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Index
A ab initio prediction 135-6
glycerol rejection 136 acetone, recovery of 531 acid-alkali resistance 227 acid-base reactions of arsenic species 155-7 acid-base stable NF membranes 24 acid-base systems, log concentration - pH
diagrams 154 acid-base transformations 153-7 acid-base treatment 49 acid/base/solvent resistant membranes 25 acid recovery 459-77 acid viscosity and permeate flux 463 acid waste treatment 333 acid whey 308 acidic industrial liquors, treatment of 465-9 acidic solutions
metal rejection in 460-5 purification of 460-1
activated carbon in gold extraction 470-1 in landfill leachate treatment 401, 409-10 powdered (PAC) 380, 409-10
activity coefficients for dissolved ionic species 150 acyl chlorides 44-5 additives 40, 46 adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 398
landfill leachate treatment 401 adsorption 163-4, 183-4
landfill leachate treatment 401, 407-10 organic fouling 192-3 organic substances 246 trace organics 500
aggregation of macromolecules 165-6 of precipitated solids 165-6
Al1304(OHb(HzOhzl+ 167 alcohols 44
applications 338 Al(III) in aqueous solution 161 alkyphenol polyethoxy carboxylates (APEC) 293 alternative complexes, formation of 166-7 alumina 55-7, 526 aluminum foil production industry 333-4 aluminum separation from sulfuric acid 466 amine-terminated polypropyleneimine dendrimer
99 amines 43-4 amino acids
production of 322-3 separation of 350-2
amino-alcohols 44 p-aminobenzoic acid, effect of pH on retention 497 7-aminodeacetocephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA)
manufacture 349 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) recovery 348-9 aminotrimethylene-phosphonic acid (AMP) 245 ammonia in landfill leachate treatment 401 ammonia-salt waste 333 ammonium sulfate (AmsuI) recovery 295-300 annealing
in water 41-2 under dry conditions 42
antibiotics production 346-8 purification and concentration 348 removal 489
544 Nanofiltration - Principles and Applications
antiscalants 244-5 aromatic hydrocarbons 492 arsenate
removal 505 speciation 507
arsenic as toxic and carcinogenic agent 502-11 contamination of drinking water 506-8 effect of solution pH and membrane 508 occurrence in environment 506 occurrence in groundwater resources 506
arsenic species, acid-base reactions of 155-7 arsenite, speciation 507 ASP35 membrane 100 Aspergillus 217 assimilable organic carbon (AOC) 176-8 asymmetric membranes 23 asymmetric 'mosaic' membranes 38 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 104, 112, 129,
135-7,179,195,208,211-12 ATR-FTIR 106, 179 atrazine concentration 485 atrazine removal 274 attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform
infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy 106, 179 autopsy 178-9, 204, 215
B barium sulfate (BaS04) scale 201-2 Beaumont lube dewaxing NF unit 354-5 benzoic acids 492 best available technology (BAT) 364, 374 bicarbonate
reduction performance 277 speciation 155
binder 54 bioactivity control 248 biochemical oxygen demand see BOD biocides for control of microorganisms and
biofouling 221-4 biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC)
176-8 biofilm matrix 217-18 biofilms
bacteria 213 buildup minimization 218 control 217-18 detection in membrane systems 214-15
formation 212-14 consequences of 217
formation rate (BFR) 177-8 microbial composition 215-17 microbial populations 214 non-destructive analysis 215
biofouling 212-18 biocides for control 221-4 definition 212 feedwater spacers 215
biologically active cell based processes 416 Biomembrat-Plus plant 408 Biomembrat-plus process 423 bioreactors 416-33
submerged operation 422 types 417-18 with external membrane unit 418 with integrated membrane unit 418
biotechnology industry application of NF membranes 538 see also pharmaceutical and biotechnology
industry 4,4'-bipyridine 44 bisphenol A (BPA) 493 BOD
in landfill leachate treatment 398, 401 membrane bioreactors (MBRs) 422 removal in complex effluents 387-8
boric acid speciation 509 transport mechanism 509
Born model 127-8 boron
content in saline and seawater 509 continuous ingestion 503 removal in drinking water treatment 509 retention by RO membranes 509
bovine serum albumin (BSA) 193 bubbling 83
C CA membranes
NF applications 26 pH stability of 23-4
CA30 membrane retention of 99 retention of 4-NH2 dendrimer 99
cadmium species as function of pH 149
cake-enhar cake-enhar cake forma
model; organic
calcination calcium ca calcium ph calcium su captive bul carbapener carbonate ~
carboxylrm casting soh catalysts
applicai homogi
catalytic or caustic sod cellulose, h cellulose ac cellulosic n ceramic me
future s cesium, rei' charge cha charge den charge inte cheese, cor chemical ir chemical 0
chemical p chemical p
applicat overviei seealso
cher phai
chemical s1 comput concept effect in effect ol effect ol effect ol exampk solutior
chemical S)
Index 545
cake-enhanced concentration polarisation 189 cake-enhanced osmotic pressure 189 cake formation 185-90
model 204 organic fouling 194-5
calcination/sintering 54 calcium carbonate (CaC03) scale 202, 205 calcium phosphate scale 203 calcium sulfate (CaS04) scale 201-2, 205 captive bubble technique 105 carbapenem 350 carbonate speciation 155 carboxylmethylinulin, desalination of 323 casting solution, composition 38-40 catalysts
applications of NF 336-8 homogeneous 336-7, 531-3
catalytic organic synthesis 336 caustic soda processing 331 cellulose, hydrolysis 416 cellulose acetate (CA) 6, 8-9, 268, 492, 522-3, 537 cellulosic membranes, limitations of 9-10 ceramic membranes 52-8
future scope 58 cesium, rejection of 158-9 charge characteristics 539 charge density 38 charge interaction 496 cheese, continuous production process 321 chemical industry 26 chemical oxygen demand see COD chemical potential 122-3 chemical processing industry 329-61
applications of NF membranes 538 overview 330 seealso inorganic chemical industry; organic
chemical industry; petrochemical industry; pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry
chemical speciation computer codes 149 concept of 148-52 effect in nanofiltration separation 147-68 effect of concentration polarisation 165-7 effect of ionic strength 150-1 effect of temperature and pressure 151-2 example 148 solution processes influencing 153-64
chemical synthesis 344
chitosan 47 ChlorAlkali brine circuit, sulfate removal from 300 chloride retention 510 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 6 chlorination 247 chlorine disinfectant 483 chlorobenzenes 492 chromium speciation 462 CIP seecleaning-in-place clarification processes, textile dye effluent 391 cleaner production 300-3 cleaning seefouling cleaning-in-place (CIP) 228, 266, 312-14 coagulation bath
composition 41 temperature 41
coating 46-8 specific examples 47-8
cobalt precipitation 159-61 rejection by NF membranes 160
COD 311,313,364,371 in landfill leachate treatment 398, 401 membrane bioreactors (MBRs) 422 removal in complex effluents 387-8
Code of National Regulations (CFR) 400 co-ions
between membrane phase and solution 93 concentration 93
colloidal fouling, gravitational force in 209 colloids
in circulation/effluent waters 365 organic fouling mechanisms 186 pretreatment 246 properties 206-7 size and shape 206 stability 210 transport and deposition 208-11
color removal and recovery or/removal of electrolytes 380 via photocatalysis 390
coloured water treatment plants 279-84 tubular membrane plant 269
compact accelerated precipitation softening (CAPS) 244
complexation 157-9 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 80, 539
546 Nanofiltration - Principlesand Applications
concentration, vs. pH predominance diagram 161 concentration gradient 139 concentration polarisation (CP) 165-7, 181-3, 199
effect of electrolyte and dye concentration 383-4
conditioning agents 42 conductivity retention, effect of pH 374 contact angle measurement 105-6 contaminants
removal of high molecular weight 355-6 see also trace contaminants
convective diffusion equation 208 copper acid rinse water 462, 465 copper cyanide leach liquors 473 copper pregnant liquor 472 copper processing 471-3 copper rod refinery, wastewater treatment in 258 corrosion resistant alloys 465 cottage cheese whey 308 critical flux
and crossflow velocity 187 defined 185-7
crossflow membrane filtration, mass transfer in 188
crossflow nanofiltration process 188 crossflow RO/NF membrane filtration 188 crossflow tester 76 crossflow velocity
and critical flux 187 effect on NOM fouling 166
crosslinking 42, 49-50 crude oil deacidification 356 crystal growth 198 crystallization, landfill leachate treatment 408-9 CTA-LP membrane 98 cyanide barren liquor, treatment of 471 cyanide recovery in gold processing 301 CyanoFree process 302
D dairy industry
cleaning requirement 228 NF applications 307-14 world wide UF membrane area installed in 306
Davies equation 150-1 deacidification
of crude oil 356 of free fatty acids (FFA) 320-1
Debden Road water works, Saffron Walden, England 279
Debye length 109 de-gumming
direct 319-20 solvent-based 318-19
DEGDME 39 demineralisation 255 depth filtration 248 Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)
theory 209, 211 Desai-OK membrane 125 desalination 228-9
carboxylmethylinulin 323 saline water 254 seawater 331-2
desaturation unit (DU) 244 dewaxing process 529-30 dextrose syrup
concentration of 315-16 purification of 352
diafiltration 86 rejection of NaCI during 137
diazoketones 45 dichlorobenzene (DCB) 487 dielectric constant, reduction of 127 dielectric exclusion 129 diethylenetriamine-penta-(methyl phosphonic)
acid (DTPMPA) 245 diffusion coefficient 495
estimation 496 dimethylacetamide (DMAc) 110, 523 dimethylformamide (DMF) 110, 523 dipole moment, defined 493 disinfecting 221 disinfection 247
dosage optimization 484 health risks 484 methods 483 of drinking water 483
disinfection by-products (DBPs) 483-4 reduction of 484
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 175 distribution function, log-normal 132-3 disulfonylchloride 45 Donnan diffusion 298 Donnan effect 16, 91, 298, 506 Donnan equilibrium 112, 505-6
Donn Donn Donn doubl Dow-l down drinki
ar: bo di:
flt: tm
Nl ov
dual l Dubir dyes
ap de di: re,
Wi
set dyesti
dynar
E
edible
di Nl so
efflue 4E
electr electr electr
in in
electr pI
electi
elecn C(
re Vi
elect] elect
Index 547
Donnan exclusion 99, 108, 166 Donnan potential 93, 134, 140 Donnan-Steric-Pore-Model 121 double layer thickness 108 Dow-FilmTec NF-70 104 downstream processing (DSP) 322 drinking water 264
arsenic contamination 506-8 boron removal 509 disinfection 483 fluoride in 510 inorganic contaminants 503 NF treatment systems 266 overview of NF applications 264-5
dual bath method 35 Dubinin-Radushkevich method 102 dyes
application of NF 339-40 desalting 339-42 diafiltration 339-40 reactive 380, 386, 392 wastewater 380 see also textile dye effluent
dyestuffs industry 339-40 dynamic membranes 11
E edible oil industry
direct de-gumming 319-20 NF applications 317-21 solvent-based de-gumming 318-19
effluent organic matter (EfOM) 190, 193-5, 197, 480
electrical double layer (EDL) interactions 209 electrical potential 505-6 electrochemical potential of ion
in membrane 92 in solution 92
electrodialysis (ED) 309 pretreatment 254
electrokinetic measurements 108 electrolytes
concentration effect on concentration polarisation 383-4
removal of 380 valency effect on textile dye effluent 384-6
electromagnetic field (EMF) 246 electromagnetic treatment 246
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) 107 electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA)
107 electron spin resonance (ESR) 107 electro-neutrality 93 electrostatic and steric-hindrance (ES) model 496 electrostatic double layer (EDL) interactions 206 electrostatic interactions 503 electrowinning
in copper processing 471-3 in gold extraction 470-1
endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 482-3, 486-9
energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 204 environmental applications 288 environmental directives 436 environmental effects of trace organics 481-91 environmental impacts
landfill leachate 398 waste production 396
enzyme-based processes 416 enzyme reactors 425-8
engineering 428 equilibrium constants, temperature dependency of
151 equilibrium partitioning, descriptions of 127-9 Escherichia coli 444 estradiol, negatively charged 501 estrone 488-9
adsorption 501 permeate concentration as function of
accumulative permeate volume 501 ethanol applications 338 ethylene glycol 339 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) 219 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 228, 293 evaporation
temperature 41 time 40-1
evaporation (EV) 309 pretreatment 256
evaporator condensate 352 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 172, 217 extraction processes, solvent recycling from 350
F Fe(III) in aqueous solution 161 feed channel spacers 78-80
548 Nanofiltration - Principles and Applications
feed characterisation and control, application of NF membranes 540
feed water 242 analysis 175 characterisation 265 fouling potential 175-8 quality targets 292
feed water spacers, biofouling on 215 fermentation 344, 346 ferrihydri te
uranium adsorption by 164 uranium sorption to 163
field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) 103-4, 208
filters 246 filtration
additional mechanisms 187-90 alkaline cleaning 221 biological 172 biological prevention 247-8 categories 172 characterisation 173-9 chemical cleaning 220 choice of cleaning method 222-3 cleaning applications 228-9 cleaning methods 219-24 cleaning process protocols 228-9 colloid-organic mechanisms 186 colloidal 205-11
fluxes 210-11 complexity of 170-1 control strategies 172-3
fouling con physica possible pretreat prevent prevent protoco regener spiral-w stages 0
study p textile c variable water pi see also
fractionatir conventional processes 249-50 definition 170 textile dye effluent 391 determination of cleaning effectiveness 224-7
flocculation, effectiveness 380 determination of cleaning requirement and Flory-Huggins interaction parameters 110-11 frequency 223-4 fluorescent dyes 215 electron microscopy of membrane surfaces 216 fluorescent in situ hybridisation 215 enzymatic cleaning 221 fluoride factors contributing to 171-2
in drinking water 510 foulant content of cleaning solutions 224-5 in fresh water 503 impact of cleaning on membrane durability
flux comparison between Na ZS04 and NaCI 385 226-7 flux decline, due to fouling and concentration impact of cleaning on permeate quality 226
polarisation 182 influence of operating parameters on cleaning flux decline curve 201 efficiency 226 flux enhancing strategies 81-3 inorganic 198 flux measurement 173 interaction of calcium and humic substances
I III
free fatty a< deacidil
FT-IR specn FT-Raman ~
fulvic acid,
G gamma-ray gas adsorpt gel 54 gel layer fo:
organic Gel Polaris, geometric s Gibbs free t
flux ratio as function of NaCI concentration 386 flux recovery 224 foam ball cleaning 269 food industry 305-28
application of NF membranes 537 cleaning requirement 228 filtration and re-use of CIP solutions 312-14 new development and potential applications
321-4 NF applications 307 overview 306
foulants and control strategies 172-3 elimination 172 identification 172
fouling 72, 106, 169-239 acid cleaning 221
196 long term 210 major foulant categories 242 mechanisms 179-90 natural organic matter (NOM) 166 organic 172,190-7
adsorption 192-3 cake formation 194-5 common foulants 190-2 definition 190 gel layer formation 194 impact of solute-solute interactions and
salts 195-6 impact on retention 196-7 pore blocking/plugging 195
overview 170-3 particulate 205-11, 246
glacial acet glutaraldeh glycerol re] glycocalyx glycols, rec gold extrac
carbon gold proce:
cyanide Gouy-Cha] graft polyn granular ac gravttation gravity sett groundwat
advant: chlorid
Index 549
fouling continued physical cleaning methods 219-20 possible origins 170 pretreatment 219,266 prevention 252 prevention my membrane modification 219 protocols 173-4 regeneraiton of cleaning solutions 229 spiral-wound modules 272 stages of 185-90 study protocols 174 textile dye effluents 387 variable system parameters 174-5 water productivity and membrane resistance 224 seealso biofouling
fractionation 257-9 free fatty acids (FFA) 319-20
deacidification of 320-1 FT-IR spectroscopy 204 FT-Raman spectroscopy 204 fulvic acid (FA) 175
G gamma-ray initiation 51 gas adsorption-desorption 101-2 gel 54 gel layer formation 184-5
organic fouling 194 Gel Polarisation Model 184 geometric standard deviation (GSD) 129 Gibbs free energy 199 glacial acetic acid 525 glutaraldehyde 47 glycerol rejection, ab initio prediction 136 glycocalyx 218 glycols, recycling and concentration 338-9 gold extraction, NF integrated into activated
carbon elution and electrowinning 470-1 gold processing 470-1
cyanide recovery in 301 Gouy-Chapman model 108 graft polymerization 18-19 granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration 279 gravitational force in colloidal fouling 209 gravity settlement 248 groundwater
advantages of NF 296 chloride transmission 298-9
feed composition 296 operating data 298 process features and fundamentals 296-9 process flow diagram 297 process fundamentals 298-9 process limitations 299-300 project drivers 295 protection 289 remediation 295-300 three-stage pilot plant results 296
gypsum formation, prevention of 470
H hafnia monoclinic membranes 55 Hagen-Poiseuille-type relationships 121-2 halide retentions as function of transmembrane
pressure 510 halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) 483 Halopeau-Dubin diagram 271 Hammett number 498 HCI acid casein whey 308 health effects
trace contaminants 503 trace organics 481-91
heavy metals, treatment of liquors containing 471 Helmholtz model 108 Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation 108 Henry constant (H) 493 hexane recovery 531 high pressure reverse osmosis (HPRO) 402, 408-9 high shear devices 76 hindrance factors 141 homogeneous catalysts 336-7, 531-3 Horvath-Kawazoe method 102 humic acids (HA) 175,248 hybrid processes 241-62
definition 242 seealso specific processes and applications
hybrid systems, textile dye effluents 388-91 hydrated radius 503-4, 510
of nitrate 511 hydraulic diameters 71 hydrochloric acid
pickling waste 467 purification of 468
hydrogen bonding 193, 444, 498, 500 hydrophilic acids 175 hydrophilicity 105
41
550 Nanofiltration - Principles and Applications
hydrophilicity balance 38 hydrophobic membranes 219 hydrophobicity 105-6, 112, 493 hydrophobicity balance 38 I-hydroxyethylidene-l, l-diphosphonic acid
(HEDP) 245 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate 46 HyperChem computer program 496 hypochlorite disinfectant 483
I impedance spectroscopy 109 index of membrane hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity
105 infrared internal reflection spectroscopy (IR-IRS)
179 inks, decolorisation of effluents containing 341 inorganic chemical industry 330-4
characterization 330 industrial processes 330-1 pollution 333 products 330
inorganic contaminants in drinking water 503 inorganic membranes 112
chemically stable 26 inorganic trace contaminants 508
characterisation 503-5 removal by NF 502-11
interfacial membranes 18 interfacial polymerisation 42-6
monomers 43-5 supports 43
ion activity product (lAP) 200 ion-exchange 309
capacity 109 pretreatment 255 selectivity 504, 511
ion-exchange resin regenerate, treatment of 311-12
ionic distribution 505 ionic length 109 ionic modification of asymmetric cellulose acetate
14-16 ionic radius 504, 510 ionic strength 150 ionisable functional groups 493 iron removal 245-6 irradiation, photoreactors 445
isoelectric point (IEP) 193,461-2 isopropyl alcohol (IPA) 318
J ]arny water-treatment plant 277-9
K Kelvin equation 102
L lactic acid
microbial formation 419 overall rejections 420 productivity 420 semi-continuous production 420 separation 428
lactose production 251 landfill
time estimates 397 water balance 396-7
landfill leachate 396-400, 460 BOD 398 characteristics 398-9 COD 398 composition 398-9 environmental impact 398 generation 396-7 long-term dimension 397 mass balance 398 molecular weight distribution of organic
substances 399 quality limits 400 TOC 398 trace contaminants 481
landfill leachate treatment 395-413 activated carbon in 401, 409-10 adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX)
401 adsorption 401, 407-8 ammonia in 401 application of NF 405-11 biological treatment 400-1 biology and NF 405-6
and adsorption on powdered activated carbon 409-10
with concentrate treatment by adsorption/oxidation 407-8
biology, ultrafiltration, adsorption process 402
landfill I BOD COD cone ecoru estim legal mem NF as oven
oxida ozoru proce reduc R041
w
Langelie laundry leach sol leaching
conte in co
lead rem Loeb-Sot log-nom log-nom loose RO
reject
M macrom. macIOVO
form; magnetn maleic a, malic aci mangani
remo sped
mass law mass trai mass trai mass trai
maximu meat aru
proce
Index 551
landfill leachate treatment continued BOD 398,401 COD 398, 401 concentrate removal 403 economics 410-11 estimated cost 410-11 legal standards 399-400 membrane processes 402-3 NF as single process 405 overview of currently employed processes
400-4 oxidation 401-2, 407-8 ozone 402, 407 process combinations 404 reduction 401-2 RO 402-6
with concentrate treatment by NF, crystallization and HPRO 408-9
Langelier Index 202 laundry wastewater applications 250-1 leach solutions, impurity removal 474 leaching
contaminants 482 in copper processing 471-3
lead removal from nitric acid 334 Loeb-Sourirajan (L-5) membranes 6, 8 log-normal distribution function 132-3 log-normal pore size distribution 130-2, 136 loose RO 6, 8, 331, 389
rejection values 1
M macromolecules, aggregation of 165-6 macrovoids 36
formation 37 magnetic treatment of water 246 maleic acid (MA) 40 malic acid 47 manganese
removal of 245-6, 283 speciation 462
mass law 153 mass transfer, in crossflow membrane filtration 188 mass transfer coefficient (MTC) 175, 177 mass transfer correlations 70 maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) 480, 482 meat and poultry pilot plant, wastewater treatment
process 252
membrane bioreactors (MBRs) 416-17 BOD 422 COD 422 Kubota system 421-2 re-use of permeate 422 submerged NF-membranes 423-4 types 417-18 wastewater treatment 422
membrane fermentors 418-25,428 design 424 engineering 424-5 product formation 418-21
membrane photoreactors, hybrid 437 membrane processes, landfill leachate treatment
402-3 membrane reactors 416 Mery-sur-Oise nanofiltration plant 273-7 mesoporous membranes 52 metals
recovery 459-77 rejection in acidic solutions 460-5 separation 333-4
metastable solutions 201 methacrylic acid 46 methanol applications 338 methanol-stable membranes 320 methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 353 N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide 51 N-methylpyrrolidon (NMP) 445, 523 Mg(CI04h 40 micro filtration (MF) 220, 242, 248, 250-1, 292,
416, 441 microorganisms, biocide control 221-4 micropores, defined 526 microporous membranes 52 microscopic techniques for morphology of NF
membranes 103-5 MINEQL 149 MINEQL+ 149 mineral processing, application of NF 469-75 MINTEQ 149 mixed oxides 56 modelling 119-46
historical background 120-1 linearised model of engineering calculations
138-41 NF transport 121 rejection of salts 125-9
552 Nanofiltration - Principlesand Applications
modelling continued rejection of uncharged solutes 122-5
modified fouling index (MFI) 175-7 modified fouling index UF (MFI-UF) 177 modules
arrangement 84-6, 268 characterisation 77, 539 concentration polarisation and crossflow
68-72 constraints 84-5 design and operation 67-88 flux enhancing strategies 81-3 high shear
rotor/stator 83 vibrating membrane 82-3
hollow fibre 75-6 laboratory trials 76-7 parallel connected 84 plate and frame 72-3 pulp and paper industry 365-7 role of 68 series connected 84 shell and tube 74-5 spiral-wound 73-4, 86-7, 267, 272
design features 77-81 feed channel spacers 78-81
estimated unit processing costs vs. flow rate 79
mass transfer coefficients vs. channel pressure loss 79
pretreatment 270 simulated distribution of local driving forces
(TMP) over spiral element membrane leaf 81
specific productivity vs. leaf geometry 82 tapered cascade 84 tubular 74-5 types 72-7 typical commercial 266
molar concentrations 151 molecular compound characteristics and groupings
492-3 molecular dynamic calculations 142 molecular polarity 493 molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 2, 10-11,24,
27,54-5,96-7,112,177,314,319,322,495 molybdenum speciation 462 motion picture imaging 335-6
multi-nuclear species 166-7 municipal wastewaters seewater reclamation
N Na- rejection by FilmTec NF40 membrane as
function of pH 155 NaCI
flux ratio as function of concentration 386 in textile dye effluent 384-6 rejection of during diafiltration 13 7 rejection with ratio of effective charge density
to bulk salt concentration 128 NaCl:MgClz mixture, rejection of 141 NaCI:NazS04 mixture, rejection of 141 NAD(P)(H)-linked enzymatic oxidation/reduction
reactions 425-8 nanofiltration (NF)
ceramic membranes 26 definition 1, 537 early development 14-16 future for 540 market growth 3 non-aqueous applications 521-36 possible futures 541 publications 3 rejection values 1 selectivity, early models 12-14 transport modelling 121 use of term 90
nanofiltration (NF) composites 19-20 early 16-19 interfacially produced 20 solvent-stable 24-6
nanofiltration (NF) membrane materials and preparation 33-65 classical organic reactions 49-50 overview 34 polymer types used 37-8
nanofiltration (NF) membrane modules see modules
nanofiltration (NF) membranes acid/base stable 24 autopsy 178-9 ceramic 351 characterization 89-137, 539 charge parameters 112-13 chemical structure 106-7 chemically stable 22-6
nanofi con dist firsl gen hist
hyc ino inte mo rno
nor nor opt org. peri peri pen
pol: port pro reje reje resi:
rete
sep<
I sper stab stru sub! surf
nanofiltration (NF) membranes continued compaction 173 distinctive features 1-2 first -generation 7-11 general behaviour investigation 446-7 history 1960 to 1990 5-31
overview 6 hydrophobic 355 inorganic 90 interaction phenomena 110 modified 220 morphology
microscopic techniques 103 parameters 100, 112
non-aqueous systems 113 normalisation of performance 174-5 optimisation 120 organic solvent systems 526-8 performance modelling seemodelling performance parameters 91, 111-12 permeability variation with solution chemistry
174 polymeric 90, 351 porous structure 100-5 properties 161, 207-8 rejection of uncharged solutes 96-100 rejection phenomena 1 resistances in filtration, rinsing and cleaning
225 retention 225
as function of transmembrane pressure 2 defined 91 measurements of charged molecules 91-6 of chloride ions in solution of NaCl and
NaZS04 95 of NaZS04, NaCI and CaCl z as function of
feed concentration 95 of NaZS04, NaCI and MgClz and various
dyes 94 separation of charged molecules (ions)
across porous and nonporous 91 separation of uncharged molecules across
porous and nonporous 90 specification 120 stability 464-5 structure properties and performance 90 submerged systems 429 surface investigation 225
Index 553
tubular 266, 268-9 use of term 90 see also NF/RO membranes; non-aqueous
applications nanofiltration (NF) pores 1 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
400 natural organic matter (NOM) 166, 174, 190,
192-5,247-8,268,279-81,283,481,483,494, 504 effect of solution chemistry on deposit of 194 filtration 219 fouling 166 retention 219 variation of molecular dimension and shape
495 natural product extraction 344-5 natural waters, pollutants in 482 Navier-Stokes (NS) equation 124 negative salt rejection 14-15 Nernst-Planck equation 121-2, 125, 140, 298, 506,
511 Nernst-Planck ion transport 126 NF/RO membranes 480,487,489,491 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 419 nitrates 502-11
hydrated radius 511 in groundwater aquifers 511
nitration 49 nitric acid
lead removal from 334 separation from heavy metals 469
nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 293 nitrite 503 4-nitrophenol 442
degradation 452 N-nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) 293-4 non-aqueous applications 521-36
materials and membranes 522-8 non-aqueous RO 528 non-aqueous systems 109-11 non-interfacial crosslinking, composites produced
by 20-2 non-solvents (or 'bad' solvents) 39 non-volatile solvent (NMP) 39 normalized pressure drop (NPD) 175 normalized salt passage (NSP) 175 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 107, 123-4
554 Nanofiltration - Principles andApplications
o l-octanol445 OCWD 293 oil recovery, secondary 356-7 oleochemistry 530-1 oligosaccharides, production of 322-3 open asymmetric NF membranes 11 open RO membranes 6, 18 organic chemical industry
applications of NF 335-43 characterization 334-5 pollution 335 products 334
organic colloid deposition 185 organic compounds
combined effects 484 trace, occurrences and effects 481-91
organic solvents 49, 522 applications of NF 528-33 membrane types for application in 524 NF membranes for 526-8 permeability coefficients 110
Osmonics HL 104 osmotic pressure 183
difference across a pore 121 Osmotic Pressure Model 181 oxidation, landfill leachate treatment 407-8 oxidation!reduction, landfill leachate treatment
401-2 oxidation/reduction reactions 425-8 oxidation/reduction transformations 162-3
half reactions 162 ozonation 247 ozone 380, 483
landfill leachate treatment 402, 407
p
paper industry see pulp and paper industry partition coefficient 123, 193,493
n-octanol/water mixture 96 pesticides 97
PEBAX 46 Peelet number 98, 124, 133, 139 Penicillium 217 peptisation 54 perfluoroglutaric acid 524 permeability coefficients for organic solvents
110
permeate flux and acid viscosity 463 vs. aluminum concentration 464
permporometry of porous membranes 102 persistent organic pollutants (POPS) 482-5 pesticides 482-3, 485-6
molecular structures 486 partition coefficients 97 rejection of 96 removal in borehole water 279 retention as function of molecular weight 499
petrochemical industry 353-8, 529-30 application of NF membranes 538 produced water recovery 357-8
pH cadmium species as function of 149 effect on As(V) and As(III) rejection by NF
membrane 156 Na- rejection by FilmTec NF40 membrane as
function of 155 pH control 202 pH range typical of natural waters 155-7 pH stability 23-4, 26 pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry
343-52 applications of NF 345-52 general industrial process description 344 overview 343 pilot/prototype applications 344 research and development bench test
technology 343 pharmaceutical industry 26 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs)
482-3,489-91 removal of
in municipal wastewater treatment 490 using RO membranes 491
structures of 490 phase inversion 35
basic principles 35-7 phase separation
composition paths 36 mechanism 35
phase transfer catalysis 337 phosphate retention 312 phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) 215 2-phosphonobutane-l,2,4-tricarboxylic acid
(PBTC) 245
phospl pur wet
photoc cha cok
cou esse hen in I in v
mel
wit] photoc
adv app con NF
sol, photoc photoc photoc photoc photog photor
con
disc
hyt
Irnr ina pile
ptpera: pipera: plasm, plasm, plasm, Poisso polaris polarit polish pollut
COl
in
Index 555
phosphoric acid 462 purification 334, 467-9 wet-process 469
photocatalysis characteristics of NF membranes used in 444 color removal via 390 coupled with physical separation 441 essential characteristics 438 heterogeneous 438-9 in liquid phase 437 in waste treatment 437 mechanism occurring when semiconductor
particle is irradiated 438 with RO processes 453
photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) advantages 435-58 applications and alternative processes 441-51 configurations 436! 441-5 NF membranes application to wastewater
treatment 439-41 solar radiation in 436-7
photocatalytic powder 437 photocatalytic reactions 436 photochemical modification 51-2 photodegradation, operation modes 447 photographic processing 335-6 photoreactors
continuous membrane 450 with suspended catalyst 442
discontinuous membrane with cell irradiation and suspended catalyst 443
hybrid continuous NF membrane process 453
immersed lamp 452 irradiation mode 445-6 pilot plant 437
piperazine 44 piperazineamide interfacial membranes 19 plasma initiation 51 plasma polymerization 18 plasma treatment 49 Poisson-Boltzmann relation 108 polarisation modulus 69 polarity! interactions due to 498-500 polishing technology 256-9 pollutants
concentration effect 450, 452-3 in natural waters 482
pollution inorganic chemical industry 333 organic chemical industry 335
polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fluoride 445 poly(alkyl methacrylate) 48 polyamide membranes 10, 492, 525 polyamide thin-film composite membranes,
surface properties of 209 polyamides (PA) 6 poly(aminostyrene) 44 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 482 polybenzimidazole (PBI) 524 polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) 482 poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) 355, 523 polyelectrolyte membranes 11-12 polyelectrotyte complexes 10 poly(esteramide) 44 polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 525 polyethersulfone (PES) 6, 103 polyethyleneimine 22 polyimides (PI) 525, 527 polyion NF-membranes 48 polylactic acid (PLA), manufacture of 419 polymer concentration 39 polymer grafting 50-1 polymer-solvent interaction 527 polymer structure 38 polymer types 37-8 polymeric additives 40 polymeric asymmetric membranes, chemically
stable 22-6 polymeric/inorganic hybrid membranes,
chemically stable 26 polymeric membranes, future scope 58 polymerisation parameters 46 polytphenylene OXide) (PPO) 523 polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) 525 polyphosphazenes (PPZ) 525 polypiperazineamide membranes 23 polypropylene (PP) 445 polypropyleneimine dendrimers 99 polysaccharide chains 280 poly(sulfonamide) membranes 45 polysulfone membranes 10-11 polysulfone UF membranes 49 polysulfones (PS) 6, 445 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 21, 525 poly(vinyl-benzene chloride) 45
556 Nanofiltration - Principles and Applications
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 6 pore blocking 185-90 pore blocking/plugging, organic fouling 195 pore diameter 97 pore dielectric constant 134 pore diffusivity 124 pore electroneutrality 139 pore forming additives 40 pore size distribution 1, 125, 129-38, 526
log-normal 130-2, 136 surface force-pore flow method for 103
pore vs. surface fouling 186 porewise rejection 133-4 POSEIDON project 488 post-casting treatment 40-1 post-synthesis modifications 57-8 post-treatment 41-2, 256-9
water treatment 266-7,270-1 potassium persulfate/potassium metabisulfate,
redox-initiated graft polymerisation with 220 potential gradient 134, 139 powdered activated carbon (PAC) 380, 409-10 PPESK 38-9 precipitated solids, aggregation of 165-6 precipitation 159-62
exceedance of 165 inorganic 243-6 phase change associated with 199
precipitation kinetics crystal growth 198-9 nucleation stage 198
pre filters 246 pregnant leach solution (PLS) 472 pretreatment 241-62
applications 243 biological 248-9 fouling 266 importance in NF 242-3 methods 243 nanofiltration as 253-6 non-membrane methods 243-9 overview 242-3 removal of colloids and solids 246 removal of organic substances 246-7 spiral-wound membranes 270 using filter media 249-53 see also specific processes and applications
process water, filtration and recycling 323-4
produced water, recovery of 357-8 rejectir
product purification and production 137, 252 une product recovery 137 product water, quality targets 292 residua propylene glycol, cleaning and recycling 339 Resista protein, hydrolysis 416 retentf protein-based biocatalysts 416 4-N
PTHREE project 488 CA: pulp and paper industry 364-77 defi
current and future applications of NF 374-5 effe estimated total costs 374 effe existing mill stage NF plants 368-71 flow sheet NF process 370-1 ent integrated mill 367-8 imj
NF modules 365-7 mel overview 364-5 mu permeate fluxes and development of feed Na2
conductivity 373 pilot and bench scale systems 371-4 Na< water circulation in integrated mill 369 water quality obtained with NF hybrid process sac
372 sod water streams in integrated mill 368 soli waters that could be processed with membranes reverse
and reused 367-8 292 pure water permeability 100 con purificaiton 256-7 pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) recovery 342-3 can pyridines 46 lam pyromellitic acid 525 phc
pre R put Raman spectroscopy 107 reje reactive dyes 380, 386, 392 sin! recirculation reservoir with immersed lamp 448 spn reclaimed water see water reclamation tex redox-initiated graft polymerisation with potassium see
persulfate/potassium metabisulfate 220 redox initiation 50 reverse rejection cor
cesium 158-9 ear mineral acids 461 Opt
NaCI:MgClz mixture 141 ren NaCI:NazS04 mixture 141 ref NaCI during diafiltration 137 salts 134-5 see
modelling 125-9 rotor!: solute 133 Ryzna
Index 557
rejection continued uncharged solutes 133
modelling 122-5 residual disposal 271-2 Resistance in Series Model 180 retention
4-NH2 dendrimer for CA30 membrane 99 CA30 membrane 99 defined 98 effect of concentration polarisation 165-7 effects of solution size, charge and
concentration 152 enhancement 252 impact of fouling 196-7 mechanisms 505-6 multivalent ions 461 NaZS04' NaCI and CaClz as function of feed
concentration 94 NaCl and NaZS04 by ASP35 and UTC90
membranes 100 saccharides 100 sodium halide 510 solution processes influencing 153-64
reverse osmosis (RO) 1, 6, 90, 109, 172, 201, 242, 292-3,295,309,331,381,416,441,492 concentrate treatment by NF, crystallisation
and high pressure RO 408-9 conventional 389 landfill leachate treatment 402-6 photocatalysis 453 pretreatment 253 publications 3 rejection values 1 single pass multistage 297 spiral-wound 258 textile effluent treatment 381-2 seealso high pressure reverse osmosis (HPRO);
loose RO reverse osmosis (RO) membranes
composite modification 20 early studies 11-12 open 6, 18 removal of PhACs 491 retention as function of transmembrane
pressure 2 see alsoNF/RO membranes
rotor/stator module 83 Ryznar Index 202
S saccharides
molecular mass, diffusion coefficient and molecular radii 97
retention 100 NF membranes 97
saccharides. retention, as function on solvent flux 98
saline water, desalination 254 salt brine, purification 332-3 salt concentration polarisation 187 salts
rejection 134-5 modelling 125-9
separation 350-2 solubility and supersaturation 199-201
sanitization 221-2 scaling 172,197-205
alkaline 244 categories of scales 244 characterisation of scales 203-4 common sealants 202-3 definition 197 formation 204, 243-4 non-alkaline 244 overview 197-9 rate of scale formation 205 seealso antiscalants
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 103, 171, 179-80, 201, 204
seawater, desalination 254, 331-2 17~-estradiol 488-9 silica fouling 172, 245 silica scale 203 silica-zirconia membranes 97 silt density index (SDl) 175-7 size exclusion in trace contaminant removal 493-6 size fractionation water quality determination 207 slurry photocatalytic reactors 437 sodium chloride seeNaCI sodium halide retention 510 sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) 245 sodium metabisulphite (SMBS) 247-8 sodium sulfate in textile dye effluent 384-6 sol formation 53 sol-gel process 52
colloidal and polymeric route 53 sol-gel TiOz nanoparticles 444
558 Nanofiltration - Principles and Applications
sol-layer deposition 54 solar radiation in photocatalytic membrane
reactors (PMR) 436-7 solids, pretreatment 246 solubility parameters 111 solubility product, exceedance of 165 solubility-supersaturation diagram 200 solute concentration gradient 68 solute depolarisation mechanisms 69 solute membrane affinity 511 solute rejection 133 solute-solute interaction 186 solution-diffusion models 122 solvation energy barrier 134 solvent-based de-gumming 318-19 solvent exchange technique 42 solvent extraction in copper processing 471-3 solvent lube dewaxing 353 solvent recycling from extraction processes 350 solvent stability 26 solvent-stable NF composites 24-6 solvents, physical data 110 sorption-diffusion model 500-1 space-charge 496 specific UV absorbance (SUVA) 175 SPEEK 40, 103 spinodal decomposition (SD) 35 (S)PPESK 38-9 spray-drying (SD) 309 SrS04 scale 202-3 Staphylococcus aureus 350 starch, hydrolysis 416 steep concentration 352 steric-hindrance 496 sterllizing 221 STERIMOL parameters 495 steroid estrogens 488 steroid hormones, structures of 488 Stiff and Davis Index 202 stirred cell 76 Stokes-Einstein radius 495 Stokes equation 210 streaming potential 108-9 strontium sulfate (SrS04) scale 202-3 submerged membranes 76 sugar industry
concentration of dextrose syrup 315-16 concentration of thin juice 316-17
demineralisation of coloured brine from anionexchange resin elution solutions 317
NF applications 251,314-17 sulfate removal
ChlorAlkali brine circuit 300 jarny plant 277-9
sulfate speciation in solution 461 sulfates, NF application 333 sulfonated engineering plastics as selective barriers
21-2 sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide
«S)PPO) 48 sulfonated polyethersulfone 96 sulfonated polysulfone, swelling degree (SD) 96 sulfonation 49 sulfuric acid 524
aluminum separation from 466 anodising solutions, hybrid process 465 NF application 333 purification 467
sulfuric acid liquor, application of NF 465 supersaturation ratio 200 supports 56-7 surface area difference (SAD) 208 surface blockage, mechanism 204 surface energy 105 Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) 123 surface force - pore flow method for pore size and
pore size distribution 103 surface modification of membranes 48-52 surface properties of polyamide thin-film
composite membranes 209 surface water
complex deposit 171 ultrafiltration pretreated 171
surfactant modification 52 sweet whey 308, 310 sweeteners
alternative 323 applications 251
swelling degree (SD) of sulfonated polysulfone 96 SX-electrowinning recycle loop 473 synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) 482
T tableau for aqueous system containing cadmium in
chloride solution 150 Taft number 498
temperature de 151
tertiary munici textile dye effh
application BOD remov clarificatior COD rernov comparison effect of ele
concent effect of mE hybrid sysn issues needi membrane
textile industry application current obj:
thin film comj reverse osm
thin film comj tight UF 6 tin oxide rneml no,
confinemer layer 444 membranes particle sep polycrystalJ UV activate
titration 109 toluene 353 total carbon (1 total dissolved total dissolved total Inorganic total organic c
398,439,4 trace contamn
anthropogi characteris definitions drinking al examples' groups 48~
inorganics remove retentn
Index 559
temperature dependency of equilibrium constants 151
tertiary municipal effluent fouling 180 textile dye effluent 379-93
application of NF 382-6 BOD removal 387-8 clarification/filtration processes 391 COD removal 387-8 comparison of NF with UF and RO 381-2 effect of electrolyte and dye concentration on
concentration polarisation 383-4 effect of membrane charge 383 hybrid systems 388-91 issues needing to be resolved 381 membrane fouling with 387
textile industry application of NF membranes 539 current objectives 3RO
thin film composite (TFC) 90, Ill, 444 reverse osmosis 293
thin film composite polyamide (TFC PAl 281 tight UF 6 tinoxide membranes 56 rio,
confinement or carrier 443-5 layer 444 membranes 55 particle separator 441-3 polycrystalline 439 UV activated 389
titration 109 toluene 353 total carbon (TC) 443 total dissolved carbon (TDC) :~ 72-3 total dissolved solids (TDS) 294, 331 total inorganic carbon (TIC) 443 total organic carbon (TOC) 244, 247, 293, 295,
398,439,443 trace contaminants
anthropogenic origin 482 characterisation 492-3 definitions 480, 483 drinking and surface water 482 examples 483 groups 483 inorganics
removal 502-11 retention 511
landfill leachate 481 organics
occurrences and effects 481-91 removal mechanisms in NF 491-502
removal 479-520 size exclusion in 493-6
trace organic compounds, occurrences and effects 481-91
transition metal catalysis 337-8 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 103, 179 transport equations 125 transport modeling 539 trichlorobenzene (TCB) 487 trichloroethylene (TCE) 444 trihalomethanes (THMs) 481-3, 492 trimesoyl chloride (TMC) 19 triton X-I00 51 turnover number (TON) 438
U ultrafiltration (UF) I, 6, 90, 96, 176,242,248,
251-3,381,416,441,492 permeate fluxes and development of feed
conductivity 373 pretreated surface water 171 publications 3 rejection values 1 textile effluent treatment 381-2
ultrafiltration (UF) membrane bioreactor (MBR) 422
ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fermentor 422 ultrafiltration (UF) membranes 130, 132, 444-5
retention as function of transmembrane pressure 2
ultrafiltration (UF) permeate, concentration and demineralisation 310-11
ultrafiltration (UF) permeate nanofiltration 351 ultraviolet (UV) activated titanium dioxide 389 ultraviolet (UV)-assisted graft polymerisation 219 ultraviolet (UV)-curing/wet interface
polymerisation 46 ultraviolet (UV) disinfection 292 ultraviolet (UV) irradiation 219, 248 ultraviolet (UV) photoinitiation SO ultraviolet (UV) radiation 445, 447
influence of mode 436 uranium 502-3
adsorption by ferrihydrite 164
560 Nanofiltration - Principles and Applications
uranium continued environmental contamination 508-9 isotope composition and half-life 503 sorption to ferrihydrite 163
uranium mill effluent, removal of key elements 474
uranium processing 473-5 eluate recycle 475
uranium speciation 157-8, 462 UTC90 membrane 100
V Val der Waals effects 495 vegetable oil industry 530
refining process 318 vibrating module (V-Sep) 83 Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP)
technique 82, 365-6 vinylbenzyl chloride 46 visual MINTEQ 149 volatile solvents 39 volume reduction factor (VRF) 248 volumetric flux and porosity 135
W waste production
environmental impacts 396 prevention of 380
wastewater organic material in 352 see also textile dye effluents
wastewater indicators 293 wastewater treatment 228, 250, 480-1
application of NF membranes 439-41,539 biological 421-4 copper rod refinery 258 dyeing process 380 meat and poultry pilot plant 252 membrane bioreactors (MBRs) 422 PhACs removal 490
wastewaters, see also water reclamation water dipole, positive or negative poles 504 water industry 480-1
application of NF membranes 539 water permeability coefficient 97 water quality determination, size fractionation 207 water reclamation 287-95
advantages of NF 290
applications 481 factors influencing 290 health requirements 290 importance of 288-90 industrial applications 294 key parameters 290-1 non-potable applications 289 overview of features 289 overview of projects 291 potable reuse projects 294-5 process fundamentals 290-2 process limitations 292-5 project drivers 288-90 treatment requirements 289
water softening 244, 255 borehole water 279
water supply, applications 481 water treatment 228, 263-86
case studies 273-9 magnetic 246 membrane material and module type 265-6 membrane selection 265-6 Mery-sur-Oise line 275 Mery-sur-Oise NF plant 273-7 plant design 265-72 plant operation and monitoring 272-3 post-treatment 266-7, 270-1 recyled linerboard mill 371 sulfate removal 277-9 see also drinking water; feed water; wastewater
weak acid dissociable (WAD) complexes 301 whey, concentration and demineralisation
307-10 whey protein isolate gel (WPI) 525
X X-ray diffractometry (XRD) 179, 204 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 107,
204 X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) 179-80
y
Young equation 105
Z zeta potential 108, 208, 384, 497 zinc removal 245-6 zirconia membranes 54-5, 57
