¿]m-∏msb AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ am¿]m-∏mbv°v km¿∆-Xn-I-k- -bpsS t\Xr-ÿm-\-ap-s≠∂v ss__nfpwk -bpsS hnip-≤-]m-c-º-cyhpw ka¿∞n-°p-∂p.

]tXm-km-Ip∂ ]md-ta¬ Xs‚ k`sbÿm]n-°p-sa∂v Cutim Acp-fn-sNbvXp (aØm

16:18). A[n-Im-c-Nn-”-amb Xmt°m¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pwCutim ]tXm-kn-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p. kphn-ti-j-ß-fnse A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS t]cp-hn-h-c-]-ń-I-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw H∂mw-ÿm\w ]tXm-kn-\mWv (aØm 10:2; a¿t°m 3:16; eq°m6:14). Cutim D∞m\w sNbvX hm¿Ø ]tXm-kns\ ]tXy-I-ambn Adn-bn-°p-∂p≠v (a¿t°m 16:7). ]tXm-kns‚hnizmkw £bn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Cutim ]tXyIw ]m¿∞n-°p∂p (eq°m 22:31- 32). aq∂ph´w Bh¿Øn®v k -bpsSXe-h-\mbn ]tXm-kns\ Cutim \nb-an-°p∂p (tbml 21:15-˛18). bqZm-kn-\p-]-Icw aØn-bm-kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\vt\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw (A∏ 1:15) A\-\n-bm-kn\pwkôdmbv°psa-Xnsc hn[n-]-d-™Xpw (A∏ 5:3˛8) Pdp-ktew Iu¨kn-en¬ Xocp-am\w ]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xpw (A∏15:6f) ]tXm-kns‚ ]map-Jy-Øn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. ]¥≠v A∏-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-ÿm\w ]tXm-kn-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂vCu hN-\- m-K-ßƒ km£ys∏Sp-Øp-∂p.

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc√mwhn. ]tXm-kns‚ ]map-Jy-sØ-°p-dn®v khn-kvXcw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. H∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬hnhn[ tZi-ß-fnse ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°v Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-®n-cp-∂Xv tdmanse saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, tImdn-¥nse k -bn¬ ]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ AXp ]cn-l-cn-®Xv s¢a‚ v am¿]m-∏m-bpsS (88˛97) \n¿t±-im-\p-kr-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]tXm-kns‚ knwlm-k-\-amb tdmanse saXm≥BtKm-f-k- -bpsS Xe-h-\m-sW∂ hnizmkw k -bpsS ]mcw--Imew apXte-bp≈ Nn¥-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v CXn¬\n∂p

hy‡-am--t√m. BZn-a-k- -bn¬ A©v ]mXn-bm¿°o-kp-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p: tdmw, Pdp-k-tew, At¥ym-Jy, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsSBÿm-\w. Xpey-cn¬ ][m\n (the first among equals) F∂ÿm\-amWv C°m-eØv tdman-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. k`bv°vtdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ kzm¥yw e`n-®-Xn-\p-tijw tdmansesaXm≥ BtKm-f-k- -bpsS A[n-]-\m-sW∂v sXb-tUm-jykvII, he‚n-\n-b≥ III XpS-ßnb NI-h¿Øn-am¿ ]Jym-]n-®Xpwtdmans‚ ]m[m\yw Ac-°n- p-d-∏n-®p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

136 137

Xncp`m NcnXw

]nXmhv F∂¿∞-ap≈ ]m∏m (papa) F∂ eØo≥ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv t]m∏v F∂ Cw•o-jv ]Zw D¤-hn-®-Xv. A`n-hµy ]nXm-°-∑msc kqNn-∏n-°p∂ BZ-c-hns‚ hnti-j-Wamb “am¿” F∂ kpdn-bm\n ]Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w ]cn-ip-≤-am-bXv F∂m-Wv. X∑qew am¿]m∏ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v “]cn-ip-≤-]n-Xmhv” F∂mWv hmNym¿∞w. ]m∏m-am-cpsS `c-W-Im-esØ s]mXpsh aq∂mbn Xncn-°m-dp-≠v.

1. ]tXm-kns‚ Imew (AD 34˛67) apX¬ anen-Øn-bm-sZkv

(311- 314) ]m∏m-bpsS Imew-h-sc-bmWv BZy-L- w. Iqc-amb

aX-a¿±-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]oVm-\p- -h-ßfpsSbpw Ime-a-mbn-cp∂p

CXv. Cu Ime-L- -Ønse _lp- q-cn-]£w ]m∏m-amcpw c‡-

km-£nXzw hcn-®-h-cm-Wv. ]m∏m-ÿm\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw Bflo-

b-ta-J-e-bn¬ HXp-ßn-\n∂ Ime-L- -am-Wn-Xv.

2. kn¬h-Ã¿ H∂m-a≥ ]m∏m-bpsS Imew-ap-X¬ (313˛335)

1870 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L- -amWv c≠m-asØ Ime-L- w. Bflo-

bm-[n-Im-chpw uXn-Im-[n-Im-chpw am¿]m-∏-am-cn¬ \n£n-]vX-

am-bn-cp∂ Ime-L- -am-Wn-Xv. ]m›mXy tdmamkmam-Py-Øns‚

apSn-Nq-Sm-a-∂-\mbn am¿]m-∏m-am¿ cWw \S-Øn. jmƒsabv≥

NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Ime-ap-X¬ (800 AD) NI-h¿Øn-amsc

IncoSw [cn-∏n®p hmgn-°p-∂Xv am¿]m-∏-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. am¿]m-

∏-am-cpsS A]-am-ZnXz hc-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ 1869- se ]Jym-

]\w Cu Ime-L- -Øns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bpsS D®m-h-ÿ-bm-bn-

cp-∂p.

3. 1870- \p tijw am¿]m-∏-bpsS cmjvSo-bm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ

108 G°¿ amXw hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ hØn-°m≥ F∂ temI-

Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb cmjvS-Øn¬ amX-am-bn. F∂m¬

]m∏m-bpsS Bflo-bm-[n-Imcw BtKm-f-k-`-bn-epS\ofw

]q¿∆m-[nIw i‡-am-bn-Øo¿∂-XmWv Cu Ime-L- -Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X. temI-Øns‚ a\-m-£n-bm-bn, [m¿Ωn-I-X-bpsS

i‡-amb i_vZ-ambn tdmanse am¿]m-∏-bpsS i_vZw apg-

ßp-∂p.

am¿]m-∏m-am-cpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v80 hb-n¬ Xmsg ]mb-ap≈ I¿±n-\m-f-∑m-cpsS Xncp-w-

L-amWv am¿]m-∏sb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. 1059˛mw B≠p-ap-X¬ I¿±n-\mƒ kwL-Ønse AwK-ßƒ°p-am-Xta am¿]m-∏-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm -h-Im-i-ap-≈q. \ne-hn-ep≈am¿]m-∏m-bpsS ac-W-tijw ]Øp-Zn-h-k-Øn\p≈n¬I¿±n\mƒ Xncp-kwLw am¿]m-∏msb sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\mbnHcp-an®pIqS-Ww. cl-ky-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Cu ktΩ-f\wtIm¨t¢hv F∂ t]cn-emWv Adnbs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1492 apX¬tdmanse ]kn-≤-amb knsÃ≥ It∏-f-bn-emWv tIm¨t¢hvtNcp-∂-Xv.

1. I¿±n-\mƒ kwL-Ønse Xe-h-\mWv sXc-s™--Sp∏v ]In-b-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂-Xv.

2. sXc-s™-Sp--∏n\p ]mcw- -ambn I¿±n-\mf∑m¿ [ym\-\n-c-X-cmbn c≠p hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ ihn-°p-Ibpw sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv_kn-en-°-bn¬ kaql _en A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv tIm¨t¢-hn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂-Xv.

3. kXy-]-Xn-⁄bv°pw kwib \nhm-c-W-ßƒ°pw tijw\S-°p∂ clky _me-‰n-eqsS ap∂n¬ c≠p qcn-]£w e`n-°p∂ I¿±n-\m-fn-s\-bmWv am¿]m-∏m-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

4. ap∂n¬ c≠p- q-cn-]£w e`n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc sXc-s™-Sp∏v Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm thms -Æ-en\pw tijw aq∂n¬c≠v qcn-]£w e`n-®n-s√-¶n¬ knsÃ≥ Nm∏-ens‚ NnΩn-\n-bn-eqsS IdpØ ]pIbpw aq∂n¬ c≠p `qcn-]£w e`n®vam¿am∏ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- p-I-gn-™m¬ shfpØ ]pIbpw]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂p.

5. I¿±n-\mƒ kwL-Øn¬s]-Sm-Ø-h-scbpw am¿]m-∏m-bmbnsXc-s™-Sp -°mw. sXc-s™-Sp -°-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡nsaXm≥]´w kzoI-cn-®n- n-√m-Ø-bm-fm-sW-¶n¬ At±-l-Øn\vsaXm≥]´w \¬In-b-ti-j-amWv am¿]m-∏-bmbn ]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv.

Xncp`m NcnXw

138 139

Xncp`m NcnXw

1. hn. ]tXmkv....................(32-˛67)2. hn. eqt°mkv..................(67-˛76)3. hn. A\m-t¢-‰kv..............(76-˛88)4. hn. s¢a‚ v I....................(88- 97)5. hn. Fh-cn-kvXqkv...........(97-˛105)6. hn. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿...........(105-˛115)7. hn. knIvk-‰kv I.............(115- 125)8. sSe-kvt^m-dkv...............(125-˛136)9. sslPo-\qkv....................(136-˛140)10. hn. ]nbqkv I..................(140-˛155)11. hn. A\n-tk-‰kv............(155-˛166)12. hn. tkmt‰¿...................(166-˛175)13. hn. Fe-hp-tØ-cn-bqkv (175-˛189)14. hn. hnI-S¿ I...................(189-˛499)15. hn. -sk-ô-dn-\kv...........(199-˛217)16. hn. -I-en-Ãkv I...............(217-˛222)17. hn. D¿_≥ I..................(222˛230)18. hn. t]m¨ky≥.............(230-˛235)19. hn. -A-t¥-\qkv..............(235-˛236)20. hn. ^m_n-b≥...............(236-˛250)21. hn. -sIm¿tW-en-bqkv....(250- 253)22. hn. eqjykv I................(253-˛254)23. hn. Ão^≥ I..................(254-˛257)24. hn. -kn-Iv‰kv II..............(257-˛258)25. hn. -U-b-\o-jykv...........(260-˛268)26. hn. -s^-enIvkv I............(269-˛274)27. hn. hqØn-Iy≥..............(275-˛283)28. hn. -Im-bqkv....................(283-˛296)29. hn. -am¿sk-en-\kv........(296-˛304)

30. hn. am¿sk-bqkv I...........(308-˛309)31. hn. Fhp-tk-_n-bqkv......(309- or 309)32. hn. an¬Xn-bm¿sZkv........(311-˛314)33. hn. kn¬h-Ã¿ I..............(314- 335)34. hn. am¿°v.........................(335˛336)35. hn. -Pq-en-bkv I.................(337-˛352)36. hn. ent_-cn-bqkv.............(352-˛366)37. hn. Zma-kqkv I...............(366-˛382)38. hn. kndn-®n-bqkv..............(384-˛399)39. hn. A\-kvXm-kn-bqkv....(399- 401)40. hn. C∂-sk‚ v I..............(401-˛417)41. hn. tkmkn-aqkv...............(417-˛418)42. hn. -t_m-kn-^kv I...........(418-˛422)43. hn. -sk-e-Ão≥ I..............(422-˛432)44. hn. -kn-IvÃkv III..............(432-˛40)45. alm-\mb hn. setbm.....(440-˛461)46. hn. lne-cn-bqkv...............(461-˛468)47. hn. knwπo-®n-bqkv...........(468-˛483)48. hn. sênIvkv III............(483-˛492)49. hn. sKem-kn-bqkv I........(492-˛496)50. hn. A\-kvXm-kn-bqkv I....(496-˛498)51. hn. knΩm-°qkv...............(498-˛514)52. hn. tlm¿an-kvZkv...........(514-˛523)53. hn. tPm¨ I.....................(523-˛526)54. hn. sênIvkv IV...........(526-˛530)55. hn. -t_m-\n-dkv I.............(530-˛532)56. hn. -tPm¨ II....................(533-˛536)57. hn. AKm-∏n-s‰kv I..........(535-˛536)58. hn. kn¬th-cn-bqkv.........(536-˛537)

59. hn-Pn-en-bqkv ........................ (537- 555)60. s]-em-Pn-bqkv I ............... (556- 561)61. tPm¨ III ........................ (561- 574)62. s_\-UnIvSv I ................. (575- 579)63. s]en-Pn-bqkv II ............... (579- 590)64. alm-\mb hn. KnKdn I .... (590- 604)65. k_o-\n-b≥ ........................ (604- 606)66. t_m\n-^kv III ............... (606˛607)67. hn. t_m\n-^kv IV ........ (608- 615)68. hn. AtZm-tbm-Zm-Øqkv I ... (615- 618)69. t_m\n-^kv V ............... (619- 618)70. tlmtWm-cn-bqkv I .......... (625- 638)71. skth-dn-bqkv ...................... (638˛640)72. tPm¨ IV ........................ (640- 642)73. sXb-tUm¿ I ................... (642- 649)74. hn. am¿ń≥ I ................... (649- 655)75. hn. Fhp-Pn≥ I ............... (655- 657)76. hn. hn‰m-en-b≥ ................... (657- 672)77. AZ-tbm-Zm-Øqkv II ......... (672- 678)78. tZm\qkv ................................. (676- 678)79. hn. AKmtØm ................... (678- 681)80. hn. setbm II .................. (682- 683)81. hn. s_\-UnIvSv ................. (684- 685)82. tPm¨ IV ........................ (685- 686)83. tImt\m≥ ............................. (686- 687)84. hn. sk¿Pn-bqkv I .......... (687- 701)85. tPm¨ VI ........................ (701- 705)86. tPm¨ VII ....................... (705- 707)87. knkn-∂n-bqkv ..................... (708)88. tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥.................. (708- 715)89. hn. KnKdn II ................... (715- 731)90. hn. KnKdn III .................. (731- 741)91. hn. kJmdn .......................... (741- 752)92. Ão^≥ II ........................ (752)Øm\m-tcm-l-W- n\pap³t] acn¨p.93. Ão^≥ III ....................... (752- 757)94. hn. ]utemkv I .............. (757- 767)95. Ão^≥ IV ...................... (767- 772)96. AUn-bm≥ I ................... (772- 795)97. hn. setbm III ................. (795- 816)98. Ão^≥ V ........................... (816- 817)99. hn. ]mkvI¬ I ............... (817- 824)100. Fhp-Pn≥ II ................... (824- 827)101. hse‚-bn≥ ......................... (827)102. KnKdn IV ....................... (827- 844)103. sk¿Pn-bqkv II .............. (844- 847)104. hn.-entbm IV .................. (847- 855)105. _\-UnIvSv III ................ (855- 858)106. hn. \ntIm-tfmkv I.............(858-˛857)

107. AUn-bm≥ II ................. (867- 872)108. tPm¨ VII ..................... (872- 882)109. amcn-\qkv I ..................... (882- 884)110. hn. AUn-bm≥ III ......... (884- 885)111. Ão^≥ I ........................ (885- 891)112. t^m¿tam-kqkv .................. (891- 896)113. t_m\n-^kv VI .............. (896)114. Ão^≥ VII .................... (896- 897)115. sdmam-\qkv .......................... (897)116. Xnb-tUm¿ II .................. (897)117. tPm¨ IX ....................... (898- 900)118. s_\-UnIvSv IV .............. (900- 093)119. setbm V....................... (903)120. sk¿Pn-bqkv III .............. (904- 911)121. A\-kvXm-kn-bqkv III ..... (911- 913)122. em≥tUm ............................. (913- 914)123. tPm¨ X........................ (914- 928)124. setbm VI ..................... (928)125. Ão^≥ VIII ................... (929- 931)126. tPm¨ XI ....................... (931- 935)127. setbm VII .................... (936- 939)128. Ão^≥ XI ..................... (939- 942)129. amco-\qkv II ................... (942- 946)130. AKm-∏n-s‰kv II .............. (946- 955)131. tPm¨ XII ...................... (955- 963)132. setbm VIII ................... (963- 964)133. s_\-UnIvSv V .............. (964)134. tPm¨ XIII ..................... (965- 972)135. s_\-UnIvSv VI .............. (973- 974)136. s_\-UnIvSv VII ............. (974-þ983)137. tPm¬ XIV .................... (983-þ984)138. tPm¬ XV ..................... (958-þ996)139. KnKdn V........................ (996-þ999)140. knÂsh-ÌÀ II................(999-þ1003)141. tPm¬ XVII ................... (1003)142. tPm¬ XVIII .................. (1003-þ09)143. skÀPn-bqkv IV ............. (1009-þ12)144. s_\-UnIvSv VIII ............ (1012-þ24)145. tPm¬ XIX .................... (1024-þ32)146. s_\-UnIvSv IX .............. (1032-þ45)(aq-¶p-X-hW Øm\m-tcm-lWw sNbvXp).147. knÂsh-ÌÀ III .............. (1045)(Bân-t]m- m-sW¶v NneÀ Icp-Xp¶p).148. s_\-UnIvSv IX .............. (1047- 48)149. KnKdn VI ....................... (1045-þ46)150. s¢aâ v II ....................... (1046-þ47)151. s_\-UnIvSv X ............... (1047-þ48)152. Zmam-kqkv II ................... (1048)153. hn. setbm IX ............... (1049- 54)

am¿]m∏mamcpsS ]ńI]cn-ip-≤ -I-tØm-en-°m-k-`sb \mfn-Xp-hsc \bn® am¿]m-∏m-am-cpsS t]cpw `c-W-Im-ehpw NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. Cu enÃvhfsc Bg-ta-dnb kXy-ßƒ \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, ]cn. ItØm-en-°m-k-`bv°v InkvXp-hns‚ ]mZm-¥n-I-tØmfw \ofp∂ bYm¿∞ Ncn-X-ap-≠v. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ ss«lo-I-]m-c-ºcyw CS-ap-dn-bmsX ImØp-kq-£n-®n-´p-≠v. aq∂m-a-Xmbn temIsØ at‰-sXmcp k`m-k-aq-l-Øn¬\n∂pw ]cn-ip≤ ItØm-en-°m-k- sb thdn- p-\n¿Øp-∂XvCu k`-bn¬ ]cn. am¿]m-∏m-am-cn-eqsS A\-kyqXw ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏´ ss«lo-I-]m-c-º-cy-am-Wv.

Xncp`m NcnXw

140 141

Xncp`m NcnXw

154. hnIvS¿ II..............(1055-˛57)155. Ão^≥ X.............(1057-˛58)156. \nt°m-fmkv II.....(1058- 61)157. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ II..(1061- 73)158. hn. KnKdn VII......(1073-˛85)159. hm. hnIvS¿ IV......(1086-˛87)160. hm. D¿_≥ III......(1088- 99)161. ]mkv°¬ II..........(1099- 1118)162. sPem-kn-bqkv II......(1118- 19)163. I√n-Ãkv II..............(1119-˛24)164. slmtW-dn-bqkv II...(1124- 30)165. C∂-sk‚ v II...........(1130-˛43)166. ske-Ãn≥ II...........(1143-˛44)167. eqjykv II...............(1144-˛45)168. hm. Fhp-Pn≥ II.....(1145-˛53)169. A\-kvXm-ko-bqkv III (1153- 54)170. AUn-bm≥ IV........(1154-˛59)171. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ III....(1159- 81)172. eqjykv III..............(1181-˛85)173. D¿_≥ III...............(1185-˛87)174. KnKdn VIII..................(1187)175. s¢a‚ v III...............(1187-˛91)176. ske-Ãn≥ III........(1191-˛98)177. C∂-sk‚ v III......(1198- 1216)178. slmtW-dn-bqkv III (1216- 27)179. KnKdn IX...............(1227-˛41)180. ske-Ãn≥ IV............(1241)181. C∂-sk‚ v IV.......(1243-˛54)182. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IV (1254- 61)183. D¿_≥ IV..............(1261-˛64)184. s¢a‚ v IV.............(1265-˛68)185. hm. KnKdn X........(1271-˛76)186. hm. C∂-sk‚ v V.....(1276)187. AUn-bm≥ V............(1276)188. tPm¨ XXI...........(1276-˛77)189. \nt°m-fmkv III....(1277- 80)190. am¿ń≥ IV............(1281-˛85)191. slmtW-dn-bqkv IV (1285- 87)192. \nt°m-fmkv IV.......(1288-˛92)193. hn. ske-Ãn≥ V........(1294)194. t_m\n- kv VIII...(1294- 1303)195. hm. s_\-UnIvSv XI (1303-˛04)196. s¢a‚ v V..............(1305-˛14)197. tPm¨ XXII...........(1316-˛34)198. s_\-UnIvSv XII....(1334- 42)199. s¢a‚ v VI.............(1342-˛52)200. C∂-sk‚ v VI.....(1352-˛62)201. hmgvØ-s∏´ D¿_≥ V (1362-˛70)

202. KnKdn XI.............(1370-˛78)203. D¿_≥ IV.............(1378˛89)204. t_m\n- kv IX....(1389- 1404)205. C∂-sk‚ v VII.....(1404-˛06)206. KnKdn XII..............(1406-˛15)207. am¿ń≥ V...............(1417-˛31)208. Fhp-Pn≥ IV..........(1431-˛47)209. \nt°m-fmkv V......(1447- 55)210. Ien-Ãkv III...........(1455-˛58)211. ]nbqkv II................(1458-˛64)212. t]mƒ II...................(1464-˛71)213. knIvÃkv IV..........(1471-˛84)214. C∂-sk‚ v VIII......(1484- 92)215. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ VI (1492- 1503)216. ]bkv III..................(1503)217. Pqen-bkv II.........(1503-˛13)218. setbm X............(1513-˛21)219. AUn-bm≥ VI..(1522-˛23)220. s¢a‚ v VII........(1523-˛34)221. t]mƒ III............(1534-˛49)222. Pqen-bkv III......(1550-˛55)223. am¿sk-√qkv II........(1555)224. t]mƒ IV...........(1555-˛59)225. ]nbqkv IV........(1559-˛65)226. hn. ]nbqkv V (1566-˛72)227. KnKdn XIII........(1572-˛85)228. knIvÃkv V......(1585-˛90)229. D¿_≥ VII.............(1590)230. KnKdn XIV.......(1590-˛91)231. hn. ]nbqkv IX........(1591)232. s¢a‚ v VIII...(1592-˛1605)233. setbm XI.............(1605)234. t]mƒ X............(1605-˛21)235. KnKdn XV........(1621-˛23)236. D¿_≥ VIII........(1623- 44)237. C∂-sk‚ v X....(1644-˛55)238. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ VII (1655-˛67)239. s¢a‚ v IX.........(1667-˛69)240. s¢a‚ v X..........(1670-˛76)241. hm. C∂-sk‚ v XI (1676-˛89)242. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ VIII (1689-˛91)243. C∂-sk‚ v XII......(1691-˛1700)244. s¢a‚ v XI................(1700-˛21)245. C∂-sk‚ v XIII........(1721-˛24)246. s_\-UnIvSv XIII.....(1724-˛30)247. s¢a‚ v XII...............(1730-˛40)248. s_\-UnIvSv XIV.....(1740-˛58)

am¿]m-∏-am-cpsS enÃp hmbn-®n´v NphsS \¬Ip∂ tNmZy-

ßƒ°v DØcw \¬Im≥ ian-°p-I.

1. ImØ-enIv F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb A\p-k-cn®v _\-UnIv‰v XVI˛ma≥

am¿]m∏ 266- -asØ am¿]m-∏-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ hØn-°ms‚ HutZym-

Kn-X-en-Ãn¬ _\-UnIv‰v XVI˛ma≥ 265- masØ am¿]m-∏m-bmWv.

F¥p-sIm≠v?

2. B‚n-t]m-∏m-sW∂v ]eNcn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw Btcm-]n-°p∂ ]m∏

BcmWv?

3. aq∂p-X-hW ÿm\m-tcm-lWw \S-Ønb am¿]m∏ Bcv?

4. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Imew k`sb cn® 5 am¿]m-∏-am-cpsS t]sc-gp-

XpI?

5. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ am¿]m-∏-am¿ kzoI-cn® t]cv GXv?

249. s¢a‚ v XIII........(1758-˛69)250. s¢a‚ v XIV.......(1769-˛74)251. ]nbqkv VI.........(1775-˛99)252. ]nbqkv VII......(1800-˛23)253. setbm XII........(1823-˛29)254. ]nbqkv VIII.......(1829-˛30)255. KnKdn XVI.......(1831-˛46)256. hm. ]obqkv IX (1846-˛78)257. setbm XIII.....(1878- 1903)258. hn. ]nbqkv X....(1903-˛14)

259. s_\-UnIvSv XV......(1914-˛22)260. ]nbqkv XI...............(1922-˛39)261. ]nbqkv XII.................(1939-˛58)262. hm. tPm¨ XXIII......(1939-˛58)263. t]mƒ VI.................(1963-˛78)264. tPm¨ t]mƒ I.......(1978)265. tPm¨ t]mƒ II.......(1978- 2005)266. s_\-UnIvSv XVI....(2005˛2013)267. ^m≥kokv.............(2013˛

Xncp`m NcnXw

142 143

Xncp`m NcnXw

B≤ym-fln-I-a-WvU-e-Øn¬

_mly-X-e-ß-fn¬ amX-a√ B≤ym-fln-I-a-WvU-e-Ønepw Nnes]mfn-s®-gp-Øp-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnizm-k-Øn¬\n∂pw,ssZho-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-t]m-bvs°m-≠n-cp∂ ItØm-en-°sc, ASn-bp-d® B≤ym-fln-I-X-bn-tebv°p Xncn®p hcp-hm≥Blzm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v setbm ]Xn-aq-∂m-a≥ ]m∏m XpS-sc-Øp-Ssc hniz-te-J-\-ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

aX-t_m-[-\-cw-KØpw \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn.F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw aX-]-T\w \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°n. aX-t_m-[-\-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ sshZn-Isc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Aevam-bsc ]cn-io-en-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ipsd-sb√mw Ign-™p. A\p-Zn\ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-kzo-I-cWw Atß-b‰w t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. eØo≥k-`-bn¬Xncn-®-dn-hns‚ ]mb-amb Ipń-Iƒ°p amXta hn. Ip¿_m\\evIn-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

\nb-a-ß-fnepw c-W-I-a-ß-fnepw

1317˛emWv Im\≥\nb-a-ß-fpsS HutZym-Kn-I-tIm-Uo-I-cWw\S-∂-Xv. Cu \nb-a-ß-sf√mw tImUo-I-cn®v Ah-bn¬ Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw Xncp-Ø-ep-Ifpw hcp-tØ-≠XvBh-iy-ambn ]e¿°pw tXm∂n. sS‚p Iu¨kn-ense(1545˛1563) ]nXm-°-∑m¿ AXv Du∂n-∏d™p. F∂n´pw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn H∂pw \S-∂n-√. H∂mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-enepw(1869˛1870) Cu ]iv\w s]mßnh∂p. F∂m¬ hn. ]Ømw-]o-bqkv ]m∏m-bpsS Ime-ØmWv Inbm-fl-I-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1904 am¿®v 19˛mw XobXn B¿Upw kmt\aq\qkv (Arduum Sane Munus) F∂ Xncp-sh-gp-Øn-eqsS eØo≥doØn-\p-th≠n ]g-b-Im-\≥\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb \ho-I-c-W-ßƒ hcpØn ]pXn-sbmcp \nb-a-kw-lnX cq]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Dt±iyw ]Ømw-]o-bqkv hy‡-am-°n.

]uc-kvXy-k-`-Iƒt°m-tcm-∂n\pw kz¥-amb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chbv°p ]pd-ta, ]uc-kvXy-k- -Iƒs°√mws]mXp-hmb Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX D≠m-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IXBZy-ambntØm∂n-bXv ]obqkv ]Xn-s\m∂m (1922˛1939) a\m-Wv. CXns‚ ]mcw-`-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn 1929 Ah-km-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Hcp IΩo-js\ \ntbm-Kn-®p. 1930˛¬ c≠p IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ°qSn cq]w-sIm-≠p. H∂v, ]pXnb \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS \°¬Xøm-dm-°m≥th≠n; as‰m∂v hnhn[ ]uc-kvXy-k- -I-fnse \nb-am-h-en-Ifpw Ah-bpsS tkmX-p-Ifpw tiJ-cn®p ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥th-≠n. Cu c≠m-asØ IΩo-j≥ 1930˛\pw 1964˛\pw

k`-bn¬ Ime-L-´-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-^-e-ambsshI-eyßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.X∑qew CS-bv°nsS \ho-I-c--W-]-ÿm-\-ß-fn-tebv°p i≤-Xn-cn-°m≥ k`m-t\-XrXzw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. C]-Im-c-samcp \ho-I-cWw Bk-∂-am-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv ]obqkv Hº-Xm-a≥ ]m∏m(1846˛1878) H∂mw hØn-°m≥Iu¨kn¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń -b-sX∂v Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I≠p.F∂m¬ ^mt¶m- -]-jy≥ bp≤w (1870˛1871) s]mń-∏p -d -s∏ -´ -Xp -aqew Hcp h¿j-Øn -\p -tijwIu¨kn¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. AXn-\m¬Imcy-amb \ho-I-c-W-ß-sfm∂pw \S-∂n-√. ]obqkvHº-Xm-a-\p-tijw h∂ am¿∏m-∏m-am¿ \ho-I-c-W-i-a-ßƒ XpS¿∂p. Ccp-]-sØm∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I≠-Xp-t]mse k`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw cmjvS-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w ]e-t∏mgpw ]i-\-ßƒ°pw ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°pw Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠v. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nseNcn-Xhpw CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

]m›m-Xy-k- -bpsS \ho-I-cWw

20

Xncp`m NcnXw

144 145

Xncp`m NcnXw

ep-≈-Xm-bn -cn -°Wsa∂p \n›-bn -°m≥ P\-ßƒ°p≈kzmX¥yw F∂n-h-sb√mw CXn¬ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

tdcpw s\mhmcpw

setbm ]Xn-aq-∂m-as‚ hniz-]-kn-≤-amb Cu NmIn-I-te-J\w 1891 sabv 15˛mw XobXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. kmaq-ly-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ am·m-Im¿´m F∂mWv CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØvhf¿∂p-h∂ ItØm-en-°m-km-aq-ly-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v am¿∏m-∏m-bn¬\n∂v Ińb ]c-kymw-Ko-Im-c-ambn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw.

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb hymJym-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bXpw hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp NmIn-I-te-J-\-amWv tdcpws\mhm-cpw. ][m-\-ambpw aq∂-`n-]m-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv: 1) Nne-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ sXmgn¬]-iv\-Øn\p ]cn-lm-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n® tkmjy-en-ksØ i]n-®p-X-≈p∂ Hcp hniz-te-J-\-amWv tdcpw s\mhm-cpw. 2) ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw \ne-hn-en-cp∂apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bnse A]m-I-X-Isf \nin-X-ambnhna¿in-°p-Ibpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Nne `mK-ßƒCu hniz-te-J-\-Øn-ep-≠v. AXn-\m¬ am¿∏m∏m XnI-s™mcptkmjy-en-ÃmWv˛C-Xm-bn-cp∂ c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-Øns‚ A`n-]m-bw. 3) sXmgn¬]-iv\-ßƒ°v km[-I-]-cn-lmcw \¬Ip-s∂mcp hniz-te-J-\-am-Wn-sX∂v aq∂m-a-sXmcp hn`mKw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. aq∂p ho£-a-K-Xn-Ifpw `mKn-I-ambn icn-bm-sW∂p]d-bmw. CXn¬ tkmjy-en-ksØ setbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.AtX-k-abw apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Zqjy-h-i-ßsf shdp-sX-hn-Sp-∂p-an-√. aqe-[-\hpw sXmgnepw XΩn¬ ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp-hs‚ kzØv Fßs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-SWw F∂p tNmZn-®m¬hn. tXmakv AssIz-\m-kns‚ hm°p-I-fn-ep≈ adp-]Sn CXmWv:a\p-jy≥ ùXn-I-k-ºØv kz¥-ambn Icp-X-cp-Xv. a‰p-≈-h¿°vBhiywhcp-tºmƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°m-\p≈ s]mXp-kz-Øm-bn-thWwAXns\ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-hm≥. sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS thX\w Abm-fpsS kmam\y Pohn-X-Øn\v A]-cym-]vX-amw-hn[w Ipd-™-Xm-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.

setbm-]m-∏m-bpsS Im¥-Z¿in-Xz-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-am-bn-cp∂ptdcpw s\mhm-cpw. ¢njvS-amb kmaq-ly-]-iv\sØ At±lwss[cy-]q¿∆w hni-I-e\w sNbvXp. kØm-]-c-ambn CsXmcp[m¿Ωn-I-]-iv\-am-sW∂pw AXn\p ]cn-lmcw t\Sm≥ icn-bmbam¿§-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂pw hy‡-am-°n.

CSbv°v aq∂p ]c-º-c-I-fn-embn \mev]Xp hmey-ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Fonti Codificazione Canonica Orientali F∂ t]cn-em-Wn-h-b-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-h¿°v]q¿Æ-kzm-X¥yw e`n-°p-hm≥th≠n sIm¨t¢hp IqSp∂ coXn-bnepw am‰w hcp-Øn. hot‰m kº-Zmbw \n¿Ø-em-°n-s°m≠v1904 Unkw-_¿ 25˛mw XobXn Hcp ]pXnb \nbaw sIm≠p-h-∂p. sIm¨t¢-hnse Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ]c-a-c-l-ky-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v 1905˛¬ hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXp. CXp ewLn-°p-∂-h¿°p al-tdm≥in-£bpw Iev]n-®p.

\ho-I-cWw k`bpsS kmaq-ly-ho-£-W-Øn¬

]m›m-Xy-k-`-bv°p-≈n¬Ø-s∂bpw cmjvS-ß-fp-am-bp≈_‘-Ønepw hcp-Ønb am‰-ß-sfbpw \ho-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw]‰n-bmWv CXp-hsc ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xv. C°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ hºn® ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv hymh-km-bn-I-hn-π-hhpw tZio-b-t_m-[-hp-am-Wv. D≈-h\pw C√m-Ø-h\pw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv A\p-Zn\w hf¿∂p. apX-emfnbpw sXmgn-em-fnbpwF∂ th¿Xn-cnhv kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]I-S-am-bn.a\p-jy-Xz-Øn\p hne-bn-Sn-™p; IpSpw-_-_-‘-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-h-\X \jvS-s∏-´p. Iayq-Wn-kw, tkmjy-enkw XpS-ßnb \qX-\-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. kmaq-lyhpw cmjvSo-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS t\tc IÆ-S-bv°p-hmt\m \njvIn-b-am-bn-cn-°p-hmt\m k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\p Ign-™n-√. Imc-Ww, Ime-L- -Øn¬Ah-X-cn® InkvXp-hns‚ XpS¿®-bmWp k`. AXn-\m¬ AhfpwIme-Øn-es‚ Ne-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈-Ww, As√-¶n¬ AhƒXs‚ hniz-k-\o-bX \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ZuXy-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.

ens_¿Ømkv

B[p-\n-I-am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsS kmaq-ly-]-t_m-[-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-tcJ-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Xncp-sh-gpØv 1888˛¬setbm ]Xn-aq∂mw ]m∏m-bmWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. hnhmlw,IpSpw-_w, cmjvS-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, k`bpw cmjvShpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, amt\-Pvsa‚n-s‚bpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ßfpw IS-a-I-fpw, k`bv°v Xs‚ ZuXy-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ kzmX-¥w, Xßsf `cn-t°≠ Kh-s◊‚ v GXp cq]-Øn-

Xncp`m NcnXw

146 147

Xncp`m NcnXw

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ CXn¬°mWmw. \oXn-bp-sSbpw D]-hn-bp-tSbpwXØz-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p t\m°p-tºmƒ, F√m a\p-jy¿°p-ambnssZhw krjvSn® ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ F√m-h¿°p-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

amØ¿ FØv aPnkvX

23˛mw tPm¨ ]m∏m-bpsS hniz-]-kn-≤-amb Cu tcJ-bpsSXobXn 1961 sabv 15 BWv. tdcpw s\mhmcpw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns‚ Fgp-]Xmw hm¿jn-I-Zn\w A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ CuXob-Xn-h-s®-¶nepw, HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv 1961Pqämk-Øn-em-Wv. sX‰pw icnbpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ Kpcp-\mY amX-a-√, A[x-ÿn-X¿°pw ]oUn-X¿°p-ambn kzbwka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ amXm-hp-Iq-Sn-bmWv k` F∂v CXn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. B[p-\n-I-km-aq-ly-]-iv\-ßsf InkvXo-b-t_m-[-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bm-W-Xns‚ e£yw. IjvS-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]iv\-ßƒ F√m kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw F√m cmjvS-ß-fp-sSbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬s∏-´-Xm-Wv. P\-kw-Jybpw ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ka-\ne hj-fm-bn-cn-°p-∂n-S-ß-fn¬, AXp Xncp-Øp-hm≥ hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ßƒ°v IS-a-bp-≠v; InkvXo-b-X-Øz-ßƒ AXm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.F√m a\p-jy-tcbpw Hcp IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-°n-Øo¿°p∂ am\-ssh-Iyw. ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ kp`n-£-ambnBkz-Zn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ cmjvSo-b-k-aq-l-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ Hcp Npa-Xe Btcm-]n-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jys‚ ]mY-an-Im-h-iy-ßƒ km[n-°m≥ hln-bmsX Zmcn-Z-hpw, t¢i-hpw, hni∏pw A\p- -hn-°p∂]uc-∑msc Ah¿ Ae-£y-ambn t\m°n-bn-cp-∂m¬ t]mcm.F¶nepw klmbw kzoI-cn-°p∂ cmjvS-ß-fpsS kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-isØ ]cn-]m-h-\-ambn Icp-X-Ww.

]ms®w C≥ tXdnkv

1963 G]n¬ 11˛mw XobXn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu Xncp-sh-gp-Øns‚ BZy-`m-KØv 23˛mw tPm¨ ]m∏m a\p-jy-hy-‡n-bpsSAh-Im-i-ß-sfbpw IS-a-I-sfbpw ]‰n-bmWv ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv:a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øns‚ icn-bmb Iaw kz`m-h-Ømte B≤ym-fln-I-am-Wv. kXy-am-W-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. \oXn-bpsS am\-Z-WvU-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®p-thWw AXp ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥. ]c-kv]-c-kvt\-l-Øm¬ AXv ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww. kzmX¥w \ne-\n-dp-Øn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ AXpIqSp-X¬ [m¿Ωn-I-\o-Xn-bn-te-bvs°-Ø-Ww. cmjvS-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kXy-Ønepw \oXn-bnepw kzmX-¥-Ønepw A[n-

IzmZ-tP-ntam Bt∂m

tdcpw s\mhmcpw ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-Xns‚ \mev]Xmw hm¿jn-I-Zn-\-Øn¬ 1931 sabv 15˛mw XobXn ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]obqkv]m∏m Cu hniz-te-J\w ]pd-Øn-d-°n. DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚bpwthX-\-Øn-s‚bpw kmaq-ly-h-i-Øn\v setbm-bpsS hniz-te-J-\-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-´p-s≠-∂-XmWv CXns‚ ]tXy-I-X. IqSp-X¬ ka-Xp-e-\m-h-ÿbpw kmaq-ly-sF-Iyhpw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ thX-\-hy-h-ÿ-IƒIao-I-cn-®m¬amXw t]mcm, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v kl-`m-KnXzwXs∂ (Partnership) \evI--W-sa-∂mWv am¿∏m∏m Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

am\-h-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-h-®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒIqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cy-ambn \ap°p tXm∂p-∂-Xv, sXmgn¬ DS-º-Sn-Iƒ (Work Contract) kl-`m-KnXz DS-º-Sn-I-fmbn (PartnershipContract) ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv. C]-Imcw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw a‰p tPmen-°mcpw DS-a-bntem amt\-Pvsa‚ntem ]¶p-Im-cm-Ip-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, BZm-b-Øn¬ (Profit) Ah¿ GsX-¶nepwhn[-Øn¬ mK- m-°p-I-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu hniz-te-J-\-Øns‚ aq∂mw`mK-Øn-emWv ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]obq-kns‚ XnI®pw auen-I-ambkw`m-h\ ImWp-∂-Xv. setbm-bpsS Ime-tijw hnhn-[-cw-K-ß-fn-ep-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te-bv°pw, amdnb Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ D]-bp-‡-amb B\p-Im-en-I-am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ß-fn-tebv°pwtemI-P-\-X-bpsS i≤-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

ItØm-en-°m-km-aq-ly-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒs°√mw Hcp ]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-cp∂p Cu teJ-\w. kmº-Øn-I-I-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ItØm-en°m Nn¥m-K-Xnsb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ CXp hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p≠v. ]¥≠mw ]obq-kn-s‚bpw tPm¨ Ccp-]-Øn-aq-∂m-a-s‚bpw Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-I-fn¬,11˛mw ]obq-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßsf IqSp-X¬ hniZo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂Xn¬\n∂v CXns‚]m[m\yw hy‡-am-W-t√m.

em skmtf-∂nØ

1941 Pq¨ 1˛mw \p ]¥≠mw ]obqkv ]m∏m \S-Ønb CutdUn-tbm-]-`m-jWw kmaq-ly-]-iv\-ßsf kw_-‘n® k`-bpsS \ne-]mSv Bh¿Øn®p hy‡-am-°n. kmaqly kmº-Øn-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-aq-ey-ß-fmb uXn-I-h-kvXp-°-fpsShn\n-tbm-Kw, sXmgn¬, IpSpw_w F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n Nne ]pXnb

Xncp`m NcnXw

148 149

Xncp`m NcnXw

kmaq-ly-hpw, cmjvSo-b-hpw, kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hpw, km∑m¿§n-I-hpw, B≤ym-fln-I-hp-amb F√m hi-ß-tfbpwDƒs°m≠v ]q¿Æ-a-\p-jy-\mbn hf-cp-hm-\mWv a\p-jy≥ krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂. CXn-te-sX-¶nepw Hcp-hiw Ah-K-Wn-°pI a\p-jys‚ hne Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\p Xpey-am-Wv. AXp-Xs∂ssZh-Zq-j-Ww. kmaq-ly-]-iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]m∏m-am-cpsS ]T-\-ß-sf-sb√mw B[p-\m-X-\o-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv t]m∏p-tfmcpws]mtKtkym; ]tXy-In®pw Ah-bpsS B¥-cn-I-h-i-ßƒ. kmaq-ly-]-T-\-ßƒ°v A¥m-cm-jvSob kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ h∂t]mcm-bvI-Iƒ \nI-Øp-hm≥ Cu hniz-te-J-\-Øn\v Ign-™p.(JWvUnI 3, 5, 48, 49)

Hcmƒ ]ńWn InS -°p -tºmƒ thsdm -cmƒ Bh-iy -Øn¬°hn™ kzØv ssIhiw h®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-hm≥ Hc-h-Im-i-hp-an-√. D]-t`m-K-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right of Usage)kzØp kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sØ-°mƒ ]Y-ahpw][m-\-hp-am-Wv. kzIm-cy-kz-Øns\ kw_-‘n-® Bi-b-Øn¬h∂ hnπ-h-I-c-am-sbmcp ]cn-h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. Xß-fpsSkzØv ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°pw ]¶p-h-bv°p-I-sb-∂Xv [\-hm-∑m-cpsSD]-hn-]-hr-Øn-b-√, IS-a-bmWv (JWvUnI 44).

HmIvsXm-tP-nam AUvth-\n-sb≥kv

tdcpw s\mhmcpw F∂ NmIn-I-te-J-\-Øns‚ 80˛mw hm¿jn-I-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v 1971 sabv 15˛mw XobXn \oXn°pw kam-[m-\-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ IΩo-js‚ ]kn-U‚ vI¿±n-\mƒ tdmbn°v t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ ]m∏m Ab® A∏-kvtXm-en-I-Xn-cp-sh-gpØv t]cn-sem-gnsI F√mw-sIm≠pw Hcp hniz-te-J-\-am-Wv. ]cn-h¿Ø-\-hn-t[-b-am-bn, temI-Ønse ]iv\-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßsfhnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wn-Xns‚ e£yw.

sZ bpkvXo-knbm C≥ aq≥sZm

1971˛¬ tdman¬ ktΩ-fn® saXm-∑m-cpsS aq∂m-asØ kn\-Un¬ temI-\oXn F∂ kp]-[m\ ]iv\hpw N¿®-sN-øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kn\-Uns‚ ]am-W-tcJ 1971 Unkw-_-dn¬ ]kn≤o-I-cn-®p. \oXnbpw temI-P-\-X-bpw, kphn-ti-j-Zu-Xyhpw k`m-k-tµ-i-hpw, \oXn-]-cn-]m-e\w F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p `mK-ß-fmWv]kvXpX tcJ-bv°p-≈-Xv. At\-I-am-fp-Iƒ \ni-_vZ-cmbn A\o-Xn°p hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ temI-Øns‚Hcp bYm¿∞-NnXw kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n® ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS

jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v tPm¨]m∏m temI-cm-jvS-ß-tfmSvBlzm\w sNøp-∂p. cmjvS-ßƒ Htc-k-abw Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-sSbpw IS-a-I-fp-sSbpw DS-a-I-fm-Wv. cmjvS-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈_‘sØ \nb-¥n-t°-≠Xp kXy-am-Wv. hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn-ep≈ Bbp-[-kw-`-cWw Htc ka-bØpw Htc coXn-bnepw\n¿Ø-em-°-Ww.

Kmhp-Znbpw FØv kvs]kv

c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚ k` B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬ F∂ Cu kp]-[m-\-tcJ 1965 Unkw-_¿ 7˛mw \p ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Ønse k¶o¿Æ-ß-fmb hnhn[]iv\-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ Cu ]am-W-tc-J-bn¬ kmaq-ly-]-iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]kvXm-h-\-I-fp-≠v. amØ¿ FØv aPn-kvXm, ]ms®w C≥ tXdnkv XpSßnb hniz-te-J-\-ß-fn¬ \n¿t±-in® XØz-ßƒXs∂ Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Iu¨kn¬;AtXm-sSm∏w ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. H∂p-c-≠p-≤-c-Wn-Iƒ amXw ChnsS FSp-Øp-Im-´mw. hy‡n-I-fpsSAh-Im-i-Øn\pw Hmtcm cmPy-Øn-\p≈ ]tXyI kz`m-h-Øn\pwtIm´-sam∂pw hcm-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬, kmº-Øn-I-ambn C∂p \ne-hn-ep-≈Xpw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb oa-amb Ak-aXzwBhp-∂X thKw Zpco-I-cn-°Ww; F¶n¬ amXta \oXnbpwkam-[m-\hpw kwÿm-]n-X-am-Iq.... (JWvUnI 66). `qanbpwAXnse kIe hn`-h-ßfpw F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw P\-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v ssZhw \n›-bn-®p. AXn-\m¬ F√m a\p-jycpw \oXn-tbmSpw kmtlm-Z-cy-tØm-Spw-IqSn ]h¿Øn-°p-sa-¶n¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´ hkvXp-°ƒGh¿°pw \ymb-amb tXmXn¬ e`n-°m-\n-S-bm-Ipw..... (JWvUnI69)

t]m∏p-tfmcpw s]msK-ntbm

k`-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-T-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hy‡-am-sbmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hn-emWv Cu hniz-te-J\w. CXp-h-sc-bp≈kmaqly NmIn-I-te-J-\-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw tIµ-_nµp kzImcykzØ-hImiam-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. Ipsd-sbms° ap≥hn-[n-tbm-Sp-IqSn amXta tkmjy-en-ksØ kao-]n-°p-hm≥ k`m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p Ign-™p-≈p. Cu ho£-W-K-Xn-I-fn¬ hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø\w hcpØns°m-≠v, 1967 am¿®v26˛mw XobXn Db¿∏p-Rm-b-dmgvN t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ ]m∏m-bpsSCu NmIn-I-te-J\w ]pd-Øp-h-∂p.

Xncp`m NcnXw

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Xncp`m NcnXw

apºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ k`bv°p sNøm-hp∂ Nne]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ saXm-∑m¿ aptºm-´p-h-bv°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

cmjvS-ßƒ°v hnI-kn-°p-hm-\p≈ auen-I-amb am\p-jn-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw cmjvS-ß-fp-sSbpw A`n-em-j-ßƒ°v B[m-c-am-bn- p-≈-Xv. Cu auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS Ne-\m-fl-I-amb kq£va-k-¶-e-\-ambn thWw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈Ah-Im-isØ ImWp-hm≥. \oXn-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\hpw,a\p-jys‚ k¿∆-tXm-ap-J-amb hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈]h¿Ø-\hpw k`-bpsS ZuXy-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-am-Ip∂p F∂-XmWv kn\-Uns‚ Cu tcJ-bnse as‰mcp ][m\ ]ta-bw.]oUn-X¿°p kt¥m-jhpw a¿±n-X¿°p kzmX-¥yhpw Zcn-Z¿°pkphn-ti-jhpw ]kw-Kn-®p-sIm≠v temI-a-≤y-Øn¬ k∂n-ln-X-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv k`-bpsS hnfn-sb∂v Rßƒ°pt_m≤y-ap-≠v. temI-Øns‚ cq]m-¥-co-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈p-I, \oXn-°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°pI F∂nh kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W-Øns‚ cq]m-fl-I-am-\-am-sW∂v Rßƒ a\-n-em-°p-∂p.kphn-ti-j-tLm-j-Ww, thsd hm°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬ a\p-jy-c-£-bv°p-th≠n ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw a¿±-\-]-c-amb F√m ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-I-fn¬\n∂pw am\-h-hw-isØ kzX-¥-cm-°p-I-bp-am-Wv. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv k`-bpsS ZuXyw.

]m›m-Xy-k- -bn¬ s]m¥n-h∂ ]iv\-ßfpw ]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw\ho-I-c-W-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬. AtXm-sSm∏w kmaq-ly-]-iv\-ß-sf-∏‰nbp≈ k -bpsS]t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf¿®bpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°n. ASpØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ k`-bpsS hnIm-k-sØ-∏‰n AXm-bXv t]jn-X-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw.

k`-bpsS hnizmk-k-Xy-ßsfbpw ]T-\-ß-sfbpw cq]n-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[n\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv km¿∆-XnIkq\-l-tZm-kp-I-fmWv. k`sb \nc-¥-c-ambn \bn-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ]tNm-Z-\-Øm¬ t]cn-X-ambn saXm≥am-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bn¬ am¿]m-∏-\-S-Øp∂ ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ F∂ \nebn¬ km¿∆-XnIkq\-l-tZm-kpIfpsS ]T-\-ßƒ ssZh-im-kvX-\m-a-Øn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. \mfn-Xp-h-scbp≈ km¿∆-XoI kq\-l-tZm-p-I-fpsSeLp-hn-h-c-WamWv Nph-sS-tN¿°p-∂-Xv.

1. \nJym I (325) tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥ NI-h¿Øn hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb Cukm¿∆-XnI kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ BWv \nJym hnizm-k-]-amWw cq]wsIm≠-Xv.

2. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ I (381) Uam-kqkv ]m∏bpw sXtbm-tUm-jykv H∂m-a≥NI-h¿Øn-bpw tN¿∂v hnfn-®p-Iq-ń. hnizm-k-]-amWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p.

km¿∆-XoI kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ

21

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Xncp`m NcnXw

3. Ft^-kqkv I (431) Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse saXm-\mb kndn-ens‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂ Cu kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-bq-kns‚ ]t_m-[-\-ßsf ]mj-WvU-X-bm-bn-]-Jym-]n-®p.

4. I¬°-tZm-\nb I (451) bqØn-°kv Ah-X-cn-∏n® GI-kz-`m-hhmZsØ \ntj-[n-°m≥hme-‚bn≥ NI-h¿Øn hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb Cu kq\-l-tZm-kn¬setbm H∂m-a≥ ]m∏m Xs‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf Ab-®n-cp-∂p.Cutim-bpsS GI-hy-‡n-Xz-tØbpw Ccp-kzm-`h-ß-sfbpw Cukq\-l-tZmkv hy‡-ambn \n¿∆-Nn-®p.

5. tIm¨Ã‚n-t\m-∏nƒ II (553) hnPn-en-bqkv ]m∏-bpsS Ime-L- -Øn¬ PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Ønhnfn-®p-Iq- n. Hcn-Ps‚ sX‰mb ]t_m-[-\-ßsf X-≈n°f™p.

6. tIm¨Ã‚n-t\m-∏nƒ III (680,681) AKmtØm am¿]m-∏-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ]s¶-SpØ Cu kq\-l-tZmkv tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥ \mem-a≥ NI-h¿Øn hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.

7. \nJym II (787) Unbm≥ H∂m-a≥ ]m∏-bpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥Bdm-a≥ NI-h¿Øn hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.

8. tIm¨Ã‚n-t\m-∏nƒ IV (869) AUnbm≥ c≠m-a≥ ]m∏m Cu kq\-l-tZmkv AwKn-I-cn-®p.

9. em‰d≥ I (1123) tdmanse em‰-d≥ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ h®p \S-Ø-s∏´ Cu kq\-l-tZmkv I√n-Ãkv c≠m-a≥ ]m∏ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.

10. em‰d≥ II (1139) C∂-sk‚ v c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.

11. em‰d≥ III (1179) Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ aq∂m-a≥ am¿]m∏ hnfn®pIqń.12. em‰d≥ IV (1215) Cu km¿∆-XnI kq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bXv C∂-sk‚ vaq∂m-a≥ ]m∏mbmWv. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ A∏-Øn\pw

ho™n\pw kw`-hn-°p∂ am‰sØ kqNn-∏n-°m≥ hkvXp-t`ZwF∂-hm°v BZy-ambn Cu Iu¨kn-emWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

13. entbm¨kv I (1245) C∂-sk‚ v \mem-a≥ ]m∏ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.14. entbm¨kv II (1274) KnKdn ]Øm-a≥ ]m∏m hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb Cu kq\-l-tZm-kn¬tdma k`bpw Ko°p-k-`bpw XΩn-ep≈ `n∂-X-Iƒ Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.

15. hnb∂ (1311-˛1313) ^m≥knse hnb-∂m-bn¬ \S∂ Cu kq\-l-tZmkv ¢sa‚ vA©m-a≥ ]m∏m-bpsS I¬]-\-]-Im-c-amWv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bXv.

16. tIm¨Ãm≥kv (1414˛1418) KnKdn ]Xn-s\m-∂m-a≥ ]m∏m-bmWv Cu kq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bXv. ]m›mXy k`-bnse henb `n∂-X-bpsS Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Cu kq\-l-tZmkv \S-∂-Xv.

17. t_kn¬ (1431) Fhp-Pn≥ \mem-a≥ ]m∏m Cu kq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.

18. em‰-d≥ V (1512-˛1517) Pqenbkv c≠m-a≥ ]m∏m-bp-sSbpw setbm ]Øm-a≥ ]m∏m-bp-sSbpw Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Cu kq\-l-tZmkv \S-∂-Xv.

19. sXt¥mkv kq\-l-tZmkv (1545-˛1563) A©v am¿]m-∏-am-cpsS Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Cu kq\-l-tZmkv\S-∂-Xv. (t]mƒ III, Pqen-bv III, am¿sk-√qkv II, t]mƒ IV,]obpkv IV) ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠nse ]Xn-\-ho-I-cW ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Np°m≥]n-Sn-®Xv Cu kq\-l-tZmkv BWv.

20. hØn-°m≥ I (Unkw-_¿ 8, 1969˛Pq-embv 18, 1870) H≥]Xmw ]obpkv am¿]m-∏-bmWv Cu kq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bXv.21. hØn-°m≥ II (1962˛1965) k`sb B[p-\oIcn-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS tPm¨ Ccp-]Øn aq∂m-a≥ am¿]m∏ Cu kq\-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iqń.

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dn™ Hc-¥-co-£-Øn-emWv k`bv°p Pohn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.hnhn-[-cm-jvS-ß-fp-ambn k`-bpsS Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-ß-sf-∏‰nHcp [mc-W-bn-se-ØpI bp≤m-\-¥-c-k-`-bpsS Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ cmjvSßfp-ambn Hcp [mc-W-bn-se-Øp-hm≥ tdmam Ah-ew-_n® am¿§-amWv tIm¨tIm¿UmØvAYhm Icm-dp-Iƒ.

em‰-d≥ DS-ºSn

C°m-eØv ]m›m-Xy-k-`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-a-WvU-e-Ønsekp]-[m\ kw`hw tdma≥]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-cp∂p (1929).AXp-hgn 1870 apX¬ Aº-Øn-sbm≥]Xv sIm√-°m-e-tØbv°v\o≠p-\n∂ Hcp ]Xn-k‘n Ah-km-\n-®p-˛-am¿∏m-∏m-am-cpsSkzbw-kzo-Ir-X-amb hØn-°m≥ _‘-\w. ]obqkv 11˛m-as‚ Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw k`m t\XrXzw hn´p-ho-gvN-bv°p≈ at\m-`mhwkv]jvS-ambn ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. tdmw apgp-h≥ X\n-°-h-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ \ne-]mSv HutZym-Kn-I-]-kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ am¿∏m∏m]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ C‰-en-bpsS GIo-I-c-Ww. \S-∂p-I-gn™ hkvXp-X-bm-sW∂pw C‰en Hcp ]c-am-[n-Imc cmjvS-am-sW∂pw k`mt\XrXzw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ k∂-≤X ImWn-®p.

CXn-\mbn A\u-tZym-Kn-I-N¿®-Iƒ 1926˛¬ Bcw- n-®p. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ^m≥sNkvtIm ]s®-√nbpw C‰-ensb]Xn\n[oI-cn®v sUman-\nt°m _tcmWpw HØp-Xo¿∏p-kw-`m-j-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn. tdma≥]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-Øn¬ Xev]-ccpw]K-¤-cp-amb \oXn-⁄-cm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. Nne ]mY-an-I-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]mcw-`-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p: 1) C‰en am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp sNdnb ÿewAt±-l-Øn\v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw. 2) ^m≥kv, BkvSnbXpS-ßnb hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬\n∂v hØn-°m-s\-Xn-cm-bp-≠m-Im-hp∂ BI-a-ßsf C‰en FXn¿°-W-sa∂v am¿∏m∏m Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. 3) tdma≥ ]iv\w ]cn-lr-X-am-hp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w C‰m-en-b≥ k -sb-°p-dn®pw Hcp-S-º-Sn°v cq]w \¬I-Ww. 4) ItØm-en°m cmjvS-amb C‰-en-bpsS \nb-a-ßƒ, hnhmlw XpS-ßnbNne Imcy-ß-fn¬ Im\≥\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. 1929s^_p-hcn 11˛mw XobXn kJy-Ønepw DS-º-Sn-bnepw H∏p-h-bv°-s∏- p.

a\p-jy-]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnizm-k-a¿∏n-®n-cp-∂-h-sc-sb√mw I\Xv \ncm-i-bn-te°v X≈n-hn´ Hcp Zb-\obkw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤w.H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂vHcp-hn[w Db¿sØ-gp-t∂‰ cmjvS-ßƒ imiz-X-k-am-[m-\-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\mbn InW™p ]cn-i-an-®.Bbp-[-]-tbmKw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-tXmsS bp≤hpwAh-km-\n°pw F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]e-cp-tSbpw [mc-W. ]t£ c≠mw temI-a -lm -bp -≤ -Øns‚Bhn¿`mhw cmjvS-ßsf anYym-[m-c-W-bn¬\n∂vhnap-‡-am-°n.

]Ya alm-bp-≤m-\-¥cw A∂p-h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne cmPy-ßƒ \in-®p. Nne ]pXnb cmPy-ßƒ DZ-bw-sIm-≠p. Hmtcm cmPyØpw Xt±-io-b-sa-Xm-∑mcpw sshZn-I-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂\n¿_‘w Nne cmjvS-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. hnZym-`ym-kw, ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, kwL-S-\m-kzm-X¥ywF∂o aWvU-e-ßƒ cmjvS-Øns‚ \nb-¥-W-Øn-te°v \oßns°m-≠n-cp-∂p. BI-∏msS Ipg-™p-a-

k` B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬

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C∂sØ a\p-jy\v a\-n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ kphn-ti-jhpwk`m-X-Øz-ßfpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-t®-a-Xn-bmhq F∂ t_m≤yw Ah-cn¬ an°-h¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kphn-ti-j-ZuXyw k`-I-fpsSAh-Im-ihpw IS-a-bp-am-Wv.

k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ CX-tbsd ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Hcp-an®p ktΩ-fn® Hcp km¿∆-Xn-I-kq-\-l-tZmkpw \S-∂n- n-√. Iu¨kn-ens‚H∂mw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬Øs∂ 2540 saXm-∑m¿ k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Iu¨kn¬ ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ \nco-£n-®-h-cn¬ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑mcpw Aevam-b-]-ap-Jcpw sshZn-I-]-Xn-\n-[n-IfpwAI-tØm-en-°m-]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Iu¨kn¬]nXm-°-∑m¿ s]mXpth c≠p ho£-W-°m-cm-bn-cp∂psh∂p ]d-bmw.]c-º-cm-K-X-]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-hm≥ XoscsshapJyw ]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp∂ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cpw, \ho-I-cWwhcp-Øn-tb-Xocq F∂p hmZn-®n-cp∂ ]ptcm-K-a-t\-—p-°-fp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. ]m›m-Xy-bq-tdm-∏nse saXm-∑m¿ Iu¨kn¬ N¿®-I-fn¬ s]mXpth ap∂n-´p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. sa¬ss°‰vk`-bnse]mXn-b¿°okv amIvkn-tamkv \mem-a≥ XpS-ßnb ]uc-kvXy-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ i‡hpw hy‡-hp-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. eØo≥`mj HutZym-Kn-I-hn-\n-a-b- m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepwHcp ]uc-kvXy-k- -bpsS Xe-h-\p≈ kzmX-¥y-sØ-∏‰n t_m≤y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]mXn-b¿°okv amIvkn-tamkv `qcn-]£w ]nXm-°-∑m¿°pw \∂mbn a\-n-em-hp∂ ^©p- m-j-bn-emWv ]kw-Kn-®-Xv. Cu \q‰m-≠nse G‰hpw henb k`m-kw-`hw F∂phnti-jn-°-s∏-Sp-amdv k`m-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kIe am\-ß-sfbpwBg-ambn kv]¿in® Hcp kq\-l-tZm-km-bn-cp∂p hØn-°m-\n¬\S-∂-Xv.

Iu¨kn¬ ]mm-°nb ]am-W-ßƒ

\mep tIm¨Ãn-‰yq-j-\p-I-fpw, HºXv UnIn-I-fpw, aq∂p ]Jym-]-\-ß-fp-a-S°w 16 ]am-W-tc-J-Iƒ Iu¨kn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn:

tIm¨Ãn-‰yq-j-\p-Iƒ (Constitutions)

1. Xncp-` (Lumen Gentium), \hw-_¿ 21, 1964.2. ssZhm-hn-jvI-cWw (Dei Verbum), \hw-_¿ 18, 1965.3. en‰¿Pn (Sacrosanctum Concilium), Unkw-_¿ 4, 1963.4. k` B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øn¬ (Gaudium et Spes),

Unkw-_¿ 7, 1965.

\ho-I-c-Whpw kss -Iyhpw

23

k`m -N -cn - X -Øn¬ c≠mw hØn-°m≥Iu¨kn-en-\p-apºv Ccp-]Xv km¿∆-Xn-I-kq-\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ \S-∂n-´p≠v. Ah-bp-sS-sb√mw ][m-\-e£yw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp A_-≤-kn-≤m-¥sØi]n-°p-Itbm Hcp ]pXnb hnizm-k-kXyw ]Jym-]n-°p-Itbm Bbncp-∂p. CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂pc≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬. 1962 HIvtSm-_¿11˛mw XobXn Iu¨kn¬ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v tPm¨ 23˛ma≥ ]m∏m Blzm\w sNbvXp:k`sb \ho-I-cn-°p-I. Iu¨kn-ens‚ ][m\e£yw k`m-\-ho-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. k`-I-fpsSsFIyhpw ][m-\-e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.imkvXob kmt¶-Xn-I-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-a-WvU-e-ßƒ°v ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-≠mb hºn® ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ k`sb \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNøp-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Iu¨kn¬]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS apºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]iv\w.

Xncp`m NcnXw

158 159

Xncp`m NcnXw

Pn®v emfnXyw Pohn-X-ssi-en-bm-°m≥ At±lw saXm-∑mscD]-tZ-in-®p.

1978 HmKÃv amkw 7˛ mw \p Znhw-K-X-\mb t]mƒ Bdm-a≥]m∏m-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn hfsc lkz-am-sbmcp Imew(26˛8˛1978 28˛9˛1978) tPm¨ t]mƒ H∂m-a≥ k`bv°v t\XrXzw\evIn. tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈ ]uc-kvXy-I-tØm-en-°-cpsS AP-]m-e-\-]-iv\-ßƒ At\z-jn®v k`m-fl-I-amb sshZn-I-ip-iqjAh¿°v e`n-°p-hm-\p-X-Ip∂ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am¿§-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-hm≥ Nß-\m-t»cn B¿®p-_n-j∏v am¿ B‚Wn ]Sn-b-dsbA∏-tÃm-enIv hnkn-‰-dmbn 1978 sk]v‰w-_¿ 8˛mw\p \nb-an-®XvtPm¨ t]mƒ H∂m-a-\m-Wv.

Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-ansb Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ I¿±n-\mƒkwLw ]pXn-sbmcp NcnXw krjvSn-®p. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn C‰-en-bn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂t√m am¿∏m-∏m-amsc Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp-t]m-∂-Xv. AXn-s\mcp am‰wIpdn-®p-sIm-≠v, Iayq-Wn-Ã-[o-\-Øn-ep≈t]mf-≠nse Imt°m AXn-cq-]-Xm-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ Im¿ƒthmbn-‰n-esb Ah¿ am¿∏m-∏m-bmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ F∂ t]cmWv ]pXnb ]m∏m kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

P\-lr-Z-b-ßsf hio-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw hnizm-k-Zr-V-X-bn¬Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw hnZ-Kv[-am-sbmcp t\XrXzw ]m∏m \evIn-.t]mƒ Bdm-a≥ ]m∏m-sb-t∏mse hnhn[ cmPy-ßƒ kµ¿in®vcmPym-¥c kl-h¿Øn-Xzhpw kl-I-c-Whpw hf¿Øp-hm≥A£oWw ]b-Xv\n®p. k -bpsS ]mc-º-cym-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ \n¿`bw hy‡-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-hgn tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-en-\p-tijw k`m-X-e-Øn-ep-≠mb Nne Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ°pw tImfn-f-°-ßƒ°pw ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øn.

UnIn-Iƒ (Decrees)

1. ]uc-kvXy-k-`-Iƒ (Orientalium Ecclesiarum), \hw-_¿ 21, 1964.2. saXm-∑m¿ (Christus Dominus), HIvtSm-_¿ 28, 1965.3. sshZn-I¿ (Presbyterorum Orbinis), Unkw-_¿ 7, 1965.4. sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\w (Optatam Totius), HIvtSm-_¿ 28, 1965.5. k\ym-k-Po-hnXw (Perfctae Caritatis), HIvtSm-_¿ 28, 1965.6. Aflm-b-t]-jn-XXzw (Apostolicam Actuositatem), \hw-

_¿ 18, 1965.7. t]jnX-]-h¿Ø\w (Ad Gentes), Unkw-_¿ 7, 1965.8. FIyp-sa-\nkw (Unitatis Redintegratio), \hw-_¿ 21, 1964.9. kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-ßƒ (Inter Mirifica), Unkw-_¿ 4, 1963.

]Jym-]-\-ßƒ (Declarations)

1. aX-kzm-X¥yw (Dignitatis Humanae), Unkw-_¿ 7, 1965.2. hnZym-`ymkw (Gravissimum Educationis), HIvtSm-_¿ 28,

1965.3. AssI-kvX-h-a-X-ßƒ (Nostra Actate), HIvtSm-_¿ 28,

1965.

]am-W-tc-J-I-fpsS kzm`mhw

k`m-\-ho-I-c-Ww, A[p-\m-X-\o-I-c-Ww, ]p\-ssc-Iy-]-ÿm\wBZn-bmb GXm\pw ASn-b-¥n-c-e-£y-ß-fm¬ t]cn-X-am-bmWvc≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ kam-cw-`n-®-sX∂v ta¬]-kvXm-hn-®p-h-t√m. ]kvXpX e£y-ßƒ ]am-W-tc-J-I-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

.Nne ka-Im-enI ]h-W-X-Iƒ

Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂mw tPm¨ am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS ac-W-sØ-Xp-S¿∂vIu¨kn¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn XpS-cp-∂-Xn\pw hnP-b-I-c-ambn kam-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw UnIn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bdmw t]mƒam¿∏m∏m \evInb t\XrXzw k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-bw-X-s∂. CXc k`-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ß-fnepw ]utemkv]m∏m Hcp \qX-\m-≤ymbw hnc-Nn-°p-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. C¥y-bpƒs∏sS ]e cmPy-ßfpw kµ¿in®v cmjvS-ß-fpsS CS-bn-ep≈ kl-h¿ØnØzw hf¿Øp-∂-Xnepw hnhn[ k`-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw Ct±lw \evIn-bn-´p≈tkh\w al-ØcwXs∂. BUw-_-chpw ]uUnbpw ]cn-Xy-

Xncp`m NcnXw

160

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