BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

Ngu van

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VI T NAM

'jmr

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

PHAN TRONG LUAN (Tong Chii bidn) LA N H A M THIN (Chii bien phan Van) - BUI MINH T O A N (Chu bien phan Tieng Viet)

LE A (Chu bien phan Lam van) Lfi NGUYEN CAN - D O A N LE GIANG - N G I M N THI RICH H A I

PHAN THI THU HIEN - NGUYfiN T H A I H O A - D 6 KIM HOI NGUYfiN X U A N LAC - DANG NGOC LE - T R A N DUC NGON

Lfi TRUONG P H A T - VU DUONG QUY - T R A N NHO THIN

Ngii van (Tdi bdn ldn thu tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GlAO DUC VIET NAM

Ban quyen thupc Nha xua't ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bp Giao due va Dao tao.

01-2010/CXB/556-1485/GD Ma so : CHOllTO

LOI NOI DAU

Chung ta da buac vao nhimg nam dau ciia the ki XXI. Cong cuoc doi moi da't nuoc dang didn ra soi dong tren moi linh vue cua

doi song. Mon Ngii van trong nha truang cung khong the khong co nhimg thay doi ve noi dung va phuang phap hoc tap. Cuon sach giao khoa trong tay anh (chi) dugc bien soan theo chuang trinh do Bo Giao due va Dao tao ban hanh. Nhung mpi co gang cua nhiJng nguoi soan sach cung chi n im tren timg trang gia'y ne'u khong eo su n6 lue hoc tap hang ngay, hang gia cua cae anh (chi).

Sach giao khoa NgU vdn 10 tie'p tuc thue hien tinh than tich hop a Trung hoc ca sa (THCS). Hpc Ngu van trong nha truang khong the tach rai ba phan Van, Tieng Viet va Lam van von la nhung ye'u to hpp thanh sinh dpng cua chucmg trinh. TVl6i van ban van chuang im tu eung cap nhieu du kien cho su trau doi Tieng Viet va Lam van. Nguac lai kie'n thiic ve Tieng Viet va Lam van cang giup cho chung ta am hieu hon su ki dieu trong m6i van ban van chuang. Vi the, hpc Ngii van theo tinh than tich hpp la mpt yeu cau quan trpng doi voi m6i hpc sinh.

Hpc Ngii van la de trau doi tinh cam tham mi va nhan each. Do la mpt mue tieu vo eung quan trpng. Song chuong trinh Ngii van trong nha truong Trung hpc pho thong (THPT) con chu trpng de'n phuang dien van hoa eua van ban van chuong. Van chuong trong nha truang eon eung cap nhiing hieu bie't ve nhieu phuong dien cua doi song. Chuong trinh lan nay chu trpng them cac van ban nghi luan xa hpi va van ban nhat dung. Hpe Ngu van phai huong vao eupe song de van dung kie'n thuie va de sdng diing, song dep. Do la quan diem van hod va thuc tidn ciia viee hpc Ngii van ngay nay.

Mpt diem mai quan trpng khac la sach giao khoa nham giiip hpc sinh tu hpc. Tu hpc la chie'n lupc cua xa hpi hpc tap ngay nay. Phan Huong ddn hpc bdi sau m6i van ban la nhung gpi y dan dat anh (chi) tu minh chie'm linh tae pham van chuang hay mpt bai hpe cu thd. Tra loi, suy nghi theo cac eau hoi la eo the ndm duac npi dung bai hpe. Co mpt sd cau hoi, bai tap dang trdc nghiem de anh (chi) lam quen dan voi mdt hinh thiic kiem tra moi. Muc Ket qud cdn dqt a dau bai va muc Ghi nhd d eudi bai la nhung tieu chi de anh (chi) dinh hudng trong qua trinh hpc tap cung nhu tu danh gia. Phan Luyen tap giiip ngudi hpe van dung kien thiic de thong hieu li luan va hinh thanh kl nang thuc hanh can ed d mdi ldp hpc ciing nhu cap hpe. Nhung cau hdi hay bai tap cd danh da'u (*) danh eho hpc sinh kha, gidi.

Hi vpng bd sach giao khoa Ngu vdn 10 se giiip anh (ehi) dat dugc nhieu ke't qua theo hudng tu hpc dudi su hudng ddn cua cac thay giao, cd giao.

cAc TAC GIA

TONG QUAN VAN HOC VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN OAT

i Ndm dugc mgt each dai cuang Inai bp phan lan cua van hgc Viet Nam : van hgc dan gian va van hgc viet.

Ndm dugc mgt each l<hai quat qua trinh phat trien cua van hgc vie't Viet Nam.

Hieu dugc nhung ngi dung the hien con ngudi Viet Nam trong van hgc.

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Trai qua hang ngan nam lich su, nhan dan Viet Nam da sang tao nen nhieu gia tri vat chat va tinh than to ldn, dang tu hao. Nen van hpc Viet Nam la mdt trong nhiing bang chiing tieu bieu cho nang luc sang tao tinh than ay.

I - CAC BO PHAN HOP THANH CUA VAN HOC VIET NAM

Van hpe Viet Nam bao gom cac sang tac ngdn tii vdi hai bd phan ldn cd quan he mat thie't vdi nhau : van hpe dan gian va van hpc viet.

1. Van hoc dan gian

Van hpc dan gian la sang tac tap the va truyen mieng cua nhan dan lao ddng. CQng cd trudng hpp ngudi tri thiic tham gia sang tae van hpe dan gian, nhung cac sang tac dd phai tuan thii nhung dac tnmg cua van hpc dan gian va trd thanh tieng ndi tinh cam chung cua nhan dan.

Van hpc dan gian cd cae the loai chu ye'u sau : than thoai, sii thi, truyen thuyet, truyen eo tich, truyen ngu ngdn, truyen cudi, tuc ngii, eau do, ca dao, ve, truyen tho, cheo.

Van hpc dan gian cd nhung dac trung tieu bieu: tinh truyen mieng, tinh tap the va su gan bd vdi cae sinh hoat khac nhau trong ddi sd'ng cpng ddng'".

2. Van hoc Viet

Van hpc vie't la sang tac cua tri thiie, dupc ghi lai bdng ehii vie't. La sang tao cua ea nhan, tac pham van hpc viet mang da'u an cua tac gia.

(1) Bai khai quat vg van tipc dan gian se trinh bay cu the hon cac van de co lien quan den van hpc dan gian.

a) Cha vie't cua vdn hpc Viet Nam

Nen van hpc Viet Nam tii xua tdi nay ve ca ban dugc vie't bdng chii Han, chii Ndm va chii qudc ngii.

Chii Han la van tu cua ngudi Han. Ngudi Viet Nam dpc ehii Han theo each rieng gpi la each dpc Han Viet. Chii Ndm la chu vie't cd eua ngudi Viet, dua vao chu Han ma dat ra. Chir qudc ngu la thii chii sii dung ehii cai La-tinh de ghi am tieng Viet. 6 dau the ki XX, mdt sd tac gia sang tac bdng ehii Han, chu Ndm va tieng Phap. Song, ve co ban, ed the ndi van hpc Viet Nam tir the ki XX trd di la nen van hpc viet bdng ehu qude ngir. Ca van hpc chii Ndm va van hpe chii qud'c ngu deu la van hpc vie't bdng tieng Viet.

h) He thdng the loqi cua van hpc viet

- Van hpc tir the ki X de'n he't the ki XDC: Trong van hpc chti Han, cd ba nhdm the loai ehu ye'u : van xudi (truyen, ki, tieu thuyet chuong hdi,...) ; tho (tha co phong, tha Dudng luat, tir khuc,...) ; van bien ngdu (hinh thiic trung gian giira tho va van xudi, dugc dung nhieu trong phii, cao, van te,...). O van hpc chii Ndm, phan ldn cac the loai la tho (tho Ndm Dudng luat, truyen tha, ngam khiie, hat ndi) va vdn bien ngdu.

- Van hpc tir dau the ki XX den nay : loai hinh va loai the van hpe cd ranh gidi tuong dd'i ro rang hon. Loai hinh tu su ed tieu thuyet, truyen ngdn, ki (biit ki, tuy but, phdng su). Loai hinh trie tinh cd tha tni tinh va trudng ca. Loai hinh kich cd nhieu the nhu kich ndi, kich tha,...

I I - QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN CUA VAN HOC VIET VIET NAM

Van hpc Viet Nam la san pham tinh th an eua tat ca cac dan tde eu trii tren lanh thd Viet Nam. Dd la mdt nen van hpe thd'ng nhat trong su da dang. Ben canh nhiing dac trung chung, van hpc ciia mdi viing, mien, mdi tde ngudi lai ed nhung ban sdc rieng lam phong phii cho nen van hpc ciia toan dan tde.

Qua trinh phat trien ciia van hpe Viet Nam gdn chat vdi lich su chinh tri, van hoa, xa hpi ciia da't nude. Nhin tong quat, van hpc Viet Nam da trai qua ba thdi ki ldn:

- Van hpc tir the ki X de'n he't the ki XIX.

- Van hpc tir dau the ki XX de'n Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945.

- Van hpc tir sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 de'n he't the' kl XX' '.

(1) Phan van hoc Viet Nam trong chuang trinh Ngu van THPT hien chi gim han den het the ki XX. Ba bai khai quat danh cho ba thoi ki nay trong sach Ngu van cac lop 10, 11, 12 se trinh bay cu the dac trung va quy luat ciia m6i thoi ki. Bai Tong quan chi neu len mpt so net chung nha't ciia van hoc Viet Nam trong toan bo tien tnnh lich sii.

Van hpc tir the ki X de'n he't the' ki XDC (vdn hpc trung dqi) hinh thanh va phat trien trong bdi canh van hoa, van hpc vimg Ddng A, Ddng Nam A; cd quan he giao luu vdi nhieu nen van hpc khu vuc, dac biet la van hpc Trung Qud'c.

Hai thdi ki sau (van hpc ttr dau the ki XX de'n nam 1945 va tir nam 1945 de'n he't the ki XX) tuy cd mpt sd dac diem rieng biet nhung deu ndm trong mdt xu hudng phat trien chung ciia qua trinh hien dai hoa van hpc nen ed the gpi ehung la vdn hpc hien dqi.

Van hpc hien dai hinh thanh va phat trien trong bdi canh giao luu van hoa, van hpc ngay cang md rdng. "Su gap ga phuong Tay la cupc bie'n thien ldn nha't trong lich sii Viet Nam ttr ma'y muoi the ki" (Hoai Thanh). Tir chd chi tie'p xiie, giao luu vdi van hpc cac nudc trong khu vuc, van hpc Viet Nam da tiep nhan them tinh hoa cua nhieu nen van hpc tren the gidi de ddi mdi.

Mdi thdi ki van hpc ndi tren da van ddng qua nhiing giai doan khac nhau, chiu sir chi phdi, quy dinh ciia hoan canh lich six - xa hdi. Nhirng truyen thdng ldn ciia van hpc dan tdc nhu chii nghia yeu nudc, chii nghia nhan dao hinh thanh, phat trien trong van hpc trung dai da dugc ke thira, phat huy trong van hpc hien dai. Tuy vay, giira van hpc trung dai va van hpc hien dai eiing cd mdt sd khac biet quan trpng.

1. Van hoc (rung flai (van hoc tir the l(i X flen het the \a XIX)

Van hpc trung dai Viet Nam dupe viet bdng chu Han va ehii Ndm.

Thuc ra, ngudi Viet da tie'p xuc vdi chii Han tir dau Cdng nguyen. Thdi Bdc thude, cd mdt sd ngudi Viet Nam da thi dd tie'n si va lam quan d Trung Qudc. Nhung cac sang tac ciia hp khdng dii de lam nen mdt nen van hpc vie't. Nen van hpc vie't Viet Nam ehinh thiie hinh thanh ttr the ki X, khi dan tde Viet Nam gianh dugc chii quyen ttr tay eae the luc dd hd phuang Bdc. Van hpe chii Han tdn tai cho tdi cud'i the ki XDC - dau the ki XX. Chir Han la phuang tien de nhan dan ta tiep nhan nhung hpc thuyet ldn ciia phuang Ddng thdi dd nhu Nho giao, Phat giao, tu tudng Lao - Trang. Nhieu quan niem triet hpc, ehinh tri, dao due, tham mi trong van hpc trung dai chiu anh hudng eiia ede hpe thuyet nay. Ndm vung Han hpc, cac nha van, nha tha Viet Nam da tiep nhan mdt phan quan trpng he thdng the loai va thi phap van hpc cd - trung dai Trung Qudc. Nhieu hien tupng van hpe ldn nhu tha van yeu nude va tha thien thdi LI - Tran, eae the loai van xudi nhu truyen ki (vi du Thdnh Tdng di thdo, Truyen ki mqn luc), ki sir (vi du Thugng kinh ki su, Vu trung tuy but), tieu thuye't chuong hdi (vi du Nam trieu cdng nghiep didn chi, Hodng Le nhdt thdng chi) cd gia tri hien thuc va nhan dao thudc ve van hpc chu Han. Nhieu tac pham lan, dang tu hao ciia van hpc Viet Nam dupe vie't bdng chii Han. Cac nha tha yeu nuoc va nhan dao ldn thdi trung dai nhu Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Qudt,... deu cd sang tac tha ehii Han. Ngay trong giai doan van hpc chii Nom phat trien manh d the ki XVIII, van hpe chii Han vdn ed nhieu thanh tuu.

Chii Ndm cd the da xua't hien ttr lau, nhung van hpc vie't bdng ehii Ndm bdt dau phat trien manh tir the' ki XV va dat tdi dinh cao d cud'i the' ki XVIll - dau the ki XDC. Chii Ndm va van hpc chii Ndm ra ddi la ke't qua eua lich sir phat trien van hpc dan tdc. Van hpc chii Ndm cdn la bdng chiing hung hdn cho y chi xay dung mdt nen van hien ddc lap ciia dan tdc ta. Nhieu thanh tuu ciia van hpc Viet Nam ndm trong van hpe ehu Ndm. Viec tie'p thu chu ddng, sang tao the tho Dudng luat cd the quan sat thay trong tha Ndm Dudng luat cua Nguydn Trai, Nguyin Binh Khiem, Hd Xuan Huang, Ba Huyen Thanh Quan,... Rat hiem thay van xudi bdng chii Ndm. Nhd cd chii Ndm ma cac the tho dan tdc nhu luc bat, song that luc bat ed dugc vai trd quan trpng trong su hinh thanh cdc the loai van hpc dan tdc (truyen tha Ndm, ngam khiic, hat ndi). Hang loat bai tho Ndm ciia Nguydn Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, hang loat truyen Ndm bac hpe (nhu So kinh tdn trang, Truyen Kieu) va truyen Ndm binh dan (nhu Tdng Trdn - Cue Hoa, Phqm Tdi - Ngpc Hoa), hang loat khiic ngam, bai hat ndi da chiing td nang lue sang tao to ldn ciia cac nha tho Viet Nam khi sang tac bdng tieng Viet. Nhd cd ehu Ndm ghi am tieng Viet ma tac pham ciia eae nha van, nha tho bac hpe cd the dd dang den dugc vdi nhan dan lao ddng. So vdi van hgc ehii Han thi van hpc chii Ndm tie'p nhan anh hudng eua van hpc dan gian toan dien, sau sdc hon. Su phat trien cua van hpc chii Ndm gdn Hen vdi nhiing truyen thd'ng ldn nhat ciia van hpc trung dai nhu long yeu nudc, tinh than nhan dao, tinh hien thue, ddng thdi phan anh qua trinh dan tdc hoa va dan chu hoa ciia van hpc trung dai.

2. Van hoc hien Oai (van hgc tir ih the i<i XX den het the \u XX)

Neu ttr the' ki X den he't the ki XIX van hpc Viet Nam chii ye'u ndm trong quan he giao luu eua vung Ddng A va Ddng Nam A thi de'n the ki XX, van hpe nudc ta da ed quan he giao luu qud'c te rdng hon. Van hpe hien dai da cd mam mdng d eudi the' ki XDC. Trai qua mdt giai doqn giao thdi ngdn ttr dau the ki XX de'n dau nhiing nam 30, van hpc Viet Nam da budc vao quy dao cua van hpc hien dai, cu the la tiep xiic vdi eae ndn van hpe chau Au. Van hpc Viet Nam hien dai la nen van hpc tieng Viet, chu ye'u vie't bdng chii qudc ngii. Mac dti ttr giiia the' ki XVII, ehii cai La-tinh da dugc dung de ghi am tieng Viet, nhung phai den dau the ki XX, nd mdi chinh thiic dugc xem la "qudc ngii". Chii qud'c ngii dd hgc, do dd nen van hpc viet bdng ehii qud'c ngii la nen van hpe ed nhieu cdng chiing nhat trong lich su.'Sd lupng tac gia va tac pham cua the' ki XX cung dat quy md chua ttmg cd.

Van hpc hien dai Viet Nam mdt mat ke' thira tinh hoa ciia van hpc truyen thdng, mat khdc tie'p thu tinh hoa ciia nhiing nen van hpc ldn tren the' gioi de hien dai hod. Su ddi mdi khie'n cho van hpe hien dai cd mdt sd diem khac biet lon so vdi van hpc trung dai:

- Ve tdc gid: da xua't hien dpi ngu nha van, nha tha chuyen nghiep, lay viec vie't van, sang tac tha lam nghe nghiep.

- Ve ddi sd'ng vdn hpc: nhd cd bao chi va ki thuat in a'n hien dai, tac pham Van hpc di vao ddi sdng nhanh hon, mdi quan he qua lai giira ddc gia va tae gia mat thiet hon, ddi sdng van hpc sdi ndi, nang ddng hon.

- Ve the loqi: tha mdi, tieu thuye't, kich ndi,... dan thay the' he thd'ng the loai eu, tuy mdt vai the loai cii ciia van hpc trung dai van tiep tuc tdn tai, song khdng cdn ddng vai trd chii dao.

- Ve thi phdp : he thd'ng thi phap mdi dan thay the' he thd'ng thi phap cu. Ldi vie't udc le, sting cd, phi nga ciia van hpc trung dai khdng cdn thich hpp va ldi vie't hien thuc, dd cao ca tinh sang tao, de cao "cai tdi" ea nhan dan dugc khang dinh.

Cdch mang thang Tam nam 1945, su kien lich su vl dai da md ra mdt giai doan mdi trong tie'n trinh van hpc Viet Nam the' ki XX. Nhieu nha van cua giai doan van hpc 1930 -1945 da di theo each mang, cdng hien tai nang va siie luc cho su nghiep van hpc each mang ciia dan tpc.

Dan tde ta da tiep thu nhieu thanh tuu van hoa eua nhan loai trong cudc tie'p xiie vdi the' gidi. Nhung cdng cudc hien dai hoa van hpc ciia da't nude ta lai didn ra trong hoan canh phai dau tranh de giai phdng khdi ach nd dieh cua cac the' lire thuc dan phuong Tay. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da lanh dao toan dan tdc tie'n hanh thdng lgi cudc dau tranh chd'ng thuc dan Phap, de' qud'c Nhat va de' qudc Mi, giai phdng dan tdc, thd'ng nhat dat nudc. Ttr eudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, mdt nen van hpc mdi ra ddi va phat trien dudi sir lanh dao toan dien cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam. Nhiing thanh tuu van hpc to ldn tir sau nam 1945 de'n nay gdn lidn vdi dudng ldi van nghe diing ddn ciia Dang va su nghiep lao ddng, chie'n dau cua nhan dan ta.

Van hpc the' ki XX da phan anh hien thue xa hdi va chan dung con ngudi Viet Nam vdi ta't ca cac phuong dien phong phii, da dang. Trudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, van hpc hien thue da ghi lai khdng khi ngdt ngat cua xa hdi thue dan mia phong kie'n, du bao cudc each mang xa hdi sdp didn ra. Van hpc lang man giai doan nay lai kham pha, de cao "cai toi" ca nhan, da'u tranh eho hanh phiic va quyen sd'ng ca nhan. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, van hgc hien thuc xa hdi chii nghia da di sau phan anh su nghiep da'u tranh each mang va xay dung cudc sdng mdi.

Ttr sau su kien giai phdng mien Nam, thd'ng nha't da't nudc nam 1975, dac biet vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi tir nam 1986, van hpc hien dai Viet Nam bude vao mdt giai doan phat trien mdi. Cac nha van Viet Nam da phan anh mdt each sau sdc cdng eudc xay dung chii nghia xa hpi, su nghiep cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hoa dat

nudc. Trong van hpc duang dai, cd the' dpc dugc tam tu, tinh cam eiia con ngudi Viet Nam trudc nhirng van de mdi me ciia thdi md ciia, hdi nhap qud'c te' het siic sdi ddng va phiic tap.

Thanh tuu ndi bat cua van hgc Viet Nam the ki XX thudc ve van hpc yeu nudc va each mang, gdn lien vdi cdng cudc giai phdng dan tdc. Cudc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, hai cudc khang chien than thanh chd'ng thuc dan Phap va de qud'c Mi gianh ddc lap dan tde la hien thue lich sii vT dai dem de'n nhiing de tai, ngudn cam hiing mdi, tao tien de eho sir xua't hien mdt nen van hpe mdi vdi nhiing thanh tuu nghe thuat dang tran trpng.

Ve the loai, ben canh sir tie'p tuc phat trien ciia tha, van xudi qudc ngii cudi the ki XIX - dau the' kl XX da cd mdt sd tae pham ed y nghia md dau. Cdng cudc hien dai hod tho, kich, truyen ngdn, tieu thuye't da dat dupc nhieu thanh tuu to ldn trong giai doan 1930 -1945 va duge tie'p tuc day manh trong cae giai doan sau. Tha mdi, tieu thuye't Tu luc van doan, van xudi hien thue trudc Cach mang, tho khang chie'n chd'ng Phap, tha, tieu thuye't vd truyen ngdn, biit ki trong khang chie'n chd'ng MI eiing nhu trong cdng cudc ddi mdi da't nudc la nhiing thanh tuu ldn ciia van hge nude ta d the' ki XX. Trong dieu kien md cira, hdi nhap qud'c te, van hpc Viet Nam da va dang tich cue lira ehpn, tie'p nhan nhieu thanh tuu nghe thuat ciia van hpc the' gidi de hien dai hod, phat trien.

Nhin ehung, nen van hpc Viet Nam dat dugc nhiing thanh tuu ldn vdi nhiing tac gia cd ten tudi nhu Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Du, Hd Chi Minh,... Nhieu tac pham van hpc Viet Nam cd gia tri da dugc dich ra nhidu thii tieng tren the' gidi. Vdi y chi va kha nang sang tao to ldn, dan tdc Viet Nam da tao dimg dupc mdt nen van hpc cd vi tri xiing dang trong van hpc toan nhan loai.

Ill - CON NGU&I VIET NAM QUA VAN HOC

Van hpc la nhan hpc. Con ngudi la dd'i tugng phan dnh, bie'u hien trung tam ciia van hgc. Van hgc Viet Nam the hien tu tudng, tinh cam, quan niem chinh tri, van hod, dao diic, tham mi ciia eon ngudi Viet Nam trong nhieu mdi quan he da dang.

1. Con ngirdi Viet Nam trong quan he vdi the gidii tir nhien

Dudi hinh thiic ddc dao eiia tu duy huyen thoai, cae tac pham van hpc dan gian da ke lai qua trinh dng cha ta nhdn thuc, cdi tqo, chinh phuc the' gidi tu nhien hoang da de xay dung non sdng da't nudc tuoi dep va tich luy nhieu hieu bie't phong phii, sau sdc ve tu nhien. Tmh yeu thien nhien la mpt ndi dung quan trpng cua van hoc Viet Nam.

10

Trong van hpc dan gian (nha't la ca dao, dan ca), ta cd the bdt gap nhiing hinh anh tuoi dep va dang yeu ciia thien nhien Viet Nam: niii va sdng, ddng lua va canh cd, vang trang va ddng sud'i, gid va may, cay da va ben nude,... Canh quan cac viing mien khac nhau ciia da't nudc rat da dang nen hinh anh thien nhien trong ca dao, dan ca ciia mdi viing ciing cd nhirng net dae sdc rieng biet.

Trong sang tae tho ca thdi trung dai, hinh tugng thien nhien gdn vdi 11 tudng dao diic, tham mi. Cac hinh tupng tting, ciic, tnic, mai thudng tupng trung cho nhan each cao thugng ; eae de tai ngu, tieu, canh, muc thudng the hien 11 tudng thanh cao, an dat, khdng mang danh lpi eua nha nho.

Trong van hpe hien dai, hinh tupng thien nhien the hien tinh yeu que huong, da't nudc, yeu cudc sdng, dac biet la tinh yeu liia ddi. Huong thom cua bdng sen, bdng budi, hinh tupng sdng bien, canh mua xuan,... thudng gdn lien vdi nhiing ki niem dep de ciia tinh yeu.

I. Con ngirdi Viet Nam trong quan he quoc gia, dan tdc

Ttr thdi xa xua, dan tdc Viet Nam da sdm ed y thiic xay dung mdt qudc gia ddc lap, tu ehii. Mdt dac diem ldn cua lich sii Viet Nam la dan tpc ta da phai nhieu lan da'u tranh va chie'n thdng nhieu the' luc xam luge hung bao de bao ve nen ddc lap tu chu cua minh. Phan anh sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve nen ddc lap ay eiia dan tdc, cd mdt ddng van hpe yeu nude phong phii va mang gia tri nhan van sau sdc xuyen sudt lich su van hpe Viet Nam.

Tinh than yeu nudc trong van hpe dan gian the hien ndi bat qua tinh yeu lang xdm, que eha da't td, noi chdn nhau edt rdn, su cam ghet cae the luc xam luge giay xeo que huong. Chii nghia yeu nudc trong van hpc trung dai the hien ehu ye'u qua y thiic sau sdc ve qud'c gia, dan tdc, ve truyen thd'ng van hien lau ddi eua dan tdc. Chu nghia yeu nudc trong van hpc cdch mang gdn lien vdi su nghiep da'u tranh giai cap va li tudng xa hdi ehu nghia. Nhin ehung, ldng yeu nudc trong van hpc Viet Nam the hien qua tinh yeu que huong, niem tu hao ve truyen thd'ng van hod dan tdc, ve lich su dung nudc va giii nude chdi lpi nhirng chie'n cdng, dac biet qua y ehi cam thii quan xam luge va tinh than dam hi sinh vi ddc lap, tu do ciia To qudc. Nhieu tac pham ldn ke't tinh ldng yeu nudc ttr xua de'n nay nhu Nam qudc son hd, Binh Ngd dqi cdo, Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc, Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap, nhieu tap tha di sii cua cac nha nho,... nhieu tac gia van hpc yeu nudc ldn nhu Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Dinh Chieu, Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh, Hd Chi Minh, Td Huu,... da xay dung nen mdt he thd'ng tu tudng yeu nudc hoan chinh. Nhieu tac pham cua van hpe yeu nudc la nhiing kiet tac van ehuong. Dac biet phai nhdc tdi pham cha't tien phong chdng de' qudc ciia nen van hpe each mang Viet Nam the' ki XX. Chu nghia yen nudc la mdt ndi dung tieu bieu, mdt gia tri quan trpng eiia van hpc Viet Nam.

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3. Con ngirdi Viet Nam trong quan he xa hdi

Xay dung mdt xa hdi td't dep la udc mudn ngan ddi eua dan tdc Viet Nam. Nhieu tdc pham van hpe the hien udc ma ve mdt xa hdi cdng bdng, td't dep. Van hpc dan gian cd hinh anh nhiing dng tien, dng But toan nang, nhiing chang hoang tu hay ciiu giiip ngudi dan khdn khd. Trong van hpc trung dai, dd la udc move xa hdi Nghieu - Thuan. Trong van hpc hien dai, li tudng xa hdi ehu nghia la mdt ddng lire to ldn dd'i vdi su nghiep da'u tranh giai phdng dan tde va xay dung eudc sd'ng mdi.

Trong xa hdi phong kie'n va xa hdi thuc dan nua phong kie'n, cac nha van da len tieng td eao, phe phan cac the' lire chuyen quyen va bay td ldng cam thdng vdi nhiing ngudi dan bi dp biie. Truyen cudi dan gian, ca dao, tuc ngir da td eao, da kich, che' gidu giai cap thd'ng tri tham bao, tic hiep nhan dan. Nhidu tac pham tho, truyen tho, tieu thuye't, ki da mieu ta hien thuc xa hdi den tdi, phoi bay nhiing canh ddi dau khd ciia ngudi dan, ddi giai cap thdng tri phai quan tam den quyen sd'ng cua con ngudi.

Nhin thdng vao thuc tai vdi tinh than nhan thiic, phe phan va cai tao xa hdi la mdt truyen thd'ng ldn ciia van hpe Viet Nam. Nhan vat eiia nhieu tac pham van hpc khdng chi la nan nhan dau khd cua xa hdi ap biic, bat cdng ma cdn la nhiing con ngudi biet da'u tranh cho tu do, hanh phiic, nhan pham, quyen sdng. Kieu la mdt nan nhan, song Tir Hai lai la ngudi anh himg chie'n dau eho ehinh nghia. Chi Dau, Chi Pheo la nan nhan, song nhieu nhan vat phu nii, ndng dan, anh bd dpi eua van hpc chd'ng Phap va chd'ng Mi lai tieu bieu cho li tudng anh hting each mang.

Cam hiing xa hdi sau dam la mdt tien dd quan trpng cho sir hinh thanh chu nghia hien thuc va chu nghia nhdn dqo trong van hpc dan tdc.

Ttr sau nam 1975, nhan dan ta da thuc su bdt tay vao xay dung chii nghia xa hpi vdi nhiing li tudng nhan dao eao dep. Van hpc Viet Nam da va dang di sau phan anh cdng eude xay dung cudc sd'ng mdi tuy cdn khd khan gian khd nhung day hiing khdi va tin tudng vao tuong lai.

4. Con ngudi Viet Nam va y thirc ve ban than

Van hpe Viet Nam da ghi lai qua trinh tim kiem, lira chpn cdc gia tri de hinh thanh dao li lam ngudi cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Cac hpc thuye't nhu Nho, Phat, Lao - Trang va tu tudng dan gian ed anh hudng sau sdc de'n qua trinh nay.

Trong nhiing hoan canh lich sii dac biet nhu dau tranh chd'ng ngoai xam, cai tao thien nhien khdc nghiet, con ngudi Viet Nam thudng de cao y thiic cdng ddng hon y thiic ca nhan. Nhan vat trung tam trong cdc sang tac van hpc ra ddi ttr hoan canh lich sii dae biet dd thudng de cao y thiic xa hdi, trach nhiem cdng dan, tinh than hi sinh "cdi tdi" ea nhan de'n miic khdc ki, cd thai dd xem thudng mpi cam

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dd vat chat, sdn sang hi sinh de bao ve dao nghia va li tudng, coi cai che't nhe tua ldng hdng. Chu nghia khdc ki, tu tudng diet due la mdt nguyen nhan khie'n cho de tai tinh yeu nam nii trong sang tdc van hpe d mdt sd giai doan vdng bdng hay hiem thay xuat hien.

Trong nhiing hoan canh khac, eon ngudi cd nhan lai dugc cac nha van, nhd tha de cao. Dd la giai doan cud'i the' kl XVIII - dau the' ki XDC, giai doan 1930 - 1945 va giai doan van hge thdi ki ddi mdi ttr 1986 de'n nay. Con ngudi trong sang tae van hgc thudc cdc giai doan ke tren, tat nhien d cdc miic dp khac nhau, da ed y thiic ve quyen sdng ca nhan, quyen dupc hudng hanh phiic vd tinh yeu, y nghia ciia eudc sd'ng tran the. Ve mat nay, cd the ke de'n con ngudi trong cdc khuc ngam, trong tha Ho Xuan Huong, Truyen Kieu,... (the' ki XVIll - dau the' ki XIX) ; con ngudi trong van xudi Tu luc van doan, Tha mdi, van hpc hien thuc (giai doan 1930 - 1945); con ngudi trong van hpc thdi ki ddi mdi tit 1986 de'n nay.

Mdi mdu hinh nhan vat II tudng, trung tam cua van hpe mdi giai doan ndi tren cd mdt gia tri rieng, siic hap ddn rieng. Nhung xu hudng chung eiia su phat trien van hpc dan tdc la xay dung mdt dqo li ldm ngudi vdi nhieu pham chat tdt dep nhu: nhan ai, thuy chung, tinh nghia, vi tha, diic hi sinh vi su nghiep chinh nghia, dau tranh chd'ng ehii nghia khdc ki ciia ede tdn giao va de eao quyen sd'ng ciia eon ngudi ca nhan nhung khdng chap nhan chu nghia cd nhan cue doan.

HU^G OAN HOC BAI

1. Hay ve sa do cac bd phan eiia van hpc Viet Nam.

2. Trinh bay qua trinh phat trien cua van hgc viet Viet Nam.

3. Dting hieu bie't cda minh de lam sang td nhan dinh : Van hpc Viet Nam da the hien chan thuc, sau sdc ddi sdng tu tudng, tinh cam eiia con ngudi Viet Nam trong nhieu md'i quan he da dang.

. GHI NHO ^

• Van hpc Viet Nam cd hai bg phan lan : van hgc dan gian va van hgc vie't. Van hgc vie't Viet Nam gdm van hgc trung dai va van hgc hien dai, phat trien qua ba thdi ki, the hien chan thuc, sau sdc ddi sdng tu tudng, tinh cam ciia con ngudi Viet Nam.

• Hgc van hgc dan tdc la de tu bdi duang nhan each, dao dire, tinh cam, quan niem tham mi va trau ddi tieng me de.

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HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP BANG NGON NGIf

^

Ndm dugc kie'n tie'p bdng ngon r ITnh hgi, tao lap

thirc ca ban i g u ; van

nang cac ban tron

KET QUA CAN OAT -

ve hoat dgng giao ) kT nang phan t ich, g giao tie'p.

^

I - THE NAO LA HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP BANG NGON NGUT ?

1. Dpc van ban sau va tra ldi cau hdi.

Vua nhd Trdn trinh trpng hdi cdc bd ldo:

- Nuoc Dqi Viet ta tuy Id mot nudc nho 6 phuong Nam nhimg ludn bi nuoc ngodi nhdm ngd. Tu cdxua den gid that chua cd khi ndo gidc mqnh vd hung hdn nhu ngdy nay. Chung se keo sang ndm muoi vqn qudn, bdo rang : "Vd ngua Mdng Cd di den ddu cd khdng mpc ducK 6 chd dy !". Vqy nin lieu tinh sao ddy ?

Mpi ngudi xdn xao tranh nhau ndi:

- Xin be hq cho ddnh I

- Thuachicd ddnh I

Nhd vua nhin nhting khudn mat dep long long, hoi lai mpt ldn nda:

- Nen hod hay nin ddnh ?

Tiic thi mudn mieng mpt ldi:

- Ddnh! Ddnh 1

Dien Dien Hong nhu rung chuydn. Ngudi ngudi sue sdi.

{Theo Le Van, Hdi nghi Dien Hong)

a) Hoat ddng giao tie'p dugc van ban tren ghi lai didn ra giiia cac phan vat giao tie'p nao ? Hai ben cd cuong vi va quan he vdi nhau nhu the nao ?

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b) Trong boat ddng giao tie'p tren, cac nhan vat giao tie'p lan lugt ddi vai (vai ngudi ndi, vai ngudi nghe) cho nhau nhu the' nao ? Ngudi ndi tie'n hanh nhiing hanh ddng cu the nao, cdn ngudi nghe thuc hien nhiing hanh ddng tuong ling nao ?

c) Hoat ddng giao tie'p tren didn ra trong hoan canh nao ? (6 dau ? Vao Mc nao ? Khi dd d nudc ta cd su kien lich sii gi ?)

d) Hoat ddng giao tiep tren hudng vao ndi dung gi ?

e) Muc dich ciia eudc giao tie'p (hdi nghi) la gi ? Cudc giao tie'p cd dat dugc muc dich dd khdng ?

Anh (chi) vita hpc bai Tdng quan vdn hpc Viet Nam. Hay cho bie't:

a) Thdng qua van ban do, boat ddng giao tie'p didn ra gitia cac nhan vat giao tie'p nao ? (Ai vie't ? Ai dpc ? Dac diem ciia cac nhan vat dd ve liia tudi, vdn sd'ng, trinh dp hieu biet, nghe nghiep,... ?)

b) Hoat dpng giao tie'p do dugc tie'n hanh trong hoan canh nao ? (Hoan canh cd td chiic, cd ke' hoach cua giao due nha trudng, hay la hoan canh giao tie'p ngdu nhien, tu phat hdng ngay... ?)

c) Ndi dung giao tie'p (thdng qua van ban dd) thudc linh vue ndo ? Ve de tai gi ? Bao gdm nhiing van de ca ban nao ?

d) Hoat ddng giao tiep thdng qua van ban dd nhdm mue dieh gi (xet ttr phia ngudi viet va ttr phia ngudi dpc) ?

e) Phuong tien ngdn ngii va each td chiic van ban cd dac diem gi ndi bat ? (Dting nhieu ttr ngii thudc nganh khoa hpc nao ? Van ban cd ke't ca'u ro rang vdi cac de mue ldn nhd the hien tinh mach lac, chat che ra sao ?)

, GHI NHO ^

I Hoat ddng giao tie'p la hoat ddng trao ddi thong tin ciia con ngudi trong xa

hgi, dugc tid'n hanh chu ye'u bdng phuang tien ngon ngu (dang noi hoac

dang vie't), nham thuc hien nhirng muc dfch ve nhan thirc, ve tinh cam,

vd hanh dgng,...

Mdi hoat dgng giao tiep gdm hai qua trinh : tao lap van ban (do nguai noi,

nguai vie't thuc hien) va iTnh hgi van ban (do ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc thuc

hien). Hai qua trinh nay didn ra trong quan he tuang tac.

Trong hoat dgng giao tie'p cd su chi phdi ciia cac nhan td : nhan vat giao tie'p, hoan canh giao tie'p, ngi dung giao tie'p, muc dich giao tie'p, phuang tien va each thirc giao tie'p.

15

KHAI QUAT VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Ndm dugc cac dac trung ca ban ciia van hgc dan gian va khai niem ve cac the loai ciia van hgc dan gian Viet Nam.

• Hieu ro vi tri, vai tro va nhirng gia trj to Idn ciia van hgc dan gian trong mdi quan he vdi van hgc vie't va ddi sd'ng van hoa dan tdc.

. .

Van hgc dan gian la nhung tac pham nghe thuat ngdn ttr truyen mieng, san pham ciia qud trinh sang tac tap the the hien nhan thiic, tu tudng, tinh cam cua nhan dan lao ddng ve tu nhien, xa hdi nhdm muc dich phuc vu true tiep cho cac sinh boat khac nhau trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng.

I - OAC TRUNG CO BAN CUA VAN HOC DAN GIAN

1. Van hoc dan gian la nhiTng tac pham nghe thuat ngdn tir truyen mieng (tinh tniyen mieng)

Ngdn ttr truyen mieng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec tao nen ndi dung, y nghia va the' gidi nghe thuat cua tac pham van hpc dan gian, phan anh sinh ddng hien thuc cudc sd'ng.

Van hpc dan gian tdn tai, luu hanh theo phuong thiie truyen mieng. Day la diem khdc biet rat caban giiia van hpc dan gian vd van hpc viet. Trong khi van hpc viet dugc luu giu bdng chii vie't thi van hpc dan gian lai dugc truyen mieng tit ngudi nay sang ngudi khac, qua nhieu the' he va cac dia phuong khac nhau. Qua trinh truyen mieng vdn tiep tuc ke ca khi tac pham van hpc dan gian da dupc ghi chep lai.

Ndi truyen mieng la ndi den qua trinh diin xudng ddn gian hao hiing va sinh ddng. Ngudi ta ed the ndi, ke, hat, didn tac pham van hpc dan gian'^'. 6 day, ldi (tiic phan ngdn ttr truyen mieng) d mdt sd the loai cd the ke't hpp vdi cac loai hinh nghe thuat khdc (ldi tha trong ca dao thudng dugc hat theo lan dieu ; mdt vd cheo khi trinh didn bao gdm ca ldi, nhac, miia va didn xuat eua nghe nhan).

(1) Noi, ke, hat, di6n trong dan gian dugc goi chung la dign xuang dan gian. Difin la mgt hinh thiic cua difin xuong dan gian. Vi du : di6n tro trong cac 16 hgi dan gian, difin tich (truyen) tren san khau dan gian,...

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2. Van hoc dan gian ia san pham cua qua trinh sang tac tap the (tinh tap the)

Van hpc vid't la sang tdc ca nhdn, trong khi dd, van hpc dan gian lai la ke't qua ciia qua trinh sang tac tap the'.

Qua trinh sang tae tap the didn ra nhu sau: Liic dau, mdt ngudi khdi xudng, tac pham hinh thdnh va dugc tap .the tie'p nhan ; sau do, nhiing ngudi khac (cd the thudc cae dia phuong khdc nhau hoac cdc the' he khdc nhau) tie'p tuc luu truyen, bd sung, siia chiia, lam cho tac pham phong phii, hoan thien hon ve ndi dung cting nhu hinh thiie nghe thudt.

Tae pham van hpc dan gian ngay sau khi ra ddi da trd thanh tai san ehung eua tap the. Moi ngudi deu ed the tiep nhan, sii dung, siia chtia, bd sung tae pham van hpc dan gian theo quan niem va kha nang nghe thuat eua minh.

Tinh truyen mieng va tinh tap the la nhting dac trung caban, chi phdi, xuyen sudt qua trinh sang tao va luu truyen tac pham van hpe dan gian, the hien sugdn bd mat thiet cua vdn hpc ddn gian voi cdc sinh hoqt khdc nhau trong ddi sdng cpng dong.

Sinh boat cdng ddng la nhiing sinh boat chung cua nhieu ngudi nhu lao ddng tap the, vui choi, ea hat tap the, Id hdi,... Phan ldn tae pham van hpc dan gian dugc ra ddi, truyen tirng va phuc vu true tiep cho cac sinh boat cdng ddng (mdt sd dieu hd tren sdng nude lam cho cac boat ddng keo ludi, cheo thuyen trd ndn sdi ndi, nhip nhang ban...). Cd the ndi, sinh boat cdng ddng la mdi trudng sinh thdnh, luu truyen, bien ddi ciia van hpc dan gian, nd chi phdi ca ndi dung va hinh thiic cua tde pham van hpc dan gian.

II - HE THONG THE LOAI CUA VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

Van hpc dan gian Viet Nam eiing nhu van hpc dan gian cua nhieu dan tdc khac tren the' gidi ed nhiing the loai chung vd rieng, hpp thanh mdt he thd'ng. Mdi the loai phan anh eude sd'ng theo nhiing ndi dung va each thiic rieng. He thd'ng the loai ciia van hgc dan gian Viet Nam gdm cd : 1. Than thoai: tde pham tu sir dan gian thudng ke ve eae vi than, nhdm giai thich

tu nhien, the hien khat vpng chinh phuc tu nhien va phan dnh qua trinh sdng tao van hod ciia con ngudi thdi cd dai.

2. Sii thi: tde pham tu sir dan gian ed quy md ldn, su dung ngdn ngii ed van, nhip, xay dvmg nhiing hinh tupng nghe thuat hoanh trang, hao himg de ke ve mdt hoac nhieu bie'n cd ldn dien ra trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng cua cu dan thdi cd dai.

3. Truyen thuye't: tae pham tu su ddn gian ke ve sir kien va nhan vat lich sii (hoac cd lien quan de'n lich sii) phan ldn theo xu hudng li tudng hod, qua dd the hien su nguang md vd tdn vinh cua nhan dan dd'i vdi nhiing ngudi cd cdng vdi dat nudc, dan tdc hoac cdng ddng cu dan eua mdt vung. Ben canh dd ciing cd nhiing truyen thuye't vira de cao, vtra phe phan nhan vat lich sii.

17 2.NG0VAN 10/1-A

4. Truyen co tich: tac pham tu su dan gian ma cdt truyen va hinh tupng dugc hu ca'u cd chii dinh, ke ve sd phan con ngudi binh thudng trong xa hdi, the hien tinh than nhdn dao va lae quan ciia nhan dan lao ddng.

5. Truyen ngu ngdn : tac pham tu su dan gian ngdn, cd ke't cau chat che, thdng qua cdc an du (phan ldn la hinh tugng loai vat) de ke ve nhirng su vide lien quan den con ngudi, ttr dd neu len trid't II nhan sinh hoac nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem ve cudc sdng.

6. Truyen cudi : tde pham tu su dan gian ngdn, cd ket cau chat che, ke't thiic bat ngd, ke ve nhting su vide xa'u, trai tu nhien trong eudc sdng, cd tac dung gay cudi, nhdm muc dich giai tri, phe phan.

7. Tuc ngu: cau ndi ngdn gpn, ham siic, phan ldn cd hinh anh, vdn, nhip, diic ke't kinh nghiem thuc tidn, thudng dugc dung trong ngdn ngii giao tiep hdng ngay ciia nhan dan.

8. Cau do: bai van van hoac eau ndi thudng cd vin, md ta vat do bdng an du hoac nhting hinh anh, hinh tugng khac la de ngudi nghe tim ldi giai, nhdm muc dich giai tri, ren luydn tu duy vd eung cap nhting tri thiic ve ddi sdng.

9. Ca dao : tac pham tha trii tinh dan gian, thudng ke't hgp vdi am nhac khi diin xudng, dugc sdng tde nhdm didn ta the' gidi ndi tam ciia con ngudi.

10. Ve: tdc pham tu su dan gian bdng van van, cd ldi ke mdc mac, phan ldn ndi ve ede sir vide, su kien ciia lang, ciia nudc mang tinh thdi su.

11. Truyen tha: tac pham tu su dan gian bdng tha, phan anh sd phan va khat vpng cua con ngudi ve hanh phiic liia ddi va su cdng bdng xa hdi.

12. Cheo : tac pham kich hat dan gian, ke't hgp cdc yeu to trti tinh va trao long de ca ngpi nhiing ta'm guong dao diic va phe phan, da kich cai xau trong xa hdi. (Ngoai cheo, san khau dan gian cdn cd nhting hinh thiic khac nhu tuong dan gian, miia rdi, cae trd didn mang tich truyen.)

Ill - NHUNG GIA TRI CO BAN CUA VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

1. Van hoc dan gian la Itho tri thdc vd cimg phong phu ve ddi sdng cac dan tdc Tri thiic trong van hpe dan gian thupc du mpi linh vuc cua ddi sdng: tu nhien,

xa hdi va con ngudi.

Tri thiic dan gian phan ldn la nhiing kinh nghiem lau ddi dugc nhan dan diic ket tir thuc tien. Tri thiic dan gian thudng dugc trinh bay bdng ngon ngii nghe thudt, vi the ha'p dan ngudi dpc, ngudi nghe, dd pho bid'n, dd tid'p thu, cd siic sd'ng lau ben vdi thdi gian.

Tri thiic dan gian the' hidn trinh dd vd quan did'm nhan thtic ciia nhan dan, vi vay ed su khac biet so vdi nhan thirc ciia giai cap thdng tri cimg thdi, dac biet la ve eae van de lich sir, xa hpi.

18 2.NGU VAN 10/1-B

Viet Nam ed 54 tpc ngudi. Mdi tdc ngudi cd mdt kho tang van hpe dan gian rieng, \T the vdn tri thiic ciia toan dan tdc vd cting phong phii va da dang.

2. Van hgc dan gian cd gia trj giao due sau sac ve dao li lam ngudi Truac he't van hge dan gian gido due con ngudi tinh than nhan dao va lac quan.

Dd la tinh yeu thuong ddi vdi ddng loai, la tinh than da'u tranh khdng biet met mdi de bao ve va giai phdng con ngudi khdi nhiing canh bat cdng, la niem tin bat diet vao chie'n thdng cud'i cting cua ehinh nghia, eiia cai thien.

Van hpe dan gian gdp phan hinh thdnh nhirng pham chat td't dep : ldng yeu que huong, da't nudc, tinh than bat khudt, due Icien trung va vi tha, tinh can kiem, de thuc tidn,...

3. Van hoc dan gian cd gia trj tham mi to Idn, gdp phan quan trong tao nen ban sac rieng cho nen van hoc dan tdc

Van hpc ddn gian duge chdt Igc, mdi giua qua khdng gian vd thdi gian, khi de'n vdi chung ta, da trd thdnh nhiing vien nggc sdng. Nhieu tdc pham da trd thanh nhiing mdu muc ve nghe thudt de eho chiing ta hge tap. Nhiing truyen ke' dan gian lam cho "ttr diia tre dau xanh dd'n cu gid tdc bac deu truydn tung vd yeu da'u" (tua sach Linh Nam chich qudi). Nhiing ldi ca tid'ng hat an tinh ngay xua vdn cdn lam say ddm ldng ngudi hdm nay va ca mai sau.

Nhd ed gid tri nghe thudt to ldn nhu vdy nen trong nhieu the ki, khi van hgc vid't mdi hinh thanh, van hgc dan gian ddng vai trd ehu dao. Khi van hgc vid't da phdt trien, van hpc dan gian vdn la ngudn nudi duong, la co sd ciia van hpc vie't. Trong tien trinh lich sit, van hpe ddn gian da phdt trien song song cting van hpc vid't, lam cho nen van hpc Viet Nam trd nen phong phii, da dang va dam da ban sdc dan tde.

HUiOfNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Trinh bdy ttmg dac trung ea ban eiia van hpe ddn gian. 2. Van hpe ddn gian Viet Nam ed nhiing the' loai nao ? Hay dinh nghia ngdn gpn

vd neu vi du (ten tac pham) theo tung the loai. 3. Tdm tat ndi dung cac gid tri eua van hpe dan gian.

, GHI NHO ,

Van hgc dan gian la ke't qua ciia qua trinh sang tac tap the, ton tai dudi hinh thirc truydn mieng thong qua didn xudng. Trong qua trinh luu truydn, tac pham van hgc dan gian dugc tap the khong ngirng hoan thien. VSn hgc dan gian gan bd va phuc vu true tie'p cho cac sinh boat khac nhau trong ddi sdng cgng ddng.

, Van hgc dan gian co nhieu gia tri to lan ve nhan thuc, giao due, tham mi, can dugc tran trgng va phat huy.

19

HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP BANG NGON NOV (Tie'p theo)

II - LUYEN TAP

1. Phan tich cac nhan td giao tiep the hien trong cau ca dao dudi day theo cau hdi.

Dem trdng thanh anh mdi hoi ndng: - Tre non du Id dan sdng nin chdng ?

a) Nhan vat giao tie'p d day la nhirng ngudi nhu the' nao ? (ve liia tudi, gidi tinh) b) Hoat ddng giao tiep nay didn ra vao thdi diem nao ? Thdi diem dd thudng

thich hpp vdi nhiing cudc trd chuyen nhu the' nao ? c) Nhdn vat "anh" ndi ve dieu gi ? Nhdm muc dich gi ? d) Cach ndi cua "anh" cd phti hpp vdi ndi dung va muc dich giao tiep khdng ?

2. Dpc doan ddi thoai (giiia mdt em nhd - A Co - vdi mdt dng gia) va tra ldi cdu hdi.

A Cd sung sudng chdo:

- Chdu chdo ong a 1

Ong vui vd ndi:

-ACdhd? L&n tudng roi nhi ? Bdchdu cd gui pin ddi lin cho dng khdng?

- Thua dng, edq!

{Bxii Nguyen Khiet, Ngudi du kick tren niii che tuyit)

20

a) Trong cudc giao tid'p trdn, cac nhan vat da thuc hidn bdng ngdn ngu nhiing hanh ddng ndi cu the nao ? Nhdm muc dich gi ? (Chpn trong ede tir: chdo, chdo ddp, hdi, ddp ldi, khen de gpi tdn mdi hanh ddng cho phu hpp.)

b) Ca ba cau trong ldi ndi ciia dng gia deu cd hinh thiie eiia eau hdi, nhung ed phai cac cau deu dimg de hdi khdng, hay de thuc hien nhting muc dich giao tiep khac ? Ndu muc dich giao tid'p ciia mdi cdu.

c) Ldi ndi ciia cdc nhan vat bdc Id tinh cam, thai dp va quan he trong giao tiep nhu the' nao ?

3. Doc bai tho sau va tra ldi edu hdi.

BANHTRdlNUaC

Thdn em vita trdng lai viea trdn, Bdy ndi ba chim vdi nud'c non. Rdn ndt mdc ddu tay ke nqn, Md em vdn giic tdm long son.

(Ho Xuan Huong)

a) Khi lam bai tha nay. Ho Xudn Huong da "giao tie'p" vdi ngudi dpc ve van de gi ? Nhdm mue dich gi ? Bdng cac phuong tien tir ngii, hinh anh nhu the' ndo ?

b) Ngudi dpc can cii vao dau (ttr ngii, hinh anh trong bai tho ; eudc ddi, than phan tac gia,...) de Hnh hdi (hieu va cam nhan) bai tha ?

4. Hay viet mdt thdng bao ngan cho cac ban hpc sinh toan trudng bidt ve boat ddng lam sach mdi trudng nhan Ngdy Mdi trudng the' gidi (chii y dd'n sir phti hgp giiia ldi thdng bao vdi dd'i tugng giao tid'p, ndi dung, muc dich va hoan canh giao tie'p).

5. Viet thu la mdt boat ddng giao tiep. BChi viet thu, dti y thtic ro hay khdng, ngudi viet van can de y dd'n cae nhdn td giao tiep sau day:

a) Thu vie't cho ai, ngudi vie't cd quan he nhu the ndo vdi ngudi nhan ?

b) Hoan canh cvi the cua ngudi vie't va ngudi nhdn thu khi dd nhu the' nao ? e) Thu vid't ve van dd gi ?

d) Thu vid't de lam gi ?

e) Ndn vid't nhu the' ndo ?

21

Anh (ehi) hay phan tich nhirng dieu ndi tren qua biic thu Bac Ho giii hoc sinh ca nudc nhan ngdy khai giang nam hpc ddu tien cua nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hod thdng 9 nam 1945 dudi day:

Cdc em hpc sinh,

Ngdy hdm nay Id ngdy khai trudng ddu tiin d nudc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cdng hod. Tdi dd tudng tupng thdy truac mdt cdi cdnh nhdn nhip tung bitng cua ngdy tuu trudng a khdp cdc noi. Cdc em het thdy deu vui ve vi sau mdy thdng gioi nghi hpc, sau bao nhiiu cupc chuyen bien khdc thudng, cdc em lai dupc gap thdy gap bqn. Nhung sung suong hon niia, tic gid phut ndy gio di, cdc em bdt ddu duoc nhqn mpt nen gido due hodn todn Viit Nam. Cdc em duac hu&ng su may mdn dd Id nhdsu hi sinh cua biit bao nhiiu dong bdo cdc em. Vdy cdc em nghi sao ?

Trong ndm hpc tdi ddy, cdc em hdy cd gdng, siing ndng hpc tap, ngoan ngodn, nghe thdy, yiu bqn. Sau 80 ndm gidi nd li ldm cho nuoc nhd bi yi'u hen, ngdy nay chung ta cdn phdi xdy dung lai co do md td tiin dd delqi cho chung ta, ldm sao cho chung ta theo kip cdc nude khdc trin hodn cdu. Trong cdng cudc kien thie't dd, nude nhd trong mong chd dpi d cdc em rdt nhiiu. Non sdng Viet Nam cd trd nin tuoi dep hay khdng, ddn tpc Viet Nam cd budc tai ddi vinh quang de sdnh vai vai cdc cudng qud'c ndm chdu dupic hay khdng, chinh Id nhd mpt phdn ldn a cdng hpc tap eua cdc em. Ngdy hdm nay, nhdn budi tuu trudng cua cdc em, tdi chi biit chue cdc em mdt ndm day vui ve vd ddy ket qud tdt dep.

Chdo cdc em thdn yiu.

HO CHI MINH

(Theo van ban trong Tieng Viet 5, tap mgt,

NXB Giao due, Ha Ngi, 2006)

22

VAN BAN

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm dugc khai niem, dac diem ca ban ciia

van ban va cac loai van ban.

• Nang cao nang luc phan tich va thuc hanh tao

lap van ban.

ir^W:wM^iMiir*aj!tsgai*eawWi

I - KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM

Dpc cac van ban sau va tra ldi cdu hdi.

(1) Gan muc thi den, gdn den thi sdng.

(Tuc ngU)

(2) Than em nhu hqt mua rdo Hqt rai xudng gieng; hqt vdo vudn hoa.

Thdn em nhu hqt mua sa Hqt vdo ddi cdc, hqt ra rudng cdy.

(3)

(Ca dao)

LOI KfiU GOI TOAN Q U 6 C KHANG CHI^N

HQd ddng bdo todn qudc I

Chung ta mudn hod binh, chung ta phdi nhdn nhupng. Nhung chung ta cdng nhdn nhupng, thuc ddn Phdp cdng ldn toi, vl chung quydt tdm cudp nudc ta ldn nua I

Khdng I Chung ta thd hi sinh tdt cd, chu nhdt dinh khdng chiu mdt nuoc, nhdt dinh khdng chiu ldm nd li.

Hod dong bdo!

Chung ta phdi ddng lin!

Bdt ki ddn dng, ddn bd, bdt ki nguoi gid, ngudi tie, khdng chia tdn gido, ddng phdi, ddn tde, hi Id nguai Viet Nam thi phdi dung lin

23

ddnh thuc ddn Phdp de ciiu Td qudc. Ai cd sung dung sdng. Ai cd guam diingguam, khdngcdguam thi diingcude, thudng, gay gdc. Ai cUng phdi ra sue chdng thuc didn Phdp cuu nuac.

Hdi anh em binh si, tu vi, dan qudn I

Gid cuu nudc dd ddn. Ta phdi hi sinh didn giot mdu cudi cung, de giUgin ddt nudc.

Dii phdi gian lao khdng chidn, nhung vdi mpt long kiin quydt hi sinh, thdng lpi nhdt dinh vi ddn tpc ta!

Viet Nam dpc lap vd thdng nhdt mudn ndm I

Khdng chidn thdng lpi mudn ndm I

Hd Npi, ngdy 19 thdng 12 ndm 1946

H6 CHI MINH

(Ho Chi Minh todn tap, tap 4, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2000)

1. Mdi van ban trdn dugc ngudi ndi (ngudi vie't) tao ra trong loai hoat ddng nao ? De' dap ling nhu cau gi ? Dung lugng (so eau) d mdi van ban nhu the' nao ?

2. Mdi van ban trdn de cap de'n van de gi ? Van de dd dugc trien khai nhd't quan trong todn bd van ban nhu the' nao ?

3. 6 nhiing van ban cd nhieu cau (cac van ban 2 va 3), ndi dung cua van ban dugc trien khai mach lae qua ttmg cau, ttmg doan nhu the' ndo ? Dac biet d van ban 3, van ban cdn dugc td chiic theo kd't ca'u ba phan nhu the' nao ?

4. Ve hinh thirc, van ban 3 cd da'u hieu md dau vd ket thiic nhu the' nao ?

5. Mdi van ban tren duge tao ra nhdm mue dich gi ?

GHI NHO.

Van ban la san pham ciia hoat dgng giao tiep bang ngon ngir, gdm mgt hay nhieu cau, nhieu doan va cd nhCrng dac diem ca ban sau day : - Mdi van ban tap trung the hien mgt chii de va trien khai chii de do mgt each

trgn ven. - Cac cau trong van ban cd su lien ke't chat che, ddng thai ca van ban dugc

xay dung theo mgt ke't ca'u mach lac. - Mdi van ban co dau hieu bieu hien tinh hoan chinh ve ngi dung (thuang

md dau bang mpt nhan de va ke't thuc bang hinh thirc thfch hgp vai t i ing loai van ban).

- Mdi van ban nham thuc hidn mgt (hoac mgt sd) muc dich giao tie'p nhat dinh.

24

II - CAC LOAI VAN BAN

1. So sanh cdc van ban 1, 2 vdi van ban 3 (d muc 1) ve cac phuong dien sau :

- Van de dugc de cap dd'n trong mdi van ban Id van de gi ? Thudc linh vuc nao trong eude sdng ?

- Tir ngii dugc sii dung trong mdi van ban thudc loai nao (ttr ngii thdng thudng trong cudc sd'ng hay tir ngii thudc linh vuc chinh tri) ?

- Cdch thiic the hien ndi dung nhu thd' nao (thdng qua hinh anh hay the hien true tie'p bdng U le, lap luan) ?

2. So sanh cac van ban 2, 3 (d muc I) vdi :

- Mdt bai hpe trong sach gido khoa thudc mdn hpc khdc (Todn, Vat h. Hod hgc, Sinh hpc, Lich sii, Dia li,...).

- Mdt don xin nghi hpc hoac mdt giay khai sinh.

Ttr su so sdnh cac van ban tren, hay nit ra nhan xet ve nhiing phuong dien sau:

a) Pham vi sir dung cua mdi loai van ban trong boat ddng giao tie'p xa hdi.

b) Mue dich giao tiep co ban ctia mdi Ipai van ban.

c) Ldp tir ngii rieng dugc su dung trong mdi loai van ban.

d) Cach ke't ca'u vd trinh bay d mdi loai van ban.

, GHI NHO .

Theo iTnh vuc va muc dich giao tid'p, ngudi ta phan biet cac loai van ban'^' sau :

- Van ban thudc phong each ngon ngCr sinh hoat (thu, nhat kf,...).

- Van ban thuge phong each ngon ngCr nghe thuat (tha, truyen, tieu thuyet, kich,...).

- Van ban thuoc phong each ngon ngtr khoa hgc (sach giao khoa, tai lieu hpc tap, bai bao khoa hgc, luan van, luan an, cong trinh nghien ciru,...).

- Van ban thuge phong each ngon ngu hanh chinh (dan, bien ban, nghi quye't, quye't dinh, luat,...).

- Van ban thuge phong each ngon ngu chinh luan (bai binh luan, lai keu ggi, bai hjeh, tuydn ngon,...).

- Van ban thuoc phong each ngon ngir bao chf (ban t in, bai phong su, bai phdng va'n, tieu pham,...).

( 1 ) 6 THCS da CO su phan bi$t cac kieu van ban theo phuong thuc bieu dat : van hdn tu su, van bdn mieu td, vdn bdn bieu cdm, vdn bdn dieu hdnh (hdnh chinh - cong vu), vdn bdn thuyet minh, vdn bdn nghi ludn.

25

VIET BAI LAM VAN SO 1 s CAM NGHi VE MOT HIEN TIfONG DOI SONG (HOAC MOT TAC PHAM VAN HOC) (Bai lam d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Viet dugc bai van bgc Ig nhirng cam nghT chan thuc ciia ban than ve mdt de tai gan gui, quen thuge trong ddi sdng (hoac ve mgt tac pham van hgc).

V

I - HO^G DAN CHUNG

De ldm tdt bai van nay, anh (chi) can :

1. On lai nhung kie'n thiic vd kl nang tap lam van da hgc trong chuang trinh Ngii van THCS, dac bidt la ve van bieu cam va van nghi ludn. Chii y ren luyen them nhiing mat cdn ye'u (d cae khau tim y, lap ddn y hoac didn dat,...).

2. On luydn nhiing kie'n thiie vd kl nang ve tieng Viet (dac biet la ve cau va cac bidn phap tu tir) de ldi van ciia bdi lam phti hgp vdi ydu cau bdc Id cam nghi ciia ca nhan.

3. Quan sdt, tim hieu va tim each didn dat nhiing xiic cam, suy ngdm ve nhiing hien tupng gan giii, quen thudc trong ddi sd'ng.

4. Dpc lai nhting tde pham van hpe ydu thich, nha't la nhirng tae pham (doan trich) dupc hpe trong ehuong trinh Ngii van ldp 9, de :

- Tim hieu kl ndi dung co ban va nhiing net nghd thuat dae sdc ciia tac pham (doan trich).

- Ghi lai nhiing y nghi va tinh cam chan thuc ciia minh ve toan bd hoac ve mdt mat, mdt khia canh nao dd trong tac pham (doan trieh).

26

II - GOI Y DE BAI

1. Ghi lai nhiing cam nghi chan thuc ciia anh (chi) ve mdt trong cae su vide, hien

tupng hoac con ngudi sau :

- Nhung ngay dau tidn bude vdo trudng trung hpc phd thdng.

- Thidn nhidn va ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi trong thdi khdc chuyen miia (sang thu, sang ddng hoac sang xuan,...).

- Mdt ngudi than ydu nha't eiia anh (chi) : eha, me hoac ban,...

2. Neu cam nghi sau sdc nha't ve mdt cau chuyen anh (chi) da hpc ma de'n nay vdn khdng the ndo qudn (vi du : Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuang, Chii'c luac ngd, Bdcua Xi-mdng,...).

3. Phat bieu cam nghi ve mdt bai tha hoac mdt nhd tha ma anh (chi) ydu thich.

Ill - G0IY CACH LAM BAI

1. Tim hieu ki de bai de xdc dinh ro :

- De bai ddi hdi phai bdc Id nhiing cam xiic vd suy nghi ve su vdt, su vide, hidn tugng, con ngudi, hoac tdc pham (doan trich) ndo ?

- Nhiing cam xiic va suy nghi dd can dat duge nhiing ydu cau nao (phii hgp vdi de bai ; chan thdnh, khdng khudn sao, khdng gia tao ; duge bdc Id rd rang, tinh te,...) ?

2. Tim nhiing cam nghi dap ting dugc cdc yeu cau md anh (ehi) vtra xdc dinh.

3. Xay dung bd cue sao cho nhiing cam xiie vd suy nghi dd dugc ndi bat len d bdi lam (phan md bai phai gidi thieu duge de tdi vd gay hiing thii cho ngudi dgc ; phan than bai phai lan lugt trinh bay cae cam nghi theo mpt trinh tu hpp li; phan kd't bai phai thau tdm duge tinh than vd ndi dung ca ban cua bdi lam, ddng thdi luu lai dugc nhiing cam xiic vd suy nghi noi ngudi dpc).

4. Chii y tranh mdc ldi chinh ta, ttr ngii, ngii phdp,... Cd gdng sir dung cdc phep tu ttr mdt each hpp h, sang tao de cau van them siic ggi cam.

27

£Q DOC THEM

CHA THAN YEU NHAT CUA CON"!

Bdy gia dd khuya ldm roi vd dnh trdng dang soi roi cho con vidt Id thu ndy. Con khdng sao ngu duac vi qud xuc dpng khi nghi den viec chi vdi ngdy niia, cha se phdi gid td Buu diin, trut bd bp dong phuc xanh la cdy dd phai mdu cua minh denghi huu.

Sudt bao nhiiu ndm, cha dd ldm ngudi dua thu trong cdi thi trdn ndy. Cha da dap xe dpc theo nhiing dqi Id hay nhiing phd nhd chat hep, gd cua vd dem den tin tuc cua mpt ngudi hp hdng, dem nhirng ldi chdo nong nhiet tie mpi nai xa xdi ndo do [...]. Chide phong bl ndo cdng deu ehda dung nhiing tin tiic dupc mong chd tic ldu. Con mud'n cha biet dupc rdng con vd cung kinh yiu cha ciing nhu khdm phuc biet bao nhiiu cdi cdng viec cha da ldm cho hdng vqn con ngudi [...]. Khi con nghi vi hdng ngdn cdy sdcha da dap xe qua, dem theo mpt tui ndng ddy thu, ngdy ndy qua ngdy khdc, ndm ndy qua ndm khdc, du trdi ndng hay mua, long con trdn ngap niim tu hdo khi tudng tupng ra niim vui md cha dem lai cho nhitng ai dai chd tin tuc tic nhitng ngudi hp yiu ddu. Cha dd gdn ket nhiing trdi tim lai vdi nhau nhu mpt nhip cdu vdng.

[...] Cha ai, sudt cd cupc ddi minh cha dd di dua thu cho ngudi khdc, nhung chua bao gid cha nhdn duoc mpt biic thu ndo [...]. Chdc dd tung cd lue cha udc ao nhqn duac thu. Vd gid day, con, eon gdi nudi cua cha, dang viet thu, Id thu ddu tiin gui cho cha. Con mudn cdm an cha vl tinh thucmg yiu vd siz chdm sdc md cha dd ddnh cho con. Ngdy mai, con si lin thdnh phdvd tie do gui bice thu ndy di, debien nd thdnh mpt Id thu thuc su. Nhung trudc khi ldm diiu ndy, con mud'n cha bie't bi mat cua con. Khi ndo con ldn lin, con se mang chii'c tui thu cua cha, dap xe dpc theo nhiing con dudng xanh rap bdng cdy quen thupc md cha vdn di vd trd thdnh ngudi mang tin cho nhiing ai dang ngdng dai thu. Cha ai, cha dimg lo ldng. Con se ldm ndt nhiing cdng viec md cha dang bo dd vd cdgdng de trd thdnh mpt buu td gioi nhu cha.

Con gdi yeu cua cha Xiao Jun

(Theo Nhimg biic thu doat gidi UPU, NXB Buu dien, Ha Ngi, 1999)

(1) Thu cua mgt hgc sinh Trung Qudc, giai Nhat trong cugc thi viet thu do Lien minh Buu chinh quoc te to chiic nam 1994.

28

LAP LANH HON TA MAN GIO KHOI

[...] Huy Can chua bao gid ngimg lam tho. va ciing ki dieu thay, qua sudt sau muoi nam cam biit, a giai doan nao cua nen van hoc Vidt Nam hien dai, Huy Can cung "cii tu nhien" dugc dat vao vi tri cua nha tha hang dau trong tam hon ngudi dpc.

Va ddi vol ridng tdi, sau gan bdn muoi nam cam biit, chua bao gid dng khdng khien tdi ngac nhidn de'n ngo ngac truoc tho dng!

- Dem mua ldm nhd khdng gian Ldng run them Iqnh noi hdn bao la.

- Roi rai... diu diu, roi roi Trdm mudn giot nhe ndi ldi vu va.

- Thuyen ddu thuyen di hq kin mui Lua thua mua bien dm chdn troi...

Con tre thuyin ai ra gidn nudc Mua xuan tuoi tdt cd cdy buom.

Lam sao dng lai cd the vid't ve mua buon, mua vui nhu kiep ngudi ma hay nhu the nhi ? "Mua xuan tuoi td't ca cay buom", cdn ai co the viet ve ve dep mua xuan ddn tham nhuan ca van vat, dat trdi, tao ndn su huyen ao cua hdi sinh nhu the khdng ?

The roi voi miia thu, cai miia thu dep nha't cua mdt nam, nhung ciing la cai mua da tung di lai de'n "mdn dudng diit co" trong tho ca co kim, ddng tay ; Huy Can vid't the nao nhi ?

Vi vu gid hdi neo vdng Mpt trdi thu rpng mdy hdng mdy nao.

[...] Vdi mdt tam hon tha ldn khidn cho ndi buon tir su xdt thuang con ngudi cd liic nhu lan tham den ca vii tru thi tinh ydu va niem vui tir nhirng ni^m vui va tinh yeu con ngudi, ciing se rat tu nhien toa ra voi trdi dat:

Bay cao bay vut Chim bien mdt rdi Chi cdn tieng hdt Ldm xanh da trdi...

[...] The rdi dng vie't bai tho Ta viet bdi tha gpi bien ve. Ggi bien ve hay dng gpi chfnh dng sau nhung thang nam cat luc vdi ddi, vdi nhirng ddng gop ldn lao rat dang de binh tam, thanh than :

Roi mpt ngdy kia het d ddi Cho ta theo bien khod chdn trdi Dieu chi chua ndi xin trao sdng Ldp Idnh hon ta man gid khai.

{Theo Tran Ninh Ho, bao An ninh Thu do, ngay 18 - 2 - 2006)

29

CHliN THANG MTAO MXAY (Trieh Ddm Sdn - su thi Tay Nguyen)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Nhan thirc dugc : le sdng, niem vui ciia ngudi anh hiing sir thi chf cd dugc trong cugc chien da'u vi danh du, hanh phuc va su thinh vugng cho cdng ddng.

• Ndm duge dac diem nghe thuat cua sir thi anh hiing ve each xay dung nhan vat, nghe thuat mieu ta va sir dung ngon tir.

^

TIEU DAN

Cac dan tdc thieu so' nudc ta hien cdn giQ dugc mot kho tang sir thi dan gian do so va co gia tri. Co hai loai sir thi dan gian: sii thi thdn thoai nhu De ddt de nuac (Mudng), Am et luong (Thai), Cdy neu thdn (Mndng),... ke ve su hinh thanh the' gidi, su ra ddi cua mudn loai, su hinh thanh cac dan tdc va cac vung cu tni cd dai cua ho, su xua't hien nen van minh budi dau ; sU thi anh hiing nhu Ddm Sdn, Ddm Di, Xinh Nhd, Khinh Du (E-de), Ddm Noi (Ba-na),... ke ve cuoc doi va su nghiep cua cac tu truong anh hung, trong loai nay, sir thi Ddm Sdn dugt bie't de'n rgng rai hon ca.

Tom tdt npi dung sii thi Dam Sdn : Sau khi vd lam chong hai chi em Ha Nhi va Ha Bhi, Dam San tra nen mgt tii trudng giau cd va uy danh limg ldy. Cac tu trudng Ken Ken (Mtao Gru), til truong Sat (Mtao Mxay) lira liic Dam San ciing cac nd le len rSy, ra sdng lam lung da keo ngudi toi cudp pha budn cua chang, bat Ha Nhi ve lam vg. Ca hai lan. Dam San deu to chirc danh tra va ddu chie'n thang, ciiu dugc vg va tich thu cua cai, da't dai ciia ke dich khien oai danh cua chang cang limg ldy, bg tge cang giau cd, ddng diic. Mgt lan tinh cd gap cay sa-muc (cay than vat td ben nha vg), Dam San ra siic chat do ki dugc. Lien dd ca hai vg deu che't va Dam San phai tim ldi len trdi xin thudc than ciiu vg sd'ng lai. It lau sau. Dam San lai tim each len trdi hoi nir than Mat Trdi (con gai ciia Troi) ve lam vg. Tiic gian vi bi tir chdi, chang bo ve va ca ngudi lin ngua bi che't ngap a rirng Sap Den nhao nhu bun nudc. Hdn Dam San bie'n thanh con rudi bay vao mieng chi gai la Ha Ang khie'n nang cd mang va sinh ra diia con trai. Dd la Dam San chau, Ion len lai di tie'p con dudng ciia ngudi cau anh hung.

Doan Uich Chien thdng Mtao Mxdy dudi day ke chuyen Dam San danh Mtao Mxay ciiu vg ve.

30

VAN BAN

Nha Mtao Mxay'" dau san hien deo hinh mat trang, dau cau thang deo hinh chim ngdi. Ngoi nha ciia lao tii trudng nha gidu nay trdng qua that la dep. Cau thang rdng mdt Id chieu, ngudi nd'i dudi nhau len xudng ma khieng mdt che dud^'' vdn khdng sg chat.

Dam San - O diing, o dieng^^\ xud'ng day ! Ta thach nha nguoi dg dao vdi ta day!

Mtao Mxay - Ta khdng xudng dau, diing oi. Tay ta dang cdn ban dm vg hai chiing ta'^' d tren nha nay ca ma.

Dam San- Xud'ng, diing! Xud'ng, diing! Nguoi khdng xud'ng u ? Ta se lay cai san hien cua nha nguoi ta bd ddi, ta se lay cai eau thang cua nha nguoi ta che ra keo lua, ta hun cai nha cua nha nguoi cho ma xem !

Mtao Mxay - Khoan, dieng, khoan! De ta xud'ng. Nguoi khdng dugc dam ta khi ta dang di xudng dd, nghe !

Dam San- Sao ta lai dam nguoi khi nguoi dang di xud'ng nhi ?' ' Nguoi xem, de'n con lgn nai ciia nha nguoi dudi da't, ta cung khdng them dam niia la !

Mtao Mxay- Ta sg nguoi ddm ta khi ta dang di ldm.

Dam San - Sao ta lai dam nguoi khi nguoi dang di nhi ? Nguoi xem, den con trdu ciia nha nguoi trong ehuong, ta ciing khdng them dam niia la !' '

The' la Mtao Mxay phai di ra. Ba eon xem, khien hdn trdn nhu ddu cti, guam hdn dng dnh nhu cai cau vdng. Trdng hdn dir tgn nhu mdt vi than''''. Hdn ddng mdt cdi khd spc gap bd miii, mac mdt cai do day niit, di ttr nhd trong ra nha ngoai, dang tan ngan do dir, mdi budc mdi ddn do, giiia mdt dam ddng mit mil nhu trong suong sdm.

(1) Mtao Mxdy: tu trudng Sat. Ggi ten nhu the la boi khi giao chien han thuong khoac len nguoi mgt lop giap sat.

(2) Che due: che la d6 dung (thuang dung rugu) bang sanh, sii, than tron, gifia phinh to, mieng loe, CO nip day. Ngudi E-de sii dung nhieu loai che. Che due thuoc loai che cao va rat quy.

(3) DiSng: (nguyen van: jidng- chi ngudi ban ket nghia ; Dam San va Mtao Mxay da timg \kjidng cua nhau) each xung ho ham y gi6u cgt. 6 doan tiep sau, ta se thay Mtao Mxay cQng ggi Dam san theo each ay.

(4) Mtao Mxay bdt coc Ho Nhi ve. Cach noi "vg hai chiing ta" ham y chgc tiic Dam San. (5) Khong lira danh ke thu liic chiing chua sin sang de giao chien, theo quan niem truyen thdng

ciia nguoi E-de, la mgt trong nhimg bieu hien cua tinh than thugng vo can phai co o ngudi anh hiing dung si.

(6) Cach noi khinh miet ham y coi Mtao Mxay khong bang con heo nai, khong bang con trau. (7) Trong tieng E-de chi co mgt tir YangH're (Dang Ho-re) de chi chung cac vi than, bat ke than ac

hay than thien. Tuy trucmg hgp ma ta co the hieu theo nhung each khac nhau. Trong van canh nay cua doan trich co the hieu la "trong nhu mgt vi ac than".

31

Dam San - Nguoi miia trudc di, a diing!

Mtao Mxay - Nguoi mdi la ngudi mda trudc, a diing ! Ta nhu ga ldng mdi mpc cua klii'", nhu ga rtmg mdi mpc cua echdm^'^\ chua ai gidm phai ma da gay mat cdnh.

Dam san - Nguoi eii rnila di, a diing!

Mtao Mxay rung khien miia vay. Khien hdn keu lach xach nhu qua mudp khd. Hdn miia mdt minh. Dam San khdng nhiic nhich.

Dam San - Nguoi mtia mdt muih, miia keu lach xach nhu qua mudp khd. Mie'ng miia ay, nguoi hpc ai vdy ? Nguoi miia choi day phai khdng, diing ?

Mtao Mxay - Ta hgc ai a ? Cd cdu, ta hpc eau. Cd bac, ta hpc bac. Cd than Rong, ta hpc than Rong'^'.

Dam S a n - The' u ? Ta thi ddu cd cau ma hpe cau, dau cd bac ma hpc bac! Chi cd hai ta day, nguoi miia di ta xem ndo !

Mtao Mxay- The' nguoi khdng bie't ta day la mdt tudng da quen di ddnh thien ha, bdt til binh, da quen di xeo ndt dat dai thien ha hay sao ?

Dam San - Vay thi nguoi hay xem ta day!

Dam San rung khien mua. Mdt lan xdc tdi, chdng vugt mdt ddi tranh. Mdt ldn xdc tdi niia, chdng vupt mdt ddi /d d ''*'. Chang chay vun viit qua phia ddng, vun viit qua phia tay. Cdn Mtao Mxay thi budc cao budc thap chay het bai tay sang bai ddng. Hdn vung dao chdm phap mdt edi, nhimg chi vtia tning mdt cai chao cdt trdu.

Dam San - Sao nguoi lai chem cdi chao cdt trau ? Cdn khoeo chan ta, nguoi ddnh lam gi ?

Den lue nay, Mtao Mxdy bao Ha Nhi quang eho hdn mdt mie'ng trau. Nhung Dam San da ddp dugc mie'ng trdu. Chdng nhai trau, siic chang tang len gap bdi.

Dam S a n - Bd diing, bay gid nguoi lai chay, ta dudi coi!

The' la Dam San lai miia. Chdng miia tren eao, gid nhu bao. Chang miia dudi thd'p, gid nhu Idc. Chdi ldm do lan Idc. Cay cdi chet rui. Khi chang miia dudi thap, vang len tieng dia khien dong. Khi chang miia tren cao, vang len tieng dia khien kinh. Khi chdng miia chay nude kieu, qua niii ba lan ran niit, ba ddi tranh bat rl bay tung. Cdy giao than, cay gido dinh day nhiing oan hdn ciia chang nhdm dui Mtao Mxay phdng tdi, tning nhung khdng thiing. Chang dam vdo ngudi Mtao Mxdy cfing khdng thiing'^'.

(1), (2) Klie, echdm : hai loai cay rirng co gai nhgn, sdc. Tuy nhien gai moi mgc thi vin con mfem. Cfing tuong tu nhu vay, Mtao Mxay tu nhan minh nhu con ga moi mgc cua, con non yeu.

(3) Thdn Rong: lite Yang Mta - than Bien ca, mgt vi than dugc mieu ta la co vo nghe cao cuong nhung la ac than.

{A) Loo: mgt loai tre riing co dng to, ddt dai, thanh mong. (5) Co the hieu la do nguoi Mtao Mxay dugc bao ve bdi mgt lap giap sat.

32

De'n liic nay. Dam San da diam met. Chang vtra chay vtra ngii, mdng thay dng Trdi.

Dam San - Oi chao, che't mat thdi, dng oi ! Chdu dam mai ma khdng thiing hdn!

dng Trdi - The' u, chau ? Vay thi chdu la'y mdt cdi chdy mdn'" nem vdo vanh tai hdn la dugc.

Dam San bimg tinh, chdp ngay mdt cdi chdy mdn, nem tning vdnh tai ke dich. Cai giap eiia Mtao Mxay tiic thi roi loang xoang. Mtao Mxdy thdo chay. Hdn trdnh quanh chudng lgn. Dam San phd tan chudng lgn. Hdn trdnh quanh chudng trau. Dam San pha tan chudng trdu. Cudi cting, hdn nga lan quay ra da't.

Mtao Mxay - O diing, a diing, de ta ldm Id cdu phiic cho dieng mdt trau ! Ta cho them diing mdt voi.

Dam San- Sao nguoi cdn ciing trau cdu phiic cho ta ? Chang phai vp ta nguoi da cudp, dtii ta nguoi da ddm rdi sao ?

Ndi rdi Dam San dam phdp mdt cai, cdt dau Mtao Mxdy dem bdu ngoai dudng.

Dam San (ndi vdi tdi td Mtao Mxdy) - O nghin chim se, a van chim ngdi'^' ! O tat ca tdi td bdng nay! Cac nguoi cd di vdi ta khdng ?

Chang go vao mdt nha.

Dan trong nha - Khdng di sao dugc ! Tu trudng chiing tdi da chet, liia chiing tdi da muc, chiing tdi cdn d vdi ai ?

Dam san go vao ngach'^', dap vdo phen td't ea cac nhd trong lang.

Dan lang - Khdng di sao dugc! Nhtmg bac oi, xin bde chd chiing tdi eho lgn an cdi da.

Dam San lai go vao ngach, dap vdo phen mdi nhd trong lang.

Dam San- O tat ca dan lang nay, cdc nguoi cd di vdi ta khdng ? Tti trudng cdc nguoi da che't, liia cac nguoi da muc. Ai chan ngua hay di bdt ngua! Ai giii vol hay di bdt vol! Ai giii trdu hay di lua trau ve !

Dan lang - Khdng di sao dugc ! Ldng chiing tdi phia bdc da mpc cd gau, phia nam da mpc cd hoang, ngudi nhd gidu cam dau chiing tdi nay da khdng edn nira!

(1) Chdy mdn : chay cua nguoi E-de bang g6, dung lau cung mon, diu hoa nhgn, nem vao vanh tai CO the sat thuang.

(2) Loi noi an du chi toi to, dan lang ciia Mtao Mxay. (3) Ngach : phan ben duoi nguang ciia. 6 day can hieu la cac don dgc ben dudi ciia sd. San nha

nguoi E-de thuang thap, ngoi tren ngua (hoac voi), diing giao, lao eiing eo tlie voi de'n de dap.

3 .NGOVAN 10/1-A -^-J

Dam San - O nghin chim se, a van chim ngdi! O ta't ca tdi td bdng nay! Chiing ta ra ve ndo !

Doan ngudi ddng nhu bay cd ton^^\ dac nhu bay thieu than, tm tm nhu kie'n nhu mdi. Bd eon xem, the la Dam San nay cdng them gidu cd, chieng ldm la nhieu. Tdi td mang ciia cai ve nhieu nhu ong di ehuyen nudc, nhu vd ve di chuyen hoa, nhtr bdy trai gai di gieng lang cong nude.

Hp de'n bai ngoai ldng, rdi vdo lang.

Dam S a n - O ede eon, a eae eon, hay di lay rugu bdt trau! Rugu nam che, trau dang mdt eon de ciing than, cao td tien, cau siic khoe cho ta mdi di danh ke thu, bdt til binh, xeo nat da't dai mdt tti trudng nha gidu ve. Rupu bay che, trau bay con de ddng than, rugu bay che, lgn thien bay con de dang than, cau cho ta dugc binh yen vd str, nan khdi tai qua, ldn len nhu sdng nudc, cao len nhu cay rtmg, khdng cdn ai bi kip. Hoi anh em trong nhd, hoi bd con trong lang, xin mdi tat ca den vdi ta ! Chiing ta se md tiec an mung nam mdi, chiing ta se an lgn an trau, danh len ede chieng cai trdng to, danh len cdc cdng hlon^^^ hod nhip cimg chtim choe'^' xoa sao eho keu len rdn ra, de voi due voi cai ra vao san hien khdng ngdt, day cdng day chieng khdng liic ndo vdng bdt tren gia treo chieng, cac chudi thit trau thit bd treo den nhd, chdu thau, au'*' ddng nhieu khdng cdn chd de.

Tdi td - Danh chieng nao, thua dng ?

Dam S a n - Hay danh len cdc chieng cd tieng am vang, nhirng chieng cd tieng ddng tieng bae ! Ttr gui'^' quy, hay lay ra ede vdng nhac'^' rung len ! Hay danh len tat ca cho d dudi va toac eae cdy ddn ngach, cho d tren gay nat cac cay xa ngang, cho tieng chieng vang vpng khdp dd day, khien voi, te giac trong rtmg quen khdng cho con bii, ech nhai dudi gam sdn, ki nhdng ngoai bai phai ngtmg keu, td't ca deu ngdy dem lang thinh de nghe tie'ng chieng an ddng udng vui nhu mimg mua khd nam mdi eiia ta vay.

(1) Cd tong: mgt loai huou sao. (2) Hlong: mgt loai cong Uong dan eong Tay Nguyen, am thanh phat ra thuge am vuc cao. (3) Chum choe: mgt loai nhac khi gdm hai dia tron bang ddng, eo niim d giiia. Nguoi danh chfim

choe cam hai cai mim eua cap dia danh chap vao nhau, vCia d inh vira xoa tao nen am thanh rgn ra.

(4) Au : do dfing de dung (thuang lam bang dong), dang thap, thanh hoi phinh, mieng rgng. (5) Giii: vat dung do dac, cua cai dan bang tte rfing, eo hai quai tet b ^ g day rfmg de deo sau lung. (6) Vong nhac : mgt loai nhac eu, gdm nhieu ehuong nho xau vao mgt chiec vong dong.

34 S.NGQVAN 10/1-B

The la, bd con xem, nha Dam San ddng nghit khdch, tdi td chat nich ca nha ngoai. Cac khach tu trudng deu ttr phuang xa de'n. Cdn Dam San, ba con xem, chang ndm tren vong, tdc tha tren sdn, hiing tdc chang d dudi dd't Id mdt cdi nong hoa. Chang md tide an udng linh dinh, thit lgn, thit trau an khdng ngdt, thit lgn an de'n chay den he't dng le'^', thit de an de'n chdy den he't dng id d, mdu bd mdu trdu dpng den khdp sdn hien, day cdng day chieng giang nhu mang nhen, chi vang chi do nhu hoa dam pii't '2'. Canh dd, ddi dng bde dng edu xua kia ldm gi ed !

Ba con xem, chdng Dam San udng khdng biet say, an khdng bie't no, chuyen trd khdng bie't chdn. Ca mdt vung nhao ra nhu nudc. Luon trong hang, giun trong bun, ran hd, rdn mai deu chui len ndm tren cao sudi ndng. Ech nhdi dudi gam nhd, ki nhdng ngoai bai thi keu len inh di sudt ngdy dem. Cae chdng trai di lai ngire dung ngue. Cac cd gai di lai vii dung vii. Canh lang mdt tu trudng nha gidu trdng sao ma vui the'! Ro rang la tu trudng Dam San dang gidu len, chieng ldm la nhieu. Rd rang la Dam San cd chieng ddng voi bay, cd be ban nhu nem nhu xe'p. Lam sao ma cd dugc mdt tu trudng, dau dpi khan nhidu, vai mang nai hoa, ddnh dau dap tan dd, vdy dau phd ndt dd nhu chdng ?

Vi vay, danh vang den than, tie'ng limg khdp mil, ddng tay ddu ddu ciing nghe danh tieng Dam San. Ttr khdp mpi mien, ngudi ta khieng rugu khieng lgn den. Ca mien E-de E-ga'^' ca nggi Dam San la mdt diing tudng chdc che't mudi muoi cung khdng lui budc. Ngue quan cheo mdt tam men chien, minh khoac mdt tam do chien, tai deo nu, sat ben minh nghenh ngang dii gido guam, ddi mdt long lanh nhu mdt chim ghe'c/z'*' an hoa tre, chdng Dam San hien ra Id mdt trang tu trudng mdi giau len, dang tran day siic trai, tie'ng tam limg ldy. Bdp chan chdng to bdng cdy xa ngang, bdp dui chang to bdng dng bd, siic chang ngang siic vol due, hoi thd chdng am am tua sam day, chdng ndm sap thi gay ram san, chdng ndm ngiia thi gay xa dpc : Dam San vdn da ngang tang'^' ttr trong bung me.

Tide ttmg linh dinh, an udng ddng vui keo dai sudt ca mtia khd. Den ddy, rugu da nhat, che da pHai'^', ai d ddu ve day, khach lan lugt ra ve.

{Ddm Sdn - sii thi E-de, NGUYfiN HUU THAU dieh,

NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1988)

(1) Le: mgt loai cay rirng, hinh dang gidng cay tnic, than nho va ciing. (2) Hoa dam piet: mgt loai hoa rfmg mau do tuoi.

(3) E-de E-ga: nguai E-de dfmg tfi nay de ggi tat ca cae tge nguoi thieu sd d Tay Nguyen. (4) Chim ghech : mgt loai chim riing.

(5) Nguyen van : knhong- tfi nay co nhi^u nghia, tuy theo tfmg van canh. 6 day eo the hieu dieo nghia : tinh ngang tang, khong he biet sg gi, khong he biei sg ai.

(6) Che dd phai: each noi cua ngudi E-de mang ham nghia che da can rugu.

35

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay tdm tdt didn bie'n tran ddnh de so sanh tai nang va pham chat cua hai til trudng.

Gpiy:

a) Dam San khieu chie'n vd thai do cua Mtao Mxay.

b) Hiep dd'u thu nha't:

- Hal ben lan lugt miia khien :

+ Mtao Mxay miia trudc : td ra kem cdi.

-1- Dam san miia sau : td ra tai gidi hon ban.

- Ke't qua hiep dau...

2. Phdn tich nhiing cdu ndi va hanh ddng cua ddng dao dan lang ddi vdi viec thdng thua ciia hai tu trudng de chi ra thai dp vd tinh cam ciia cdng ddng E-de dd'i vdi muc dich cua cudc chie'n ndi ehung, dd'i vdi ngudi anh hting sir thi ndi rieng.

3. Phdn cud'i doan trich chii y nhieu de'n viee mieu ta canh che't chdc hay canh an mimg chie'n thdng ? Hay phan tich y nghia ciia su lira chpn ay de lam ro thai dp, each nhin nhan cua tde gia ve y nghia thdi dai cua cudc chie'n tranh bd tdc va ve tam vde lich sii ciia ngudi anh hting trong sir phat trien cua cdng ddng.

4. Hay phdn tich gia tri mieu ta vd bieu cam ciia cac cau van cd dting ldi so sanh, phdng dai khi mieu ta nhdn vat, khung canh didn ra sir viec.

, GHI NHO .

Trpng danh du, gdn bd vdi hanh phiic gia dmti va thie't tha vdi,cudc sdng binh yen, phdn vinh ciia thj tge - dd la nhting tinh cam cao ca hhatthdi thue Dam San chien da'u va chien thdng ke thii.

Ngon ngtr trang trgng, giau hinh anh, giau nhjp didu vdi phep so sanh va phdng dai dugc sir dung cd hieu qua cao la nhCrng dac diem nghe thuat tidu bieu ciia sir thi.

LUYEN TAP

Trong doan trich cd nhdc de'n vide Dam San gap dng Trdi, dugc dng bay cho each ddnh thdng Mtao Mxay. Theo anh (chi), vai trd ciia than linh va vai trd cua con ngudi ddi vdi cudc chie'n dd'u vd chien thdng cua Dam San dugc the hien nhu the ndo ?

36

VAN BAN (Tie'p theo)

III-LUYEN TAP

1. Dgc doan van sau vd thue hien nhirng yeu cau neu d dudi.

GiUa ca the vd mdi trudng cd dnh hudng qua lai vdi nhau. Mdi trudng cd dnh hudng tai mpi dqc tinh cua ca the. Chi cdn so sdnh nhimg Id mpc trong cdc mdi trudng khdc nhau Id thdy rd dieu dd. De thuc hiin nhitng nhiem vu thu ye'u hodc do dnh hudng cua mdi truang. Id mpc trong khdng khi cd the bie'n thdnh tua cudn nhu a cdy ddu Hd Lan, hay tua mdc cd gai bdm vdo tru leo nhu 6 cdy mdy. O nhiing miin khd rdo, Id cd the bie'n thdnh gai gidm bat su thodt hoi nuac nhua cdy xuong rong hay ddy len vd ehua nhiiu nuoc nhu a cdy la bdng.

(Din theo Tieng Viet thuc hdnh, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi, 1997)

a) Phdn tich tinh thdng nha't ve ehii de ciia doan van (ehii y tdi y khdi qudt neu d c a u l ) .

b) Phan tich su phat trien cua chu de trong doan van (ttr y khai qudt de'n y cu the qua cdc cap dp).

c) Dat nhan de eho doan van.

37

2. Sdp xe'p nhiing cdu sau day thdnh mdt van ban hoan chinh, mach lac ; sau do dat eho van ban mdt nhan de phu hgp.

(1) Thdng 10 ndm 1954, cdc co quan trung uong cua Ddng vd Chinh phu rdi chie'n khu Viet Bdc trd vi Hd Ndi.

(2) Phdn sau ndi len su gdn bd giiia miin nguoc vd miin xudi trong mpt viin cdnh hod binh tuoi sdng cua ddt nudc vd ket thuc bdng ldi ngpi ca cdng an cua Bdc Ho, cua Ddng dd'i vdi ddn tdc.

(3) Nhdn su kiin thdi su cd tinh lich sudy, TdHUu sdng tdc bdi tha "Viet Bdc".

(4) "Viet Bdc" Id mdt dinh cao cua tho TdHUu vd cung Id mdt tdc phdm xudt sdc cua vdn hpc Viet Nam thai ki khdng chii'n chdng thuc dun Phdp.

(5) Phdn ddu bdi tha tdi hiin mdt giai doqn gian khd, ve vang cua cdch mqng vd khdng chii'n a chien khu Viet Bdc nay dd tro thdnh nhiing ki niim sdu ndng trong ldng ngudi.

3. Viet mdt sd cau khac tie'p theo cau van dudi day de tao mdt van ban cd npi dung thdng nhat, sau dd dat nhan de cho van ban nay.

Mdi trudng sdng cua lodi ngudi hiin nay dang bi huy hoqi ngdy cdng nghiim trpng.

4. Don xin phep nghi hpc la mdt van ban hanh chinh. Anh (chi) hay xac dinh rd nhiing van de sau day:

- Don giii cho ai ? Ngudi vie't don d cuong vi ndo ?

- Muc dieh vie't don la gi ?

- Ndi dung ca ban cua don la gi ? (xung hp ten, neu li do xin nghi, thdi gan nghi, ldi hiia thuc hien day dii cdc cdng viec hpc tap khi phai nghi hoc,...)

- Ke't ca'u eiia don nhu the' nao ? (qudc hieu, tieu ngii, ngay thang nam, hp ten vd dia chi ngudi nhan, ndi dung don, ki ten,...)

Hay vie't mdt la don ddp ting cac yeu cau tren cua van ban hanh chinh.

38

TRUYEN AN DVONG W O N G VA Mi CHAU - TRONG THUY (Truyen thuye't)

^

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Nam dugc dac trung ca ban ciia truyen thuye't qua viec t im hieu mgt tac pham cu the ke vg thanh Cd Loa, mdi tinh Mj Chau - Trgng Thuy va nguyen nhan mat nudc Au Lac.

Nhan thirc dugc bai hgc giu nudc ngu trong mgt cau chuyen tinh yeu.

TIEU D A N

Khong chii trgng tinh chinh xac nhu cac van ban lich sii, truyen thuyet da phan anh lich su mgt each dgc dao : nhiing cau chuyen trong lich sii dung nuac, gifi nuac cua ong cha ta dugc khiic xa qua loi ke cua nhieu the he de roi ke't tinh thanh nhirng hinh tugng nghe thuat dac sdc, nhudm mau than ki ma vin tham ddm cam xiic doi thuang. Chi co the hieu diing va sau sdc ngi dung ciing nghe thuat cua truyen thuyet khi xem xet tac pham trong moi quan he anh huong qua lai voi moi truong lich su - van hoa ma no sinh thanh, luu truyen va bie'n doi.

Lang Co Loa, huyen Dong Anh, ngoai thanh Ha Ngi con giir dugc mgt quan the di tich lich sir van hoa lau doi gom den tha An Duong Vuong, am tha cong chiia Mi Chau va gieng Nggc (tuang tmyen do la noi Trgng Thuy tu van sau cai chet cua Mi Chau). Bao quanh cum den, am la timg doan cua vong thanh cd chay dai tren canh dong - da'u vet con lai ciia thanh Cd Loa chin vong do An Duong Vuong xay nen. Toan bg cum di tich la minh chiing lich su cho su sang tao va luu truyen chudi truyen thuye't ve su ra ddi va suy vong ciia nha nudc Au Lac. Trong chudi truyen thuyet dd, ndi bat hai ldp truyen chinh : mgt la ke ve qua trinh An Duong Vucmg xay thanh va che tao nd than thanh cdng nhd su giiip da cua than Riia Vang, hai la ke ve nguyen nhan khien co do nha nudc Au Lac "dam bien sau" lien quan den md'i tinh Mi Chau - Trgng Thuy.

Van ban dudi day trich tir Truyen Rua Vdng trong Linh Nam chich qudi - mgt suu tap Uuyen dan gian ra ddi vao cudi the ki XV.

39

Le hdi den Cd Loa, huyen Ddng Anh, ngoai thanh Ha Ngi (Anh: Trudng Thi)

VAN BAN

Vua An Duong Vuong nudc Au Lac, hp Thuc ten Phan [...] xay thanh d dat Viet Thudng'i' h6 ddp tdi dau lai Id tdi day. Vua ben lap dan trai gldi'^', cau dao bach than'3'. Ngdy mdng bdy thang ba bdng thay mdt eu gia ttr phuong ddng tdi trudc ciia thanh ma than rdng : "Xdy dvmg thdnh nay bie't bao gid cho xong dugc !". Vua mimg ra ddn vao trong dien, thi Id''*', hdi rdng: "Ta ddp thdnh nay da nhieu lan bang Id, ton nhieu cdng siie ma khdng thanh, the la cd lam sao ?". Cu gia ddp : "Se cd sii Thanh Giang'^' tdi cung nha vua xay dung thanh mdi thdnh cdng". Ndi rdi ttr biet ra ve.

(1) Viet Thudng: mgt sd su gia thoi truoc doi khi diing ten nay de ggi nuac ta thud xua. (2) Trai gi&i: giii minh trong sach. Ngay xua, truoc khi te 16 mgt thoi gian, nguoi lam 16 phai kieng

nhieu di6u de gifi minh trong sach. (3) Bdch thdn : tram vi than. 6 day co nghia uoc le, ehi ehung cac vi thin linh duge ton tho. (4) Thi li: tien hanh nghi diuc, nghi 16 chao don. (5) Thanh Giang: nghia den la "con song Uong". Day ehi eon song thieng, noi Rua Vang 6.

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Hdm sau, vua ra ciia ddng chd dpi, chgt thay mdt con Riia Vang ttr phuang ddng lai, ndi tren mat nude, ndi sol tieng ngudi, tu xung la sii Thanh Giang, thdng td viec trdi dat, dm duong, quy than. Vua mung ra ndi: "Dieu dd ehinh cu gid da bao cho ta biet trudc". Ben dung xe bdng vang rude vao trong thanh'^' [...].

Thanh xay niia thang thi xong. Thdnh rdng hon ngan trugng'^', xodn nhu hinh trdn dc, cho nen ggi la Loa Thanh, cdn gpi la Quy Long Thanh, ngudi thdi Dudng gpi la Cdn Ldn Thdnh, lay le rdng nd cao ldm.

Rua Vang d lai ba nam rdi tir biet ra ve. Vua cam ta ndi : "Nhd on cua than, thanh da xay dugc. Nay ne'u cd giac ngodi thi lay gi ma chdng ?". Rua Vang ddp : "Van nudc suy thinh, xa tdc'^' an nguy deu do menh trdi, eon ngudi cd the tu diic ma keo ddi thdi van. Nha vua udc mudn ta cd tiec ehi". Ben thdo vud't'^' dua cho nha vua ma ndi: "Dem vat nay lam ldy nd, nhdm quan giac ma ban thi se khdng lo ^ niia". Dut ldi, trd ve bien Ddng.

Vua sai Cao Ld lam nd, lay vudt rua lam ldy. Gpi la nd "Linh quang Kim Quy than ca". Ve sau Trieu Vuong la Da cii binh xdm luge phuong Nam, cung vua giao chien. Vua lay nd than ra bdn, qudn Da thua ldn, chay ve Trdu Son'^' ddp luy khdng dam dd'i chien, ben xin hod [...].

Khdng bao lau. Da cau hdn. Vua vd tinh ga con gdi la Mi Chau cho con trai Da la Trpng Thuy. Trpng Thuy dd Mi Chau cho xem trdm nd than rdi ngdm ldm mdt cai ldy nd khdc thay vudt Rtia Vdng, ndi ddi la ve phuong Bdc tham cha. Ndi rang: "Tinh vg chdng khdng the lang quen, nghia me cha khdng the diit bd. Ta nay trd ve tham cha, neu nhu den liic hai nudc that hod, Bdc Nam cdch biet, ta lai tim nang, lay gi lam dau ?". Dap : "Thiep phan nii nhi, neu gap canh biet li thi dau ddn khdn xiet. Thiep cd do gam ldng ngdng thudng mac tren minh, di de'n ddu se nit ldng md rdc d nga ba dudng de lam dau, nhu vay se cd the cuu dugc nhau".

Trpng Thuy mang lay than ve nudc. Da duge ldy ca mimg, ben cti binh sang danh. Vua cay cd nd than, vdn diem nhien ddnh cd, cudi ma ndi rdng: "Da khdng sg nd than sao ?". Qudn Da tie'n sdt, vua cam lay nd, thay ldy than da mat ben bd chay. Vua dat Mi Chau ngdi ddng sau ngua rdi cting nhau chay ve phuong Nam.

(1) Luge mgt doan ke qua Uinh Rfia Vang giiip vua diet trfi yeu quai rdi bit tay vao viee xay thanh. (2) Truong: don vi do chieu dai thai xua, khoing 3m. Thanh "rgng hon ngan trugng" la con sd uoc

16, y noi thanh rat ldn. (3) Xa tae : {xd: n^n dat dap eao de tho than Dai ; tdc : nen dat dap eao de tho than Liia) voi mgt

nuac sdng chu yeu dua vao nong nghidp thi xd tdc eo the hieu la ddt nuoc. (4) Vudt: mong dai va nhgn cua loai vat. (5) Trdu Son : mgt nggn nfii d lang Trau Son, huyen Gia Lam, Ha Ngi (thuge tinh Bae Ninh cu).

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Trgng Thuy nhan dd'u ldng ngdng ma dudi. Vua chay tdi bd bien, dudng cting, khdng ed thuyen qua ben keu rdng : "Trdi hai ta, sii Thanh Giang d ddu mau mau lai ciiu". Rtia Vang hien len mat nudc, thet ldn : "Ke ngdi sau lung chinh la giac dd !". Vua ben tudt kiem chem Mi Chau, Mi Chau khan rdng : "Thiep la phdn gdi, ne'u cd ldng phdn nghich muu hai eha, che't di se bien thanh cat bui. Ne'u mdt ldng trung hie'u ma bi ngudi lira ddi thi che't di se bie'n thdnh chau ngpc de riia sach md'i nhue thti". Mi Chdu chet d bd bien, mdu chay xudng nudc, trai sd an phdi deu bie'n thdnh hat chau. Vua cam stmg te bay tac'^', Rua Vang re nudc ddn vua di xud'ng bien.

Ddi truyen noi dd Id da't Da Son, xa Cao Xa, phii Didn Chau'2'. Quan Da keo tdi day khdng thay bdng vet gi, chi edn lai xac Mi Chau. Trpng Thuy dm xac Mi Chdu dem ve tdng d Loa Thanh, xdc bien thanh ngpc thach'^'. Mi Chau da chet, Trpng Thuy thuong tiec khdn cting, khi di tdm tudng nhu thay bdng dang Mi Chau, ben lao ddu xud'ng gieng ma che't. Ngudi ddi sau md dugc ngpc d bien Ddng, lay nudc gieng nay ma nia thi thay trong sang them, nhdn kieng ten Mi Chau cho nen gpi ngpc minh chau la dai ciiu va tieu eiiu'*'.

(Theo VU QUYNH - KI§U PHIJ, Linh Nam chich qudi, DINH GIA KHANH - NGUYfiN NGOC SAN dich,

NXB van hge. Ha Ngi, 2001)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Dua theo cdt truyen, tim nhirng chi tie't lien quan de'n nhan vat An Duong Vuong. Tren ca sd cdc chi tiet da liet ke, anh (chi) hay phan tich :

a) Do ddu ma An Duong Vuong dugc than linh gitip da ? Ke ve su giiip da than ki dd, ddn gian mud'n the hien each ddnh gia nhu the nao ve nha vua ?

b) Su mat canh gidc ciia nha vua bieu hien nhu the ndo ?

c) Sdng tao nhiing chi tie't ve Rtia Vang, Mi Chau, nha vua tu tay chem dau con gai... nhdn ddn mud'n bieu Id thai do, tinh cam gi ddi vdi nhan vat lich sii An Duong Vuong va viec mat nudc Au Lac ?

(1) Sieng te: simg eua con 16 giac. Nguoi xua eho rang sfmg te dai de'n bay tae {tdc: don vi do chieu dai thai xua, khoang 3 cm) la vat quy, than ki, eo the ki (chdng lai) nuoc.

(2) Nay thuge huyen Di6n Chau, tinh Nghe An. (3) Ngoc thach : thii ngge (da) mau xanh nhat, trong sudt, thuang dung lam dd trang siic, ttang tri.

Can phan biet voi chdu la thii nggc do mgt sd loai trai duoi nude tao thanh. (4) Cieu : t6n mgt thii nggc trai quy {dai: lan ; tieu : nhd).

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2. Ve viec Mi Chau len dua cho Trpng Thuy xem nd than, cd hai cdch ddnh gia nhu sau: - Mi Chau lam vay la chi thudn theo tinh cam vg chdng md bd quen nghia vu dd'i vdi da't nudc. - Mi Chau lam theo y chdng Id le tu nhien, hgp dao 11. Y kie'n rieng eua anh (chi) nhu the nao ?

3. Mi Chdu bi than Rtia Vdng ke't tdi la giac, lai bi vua cha chem ddu, nhung sau dd, mau ndng hod thdnh nggc trai, xdc nang hod thdnh ngpc thach. Hu eau nhu vay, ngudi xua mudn bay td thai dp vd tinh cam nhu the ndo dd'i vdi nhan vat Mi Chdu va mud'n nhdn giii dieu gi den tlie he tre mudn ddi sau ?

4. Trpng Thuy gay nen su sup do ea do Au Lac vd cdi chet cua Mi Chau. Vdy anh (chi) hieu nhu the ndo ve hinh anh "ngpc trai - gieng nudc" ?

5. Ttr nhiing dieu da phan tieh, anh (chi) hay cho biet ddu la "cdt loi lich su" ciia truyen vd cdt loi lich sii dd da dugc ddn gian than ki hod nhu the nao ?

. GHI NHO ,

• Truyen An Duong Vuong va Mi Chau - Trong Thuy la mgt each giai thich

nguyen nhan viec mat nuac Au Lac. Qua dd, nhan dan ta mudn neu len bai

hgc Ijch sir ve tinh than canh giac vdi ke thii va each xir li dung dan mdi quan

he giira rieng vdi chung, giira nha vai nudc, giCra ca nhan vai cgng ddng.

• Hinh tugng nhan vat va nhii-ng chi tiet hu cau trong truyen cho tha'y mdi

quan h$ giu'a phan cdt loi lich sir vdi phan tudng tugng cua dan gian.

LUYEN TAP

1. Cd hai cdch ddnh gid nhu sau :

a) Trpng Thuy chi la mdt ke gian diep, ngay cd viec yeu Mi Chdu cung chi la gia dd'i.

b) Giira Mi Chdu va Trpng Thuy cd tmh yeu chung thuy va hinh anh "ngpc trai -gieng nude" da ea ngpi mdi tinh dd.

Anh (chi) hay trinh bay y kien rieng ciia minh.

2*. An Duong Vuong da tu tay chem dau ngudi con gdi duy nhat cua minh nhung dan gian lai dung den vd am thd hai cha con ngay canh nhau. Cdch xii li nhu

vay ndi len dieu gi trong dao h truyen thd'ng ciia ddn tde ta ?

3*. Tim mdt sd bdi tha vie't ve Mi Chau - Trpng Thuy vd neu len siic sdng ldu ben cua Truyin An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy.

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LAP DAN Y BAI VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Biet each lap dan y bai van tu su (ke lai mpt cau chuyen) tuong tu mpt truyen ngdn.

I - HINH T H A N H Y TUiniG, DU KIEN COT TRUYEN

Dpc phan trich sau vd tra ldi cau hdi.

[...] Tdi se viet chuyin cudc khdi nghia cua anh Di ' ', cupc ddi, sdphqn anh Di. Tdi cd ngay cdm gidc phdi tim mdt cdi tin khdc cho anh Di. Tin Di nd "Kinh" qud, ngudi Kinh qud. Tnu, tdi gpi anh bdng tin dy. Nd "khdng khi" hon nhiiu [...].

Tdi chua hinh dung cdu chuyin, cdt truyin se diin bien cu thera sao, nhung tdi dd thdy rd, cdi truyin ngdn ndy si bdt ddu bdng mpt khu ritng xd nu - md tdi se ra siic td mpt cdch het sue tqo hinh [...] vd truyin se ket thuc bdng mpt cdnh rirng xd nu, nhu mdt vl thanh cuxa mdddn vd bdt tan, nghia la "bdcuc" caban dd thdy dupc roi... Sau ddy mpi su bdng tro nin rd rdng, de ddng den ki la. Chi Dit "den" -nhu Id tdt yeu vdy [...]. Nhung tdi mudn Dit se la mdi tinh sau cda Tnu, mpt mdi tinh si la md md chdc chdn hiin lin a cudi truyin. Vdy thi phdi cd Mai, ehi cua Dit [...]. Vd cdi gi de ddn den cudc bung day ghi gdm nhu vdy cua Tnu (diet sqch cd mpt tieu dpi gidc gdn nhu bdng tay khdng, nhiing ndm thdng chua hi cd tieng sung cdch mqng dy) ? Tdt phdi cd mdt ndi dau riing buc bdch dit dpi, bat ra tic ndi dau chung cua xdm ldng, ddn tpc: dda con bi ddnh chet tdn bqo, Mai gue xudng, ngay trudc mdt Tnu. Chi tiet dy den mpt cdch tdt yeu.

Vd dng cu Met cua tdi cting tdt yeu phdi den. Ong Id cpi ngudn. Id Tdy Nguyen cua thdi "Ddt nudc diing lin" trudng ton den hdm nay [...].

Cd le ciing tie dd md cd thdng be Heng. Nd se cdn di tai ddu, chua ai ludng duac...

(1) Anh De la mgt thanh ni6n (nguoi dan tge Xe-dang) tae gia da gap nam 1963 va dugc nghe anh ke ehuyen ; Hoi 1959, ehinh anh da efing 10 ttai Uang trong lang bat dau cugc da'u tranh vu trang d day (dSn dieo Nguyen Ngge, Ve truyen ngdn "Rirngxd nu').

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Tdt cd tra nin di ddng den ngqc nhiin ddi vai tdi. Tdi hinh dung ra, thdy hien hiin tdt cd. Cdc chi tiet tu nd den: cdc bd cu gid lum cum bd tu trin thang nhd sdn xudng, cdc cd gdi ldy nudc a vdi nudc ddu ldng [...], cd tieng nuoc lanh tanh trong dim khuya [...], cd mudi ngpn lua xd nu chdy rdn rat trin mudi ddu ngdn tay cucr Tnu [...]. Tdt cd, tdi khdng "bia" thim gi cd, tdi thdy rd hi't, mdc ddu tdt cd day hodn todn Id mdt cdu chuyin bia. Md nhu that. Vdi tdi, nd hodn todn cd that. Cdch sdp xep cdc lap thdi gian trong truyin, xen ke, dan quyin, nhiing mach ndi... cung din di ddng vd tu nhiin, nhu tdt nd phdi vdy.

"Rirng xd nu" la truyen cua mdt ddi, vd dupe ke trong mpt dim. Dd Id cdi dim ddi nhu cd mdt ddi...

(Nguy6n Nggc, Ve truyen ngdn "Rirngxd nu", trong Nhd vdn noi ve tdc phdm, Ha Minh Diic bien soan,

NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi, 2000)

L Trong phan trich tren, nha van Nguyen Ngpc ndi ve viec gi ?

2. Qua ldi ke ciia nha van, anh (chi) hpc tap dugc dieu gi trong qud trinh hinh thanh y tudng, du kien cdt truyen de chuan bi lap dan y cho bai van tu su ?

11 - LAP D A N Y

1. Suy ngdm ve ke't thiic truyen Tdt den ciia Ngd Tat Td {Trdi tdi den nhu muc vd nhu cdi tiin do cua chf), nha van Nguy§n Tudn viet: "Tdi ngd edu ke't ndy cting mdi chi la cai cham het mdt thien ciia truyen ddi. Vdi mdt cdi tien thdn ngay thang, lanh manh nhu vay, tdi nghi rdng chi Ddu the tat phai cd mdt hau than trong cdc doan the each mang; va tdi nhd nhu da cd lan nao, tdi da gap chi Ddu d mdt dam ddng pha kho thdc Nhat, d mdt eudc cudp chinh quyen huyen ki Tdng khdi nghia; va ne'u khdng thi, chi it, tdi cting da gap chi vdo nhiing ngdy dich hdu o ep, chi tai thuang hoac day ndp ham bem'^' cho cdn bd co sd.".

Theo suy ngam cua nhd van Nguyen Tudn, ed the ke ve "hdu thdn" ciia chi Ddu bdng nhiing edu chuyen sau :

(1) Sau cai dem ay, chi Dau gap mdt can bd each mang vd dugc giac ngd. Trong cudc Tdng khdi nghia thang Tam 1945, chi Ddu ddn dau doan ndng dan len cudp chinh quyen huyen, pha kho thdc Nhdt chia eho ddn ngheo.

(2) Cudc khdng chien chdng thue dan Phap nd ra. Tuy sd'ng trong vting dich hdu, chi Dau vdn bi mat nudi giau edn bd, nhieu lan day ndp ham hem eho canbd...

Anh (chi) hay lap dan y cho bdi van ke ve mdt trong hai cau chuyen tren.

(1) Hdm bem: chi htai bi mat ciia can bg va nhan dan ta trong cugc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap.

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Gpiy:

- Chpn nhan de cho bai viet.

- Lap ddn y theo bd cue ba phan : md bai, than bdi, ke't bdi.

2. Anh (chi) hay trinh bdy each lap dan y bdi van tu su.

Gai y:

- Dir kie'n y tudng Ve cdc nhdn vat va diln bien cau chuyen.

- Dan y gdm nhirng phan ndo ? Ndi dung mdi phan ra sao ?

GHI NHO.

Lap dan y bai van tu su la neu ro nhirng npi dung chinh cho cau chuyen ma minh se vie't, se ke. Dan y ehung : - Md bai : gidi thieu cau chuyen (hoan canh, khdng gian, thai gian, nhan

vat,...). - Than bai : nhirng su viec, chi tiet chinh theo didn bie'n cau chuyen. -Ke't bai : ke't thiic cau chuyen (cd the neu cam nghT ciia nhan vat, hoac mdt

chi tie't that dac sdc, y nghTa). Mudn lap dan y, can du kie'n de tai, xac djnh cac nhan vat, chgn va sap xep cac su viec, chi tie't tieu bieu mgt each hgp li.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. V. Le-nin nd i : "Tdi khdng sg khd, khdng sg kho, tdi chi sg nhiing phiit yeu mem ciia ldng tdi. Dd'i vdi tdi chien thdng ban than la chien thang ve vang nha't.". Ttr nhiing ki niem ciia tudi hoc trd, anh (chi) hay lap dan y cho bai van viet ve cdu chuyen : Mpi hpc sinh tdt phqm phdi mpt so sai ldm trong "nhiing phut yeu mim" nhung dd kip thdi tinh ngp, "chii'n thdng bdn thdn...", vuon lin trong cupc sdng, trong hpc tap.

2. Lap dan y cho bai van vie't ve mdt cdu chuyen xay ra trong cudc sd'ng ma anh (chi) dugc true tie'p ehiing kie'n (ddi thanh nien tinh nguyen tham gia cdng tac giti trat tu an toan giao thdng ; ddi ban giiip nhau vugt khd, hgc gidi ; bac trudng thdn cham lo ddi sd'ng cdc gia dinh thuang binh, liet si,...).

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UY-LIT-XO TR6 v i HQ-ME-Ro (Trieh 6-di-xe - sii thi HI Lap)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Cam nhan dugc ve dep tSm hdn va tri tue ciia ngudi Hi Lap qua canh doan tu gia dinh ciia Uy-lit-xa.

• Phan t ich, l i giai dugc cac ddi thoai va di^n bie'n tam li ciia nhan vat. Hieu dugc dac diem ciia nghe thuat sir thi O-dl-xe.

*s

TIEU DAN I-li-dt va 0-di-xe, hai sii thi ndi tie'ng ciia dat nudc Hi Lap, thudng dugc coi la sang tao

cua Hd-me-ro. Song cho de'n nay, vdn chua bie't dich xac Hd-me-ro la ai. Cd nhieu truyen thuye't ke ve nha tha mil nay. Phd bie'n hon ca la cau chuyen ke dng la con mdt gia dinh ngheo va dugc sinh ra ben ddng sdng Me-let vao khoang the ki EX - VIII trudc Cdng nguyen. Ong mang ten Me-le-xi-gien (nghia la con cua ddng sdng Me-let).

0-di-xe ke lai hanh trinh ud ve que huong ciia Uy-llt-xa (ten ggi theo tie'ng Hi Lap la 0-di-xe-iit''') sau khi ha thanh To-roa. 0-di-xe la biic tranh hoanh trang, hao himg cua ngudi Hi Lap trong cdng cudc chinh phuc thien nhien va di dan md da't. O-di-xe gdm 12 110 cau tho, dugc chia thanh 24 khiic ca. Cau chuyen dugc ke tir thdi diem Uy-lit-xa sau mudi nam rdi To-roa, vin chua the dat chan len manh dat que huong va dang bi nfi than Ca-lip-xd cam giii. Cac than cau xin Ddt cho Uy-lit-xa dugc sum hgp vdi gia dinh. Ddt ddng y. Trong khi do, tai que nha, Pe-ne-ldp, vg cua Uy-lit-xa phai dd'i mat vdi 108 ke quyen quy trong vimg de'n cau hon. Te-le-mac, con trai ciia chang phai duong dau voi bgn chiing de bao ve gia dinh. Tuan lenh Ddt, nii than Ca-llp-x6 budc phai de Uy-lit-xa rdi dao. Sau vai ngay, gap bao ldn, chiec be bi danh tan tac, Uy-lit-xa may mdn dat vao xii sd ciia vua An-ki-nd-dt. Tai day, Uy-llt-xo da ke lai hanh trinh phieu liru mao hiem trong sudt 10 nam qua cac mien da't la cho nha vua (khuc ca I - XII). Dugc An-ki-nd-dt giiip do, Uy-lit-xa da trd ve que huong sau 20 nam rdng ra xa each (gdm 10 nam danh thanh To-roa va 10 nam troi dat lenh denh) noi Uy-lit-xa phai dd'i mat vdi mgt hiem nguy mdi. Dd la bgn cau hdn xao quyet, hung ban dang rdp tam chie'm doat tai san gia dinh. Uy-lit-xa ciing con trai va gia nhan trung thanh lap muu triing tri bgn chiing. Nfi than A-te-na xudng tran bao tin Uy-iit-xo dugc Ddt cho phep doan tu va dugc triing tri nhfing ke da pha hoai gia dinh minh. Cudc sd'ng mdi bdt dau tren xii sd I-tac, que huang yeu dau ciia Uy-lit-xa (khiic ca XIII - XXIV).

(1) T6n cua eae nhan vat eo trong doan trich nay dugc phi6n am theo each dgc qua tieng Phap. Nguyen van trong tieng Hi Lap la: Homeros (H6-me-rdt); Odysseus (0-di-x6-iit); Troje (Tro-i-a); Telemakhos (T6-le-ma-khdt) ; Kalypso (Ca-llp-x6) ; Alkinoos (An-ki-no-dt) ; Penelopeia (Pe-n6-16-pe-i-a); Eurykleia (O-ri-cle-i-a); Artoris (Ae-to-rit); Athene (A-ten-ne); Ithake Q-ta-ke); Zeus (Z6-i-iit); Akhilleus (A-khin-le-iit).

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Chu de chinh cua O-di-xe la chinh phuc thien nhien de khai sang, md rdng giao luu. 6-di-xe tai hien xung dot gifia cac nen van minh, cac trinh do van hoa; la cugc dau tranh de bao ve hanh phiic gia dinh. Ne'u A-sin, ngudi anh hung tran mac xuat chiing trong su thi I-li-dt, la bieu tugng sue manh the chat thi Uy-lit-xa la bieu tugng siic manh tri tue ciia ngudi Hi Lap. Day la hai mdu anh hiing van hoa tieu bieu cua dan tdc Hi Lap. Hg cfing thudc v^ kieu nhan vat sieu mdu ket tinh tir cac truyen thuye't va huyen thoai cd xua.

Doan trich dudi day thudc khiic ca thii XXIII ciia su thi O-di-xe.

VAN BAN Gia dang lam ngudi hanh khat, Uy-Iit-xa da vao dugc trong ngdi nha cua

minh, dugc Pe-ne-ldp cho phep d lai de ke cho nang nghe nhfing cau chuyen ve chong nang ma anh ta bie't. Pe-ne-ldp td chiic cudc thi bdn cung chgn chdng, dua vao dd hai cha con Uy-lIt-xo trti tinh each thiic tieu diet kk thu. Bgn cau hdn khdng ai thuc hien dugc yeu cau cua cudc thi. Uy-lit-xa dudi bd do hanh khat xin tham du va da thdng. Vdi cay cung trong tay, Uy-lit-xa tieu diet nhiing ten cau hdn dau sd, danh dudi chiing ra khdi nha, trimg phat lu day td phan chu. Doan dudi day ke tiep man vg chdng doan vien... (Nhd mdu O-ri-cle len gdc goi Pe-ne-lop day, bdo cho ndng biet Uy-lit-xa chong ndngdd tro ve, dd trimg tri bon cdu hon. Nhung Pe-ne-ldp khong tin...)

Pe-ne-ldp than trgng ndi: - Gia oi, gia hay khoan hi hiing, reo cudi. Gia cting bie't, neu chang trd ve thi

mpi ngudi trong nhd, nhat la tdi va con trai chiing tdi sinh ra kia se sung sudng xiet bao ! Nhung cdu chuyen gid ke khdng hodn toan diing su thuc. Ddy la mdt vi than da giet bpn cau hdn danh tie'ng, mdt vi than bat binh vi str lao xugc bat kham va nhting hdnh ddng nhud'c nha ciia chiing. Vi chiing chdng kieng ne mdt ai tren coi ddi nay, dti Id dan den hay ngudi quyen quy, hd gap chiing la bat cii ai ciing hi chiing khinh miet. Vi sir bat cdng dien rd cua chiing, nen chiing phai den tdi day thdi. Cdn ve phan Uy-lit-xa thi d noi dd't khach que ngudi chang cting da het hi vpng trd lai dd't A-cai' ', chinh chang ciing da chet rdi.

Nhii mau O-ri-cle hien thao dap : - Con oi ! Sao con dam he rang ndi vay ? Chdng con dang d day, ngay tai nha

nay, ma con lai khdng tin, ndi rang ngudi se khdng bao gid ve nira! Vay de gia ndi cho con biet mdt da'u hieu khac nhe, mdt dau hieu khdng sao cai dugc : dd la cai seo do rang nanh trdng ciia mdt con lgn ldi biic ngudi ngay xua de lai. Khi gia rira chan'2' cho ngudi, gid chgt nhdn ra edi seo dd. Gia da toan mach bao con, nhtmg ngudi dua tay bit mieng gid lai, cam ndi, vi ngudi dang cd trong dau dc mdt y nghi rat khdn. Vdy con cu di vdi gid. Gid dem tinh menh ra danh cudc vdi con: neu gia lira dd'i con thi con cii dem giet gia di bdng each nao tan ac nhat.

(1) A-cai (Akhaie): mien dai phia bdc ban dao P6-16-p6-ne-da cua Hi Lap cd dai. Truac khi di danh thanh To-roa, Uy-lIt-xo lam vua d dao I-tae (thuge A-cai).

(2) Theo tue men khach eiia ngudi Hi Lap ed, khach quy thuang dugc day to cua ehii rira chan cho.

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Pe-ne-ldp than trpng dap :

- Gia oi! Dti gia sang sudt de'n dau, gid cung khdng sao hieu thau nhting y dinh huyen bi ciia than hnh bat tii. Nhung thdi, gac ehuyen dd lai. Bay gid ta hay xud'ng nha vdi Te-le-mac de xem xac che't ciia bpn cau hdn vd ngudi gie't ehiing.

Ndi xong, ndng bude xud'ng lau. Ldng nang rat ddi phan van : ndng khdng biet nen diing xa xa hdi chuyen ngudi chdng yeu quy ctia minh hay nen lai gan, dm lay dau, cam lay tay ngudi ma hdn ? Khi vao den nha, bude qua nguang cira bdng da, nang den ngdi trude mat Uy-lIt-xo, dudi dnh lira hdng, dua vdo biic tudng dd'i dien, cdn Uy-lit-xa thi ngdi tua vdo mdt cai cdt cao, mdt nhin xudng da't, dpi xem bay gid tan mdt trdng thay minh rdi, ngudi vg eao quy ciia minh se ndi gi vdi minh. Nhung nang vdn ngdi lang thinh tren ghe hdi lau, ldng sung sdt, khi thi dam dam du yem nhin chdng, khi lai khdng nhan ra chdng dudi bd do quan rach mudp.

Te-le-mac ben cat ldi trach me gay gdt:

- Me oi, me that tan nhdn, va ldng me ddc ac qua chimg ! Sao me lai ngdi xa cha con nhu the, sao me khdng de'n ben cha, vdn va hdi han eha ? Khdng, khdng mdt ngudi dan ba nao sdt da den miic chdng di bien biet hai muoi nam nay, trai qua bao ndi gian lao, bay gid mdi trd ve xii sd, ma lai cd the ngdi each xa chdng nhu vay. Nhimg me thi bao gid ldng da cdng rdn ban ea da.

Pe-ne-ldp than trpng dap :

- Con a, ldng me kinh ngac qua chimg, me khdng sao ndi dugc mdt ldi, me khdng the hdi han, eung khdng the nhin thang mat ngudi. Ne'u qua thue day chinh la Uy-ht-xa, bay gid da trd ve, thi eon cd the tin chdc rdng the nao eha con va me cung se nhdn duge ra nhau mdt each dd dang, vi eha va me cd nhiing dd'u hieu rieng, chi hai ngudi biet vdi nhau, edn ngudi ngoai khdng ai bie't he't.

Nghe nang ndi vay, Uy-lit-xa cao quy va nhdn nai mim cudi. Rdi ngudi vol ndi vdi Te-le-mac nhiing ldi cd canh'^' nhu sau :

- Te-le-mac, con! Dtmg lam ray me, me cdn mudn thii thach cha d tai nha nay. The nao rdi me con eung se nhdn ra, chdc chdn nhu vay. Hien gid cha edn ban thiu, do quan rdch rudi, nen me con khinh cha, chua ndi: "Dich thi la chdng rdi!". Nhung ve phan cha con ta, ta hay ban xem nen xii tri the nao cho dn thod nhd't. Ng'u cd ai gie't che't mdt ngudi trong xii sd, chi mdt ngudi thdi, vd dti ke bi gie't chang cd ai bdo thu cho nira, thi ngudi ay ciing phai rdi bd cha me, dd't nudc, trdn di. Hudng hd chiing ta day, chiing ta da ha ca thanh luy'^' bao ve dd thi ndy, gie't cdc chang trai cua nhiing gia dinh quyen quy nha't; tinh hudng ay, cha khuyen con nen suy nghi.

(1) Lai CO cdnh : loi noi bay bdng nhu dugc chdp them doi canh - ldi noi hinh anh ma H6-me-ro thuang su dung de ea nggi pham chat tri tue eua nhan vat.

(2) Ha cd thdnh luy: am ehi bgn eau hon quyen quy hi Uy-lit-xa triing phat.

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Te-le-mac chdm rai dap :

- Cha than yeu, viee nay xin de tuy cha dinh heu, vi xua nay cha vdn la ngudi ndi tieng khdn ngoan, khdng mdt ke pham tran nao sanh kip. Ve phan chiing con, chiing con se he't ldng hang hdi phti td cha, va xin cha tin rdng chi ndi trong pham vi siic lue eua eon, eon eiing khdng phai la ngudi kem gan da.

(Uy-lit-xa bdo moi nguai di tdm rua, roi mac qudn do d?p, ca mua cho nguoi ngodi ldm tuang trong nhd ldm licu&i''', dan ai ndy gid kin chuyen cho den khi cha con lui ve trang trai cua La-ec-ta^^^ roi se bdn tinh sau, Uy-lit-xa cung di tdm.)

Khi Uy-lit-xa ttr phdng tam budc ra, trdng ngudi dep nhu mdt vi than. Ngudi lai trove chd cu, ngdi dd'i dien vdi Pe-ne-ldp, tren chiec ghe banh ban nay, rdi ndi vdi ndng:

- Khdn khd ! Han la cdc than tren mil 0-lem-pa da ban cho nang mdt trai tim sdt da ban ai bet trong dam dan ba yeu dudi, vi mdt ngudi khac chac khdng bao gid ed gan ngdi cdch xa chdng nhu the, khi chdng di bien biet hai muoi nam trdi, trai qua bao ndi gian truan, nay mdi trd ve xii sd. Thdi, gia oi ! Gia hay ke cho tdi mdt chiec giudng de tdi ngii mdt minh, nhu bay lau nay, vi trai tim trong ngue ndng kia la sdt.

Pe-ne-ldp than trpng dap :

- Khdn khd! Tdi khdng coi thudng, coi khinh ngai, cting khdng ngac nhien den rdi tri dau. Tdi biet rat ro ngdi nhu the nao khi ngai ttr gia I-tac ra di tren chiec thuyen cd mdi cheo ddi. Vdy thi, O-ri-cle ! Gia hay khieng chiec giudng chdc chdn ra khdi gian phdng vach tudng kien cd do chinh tay Uy-lit-xa xay nen, rdi lay da ctm, chan va vai dep trai len giudng.

Ndng ndi vay de thii chdng, nhung Uy-lit-xa bdng giat minh ndi vdi ngudi vg than trpng:

- Nang oi, nang vtra ndi mdt dieu lam cho tdi chdt da. Ai da xe dich giudng tdi di chd khac vay ? Ne'u khdng cd than linh giiip da thi dti la ngudi tai gidi nhat cfing khd ldng lam duge viec nay. Ne'u than linh mudn xe dich di thi de thdi, nhung ngudi tran dti dang siic thanh nien eiing khd ldng lay chuyen dugc nd. Day la mot chiec giudng ki la, kie'n tnic cd diem rat dac biet, do chinh tay tdi lam lay chii chdng phai ai. Nguyen trong san nha cd mdt cay d-hu'^' la dai; nd mgc len, khoe, xanh td't va to nhu cai cdt. Tdi ke vach gian phdng cua vg chdng minh quanh cay d-hu ay, rdi xdy len vdi da tang dat that khit nhau. Tdi Igp ki gian phdng, rdi ldp nhiing cdnh ciia bdng gd lien, ddng rat chdc. Sau dd tdi chat het canh la cua cay

{!) LdmlScuoi: vi Uy-lit-xo cai trang duoi dang nguai hanh khat da chien thdng trong cugc thi ban cung chgn chdng nen co the lam 16 cuoi.

(2) La-ec-ta: bd eua Uy-lit-xa. (3) Cdy 6-liu (tieng Phap : olivie): mgt loai cay cho qua de sin xuai dau an.

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d-Uu la dai, cd deo than cay ttr gdc cho that vudng vdn rdi nay dudng mue, lam thanh mdt cai chan giudng vd lay khoan khoan Id khdp xung quanh. Tdi bao ta't ca cae bd phan dat tren chan giudng dd, lay vang bae vd ngd nam vao trang tri, va cudi cting tdi cang len mat giudng mdt tam da mau dd rat dep. Dd la diem dac biet ma tdi vtra noi voi nang. Nhung nang oi, tdi mudn bie't cai giudng ay hien edn d nguyen chd cu, hay da ed ngudi chat gde cay d-liu ma ddi nd di noi khac.

/ f ' . 1 I A Li: i l l ' ^

Pe-ne-ldp vui sudng nhan ra chdng minh (Tranh minh hoa cuon O-di-xe xudt bdn tai Pa-ri, 1996)

Ngudi ndi vay, va Pe-ne-ldp biin riin ca chan tay, nang thay Uy-llt-xa ta ddng mudi muoi sir that. Nang ben chay ngay lai, nudc mdt chan hod, dm lay ed chdng, hdn len trdn chdng va ndi:

- Uy-lIt-xo! Xin chang chd gidn thiep, vi xua nay chang van la ngudi ndi tie'ng khdn ngoan. 6 l ! Than llnh'^' da danh cho hai ta mdt sd phan xiet bao cay ddng vi ngudi ghen ghet ta, khdng mud'n cho ta duge sd'ng vui ve ben nhau, cting nhau hudng hanh phuc cua tudi thanh xuan va eung nhau di de'n tudi gia dau bac. Vay gid ddy, xin chang chd gian thiep, ciing dimg trach thiep ve ndi gap chang ma thiep khdng au yem chdng ngay. Thiep ludn ludn lo sg cd ngudi de'n ddy, dimg ldi dudng mat ddnh lira, vi ddi chang thieu gi ngudi xdo quyet, ehi lam dieu tai de... Gid day, chang da dua ra nhiing chiing ed ranh ranh, td lai cai giudng khdng ai biet ro, ngoai chdng vdi thiep va Ac-td-rit, mdt ngudi thi ti ciia cha thiep cho khi thiep ve day.

(1) Than linh : a day mudn am ehi eae than da trung phat Uy-h't-xo vi chang da triet ha dianh To-roa.

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va sau dd giii ciia gian phdng vach tudng kien cd ciia chiing ta. Vi vay chang da thuyet phuc dugc thiep va thiep phai tin chang, tuy long thiep ra't da nghi.

Nang ndi vay, khien Uy-Ut-xa cang them mudn khdc. Ngudi dm lay ngudi vg xiet bao than yeu, ngudi ban ddi chung thuy cua minh ma khdc dam di.

Diu hien thay mat da't, khi nd hien len trudc mdt nhfing ngudi di bien bj Pd-de-I-ddng'^' ddnh tan thuyen trong sdng ca gid to, hp boi, nhung rat it nguoi thoat khdi bien khoi trdng xoa ma vao dugc den bd; minh day bpt nudc, nhirng ngudi sdng sdt mimg ra budc len dat Uen mong dpi; Pe-ne-ldp ciing vay, dugc gap lai chdng, nang sung sudng xiet bao, nang nhin chdng khdng chan mdt va hai canh tay trdng mudt ciia nang cii dm lay co chong khdng na budng rdi.

(HO-ME-RO, 6-di-xe, theo ban dich ra van xuoi cua PHAN THI MI N, NXB van hgc. Ha N6i, 1983)

HU6NG DAN HOC BAI

1. van ban tren cd the chia lam may doan ? Neu npi dung cua mdi doan. 2. Tam trang ciia Uy-ht-xa khi trd ve gap lai vg minh bieu hien nhu the nao ? Cach

ting xii cua chang bdc Id pham chat gi ? 3. Vi sao Pe-ne-ldp lai "rd't ddi phan van" ? Viec chpn each thii "bi mat ciia chi c

giudng" cho thay ve dep gi ve tri tue va tam hon cua nang ? 4. Cach ke ciia Hd-me-ra qua doan trich tao ra hieu qua gi ? Bien phap nghe thuat

nao thudng dugc su dvmg de khdc hoa pham chat nhan vat ? Bien phap ngh§ thudt nao da dugc sii diing d kho cudi cua doan trich ("Diu hien... budng rdi") ?

r CHI NHO-

Qua canh vg chdng doan tu sau hai muai nam xa each, vdi nghe thuat ke chuyen va chgn chi tiet dac sdc, Hd-me-ra da khdc hoa ve dep tam hdn va tri tue cua Uy-lit-xa va Pe-ne-ldp.

^

LUYEN TAP

1. Doan trich tren day thudng dugc ggi la "canh nhan mat bdng phdp thu bi mat cua chiec giudng" vd la mdt trong nhiing su kien lam noi bat tinh hudng doan vien. Hpc shih cd the tu td chiic bieu ddin canh nay (theo hinh thiic kich) de khdc hoa sau them hoan canh cung nhu hanh dpng ciia cac nhan vat.

2. Nhdp vai Uy-Ht-xa, anh (chi) hay ke lai canh nhan mat ay.

(1) Pd-de-i-dong (Poseidon): than Bien Uong than thoai Hi L^p.

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TRA BAI LAM VAN S6 1

^

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Thay ro nhirng uu diem va nhupc diem trong bai lam van sd 1.

• Rut ra dugc nhirng kinh nghiem de nang cao kha nang bgc Id cam xiie, suy nghT chan thue trudc mgt su vat, su viec, hien tugng ddi~^dng, hoac mgt nhan vat, mgt tac pham van hgc gdn gui, quen thuge.

l-HOATOONGTRENLOrP

L Tham gia thao luan dudi sir hudng ddn eiia thay (cd) gido, nhdm :

a) Xdc dinh cac yeu cau dat ra ddi vdi bai viet. Cu the la:

- Bai viet can neu nhfing cdm xiic, suy nghi chan thuc trudc su vat, sir viec, hien tugng ddi sdng hoac nhan vat, tac pham nao ?

- Bai viet hudng tdi ai, chia se cting ai nhirng cam nghi chdn thtrc ay ?

b) Xac dinh phucmg hudng lam bai:

- Bai viet can neu len nhfing cam xiic, suy nghi cu the nao ? Can sdp xep cdc y theo trinh tu nao cho hgp II de ngudi dpc cd the thich thii, dong tinh vdi nhfhig cam nghi cua ngudi viet ?

- Can phan tich, trien khai cac y nhu the nao dl bdi vie't khdng ngheo nan, don dieu, khd khan ?

- Ldi van phai dat dugc nhung yeu cau gi de bai viet thuc su gpi dugc suy nghi va cam xiic cho ngudi dgc ?

c) Ddi chieu nhiing yeu cau tren vdi thirc te bai lam ciia minh di nhdn ra nhfing uu diem vd nhugc diem ciia bdi viet.

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2. Lang nghe thay (ed) gido nhan xet cac bai lam cua ldp, de :

a) Riit ra nhiing kinh nghiem bd Ich, dac biet ve nhiing dieu cd lien quan tdi bdi vie't ciia minh.

b) Hpe tap nhiing y hay, nhiing ldi van dep cua cae ban trong ldp dugc thay (cd) gidi thieu, bieu duong.

3. Dgc ldi nhdn xet ciia thay (cd) de thay ro nhiing uu diem va nhugc diem cu the trong bai vie't ciia minh.

H-CONG VIEC 0NHA

1. Siia chira nhiing sai sdt cu the trong bdi viet (ve cae mat: nhan thiic de bai, bd cue, ehinh ta, dung ttr, dat cdu,...).

2. Xay dung lai dan y chi tie't va vie't lai It nhat la mdt doan van trong bai viet.

3. Luu bdi vie't trong hd so hgc tap de tham khao va nit kinh nghiem cho cac bai ldm van tiep theo.

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RA-MA BU6C TOB - VAN-MI-KI

(Trich Ra-ma-ya-na - sii thi An Dd)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Qua hai nhan vat Ra-ma va Xi-ta, hieu dugc

quan niem cua ngudi An 0 6 cd dai ve mdu

ngudi anh hiing, dire vua mdu muc va ngudi

phu nir l i tudng.

• Thay dugc nghe thuat the hien nhan vat ciia

sir thi Ra-ma-ya-na.

K

TIEU D A N

Ra-ma-ya-na va Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta la hai sir thi An Do ndi tie'ng, cd anh hudng sau rdng, lau ben uong van hgc, van hoa khdng nhfing cua dan tdc An ma cdn cua nhieu nudc Ddng Nam A. Ra-ma-ya-na hinh thanh vao khodng the kl IV-III trudc Cdng nguyen, dugc bd sung, trau chudt bdi nhieu the he tu si - thi nhan va dat den hinh thiic hoan thien cud'i cung nhd dao si Van-mi-ki. Tac pham bao gdm 24 000 cau tha ddi (mdt cau tha ddi gdm hai ddng tho).

Ra-ma-ya-na la cau chuy6n ve nhirng ki tich ciia Ra-ma, hoang tir trudng cua nha vua Da-xa-ra-tha. Khi Da-xa-ra-tha mud'n truyen ngdi bau cho Ra-ma, thi do ldng dd ki, thii phi Ka-ke-i nhdc lai mdt an hue cfi, budc nha vua day ai Ra-ma vao rirng 14 nam, trao vuong qudc cho con trai ba ia Bha-ra-ta. Ra-ma vang lenh. Vg chang, Xi-ta, cung ngudi em trai than thiet nha't cua chang, Ldc-ma-na, tinh nguyen theo Ra-ma chiu luu day. Khi thdi han luu day sdp het thi xay ra mdt tai bien ldn. Quy Ra-va-na da dung muu bdt cdc Xi-ta, cudn nang trong vat ao, bay ve dao Lan-ka. Mat Xi-ta, Ra-ma dau budn khdn xiet. Tren dudng di tim Xi-ta, Ra-ma gap va giiip da vua khi Xu-gri-va chd'ng lai ngudi anh uai bat cdng, gianh lai vg va vuong qud'c. Do dd, chang dugc vua khi Xu-gri-va, tudng khi Ha-nu-man ciing doan quan khi giiip sire vugt bien, tan cdng dao Lan-ka. Sau ciing, Ra-ma ha thii Ra-va-na trong giao tranh, giai ciiu Xi-ta. Vg chdng gftp lai nhau, nhung nghi ngd Xi -ta khdng cdn trgn ven danh tie't sau nhfing ngay thang trong tay quy, Ra-ma tuyen bd tir bd nang. Xi-ta thanh minh khdng dugc, danh budc len gian hoh thieu. Chiing gidm diic hanh cua Xi-ta, than Lua da dem nang tra lai cho Ra-ma. Anh hung Ra-ma cimg ngudi vg thuy chung Xi-ta quay trd ve kinh dd, cai quan dat nudc, khie'n cho mudn dan dugc sd'ng trong thai binh, thinh tri.

Hon hai ngan nam qua, nhting nhan vat li tudng nhu Ra-ma, Xi-ta, Ldc-ma-na, Ha-nu-man,... ludn ludn sdng ddng va nuoi duang tinh than, dao diic dan tdc An Do. Ra-ma-ya-na cfing dugc xung tung nhu kiet tic thi ca dau tien cua An Do, dac biet thanh cdng Uong mieu ta thien nhien Uan day siic sdng va chiia chan tinh ngudi, the hien ndi tam nhan vat sau sdc va chan thuc. Ngudi An Dg tin rdng: Chimg nao song chua can, niii chua mdn thi Ra-ma-ya-na cdn lam say ddm long ngudi va ciiu vdt hg thoat khdi tdi ldi.

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VAN BAN

Gia-na-ki'i' khiem nhudng dung trudc Ra-ma. Ra-ma ndi : "Hoi phu nhdn eao quy ! Ta dua ndng tdi day sau khi da ddnh bai ke thti. Ta da lam ta't ca bdng kha nang cua minh. Ta da tra thti ke lang nhue ta vd eon gidn eiia ta da hd. Ngay hdm nay, ai nay deu da dugc chiing kie'n tai nghe eiia ta. Ta da lam trdn ldi hiia, va gid day khdng edn gi vudng mdc vdi chinh minh. Ndng bi ga Rde-sa-xa'^' tam dia xdo trd bdt cdc khi vdng mat ta, dd Id do sd phdn ndng xui nen, nhung ta da go cho nang khdi dieu vu khdng. Ke nao bi quan thti lang nhue md khdng dem tdi nghe cua minh ra de trd thii la ke tam thudng. Ngay hdm nay, viec chdng Ha-nu-man hao hdn vugt bien ed da ke't thiic thdnh cdng ; viee ddt pha Lan-ka va nhiing ki ti'ch khdc da dem lai vinh quang. Ngdy hdm nay, tdi nghe va nhiing ldi khuyen sang sudt ctia Vi-phl-sa-na'^' da hoan todn dugc chiing td ; ed nhiing cd gdng cua chdng ciing thdnh cdng td't dep, chdng da ttr bd ngudi anh bat hdo eiia minh, ung hd dai nghia ciia ta vd nuong tua vdo ta".

Nghe nhfing ldi dd, Gla-na-kl md trdn ddi mdt ddm le. Tha'y ngudi dep khudn mat bdng sen vdi nhfing cudn tde lugn sdng diing trudc mat minh, ldng Ra-ma dau nhu dao cdt. Nhung vi sg tai tie'ng, chang ben ndi vdi ndng, trudc mat nhung ngudi khdc : "De tra thu su lang nhue, ta da lam nhiing gi ma mdt con ngudi phai lam : ta da tieu diet Ra-va-na. Ciing nhu dai dao si A-ga-xtl-a nhd cdng sdm hdi khd hanh da gidi thodt cho cac xii phuong Nam khdi ndi kinh khie'p dd'i vdi In-van

Ra-ma, Xi-ta, Ldc-ma-na va Ha-nu-man

(Tranh thd An Dd)

(1) Gia-na-ki: mgt ten khac cua Xi-ta, ggi theo ten nha vua Gia-na-ka. Khi cay dai chuan hi cho 16 t6' sinh, vua Gia-na-ka thay mgt be gai xinh dep tren ludng cay lien mang ve nuoi, dat ten la Xi-ta (eo nghia la luong cdy). Xi-ta ehinh la eon cua nfi than Dai Me Pri-thi-vi.

(2) Rdc-sa-xa : mgt loai yeu quy. Ra-va-na, ke bat eoe Xi-ta, la vua cua yeu quy Rde-sa-xa sdng tren dao Lan-ka.

(3) Vi-phi-sa-na : em trai cua Ra-va-na. Khuyen can Ra-va-na tra Xi-ta lai cho Ra-ma khong duge, Vi-phi-sa-na da tir bd nguoi anh toi l6i cfia minh sang chien dau ben phe eiia Ra-ma. Sau khi tieu diet Ra-va-na, Ra-ma dua Vi-phi-sa-na len ngoi cai tri dao Lan-ka.

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va Va-ta-pi'i', ta cung giai thodt cho coi the gian ndy khdi md'i lo sg Ra-va-na. Phdi biet chac dieu nay: chang phai vi nang ma ta da danh thdng ke thti vdi su giiip do cua ban be. Ta ldm dieu dd vi nhan pham eiia ta, de xoa bd vet d nhue, de bdo ve uy tin vd danh du ciia ddng hg limg ldy tie'ng tam cua ta. Ta lam dieu dd chinh la de chiing td ta khdng thudc ve mdt gia dinh binh thudng. Nay ta phai nghi ngd tu each cua nang, vi ndng da luu lai lau trong nhd mdt ke xa la. Gid day, nang dang dting trudc mat ta, nhung trdng thay ndng, ta khdng chiu ndi, chang khac ndo anh sang ddi vdi ngudi bi dau mdt. Vay ta ndi cho ndng hay, ndng mud'n di dau tuy nang, ta khdng ung cd nang nua. Ngudi da sinh trudng trong mdt gia dinh cao quy cd the nao lai lay ve mdt ngudi vg tung sd'ng trong nhd ke khac, don gian chi vi mu ta la mdt vat de yeu duong ? Ndng da bi quay nhidu khi d trong vat do cua Ra-va-na, ddi mat tdi loi cua hdn da hau hau nhin khdp ngudi ndng, vay lam sao ta cd the nhan nang ve khi nghi tdi gia dinh cao quy da sinh ra ta ?

Nay muc dich ciiu ndng da dat dugc rdi, ta khdng can de'n nang nua. Nang mudn di dau tuy y. Hoi phu nhan cao quy! Ta ndi ro cho nang hay, chang ehiit quanh co, ngap ngtmg : nang cd the de tdm de'n Lac-ma-na, Bha-ra-ta, Xa-tru-na'^', Xu-gri-va'^', hay neu ndng thich, ndng cd the di theo Vi-phi-sa-na Cling dugc...

Thay nang yeu kieu xinh dep, lai cd duge nang trong nha ban, Ra-va-na dau cd chiu dung dugc lau".

Nghe nhiing ldi gian dfi dd ctia Ra-ma, Gia-na-ki dau ddn de'n nghet thd, nhu mdt cay day leo bi vdi vol qudt nat. Nghe nhiing ldi td cdo chua ttmg cd, trudc mat ddng dii mpi ngudi, Gia-na-ki xau hd cho sd kiep ciia nang. Ndng mud'n tu chdn vtii ea hinh hdi than xac cua minh. Mdi ldi ndi eua Ra-ma xuyen vao trai tim ndng nhu mdt miii ten. Nudc mat nang do ra nhu sud'i. Lay td do lau nude mdt, rdi bdng gipng nghen ngao, nirc nd, nang ndi: "Cd sao chdng lai dting nhung ldi le gay gdt khd ta nhu vay ddi vdi thiep, gid'ng nhu mdt ke thap hen chui mdng mdt eon mu thd'p hen ? Thiep ddu phai la ngudi nhu chdng tudng! Thiep cd the lay tu each cua thiep ra ma the, hay tin vao danh du ciia thiep. Suy ttr hanh vi cua loai phu nii tha'p hen, chdng da ngd vue td't ea gidi phu nii, nhung nhu the dau cd phai. Ne'u chang cd hieu bie't thiep ehiit dinh thi xin hay ttr bd md'i ngd vuc khdng can cii dd di.

Chang xem, Ra-va-na da dung tdi thiep khi ma thiep dang che't ngat di, lam the nao tranh dugc ? Ve dieu dd, chi cd so menh eiia thiep la dang bi che trdch, nhung nhung gi ndm trong vdng kiem soat ctia thiep, tire trdi tim thiep day, la thudc ve

(1) In-van va Va-ta-pi la hai anh em y6u quy dgc ac thuang an thit eae tu si Ba La Mon. Chiing bi dao si A-ga-xti-a tieu diet.

(2) Xa-tru-na : em ciia Ra-ma (eung nhu Bha-ra-ta, Lac-ma-na). (3) Xu-gri-va : vua cua loai khi Va-na-ra sdng d niii rirng tr6n eao nguyen D6-ean, mien Nam

AnDg.

57

chang. Thiep cd the lam gi vdi cai than thiep day, bdi nd cd the phu thudc vao ke khac, khi thiep hodn toan d dudi quyen luc cua hdn. Thiep cdn gi la thanh danh, neu nhu chdng vdn chua hieu dugc thiep qua tinh yeu cua thiep vd qua tiep xiic vdi tdm hdn cua thiep. Hdi chdng phdi Ha-nu-man'^' tdi dd tin tiic ve thiep, cd sao chdng khdng gui cho thiep ldi nhdn nhu chang ttr bd thiep ? Neu the thi thiep da ke't lidu ddi minh ngay trude mat chdng Va-na-ra'^' dd rdi. Ma su the da nhu vay, thi chang chang can phai mao hiem de cd the nguy hai den than minh; va cac ban hfiu ciia chang da khdi phai chiu dung nhiing phien mudn, dau khd. Hoi Diic vua! Nhu mdt ngudi thd'p hen bi con gian gidy vd, Ngudi dang nghi ve thiep nhu mdt phu nfi tam thudng. Ten thiep la Gia-na-ki, bdi vi thiep cd Uen quan den le te sinh eiia nha vua Gia-na-ka chii khdng phai vi thiep sinh ra trong gia dinh dd ; chi cd nfi than Da't la me ciia thiep thdi. Vi khdng the suy xet cho diing dan, chang da khdng hieu dugc ban chat ciia thiep. Chang khdng nghi de'n vi sao hdi edn thanh nien chang da eudi thiep. Tinh yeu eiia thiep, ldng trung thanh cua thiep nay xem ra hodn todn vd Ich!".

Ndi diit ldi, Gia-na-ki oa khdc. Nang ndi vdi Ldc-ma-na luc nay dang budn ba vd suy nghi li e: "Hgi Ldc-ma-na, em hay chuan bi cho chi mdt gian hod thieu. Vdi ndng ndi ddng biidn hien nay, dd la phuong thiie duy nhat cho chi. Chi khdng mud'n sd'ng sau nhfing ldi td eao lam lae nhu vay. Chdng chi khdng hai long ve chi, chdng da rudng rdy chi trudc mat mgi ngudi. Gid thi chi se tfi bd tam than nay cho nggn lua'.

Co nen eon gidn, Ldc-ma-na nhin Ra-ma, va qua net mat, cu chi cua ngudi anh, Ldc-ma-na doan dugc ddng co ciia anh. Chang chuan bi mdt gian hod thieu cho Xi-ta.

Vao liic dd, chang ed ai trong dam ban hiiu dam ndi gi vdi Ra-ma, hoac nhin vao chang; liic dd nom chang khiing khiep nhu than Chet vdy.

Ra-ma vdn ngdi, mdt dan xudng dat. Xi-ta lugn quanh chang rdi budc tdi gidn lira. Sau khi cui lay ehu than, dang Bra-ma'^', ndng thua vdi than Liia A-nhi'*' :

(1) Ha-nu-man : mgt tuong tai ba, dfing cdm eua loai khi Va-na-ra. (2) Chdng Va-na-ra: d day ehi Ha-nu-man. (3) Bra-ma: than Sang tao, mgt trong ba vi than tdi cao cua dao Ba La Mon. (4) A-nhi: than Lua, rat quan trgng trong van hoa An Do. Trong 16 hien te, con ngudi dang 16 vit

tr6n gian Ida, A-nhi dong vai tro trung gian gifra eon nguoi va eae vi thdn. Trong hon 16, eo dau va chii re di vong quanh lira thi6ng bdy vong, thdn A-nhi lam chiing eho su the nguyen thuy chung sudt doi cua hg. Thdn Lira eo mat d khdp mgi noi, bi6i tat cd mgi hdnh dgng tdt, xau ma con nguoi da lam, n6n nghi 16 thii lira dugc tin la co the kiem ehiing diic hanh nguoi ta. Lira con CO siie manh thanh tay. Hod tang Id nghi 16 tang ma cua An Dg dugc xem nhu 16 te sinh cudi cung ma nguai ch6i ddng minh nhu mgt 16 vdt cho thdn linh.

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"Neu con trudc sau mgt ldng mdt da vdi Ra-ma thi ciii xin than hay tim each bao vd con. Ra-ma da coi mdt phu nii trinh tie't nhu mdt ke gian dd'i, nhung ne'u eon trong trdng, xin than A-nhl phti hd cho con".

Ndi diit ldi, Gia-na-ki lugn quanh gian thieu rdi dung cam bude vdo nggn liia. Ai nay, gia ciing nhu tre, dau ldng diit rudt xem nang Gla-na-ki diing trong gian hoa. Trudc mat mpi ngudi, trang tuyet the giai nhan dd nap minh eho lira. Cac bdc thanh, cdc ehu than nhin Gla-na-ki bude vdo lua, chang khac mdt Id vat trong Id te sinh.

Thay nang nhu vay, nhu mdt thien than bi dudi khdi trdi do mdt than ehii nguyen nia,-cdc phu nir bat ra tie'ng keu khdc thdm thuong. Cd lodi Rdc-sa-xa ldn loai Va-na-ra cting keu khdc vang trdi trudc canh tupng dd.

(VAN-MI-KI, Ra-ma-ya-na, theo ban dich ra van xuoi cua PHAM THUY BA,

NXB van hge, Hd Ngi, 1989)

Hir^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Sau chie'n thdng, Ra-ma Va Xi-ta gap lai nhau trudc su chiing kie'n ciia "mpi ngudi".

a) Cdng chiing dd bao gdm nhiing ai ?

A. Anh em, ban hiiu ciia Ra-ma.

B. Dpi qudn ciia loai khi Va-na-ra.

C. Quan qudn, dan chiing cua loai quy Rdc-sa-xa.

D. Tat ca nhirng dd'i tupng tren.

b) Hoan canh ay cd tdc ddng nhu the nao de'n tam trang, ngdn ngtr dd'i thoai ciia Ra-ma, Xi-ta ? (Phan tich nhting cdu eho thay y thiic cua Ra-ma, Xi-ta ve tinh the "trudc mat nhiing ngudi khac", "trudc mat ddng dii mpi ngudi",...)

2. Theo ldi tuyen bd ciia Ra-ma :

a) Chang giao tranh vdi quy Ra-va-na, tieu diet hdn de giai ciiu Xi-ta vi ddng ca gi ?

A. Danh du ngudi anh hung bi xiic pham khi Ra-va-na ddm cudp vg eiia chdng.

B. Tinh yeu thuong eiia ngudi chdng dd'i vdi vg, khdt khao dodn tu vg chdng.

C. Ca hai h do tren.

b) Chang rudng bd Xi-ta vi II do gi ?

A. Danh du khdng cho phep ngudi anh hting chap nhan mdt ngudi vg da chung cha vdi ke khdc.

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B. Su ghen tudng cua ngudi chdng khdng chap nhan ngudi vg da chung cha vdi

ke khdc.

C. Cd hai H do tren.

c) Phan tieh nhfing tit ngtr lap di lap lai nhieu trong ldi ndi cua Ra-ma cho thay y chi, tdm trang cua chang.

d) Phan tich thai dp eiia Ra-ma khi Xi-ta budc len gidn lira.

3. Trong ldi dap ciia minh, Xi-ta da nha'n manh nhu the nao ve :

- Su khdc biet gifia tu each, diic hanh cua nang va loai phu nu tam thudng, tha'p kem ?

- Su khdc biet gifia dieu tuy thudc vdo sd menh ciia nang, vao quyen luc ke khdc ("cai thdn thiep ddy") vd dieu trong vdng kiem soat cua nang ("trdi tim thiep day") ?

Ttr vai trd eiia than A-nhi trong van hod An Dp, cd the hieu nhu the nao ve quye't dinh budc len gian lua va nhfing ldi cau khan than A-nhi eua nang Xi-ta ?

4. Phdn tich thai dd ciia cdng chiing khi chiing kien Xi-ta nap minh cho lira. Cam nghi ciia anh (chi) trudc canh Xi-ta bude vao lua.

^__ CHI NHO ,

Chuang Ra-ma budc tdi dat cac nhan vat vao tinh the thir thach ngat ngheo ddi hdi su lua chpn quye't Net, bdc Id sau sdc ban chat con ngudi. Ra-ma vao sinh ra tir, chien dau vai yeu quy gianh lai ngudi vg yeu quy nhung cung ddm hi sinh tinh yeu vi danh du, bdn phan ciia mgt ngudi anh hiing, mdt dire vua mdu muc. Nhu mdt ngudi vg li tudng xirng dang vdi Ra-ma, Xi-ta cung sdn sang dem than minh thir lira de chirng minh tinh yeu va dire hanh thuy chung.

LUYEN TAP

Chia ldp hgc thdnh cdc nhdm, mdi nhdm trinh didn man kich Ra-ma bupc tpi theo each cam nhan cua minh. Nhan xet su trinh didn cua mdi nhdm (tao dung khung cdnh, didn xud't ciia didn vien, trang phuc, dao eu, nhac nen,...). Binh chgn nhdm the hien td't nhat tinh than ciia doan trich Ra-ma budc tdi.

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CHON SU VIEC, CHI TIET TlIU BIEU TRONG BAI VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Biet chgn su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu de vie't bai van tu su.

I - KHAI NIEM

1. "Tu su (ke chuyen) la phucmg thtic trinh bay mgt chudi cae sir viec'^', su viec nay ddn den sir viec kia, cud'i cting ddn de'n mdt ket thiie, the hien mdt ynghla"'2'.

Tit dien tieng Viit^^'' giai thich : su viee la "edi xay ra dugc nhdn thiic cd ranh gidi ro rang, phan biet vdi nhiing cdi xay ra khac".

Trong van ban tu sir, mdi sir viee dugc didn ta bdng ldi ndi, cir chi, hdnh ddng cua nhan vat trong quan he vdi nhdn vat khdc. Ngudi vie't, ngudi ke chgn mdt sd su viec tieu bieu, nhdm ddn ddt can ehuyen, td dam dac diem, tinh each nhan vat, tao su hap ddn, ldi cudn ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe. Su viee tieu bieu Id nhiing su viec quan trgng gdp phan hinh thanh cdt truyen.

2. Mdi su viec cd the cd nhieu chi tiet. Chi tiet la "tieu tie't cua tac pham mang siic chtia ldn ve cam xiic vd tu tudng"'^'. Chi tie't ed the la mdt ldi ndi, mdt cu chi, mpt hanh ddng cua nhdn vat, hoac mdt su vat, mdt hinh anh thien nhien, mdt net chan dung,... Nhung chi tie't dac sdc tap trung the hien ro net sir viec tieu bieu.

Chpn su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu Id khdu quan trpng trong qud trinh viet hoac keiai mdt cau chuyen.

(1) C6 tai li$u ggi su viec la su ki$n. Id tinh tiet,... (2) Ngu vdn 6, tap mgt, NXB Giao due, Hd Ngi, 2002. (3) Vi?n Ngon ngfi hge (Hodng Phe ehii bi6n), NXB Dd Ndng, 2002. (4) Le Bd Han - Tran Dinh Sir - Nguy6n Khdc Phi (ddng ehu bien). Tit dien thudt ngu vdn hoc,

NXB Gido due, 2004.

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11 - CACH CHON sir VIEC, CHI TIET TIEU BIEU

1. Dpc lai Truyin An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy, cho biet:

a) Tae gia dan gian ke ehuyen gi ? (Ve tinh cha eon ? Ve tinh vp chdng ehung thuy ? Ve cdng cudc xdy dimg va bdo ve da't nudc ctia eha dng ta xua ?)

b) Trong truyen cd su viee Trpng Thuy vd Mi Chau ehia tay nhau, Trpng Thuy hdi Mi Chdu : "[...] Ta lai tim ndng, lay gi lam da'u ?" (ehi tie't 1). Mi Chau dap : "Thiep cd do gam ldng ngdng [...] di de'n ddu se nit ldng ma rdc d nga ba dudng de lam dd'u" (chi tie't 2).

Theo anh (chi), cd the coi su viee va cdc ehi tie't tren la nhirng sir viec, chi tie't tieu bieu trong Truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy dugc khdng, vi sao ? (Ne'u khdng ke sir viec dd hoac bd chi tiet Mi Chdu rdc ldng ngdng de lam dd'u thi edu chuyen cd tie'p nd'i dugc khdng, vi sao ?)

2. Tudng tugng ngudi con trai lao Hac (nhan vdt chinh trong truyen ngdn Ldo Hqc ciia Nam Cao) trd ve lang vdo mdt hdm sau Cach mang thdng Tam 1945 nhu sau:

Vi tdi ddu ldng, thdy cdnh xdm ldng tuy cdn xaxdc, tiiu diiu, nhung khi the cdch mqng sdi ndi, anh boi hoi nhd lai nhiing ki niim xua... Anh tim gap dng gido, duac nghe ke vi cha minh, roi theo dng di vii'ng mp cha. Sau mdy ngdy thdm hdi bd con hdng xdm vd bqn be cu, anh gdi lai dng gido nhiing di vdt cua cha, tam biit qui huong, nhung khdng nhu ldn trudc, ldn ndy anh di ldm nhiim vu cua ngudi cdch mqng.

Anh (chi) hay ehpn mdt su viec rdi ke lai vdi mdt sd chi tie't tieu bieu.

3. Ttr nhiing viec ldm tren, anh (chi) hay neu each chpn su viec, chi tie't tieu bieu trong bdi van tu str.

GHI NHO ,

• Oe viet mpt bai van tu su, can lua chgn dugc cac su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu. • Su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu cd tac dung ddn ddt cau chuyen, to dam tinh each

nhan vat va tap trung the hien chu de ciia cau chuyen.

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Mi - LUYEN TAP

1. Dgc van ban sau va tra ldi eau hdi.

HONDAXUXI

Tdi thudng tiec cho hdn da xti xi trude ciia nha minh : Nd den si si ndm sap d dd nhu con trau, chang ai bie't nd cd ttr bao gid, chdng ai de y de'n nd. Mdi rntia gat hdi, phoi rom ra trudc cdng, bd ndi lai bao : "Hdn da vudng qua, bao gid mdi van nd di dugc".

Bdc tdi lam nha mud'n lay da xdy tudng, nhung khd mdt ndi nd chang ra hinh thti gi ca, khdng bdng phang, khdng gdc canh, dung biia due thi tdn siic qua, chang bang ra bai sdng gan dd tha siic chgn da vde ve edn tdt hon chan van. Nhd xdy xong, lam bdc he, bdc tdi cdng khdng chpn de'n nd. Nam ay, ed bac thg dd ve ldng, due deo cho gia dinh tdi chiec cdi. Bd ndi bdo : "Lay qudch hdn da nay, khdi phai van ttr xa". Bdc thg da ngdm nghia mai, rdi lde dau, che chat dd min qua khdng dting dugc.

[...] Nd ndm lang le d dd, bdng ram eiia cdy hoe ben san khdng che dugc nd, hoa cting chang bao gid mgc tren minh nd. Cd dai mgc, day leo lan dan phd len nd mdt ldp reu xanh mau den ldm dd'm. Bgn tre chiing tdi ciing ghet hdn da, da tung rii nhau van di, song khdng van ndi. Tuy ludn ludn mdng che nd, song chang bie't lam the ndo, danh ke nd ndm che't gi d dd.

[...] Cud'i cting mdt hdm, cd mdt nhd thien van ve ldng. Ong di qua ngo nhd tdi, ehpt phdt hien ra hdn dd ndy, dnh mdt cii cudn hiit vdo nd. Ong da d lai khdng di nfia, va sau dd lai cd vai ngudi keo de'n, bao dd la hdn da roi ttr vii tru xudng da hai ba tram nam. Id mdt hdn da rat ghe gdm. Sau dd khdng lau, mdt chiec d td de'n da can than chd hdn da di.

Chuyen ndy khien bpn tdi diia ndo eiing het siic ngac nhien. Hdn dd vtra xti xi, xau xi, vtra tai qudi nay, thi ra ttr tren trdi roi xud'ng. Nd da va trdi, da tfmg toa nhiet, tea anh sang tren trdi. To tien ciia chiing ta ed le da nhin thay nd, nd da dem lai cho td tien anh sdng, ldng nguong md vd su udc ao, song nd da roi xud'ng trong biin da't, trong cd hoang, ndm d day may tram nam u ?

Bd ndi bdo :

- That chdng the nhan ra, hdn dd khdng binh thudng, ngay de'n tudng eiing khdng xdy ndi, bdc len xud'ng eiing chang the Idt dupe !

- Nd xa'u xl qua ma! - Nhd thien van bao.

- Diing, nd xa'u xl qud.

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- Nhung dd chinh la edi dep cua nd. - Nha thien van ndi tie'p. - Nd lay xau lam dep.

- Lay xa'u lam dep u ?

- Diing, xa'u de'n tan cting la dep de'n tan cting. Chinh vi the nd khdng phai la hdn da budng binh thdng thudng, duong nhien khdng the xdy tudng, lat bac len xud'ng, khdng the dieu khdc vd giat vd quan do. Nd khdng phai la thir de lam nhiing trd ay, cho nen thudng bi ngudi ddi che bai.

Bd ndi dd mat. Tdi ciing do mat.

Tdi cam thay xa'u hd eho minh, ddng thdi cam thay edi vT dai eiia hdn dd, tham ehi tdi cdn odn gidn hdn dd tai sao da im lang chiu dung ta't ca bao nhieu nam nay ? Song tdi lai lap tiic cam nhdn sau sdc su vT dai ciia hdn da da sdng am tham vd khdng sg hieu lam.

{Theo Gid Binh Ao, Cdy Phdt, in Uong Tdn vdn, NXB van hgc. Ha Ngi, 2003)

a) Khi ke lai chuyen nay, cd ngudi dinh bd su viec hdn da xau xi dugc xdc dinh la roi ttr vii tru xud'ng. Theo anh (chi), lam nhu the cd dugc khdng, vi sao ?

b) Ttr dd, anh (chi) nit ra bai hgc gi ve each lua chgn su viec vd chi tiet tieu bieu khi viet bdi van tu su (hoac ke chuyen) ?

2. Dgc doan trieh Uy-lit-xo trd vi (trich sir thi 0-di-xi), anh (chi) hay eho biet:

- Hd-me-ra ke ehuyen gi ?

- O phan cud'i doan trich, tdc gia da chgn mdt su viec quan trpng, dd la su viec gi, dupe ke bdng nhiing chi tie't tieu bieu ndo ? Cd the coi day la thdnh cdng cua Hd-me-ra trong nghe thudt ke chuyen khdng, vi sao ?

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TAM CAM (Truyen cd tich)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Hieu dugc y nghTa ciia nhirng mau thudn, xung dot va su bie'n hoa ciia Tam trong truyen Tam Cam.

Ndm dugc gia trj nghe thuat ciia truyen Tam Cam.

V^

TIEU D A N

Tmy$n cd tich dugc chia thanh ba loai: cd tich ve loai vat, cd tich than ki, cd tich sinh hoat. Cd tich than ki cd ndi dung phong phii va chie'm sd lugng nhieu nha't. Dac trung quan ttgng cua cd tich tiian ki la su tham gia ciia cac yeu td thdn ki vao tien trinh phat trien ciia cau chuyen (tien. But, su bie'n hoa than ki, nhfing vat cd phep mau,...). Truyen cd tich than ki the hi$n udc mo chay bdng cua nhan dan lao ddng ve hanh phiic gia dinh, ve le cdng bdng xa hdi, ve pham chat va nang luc tuyet vdi cua con ngudi.

Truyen Tdm Cdm thuge loai cd tich dian ki. Kieu tmyen Tdm Cdm phd bien d nhieu dan tge khac nhau tren the gidi.

VAN BAN

Ngdy xua, cd Tam va Cam la hai ehi em cting cha khac me. Hai chi em suyt soat tudi nhau. Tam la con vg ca, Cdm la con vg le. Me Tam da chet ttr hdi Ta'm cdn be. Sau dd may nam thi cha Tam cung chet. Ta'm d vdi di ghe Id me cua Cam. Di ghe la ngudi rat cay nghiet'^'. Hdng ngdy, Tam phai lam lung vat va, he't chan trau, ganh nudc, den thai khoai, vdt beo; dem lai cdn xay liia gia gao md khdng he't viec. Trong khi dd thi Cam dugc me nudng chieu, dugc an trdng mac tran, sudt ngdy quanh quan d nhd, khdng phai lam viec nang.

Mdt hdm ngudi di ghe dua cho hai chi em mdi ngudi mdt cdi gid bdo ra ddng bdt con tdm cdi tep. Mu ta hfia hen: "He diia ndo bdt dugc day gid thi thudng cho mdt cai yem do !".

Ra ddng, Tam nhd md eua bdt de da quen nen chi mdt budi Id dugc day gid vtra ca vtra tep. Cdn Cam thi dung dinh dao he't rudng ng sang rudng kia, mai de'n chieu vdn khdng dugc gi.

(1) Cay nghiet: khdt khe, nghiet nga Uong ddi xir, lam eho nguai khac phdi khd sd.

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Thay Tam bdt dugc mdt gid day, Cam bao chi:

- Chi Tdm ai, chi Tdm! Ddu chi ldm, chi hup cho sdu, keo vi dl mdng.

Tin la that, Tam ben xudng ao ldi ra chd sau tdm nia. Cam thtra dip tnit het tep cua Tam vdo gid cua minh rdi ba chdn bdn cdng ve trudc. Liic Ta'm budc len chi cdn gid khdng, ben ngdi xud'ng bung mat khdc hu hu.

Bay gid But' ' dang ngdi tren toa sen, bdng nghe tieng khdc cua Tam, hen hien xudng hdi:

- Con lam sao lai khdc ? Tam ke le su tinh cho But nghe. But bao : - Thdi con hay run di! Con thii nhin vao gid xem cdn cd gi nfia khdng ? Tam nhin vao gid rdi ndi: - Chi cdn mdt con ed bdng. - Con dem con cd bdng ay ve tha xud'ng gieng ma nudi. Mdi biia, dang an ba

bat thi con an hai, cdn mdt dem tha xud'ng cho bdng. Moi lan cho an, con nhd gpi nhu the ndy:

Bdng bdng, bang bang, Len dn cam vdng com. bqc nhd ta, Chadn com hdm chdo hoa^^^ nhd nguai.

Khdng gpi diing nhu the thi nd khdng len, con nhd lay!

Ndi xong But bie'n mat. Tam theo ldi But tha bdng xud'ng gieng. Rdi tu hdm ay trd di, cii sau biia an, Tam deu de danh com, giau dua ra cho bdng. Mdi lan nghe ldi Tam gpi, bdng lai ngoi len mat nudc ddp nhfing hat com ciia Tam nem xudng. Ngudi vd ca ngay mdt quen nhau, va bdng ngay mdt ldn len trdng thay.

Thay Tam sau mdi biia an thudng mang com ra gieng, mu di ghe sinh nghi, ben bao Cam di rinh. Cdm nap d bui cay ben bd gieng nghe Tam gpi bong, ben nham lay cho thudc rdi ve ke lai cho me nghe.

Tdi hdm ay mu di ghe bao Tam sang mai day sdm chan trau, va dan : - Con oi con! Lang da bdt dau cam ddng'^' rdi day. Mai con di chdn trdu, phdi

chdn dSngxa, chd chdn dong nhd, ldng bdt mdt trdu. Tam vang ldi, sang hdm sau dua trau di an that xa. O nha, me con Cam mang

bat com ra gieng, cdng gpi bdng len an y nhu Tam gpi. Nghe ldi ggi, bdng ngoi len mat nudc. Me Cdm da chue sdn, bdt lay bdng dem ve nha lam thit.

(1) But: tieng Phan dgc Id Budha, tieng Han ggi Id Phat; liic dau ehi Thich Ca Mau Ni - ong td cua dao Phat, sau chi ehung cdc ngoi vi Uong the gioi Phat.

(2) Cam hdm : com nau bang gao ham, tiie gao de ldu ngdy, co miii mdc ; chdo hoa : ehao loang, hat gao hi nd'u nhir, nd bung ra.

(3) Cam dong: khi liia len xanh, ngudi ta earn ttau bo ra ddng vi sg ehiing an mat lua.

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Den chieu Tam ddt trau ve, sau khi an xong Tain lai mang bdt com de danh ra gieng. Tam ggi nhung cha thay bdng ngoi len nhu mgi khi. Tam ggi mai, ggi mai, cuoi cung ehi thd'y mdt cue mdu ndi len mat nude. Bie't Id ed su chang lanh cho bdng, Tam oa len khdc. But lai hien len, hdi:

- Con lam sao lai khdc ?

Tam ke su tinh cho But nghe. But bao :

- Con bdng eiia con ngudi ta da an thit mat rdi. Thdi con hay nin di! Rdi ve nhat lay xuong nd, kiem bdn cdi Ig bd vao, dem chdn xud'ng dudi bdn chan giudng con ndm.

Tam tra ve theo ldi But di tim xuong bdng, nhung tim mai cdc xd vudn gde san ma khdng thay ddu ea. Mdt con gd thay the, bao Tam :

- Cue ta cue tdc I Cho ta ndm thdc, ta bdi xuang cho!

Tam bdc ndm thdc nem cho ga. Ga chay vao bep bdi mdt liic thi thay xuong ngay. Tam ben nhat lay bd Ip va dem chdn dudi chdn giudng nhu ldi But dan.

it ldu sau, nha vua md hdi trong may ngay dem. Gia tre trai gai cdc lang deu nd mic di xem. Tren cdc neo dudng, quan do md ba md bay dap diu tudn ve kinh'i' nhu nudc chay. Hai me con Cdm cung sdm sira quan do dep de di tray hdi'^'. Thay Tam cung mudn di, mu di ghe nguyt dai. Sau dd mu lay mdt dd'u gao trdn ldn vol mdt dau thdc, bao Tam :

- Con hay nhat xong cho di chd gao nay rdi di dau hay di, dtmg ed bd dd; ve khdng cd gi de thdi com, di danh dd.

Ndi doan, hai me con quan do xiing xinh len dudng. Tam ngdi nhat mdt liic, thay sdt rudt, nghi rdng khdng biet bao gid mdi nhat xong, ben ngdi khdc mdt minh. Giiia liic ay But hien len, hdi:

- Con lam sao lai khdc ?

Tain chi vao cdi thiing, thua :

- Di con bdt phai nhat thdc ra thdc, gao ra gao, rdi mdi dugc di xem hdi. Liic nh$t xong thi hdi da tan rdi, cdn gi niia ma xem.

But bdo :

- Con dtmg khdc niia. Con mang cai thiing dat ra gifia san, de ta sai mdt dan chim se xud'ng nhat giiip.

(1) Kinh : kinh do (noi eo nha vua vd tiieu dinh ; kinh do la trung tdm ehinh tri cua qude gia thoi •phong kien).

(2) Trdy hoi: {trdy: di) di xem hgi, du hgi.

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- Nhung ngd chim se an mat thi khi ve con vdn cii phai ddn. - Con cir bdo chiing nd the' nay:

Rdt rat'" xudng nhdt eho too An mdt hqt ndo, thi tao ddnh chet.

thi chiing nd se khdng an eiia con dau.

Tu nhien d tren khdng ed mdt dan chim se dap xudng san nhat thdc ra mot ddng, gao ra mdt neo. Chiing nd lang xang riu rit, chi trong mdt lat da Idm xong, khdng suy suyen mdt hat. Nhung khi chim se da bay di rdi, Tam lai mic nd khdc. But lai hdi:

- Con lam sao cdn khdc nfia ? - Con rach rudi qud, sg ngudi ta khdng cho con vao xem hdi. - Con hay ddo nhfing edi Ip xuong bdng da chdn ngay trudc len thi se cd du mpi

thii cho con tray hdi.

Tdm vang ldi, di ddo cdc Ip len. Dao Ip thfi nhat lay ra dugc mdt bd do md ba' ', mdt cai xdng lua'^', mdt edi yem lua dieu va mdt cai khan nhidu. Ddo Ip thii hai lay ra dugc mdt ddi gidy theu, di vtra nhu In. Lg thti ba, dao len thi thay mdt con ngua be tl, nhung vtra dat con ngua xudng dat, bdng chdc nd da hi vang len va bien thdnh ngua that. Ddo de'n Ip cud'i cung thi lay ra dugc mdt bd yen cuong xinh xdn.

Tam mung qud vdi tdm nia rdi thdng bd vdo, doan cuoi len ngua ma di. Ngua phdng mdt chdc da de'n kinh dd. Nhung khi phdng qua chd ldi, Tam danh roi mot chiec gidy xud'ng nudc, khdng kip nhat. BChi ngua dtmg lai d dam hdi, Tam lay khan gdi chiec giay cdn lai rdi chen vao bien ngudi.

Gifia liic ay dodn xa gid cfing vtra tien den chd ldi. Hai con voi ngtr ddn dau doan de'n day tu nhien cdm ngd xud'ng dd't keu rdng len, khdng chiu di. Vua sai quan linh xud'ng nudc thii tun xem; hp nhat ngay dugc chiec giay theu ciia Tain liic nay danh roi xud'ng dd. Vua ngdm nghia chiec giay khdng chan mdt, bung bao da : - "Cha, mdt chiec gidy that xinh! Ngudi di gidy nay ban phai la mdt trang tuyet sdc'*'".

Lap tlie vua ha lenh cho rao mdi ta't ca ddm ddn ba con gai di xem hdi den udm thir, hd ai di vtra chiec gidy thi vua se lay lam vg. Dam hdi lai cang nao nhiet vi cdc bd, cdc cd chen nhau den chd thu gidy. Cd ndo cd ay lan lugt keo vao ngdi lau giiia

(1) Rdt rdt (tieng dia phuang): chim se. {2] Ao ma ba: ho ao dai ciia phu nu Viet Nam xua. Trong ngdy Tet hoac 16 hgi, phu nu thudng mac

mgt bg ba lop do co mau sdc khdc nhau. Khi buac di, td do bay theo, de lg mdu sdc. (3) Xdng lua: vay may bdng vai lua. (4) Trang tuyet sdc : trang (tfr Hdn) Id nguai e6 dung mao nghi6m ehinh. Trang tuy^t sdc la ngudi

phu nfi rat dep vd diing ddn.

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bai ed rdng de udm mdt ti cau may. Nhung eha cd mdt chan ndo di vtra ca. Me con Cdm eung trong sd dd. Khi Cam vd di ghe budc ra khdi lau thi gap Tam. Cam mach me :

- Me oi, ai nhu chi Tam Cling di thir ** ' gidy day!

Mu di ghe cua Tam biu mdi:

- Con nam ! Chudng khdnh'-^'' cdn chd dn ai, niia Id mdnh chinh^^'' viit ngodi bd tre.

Nhung khi Tam dat chan vdo gidy thi vtra nhu in. Nang md khan lay ludn chi^c thii hai di vao. Hai chiec giay gid'ng nhau nhu diic. Bgn linh hau hd reo vui mung. Lap tiic vua sai dodn thi nfi rude ndng vdo cung. Tam budc len kieu trudc con mat ngac nhien vd hdn hoc cua me con Cam.

CdTfoidihdi (Jranh bia 1, tqp chi Vdn hod ddn gian, sd4,1996)

Tuy sdng sung sudng trong hodng cung, Tam vdn khdng quen ngdy gid cha. Ndng xin phep vua trd ve nha de soan cd cting giiip di. Me con Cdm thay Tam sung sudng thi ghen gliet d^ bung. Nay thay Tam ve, ldng ghen ghet lai bung bung bdc len. Nghi ra dugc mdt muu, mu di ghe bao Tam :

- Trudc ddy con quen treo cau, con hay treo xe lay mdt budng de eiing bd.

Tam vang ldi treo len cay eau. Luc len den sat budng thi d dudi di ghe cam dao ddn gdc. Thay cay rung ehuyen, Tam hdi:

- Di lam gi dudi gdc cay the ?

- Gdc cau ldm kien, di dudi kien cho nd khdi len dot con.

Nhung Tam chua kip xe cau thi cdy da do, Tdm nga ldn ed xudng ao, che't. Mu di ghe vdi vang lay qudn ao ciia Tam cho con minh mac rdi dua vdo cung

(1) Chuong khdnh : hai loai nhae khi thudng duge dimg trong ehua, ed hinh ddng khdc nhau. Chudng CO tieng ngan dai; khdnh co tieng ngan ngdn hon, am sdc cung khac nhau.

(2) Chinh : do v^t bdng dat nung, phdn than phinh ra, mi?ng vd ddy Udn, thu lai, nhd hon dian, thudng diing de dung ngu ede hodc chat long.

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ndi dd'i vdi vua rdng Tam khdng may bi roi xudng ao che't dudi, nay dua em vao de the chi. Vua nghe xong, trong bung khdng vui, nhung vdn khdng ndi gi ca.

Lai ndi chuyen Tam che't hod lam chim vang anh. Chim bay mdt mach ve kinh, den vudn ngu'^'. Thay Cdm dang giat do eho vua d gieng, vang anh dung lai tren mdt cdnh cdy, bao nd :

- Phoi do chdng tao, phai lao phoi sdo'^^\ eha phoi ba rdo, rdch do chong tao.

Rdi chim vdng anh bay thing vao cung dau d ciia sd, hdt len rat vui tai. Vua di dau, chim bay de'n dd. Vua dang nhd Tam khdn ngudi, thay chim quyen luyen theo minh, vua bao :

- Vdng dnh vdng anh, cd phdi vaanh, chui vdo tay do.

Chim vdng anh bay lai dau vao tay vua, rdi nic vao tay do. Vua yeu quy vang anh quen ed an ngii. Vua sai lam mdt edi long bang vang eho chim d. Ttr dd, ngay dem, vua chi me mai vdi chim, khdng tudng den Cam.

Cam vQi ve nhd mach me. Me nd bao cti bdt chim lam thit an rdi kidm dieu ndi ddi vua. Trd lai eung vua. Cam nhan liic vua di vdng, bdt chim lam thit nau an, rdi vut ldng chim ra ngodi vudn. Thay mat vang anh, vua hdi. Cam dap :

- Thiep cd mang them an thit chim nen trdm phep be ha da giet thit an mat rdi.

Vua khdng ndi gi ca. Ldng chim vdng anh d vudn hod ra had cay xoan ddo'^'. Khi vua di choi vudn ngu, canh Id ciia chiing sa xudng che kin thanh bdng trdn nhu hai cai Ipng''". Vua thay cay dep rpp bdng, sai Hnh hau mdc vong vao hai cay rdi ndm choi hdng mat. Khi vua di khdi thi cdnh cay lai vuon thang trd lai. Ttr dd, khdng ngdy ndo Id vua khdng ra ndm hdng mat d hai cay xoan dao.

Cdm bie't chuyen ay lai ve nha mach me. Me nd bao cti sai thg chat cay lam khung ciii rdi kiem dieu ndi dd'i vua. Ve de'n cung, nhdn mdt hdm gid bao. Cam sai thg chat hai cay xoan ddo lay gd ddng khung cui. Thay cay bi chat, vua hdi thi Cam dap:

- Cdy bi do vi bao, thiep sai thg chat lam khung cui de det do cho be ha.

Nhung khi khung cui ddng xong, Cam ngdi vdo det, liic ndo cdng nghe thay tie'ng khung ciri nia minh :

Cdt ca cdt ket, Ldy tranh chong chi, Chi khoet mdt ra.

(1) Vudn ngu: vuon danh eho nhd vua vd hoang hau dao choi, thudng duge xdy dung Uong khu vue hodng cung, tieng Hdn ggi Id ngu uyin.

(2) Lao, sdo : nhfrrig edy gay tre ddi. (3) Xoan ddo : mgt loai xoan quy, gd mdu hdng. (4) Long: vat dung de ehe, co can ddi dung dfing, phia ddu tr6n cua cdn Id mgt edi tdn tron bdng

vdi, thudng dung eho vua quan hoac de d noi thd thdnh than.

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Tha'y vay Cam sg hai vdi ve nha mach me. Me nd bdo dot qudch khung ciii rdi dem tro di do cho ro xa de dugc yen tam. Ve de'n cung, Cdm lam nhu ldi me ndi. Nd mang tro di dd d le dudng cdch xa hoang cung. Ttr ddng tro ben dudng lai mgc len mdt cay thi cao ldn, cdnh la sum se. Den mua, cay thi chi dau dugc cd mdt qua, nhung mui thgm ngdt toa ra khdp noi. Cd ba lao hang nudc d gan dd, mdt hdm di qua dudi gde, ngiii tha'y mui thom, ngang dau nhin len, thay qua thi tren cdnh cao, ben gia bi ra vd ndi lam bam :

- Thi oi thi, rung vdo bi ' ' bd, bd dem bd ngdi, chu bd khdng dn.

Bd lao vtra ndi dfrt ldi thi qua thi rung ngay xudng diing vdo bi. Bd lao ndng niu dem ve nha cat trong budng, thirih thoang lai vao ngam nghia va ngui mtu thdm.

Ngay nao bd lao ciing di chg vang. Ttr trong qua thi chui ra mdt cd gdi than hinh be nhd nhu ngdn tay nhuhg chi trong chdp mdt da bien thdnh Ta'm. Tam vtra budc ra da cam lay chdi quet dgn nha cua sach se, rdi di vo gao thdi com, hai rau b vudn nau canh giiip bd hang nudc. Doan Tam lai thu hinh be nhd nhu cQ rdi chui vao vd qua thi. Lan ndo di chg ve, bd lao cdng thay nha ciia ngan nap, com ngon canh ngpt sSn sang thi lay lam la.

Mdt hdm bd hang nudc gia vd di chg, den niia dudng lai len trd ve, rinh d bui cay sau nha. Trong khi dd, Tam ttr qua thi chui ra rdi cdng lam cdc viec nhu mgi lan. Bd lao rdn rdn l?i, nhin vao khe ctia. Khi thay mdt cd gdi xinh dep thi bd mimg qua, bat thinh linh xd ciia vao dm choang lay Tam, doan xe vun vd thi. Ttr dd Tam d vdi ba hang nudc, hai ngudi thuang yeu nhau nhu hai me con. Hdng ngdy Tam giiip bd lao cdc viec thdi com, nau nudc, gdi banh, tem trau de cho bd ngdi ban hang.

Mdt hdm vua di choi, ra khdi hodng eung. Thay cd qudn nudc ben dudng sach se ben ghe vao. Ba lao mang trau nudc dang len vua. Thay trdu tem cdnh phuong'^', vua sue nhd tch trau vg minh tem ngay trudc cfing y nhu vdy, hen phdn hdi:

- Trau nay ai tem ?

- Trau ndy con gai gia tem - Ba lao dap.

- Con gai cua ba dau, gpi ra day eho ta xem mat.

Ba lao gpi Tain ra, Tam vtra xuat hien, vua nhdn ra ngay vg minh ngdy trude, ed phan tre dep hon xua. Vua mimg qud, bdo bd hang nude ke lai su tinh, rdi truyen cho quan hau dua kieu rude Tam ve cung.

(1) Bi : mgt loai tiii ed quai eiia ngudi ndng ddn xua, dugc dan bdng edi. (2) Jfdu tem cdnh phu(mg: ditng tay cudn Id Uau thdnh mieng ggi la tem. Trau tem xong, ed phan

Id xoe ra hai ben, trdng gidng nhu cdnh chim phuong.

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Cam thay Tam trd ve vd dugc vua yeu thuong iihu xua thi khdng khdi sg hai. Mdt hdm. Cam hdi ehi:

- Chi Tam oi chi Tam, chi lam the nao ma dep the ? Tam khdng ddp, chi hdi lai: - Cd mud'n dep khdng de chi gitip ? Cam bdng ldng ngay. Tam sai quan hdu ddo mdt edi hd sau vd dun mdt ndi

nudc sdi. Tam bao Cam xudng hd rdi sai quan hau gidi nudc sdi vao hd. Cdm chet. Mu di ghe thay vdy eiing lan dtmg ra che't...

(Theo NGLTYfiN DONG CHI, Kho tdng truyen co tich Viet Nam, tap 4, NXB Khoa hge xd hdi, Hd Ndi, 1975)

HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Phan tich diln bie'n ciia truyen de thay mdu thudn gifia Tam vd me con Cdm da diln ra nhu the ndo (luu y cdc doan ke vl cdi yem do, con bdng, thu giay, cai chet ciia Tam, chim vdng anh, chiec khung cm).

2. Phan tich ttmg hinh thue bien hod cua Tam. Qua trinh bien hod cua Tain ndi len y nghia gi ?

3. Anh (chi) suy nghi nhu the ndo ve hdnh ddng tra thu cda Tam ddi vdi Cam ?

4. Ban chat cua mau thudn va xung dot trong truyen (Tam vd me con Cdm dai dien cho cdc lue lupng ddi lap nao, trong gia dinh hay ngodi xa hdi ?).

, GHI NHO ,

• Su bien hoa ciia Tam da the hien sire sdng, sire trdi day manh Net ciia con ngudi trude su viii dap ciia ke ac. Day la sire manh ciia thidn thdng ac. Mau thudn va xung dot trong truyen phan anh mau thudn va xung dot trong gia

' dinh phu quyen thai cd.

• Dae sdc nghe thuat ciia truyen the hien d su chuyen bien ciia hinh tugng nhan vat Tam : tir yeu dudi, thu ddng den kien quyet dau tranh gianh lai su sdng va hanh phiic cho minh.

LUYEN TAP

Can cii vdo dinh nghia truyen cd tich d bai Khdi qudt vdn hpc ddn gian Viet Nam vd mue Tieu ddn ciia bdi nay, hay tun trong Tdm Cdm nhiing ddn chiing de phdn tich, ldm ro cdc dac trung cua truyen cd tich thdn ki.

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MIEU TA VA BIEU CAM_ TRONG BAI VAN TU SU

KET QUA C A N DAT -

• Hieu dugc vai tro, tac dung ciia cac ye'u td mieu ta va bieu cam trong bai van tu su.

• Bie't ke't hgp sir dung cac ye'u td mieu ta va bieu cam trong bai van tu su.

^ w - '

I - MIEU TA VA BIEU CAM TRONG V A N BAN TtTSlJ

On lai nhiing kie'n thiic da hge trong chuong trinh Ngir van THCS va tra ldi eau hdi:

1. The ndo Id mieu td ? The ndo la bieu cam ?

2. Mieu ta trong van ban tu su cd hodn todn gidng vdi mieu ta trong van ban mieu td hay khdng ? Giiia bieu cam trong van ban tu su vdi bleu cam trong van ban bieu cam cd nhfing diem gidng nhau vd khac nhau eu the ndo ?

3. Can can cii vdo dau de danh gid hieu qua eua mieu ta va bleu cam trong van ban tu su ?

4. Gidi thich vi sao doan trich dudi day da rat thdnh cdng trong viec sii diing cac yeu to mieu ta vd bieu cam ?

[...] Neu cd ldn ndm ngodi trai sudt dim, hdn bqn thiia Met gida lucchungta ngu thi cd mpt the giai huyin bi bimg day trong cdnh cd quanh vd u tich. Luc dy sudi reo rd han, ddm ao nhen lin nhiing ddm liia nhd, [...] vd vdng vdng trong khdng gian nhiing tiing sdt soqt, nhitng tieng rung khe khe, tudng ddu cdnh cdy dang vuan ddi vd cd non dang mpc. Ban ngdy Id cudc sdng cua chung sinh cdn ban dim la cudc sdng cua cdy cd. Khdng quen thi di so... Cho nen tieu thu cua chung ta cu mdi ldn nghe thdy mpt tii'ng dpng nhd la da run lin vd nep sdt vdo ngudi tdi. Mdt ldn, tit phia mat dam ldp Idnh duoi kia ndi lin mpt tieng kiu ddi.

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ndo nudt, ngdn vang rin rin tai chd chung tdi ngoi. Cung vica luc mpt vi sao rue rd ddi ngdi, luat trin ddu chung tdi vi cung mdt hudng dd, dudng nhu tieng than vdn md chung tdi vita nghe thdy kia dd mang theo mdt luong dnh sdng.

- Cdi gl the? - Xti-pha-net khe khe hdi.

- Cd mpt linh hon lin thiin ddng, cd chu a. - Ndi roi tdi ldm ddu thdnh.

Ndng cUng ldm theo vd cu ngoi ngiia cd nhu the mdt lat, ve rdt trdm ngdm. [...]

Ndng vdn nguoc mdt lin cao, tay do lay ddu, vai khoac tdm da cuu, nom ndng nhu chu muc dong cua nhd trdi.

- Nhieu sao qud! Dep qud kia! Chua bao gid tdi thdy nhiiu sao nhu the ndy. Muc dong cd biet tin cdc ngdi sao khdng ?

- Dq cd, thua cd chu. [...]

Vd trong khi tdi cd gidng cho ndng thendo Id ddm cudi sao thi tdi cdm thdy nhu cd mdt cdi gi mdt ruai vd min mdng tim nhe nhe xudng vai tdi. Thi ra ddu ndng ndng triu vl buon ngu dd ngd vdo tdi vdi tieng spt soqt im di eua nhiing ddi ddng-ten vd ldn tdc mdy gpn sdng. Ndng cu ngoi yin nhu thi', khdng nhdc nhich cho den khi ngdn sao trin trdi mddun, nhod di trong budi ban mai dang rqng. Cdn tdi, tdi nhin ndng ngu, day long hai xao xuyen nhimg vdn giU dupc minh vl dim sao sdng kia bao gid cung dem lai eho tdi nhitng y nghi cao dep. Quanh hai chung tdi, ngdn sao vdn tiep tuc cupc hdnh trinh trdm ldng ngoan ngodn nhu mpt ddn ctm ldn ; vd ddi luc, tdi tudng ddu mpt trong nhiing ngdi sao kia, ngdi sao thanh tu nhdt, ngdi sdng nhdt lac mdt duong di dd ddu xudng vai tdi md thiim thiep ngu...

{Theo A. Dd-de, Nhitng vi sao, bdn dich ciia NXB Van hgc, Ha Ndi, 1981)

Gaiy:

- Doan trich tren cd phai la mdt trich doan tu stt khdng ? Vi sao ? - Tim nhfing ye'u td mieu ta va bieu cam trong doan trich.

- Cdc yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam ddng gdp gi vao viec nang cao hieu qua tu su cua doan trich ? Thu hinh dung xem, ne'u thieu cae yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam dd thi anh (chi) cd the cam thay nhu dang chiing kien canh dem sao tha mdng, u huyen tren mil cao d mien Prd-vang-xa*!' xa xdi, cung nhfing rung ddng nhe nhang, say sua md thanh khiet trong tam hdn chang chan efiu ben cd gai ngay tha, xinh dep khdng ?

(1) Pro-vdng-xa: mdt mi6n dat ed nhieu niii ddi va edi xay gid d mien nam nude Phdp.

74

II - QUAN SAT, L I E N TUIOMG, T U ^ G TU0NG Odl VOTI VIEC MIEU TA VA BIEU CAM TRONG BAI V A N TIT SIT

1. Chpn vd dien ttr {quan sdt, lien tudng, tudng tupng) thich hpp vdi mdi chd trdng:

a) /.../ : ttr su viec, hien tupng ndo dd md nghi de'n su viee, hien tupng cd lien quan.

b) /.../: xem xet de nhin ro, biet ro sir vat hay hien tupng.

c) /.../: tao ra trong tdm tri hinh dnh ciia cdi khdng he cd dtrude mdt, hoac cdn chua he gap.

2. Mieu ta cd nghia la ve lai - bdng ngdn ngfi hoac mdt phuang tien nghe thudt ndo khdc - mdt su vat, sir viee, phong canh hoac con ngudi sao cho that chdn thuc, cu the, sinh ddng. Nhung ttr dd, cd the cho rdng de ldm td't viee mieu ta trong van tu su, ngudi lam van cdn va ehi can quan sat dd'i tugng mdt edeh kl cdng ma khdng can hen tudng, tudng tugng khdng ? Vi sao ? Tim trong doan' trich da ddn d muc 1.4 nhfing dan chiing de chiing minh eho quan diem ciia anh (ehi).

Gpiy: Can phdi thuc hien nhfing boat ddng gi (quan sat, lien tudng hay tudng tugng) di cho ngudi dgc cung thay duge :

- Trong dem, tieng sudi reo nghe ro ban, dam ao nhen len nhfing ddm lira nhd, nhfing tieng sdt soat vang vang trong khdng gian.

- Cd gdi trdng nhu mdt chti muc ddng ciia nhd trdi, noi ed nhfing dam eudi sao.

- Cudc hanh trinh tram lang, ngoan ngoan ciia ngdn sao gpi nghi den dan ctm ldn.

3. De edu chuyen minh ke khdng gay cam gidc khd khan, ngudi ke chuyen can ket hgp bdc Id cdm xiic, tinh cam cua nhan vat (hoac eiia ban than) trong qua trinh tu sir. Song, nhfing cam xiie, nhfing rung ddng (de bieu cam) dugc nay sinh ttr dau :

a) Ttr su quan sat cham chti, ki cdng, tinh te ?

b) Ttr su van dung hen tudng, tudng tugng, hdi tie ?

c) Ttr nhfing su vat, su viec khdch quan da hoac dang lay ddng trdi tim ngudi ke ?

d) Ttr (va chi ttr) ben trong trai tim ngudi ke ?

Theo anh (ehi), trong cdc y neu d tren, y ndo khdng chinh xdc ? Vi sao ? Tim trong doan trich da dan d muc 1.4 nhfing ddn chiing de chung minh cho quan diem eiia anh (chi).

75

r~ GHI NHO-

i Mieu ta va bieu cam la hai ye'u td quan trgng trong van ban tu su. Nhd nhirng yeu td dd ma cau chuyen t rd nen sinh dgng, hap ddn va cd sire truyen cam manh me.

i Mudn mieu ta va bieu cam thanh cong, nguai viet can phai quan tam tim hieu cudc sdng, con ngudi va ban than, ddng thai chii y quan sat, lien tuang, tudng tugng va ldng nghe nhirng lay dgng ma su vat, su viec khach quan gieo vao trong tam tri ciia minh.

J

III - LUYEN TAP

1. Hay nhan xet ve vai trd ciia cdc yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam trong:

a) Mdt doan trich tu sir da hpe d ldp 10.

b) Doan trich ttr truyen ngdn lAng qud thdng eua nha van C. Pau-tdp-xki:

Mpt hdm, Gri-ga bdt gap trong rirng mdt em be cd ddi bim tde nhd xiu, con dng gdc rung. Em be dang nhdt nhiing qud thdng bd vdo trong ldng.

Trdi dang thu. Neu nhu ta cd the lay het dong vd vdng trin trdi ddt dem ddnh thdnh mudn vdn Id cdy rdt muc tinh xdo thi nhiing chiec la dd cung chi cd the ldm thdnh mpt phdn rdt nhd bp qudn do md miia thu dang trdi trin nhiing ngpn nui kia md thdi. Vd Iqi, nhiing chii'c Id nhdn tqo np se rdt thd kich ndu so vdi Id that, nhdt Id nhiing Id liiu hodn diip. Mpi ngudi diu biet rdng chi cdn mpt tie'ng chim hdt thdi cung dd du ldm chung run rdy.

{Theo C. Pau-tdp-xki, Ldng qud thong, ttong Binh minh mua, NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1984)

2. Viet mdt bdi van tu su cd sii dtmg cdc yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam kl vl mdt chuyen di da dem lai eho anh (ehi) nhilu cam xiic (mdt lan vl que, mdt chuyen tham quan du lich...).

76

ca DQC THEM

VE DUOI BONG H O A N G LAN

Thanh lach canh cira gd de khep, nhe nhang budc vdo. Chang thay mat hdn ca ngudi ; tren con dudng gach Bat Trang reu phii, nhiing vdng dnh sang Ipt qua vdm cay xud'ng nhay miia theo chilu gid. Mdt mtii la tuoi non phang phat trong khdng khi. Thanh nit khan lau md hdi tren trdn - ben ngodi trdi ndng gdt - rdi thong thd di ben biic tudng hoa thap chay thang den can nhd. Yen tinh qud, khdng mdt tieng ddng nhd trong can vudn, tua nhu bao nhieu su dn ao d ngodi kia deu ngung lai tren hire ciia.

Thanh budc len thim, dat chiec va-li tren chiec trudng ki, rdi ngd ddu vdo trong nhd: bdng tdi diu vd man mat loang qua nhiing mdu sdc rue ra chdng dem ttr ngodi trdi vdo ; Thanh chua nhin ro gi ca ; mdt lat, quen bdng tdi, chang mdi nhan thay canh tupng gian nhd cfi khdng cd gi thay ddi, cfing y nguyen nhu ngay chdng di xua.

Chang lang ndm xudng giudng, dudi chan tay, khoan khodi. Ngoai khung eiia sd, trdi xanh ngdt dnh sang; la cay rung ddng trude ldn gid nhe. Mdt than cay vfit cao len trudc mat. Cting mdt liic, chdng lam bam : "Cay hoang lan !", mui huong thom thoang thoang dua yao. Thanh nhdm mdt ngui huong thom vd nhd den cai cay ay chdng thudng hay choi dudi gdc nhat hoa. Da ttr lau ldm, ngdy mdi cd cati nhd nay, ngdy cha me chdng hay cdn. Rdi den ngdy mdt bd mdt chdu quan quyt nhau. Bay gid cay da ldn.

Thanh thay tam hdn nhe nhom tuoi mat nhu vtra tdm d sud'i. Chang tdm trong cdi khdng khi tuoi mat nay. Nhting ngdy ban rdn d tinh gid xa qua. Khu vudn vdi cae cay quen da nhan bie't chang rdi.

Dem ay, mdt bd, mdt chdu vdi mdt ed ldng gieng chuyen trd dudi bdng den mai tdi khuya, khi trang len. Qua vudn, Thanh tiln Nga (ten cd hdng xdm - NBS) ra den cdng, di qua hai ben bd Id da udt suong. Mtii hodng lan thoang thoang bay trong gid ngat. Cd cdi gi diu nggt chang to d ddu ddy, khie'n chdng vuong phdi.

Sang hdm sau, Thanh da phai len tinh. Chiec va-li chang nang nhung thuc qud bd chdng da ban cho. Thanh cam mfi diing nghe ldi khuyen bao an can eiia bd dudi gian hoa II. Chang vdn be qua vd lai di xa.

Tdi cdng, Thanh cdn diing lai nhin cay hodng lan va cdc cdy khdc trong vudn. Rdi chang budc ra di mia budn ma lai niia vui. Thanh nghi den can nha nhu mdt noi mat me va sung sudng de chang thudng vl nghi sau viec lam. Va Thanh biet rdng Nga se vdn dpi chdng, vdn nhd mong chang nhu ngay trudc. Mdi mtia cd lai gidt hodng lan trong mai tdc de tudng nhd miii huong.

(Luge trich tu Tuyen tap Thach Lam, NXB van hge, Hd Ngi, 1988. T6n doan trich do NBS dat)

77

TAM DAI CON GA (Truyen eudi)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

I Hieu dugc mau thudn trai tu nhien trong each ii-ng phd ciia nhan vat "thdy" trong truyen.

1 Tha'y dugc cai hay ciia nghe thuat "nhan vat tu bdc 16".

TIEU O A N

Tmyen cudi cd hai loai: truyen khoi hdi va truyen trdo phiing. Tmyen khdi hai chu yeu nhdm muc dich giai tri (song vdn cd y nghia giao due). Truyen trao phiing cd muc dich phe phan. Ddi tugng phe phan phan ldn la cac nhan vat thudc tang ldp tten ttong xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam xira. Ciing cd khd nhieu truyen cudi phe phan thdi hu tat xau ttong ndi bd nhan dan.

Tam dai con gd va Nhung no phdi bdng hai mdy la nhirng truyen cudi thudc loai ttao phung, phe phan thay dd ddt va quan lai tham nhfing.

VAN BAN

Xua, cd anh hge trd hgc hdnh ddt ndt, nhung trd ddi "xau hay lam tdt, ddt hay ndi chu'^'", di dau eung len mat van hay chfi tdt.

Cd ngudi tudng anh ta hay chii that, mdi ddn vl day tre. Mdt hdm, day sdch Tam thiin tu '2', sau chfi "tudc" la chim se, den chii "ke" la

ga, thay thay mat chfi nhilu net rdc rdi, khdng biet chfi gi, hpc trd lai hdi gap, thay cudng, ndi lieu: "Du di Id eon du di'^'". Thay cfing khdn, sg nha sai, ngudi nao biet thi xdu hd, mdi bao hpe trd dpc khe, tuy vay, trong ldng vdn thap thdm.

Nhan trong nhd cd bdn thd thd cdng'*', thay mdi den khaii tham xin ba ddi am duong' ' de xem chfi ay cd phai that la "du di" khdng. Thd cdng eho ba dai dugc ca ba

(1) Ndi cha: ndi bang tir Han. Ngudi xua hgc chfi Hdn. Ndi dugc bdng tir Hdn ehiing td ngirdi cd trinh do hge van.

(2) Tam thien tu: ba nghin ehfr, sdch day chfi Hdn cho tte em thdi xua. (3) Du di: loai chim an thit, cfing hg vdi eii nhung ldn hon, ed ti6iig k6u "thu thi, thii thi". (4) Thd cong: than cai quan dat dai trong mdt khu vuc. (5) Ddi dm duang: cai de tien bdng gd, eao khoang 20 - 30 cm, tt6n de mdt cai dia ed hai ddng

tign ehinh (ti6n cd cua Viet Nam), quy dinh mdt mat Id ngiia, mgt mat la sap. Khi xin am duong, ngudi xin phdi thdp hirang khan, sau dd cam hai ddng tien gio len tha cho roi vao long dia, ne'u mgt ngira, mgt sap Id dugc than ung thudn. Mdi lan xin nhu vay ggi la mgt dai. Ngudi xin am duong ehi dugc phep xin ba lan (tiie ba dai). V6 sau, khdng can ddi, ngudi ta ehi dimg dia de tiia ddng xu nhung vdn ggi la xin ddi dm duong.

78

Thay vay, thdy lay lam ddc chi ldm, hdm sau be ve ngdi tren giudng, bdo tre dpc cho to. Trd vang ldi thay, gan cd len gao :

- Dii di la con dti di... Dii di Id con du di...

Bd ehiing dang eudc dd't ngoai vudn, nghe tie'ng hpc, ngac nhien bd cudc chay vao, gid sdch ra xem, hdi thdy:

- Chet chiia ! Chii "ke" Id ga, sao thdy lai day ra "dii di" la eon "dti di" ?

Bay gid thdy mdi nghi tham : "Minh da dd't, thd cdng nhd nd cung dd't niia", nhung nhanh tri thdy vdi ndi go:

- Tdi vdn bie't chii ay Id chfi "ke", md "ke" nghia Id "gd", nhung tdi day the Id day cho chau bie't den tan tam dai'^' eon gd kia.

Nhd chu cdng khdng hieu, hdi:

- Tam dai con gd la nghia lam sao ?

- The nay nhe! Du di la con dti di, dti di la chi eon cdng, eon cdng la dng con ga!

(Theo TRUONG CHINH - PHONG CHAU, Tieng cuoi ddn gian Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hd Ngi, 1986)

HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Tim hieu mdu thudn trdi tu nhien d nhan vat "thay" (anh hpc trd dd't lam thay day tre) qua viec phan tieh ba khia canh sau :

- "Thay" hen tiep bi dat vao nhfing tinh hudng ndo ?

- "Thay" da giai quyet nhfing tinh hudng dd ra sao ?

- Trong qud trinh giai quye't cac tinh hudng, "thay" da tu bdc Id cdi dd't cua minh nhu the ndo ?

2. Hay chi ra y nghia phe phan ciia truyen. (Cd phai chi phe phdn mdt ddi tupng cu the Id anh hpe trd ddt khdng ?)

. GHI NHO .

Cai dot khong che day dugc, cang giau cang lg ra, cang lam trd cudi cho thien ha. Nghe thuat gay eudi ciia truyen dugc khai thac tir mau thudn trai tu nhien nay.

LUYEN TAP

Phan tich hdnh ddng vd ldi ndi ctia nhan vat "thay" de lam sang td thu phap gay cudi trong truyen.

(1) Tam dai: ba ddi.

79

NHUNG NO PHAI BANG HAI MAY. (Truyen cudi)

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Tha'y dugc thai do ciia nhan dan ddi vdi ban chat tham nhung cua quan lai dja phuong va tinh canh bi hai ciia nguai lao dgng lam vao viec kien tung trong xa hgi nong thon Viet Nam xua.

• Ndm dugc nghe thuat gay cudi ciia truyen.

VAN BAN Lang kia ed mdt vien h trudng ndi tieng xii kien gidi. Mdt hdm np, Cdi vdi Ngd ddnh nhau, rdi mang nhau di kien. Cai sg kem the,

Idt trude eho thdy li nam ddng. Ngd blen'^' ehe la nhting mudi ddng. Khi xii kien, thdy n ndi:

- Thdng Cdi danh thdng Ngd dau ban, phat mdt chue roi. Cdi vol xoe nam ngdn tay, ngang mat nhin thay li, khe bam : - Xin xet lai, le phai vl con ma! Thdy U cdng xoe nam ngdn tay trdi tip len tren nam ngdn tay mat'^', ndi: - Tao bie't may phai... nhung nd lai phdi... bdng hai may!

(Theo Tieng cuoi ddn gian Viet Nam, Sdd)

HO^G DAN HOC BAI

L Phan ti'ch tinh kich trong doan "Cdi vdi xoe nam ngdn tay... bdng hai mdy". Chii y : a) Quan he giiia hai nhdn vat: Cai vd thay li.

b) Su ke't hgp gifia ldi ndi vd ddng tdc eiia hai nhan vat tren. 2. Phan tich nghe thuat gdy cudi qua ldi ndi ciia thay U a cudi truyen. 3. Anh (chi) ddnh gid nhu the ndo vl nhan vat Ngd va Cai.

, GHI NHO .

Bdng su ke't hgp lai noi vdi cir chi, Idi chai chu dgc dao, truyen da vach trdn Idi xir kien vi tien ciia quan lai. Ngudi lao ddng trong trudng hgp nay cung lam vao tinh canh bi hai, vira dang thuang vira dang trach.

LUYEN TAP

Hay phdn tich ea hai truyen cudi da hgc de ldm ro cac dac tnmg cua the loai truyen cudi.

(1) Bien : sam sira (16 vat hodc tien bac) de dang, bieu. (2) Tay mat : tay phai.

80

Vl iT BAI LAM VAN SO 2 : VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN DAT ~

Bie't van dung kien thirc va kT nang da hgc, vie't dugc mgt bai van tu su cd sir dung cac yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam.

s

I - H U 6 N G D A N CHUNG

1. On lai dac diem chung ctia phuang thiic ttr str da dugc hgc d THCS : TusuCke chuyin) Id phuong thiic trinh bdy mpt chuoi cdc su viec [...]. Tusugiupngudi kegidi thieh su viec, tim hieu con ngudi, neu vdn di vd bdy td thdi dp khen, chi.^^^

2. On lai nhiing kie'n thiic da hgc : lap ddn y; chgn su viee, chi tiet tieu bleu ; ke't hop su dung cac yeu td mieu td vd bleu cam trong bdi van tu sir.

II-GOIYDEBAI

L Ke lai mdt truyen cd tich hoac mdt truyen ngdn md anh (chi) yeu thieh (vi du : Sp Dita, Ben qui, Nhiing ngdi sao xa xdi,...).

2. Hay tudng tupng minh la Xi-mdng, ke lai truyen Bdcua Xi-mdng. 3. Sau khi tu tii d gieng Loa Thdnh, xud'ng thuy eung, Trpng Thuy da tim gap lai

Mi Chdu. Hay tudng tugng vd ke lai cdu chuyen dd. 4. Ke lai mdt ki niem sau sdc ciia anh (chi) vl tinh cam gia dinh hoac tinh ban,

tinh thay trd theo ngdi ke thii nhat.

Ill - GOn Y CACH L A M B A I

1. Suy nghi kl ve de tai phai viet, sao cho cau chuyen neu duge mdt van dl cd y nghia sau sdc.

2. Lap dan y Sau khi chpn dugc dl tai, can hinh dung cau ehuyen dinh ke diln ra nhu the nao dl xdy dtmg cdt truyen : cd nhfing nhan vat ndo, nhfing su viec gi, gdm nhung chi tiet ndo, thii tu cac su viec, chi tiet ra sao,... Lap dan y cho bdi viet theo bd cue ba phan: md bai, than bdi, ke't bdi.

3. Sau khi lap dan y, can tap trung tu tudng de lam bdi; chii y ke't hgp cdc yeu td mieu td va bieu cdm de cau chuyen them sinh ddng, hdp ddn.

4. Viet xong, nen dpc lai de bo sung hoac sua chiia nhiing ldi vl chinh ta, dung ttr, dat cau,...

(1) Ngu vdn 6, tdp mdt, Sdd.

81

CA DAO THAN THAN, YEU THUONG TINH NGHlA

KET QUA CAN OAT-

Cam nhan dugc tieng hat than than va Idi ca yeu thuang tinh nghTa ciia nguai binh dan trong xa hgi phong kie'n qua nghe thuat dam mau sac dan gian ciia ca dao.

Tran trgng ve dep tam hdn ngudi lao dgng va yeu quy nhung sang tac ciia hg.

^

TIEUDAN V

Ca dao didn ta ddi sd'ng tam hdn, tu tudng, tinh cam ctia nhan dan trong cac quan he lira ddi, gia dinh, que huong, da't nudc,... Ra ddi trong xa hgi cfi, ca dao trfi tinh la nhitng tieng hdt than thdn, nhiing ldi ca yeu thuang tinh nghia cat len tir cudc ddi cdn nhieu xdt xa, cay ddng nhung ddm thdm an tinh eua ngudi binh dan Viet Nam sau luy tre xanh, ben gieng nudc, gdc da, san dinh,... Ben canh dd, cdn cd nhitng bdi ca dao hdi hudc the hien tinh than lac quan ciia ngudi lao ddng.

Ca dao cd nhfing dac diem nghe thuat rieng, khac vdi tho cua van hgc vie't. Ldi ca dao thudng ngdn, phan ldn dat theo the luc bat hoac luc bat bien the, ngdn ngfi gdn giii vdi ldi ndi hdng ngay, giau hinh anh so sanh, an du va dac biet la ldi dien dat bang mdt so cdng thiic mang dam sdc thai dan gian.

Canh hat ddi tai den Vang (Gia Lde, Hai Duong) trong ngay le hgi 7 - 2 am lich

82

VAN BAN

Than em nhu ta'm lua dao Phat pha giiia chg biet vdo tay ai.

Than em nhu cii au gai Rudt trong thi trdng vd ngodi thi den.

Ai oi, nem thii ma xem ! Nem ra, mdi bie't rdng em nggt btii.

Treo len cay khe niia ngdy, Ai ldm chua xdt ldng nay, khe oi !

Mat trang sanh vdi mat trdi, Sao Hdm'^' sdnh vdi sao Mai'^' chdng chdng.

Minh oi! Cd nhd ta chang ? Ta nhu sao Vugt'^' chd trang giiia trdi.

Khan thuang nhd ai, Khan roi xud'ng da't. Khan thuong nhd ai. Khan vdt len vai. Khan thuong nhd ai, Khan chili nude mat. Den thuang nhd ai. Ma den kh^ng tdt. Mdt thuong nhd ai, Mdt ngu khdng yen. Dem qua em nhiing lo philn, Lo vi mdt ndi khdng yen mdt bl...

Udc gi sdng rdng mdt gang, Bde cau dai yem de chdng sang choi.

Mudi ba nam mudi dang cdn man Gung chin thdng gtmg hay cdn cay Ddi ta nghia nang tinh day Cd xa nhau di nfia cfing ba van sdu ngan ngay mdi xa.

(Vf) NGOC PHAN, Tuc ngd, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hgc xa hdi, in lan diii 8, Hd Ndi, 1978)

(1), (2), (3) Sao Hom, sao Mai, sao Vicat: d^u chi mgt ngdi sao (tiic sao Kim) d cdc thdi diem khdc nhau. Mgc sdm tvr budi chieu nen ggi Id sao Hdm, d6'n sdng hdm sau lai hien ra tr6n -bau trdi n6n ggi la sao Mai. Cd khi sao Hdm vugt len den dinh eua bau trdi (n6n edn ggi la sao Vugt) thi trang mdi mgc.

83

H U 6 N G DAN HOC BAI

1. Bai 1,2

a) Hai ldi than thdn diu md dau bdng Thdn em nhu... vai am dieu xdt xa, ngam ngui. Ngudi than than la ai vd than phan hg nhu the ndo ?

b) Than phdn cd net chung nhung ndi dau cua tung ngudi lai mang sdc thai rieng duge diln ta bdng nhfing hinh anh so sdnh, an du khdc nhau. Anh (ehi) cam nhdn dugc gi qua mdi hinh anh ? (Chfi y md'i hen he gifia tdm lua ddo vdi phdt pho giiia chp biet vdo tay ai; gifia rupt trong thi trdng vdi vd ngodi thi den.)

Trong ndi dau dd, ta van thay net dep ciia hg. Dd la net dep gi va nd dugc an chiia trong ldi than than nhu the nao ?

2. Bai 3

a) Cdch md dau bdi ca dao nay ed gi khac vdi hai bai tren ? Anh (chi) hieu ttr "ai" trong cau "Ai lam ehua xdt ldng nay, khe oi!" nhu the ndo ?

b) Mac dau la duyen, tinh nghia vdn bin vfing, thuy chung. Dilu dd dugc ndi len bdng mdt he thd'ng so sanh, an du nhu the nao ? Vi sao cac tdc gia dan gian lai lay nhfing hinh anh ciia thien nhien, vfi tru de khang dinh tinh nghia cua con ngudi ?

c) Phan tich de lam ro ve dep eiia cau cudi "Ta nhu sao Vupt chd trang gifia trdi" (xem ki ehii thich).

3. Bai 4 : Thuong nhd vdn la mdt tinh cam khd hinh dung - nha't la thuong nhd ngudi yeu - vay md trong bai ca dao nay, nd lai dugc diln ta mdt each that cu the, thih te vd gpi cam. Dd la nhd thu phdp gi va thii phdp dd da tao dugc hieu qua nghe thudt nhu the ndo (phdn ti'ch them each gieo van trong the tha bdn tieng ciia bdi ca dao) ?

4. Bdi 5 : Chiec cdu - ddi yem la mdt hinh anh nghe thuat chi cd trong ca dao, ndi len udc mud'n manh liet ciia ngudi binh dan trong tinh yeu. Hay phdn tich de lam ro ve dep ddc ddo cua hinh anh nghe thuat nay (cd the so sanh vdi nhfing huih dnh chiec cdu khdc trong ca dao vl tinh yeu).

5. Bdi 6 : Vi sao khi ndi den tinh nghia cua con ngudi, ca dao lai dtmg hinh anh mudi - gtmg ? Phan tich y nghia bieu tugng va gid tri bieu cam cua hinh anh ndy trong bai ca dao vd tim them mdt so cau ea dao khac cd sii dung hinh anh mudi - gtmg de minh hoa.

6. Qua chtim ea dao da hgc, anh (ehi) thay nhfing bien phap nghe thuat nao thudng duge dting trong ca dao ? Nhiing bien phdp dd cd net gi khdc so vdi nghe thuat tho ctia van hgc vie't ?

84

GHI NHO

Ndi niem chua xot, ddng cay va tinh cam yeu thuang chung thuy ciia ngudi

binh dan trong.xa h6i cu duge bgc lg chan tinh va sau sac qua chi im ca dao

than than, yeu thuang tinh nghTa. Nghe thuat dan gian da to dam them ve dep

tam hdn ciia ngudi lao dgng trong cac cau ca.

LUYEN TAP

1. Tim 5 bdi ca dao md dau bdng Thdn em nhu... va phan biet sdc thdi y nghia cua chiing.

2*. Tim them nhfing bdi ca dao ndi vl ndi nhd nguai yiu, vl cdi khdn de thay bdi Khdn thuong nhaai vtra nam trong he thd'ng ctia cdc bai ca dao dd lai vtra cd vi tri dac biet, ddc ddo rieng. Ttr dd, h giai y nghia cdu tha ciia Nguyin Khoa Diim : "Dat nudc la noi em ddnh roi chiec khan trong ndi nhd thdm" (trich trudng ca Mat duang khdt vpng).

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DAC DIEM CUA NGON NGU NOI VA NGON NGU VIET

^

K T QUA CAN DAT -

• Nhan ro dac diem, cac mat thuan Igi, han che ciia ngdn ngir ndi va ngon ngtr viet de di ln dat tdt khi giao tiep.

• Cd kT nang trinh bay Idi noi hoac viet van bdn phu hgp vai dac diem eiia ngon ngCr noi va ngon ngir viet

Thud ban ddu, loai ngudi trao ddi y nghi, tinh cam vdi nhau bdng ngdn ngfi ndi. Sau nay khi sdng tao ra chti viet, ngudi ta dung chfi viet ctmg vdi tieng ndi de thdng tin vdi nhau. Chii vie't ra ddi ddnh dau mdt bude phdt trien mdi trong lich sii van minh nhan loai, va tu dd hinh thdnh hai dang: ngdn ngii ndi vd ngdn ngfi viet.

I - D A C DIEIVI CUA NGON NGiJrNdi

1. Ngdn ngfi ndi la ngdn ngfi dm thanh. Id ldi ndi trong giao tie'p hdng ri'gay, d do ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe tiep xiic trtre tiep vdi nhau, cd the luan phien nhau trong vai ndi vd vai nghe. Do dd, trong giao tie'p bdng ngdn ngii ndi, ngudi nghe cd the cd phan hdi de ngudi ndi dilu chinh, sua ddi. Mat khac, do su giao tiep bdng ngdn ngfi ndi dien ra tiic thdi, mau le nen ngudi ndi It cd dilu kien lua chpn, gpt gifia cdc phuong tien ngdn ngfi, vd ngudi nghe cfing phai tiep nhdn, linh hdi kip thdi. It ed dilu kien suy ngdm, phdn tich kl.

2. Ngdn ngfi ndi rd't da dang vl ngfi dieu : gipng ndi ed the cao hay thap, nhanh hay cham, manh hay ye'u, lien tuc hay ngdt quang,... Ngfi dieu la yeu td quan trpng gdp phan bdc Id vd bd sung thdng tin. Ddng thdi trong ngdn ngii ndi cdn cd su phdi hpp gifia dm thanh, gipng dieu vdi ede phuang tien hd trg nhu net mat, anh mdt, cii chi, dieu bd,... eua ngudi ndi.

3. Trong ngdn ngfi ndi, tti ngfi dugc sii dung kha da dang, cd nhfing ldp ttr ngfi mang tinh khau ngfi, cd cd nhfing ttr ngii dia phuang, cdc tieng ldng, cac biet ngii, ede trg ttr, than ttr, cac ttr ngii dua day, chem xen,... Vl cau, ngon ngii ndi thudng dting cdc hinh thiic tinh luge, tham ehi chi cdn mdt ttr (nhat la

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trong ddi thoai) ; nhung nhilu khi eau ndi lai rudm rd, cd ye'u td du thira, trung lap, vi ldi ndi dugc tao ra tiie thdi, khdng cd dilu kien ggt giua, hoac do ngudi ndi ed y lap lai de ngudi nghe cd the tie'p nhdn, Hnh hdi thau ddo ndi dung giao tiep.

Can phan biet ndi vd dpc (thdnh tie'ng) mdt van ban. Dpc (thdnh tie'ng) cfing phdt ra am thanh de mpi ngudi nghe, nhung le thudc vdo van ban de'n ttmg ddu chain, da'u phay. Cho nen dpc chi Id hdnh ddng phdt dm mdt van ban vie't, nhung ngudi dpc cd gdng tan dtmg nhfing uu the cua ngdn ngii ndi (ngfi dieu) de diln cam.

11 - DAC DIEM CUA NGON NGUfVIET

1. Ngdn ngfi vie't dugc the hien bdng chfi viet trong van ban vd dugc tiep nhan bdng thi giac. Cho nen mud'n viet vd dgc van ban, ea ngudi viet va ngudi dgc phai bie't cdc ki hieu chfi vie't, cdc quy tde ehinh ta, cdc quy cdch td chiic van ban. Mat khdc, khi vidt ngudi viet cd dieu kien suy ngdm, lira chgn, ggt gifia, cdn khi dgc (do chfi vie't dugc luu gifi dn dinh) ngudi dgc ed dilu kien dgc lai, phan tich, nghien ngdm de Hnh hdi thau ddo. Cfing nhd su ghi chep bdng chfi trong van ban md ngdn ngfi viet den dugc vdi ddng dao ngudi dgc trong pham vi khdng gian rdng ldn vd thdi gian ldu ddi.

2. Ngdn ngfi viet tuy khdng cd ngfi dieu vd su phdi hpp cua cac ye'u td hd trg nhu net mat, cii chi, dieu bd,... nhung nd dugc su hd trg cua he thd'ng da'u cau, cua cdc ki hieu van tu, eiia cdc hinh anh minh boa, cac bang bleu, so do,...

3. Trong ngdn ngfi vie't, ttr ngii dugc lira chpn, thay the nen ed dilu kien dat dupe tinh chinh xac. Ddng thdi, tuy thudc vdo phong cdch ngdn ngfi cua van bdn ma ngudi viet sir dung vdi tan so cao ede ttr ngii phu hpp vdi ttmg phong edeh. Nhin chung, trong van ban viet, ngudi ta trdnh dting cac ttr ngii mang tinh khau ngQ, cdc ttr ngfi dia phuang, cac tie'ng ldng, tie'ng tiie,... Vl cau, trong ngdn ngii vie't thudng cd nhfing cdu ddi, nhieu thdnh phdn nhung duge td ehiic mach lac, chat che nhd cdc quan he ttr vd su sdp xep ede thanh phan phti hpp.

Chu y: Trong thue te su dung ngdn ngfi, cd hai trudng hgp :

- Ngdn ngfi ndi duge ghi Iqi bdng chii vii't trong van ban. VI du : van ban truyen cd ldi ndi eua ede nhan vdt, bdi bdo ghi lai cudc phdng van hoac cudc toa dam, bdi ghi lai cudc ndi chuyen,... Trong trudng hgp ndy, van ban viet nhdm mue dich the hien ngdn ngfi ndi trong nhfing bleu hien sinh ddng, cu the, vd khai thdc nhung uu the ciia nd.

- Ngdn ngfi vie't trong van ban dugc trinh bdy lai bdng ldi ndi mieng. VI du : thuyet trinh trude hdi nghi bdng mdt bao cdo da vie't sdn, ndi trudc cdng

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ehiing theo mdt van bdn,... Trong trudng hgp nay, ldi ndi tan dung dugc nhfing uu the ciia ngdn ngfi viet (cd su suy ngam, lua chpn, sdp xep,...), ddng thdi vdn cd sir phdi hpp eua cae yeu td hd trg trong ngdn ngfi ndi (ngfi di$u, cii chi, dieu bd, net mat,...).

Ngoai hai trudng hgp tren, can tranh s\r ldn ldn gifia ngdn ngii viet va ngdn ngfi ndi: trdnh dung nhiing ye'u td dac thu ctia ngdn ngfi ndi trong ngdn ngfi viet va ngugc lai.

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ngir vie't cd nhirng dac diem ve hoan

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dac diem

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canh sir dung

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rieng dd.

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III - LUYEN TAP

1. Phan tich dac diem eiia ngdn ngii viet the hidn trong doan trich sau :

Oddy phdi chu y ba khdu:

Mdt Id phdi gid gin vd phdt trien vdn chd cua tieng ta (tdi khdng mudn dung chii "tit vung").

Hai Id ndi vd vietdungphep tdc cua tiengta (tdi mudn thay chii "ngUphdp").

Ba Id giic gin bdn sdc, tinh hoa, phong cdch cua tieng ta trong mpi the vdn (vdn nghe, chinh tri, khoa hpe, kl thudt...).

(Pham Vdn Ddng, Giti gin su trong sdng cda tieng Vi$t)

Gpi y : Chii y he thdng thuat ngfi, su lua chgn va thay the ttr, cac dau cau, viec tach ddng khi trinh bdy, viee dung cdc ttr ngfi chi thii ttr trinh bay,...

2. Phan tich nhfing dac diem cua ngdn ngtr ndi (ttr ngfi trong ldi ndi ca nhan, sir mieu ta cii ehi, dieu bd, sir thay phien vai ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe,...) dugc ghi lai trong doan trich sau :

Chu tdm hdn cung chdng cd y chdng gheo cd ndo, nhung mdy cd gdi Iqi cu ddy vai cd a ndy ra vdi hdn, eudi nhu ndc ne:

-Kia anh dygpi! Cd mudn dn com trdng mdy gid thi ra ddyxe bd vdi anh dy!

Thi cong cdn:

- Cd khd'i cam trdng mdy gid ddy! Ndy, nhd tdi oi, ndi that hay ndi khoac ddy ?

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Trdng ngodi cd lai vudt mo hdi trin mat cudi:

- That ddy, cd ddy thi ra mau lin!

Thi vung dung day, ton ton chqy lai ddy xe eho Trdng.

- Dd that thi ddy chu sagi, ddng dy nhi. - Thi liic mdt, cudi tit

(Kim Ldn, Va nhdt)

3. Phdn tich ldi va chiia lai cdc cau dudi day cho phu hpp vdi ngdn ngfi viet.

a) Trong thaca Viet Nam thi da cd nhiiu buc tranh mua thu dep hi'ty.

b) Cdn nhu mdy mdc, thidt bi do nuoc ngodi dua vdo gdp vdn thi khdng duoc kiem sodt, hp sdn sdng khai vdng lin den muc vd tpi vq.

c) Cd, rua, ba ba, ech nhdi, chim 6gdn nuoc thi nhucd, vac, vit, ngdng,... thi cd dc, tdm, cua,... chung chdng chita ai sdt.

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CA DAO HAI HUOC

VAN BAN

K^TQUACANDAT-

Cam nhan dugc tieng cudi lac quan trong ca dao qua nghe thuat trao long thong minh, hdm hinh ciia ngudi binh dan cho dii cudc sdng cua hg cdn nhilu vdt va, lo toan.

- Cudi ndng, anh toan ddn'^' voi,

Anh sg qudc cam'^', nen voi khdng ban.

Ddn trau, sg hg mdu hdn'^',

Ddn bd, sg hg nhd nang co gan.

Miin Id ed thii bdn chan,

Ddn con chudt beo, mdi dan, mdi ldng.

- Chang ddn the, em lay ldm sang,

Na nao em lai pha ngang nhu Id...

Ngudi ta thach''*' lgn thdch gd,

Nhd em thdch cudi mdt nhd khoai lang :

Cu to thi de mdi lang,

Cdn nhu cii nhd, hp hdng an choi.

Bao nhieu cii me, chang oi !

De cho eon tre an choi giti nhd;

Bao nhieu cii rim, eu hd'^',

De cho con lgn, eon gd nd an...

(1) Ddn : ddn cudi (nhd trai dem 16 vdt de'n nop eho nha gai). (2) Quoc cdm : nhd nudc cam tdng trfi, mua ban, sir dung. (3) Mdu hdn: {hdn: lanh) mau lanh; theo quan niem ddn gian, thit trdu thudc loai thiic in "lanh",

ngudi cd "mdu ban" dn d6 dau bung. (4) Thdch: thdch cudi, yeu cau eua nhd gai ddi vdi nhd ttai ve tien cudi vd 16 vdt (thudng la ddi qua

eao nen dung chfi thdch). Ngdy nay, viec thdch eudi (vd ddn cudi) khdng cdn nang n^ nhu xua ma ehi Id thu tue de ghi nhan ngdy vui, su gdn bd gifia hai hg.

(5) Cu rim : khoai lang bi ung nude, ben trong didm thdi. Ciihd-.cu khoai bi con hd, mdt loai sdu cdnh cung, ki sinh trong dd, ldm eho khoai hdng.

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Ldm trai cho ddng siie trai, Khom lung chdng gdi, gdnh hai hat vimg.

Chdng ngudi di ngugc vl xudi, Chdng em ngdi bep sd dudi eon meo.

Ld mtii mudi tdm gdnh ldng, Chdng yeu chdng bdo rau rdng trdi eho.

Dem ndm thi ngdy o o... Chdng yeu chdng bao ngdy cho vui nhd.

DI chg thi hay an qud, Chdng yeu chdng bdo vl nha da com.

Tren dau nhiing rdc cung rom, Chdng ydu chdng bao hoa thom rdc dau !

{Tuc ngir, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam, Sdd)

HUioniG DAN HOC BAI

1. Bai 1: Day Id ldi dd'i dap vui dtia eiia nam nfi thudng thay trong ca dao. Nd dem den cho ta mdt tieng eudi mang y nghia nhdn sinh sau sdc. Hay dgc ki bdi ca dao vd eho biet:

- Viec ddn cudi vd thdch cudi d day cd gi khac thudng ? Cdch ndi eiia chdng trai vd cd gdi ed gi dac biet ? Ttr dd, anh (chi) hay neu cam nhan cua minh vl tieng cudi cua ngudi lao ddng trong cdnh ngheo. (Cudi ai, cudi vl dilu gi ? Tieng cudi dd cd y nghia nhu the ndo ?)

- Bai ca dao cd gigng dieu hdi hudc di ddm, ddng yeu la nhd nhfing ye'u td nghe thuat nao ?

2. Cdc bdi 2, 3, 4 : Tieng cudi trong ba bai ca dao nay cd gi khdc vdi tieng cudi d bdi 1 ? Tdc gid dan gian cudi nhfing con ngudi ndo trong xa hdi, nhdm muc dich gi, vdi thdi dd ra sao ? Trong cdi ehung dd, mdi bdi lai cd net rieng the hien nghe thuat trao long sdc sao cua ngudi binh dan. Hay phan tich ldm ro ve dep rieng cua mdi bai ca dao.

3. Nhfing bien phap nghe thuat nao thudng duge sii dung trong ca dao hdi hudc ?

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^ GHI NHO

Bdng nghe thuat trao long thong minh, hom hinh, nhirng tieng cuai dac sdc trong ca dao - tieng cudi giai tri, tieng cuai tutrao (tu cudi minh) va tieng cudi cham biem, phe phan - the hien tam hdn lac quan yeu ddi va triet li nhan sinh lanh manh trong cugc sdng cdn nhieu vat va, lo toan eiia ngudi binh dan.

LUYEN TAP

1. Neu cam nghi vl ldi thach cudi ciia cd gdi : Nhd em thdch cuai mdt nhd khoai lang. Qua dd, anh (chi) thay tieng cudi tu trao ciia ngudi lao ddng trong canh ngheo ddng yeu, dang tran trpng d chd nao ?

2. Suu tam nhiing bdi ca dao hdi hudc phe phdn thdi ludi nhdc, le la an qua, nghien ngap rugu che ; te nan tao hdn, da the ; phe phan thay bdi, thay ciing, thay dia li, thay phu thuy trong xa hdi cd.

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.DCTHEM, LOI T l i N DAN (Trich Tiin ddn ngudi yiu - truyen tho dan tdc Thdi)

Tranh bia 1 cudn Tikn ddn ngudi yeu (NXB Vdn hod ddn toe, 1977)

TIEU O A N

Tiin dan ngudi yeu (Xong chu xon xao) cua dan tde Thai la mdt truyen tho ndi tieng trong kho tang tmyen tha cac dan tdc thieu sd. Vdi 1846 cau tha, Ti&n dan ngudi yeu la ldi nhan vat Uong cudc ke lai cau chuyen tinh yeu -hdn nhan cua vg chdng minh. Hai ngudi vdn lam ban vdi nhau tir thdi tha au. Ldn len, hg yeu nhau. Nhimg khi chang trai nhd ngudi lam md'i din den xin cho d re thi cha me cd gai gat phdt. Hg dang lo Idng chua bie't tinh sao thi mdt anh chang la de'n xin lam re. Ddu ke nay chuan bi Id vat cau tha, iing xii vira hen ha vita thieu Id do nhung cha me cd gdi vi tdi mdt trudc tien bac, da vdi bdng Idng. Chang trai dau khd bd nha ra di, quye't lam giau rdi se trd ve xin cudi cd gai. Cd gai d lai kien tam chd dgi ngudi yeu. Het han d re'", ngudi kia xin cudi. Diing liic dd, chang Uai trd ve va da giau cd, nhung gid cd gai thudc ve ke khac mat rdi. Anh dau ddn di theo tidn ddn ngudi yeu da cting gan bd tir lau. Theo ldi chang trai dan, cd gai cd lam ra ve vung ve, khien nha chdng chan ma tra cd ve nhd cha me. Nhung cd gai lien bi cha me bdn vao cira nha quan. That vgng qua, cd cang dau khd, phd phdch manh han: "Gia gao - quang chay; Phoi thdc - chiii san, mdng cdt; Da xdi - quat mam va" cdt sao dugc trd ve cho gia dinh. Nhung nha quan da mua diit cd rdi, khdng the tra lai. Hg dua cd ra chg ban, nhung chdng ai budn hdi de'n. Tan chg, de khdi dem cd gdi ve, hg ddi cd lay mgt cudn la dong. Ngudi ddi dugc cd gai ngd dau... chinh la ngudi yeu thud trudc.

(1) Ngudi Thai xua ed tue d re : trudc khi lay dirge cd gdi lam vg, chdng uai phai qua hai giai doan d re - tir 1 de'n 3 nam la re ngodi (di ldm cho nhd vg vd d nhu khach); tir 3 den 7 nam dugc lam re trong (sdng eung vg d nhd vg). Sau do chdng ttai mdi dua vg ve nha minh.

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Nhung chang gid da cd nha cao cua rdng, lam sao nhan ra cd gai trong than phan tdi ddi nhech nhac, tieu tuy! Mdt ngay mua, khdng di nuong, ngdi ben bep lua, cd gdi tui phan dem chiec dan mdi'^', ki vat tinh yeu ra thdi, ggi lai Idi the thdt thud nao. Chang trai bang hoang nhan ra ngudi yeu va quye't s6 ddi tai san dua ti6n ngudi vg ve nha cha me, rdi hg cudi nhau cho trgn ldi udc cu: "Khdng lay dugc nhau khi mua ha, ta se lay nhau miia ddng; Khdng lay dugc nhau thdi trd, ta se lay nhau khi ggd bua ve gia.".

Doan trich dudi day mieu ta rat rd tam trang eua chdng trai tren dudng tiln cd gdi vl nha chdng va phai chirng kie'n canh cd bi chinh ngudi chdng danh dap. Lai tiin dqn gdm hai do?in ddu la ldi ciia chang trai. Doan (ldi) dau tir cdu "Quay ganh..." den"... god bua ve gid"; d o ^ (ldi) thu hai tir cau "Day di em..." de'n he't

VAN BAN Quay ganh qua ddng rdng, Ngudi dep anh yeu cat bude theo chdng. Vtra di vtra ngodnh lai, Vtra di vita ngodi trdng, Chan budc xa long cang dau nhd. Em tdi rtmg dt ngdt Id dt ngdi chd, Tdi rung cd ngat la cd ngdi dgi, Tdi rung Id ngdn'^' ngdng trdng. Anh tdi noi, em be Id xanh em ngdi; Dugc nhu ddi cau, anh mdi danh long quay lai, Dugc dan ddi ldi, anh yeu em' ' mdi chiu quay di. [...] Xin hay cho anh kl vde manh, Quan quanh vai u lay huong ngudi, Cho mai sau liia xac dugm hoi'^', Mdt lat ben em thay ldi tiln dan !

(1) Ddn moi la thti nhac eu nhd lam bdng mieng ddng mdng, ddi nhu chiec Id tte, ngam trong mieng rdi dting tay gdy mdt dau eho rung 16n hod eiing hoi thd, tao nen dm thanh de diin d?t tinh cdm.

(2) Di6u Chfnh Ngdu chti thfch ba cdu 6, 7, 8 nhu sau: "Ngdi tren la dt, la ca gai. Id ngdn la nhfmg Id dgc. Y ndi mong chd ngudi yeu khdng thd'y" {Tiin ddn nguai yeu, Sdd, tt. 47).

(3) Anh yeu em : tiic "anh yeu eiia em". Trong dan ea Thdi vd trong Tiin ddn nguai yeu, nhdn vdt ngudi eon trai thudng tu xung nhu the (eung vdy, ngudi eon gai thudng tu xung "em yeu anh").

(4) Ngudi Thdi den cd tue hod tdng (thi6u xde). Mudn xdc chdy dugm, vong hdn duge sieu thodt theo quan niem xua cfia hg, can cd hoi huong eua ngudi thdn yeu nhat. Cung vdi thi hdi, ngudi ta dot theo khdn, do, vdi hoac vdi ba sgi tdc cua ngudi thdn coi nhu "them dau" eho gidn hod. Cdu tho y ndi: Khdng lay dugc nhau coi nhu sudt ddi khdng cdn cd ai thdn y6u, ddnh mugn hoi huong da thit ngudi y6u ngay tir liic ndy de mai sau cd chet eung khdng den ndi thdnh k6 cd don, lua xac dugc nhd hoi ngay nay md chdy dugm, vong hdn dugc sieu thodt.

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Con nhd hay dua anh dm. Be xinh hay dua anh bdng, Cho anh be con ddng, dtmg nguong, Nung eon rdng, con phugng'^', dtmg budn. [...] "Ddi ta yeu nhau, dgi tdi thang Nam lau nd, Dgi mtia nudc dd'^' ed vl. Dpi chim tang Id'^' hdt gpi he. Khdng lay dugc nhau mua ha, ta se lay nhau mua ddng, Khdng lay dugc nhau thdi tre, ta se lay nhau khi god bua vl gid." [...] - "Day di em, day di em oi ! Day rii do keo bg'*'. Day phui do keo lam ! Dau bu anh chai cho, Tdc rdi dua anh btii hd !" Anh chat tre vl ddt gidng dau, Chat tre ddy, anh hun gidng gitia, Lam'^' dng thudc nay em udng khdi dau. Ta rdi ddi ta cting go, To vd ta vudt lai quay guong; Quay lai gudng gd td't edn thudn, v l vdi ngudi ta thuong thud cti. Chet ba nam hinh cdn treo dd ; Che't thanh sdng, vuc nudc udng mat ldng, Chet thdnh dat, mgc day trau xemh thdm, Che't thdnh beo, ta trdi ndi ao chung, Che't thdnh mudi, ta miic xud'ng cung bdt, Che't thdnh hdn, chung mdt mdi, song song. Hoi gdc dua yeu mpc ngodi cdn cdt, Nudc ngap gdc ddng lui, dirng lui, Nudc ngap r l dang binh, dtmg binh.

(1) "Con nhd", "be xinh", "con ddng" (ddng ddi), "con rdng, con phugng" la edeh ggi yeu cua chdng trai ddi vdi eon ri6ng eiia cd gdi.

(2) Mda nuac do: mua nudc lu. (3) Chirritdng 16: mdt lodi chim (t6n dat theo tieng keu) Idng dep, mdu xanh, hdt vdo mda ha, tieng

hdt cao vd budn. (4) Tfi ddy xud'ng la tdm trang cua chdng ttai tai nhd chdng ed gdi, khi chiing kie'n cdnh ngudi y6u

hi nhd chdng danh dap, hdt hiii. Cdu ndy y ndi: cd gdi bi ddnh, nga xudng dat, quan do lam bui va ede thfi sdu bg dudi dat.

(5) Lam: dun sdi ho|c nd'u chin khdng dung si6u (am) hay ndi md dfmg gidng tre, gidng niia tuoi.

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Ddi ta yeu nhau, tinh Lii - IJa'^' man nong, Ldi da trao thuong khdng lac mat; Nhu ban trdu ngodi chg, Nhu thu Ilia mudn bdng'^'. Ldng ta thuang nhau tram ldp nghin triing. Bin chdc nhu vang, nhu dd. Yeu nhau, yeu trgn ddi gd cting, Yeu nhau, yeu trgn kiep den gia, Ta yeu nhau tan ddi gid'3', khdng rung khdng ehuyen, Ngudi xiem xui, khdng ngodnh khdng nghe.

{Tiin dan ngudi ySu - Xdng chu xon xao), MAC PHI dich, NXB Van hod dan tge, Hd Ngi, 1977)

HUldNG D A N DOC THEM

Todn bd doan trich Id ldi eua chang trai. Hinh anh cd gai ehi hi$n len gian tiep qua ldi eua anh, nghia la qua cam nhan cua chang trai.

1. Diln bien tam trang eiia chang trai tren dudng tiln ngudi yeu vl nhd chdng nhu the nao ? Hay phdn tich nhfing cau tha, nhfing ddn chting the hien tam trang dd.

2. Phan tich nhfing eau tha md td hdnh ddng, tam trang cua cd gai tren dudng vl nhd chdng. Cdch md ta ay bieu 1 tinh yeu cua chang trai ddi vdi cd gai nhu the nao ?

3. Phan tich nhfing cau tha, nhfing chi tiet the hien thai dp, cu chi an can cua chdng trai ddi vdi cd gai trong nhfing ngay anh cdn luu lai d nha chdng cua cd.

4. Doan trich su dung rat nhilu cau tha cd dung phep diep (ttr ngfi, hinh anh, kieu cau). Hay tim vd nhan xet gia tri bieu cam cua nhfing cau tha dd.

(1) Cdu tho su dung hinh dnh so sdnh mugn tfr tich truyen cd Chdng Lu - ndng Ua ciia ddn tge Khdng (Xd - Tdy Bdc): Chdng Lii va ndng IJa yeu nhau tha thiet tii nhd, ldn len tJa bi cha me cudng gd eho mgt tu trudng cd the luc. Cd hai cfing tu van, kien len d^n Trdi. Nhung chinh Trdi lai Id ke chu muu ttong mgi chuyen. Hg hi ddy thdnh hai ngdi sao (sao Khun Lii, sao Nang IJa) diing mdt gdc ttdi, mai mai ttdng dgi nhau md khdng dugc gdn nhau.

(2) Bdn trdu ngodi cha: ttdu ban xong khdng tim lai duge ; thu Ida muon bong: liia sau khi gdt khdng edn biet bdng ndo eua rudng ndo.

(3) Tdn dai gio : het mgt ttdn gid (sudt tvr Me gid ndi den khi gid lang la mdt ddi gid, mgt ttdn gid). Y cdu tho cd the hieu la gid thdi mai den khi tan md tinh y6u gifia hai ngudi vdn khdng thay ddi.

96

LUYEN TAP VliT DOAN VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN OAT

Hieu khai niem, ngi dung va nhiem vu cua doan van trong van ban tu su, tir dd viet dugc cac doan van tu su.

I - DOAN VAN TRONG VAN BAN TIT SV

1. Doan van la bd phan eiia van ban. Trong van ban tu sir, mdi doan van thudng ed cdu neu y khdi qudt, ggi Id cdu chfi dl . Cdc edu khdc diln dat nhfing y cu the nhdm thuyet minh, mieu td, giai thich, md rdng,... trien khai lam ro y khdi quat.

2. Mdi van ban tu su thudng gdm nhilu loai doan van vdi nhiing nhiem vu khac nliau: doan (cdc doan) cua phdn md bai ed nhiem vu gidi thieu cdu chuyen; eae doan dthan bdi ke diln bie'n ciia cdc su viec, chi tiet; doan (cdc doan) ket bdi ket thiie edu chuyen, tao an tugng manh tdi suy nghi, cam xdc eiia ngudi dgc.

3. Ndi dung mdi doan van tuy khdc nhau (td canh, ta ngudi, ke sir viec, bieu cam,...), nhung diu cd chung nhiem vu Id the hien chii d l vd y nghia cua van ban.

II - CACH VIET DOAN V A N TRONG B A I V A N TlTSlT

1. Trong bai Lap ddn y bdi vdn tu su, chiing ta dugc nghe nhd van Nguyen Ngge ke: "cai truyen ngdn nay se bdt ddu bdng mpt khu ritng xd nu - md tdi se ra sue td mdt cdch hit sue tqo hinh [...] vd truyin si ki't thuc bdng mdt cdnh rirng xd nu, nhu mdt vT tharth cti xa md dan vd bat tan [...]".

Viet Rtmgxd nu, nhd van Nguyin Trung Thdnh (tiic Nguyen Ngpc) md dau vd ket thuc tdc pham nhu sau :

- Md dau : Ldng a trong tdm dqi bde cua don gidc. Chung nd bdn, dd thdnh li, mdi ngdy hai ldn, hoqe budi sdng sdm vd xe chiiu, hodc diing bdng vd sdm tdi, hodc nua dim vd tragd gdy. Hdu hit dqn dqi bdc diu rai vdo ngpn ddi xd nu cqnh con nudc ldn. Cd rtmg xd nu hdng vqn cdy khdng cd cdy ndo khdng bi thuang. Cd nhimg cdy bi chdt dut ngang nua thdn minh, do do do nhu mpt trdn bdo. (J cho vet thuang, nhua ua ra, trdn tri, tham ngdo ngqt, long lanh ndng he gay gdt, roi ddn ddn bdm lai, den vd ddc quyin Iqi thdnh timg cue mdu ldn.

Q7 4 . N G L ; V A N 10/1-A '^'

Trong rirng it cd loqi cdy sinh sdi ndy nd khoe nhu vdy. Cqnh mpt cdy xdnu mdi ngd gue, dd cd bdn ndm cdy con mpc lin, ngpn xanh rdn, hinh nhpn mui tin lao thdng lin bdu trdi. Cung it cd loqi cdy ham dnh sdng mat trdi den thi'. Nd phdng len rdt nhanh detiep ldy dnh ndng, thu dnh ndng trong rirng roi tit trin cao xudng timg luong ldn thdng tdp, ldng lanh vd sdhqt bui vdng tic nhua cdy bay ra, thom mo mdng. Cd nhiing cdy con vica ldn ngang tdm ngue ngudi lai bi dai bdc chdt did lam ddi. (J nhiing cdy dd, nhua cdn trong, chdt ddu cdn lodng, vet thuong khdng lanh dupc, cu loet mdi ra, ndm muai hdm thi cdy chet Nhung cung cd nhiing cdy vupt lin dupc ddu ngudi, cdnh Id sum si nhu nhiing con chim dd du ldng mao, ldng vu. Dqn dqi bdc khdng giet ndi chung, nhiing vet thuong cua chung chdng lanh nhu trin mpt thdn the cudng trdng. Chung vuot lin rdt nhanh, thay the nhiing cdy dd ngd... Cu the hai ba ndm nay rung xd nu udn tdm ngue ldn ciia minh ra, che chd cho ldng...

Diing trin doi xdnudy trdng ra xa, den hi't tdm mdt ciing khdng thdy gi khdc ngodi nhiing doi xd nu nd'i tii'p tai chdn trdi.

- Ket thiic : Tnu lai ra di. Cu Mi't vd Dit dua anh ra den ciia ritng xd nu gdn con nudc ldn. Trdn dqi bdc dim qua dd ddnh ngd bdn ndm cdy xd nu to. Nhua ua ra d nhitng vet thuang dang dpng lai, ldng Idnh ndng he. Quanh dd vd sd nhiing cdy con dang mpc lin. Cd nhiing cdy mdi nhu khdi mat ddt, nhpn hodt nhu nhiing mui le.

Ba nguoi dung a ddy nhin ra xa. Din hut tdm mdt cung khdng thdy gi khdc ngodi nhitng rtmgxd nu ndi tiep chqy den chdn trdi.

a) Theo anh (ehi), cdc doan van tren cd the hien diing nhu dtr kien eda tac gia khdng ? Ndi dung vd gipng dieu eua cae doan van md ddu va ke't thtic ed net gi gid'ng nhau, khac nhau ?

b) Anh (chi) hpe dugc dilu gi d each viet doan van cua Nguyen Nggc ?

2. Trong eau ehuyen vl hau than cua chi Dau d bai Lap ddn y bdi vdn tu su, mpt ban hgc sinh da vie't nhu sau :

Vdy Id chi dupc cu vi DdngXd, vi cdi ldng qui be nhd, ngheo khd cua chi. Vita dat cMn tai con di cao, con di chdn ngang mdy nep nhd lup xup, chi Ddu chat nhin thdy d chdn trdi phia ddng mpt vimg hong img lin I ...I. Mpt dodn ngudi do qudn rdch ruai, nhung net mat ai cung ho hai, tit trong ldng di ra. Ngudi cdm gdy, ke cdm dao, cdm kiem, vac cd do, do tdi vdy lay chi. Ngudi ndng ddn khdn kho timg chqy trdn trong cdi dim den dy bong da nudc mdt /.../. Cdnen xuc dpng, chi Ddu dang rdng ddi cdnh tay nhu mudn dm ldy mpi ngudi, rdi nghen ngdo ndi:

- Cdch mqng thdnh cdng roi! Cd ddn tpc dd dieng day I Bd con ai, chung ta hdy lin huyen bdt bpn quan Iqi, phd kho thdc, chia cho ddn ngheo.

a) Cd the coi ddy la doan van trong van ban tu su dugc khong, vi sao ? Theo anh (ehi), doan van dd thudc phan ndo ciia "truyen ngdn" ma ban hpc sinh dinh vie't ?

98 ^ " 4 NGUVAN 10/1-B

b) Viet doan van nay, ban hpc sinh da thdnh cdng d ndi dung nao, ndi dung nao ban edn phan van va de trdng ? Anh ehi hay vie't tie'p vdo nhiing chd de trdng dd (dd'u ba cham) de cting ban hodn chinh doan van dinh vie't.

Qua kinh nghiem ciia nha van Nguyen Ngpc vd thu hoach tu hai bdi tap tren, anh (ehi) hay neu each vie't doan van trong bdi van tu su.

GHI NHO ,

• Co nhieu loai doan van trong van ban tu su. Doan (cac doan) md bai gidi thieu cau chuyen ; cac doan than bai ke lai diln bie'n ciia cac su viec ; doan (cae doan) ket bai ket thiic cau chuyen, tao an tugng ddi vai suy nghT, cam xiic ciia ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe.

• Oe viet doan van tu su, can hinh dung su viec xay ra nhu the nao rdi lan lugt ke lai diln bien ciia nd ; chii y sir dung cac phuang tien lien ket cau de doan van dugc mach lac, chat che.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

I. Mdt doan trich (ttr Ngd vdn 9, tap hai) duge chep lai nhu sau :

Tdi dung xeng nhd ddo ddt dual qud bom. Ddt rdn. Nhimg hdn sdi theo tay tdi bay ra hai bin. Thinh thodng ludi xeng cham vdo qud bom. Mdt tieng ddng sdc den gai ngudi, cua vdo da thit cd gdt Cd rung minh vd bdng thdy tqi sao minh lai qud chdm. Nhanh lin mpt ti! Vd qud bom ndng. Mpt ddu hiiu chdng Idnh. Hodc la ndng tie bin trong qud bom. Hodc Id mat trai nung ndng.

Chi Thao thdi cdi. Nhu the Id da hai muoi phut trdi qua. Phuong Dinh cdn than bd gdi thudc min xudng cdi Id da ddo, chdm ngdi. Ddy min ddi, cong, mim.

. Cd khod ddt roi chqy Iqi cho dn ndp cua minh.

Hoi cdi thu hai cua chi Thao. Tdi nep nguai vdo buc tudng ddt, nhin dong hd. Khdng cd gid. Tim Phuang Dinh cung ddp khdng rd. Dudng nhu vdt duy nhdt vdn binh tinh phat Id mpi biin ddng chung Id chii'c kim dong hd.

a) Anh (chi) cho biet doan trich tren ke su vide gi, d phdn ndo, ctia van ban tu su ndo ?

b) Doan trich chep d day cd mdt sd sai sdt vl ngdi ke, hay chi ro nhting chd sai dd rdi chfia lai cho hodn chinh.

c) Ttr su phdt hien vd chinh siia doan trieh tren, anh (ehi) cd them kinh nghiem gi khi vie't doan van trong bai van tu su ?

2*. Viet mdt doan van diln td cir chi vd tam trang ciia ed gdi trong 9 cau ddu doan trieh truyen tha Tiin dan nguai yiu.

99

ON TAP VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Ciing cd, he thdng hoa cac tri thirc da hgc ve van hgc dan gian Vi$t Nam : dac tnmg eiia van hge dan gian, cac the loai van hgc dan gian ; gia tri ngi dung, nghe thuat eiia cac tac pham (hoac doan tri'eh).

• Biet van dung dac trimg cac th i loai ciia van hgc dan gian de phan tich cac tac pham cu the.

I - NOI DUNG ON TAP

1. Trinh bdy cae dac trung ea ban cda van hgc dan gian (minh hoa bdng cac tac pham, doan trich da hgc).

2. Van hgc dan gian Viet Nam cd nhiing the loai gi ? Chi ra nhfing dac tnmg chu yeu eiia cae the loai: str thi (su thi anh hung), truyin thuyet, truyen cd tich, truyen cudi, ca dao, truyen tha (ddn chiing bdng cac tdc pham da hgc). Lap bang tdng hgp cdc the loai theo mdu dudi day:

Truy^ dan gian Cau ndi dan gian Thoca dan gian San khau dan gian

3. Ttr ede truyen dan gian (hoac cdc doan trich) da hgc, lap bang tong hgp, so sdnh ede the loai theo mau dudi ddy:

Thi loai

Sir thi (anh hiing)

Truyen thuyei

Truy6n cd tieh

Truyen eudi

Miic ^ch sdng tdc

Hinh thuc luu truyin

Noi dung phin dnh

Kilu nhan vdt chinh

* D^cdilm ngh$ thu$t

100

4. a) Ca dao than thdn thudng la ldi ciia ai ? Vi sao ? Than phan eiia nhung eon ngudi ay hien len nhu the nao, bdng nhfing so sdnh an du gi ?

Ca dao yiu thuong tinh nghia d l cap de'n nhfing tinh cam, pham chat gi ciia ngudi lao ddng ? Vi sao hg hay nhdc de'n cdc bieu tugng cai khan, cdi eau de bdc Id tinh yeu ; cdc bleu tugng cay da, ben nudc - con thuyin, gtmg cay - mudi man,... de ndi len tinh nghia cua minh ?

So sdnh tieng cudi tu trdo va tieng eudi phe phdn trong ca dao hdi hudc, ttr dd neu nhan xet vl tam hdn ngudi lao ddng trong eudc sd'ng cdn nhieu vat va, lo toan ciia hg.

b) Neu nhfing bien phap nghe thuat thudng dugc su dung trong ca dao.

II - BAI TAP VAN DUNG

1. Dgc hai doan mieu td canh Ddm Sdn mua khiin vd doan eudi ta hinh dnh vd sue khoe cua chdng trong doan trieh Chien thdng Mtao Mxdy. Ttr ba doan van dd, hay cho bie't:

- Nhiing net ndi bat trong nghe thuat mieu ta nhdn vat anh hting ciia sii thi la gi ? (Ddn chiing ttr ba doan van.)

- Nhd nhfing thu phdp dac trung dd, ve dep cua ngudi anh hung su thi da dugc h tudng hod nhu the ndo ?

2. can cti vdo tan bi kich cua Mi Chau - Trgng Thuy trong Truyin An Duang Vucmg vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy, hay lap bang va ghi ndi dung tra ldi theo mdu dudi day.

Cdi Idisu that lichsu

Bi kich dugc huc^u

Nhftng chi tiet hoang dudng,

kiao

Ket cue cua bi kich

Bai hgc rutra

3. "Dac sdc nghe thuat cua truyen the hien d sir chuyen bien cua hinh tugng nhan vat Tam : ttr yeu dudi, thu ddng de'n kien quyet dd'u tranh gianh lai su sd'ng vd hanh phdc cho minh" (phdn Ghi nhd truyen Tdm Cdm). Anh (chi) hay phan tieh truyen cd tieh Tdm Cdm de lam sang td dilu dd.

101

4. can cii vdo hai truyen cudi da hgc, lap bang va ghi ndi dung tra ldi theo mdu dudi day.

Ten truyen

Tam dqi con gd

Nhimg nd phdi bdng hai mdy

Ddi tugng cudi (Curaai?)

Npi dimg cvrdi (Cudi cai gi ?)

Tinh hudng gay cuoi

Cao trao de tieng cudi

"oa"ra

5. a) Diln tie'p vao sau cdc ttr md ddu Thdn em nhu... vd Chiiu chiiu... de thanh nhfing bdi ca dao trgn ven (khdng ke cdc bai ca dao da hge):

Thdn em nhu/.../

Thdn em nhu/.../

Thdn em nhu/.../

- Chiiu chiiu /.../

- Chiiu chiiu /.../

- Chiiu chiiu /.../

Md ddu cdc bai ea dao theo cdch lap lai nhu vay cd tdc dung gi ddi vdi ngudi nghe (dgc) ?

b) Thd'ng ke cdc hinh anh so sanh, an du trong nhfing bdi ca dao da hgc vd cho biet ngudi binh dan thudng lay cac hinh anh dd ttr dau (giai thich h do va neu hieu qua nghe thudt cua chiing).

c) Tim them mdt sd cdu ca dao ndi ve :

- Chile khan, chiec do.

- Ndi nhd ciia nhfing ddi liia dang yen.

- Bleu tugng cay da, ben nudc - con thuyin, gung cay - mudi man.

d) Tim them mdt sd eau ca dao hdi hudc mang lai tie'ng eudi gidi tri, mua vui cho con ngudi trong cudc sd'ng.

6. Hay tim mdt vdi bdi tha (hoac cau tha) cua cdc nhd tha trung dai va hien dai cd sii dting chat lieu van hpc dan gian de chiing minh vai trd cua van hpc dan gian ddi vdi van hoc vie't.

102

Ill - CAc HiNH THIJfC HOAT DONG NGOAi GIOI HOC

Gd the chpn mdt sd hinh thiic boat ddng dudi ddy:

1. Chuyen cae van ban truyen dan gian thdnh boat cdnh de trinh diln :

a) Chien thdng Mtao Mxay

h) BI kich Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy

c) Cdc truyen cudi.

2. iSuru tam cdc tdc pham van hpc ddn gian d dia phuong vd chep vdo sd tay van hpc.

3. Viet mdt bai thu hoach vl nhfing van d l tam dae nhd't ciia ban thdn sau khi hgc xong phan van hgc dan gian.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 2 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sol.

103

KHAI QUAT VAN HOG VIET NAM _ TU THE Ki X DEN H I T THE Kl XIX

KET QUA C A N OAT -

• Ndm dugc cac thanh phdn chii yeu va cac giai doan phat trien ciia van hgc viet Viet Nam tir the kl X den het the ki XIX.

• Ndm virng mgt sd dac diem Ion ve ngi dung va hinh thirc ciia van hgc trung dai Viet Nam trong qua trinh phat trien.

• Yeu men, tran trgng, giir gin va phat huy di san van hoc dan toe.

^

Van hgc viet Viet Nam ttr the ki X den bet the ki XDC Id n in van hgc tdn tai va phdt trien trong xa hdi phong kien. Mudi the ki van hpc nay cdn dugc ggi Id vdn hpc trung dqi.

I - CAC T H A N H P H A N C U A V A N HOC TOTTHE Kl X DEN HET THE Kl XIX

Nhin chung, van hpe Viet Nam thdi trung dai gdm hai thdnh phan ehu yeu la vdn hpc chii Hdn vd vdn hpc chUNdm. Giai doan cud'i, van hpe chfi qt;oi, ngii xuat hien nhung chua cd thanh tuu ddng ke.

1. Van hoc cliiif Hdn

Van hgc chfi Han bao gdm cae sang tdc bdng chii Han eiia ngudi Viet. Thanh phan van hgc nay xua't hien sdm, tdn tai trong sudt qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phat trien ciia van hgc trung dai, bao gdm ed tha va van xudi. Vl the loai, van hgc chu Han chii yeu tiep thu cdc the loai van hgc ttr Trung Qude nhu chieu, bieu, hich, cdo, truyen truyin kl, kisu, tieu thuye't chuang hdi, phii, tha cd phong, tha Dudng ludt,... Du la tha hay van xudi, trii tinh hay tu su, chinh luan, d loai hinh nao van hpe chu Han cung ed nhiing thanh tint nghe thuat to ldn.

104

2. Van hoc chiif Nom

Van hpe chir Nom bao gdm cac sang tac bdng chii Ndm, ra ddi mudn ban van hpc ehii Han (khoang cud'i the ki XIII mdi xua't hien), tdn tai, phdt trien den he't thdi ki van hpe trung dai. Van hpe chir Ndm chii yeu la tha, rd't it tae pham van xudi. Trong van hpc chti Nom, ehi mdt sd the loai tie'p thu ttr Trung Qude nhu phu, vdn te, tha Dudng ludt, cdn phan ldn la the loai van hpc ddn tdc nhu ngdm khuc viet theo the song that luc bdt, truyin tha vie't theo the luc bdt, hdt ndi viet theo the tha khd tu do cd ke't hpp vdi dm nhac, hoac the loai van hpc Trung Qudc da dugc dan tde hod phdn nao nhu tha Dudng ludt thdt ngdn xen luc ngdn. Van hgc chii Ndm cd nhfing thdnh tim ldn d ta't ea ede the loai ke tren.

Su tdn tai, phdt trien ctia van hgc chfi Han vd van hge chfi Ndm eho tha'y hiin tupng song ngu o van hgc trung dai Viet Nam. Hai thdnh phdn van hgc nay khdng dd'i lap nhau ma bd sung cho nhau trong qua trinh phdt trien ciia van hgc dan tdc.

II - CAC GIAI DOAN P H A T TRIEN CUA V A N HOC TUT THE Kl X DEN HET THE Ki XiX

Van hge trung dai Viet Nam phat trien qua bdn giai doan ldn.

1. Giai doan tiir th6 l(i X i^n het the ki XIV

van hge giai doan nay phdt trien trong hodn canh lich sii dae biet: ddn tdc ta gidnh dugc quyin ddc lap tu ehu vdo eudi the ki X, lap nhilu ki tieh trong cdc cudc khang chie'n chd'ng xdm luge (chdng qudn Tdng the ki XI, chdng quan Mdng -Nguyen the ki XIII). Sau nhfing cudc chien tranh bao ve To qud'c la cdng cudc xdy dung dd't nudc trong hod binh. Che^d phong kien Viet Nam nhin chung dang a thdi ki phdt trien.

Van hge giai doan nay ed nhfing bude ngoat ldn. Trudc het la van hgc viet chinh thtic ra ddi ttr the ki X vd tiep den Id su xuat hien ciia van hgc chfi Ndm vao cudi the ki XIII. Nhiing bude ngoat nay md ra su phdt trien toan dien, manh me ciia van hgc dan tdc : ben canh van hpe dan gian da cd van hpc thdnh van, ben canh van hpc chfi Hdn da cd van hpc ehii Ndm.

vi phuang dien not dung, xet tren nhfing net ldn, van hpc the ki X - the ki XIV mang ndi dung yeu nudc vdi am hudng hdo hung.

Gdc tac pham nhu Van nudc (Qudc to) cua Phap Thuan, Chiiu ddi dd (Thien dd chieu) cua LI Gdng Uan, bai tho Sdng nui nudc Nam (Nam qudc son hd) da md dau cho ddng van hpc yeu nudc. Nhfing tae pham nhu Hich tuang si (Du chu tl tudng hich vdn) cua Tran Qude Tuan, Phd gid vi kinh (Tung gid hodn kinh su) ciia Tran Quang Khdi, Td ldng (Thudt hodi) ciia Pham Ngfi Lao, Phu sdng Bqch Ddng

105

(Bqch Ddng giang phu) ciia Truang Hdn Sieu,... tieu bieu eho ndi dung ydu nudc mang hdo khi Ddng A' \

Ve phuong diin nghe thudt, van hpc chfi Han vdi cdc the loai tiep thu ttr Trung Qudc cd nhfing thanh tuu ldn nhu van chinh luan {Chieu doi dd, Hich tudng sT), van xudi vidt vl lich sii, van hod [Dqi Viet su ki cua Le Van Huu, Viet diin u linh tap ctia LI Te Xuyen,...), tho phti (cdc sang tdc ciia Phap Thuan, Tran Quang Khai, Pham Ngu Lao, Truong Hdn Sieu, Nguyin Trung Ngan,...). Van hpc chfi Ndm dat nhfing vien gach ddu tien tren con dudng phat trien cua van hpc viet bdng ngdn ngfi dan tdc vdi mdt sd bai tha, bai phti Ndm.

2. Giai Soan tir the ki XV den het the ki XVII

vl hodn canh lich su, nhan dan ta tie'p ttic lam nen ki tich trong cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Minh d niia ddu the ki XV, dua che dp phong kien Viet Nam dat tdi dinh cao cue thinh d niia cud'i the ki dd. Budc sang the ki XVI, tuy che dp phong kien da ed nhfing bieu hien khiing hoang ddn den ndi chien va da't nudc bi chia cdt, song nhin chung tinh hinh xa hdi van dn dinh.

van hpc giai doan ndy cd budc phdt trien mdi, trong dd ndi bat nhat Id nhung thdnh tuu ngh$ thuat cua van hpe chfi Ndm. Van hpc viet chinh thiic xuat hien hai thdnh phan : van hpc chfi Han vd van hpc chfi Ndm. Hien tupng "van sii triet bat phan" khd dam trong van hpc thdi LI - Trdn da md nhat dan ttr the ki XV, khi xuab hien ngdy cdng nhilu tdc pham gidu chat van chucmg hinh tugng.

vi phuong diin npi dung, van hgc the ki XV - the kl XVII di tfr ndi dung yeu nudc mang am hudng ngpi ca den ndi dung phan anh, phe phdn hien thtrc xa hdi phong kien. Van hpe thdi Ididi nghia Lam San ma tieu bieu Id cdc sang tdc cua Nguyin Trai nhu Qudn trung tit minh tap, Dqi cdo binh Ngd,... la su ket tinh thdnh ttiu van hpe yeu nudc cua nam the ki trudc dd. Thiin Nam ngU luc (the ki XVII) la tdc pham diln ea lich su viet bdng chfi Ndm, mang cam hiing hao hung, trdn day nilm tu hdo dan tdc. Cdc sang tac ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem, Truyin kl mqn luc cua Nguyin Dfi da danh dau sir chuyen hudng ttr cdm hting ngpi ca dat nudc va vuong trieu phong kien semg cam hting phe phdn nhfing te ldu xa hdi, nhfing suy thodi vl dao diie.

Ve phuong diin nghi thuqt, van hpc chfi Han phdt trien vdi nhilu the loai phong phii, dac biet la thdnh tuu ciia van chinh luan {Dqi cdo binh Ngd, Qudn trung tit minh tap ciia Nguyin Trai) vd budc trudng thdnh vugt bac cua van xudi tu su {Thanh Tdng di thdo tuong truyin cua Le Thanh Tdng, Truyin kl mqn luc ciia Nguyin Dfi). Van hgc chu Ndm cd su Viet hod the loai tiep thu ttr Trung Qudc

(1) Hao khi Ddng A la hao khi thdi Tran. Chu Trdn {M) g6m ehu Dong {^) va bd phu (P) eiia chQ A (|55J) tao thanh.

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ddng thoi sang tao nhfing the loai van hge dan tdc. Ltic ddu Id tha Ndm viet theo the Dudng luat va Dudng luat xen luc ngdn {Qud'c dm thi tap ciia Nguyin Trai, Hong DUc qudc dm thi tap cua cac tac gia thdi Le Thdnh Tdng, Bqch Vdn qudc ngU thi ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem,...), sau dd la khiie ngdm, khiic vinh vie't theo the song that lue bat {Tu thai khuc vinh ctia Hodng Si Khai), diln ca lich su viet theo the luc bdt {Thiin Nam ngU luc - khuyet danh) vd song that luc bdt {Thiin Nam minh gidm - khuyet danh).

3. Giai floan tir the ki XVIll flen niira dau the ki XIX

Van hpe phat trien trong hodn canh dd't nude cd nhilu bien ddng bdi ndi chie'n phong kien va bao tap eiia phong trdo ndng ddn khdi nghia ma dinh cao Id khdi nghia Tay Son. Ghe dp phong kien di ttr khiing hoang den suy thodi. Cudc khdi nghIa cua ngudi anh hung do vdi Nguyen Hue da cting mdt liic lat do ede tap doan phong kien Dang Trong (chiia Nguyin), Ddng Ngodi (vua Le, chiia Trinh), danh tan cdc cudc xam luge ciia qudn Xiem d phia nam, quan Thanh d phia bdc. Phong trao Tay Son suy ye'u, trilu Nguyin khdi phuc che do phong kien ehuyen ehe vd dat nudc ndm trudc hiem hoa xam lang eua thuc dan Phdp.

Van hgc phdt trien vugt bac, cd nhilu dinh cao nghe thuat. Ddy la giai doan rue ra nhd't cua van hgc trung dai Viet Nam, dugc menh danh Id giai doan van hge cd dien.

vi phucmg diin npi dung, van hpc the' ki XVIII - niia dau the ki XIX chiing kien su xuat hien ciia trao luu nhdn dao chu nghia. Ndi bat len trong sdng tdc van hpc giai doan ndy la tieng ndi ddi quyin sdng, ddi hanh phdc vd dd'u tranh giai phdng con ngudi, trong dd ed phan con ngudi ed nhdn, nha't la ngudi phu nfi. Nhfing tde pham tieu bieu la Chinh phu ngdm - nguyen tde ehii Han ciia Dang Trdn Cdn, ban dich Ndm cua Doan Thi Diem (?), Cung odn ngdm khuc ciia Nguyin Gia Thilu, tha Hd Xudn Huong, tha Bd Huyen Thanh Quan, Hodng Li nhdt thdng chi ciia Ngd gia van phai,... Nguyin Du vdi cdc tap tha chfi Hdn va dac biet la kiet tde Truyin Kiiu dugc coi Id dinh eao nha't cua van hgc trung dai Viet Nam. Tha van Nguyin Cdng Tni, Gao Bd Qudt,... van tiep tuc tinh than nhan dao truyen thdng nhung ddng thdi hudng nhilu vdo the gidi tinh cam rieng tu vd y thiie cd nhan eiia con ngudi.

vi phuong diin nghi thudt, van hge phdt trien manh ca vl van xudi vd van van, ca van hgc chfi Hdn va chfi Ndm. Dia vi van hgc chfi Ndm vd nhfing the loai van hgc ddn tdc nhu tho Ndm viet theo the Dudng ludt, ngam khiie viet theo the song that luc bdt, truyen tho viet theo the luc bat,... dugc khang dinh vd dat tdi dinh cao. van xudi tu su chfi Han cfing dat dugc nhung thdnh ttm nghe thudt ldn vl tieu thuye't ehuong hdi vdi Nam triiu cdng nghiip diin chi (Nguyin Khoa Chiem), Hodng Le nhdt thdng chi (Ngd gia van phai) ; ve the ki vdi Thuang kinh ki su (Le Hfiu Trac), Vu trung tuy but (Pham Dinh Ho),...

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4. Giai doan nuia cu£ i the ki XiX

Thuc dan Phdp tien hdnh xam luge Viet Nam. Nhan dan cd nudc kien cudng bat khudt diing len chd'ng giac ngoai xdm. Nhung rdi dd't nudc ddn roi vdo tay giac. Xa hdi Viet Nam ehuyen dan ttr xa hdi phong kien sang thuc dan niia phong kien. van hod phuong Tay bdt dau cd nhfing anh hudng tdi ddi sdng xa hdi Viet Nam.

Vi phuang diin ndi dung, van hpc yeu nudc niia cud'i the ki XK phat trien rat phong phii vd nhin chung mang am hudng bi trang. Nguyin Dinh Chieu vdi nhfing tdc pham cd gid tii cao nhu Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc, Ngu tiiu y thuqt vdn ddp,... dugc xem la tac gia van hgc yeu nudc ldn nhat ctia giai doan nay. Ngodi ra edn phai ke den tha van yeu nudc ciia Phan Van Tri, Nguyin Thdng, Nguyin Quang BIch, Nguyin Xudn On,... Tu tudng canh tan dat nudc dugc ndi len mpt each biic xiic trong cac ban dilu tran cua Nguyin Tnrdng To. Tha ca trfi tinh -trao phiing dat duge nhfing thdnh tuu xud't sac vdi nhfing sang tac cua Nguyin Khuyen, Tii Xuong - hai tac gia ldn cudi cting ciia van hpc trung dai Viet Nam.

vi phuang diin nghi thudt, van hpc chfi qud'c ngfi xuat hien nhung van hpc chfi Han, chfi Ndm vdn la chinh. Tha Nguyin Khuyen, Tii Xuong la thdnh tuu nghe thuat dac sdc ciia giai doan nay. Sang tac van hgc chii ye'u vdn theo nhfing the loai va thi phdp truyin thdng. Tuy nhien, su xuat hien mdt sd tdc pham van xudi viet bdng ehii qudc ngfi ctia Nguyin Trgng Quan {Truyin thdy La-za-rd Phiin), Trucmg Vinh Ki {Chuyen di Bdc Ki ndm At Hpi), Huynh Tinh Cua {Chuyin gidi buon],... da budc dau dem de'n cho van hpc nhfing doi mdi theo hudng hien dai hod.

I l l - NHUTNG DAC DIEM LQfN VE NOI DUNG CUA V A N HOC TUT THE Kl X DEN

HET THE Kl XIX

Van hpc tnmg dai Viet Nam phdt trien trong su tac ddng manh me cua truyen thd'ng dan tdc, tinh than thdi dai vd nhfing anh hudng tu nudc ngodi, chu yeu la ttr Trung Qudc.

1. Chu nghia yeu nirdc

Chu nghia yeu nudc la ndi dung ldn, xuyin sudt qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien cua van hpc trung dai Viet Nam.

Chu nghia yeu nudc trong van hpc tnmg dai gdn Uln vdi tu tuang "trung qudn ai qudc" (trung vdi vua la yeu nudc, yeu nudc la trung vdi vua). Tuy nhien, tu ttrdng yeu nirdc cd tinh dac thti nay khdng tdch rdi truyen thdng yeu nudc cua dan tdc Viet Nam.

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Chii nghia yeu nudc bieu hien rat phong phti, da dang, la am dieu hdo hung khi dat nudc chdng ngoai xam. Id dm hudng bi trang liic nudc mat nhd tan. Id gipng dieu thie't tha khi dat nudc trong canh thdi binh thinh tri. Nhin chung, chii nghia yeu nudc dugc the hien tap trung d mdt sd phuong dien : y thiic ddc lap tu chii, tu cudng, tu hao dan tdc (Sdng nui nuac Nam, Dqi cdo binh Ngd), ldng cam thti giac, tinh than quye't chien quyet thdng ke thu (Hich tudng si), tu hdo trude chien cdng thdi dai (Phd gid vi kinh), tir hao trudc truyin thd'ng lich sii (Phu sdng Bqch Ddng, Thiin Nam ngu luc), biet on, ea nggi nhfing ngudi hi sinh vi da't nudc (Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc), tinh yeu thien nhien dd't nudc (nhfing bdi tha viet vl thien nhien trong van hgc LI - Tran, trong sang tdc ciia Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Khuyen,...).

2. Chu nghia nhan dao

Chu nghia nhan dao cfing la ndi dung ldn, xuyen sudt van hge trung dai Viet Nam.

Chti nghia nhdn dao trong van hgc trung dai vtra bdt ngudn ttr truyin thd'ng nhan dao cua ngudi Viet Nam, ttr cdi ngudn van hgc dan gian, vtra chiu anh hudng tu tudng nhan van tieh cue vdn cd cua Phat giao, Nho gido, Dao giao. Truyin thdng nhan dao cua ngudi Viet Nam bieu hien qua ldi sdng "thuong ngudi nhu the thuang thdn", qua nhfing nguyen tdc dao li, nhfing thdi dd iing xii td't dep gifia ngudi vdi ngudi,... Tu tudng nhan van ctia Phat giao la ttr hi, bde di; ciia Nho gido la hgc thuyet nhdn nghia, tu tudng than ddn ; eiia Dao gido Id sdng thuan theo tu nhien, hod hpp vdi tu nhien.

Chu nghia nhdn dao trong van hpc trung dai ciing rat phong phii, da dang, bleu hien a ldng thuang ngudi ; len an, td cao nhting the luc tdn bao chd dap len eon ngudi; khang dinh, d l cao eon ngudi vl cdc mat pham chat, tdi nang, nhiing khdt vpng chdn chinh nhu khat vpng vl quyin sdng, quyin hanh phiic, quyin tit do, khdt vpng vl cdng U, chinh nghia ; d l cao nhting quan he dao diic, dao II td't dep giua ngudi vdi ngudi.

Gd the thay nhiing bieu hien eua chii nghia nhdn dao ndi tren qua cdc tdc pham van hpc Phat giao thdi LI {Cdo binh, bdo mpi ngudi ciia Man Gidc, Td long ciia Khdng Ld,...), sang tac cua Nguyin Trai {Dqi cdo binh Ngd, Tung, Cdnh ngdy he,...), Nguyin Binh Khiem {Ghet chudt, Nhdn,...), Nguyin Dfi {Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuong, Chuyen chue phdn sudin Tdn Viin,...). Gam hiing nhan dao dac biet ndi bat d cdc tac pham thudc giai doan van hpe the ki XVIII - giiia the ki XIX nhu Chinh phu ngdm, Cung odn ngdm khuc, tha Ho Xuan Huong {Bdnh trdi nudc, Mdi trdu, chtim tha Tu tinh), Truyin Kiiu ciia Nguyin Du, Truyen Luc Vdn Tien ciia Nguyin Dinh Chieu,...

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3. Cam hung the sd

Cam hiing the su bleu hien khd ro net ttr van hpc cud'i thai Trdn (the ki XIV). Khi trilu dai nhd Tran ed nhfing bieu hien suy thodi la liic van hpe hudng tdi phan anh hien thue xa hdi, phan dnh cudc sdng dau khd ciia nhan ddn.

Gam hiing the sir trd thdnh ndi dung ldn trong sang tdc eua Nguyin Binh Khiem qua nhfing bai tha viet vl nhan tinh the thdi.

Van hpc viet vl the su ed bude phat trien trong hai the ki XVIII vd XIX; nhilu tdc gid hudng tdi hien thuc eudc sdng, hien thuc xa hdi duong thdi de ghi lai "nhfing dilu trdng thay". Le Hiiu Trac viet Thuang kinh ki su, Pham Dinh Hd vie't Vu trung tuy but. Gd the ndi de'n mdt biic tranh vl ddi sdng ndng thdn trong tho Nguyin Khuyen, mdt xa hdi thanh thi trong tha Tti Xuong. Gam hiing the sir trong van hpe tnrng dai da gdp phan tao tiln 6e cho sir ra ddi cua van hpc hien thuc trong thdi ki sau.

Nhin chung, van hpe trung dai Viet Nam chiu dnh hudng eua Phat giao, Dao gido va dac biet Id Nho gido. Cha dng ta da tiep thu nhfing yeu td tich cue, ddng thdi ban che nhfing ye'u to tieu cue eua ca Nho, Phat va Dao.

IV - NHUNG DAC DIEM LOIN V l NGHE THUAT CUA V A N HOC TUT THE Kl X DEN MET

THE Kl XIX

1. Tinh quy pham va su pha vd tinh quy pham

Tinh quy pham, dae diem ndi bat eiia van hpc trung dai, la su quy dinh chat che theo khudn mdu. Tinh quy pham the hien d quan diem vdn hpc : coi trpng mue dieh giao huan "thi dl ngdn chi" (tha de ndi ehi), "vdn dl tdi dao" (van de chd dao); atuduy nghi thudt : nghi theo kieu mdu ngh? thuat cd sdn da thanh cdng thiic ; d the loqi vdn hpc vdi nhfing quy dinh chat che ve ket cau ; d cdch su dung thi lieu : dan nhieu dien tich, dien cd, dung nhilu van lieu quen thudc. Do tinh quy pham, van hpc trung dai thien vl uac li, tupng trung.

Tuy nhien, cac tdc gia van hpc trung dai, dac biet la nhfing tac gia tdi nang, mpt mat tuan thii tinh quy pham, mat khdc lai phd va tinh quy pham, phdt huy ca tinh sdng tao trong ca ndi dung va hinh thiie bieu hien.

2. Khuynh hudng trang nha va xu hudng binh dj

Tinh trang nha eung la dae diem ciia van hpc trung dai, the hien d di tdi, chu di hudng tdi cdi cao ca, trang trpng hon la cdi ddi thudng, binh di; d hinh tuang nghe thudt hudng tdi ve tao nha, mi le hon la ve dep don so, mdc mac; d ngdn ngu nghe thudt la chat heu ngdn ngu cao quy, cdch diln dat trau chudt, hoa mi hon la thdng tue, tu nhien, gan vdi ddi sdng.

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Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat trien cua van hpc trung dai, xu hudng ngdy cang gdn bd vdi hien thue da dua van hpc ttr phong each trang trpng, tao nha vl gan vdi ddi sd'ng hien thuc, tu nhien vd binh di.

3. Tiep thu vd dan tfic hod tinh hoa van hoc nudc ngodi

Van hpc trung dai Viet Nam phdt trien theo quy luat vtra tiep thu vtra dan tdc hod tinh hoa van hpc nudc ngoai, chu ye'u Id van hpc Trung Qudc.

Tiep thu tinh hoa van hpe Trung Qude eho nen vl ngdn ngU thi dtmg chfi Hdn de sdng tdc ; vl the loqi thi tiep thu the cd phong, the Dudng ludt trong van van, the hich, cdo, chieu, bieu, truyen ki, tieu thuye't chuang hdi trong van xudi,...; ve thi lieu thi sii dung nhiing dien cd, thi lieu Hdn van.

Qud trinh dan tdc hod hinh thiic van hpc da sang tao ra chii Ndm tren ca sd nhfing thanh td cua chfi Han de ghi dm, bieu dat nghia tieng Viet va dung chfi Ndm trong sang tde ; Viet hod the tha Dudng ludt thdnh tho Ndm Dudng luat, that ngdn xen luc ngdn sang tao cdc the tha dan tdc nhu luc bat, song that Itie bat, cac the ngdm khiic, truyen tha, hdt ndi; sii dung ldi an tieng ndi, each diln dat eiia nhan dan trong sdng tac.

Sudt mudi the ki, van hpc trung dai Viet Nam da phdt trien trong su gdn bd vdi van menh dat nudc, nhan dan. Gtmg vdi van hpc ddn gian, van hpc trung dai gdp phan lam nen dien mao hodn ehinh vd da dang cua van hpc dan tdc ngay ttr budi dau, tao ca sd vfing chdc cho su phdt trien eda van hpc d nhfing thdi ki sau.

HUlOING D A N H O C D A I

1. Neu nhfing diem chung vd rieng ciia hai thdnh phdn van hpc chii Hdn vd van hpc chfi Ndm.

2. Dua vdo kien thfie dugc trinh bay trong muc II (Cdc giai doqn phdt trien cua vdn hpc tu the kiX de'n he't theki XIX), lap bang tdng ket vl tinh hinh phdt trien ciia van hgc Viet Nam thdi trung dai theo mdu sau :

Giai doan van hpc Npidung Nghe thuat Su kien van hoc, tac gia, tac phdm

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3. Neu mdt sd tdc pham van hge da hge trong chuang trinh THCS de lam sdng t6 nhfing dae diem ldn vl ndi dung ciia van hgc Viet Nam tu the ki X den het thekiXDC.

4. Van hgc Viet Nam tfr the kl X de'n he't the ki XIX cd nhung dac diem ldn nao ve nghe thudt ?

Ttr nhfing dac diem nay, theo anh (ehi), cdch dgc van hpc trung dai cd dilu gi khdc cdch dpc van hpe hien dai ?

, GHI NHO ^

Van hpc Viet Nam tir the ki X de'n het the ki XIX dugc ggi la van hgc trung dai,

gdm hai thanh phan : van hgc chir Han va van hgc chir Nom, phat trien qua

bdn giai doan. Nhirng dac diem Ion ve ngi dung la chii nghTa yeu nudc, chii

nghia nhan dao va cam hirng the su. Nhung dac diem lan ve nghe thuat la tinh

quy pham, tfnh trang nha ; vira tiep thu tinh hoa van hgc nudc ngoai, vira sang

tao nhirng gia tri van hgc mai mang ban sdc dan tge.

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PHONG CACH NGON NGU SINH HOAT

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Nam dugc cac khai niem ngon ngir sinh hoat, phong each ngon ngir sinh hoat vai nhung dac trung ca ban ciia nd.

• Nang cao kT nang phan tich va sir dung ngon ngir theo phong each ngon ngir sinh hoat.

a

I -NGON NGlrSINH HOAT

1. Khai niem ngdn ngir sinh hoat

Hay the hien diing gigng dieu doan ghi chep sau day:

(Budi trua, tai khu tap the X, hai ban Lan vd Hung ggi ban Huong di hgc.)

- Huong ai! Di hpc di!

(Im lang)

- Huong ai! Di hpc di! (Lan vd Hting gao len)

- Gi md dm dm len the chung mdy! Khdng cho ai ngu ngdy nuad! (tieng mdt ngudi ddn dng ndi to)

- Cdc chdu ai, khe chu! De cho cdc bdc ngu trua vdi !... Nhanh len con, Huong I (tieng me Huong nhe nhdng dn tdn)

- Ddy rdi, ra day rdi I (tie'ng Huong nhd nhe)

- Gam, chdm nhu rua dy I Cd phi binh ehi't thdi I (tieng Lan cdu nhdu)

- Hdm ndo cung chdm. Lqch bd lach bqch nhu vit bdu !... (tieng Hting tiep ldi)

Tren ddy Id mdt doan ghi lai eude dd'i thoai trong ngdn ngii sinh boat (ngdn ngfi sinh hoat edn duge ggi la khau ngfi, ngdn ngfi ndi, ngdn ngfi hdi thoai,...). Ttr doan hdi thoai dd, anh (ehi) hieu the ndo la ngdn ngfi sinh hoat ?

2. Cdc dang bieu hien cua ngdn ngiii sinh boat

Ngdn ngfi sinh boat the hien chu yeu d dqng ndi (ddc thoai, dd'i thoai), nhung mdt sd trudng hpp ed cd d dqng vie't (nhat ki, hdi lie ed nhdn, thu ttr).

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r

Trong cdc tac pham van hpc cd dqng ldi ndi tdi hiin, tiic Id dang md phdng ldi thoai tu nhien, nhung dugc sdng tao theo cac the loai van ban khdc nhau : kich, tudng, cheo, truyen, tieu thuye't,... Khi tdi hien, ldi ndi tu nhien duge bien cai phan ndo theo the loai van ban vd y dinh chu quan ciia ngudi sang tao.

Nhung dti d dang nao (ndi hay viet, tdi hien hay sang tao), ngdn ngfi sinh hoat cfing cd nhfing dd'u hieu dac trung cua mdt phong each ngdn ngfi.

GHI NHO ,

• Ngon ngir sinh boat la ldi an tie'ng ndi hang ngay, diing de thong tin, trao ddi y nghT, tinh cam,... dap irng nhirng nhu cau trong cugc sdng.

• Ngon ngir sinh boat chu yeu the hien d dang ndi, nhung cung cd the d dang viet. Trong van ban van hgc, Idi thoai cua nhan vat la dang tai hien, md phdng ngon ngu sinh hoat hdng ngay.

Luyen tdp

a) Anh (chi) hay phat bieu y kien cda minh vl ndi dung ciia nhfing cau sau:

- Ldi ndi chdng mdt tiin mua, Lua ldi md ndi cho vua long nhau.

- Vdng thi thu lua thu than, Chudng kiu thu tii'ng, ngudi ngoan thu ldi.

b) Trong doan trieh dudi day, ngdn ngfi sinh boat dugc bieu hien d dang ndo ? Anh (chi) cd nhdn xet gi vl viec dtmg ttr ngfi d doan trich nay ? Ong Ndm Hen ddp:

- Sdng mai sdm, di cung khdng mudn. Tdi cdn mpt ngudi ddn dudng den ao cd sdu dd. Cd vdy thdi! Chimg mpt gid dong ho sau la xong chuyin I Sdu a ao giUa rung, tdi bdt nhiiu ldn roi. Bd con cu tin tdi. Xua nay, bi sdu bdt la ngudi di ghe xudng hoqc ngoi rua chen dudi bin, cd bao gid sdu rupi ngudi ta giua rirng md dn thit ? Tdi day khdng tdi gidi gl hi't, chdng qua Id bii't muu meo chut it, theo nhu ngudi khdc thi hp ndi do Id bua phep dekiem tiin. Nghi bdt sdu cd the ldm gidu duac, ngdt tdi khdng mang thu phu qiidi^^^dd [...]. Cue long bii't bao nhiiu khi nghe a miin Rqch Gid, Cd Mau ndy cd nhiiu con rqch, ngd ba mang tin Ddu Sdu, Lung Sdu, Bdu Sdu, sau ndy hdi Iqi tdi mdi bii't dd Id noi ghi gdm, hoi xua luc ddt cdn hoang. Rqch Cd BaHe, dd Id chd sdu lpi nhiiu, ngudi Miin so sdu khdng ddm di qua nin ddt tin nhu vdy, cung nhu phd Tam Giang, trudng nhd Ho cua minh ngodi Hue.

{Theo Son Nam, Bdt sdu rieng UMinh Ha)

(1) Phu quai: phii quy.

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TO LONG PHAM NGU LAO

(Thuqt hodi)

KET QUA C A N OAT

• Cam nhan dugc ve dep ciia hinh tugng ngudi anh hiing ve quoc hien ngang, Idm liet vai li tudng va nhan each lan lao ; ve dep ciia thai dai vai sire manh va khi the hao hiing.

• Tha'y dugc nghe thuat ciia bai tha : ngdn ggn, dat tdi do sue tfch cao.

• Boi duang nhan each sdng cd li tudng, cd y chi, quye't tam thuc hien li tudng.

TIEU D A N

Pham Ngu Lao (1255 - 1320) nguoi lang Phu Ung, huyen Duong Hao (nay thupc huyen An Thi, tinh Hung Yen), la con re (lay con gai nuoi) ciia Tran Hung Dao, dugc giir dpi quan hiiu ve. Ong co nhieu cong lon trong cupc khang chie'n chong quan Mong- Nguyen, lam de'n chirc Dien suy, dupc phong tuoc Quan npi hau. La vo tuong nhung ong thich dpc sach, ngam tho va timg dugc ngpi ca la nguoi van vo toan tai. Liic ong qua doi, vua Tran Minh Tong ra lenh nghi chau nam ngay de to long tuong nha.

Tac pham cua ong hien con hai bai tho la To long (Thuat hoai) va Vieng Thucmg tuong quoc cong Hung Dqo Dai Vuong (Van Thupng tuong quoc cong Hung Dao Dai Vuong).

VAN DAN

Phiin dm Hodnh sdc giang son khap ki thu, Tam qudn ti hd khi thdn nguu. Nam nhi vi liiu cdng danh trdi, Tu thinh nhdn gian thuyet VQ hdu.

Dich nghia Gam ngang nggn giao gin giii non sdng da may thu, Ba quan' * nhu hd bao, khi the hting ddng nudt trdi trau'^'. Than nam nhi ma ehua tra xong ng cdng danh, Thi ludng then thting khi nghe ngudi ddi ke chuyen Vfi hau'^'.

(1) Ba qudn : ngay xua thucmg chia quan linh thanh ba dpi, gpi la tien quan (dpi quan di truoc), trung quan (dpi quan di giQa), hau quan (dpi quan di sau). 6 day chi quan dpi noi chung.

(2) Cau tho tren day co hai each hieu: each hieu nhu loi dich o tren, nhung cung c6 each hieu khi thon ngim la khi the at sao Nguu (chi chung kiii the at ca sao troi). Nguoi dich tho nghieng ve cdch hieu thir nhat.

(3) Vu hdu : tire Gia Cat Lugng, nguoi thoi Tam quoc, co nhieu cong lao giiip Luu Bi khoi phyc nha Han, dupc phong tu6c Vu Lupng hau (thudng gpi tat la Vu hau).

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Dich tha Mua gido non sdng trdi mdy thu, Ba qudn khi mqnh nudt trdi trdu. Cdng danh nam tu cdn vuong na, Ludng then tai nghe ehuyin Vu hdu.

BUI VAN NGUYEN dich, (Theo Hqp tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -

Vdn hoc the kiX-thiki XVII, NXB Van hpc, Ha Npi, 1976)

HmOTNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Ghi ra diem khac nhau gifia cdu tha dau trong nguyen tdc chfi Han (qua phan dich nghia) vdi cau tha dich. Gd gi ddng luu y ve khdng gian, thdi gian trong do con ngudi xua't hien ? Gon ngudi d ddy mang tu the, vde dang nhu the ndo ?

2. Anh (ehi) cam nhan nhu the nao vl siic manh ciia qudn ddi nhd Tran qua cau tha "Ba quan khi manh nudt trdi trau" ?

3. "Ng" cdng danh ma tde gia ndi tdi trong bai tha cd the hieu theo nghia nao dudi ddy:

- The hien ehi ldm trai theo tinh than Nho giao : lap cdng (de lai su nghiep), lap danh (de lai tieng tham).

- Chua hodn thdnh nghia vu ddi vdi dan, vdi nudc.

- Ca hai nghia tren.

4. Phan tich y nghia cua ndi "then" trong can tha cudi.

5. Qua nhfing ldi tho td ldng, anh (chi) thay hinh anh trang nam nhi thdi Tran mang ve dep nhu the ndo ? Dilu dd cd y nghia gi ddi vdi tuoi tre hdm nay va ngdy mai ?

GHI NHO.

To Idng la bai tho Oudng luat ngdn ggn, dat tdi do sue tich cao, khdc hoa dugc ve dep ciia con ngudi cd sire manh, cd li tudng, nhan each cao ca ciing khi the hao hiing ciia thdi dai.

ioa I ' ino

J

LUYEN TAP

Hoc thudc bai tha (ban phien am va bdn dich tha).

116

CANH NGAY HE NGUY6NTRAI

{Bdo kinh cdnh gidi - bdi 43)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Cam nhan dugc ve dep dgc dao ciia buc tranh ngay he va tam hdn yeu thien nhien, yeu ddi, yeu nhan dan, dat nudc ciia Nguy in Trai.

• Thay dugc dac sac nghe thuat ciia tha Nom Nguyin Trai : binh dj, tu nhien, dan xen cau luc ngon (sau chir) vao bai tha that ngon (bay ehu).

^

TIEU D A N

Qudc dm thi tap gom 254 bai, la tap tha Nom sum nhat hien con. Voi tap tha nay, Nguyin Trai la mot Uong nhiing nguoi dat nen mong va md duang cho su phat trien ctia tha tieng Viet. Ve noi dung, Qudc dm thi tap phan anh ve dep con nguoi Nguyin Trai: nguoi anh himg voi li tudng nhan nghia, yeu nuac, thuang dan; nha tha voi tinh yeu thien nhien, que huong, con nguoi, cupc sdng,... Ve nghe thuat, the tha that ngon Duong luat ciia Trung Qudc da dugc Nguyin Trai sii dung thudn thuc nhu mot the tho dan tpc, co khi chen vao cho thich hpp mpt sd cau luc ngon (cau sau chir).

Qudc dm thi tap duoc chia thanh bdn phan : Vd de, Mon thi lenh (Thai tie't), Mdn hoa mpc (Cay co), Mdn cdm thii (Thii vat). Phan Vo de gom toan the khong co tua de, nhung dugc sdp xe'p thanh mpt sd muc: Ngon chi (Noi len chi huong), Mqn thuqt (Ke ra mpt each tan man), Tu thdn (Tu than), Tu thudt (Tu noi ve minh), Bdo kinh cdnh gi&i (Guong bau ran minh),... Muc Bdo kinh cdnh gidi co 61 bai, Cdnh ngdy he la bai sd 43.

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VAN BAN

Rdl'^' hdng mat thud ngay trudng. Hoe lue dim dim tdn rgp giuong'^). Thach luu hien cdn phun thiie dd'^'. Hong hen tri da tiln mui huong'^'. Lao xao chg ca ldng ngu phu'^', Ddng ddi cam ve lau tieh duong'^'. De cd Ngu cam dan mdt tieng'''', Ddn gidu dti khdp ddi'^' phuang.

(Theo Hap tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -Vdn hoc thekiX- theki XVII, Sdd)

HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Trong bdi tho cd nhilu ddng ttr diln ta trang thdi ciia cdnh ngdy he. Dd la nhting ddng ttr ndo, trang thai ciia canh dugc diln td ra sao ?

2. Cdnh d ddy ed su hdi hod giiia dm thanh va mau sdc, canh vdt va con ngudi. Anh (chi) hay phdn tich va lam sdng td.

3. Nhd tha da cam nhdn canh vat bdng nhung gidc quan ndo ? Qua su cam nhan ay, anh (chi) thd'y Nguyin Trai la ngudi cd tam ldng nhu the ndo dd'i vdi thien nhien ?

4. Hai cau tha cud'i cho ta hieu tam ldng eiia Nguyin Trai dd'i vdi ngudi dan nhu the ndo ? Am dieu cdu tha luc ngdn (sdu chii) ket thiie bdi tha khdc dm dieu nhiing eau that ngdn (bay chii) nhu the ndo ? Su thay ddi dm dieu nhu vay cd tdc dung gi trong viec the hien tinh cam eua tdc gia ?

(1) Rdi: a day la r6i rai. (2) Luc: mau xanh ; hoe luc : mau xanh cay hoe ; tdn rqp giuang: tan giuong len che rpp. (3) Thdc (tir co): mau ve, dang ve. Y ci cau tho: cay thach luu 6 hien nha dang phun mau d6. (4) Tiin miii huang: ngat mtii huong {tiin: tir Han Viet, co nghia la du ra). Y ck cau tho: sen h6ng

Uong ao da ngat mtii huong. (5) Ldng ngu phd : lang chai luoi. (6) Ddng ddi (tir co): c6 nghia la inh oi. Cdm ve: tie'ng ve keu nhu tieng dan. Lau tich duong: lau

(nha cao) luc mat troi sdp lan. (7) De CO : le ra nen co. Ngu cdm : than thoai Trung Quoc ke rang hai trieu \aia Duong Nghi&u va

Ngu Thuan la hai trieu dai li tuong, xa hpi thanh binh, nhan dan hanh phiic. Rieng vua Ngu Thuan co khiic hat Nam phong, trong do co cau : Nam phong chi thi he khd dl phu ngo ddn chi tdi hi (Gio nam thuan thi co the lam cho dan ta them nhifiu cua). Ngu cdm la dan cua vua Ngu Thuan. Y ca cau : Hay de cho ta co dan cua vua Thuan de dan mpt khuc Nam phong.

(8) Doi: nhifeu.

118

5. Gam hting chu dao eua bai tha la gi ?

- Ldng yeu thien nhien.

- Ldng yeu ddi, yeu eudc sdng.

- Khdt vgng vl eude sd'ng thai binh, hanh phiic cho nhan dan.

Ttr viec II giai each lua chpn ciia minh, anh (chi) hay lam ndi bat ve dep tam hdn Nguyen Trai qua bai tho.

, GHI NHO

Bai tha ta canh ngay he cho thay tam hdn Nguyin Trai chan chua tinh yeu thien nhidn, yeu ddi, yeu nhan dan, da't nudc. Cau tho luc ngon cudi bai ngdn gpn, the hien su ddn nen cam xuc ciia ca bai tha.

LUYEN TAP

1. Cam nhdn ciia anh (chi) vl ve dep cua thien nhien vd tam hdn Nguyin Trai qua bdi tha.

2, Hoc thude bai tha.

119

TOM TAT VAN BAN TV SU (Dua theo nhan vat ehinh)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Ndm dugc each torn tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat chinh.

• Bie't tdm tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat chinh.

""s.

I - MUC DICH, YEU CAU TOM TAT V A N DAN TIT SIT DUA THEO N H A N VAT CHINH

Nhdn vat van hge la hinh tugng eon ngudi (cd the la lodi vdt hay edy cd,... dugc nhan cdch hod) duge mieu td trong van ban van hge. Nhan vat thudng cd ten tuoi, lai lich, ngoai huih, hdnh ddng, ldi ndi, suy nghi, tinh cam,... Mdi nhan vat cdn co mdi quan he vdi nhiing nhdn vat khdc va thudng duge bdc Id qua diln bien cua cdt truyen. Trong mdt tdc pham cd the ed nhieu loai nhan vat. Tuy theo vai trd, vi tri, tdm quan trgng eiia nhan vat trong tde pham, ngudi ta chia ra nhdn vat chinh vd nhan vat phu. Mdi nhan vat chinh diu gdn liin vdi mdt sd su viee ca ban cua cdt truyen.

Tdm tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat ehinh la vie't hoac ke lai mdt each ngdn gpn nhiing su viee ca ban xdy ra vdi nhdn vat dd. Viec tdm tdt ndy giiip ta ndm vfing tinh cdch vd sd phan cua nhdn vat, gdp phdn di sdu tim hieu vd danh gia tde pham. Mud'n vay, ban tdm tdt can dap ting day dti yeu cau chung eiia mpt van ban, trung thdnh vdi van ban gdc, neu dup^ dac diem vd nhfing su viee xdy ra vdi nhan vat ehinh.

II - CACH TOM TAT V A N DAN Tif SIJ DUA THEO N H A N VAT CHINH

Anh (chi) dpc lai Truyin An Duang Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy vd thuc hien nhung yeu cdu dudi day:

a) Xdc dinh nhiing nhan vat ehinh eiia truyen.

b) Tim hieu vd tdm tdt truyen dua theo nhan vat An Duong Vuang.

GOT y:

- Lai lich eua nhdn vat.

120

- Cac hanh ddng, ldi ndi va viec lam trong md'i quan he vdi nhung su viee chinh vd diln bien cua cdt truyen.

- Quan he giiia An Duong Vuong vdi cae nhan vat khdc trong truyen.

- Viet van ban tdm tdt bdng ldi van ciia minh.

c) Tiep tuc tim hieu vd tdm tdt truyen dua theo nhan vat Mi Chau (gpi y nhu d muc b).

d) Cho biet edeh tdm tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat chinh.

GHI NHO , • Tom tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat chinh la vie't hoac ke lai mgt each

ngdn ggn nhirng su viec ca ban xay ra vai nhan vat dd. Ban tdm tat phai trung thanh vdi van ban gdc.

• Khi tdm tat, can :

- Dgc kT van ban, xac dinh nhan vat chinh.

- Chgn eae su viec ca ban xay ra vdi nhan vat chinh va diln bie'n ciia cac su viec dd.

- Tdm tdt cac hanh ddng, lai ndi, tam trang ciia nhan vat theo diln bie'n ciia cac su viec (mgt vai chd cd the ket hgp ddn nguyen van tir ngu, cau van trong van ban gdc).

*WiMifti.^4KW,.ii' Si,tw' !i

III - LUYEN TAP

1. Dudi day Id cdc ban tdm tat hai van ban khdc nhau :

(1) "Tiin dan ngudi yiu" (Xdng chu xon xao) Id mpt trong nhiing truyen tha ndi tii'ng nhdt trong kho tdng vdn hpc ddn gian cua nguai Thdi ndi rieng, cua cdc ddn tdc it nguai a Viet Nam ndi chung. Truyin kelqi cdu chuyen tinh yiu -hdn nhdn cua mpt ddi trai gdi.

Truyin bdt ddu tu khi chdng trai vd cd gdi cdn ndm trong bung me. Tudu tha hp da Id bqn thdn thie't cua nhau. Ldn lin, hai ngudi cdng qudn quyt vdi nhau hon. Song cha me cd gdi chi chdng trai ngheo khdng nhdn re, quye't dinh gd con cho mpt nguai gidu cd. Cd gdi dau khd nhung bdt luc, cdn chdng trai, truac tinh cdnh dy quye't ra di timsu gidu sang, mong trd vi chupc Iqi ngudi yiu. Mdy ndm trdi qua, khi ngudi chong hi't thdi hqn "re ngodi", rdi du cdng "re trong", cd gdi ddnh phdi ve nhd chong. Dung luc dd, chdng trai mai trd vi thi mpi viec did mupn. Dau ddn,, anh di theo tiin dan ngudi yiu. Theo ldi anh dan, cd gdi cdldm

121

ra ve vung vi, hdu ddu khii'n gia dinh nhd chdng chdn chudng md trd vi nhd cha me. Trd ve nhd, bi cha me bdn diet vdo cua quan, cd gdi cdng thdt vpng, dau khd vd phd phdch mqnh han : Cd "gid gqo - qudng chdy; phai thdc - chui sdn, mdng cdt; dd xdi - qudt mdm vd" cdt sao de Iqi dupc trd vi. Ngudi nhd quan mang cd ra cha bdn "nhung nghin ldn khdng ddt". Cd gdi ngdy ndo "ngdn tay thon Id hdnh, ddi mdt dep ddi nhu Id trdu xanh", md nay tiiu tuy chi ddng doi mpt bd Id dong. Ngudi ddi duac cd may sao lai Id anh. Nhung anh gid dd co nhd cao cua rpng, vp con yin dm, ldm sao nhdn ra cd. Tui phdn, cd gdi mang ddn mdi anh tang ndm xua ra thdi, gai lai ldi thi thdt ngdy ndo. Bdng hodng nhdn ra ngudi yiu cu, anh chia ddi tdi sdn vd tiin vp vi nhd cha me de. Anh cudi cd gdi vd hai ngudi sdng hqnh phuc bin nhau.

(Ban torn tat cua NBS)

(2) Vi du nhu chuyin vp chong chdng Trucmg: Chdng Truang di ddnh gidc khi va mdi cd mang. Luc trd vi, con dd bii't ndi. Mpt hdm dua vdi con tuximg Id bd, dua con khdng nhdn md ndi rdng bd nd tdi tdi vdn den. Truong buon vd ghen, day nghii'n vp di'n ndi ndng phdi tu vdn. Mdt tdi, ngoi bin den diia vdi con, thdy nd chi lin bdng minh trin tudng md ndi: "Bddd din kia". Luc dd mdi biet la minh ldm thi khdng kip niia.

Cdu chuyin le ra chdm hi't a dd, nhung ddn chung khdng chiu nhdn cdi tinh the dau ddn dy, vd cdgdng dem mpt net huyin do dean ui ta. VI the mai cd doqn thU hai, ke ehuyin chdng Truong gap mat vampt ldn nUa...

{Theo Nguyen Dinh Thi, Siic sdng cua ddn Viet Nam trong ca dao, co tich)

a) Xdc dinh phdn tdm tdt van ban Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuong trong doan trieh (2). Mue dieh tdm tdt d (1) vd (2) ed gi khdc nhau ?

b) Gach tdm tdt d (1) va (2) khac nhau nhu the ndo, vi sao ?

2. Tdm tdt Truyin An Duang Vuang vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy dua theo nhan vat Trgng Thuy.

3. Tdm tat truyen Tdm Cdm dua theo nhan vat Tam.

122

VIET BAI LAM VAN SO 3 : VAN TV SU (Bai ldm d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Van dung kie'n thirc, kT nang va riit kinh nghiem bai lam van sd 2 de vie't dugc mgt bai van tu su CO mot sd yeu td hu cau.

V J

I - HO^G DAN CHUNG

1. Xem lai phdn Hudng ddn chung a bai Viet bdi ldm vdn sd2 de ndm that vfing: dac diem chung ctia van ttr su, cdc yeu td eau thanh cua van ban tu su.

2. On lai cdch lap ddn y; cdch chgn su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu trong bdi van tu su.

3. Dgc lai bdi ldm van so 2, dd'i chieu vdi nhfing ghi chep trong tiet trd bdi de tu nit kinh nghiem cho bdi viet sd 3 theo yeu cau eao hon la viet bdi vdn tu su cd mdt sdyeu tdhu cdu.

II - GOI Y DE DAI

1. Cdy lau chiing kien viec VQ Nuong ngdi ben bd Hoang Giang than thd mdt minh rdi tu vdn. Viet lai cdu chuyen dd theo ngdi ke thii nhd't hoac ngdi ke thii ba (md rdng tac pham Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuang cixa Nguyin Du).

2. Hay hod thdn vao nhfing que diem de ke lai edu ehuyen theo diln bie'n va ket thtic truyen ngdn Cd be bdn diim ciia An-dec-xen (hoac diln bien su viee tuong tu, nhung cd ket thuc khdc).

3. "Tdi ten la Oanh Liet. Gdi ten nay cdu chii dat cho tdi nhd nhfing trdn dau oanh liet cua tdi tren cdc sdi chgi trong ldng. Vay ma gid ddy, cdu chii bd roi tdi de chay theo nhfing trd choi mdi...".

Dua theo nhung ldi tam su tren, anh (ehi) hay vie't mdt truyen ngdn theo ngdi ke thu nhat, ke vl so phan va ndi nilm eua mdt con gd chgi bi bd roi.

4. Sdng tdc mdt truyen ngdn (de tdi tu chgn, mang y nghia xa hdi) cd tdc dung gido due thiet thuc dd'i vdi tudi tre hien nay (tham khao d l 2, phan Luyin tap, trong bdi Lap ddn y bdi vdn tu su - trang 46).

123

Ill - GUI Y CACH L A M DAI

1. Suy nghl ki vl d l tdi ma minh se viet, sao cho cau ehuyen cd y nghia sau sdc nhat. Ttr dd lua chgn nhan de, du kien cdt truyen cho bai vie't.

2. Lap ddn y cho bai vie't, trong dd cd the viet nhap doan md dau, doan ke mdt su viec tieu bieu hoac doan ket thtic.

3. Khi suy nghl da chin thi chgn mdt thdi diem thich hgp, tap trung tu tudng de vie't trong khoang ttr 90 den 120 phiit. Gd gdng hoan thdnh bdi vie't trong thdi gian du kie'n, khdng nen vie't rai rdc, gidn doan trong nhieu lan, nhieu ngay, dl khien bai vie't rdi rac, tan man, nhat nheo,...

4. Sau khi vie't xong, can dpc lai de bd sung y hoac siia chiia nhiing ldi vl chinh ta, dtmg ttr, dat cdu,...

124

PHONG CACH NGON NOV SINH HOAT (Tiep theo)

II - PHONG CACH NGON NGUf SINH HOAT

Ttr doan hdi thoai d trang 113 va qua thuc te giao tie'p hang ngdy, cd the thay ngdn ngii sinh hoat cd mdt sd dac tnmg ca ban, rat tieu bieu. Gdc dac tnmg dd cfing la nhiing dd'u hieu khdi qudt cua phong cdch ngdn ngfi sinh boat.

1. Tinbcutbe

Ngdn ngfi sinh hoat cd tinh eu the. Trong doan hdi thoai da ddn, tinh eu the bieu hien d cdc mat sau day:

- Gd dia diem vd thdi gian cu the (budi trua, khu tap the).

- Gd ngudi ndi eu the (Lan, Hting, Huong, me Huong, dng hang xdm).

- Gd ngudi nghe cu the (Lan, Hung ndi vdi Huong, me Huong ndi vdi Lan, Hting,...).

- Gd dich ldi ndi eu the (Lan, Hting gpi Huong di hpc; me Huong khuyen Lan, Hung,...).

- Gd each diln dat eu the qua viee dtmg ttr ngfi (kem theo ngtr dieu) phti hpp vdi dd'i thoai: ttr ngii hd gpi {ai), khuyen bao thdn mat {khe chu), cam dodn, qudt nat {ldm gi md...), each vi von, mieu td {chdm nhu rua, lqch bd lqch bqch).

Nhu vay, dau hieu dae tnmg thti nha't cua phong cdch ngdn ngfi sinh boat Id tinh cu the: cii the vl hodn canh, ve con ngudi vd vl each ndi nang, ttr ngii diln dat.

2. Tfnb cam xuc

Ngdn ngtr sinh boat cd tinh cam xiie. Trong doan hdi thoai da ddn, tinh cam xiie bieu hien d cdc mat sau day:

125

a) Mdi ngudi ndi, mdi ldi ndi diu bieu hien thai dp, tinh cam qua gipng dieu :

- Gipng than mat trong thdng tin, keu gpi, thiic glue (Lan, Hting).

- Gipng thdn mat, yeu thuong trong ldi khuyen bao eua ngudi me.

- Gipng than mat trong su trach mdc {gdm), trong so sanh {chdm nhu rua).

- Gipng qudt nat hue bdi eiia dng hang xdm {khdng cho ai...).

b) Nhiing ttr ngfi ed tinh khau ngfi va the hien cam xiie ro ret nhu: gl md, gdm, lqch bd lqch bqch, ehi't thdi,...

c) Nhfing kieu eau gidu sdc thai cam xiic (cdu cam thdn, cau cdu khien), nhfing ldi gpi ddp, trdch mdng,...

Nhu vay, da'u hieu dac tnmg thti hai ciia phong each ngdn ngfi sinh hoat la tinh cdm xuc. Khdng cd mdt ldi ndi nao ndi ra lai khdng mang tinh cam xiic.

3. Tinbcatbe

Doan hdi thoai da ddn khdng ghi dugc dm thanh trong gipng ndi eiia tung ngudi, nhung neu dugc ghi am hay nghe true tie'p hg dd'i thoai thi ta phan biet rat ro mdu sdc am thanh trong gigng ndi ctia ttmg ngudi mdt.

Trong ldi an tieng ndi hdng ngdy, ngodi gigng ndi thi each dung ttr ngfi, each lua chpn kieu cau cua mdi ngudi cting the hien tinh ed the : mdi ngudi thudng cd vdn ttr ngfi ua dung rieng, ed nhfing cdch ndi rieng,... Qua gipng ndi, qua ttr ngfi va cdch ndi quen dtmg, ta ed the biet duge ldi ndi ciia ai, thdm ehi dodn biet dugc tudi tdc, gidi tinh, ea tinh, dia phuong,... cua hg.

Ldi ndi Id ve mat thU hai, diin mqo thu hai cua con ngudi de phan biet ngudi nay vdi ngudi khdc, ngudi quen hay ke la, tham chi ngudi td't vdi ngudi xa'u.

Nhu vay, dau hieu dac tnmg thii ba ciia phong each ngdn ngfi sinh hoat la tinh cd the.

, GHI NHO .

• Phong each ngon ngir sinh boat la phong each mang nhirng dau hieu dac trung ciia ngon ngu diing trong giao tiep sinh boat hang ngay.

• Oac trung ca ban ciia phong each ngon ngir sinh boat la : tinh cu the, tinh cam xiic, tinh ca the.

w^!^ps^:s^^^ssEs^

126

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Dgc doan nhdt ki dudi day va trd ldi eau hdi.

8-3-69

Di thdm binh nhdn vi giUa dim khuya. Trd vi phdng, ndm thao thuc khdng ngu duac. Ritng khuya im ldng nhu td, khdng mot tii'ng chim kiu, khdng mpt tii'ng Id rung hodc mpt ngpn gid ndo dd khe rung cdnh cdy. Nghigi ddy Th. ai ? Nghigi md ddi mdt ddm ddm nhin qua bdng dim. Qua dnh trdng md Th. thdy biet bao Id viin cdnh tuoi dep, cd nhitng can cdnh im dim cua nhung ngdy sdng giua tinh thuong trin mdnh ddt DUc Phd ndy. Roi cdnh chia li, cdnh dau budn cung den nUa... Ddng trdch qud Th. oi! Th. cd nghe tieng ngudi thuong binh khi rin vd tieng sung vdn nd nai xa. Chien trudng vdn dang mua chien thdng.

{Nhdt ki Ddng Thuy Trdm, NXB Hpi Nha van, Ha Npi, 2005)

a) Nhiing ttr ngii, kieu cdu, kieu diln dat ndo the hien tinh cu the, tinh cam xiie, tinh ed the ciia phong cdch ngdn ngii sinh boat ?

b) Theo anh (chi), ghi nhdt kl cd lgi gi cho su phdt trien ngdn ngfi cua minh ?

2. Hay chi ra dau hieu cua phong cdch ngdn ngfi sinh boat bieu hien trong nhiing eau ca dao sau day:

- Minh vi cd nha ta chdng,

Ta vi ta nhd hdm rdng minh cudi.

- Hdi cd yi'm trdng loa xod,

Lai day dap ddt trdng cd vdi anh.

3. Doan ddi thoai dudi day md phdng phong each ngdn ngfi smh boat, nhung ed khdc vdi ldi thoai hdng ngdy. Lien he vdi bai Ddc diem cua ngdn ngu ndi vd ngdn ngU viet a trang 86 de ehi ra diem khac nhau vd gidi thich vi sao lai ed su khdc nhau dd.

Dam San: - O tdt cd ddn ldng ndy, cdc nguoi cd di vdi ta khdng ? Tu truang cdc nguai dd chet, lua cdc nguai da muc. Ai chdn ngua hay di ddt ngua !Ai giU voi hdy di bdt voi lAi giU trdu hdy di lua trdu ve I

Ddn ldng:-Khdng di sao duac! Ldng chung tdi phia bdc dd mpccd gdu, phia nam da mpc ed hoang, ngudi nhd gidu cdm ddu chung tdi nay da khdng cdn niia!

Ddm San : - O nghin chim se, a vqn chim ngdi I O tdt cd tdi td bdng ndy! Chung ta ra vi ndo!

(Chien thdng Mtao Mxdy)

127

NHAN NGUYfiN BINH KHIEM

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Hieu dung quan niem sdng nhan va cam nhan dugc ve dep nhan each ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem qua bai tho.

Bie't each dgc mgt bai tha ke't hgp giira trir t inh va triet If co each noi an y, tham tram va sau sac.

^

TIEU D A N

Nguyin Binh Khiem (1491 - 1585) que a lang Trung Am, nay thupc xa Li Hpc, huyen Vinh Bao, ngoai thanh Hai Phong, d6 Trang nguyen (1535), lam quan duoi trieu Mac. Khi lam quan, ong dang so vach tpi va xin chem dau muoi tam long than. Vua khong nghe, ong ben cao quan ve que, lap quan Trung Tan, dung am Bach Van, lay hieu la Bach Van Cu Si. (ing day hpc, hpc tro co nhieu nguoi noi tieng nen ong dugc doi suy ton la Tuyet Giang Phu Tu (Nguoi thdy song Tuyet). Nguyen Binh Khiem la nguoi co hpc van uyen tham. Vua Mac cung nhu cac chiia Trinh, Nguyin CP viec he upng deu hoi y kie'n ong va ong deu CO each mach bao kin dao, nhdm han che chie'n tranh, che't choc. Mac dii ve o an, Nguyin Binh Khiem vdn tham van cho trieu dinh nha Mac. Ong dupc phong tu6c Trinh Tuyen hdu, Trinh Quoc cong nen co ten gpi la Trang Trinh.

Nguyen Binh Khiem la nha tho 1cm cua dan tpc. Ong de lai tap tho chir Han Bach Vdn am thi tap (khoang 700 bai) va tap tho chu Nom Bach Vdn qudc ngit thi (khoang tren 170 bai). Tho Nguyen Binh Khiem mang dam chat triet li, giao huan, ngpi ca chi ciia ke sT, thii thanh nhan, dong thoi phe phan nhirng difeu xa'u xa trong xa hpi. Nhdn la bai tho Nom trong Bach Vdn qudc ngU thi. Nhan de bai tho do nguoi doi sau dat.

Tuong Nguyen Binh Khidm tai xd Li Hoc, Vinh Bdo, Hal Phong

128

VAN DAN

Mdt mai'^', mdt eudc, mdt can can,

Tha than dau al* ' vui thii ndo.

Ta dai, ta tim noi vdng ve,

Ngudi khon, ngudi den chdn lao xao.

Thu an mang tnic, ddng an gid,

Xuan tdm hd sen, ha tdm ao.

Rugu, de'n cdi cay^^^ ta se udng,

Nhin xem phti quy tua chiem bao'^'.

{Hop tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -Vdn hoc thekiX- thiki XVII Sdd)

HU6NG DAN Hpc DAI

1. Gach dung sd ttr, danh ttr trong cdu tha thii nhat va nhip dieu hai cau tha dau ed gi dang chii y ? Hai cdu tha ay cho ta hieu hodn canh cudc sd'ng vd tdm trang tdc gia nhu the nao ?

2. Anh (chi) hieu the ndo la noi "vang ve", chdn "lao xao" ? Quan diem cda tdc gia vl "dai", "khdn" nhu the ndo ? Tac dung bieu dat y eua nghe thudt dd'i trong hai cau tha 3 vd 4 ?

3. Gac san vat va khung canh sinh boat trong hai cdu tha 5, 6 cd gi ddng ehii y ? Hai cau tha cho thay cudc sd'ng ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem nhu the ndo ? (Que mtia, khd circ ? Dam bac ma thanh cao ? Hod hgp vdi ttr nhien ?)

Phan tich gid tri nghe thuat eiia hai cau tha nay.

(1) Mai: dung cy dao dat, xdn dat. (2) Ddu ai: mSc cho ai. Du ai c6 cich vui thii nao cung mac, toi cii tho than (giira cupc doi nay). (3) C0i cdy: g6'c cay.

(4) Hai cau 7 va 8 tac gia c6 y ddn dien Thuin Vu Phan uong rupu say ndm ngu duoi goc cay hoe, r6i mo thay minh d nu6c Hoe An, dupc cong danh phii quy rat muc vinh hien. Sau bimg mat tinh day thi hoi ra d6 la giac mong, thay du6i canh ho6 phia nam chi c6 mpt td kien ma thoi. Tir do dien nay co y: phii quy chi la mpt gidc chiSm bao.

5 NGU VAN 10/1 A 129

4. Dgc chti thieh 4 de hieu dien tich dugc van dung trong hai eau tha cudi. Anh (chi) cam nhdn nhu the nao vl nhan each Nguyin Binh Khiem ?

5. Quan niem sdng nhan ctia Nguyin Binh Khiem la gi ?

- Khdng vdt va, cue nhgc.

-Khdng quan tam tdi xa hdi, ehi lo eho eudc sdng nhan tan eiia ban than.

-Xa lanh noi quyin quy de giii cdt cdch thanh cao.

- Hod hgp vdi tu nhien.

Quan niem sd'ng dd la tich cue hay tieu cue ? Vi sao ?

(

^

r.HI NHO

Bai tha nhu Idi tam su tham tram, sau sdc, khang dinh quan niem sd'ng nhan

la hoa hgp vdi tu nhien, gi i i cdt each thanh eao, vugt len tren danh Igi.

\

LUYEN TAP

Neu cam nhdn ehung cua anh (chi) vl eudc sdng, nhan each Nguyin Binh Khiem qua bdi tho Nhdn.

1 3 0 5.NGIJVAN 10/1-B

o p e TIEU THANH Kl J^UXINDU

(Dpc Tieu Thanh ki)

KET QUA C A N OAT -

• Hieu dugc Tieu Thanh thuoc kieu nhirng ngudi phu nir tai sdc, bat hanh ma Nguyin Du dac biet quan tam trong sang tac ciia minh.

• Hieu su ddng cam cua Nguyin Du vdi sd phan nang Tieu Thanh cd tai nang van chuang ma bat hanh.

^

TIEU D A N

Tuong truyen Tieu Thanh la mpt co gai Trung Quoc co tai va co sdc, song khoang dau thoi Minh. Von thong minh nen tir nho co da thong hieu nhieu mon nghe thuat nhu thi ca, am nhac. Nam 16 tuoi, co lam vo le mpt nha quyen quy. Vp ca la nguoi hay ghen, bdt co phai song rieng tren Co Son, canh Tay Ho. Vi dau buon, co sinh benh roi chet a tuoi 18. N6i uat lie, dau kho dupc co gui gdm vao tho nhung nhi6u bai tho da bi nguoi vp ca dot, may mdn co mpt so bai tho con sot lai. Nguoi ta cho khac in sd tho do, dat ten la Phdn du (Bi dot con sot lai). Thucmg xot cho so phan bat hanh cua nhirng nguoi phu nu tai sdc la mpt cam hung lon Uong sang tac cua Nguyen Du. Nha tho khong chi khoe nang Tieu Thanh ma con khoe nang Kieu. Sdc dep, tai nang tho ca, dan hat la nhirng gia tri tinh than cao dep, nhung chu nhan cua nhimg gia tri do lai phai chiu so phan bat hanh. Hien tuong nay duoc Nguyen Du neu len thanh mpt van de lon trong sang tac ciia ong. Tien Phong Mong Lien Duong chu nhan Nguyen Dang Tuyen timg co loi binh Truyen Kieu nhu sau : "Thuy Kieu khoe Dam Tien, Td Nhu tir lam Truyen Thuy Kieu, viec tuy khac nhau ma long thi la mot, nguoi doi sau thuong nguoi doi nay, nguoi doi nay thuong nguoi doi xua, hai chir tai tinh that la mpt cai thong luy ciia bpn tai tir khdp trong gam troi va sudt ca xua nay vay".

Ve ten bai tho Doc Tieu Thanh ki (Dpc Tieu Thanh ki) co hai each giai thich. C ach thii nha't: Tieu Thanh ki la tap tho ciia nang Tieu Thanh. Vay ten bai tho phai hieu la Doc tap tha ciia Tieu Thanh. Cach thii hai: Tieu Thanh ki la ten truyen vie't ve nang Tieu Thanh. Hien nay nguoi ta chi biei co Tieu Thanh truyen. Co the Nguyen Du da dpc Tieu Thanh truyen.

131

VAN BAN

Phien dm Tdy Ho hoa uyen tdn thanh khu, Ddc dieu song tiln nhat chi thu. Ghi phan hfiu than Uen tti hau, Van chucmg vd menh luy phan du. Gd kim ban su thien nan van, Phong van ki oan nga tu cu. Bat tri tam bach du nien hau, Thien ha ha nhan khap Td Nhu ?

Dich nghia Vudn hoa ben Tay Ho da thanh bai hoang rdi, Ghi vieng nang qua mdt tap sach dgc trudc cua sd'^'. Son phan cd than chdc phai xdt xa vi nhfing viec sau khi chet' ', Van chuang khdng cd sd menh ma cfing bi ddt dd. Nhfing md'i han cd kim khd ma hdi trdi dugc, Ta tu coi nhu ngudi eting mdt hdi vdi ke mdc noi oan la liing

vi net phong nha' '. Khdng bie't hon ba tram nam sau, Thien ha ai ngudi khdc Td Nhu'*' ?

Dich tha Tdy Ho cdnh dep hod gd hoang, Thdn thuc ben song mdnh gidy tdn. Son phdn cd thdn chdn vdn hqn, Vdn chuong khdng minh ddt cdn vuong. Ndi hdn kim cd trdi khdn hdi, Cdi dn phong luu khdch tu mang. Chdng biet ba trdm ndm le nua, Ngudi ddi ai khdc To Nhu chdng ?

VO TAM TAP djch {Tha chti Hdn Nguyin Du,

NXB Van hpc, Ha Npi, 1965)

(1) Y noi: dpc tap ki ke ve cupc doi Tieu Thanh. (2) Y noi: nguoi dep Unh thieng nen chet di vin khien ngudi doi thuang tiec. (3) Y noi: Nguyfin Du dong cim voi than phan bat hanh cua nang Tieu Thanh vi ong ciing cung

than phan. (4) Bay gio ta khoe nang Tieu Thanh, khong biei ba Uam nam nira ai se la ngudi khoe ta. Hai cau

ket di lifin m^ch voi hai cau luan o tren. Ba trdm ndm kh6ng nhai thiet phai la con sd chinh x^c ma CO the chi sd nhieu. Td Nhu la ten chQ cua Nguyin Du.

132

Dpc them ban dich tha

Ho Tdy hoa kieng: ddi gd hoang, Cua he trang tha chanh diiu ndng. Hqn ludng vuong thim hon phdn dqi ' ', Tro chua tdn het luy vdn chuang. Thanh thuang khd hdi oan chong chdt, Phong nhd ddnh chung no vdn vuang. Roi TdNhu, sau ba ki niia, Trdn gian ai ke sut sui thuong ?

QUACH TAN dich, (Tap chi Vdn, sd dac biet

"Tu6ng niem Nguyin Du", Sai Gdn, 1967)

Trudc song gidy muc viing ndng. Ho Tdy vudn cu; gd hoang bdy gid. Xua nay trdi vdn ldm nga, Mdi oan thim mdt ngudi tha budc minh. Hoa tdn li rd huang thanh; Vdn chuong phdn mdng chua ddnh tro bay! Roi ba trdm ndm sau ddy Cdn ai khdc TdNhu ndy nua chdng ?

VtJ HOANG CHUONG dich, (Nguyet san Tdn vdn, sd 8, Sai Gon, 12 - 1968)

HU6NG DAN HOC BAI

1. Theo anh (chi), vi sao Nguyin Du lai ddng cam vdi so phan ciia ndng Tieu Thanh ?

2. Gau "Ndi hdn kim cd trdi khdn hdi" cd nghia gi ? Ndi hdn (ban) d day Id gi ? Tai sao tac gia cho la khdng the hdi trdi dugc ?

I. Nguyin Du thuang xdt vd ddng cam vdi ngudi phu nii cd tai van chuong ma bat hanh. Dilu dd ndi gi ve tam ldng ciia nha tha ?

4. Phdn tich vai trd cda mdi doan tha (dl, thue, luan, ket) ddi vdi ehu dl toan bai.

(1) Phdn dai: chi do trang diem cua phu nQ.

133

GHI NHO

Bai tha Doc Tieu Thanh ki the hien cam xuc, suy tu ciia Nguy in Du v l sd

phan bat hanh ciia ngudi phu nu cd tai van chuang trong xa hgi phong kie'n.

Dieu dd cung noi len mgt phuang di$n quan trgng trong chu nghia nhan dao

eiia Nguyin Du : xot xa cho nhirng gia tri t inh thdn bj cha dap.

LUYEN TAP

Dgc doan tha sau day trong Truyin Kiiu (ttr cau 107 den eau 110) vd chi ra diem tuong ddng vdi bdi Dpc Tieu Thanh ki:

Rdng: Hong nhan tu thud xua, Cdi diiu bqc minh cd chUa ai ddu.

Ndi niim tudng din md dau, Thdy nguai ndm dd biet sau thendo ?

Gpi y: Tim hieu xem doan tha nay vie't ve nhan vat nao, ldi ndi tren la ciia ai. Ttr dd, tim ra dl tai ma Nguyin Du quan tam trong cac sang tac ciia dng.

134

THirc HANH PHEP TU TIT. AN DU VA HOAN DU

KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Nang cao hieu bie't v l phep tu tir an du va hoan du.

• Co kT nang phan tich gia tri bieu dat va sir dung hai phep tu tir ndi tren.

I ' AN DU

1. Dgc nhiing cau ca dao sau vd tra ldi cdu hdi.

(1) Thuyin ai cd nhd bin chdng

Bin thi mdt dq khdng khdng dpi thuyin.

(2) Trdm ndm ddnh ldi hen hd,

Cdy da ben cu, con do khdc dua.

a) Anh (chi) cd nhdn thay trong hai can ca dao tren, nhiing ttr thuyin, ben, cdy da, con do,... khdng chi la thuyin, ben,... ma edn mang mdt ndi dung y nghia hodn todn khdc khdng ? Ndi dung y nghia dy la gi ?

b) Thuyin, ben (can 1) vd cdy da ben cu, con dd (edu 2) cd gi khdc nhau ? Lam the ndo de hieu diing ndi dung ham an trong hai cau dd ?

Gpi y: Gd hai cdch de suy y diing :

- Dat quan he song song : thuyin - ben, ben eii - con dd (quan he giira nhiing vat can cd nhau, ludn gdn bd vdi nhau, nhung bin thi ed dinh, edn thuyin, do thi di chuyen, khdng cd dinh).

- So sdnh ngam : lien tudng den nhting ngudi ed quan he tinh edm gdn bd nhung phai xa nhau.

2. Tim va phan tich phep an du trong nhiing doan trich sau :

(1) Dudi trdng quyin dd gpi he,

Dau tudng lUa luu lap loe dam bdng.

(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

135

(2) Vut di nhUng thU vdn nghi ngdn ngpt, bdy ra su phi phdn thod thui hay cay ddng ehdt doe eua benh tdt, quanh qudn vdi tinh cdm gdy gd cua cd nhdn co nim lai. Chung ta mudn cd nhiing cudn tieu thuyet, nhiing cdu tha thay ddi dupc cd cupc ddi nguai dpc - ldm thdnh ngudi, ddy chung ta len mpt su sdng truoc kia chi dung xa nhin thdp thodng.

(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Nhdn dudn^

(3) Oi" con chim chiin chiin Hdt chi md vang trdi Timg giot long lanh rai Tdi dua tay tdi hung.

(Thanh Hai, Miia xudn nho nho)

(4) Thdc bao nhiiu thdc cung qua, Thinh thinh Id chiec thuyin ta trin ddi.

(Td Hiiu, Nudc non ngdn ddm)

(5) Xua phu du'^' md nay dd phu sa, Xua bay di md nay khdng trdi mdt.

(Che Lan Vien, Nay ddphiisd)

3. Quan sat mdt vat gan gfii quen thudc, hen tudng den mdt vat khac cd diem gidng vdi vat dd vd viet cdu van cd dfmg phep an du.

li - HOAN DU

1. Dpc nhfing edu sau va tra ldi cau hdi.

(1) Ddu xanh dd tdi tinh gi, Md hong ddn qud niia thi chua thdi.

(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

(2) Ao ndu liin vol do xanh, Ndng thdn liin vai thi thdnh dUng lin.

(Td Hiiu, Ba muai ndm ddi ta co Ddng)

(1) Phil du : loai con triing nho sdng ttfin mat nuoc ao ho, thoi gian sdng rat ngSn (ciing la ten gpi nhirng loai buom nho, ban dem thuong bay vao den). Kiep phd du : kiep sdng ttoi ndi, ngin ngui, phu phiem.

136

a) Dting nhfing cum ttr ddu xanh, md hdng, nhd tha Nguyin Du mud'n ndi dieu gi va am chi nhan vat nao trong Truyin Kiiu ? Cfing nhu vay, dting nhfing cum ttr do ndu, do xanh, Td Hfiu mud'n ehi ldp ngudi ndo trong xa hdi ta ?

b) Lam the nao de hieu dfing mdt dd'i tupng khi nha tha thay ddi ten gpi eiia ddi tupng dd ?

Gpiy: Lay mdt dae diem tieu bieu ctia dd'i tugng quan sdt, chdng ban lay mdt bd phan ea the, mdt vat dung, mgt tinh chat,... de ggi ten nhan vat, dd Id phep hodn du ndi chung. Hoan du tu ttr la bien phap thay ddi mdt ten ggi quen thudc bang mdt ten ggi khac nhd cd su phat hien mdi vl ddi tugng dd theo quan he gan giii vdi mdt dd'i tugng khac.

2. Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng, Cau thdn Dodi nhd gidu khdng thdn ndo.

(Nguyin Binh, Tuang tu)

a) Cau tha tren ed cd hodn du vd an du. Anh (chi) hay phdn biet hai phep tu tfidd.

b) Cung bdy td ndi nhd ngudi yeu, nhung cdu Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng khdc vdi edu ea dao Thuyen oi cd nhd bin chdng... a diem nao ?

Gpi y : An du "cau thdn Dodi' vd "trdu khdng thdn ndo" tuy duge dung trong mdt cdu bdi lap hing (cdu hdi tu ttr) nhung lai dm ehi ngudi thdn Dodi vd thdn Ddng. Day Id edeh diln dat phti hgp vdi tam trang ctia ngudi dang yeu, phu hgp vdi each ndi lap limg, bdng gid trong tinh yeu ddi liia.

3. Quan sdt mdt sir vat, nhan vat quen thude vd thir ddi ten ggi cua chiing theo phep an du hoac hoan du de viet mdt doan van vl su vat, nhan vat dd.

137

.DOCTHEM. V A N N U O C PHAPTHUAN

{Qudc tp)

TIEU D A N

Thien su Phap Thuan (915 - 990) hp D6, khong ro ten that va que quan, la mpt nha su thupc the he thii muoi dong thien Nam phuong do Thien su ngudi Thien Tnic Ti-ni-da-luu-chi de'n nuoc ta nam 580 lap ra. Ong timg giir cong viec cd van quan trpng dudi trieu Tien Le.

Tac pham cua ong hien con mpt bai tho tra loi Le Dai Hanh hoi ve van nuoc. De hieu bai tho, can hieu khai niem "vo vi". Vo vi nghia den la "khong lam gi". Khai niem vo vi dupc nhieu truang phai triet hpc, ton giao su dung. Vo vi la thuat ngir trong sach Dao ddc kinh cua Lao Tii nham chi mpt thai dp sdng thuan theo tu nhien, khong lam dieu trai tu nhien. Trong bai tho nay, vo vi con dupc hieu theo nghia cua Nho giao. Thien Ve Linh cong sach Ludn ngii cua Khong Til cd cau: "Vo vi nhi tri gia, ki Thuan da du ?" (Vo vi ma thinh tri, do la vua Thua'n chang ?). Chu Hi chii giai y nay nhu sau: "Vo vi ma thinh tri la vi bac thanh nhan cd dire thinh nen cam hoa dupc nhan dan, khong phai lam gi hon".

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Qud'c to n h u dang lae.

Nam thien h thai binh.

Vd vi eu dien cdc,

Xii xii tire dao binh.

Dich nghia Van nude'^' n h u day may leo quan quyt'^^

6 coi trdi Nam [md ra] canh thai binh.

Vd vi d noi eung dlen'^',

[Thi] khdp mgi noi d i u tdt het dao binh.

(1) Van nuac: dich chit qudc to. To co nhieu nghia : phuc, van may ciia qudc gia; ngoi (vua, hoang de). 6 day hieu qudc to la van nuoc.

(2) Ddy mdy leo qudn quyt: dich hai chQ ddng lac {ddng: cay may ; lac: cudn day a xung quanh). (3) Cung dien : dich hai chii dien cdc.

138

Dich tha Van nudc nhu mdy qudn, Trdi Nam md thdi binh. Vd vi trin diin cdc, Chdn chdn dUt dao binh.

Theo ban dich ciia DOAN THANG {Tha vdn Li - Trdn, tap I,

NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1977)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Tde gia so sdnh "Van nudc nhu day may leo qudn quyt" nhdm diln ta dilu gi ? (Su vfing b in ? Str ddi lau ? Su phat trien thinh vugng ?)

2. Qua hai cau tha dau, neu cam nhdn ciia anh (ehi) v l :

- Hoan canh da't nudc.

- Tdm trang tde gia.

3. Dgc Tieu ddn de hieu ndi dung hai chfi vd vi, sau dd thu giai thich vi sao tac gia lai khang dinh "Vd vi tren dien cdc - Chdn chdn dfit dao binh".

4. Theo anh (chi), hai cau tha cud'i phan anh truyin thd'ng td't dep gi cua dan tdc Viet Nam ?

139

.DOC THEM J

LCQJ CAO BENH, BAO MOI NGUOI MANGIAC (Cdo tdt thi chung)

TIEU D A N

Thiin su Man Gidc (1052 - 1096) ten la Li Truong, nguoi lang An Cach (?). Thud nh6, ong dupc v4o hau Thdi tii Kien Diic (tiic la Li Nhan T6ng sau nay), va duoc Thai hau rat trgng. Khi Kien Due len ng6i, ong dirgrc ban hieu Hoai Tin, gpi la Hoai Tin tnrdng lao, lai duoc moi vao chua Giao Nguyen trong cung. Man Giac la ten thuy do vua ban tSng sau khi ong m3!t.

KS: thi van Phat gido, diing de truyen ba gido li Phat phdp. K§ dupc viit bdng vdn vin. Nhieu bdi k? CO gia tri vdn chuong nhu cdc bai tha. Bdi ke cua thiin su Man Gidc vdn khdng c6 nhan di. Cdo t^t thi chiing Id nhan di do ngudi ddi sau ddt.

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Xuan khti bach hoa lac, Xuan ddo bach hoa khai. Su true nhan tiln qua, Lao tdng dau thugng lai. Mac vi xuan tan hoa lac tan, Dinh tiln tac da nhat chi mai.

Dich nghia Xuan di, tram hoa rung, Xuan den, tram hoa nd. Viec ddi rudi qua trudc mdt, Tudi gia hien den ttr tren mai dau. Chd bao xudn tan hoa rung het, Dem qua, mdt canh mai trudc sdn.

Dich tha Xudn qua, trdm hoa rung, Xudn tai, trdm hoa tuoi. Trudc mdt viec di mdi, Trin ddu gid den roi. Chd bdo xudn tdn hoa rung het, Dim qua sdn trude mpt cdnh mai.

(Theo Hap tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -Vdn hoc thi kiX-theki XVII, Sdd)

140

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Hai cau tha dau ndi len quy luat nao ciia tu nhien ? (Quy luat van ddng, bien ddi ? Quy luat tuan hoan ? Quy luat smh trudng ?) Neu dao eau tha 2 len vi tri cau tha dau thi y tha khdc nhau nhu the nao ? Dao nhu the, trong nhfing quy luat tren, quy lu$t nao gifi nguyen, quy luat ndo hi dnh hudng, vi sao ?

2. Gau tha 3 va 4 ndi len quy luat gi trong eudc sd'ng ciia eon ngudi ? Anh (ehi) cam nhan nhu the nao ve tam trang tac gid qua hai cau tho ndy ? (Than nhien ? Nudi tiec ? Xdt xa ?) Nguyen nhan ddn den tdm trang ay ?

3. Hai cau cudi cd phai la tha ta thien nhien khdng ? Gau tha dau khdng dinh "Xuan qua, tram hoa rung" vay ma hai cau cud'i lai ndi xudn tan vdn nd canh mai. Nhu the cd mau thuan khdng ? Vi sao ? Gam nhan cua anh (chi) vl hinh tugng cdnh mai trong cdu tha cudi ?

4. Qua bai k^, anh (chi) hay lam sang td ldng yeu ddi vd cai nhin lac quan cua tac gia.

(Can xau chudi phan tra ldi d nhfing cau hdi tren, chti y :

-Gach md dau va ket thfie bai tha.

- Nhiing tti ngfi lam nen tinh chat khang dinh d hai cau tha ket.

- Tam trang tac gia trong hai cau 3,4 va trong hai cau tha ket cd ^ khac nhau ?)

141

(OOCTHEMj H U N G T R O VE NGUYDNTRUNG_NGAN

{Quy hiing)

-OOCTHEMv

LCQJ

TIEU DAN

Nguyen Trung Ngan (1289 - 1370) tu la Bang True, hieu la Gioi Hien, ngudi lang Tho Hoang, huyen Thien Thi (nay la huyen An Thi, tinh Hung Yen), dd Hoang giap ndm 16 tudi. Khoang nam 1314 - 1315, ong duoc cu di sir sang dap 1§ nha Nguyen. Ong lam quan de'n chiic Thugng thu, con de lai tac pham Giai Hiin thi tap.

Bai tho Hicng trd ve duoc sang tac khi Nguydn Trung Ngan dang di sii 6 Giang Nam (Trung Qudc).

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Lao tang diep lac tdm phuang tan, Tao dao hoa hucmg gidi ehinh phi. Kien thuyet tai gia ban diee hao, Giang Nam tuy lac bat nhu quy.

Dich nghia Dau gia la rung tam vtra chin, Liia sdm nd hoa tham, cua dang liic beo. Nghe ndi d nhd diu ngheo van tdt, Dat Giang Nam^ ' tuy vui, cfing chang bang ve nha.

Dich tha Ddu gid Id rung tdm vita chin, Lua sdm bdng tham cua beo ghi. Nghe ndi a nhd ngheo vdn tdt, Ddu vui ddt khdch chdng bdng vi.

(Theo Hap tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -Vdn hoc thekiX-theki XVII, Sdd)

HUlorNG D A N DOC THEM

1. Ndi nhd que huong d hai cau tha dau cd ^ dac sdc ? (Luu y : Bai tha su dung nhfing hinh anh dan da, quen thudc nhung lam xiic ddng ldng ngirdi; U giai vi sao.)

2. Phdn tieh net rieng ctia ldng yeu nude va nilm tu hao dan tdc trong bai tha qua nhfing hinh tugng tha ddc dao.

(1) Giang Nam : miin nam song Tnrdng Giang, noi phdn hoa do hdi, nay la ba tinh : Giang To, An Huy va Giang Tay (Trung Qudc).

142

LI BACH TAI LAU HOANG HAC TIEN MANH HAO NHIEN Dl QUANG LANG (Hodng Hqc Idu^^^ tdng Mqnh Hqo Nhiid^^ chi Qudng Ldng^^^)

KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Hieu dugc tinh ban chan thanh, trong sang ciia tac gia.

• Ndm dugc dac trung phong each tha tuyet cii (tir tuyet) ciia Lf Bach : ngon ngir gian di, hinh anh tuoi sang va ggi cam.

TIEU D A N

Li Bach (701 - 762), tu la Thai Bach, que o Lung Tay (nay thupc tinh Cam Tiic). Ong la nha tho lang man vi dai cua Trung Qudc. Vi tinh each khoang dat, tho lai hay ndi de'n coi tien nen LI Bach dugc gpi la "Thi tien". Tho dng hien cdn tren 1000 bai.

Ndi dung tho LI Bach rat phong phii, vdi nhirng chu de chinh la : udc mo vuon toi li tudng cao ck, khat vpng giai phdng ca tinh, bat binh vdi hien thuc tam thudng, the hien tinh cam phong phu va manh Iiet. Phong each tho Li Bach rat hao phdng, bay bong lai rat tu nhien, tinh te va gian di. Dac trung noi bat cua tho Li Bach la su thdng nha't giira cai cao ca va cai dep.

Li Bach (Tranh chdn dung)

(1) Hodng Hac ldu (lau Hoang Hac) : mdt thing canh ndi tieng ciia Trung Qudc ndm tren mdm Hoang Hac Co, niii Hoang Hac, ben sdng Trudng Giang, huyen Vii Xuong, nay thudc thanh phd Vu Han, tinh Ho Bdc.

(2) Manh Hao Nhien (689 - 740) : mpt nhd tho noi tieng ciia Trung Qudc thdi Duong. Manh Hao Nhien hon Li B^ch 12 tudi, nhung hp la ddi ban vdn chirong rai than thiet.

(3) Qudng Ldng : ten mdt quan, thu phu Id Duong Chau, dd thi phdn hoa vao bac nhai 6 thdi Dudng, nay la thanh phd Duong Chau, tinh Giang Td.

143

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Co nhdn tdy ttr Hoang Hac lau. Yen hoa tam nguyet ha Duong Chau. Gd pham viin dnh bich khdng tan, Duy kien Trudng Giang thien te luu.

Dich nghia Ban eu gia ttr lau Hodng Hac, d phia tay, Xudi vl Duong Chau gitia thdng ba, mua hoa khdi. Bdng cdnh budm le loi xa dan, mat hiit vao khoang khdng xanh biec, Ghi thay sdng Trudng Giang chay vao coi trdi.

Dich tha Bqn tU ldu Hqc lin dudng, GiUa mua hoa khdi, Chdu Duong xudi ddng.

Bdng budm dd khudt bdu khdng, Trdng theo chi thdy ddng sdng bin trdi.

NGO TAT TO dich, {ThaDuong, tap II, NXB Vdn hpc, Ha Ndi, 1987)

HirOTNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Xac lap md'i quan he gifia khdng gian (lau Hoang Hac - sdng Trudng Giang -Duong Chau), thdi gian (thang ba - mtia hoa khdi) vd con ngudi (cd nhdn...) trong bdi tho. Mdi quan he ay cd tde diing nhu the nao trong viec the hien khung canh vd tam tinh ngudi dua tien ?

2. Sdng Trudng Giang la huyet mach giao thdng chinh ciia miin Nam Tnmg Qud'c. Mtia xuan tren sdng Trudng Giang hdn cd nhilu thuyin be xudi ngugc, vi sao I i Bach lai ehi thay "cdnh budm le loi" (cd phdm) ciia "ed nhan" ?

3. Anh (chi) hay ttr dat minh vao vi tri eiia ngudi dua tiln nhin theo canh budm dan xa vd ddng sdng chay vdo cdi trdi de cam nhan tam tinh cua thi nhdn.

GHI NHO . r

Vai ngon ngir gian di, hinh anh ggi cam, bai tha the hien tinh ban sau sdc, chan thanh cua hai nha tha Idn thdi Thinh Oudng. Thai dai nao tinh ban cung rat dang tran trgng.

LUYEN TAP

1. Ngudi ta thudng cho rdng: Gdi hay ciia tha Dudng la d chd the hien dugc "y tai ngdn ngoai" (y d ngodi ldi). Hay tim "y tai ngdn ngoai" qua bai tha nay.

2. Gac nhd tha thdi Dudng rat tran trgng tinh ban. Anh (chi) hay suy ngdm vl vi tri va y nghia ciia tmh ban trong eudc sdng ngay nay.

3. Hge thudc bai tha (phan phien am va dich tha).

144

CAM XUC M U A THU P6PHU

{Thu hUng^^^)

KET QUA CAN OAT ^

• Hieu dugc birc tranh miia thu hiu hdt cung la birc tranh tam trang budn lo ciia nha tha trong canh loan li : ndi lo au cho da't nuac, ndi budn nha que huong va ndi ngam ngii i, xot xa cho than phan minh.

• Hieu them dac diem ciia tha Dudng luat. ^ :

TIEU D A N

D 6 Phu (712 - 770) tu la Tir MI, que d huyen Cung, tinh Ha Nam, xuat than uong mpt gia dinh cd tmyen thdng Nho hpc va tho ca lau ddi. Ong sdng ttong ngheo khd, che't ttong benh tat.

Dd Phil la nha tho hien thuc vT dai cua Trung Qudc, la danh nhan van hoa the gioi. Tho D6 Phii hien cdn khoang 1500 bai, cd ndi dung rat phong phii va sau sdc. Dd la nhiing hire tranh hien thuc sinh ddng va chan xac de'n miic dugc gpi la "thi sir" (lich sir bdng tho); dd ciing la niem ddng cam vdi nhan dan trong khd nan, chiia chan tinh yeu nudc va tinh than nhan dao. Gipng tha Dd Phu tram uat, nghen ngao. Ong sanh ta't ca cac the tho nhung dac biet thanh cdng 6 the luat thi. Vdi nhan each cao thugng, tai nang nghe thuat trac viet, Dd Phu dugc ngudi Trung Qudc gpi la "Thi thanh".

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Ngpc Id dieu thuong phong thii lam,

Vu son, Vu gidp khi tieu sam.

Giang gian ba lang kiem thien diing,

Tdi thupng phong van tiep dia am.

Ttmg ciic luang khai tha nhat le,

Gd chu nhat he cd vien tam.

Han y xii xir thdi dao xich,

Bach De thdnh eao cap md cham.

(1) Ndm 766, Dd Phu dang ngu cu d Quy Chau (nay thudc tinh Tii Xuyen), tai day dng da sang tdc chiim tho Thu hdng, gom 8 bai. Bai dupc tuyen hpc d day la bai thii nhai ciia chtim tho dd.

145

Dich nghia Suong mdc trdng xod lam tieu dieu ea rung cay phong'^', Niii Vu, kem Vu' ) hoi thu hiu hdt. Giiia long sdng, sdng vpt len tan lung trdi, Tren ciia di, may sd xud'ng giap mat dd't am u. Khdm ciic nd hoa da hai ldn [lam] tudn roi nudc mdt

ngdy trudc, Gon thuyin le loi budc mai tam ldng nhd noi vudn cfi. Chd nao cfing rdn rang dao thudc de may do ret, v l chilu, thdnh Bach Decao, tieng chay dap do'^'

nghe cdng ddn dap.

Dich tha Lde ddc rimg phong hqt mdc sa, Ngdn non hiu hdt, khi thu loa. Lung trdi sdng ran ldng sdng thdm. Mat ddt mdy dun cda di xa. Khdm cue tudn thim ddng li cu. Con thuyin bupc chat mdi tinh nhd. Lanh lung glue ke tay dao thudc, Thdnh Bqch, chdy vang bdng dc td.

NGUYfiN CONG TRIJ dich {ThaDudng, tap II, Sdd)

(1) Cdy phong: mdt loai cay miia thu la chuyen sang mau dd, nen oTrung Qudc xua, "ritng phong nhudm do" thudng dupc diing de tupng tnmg cho mtia thu.

(2) Nui Vu, kem Vu (Vu son, Vu gidp) : hai dia danh thudc vimg thupng luu sdng Trudng Giang, vdn rai hiing vi hiem ttd, vi thu khi ttdi cang mil mit.

(3) Tieng chdy ddp do : a Trung Qudc, vai de may do ret thudng rai day va rai ciing, nen ngudi ta phai ngam nudc rdi dat len tdng dd, dimg chay dap cho m i m ra mdi may dupc. Mtia thu ngirdi ta thudngdap vai de may do chdng ret, ddc biet la de gin cho ngudi linh tran thii d bien cuong. Bdi vay tieng chay dap do (tiic dap vdi de may do) ttong bdng hoang hdn cung la am thanh ddc trung ciia mtia thu va thudng gpi ndi budn da diet.

146

HUDNG OAN HOC BAI

1. Theo anh (chi), bdi tha ed the chia lam may phan ? \^ sao lai chia nhu vay ? Hay xdc dinh npi dung ciia mdi phdn.

2. Nhan xet su thay ddi cua tdm nhin ttr bdn eau dau den bdn cdu sau. Vi sao ed su thay ddi ay ?

3. Xdc dinh md'i quan he giiia bdn eau tho ddu vdi bdn cdu tho sau, mdi quan he giiia toan bai vdi nhan d l Thu hUng.

Bai tho la ndi Idng rieng tu ciia Dd Phii nhung cung chan chira tam su yeu nudc, thuang ddi. Nghe thuat tha Dudng d day da dat tdi trinh dp mdu muc.

GHI NHO

ra tam su yeu I dp mdu muc. I

LUYEN TAP

1. Thii dd'i chie'u ban dich tha eiia Nguyin Gdng Trii vdi ban phien am vd dich nghia.

2. Theo anh (chi), chfi "le" trong cau 5 chi nudc mat cua nha tha hay nudc mat cua "khdm ciic" ?

3. Hpe thude bai tha (phan phien am va dich tha).

147

TRINH BAY MOT VAN DE

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Nam dugc y§u eau va each thirc trinh bay mdt van de.

• Trinh bay dugc mgt van de trudc tap the.

I - TAM QUAN TRONG CUA VIEC TRINH BAY MOT V A N DE

Trong cudc sdng hdng ngay eung nhu trong hpc tap, nhieu ltic chiing ta can phdi trinh bdy mdt van dl nao dd trudc tap the hoac trtrdc ngudi khdc de bay to nguyen vpng, suy nghi, nhdn thtic cua minh ciing nhu thuyet phuc hg cam thdng vd ddng tinh vdi minh, vi du : phdt bieu xay dung bai, phat bieu trong cac cupc sinh boat td, suih boat ldp, dai hdi ldp, dai hdi Doan,... Gdng viec nay khdng dl dang thuc hien mdt each cd hieu qua nhu mong muon. Trudc mdt, chiing ta hay ren luyen mdt sd thao tac ea ban, can thiet nhat.

II - CONG VIEC CHUAN Bl

Gia dinh anh (chi) da dang ki trinh bay trong buoi sinh hoat cau lac bd do Doan trudng td chiic vdi dl tai "Thdi trang vd tudi tre". Vay nen bdt dau nhu the nao ?

1. Chon van de trinh b(iy Be tdi "Thdi trang va tudi tre" dat ra nhieu vaii dl can thao ludn, trao doi, tuy

nhien mdi ngudi chi nen ndi vl mdt khia canh nao dd ma thdi. Nhiem vu dat ra la anh (chi) phai chpn van dl nao de trinh bay. De cd co sd

chpn lua, hay suy nghi va xac dinh: - De tai "Thdi trang vd tudi tre" cd the bao gdm nhfing van de nao ? - Ngudi nghe la nhiing ai (tudi tac, trinh dp, gidi tinh, nghl nghiep,...) ? Hp

dang quan tam den van de gi ? - Ban thdn anh (ehi) am hieu va thich thii van dl nao ? Viec lua ehpn van 6e trinh bdy tuy thudc vao dl tai chung, hieu biet cua ban

thdn, lugng tu lieu thu thap dugc, tinh hap ddn cua khia canh dugc lua chgn va su quan tam ctia ngudi nghe.

148

2. Ldp ddn y cho bdi trinh bdy

Thdi gian danh cho mdt ea nhan phat bieu khdng nhilu nen viec cdn nhdc, ti'nh toan trinh bay nhfing ndi dung gi, theo each nao, thii tu ra sao, nhan manh vao y ndo,... can dugc ghi lai mdt each eu the, ro rdng. Chinh vi the, viee lap dan y la het siie can thiet: mdt mat nd bao dam cho viec trinh bay diing, dii, ham siic vl ndi dung, mat khac nd giiip chiing ta chii ddng trong liic trinh bay.

Ddn y bdi trinh bay mdt van d l ciing tuong tu nhu dan y ctia mdt bdi van. Anh (chi) da chpn dugc van d l trinh bay, bay gid can tien hdnh lap dan y. Hay thue hien mdt sd viec eu the theo nhfing gpi y sau :

- De lam sang td van d l dugc lira chgn, can phdi trinh bay bao nhieu y ?

- Gdc y dd dugc trien khai thanh nhfing y nhd nao ?

- Sap xep cac y theo trinh tu nao cho hgp li ? Y ndo la trpng tam ciia bai trinh bdy ?

- Chuan bi trudc nhfing cdu chao hdi, ket thuc, chuyen y vd du kien dieu khien gipng dieu, cti chi khi ndi.

Ill - TRINH BAY

Khi trinh bay, can bdm sdt ddn y da chuan bi vd chti y cdc yeu cau ciia ngdn ngtr ndi da dugc hpc trong phan Tie'ng Viet. Anh (chi) cd the tham khao mdt sd ggi y sau :

1. Bat ddu trinh bdy - Budc len diln dan nhu the ndo ? Gd nen vgi vang, ha'p tap trinh bdy ngay

khdng?

- Chdo cii toa vd tu gidi thieu (neu can) bdng nhung ldi le vd eir ehi nao ?

2. Trinh bdy noi dung chinh - Bdt dau ndi dung thii nhat nhu the nao ?

- Lam the nao de chuyen y ttr ndi dung nay sang ndi dung khac ?

- Ngudi nghe cd phan iing nhu the nao ? Can dilu ehinh ndi dung, each ndi va tu the, dieu bd cua minh ra sao ?

3. K6t thuc Vd cim an - Tdm tdt, nhan manh mdt so y chinh.

- Gam on ngudi nghe.

149

GHI NHO

• KT nang trinh bay mgt van d l la mgt kl nang giao tie'p quan trgng trong cugc sdng.

• Trudc khi trinh bay, cdn t im hieu trinh do, yeu cau, tam l i , sd thich ciia nguai nghe ; lua chgn ngi dung va lap dan y cho bai trinh bay. Cac buac trinh bay thuang theo thir tu : chao hdi, tu gidi thieu, lan lugt trinh bay cae ngi dung da djnh, ket thiic va cam on.

• De trinh bay dat hieu qua, cdn bao dam cac yeu cau eiia giao tiep khau ngtr v l ngi dung, am thanh lai ndi, cd chi , dieu bg.

IV - LUYEN TAP

1. Dudi day la nhiing cau trich ttr ede bai trinh bay khdc nhau. Hay cho bie't mdi eau tuong iing vdi phan ndo trong qua trinh trinh bay.

(1) Bdt ddu trinh bdy

(2) Trinh bdy ndi dung ehinh

(3) Chuyen qua ehii d l khac

(4) Tdm tdt va ket thtic ndi dung trinh bay

- Dd xem xet tdt cd ede phuong dn cd the cd, chung ta hdy chuyen sang phdn tich nhting thudn lpi vd khd khdn cua timg phuong dn...

- Gid chung ta chuyen sang vdn di mdi trudng. Nhu cdc bqn dd biet, eh ung ta dd tan luc de bdo ddm cdng viee xu li phe thdi...

- Tdi mudn ket thuc bdi ndi bdng cdch nhdc Iqi ddi diiu did niu lin luc mdddu...

- Gid chung ta hdy di vdo ndi dung chu yeu cua di tdi. Thu nhdt...

- Chdo cdc bqn. Tdi rdt phdn khoi dupc den day phuc vu cdc bqn. Tdi tin Id...

- Chdo cdc bqn. Cdm on cdc bqn dd tdi ddy. Xin tu giai thieu, tdi tin Id... ldm viec a ca quan.../ Cdng ti...

- Trude khi bdt ddu, cho phep tdi dupc ndi ddi diiu vi bdn thdn. Tdi dd ldm viec 6 Cdng ti... trong... ndm...

- Gid tdi sdp kit thuc bdi ndi, vd den ddy, tdi mudn mdt ldn nUa luat qua nhitng diem chinh dd niu...

150

2. Gia dinh dudi day la mdt sd dl tdi trong nhting cudc hdi thdo se dugc td chiic d trudng. Anh (chi) hay du kien cae y cdn trinh bay cho mdi d l tdi.

a) Net thanh lich trong iing xti hdng ngdy.

b) Nghe thuat gay thien cam.

c) Than tugng ciia tudi hge trd.

d) Gifi gin mdi trudng xanh, sach, dep.

e) An todn giao thdng la hanh phiic ctia mdi ngudi.

3. Chpn mdt trong cdc d l tdi tren de chuan bi vd trinh bdy trudc ldp.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 3 Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1.

151

LAP KE HOACH CA NHAN

K^TQUACANOAT-

Ndm dugc each lap ke hoach ca nhan.

Co thdi quen va co kT nang lap ke hoach ca nhan.

I - SacAN THIET CUA VIEC LAP KE HOACH CA N H A N

Ke hoach cd nhan Id ban du kien ndi dung, each thiic hanh ddng va phan bd thdi gian de hodn thdnh mdt cdng viec nhd't dinh. Lap dugc ke hoach ca nhan, ta se hinh dung trudc cdc cdng viec can lam, phan phdi thdi gian hgp li de tranh hi ddng hoac bd quen, bd sdt cdc cdng viec can lam. Bdi vay, bie't each va cd thdi quen lap ke hoach cd nhdn la the hien mdt phong cdch lam viec khoa hgc, chu ddng, bao dam eho cdng viee duge tien hdnh thuan lgi va dat ke't qua.

II - CACH LAP KE HOACH CA N H A N

Gia du, ehiing ta can lap ke hoach dn tap mdn Ngfi van de chuan bi thi bet hgc ki 1. Hay ldn lugt tie'n hdnh nhfing cdng viec sau :

1. Dgc lai Muc luc a cud'i sach de nam dugc cae bdi Van, Tieng Viet va Lam van da hpe vd se tiep tuc hodn thanh trong hpc ki I de xdc dinh ndi dung dn tap.

2. Phan bd thdi gian dn tap cae phan mdn Van, Tieng Viet, Lam van va tiep tue hpe bdi mdi.

3. Viet ndi dung ke hoach thdnh van ban. Khi vie't, can chii y mdt sd diem sau day:

a) The thiie md dau ban ke hoach gdm nhiing gi ? Dugc trinh bay ra sao ?

b) Ndi dung ke hoach gdm may phdn ldn, cac phdn dd dugc trinh bay nhu the ndo ?

c) Ldi van trinh bay ke hoach cd nhfing dilu gi edn luu y ?

152

GHI NHO.

• Ngoai tieu de, ban ke hoach ca nhan thudng cd hai phdn. Phan I neu hg ten, nai lam viec, hgc tap ciia nguai viet (nlu lam ke hoach cho rieng minh thi khdng CO phdn nay). Phan II neu ngi dung cong viec can lam, thdi gian, dja di im va du kien kit qua dat dugc.

• Lai van can ngdn ggn, can thiet cd the ke bang.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Van bdn dudi day cd phai la mdt ban ke hoach cd nhan hoan ehinh khdng ? Vi sao ?

Sdng

6gia: Ngu day.

6 gid - 6 gid 30: Tqp the due, vi sinh cd nhdn.

6 gia 30-7 gid: An sdng, sdp xip sdch va.

7 gid -11 gid: Di hoe.

Trua

11 gid 30-12 gid: An trua.

12 gid-12 gid30: Nghi trua.

Chieu

14 gid -17 gid: Hpc bdi.

17 gid -18 gid: Chai the thao.

18 gia -18 gid 30: An tdi.

Tdi

18 gid -19 gia 30: Xem vd tuydn.

19 gid 30 - 22 gid 30: Hoc bdi.

22 gid30 - 23 gid: Vi sinh cd nhdn, chudn bi di ngu.

2. Sau day Id ke hoach chuan bi Dai hdi Dodn Thanh nien Gdng san Ho Ghi Minh cua mdt ban Bi thu Chi doan. Bdn ke hoach nay cdn qua sa sai, anh (chi) hay trao dpi de giiip ban hoan thien ban ke hoach dd.

153

KE HOACH CHUAN BI DAI H O I CHI DOAN THANH NIEN C O N G SAN HO CHI MINH

Hp vd tin: Nguyin Thi Thu - Bi thu Chi dodn.

Npi dung cdng viec:

- Vidt du thdo bdo cdo, du kii'n npi dung vd cdch thiic tien hdnh dqi hpi.

- Thdng qua bdo cdo vai Dodn trudng vd xin y kien eua cd chu nhiim.

- Td chiic hpp Ban chdp hdnh Chi dodn md rpng de phdn cdng chudn bidg,i hoi

Then gian: Hodn thdnh truoc khi dai hpi.

3. Mdt ban trong ldp mud'n tham gia khoa ddo tao tin hpe do nha trudng td ehiic.

Sa bd eae cdng viec dugc du kien nhu sau :

- Ghi ten dang ki du khoa hgc.

- Sdp xep thdi gian bieu hgp h de viec hgc nghe khdng anh hudng den chuong trinh hgc tap chinh khoa.

- Thue hoac nhd mdy vl tinh de luyen tap them.

Anh (chi) hay giiip ban trinh bay ban ke hoach cd nhan cua minh.

154

,DOC THEM

LCfljTHO HAI-CV CUA BA-SO

TIEU DAN

Ma-su-6 Ba-sd (Matsuo Basho, 1644 - 1694) la nha tho hang dau ciia Nhat Ban. Ong sinh ra d U'e-nd, xii I-ga (nay la tinh Mi-e) trong mpt gia dinh vo si cap thap. Khoang nam 28 tudi, dng chuyen de'n E-dd (nay la Td-ki-6), sinh sdng va lam tho hai-cu vdi but hieu la Ba-sd (Ba Tieu). Mudi nam cudi ddi, Ba-sd lam nhiing cudc du hanh dai di hau khdp da't nudc, vira di vira vie't du ki va sang tac tho hai-cu. Ong tnit hoi thd cudi cfing d 0-sa-ka. Tac pham ciia Ba-sd : Du ki Phai thdn dong noi (1685), Dodn vdn trong ddy (1688), Cdnh dong hoang (1689), v4o tai cho fc^f (1691), va ndi tieng nha't la Ldi len mien 6-ku (1689)... Ngoai Ba-sd, d Nhat Ban cdn cd nhieu nha tho hai-cu ndi tieng khac nira nhu : Y. Bu-sdn (1716 - 1783), K. it-sa (1763 - 1827), M. Si-ki (1867 - 1902),...

So vdi cac the loai tho khac tren the gidi, tho hai-cu cd sd tir vao loai it nha't, chi cd 17 am tie't (hoac hon mpt chiit), dupc ngdt ra lam 3 doan theo thii tu thudng la 5 - 7 - 5 am tiet. Tie'ng Nhat da am tiet, nen 17 am tiet ay thuc ra chi cd may tir. Mdi bai tho hai-cu deu cd mdt tir tho nhat dinh, thudng chi ghi lai mpt phong canh vdi vai su vat cu the, trong mdt thdi diem nha't dinh de tir dd khoi gpi len mpt xiic cam, mdt suy tu nao dd. Thdi diem trong tho dupc xac dinh theo mtia qua quy tdc sir dung "quy ngir" (ttr chi miia). Tho hai-cu tham dim tinh than Thien tdng va tinh than van hoa phuong Ddng ndi chung. Hai-cu thudng the hien con ngudi va van vat ndm trong md'i quan he khang kbit vdi mpt cai nhin nha't the hoa. Nhirng hien tupng cua tu nhien nhu am thanh, mau sdc, anh sang, mui huong,... deu cd su tucmg giao va chuyen hoa lan nhau, Uong mpt quy luat Idn lao va bi an cua tu nhien. Cam thiic tham mi cua hai-cu cd nhiing net rat rieng, rat cao va rat tinh te : de cao cai Vdng lang, Don so, U huyen, Mem mai, Nhe nhang,... Ve ngdn ngir, hai-cu khdng dimg nhieu tinh tir va ttang tir de cu the hoa su vat. Nhu mdt btrc ttanh thuy mac, hai-cu thudng chi dting nhirng net cham pha, chi gpi chii khdng ta, chira rat nhieu khoang udng cho tti tudng tupng ciia ngudi dpc. Cimg vdi nghe thuat vudn canh, hoa dao, tra dao, hpi hoa, tieu thuyet,... tho hai-cu la mdt ddng gdp ldn cua Nhat Ban vao kho tang van hoa nhan loai.

Chan dung thi si Ba-sd (Tranh cua thi sT- hoa si

Bu-sdn)

155

VAN BAN 1. Da't khdch mudi miia suong

vl tham que ngodnh lai E-dd la cd huong'''.

2. Ghim dd quyen hdt oKinhdd ma nhd Kinh dd'^'.

3. Le tido ndng hoi tan tien tay tdc me lan suong thu'^'.

4. Tieng vugn hii nao n l hay tieng tie bi bd rai**' than khdc ? gid mua thu tai te.

5. Mua ddng giang day ttdi chii khi eon tham udc cd mdt chiec do toi.

6. Ttr bdn phuang ttdi xa cdnh hoa dao la ta ggn sdng hd Bi-oa'^'.

7. vdng lang u ttam tham sdu vao da tie'ng ve ngam'^'.

8. Nam benh gifia eude lang du mdng hdn cdn phieu bat nhfing canh ddng hoang vu''^'.

DOAN LE GIANG dich

(1) Que Ba-sd d Mi-e, dng len E-dd (Td-ki-d ngay nay) d dupc mudi nSm mdi ve tham lai qu6. Nhung di rdi lai thay nhd E-dd, thay fi-dd than thiet nhu que huong minh.

(2) Ba-sd d Kinh dd (Ki-d-td) thdi tt^ (1666 - 1672), rdi chuyen den E-dd. Hai muoi nam sau dng ttd 1^ Ki-d-td, nghe tieng chim dd quyen hdt ma viet nen bai tho nay.

(3) Ba-sd ve que, me da mai. Ngudi anh dua cho dng di vat cdn lai cua me la mdt md tdc bac. (4) Ngay xua, ngudi ndng dan Nhat Bin rat ngheo, vao nhirng nam ddi k6m, cd khi ngudi ta phii

bd con vao rimg vi khdng nudi ndi. (5) Ho Bi-oa (Ti Ba hd): hd Idn nhat Nhat Ban, ttdng gidng nhu hinh cay dan ti ba, rat dep, ndm b

trung tam tinh Si-ga, gan que cua Ba-sd. (6) Bai tho cd Uen tirdng Id la, the hien su tuong giao mau nhiem giua cam giac, am thanh va

vat the. (7) Day la bai tho Ba-sd lam trudc khi mat.

156

HirOTNG D A N DOC THEM

1. Tmh cam than thiet cua nhd tho vdi thdnh phd E-dd vd ndi nilm hodi cam vl Kinh dd Ki-6-td dep de day ki niem dugc the hien qua cac bai 1 vd 2 nhu the nao ?

2. Tinh cam ciia tdc gia dd'i vdi me, vdi mdt em be bi bd roi the hien trong cac bai 3, 4 nhu the ndo ? Hinh dnh trong cdc bai tha dd mo hd, md do ra sao ?

3. Qua bai 5, anh (chi) cam nhan duge ve dep gi trong tdm hdn nhd tho ?

4. Mdi tuong giao gifia cdc su vat hien tugng trong vfi tru dugc the hien nhu the ndo ttong cac bai 6, 7 ? Hinh tugng tha dep, thti vi d chd ndo ?

5. Khat vgng dugc sd'ng, duge tiep tuc lang du cua Ba-sd duge the hien nhu the nao trong bai 8 ?

6*. Tim "quy ngii" vd cdm thiic tham ml vl cdi Vdng lang, Don sa, U huyin trong cae bdi 6, 7, 8.

157

DQCTHEM LAU H O A N G HAC {Hodng Hqc ldu)

(OOCTHEM.

LCQU THOI HIEU

TIEU D A N

Thdi Hieu (704 - 754) que d Bien Chau (nay la thanh phd Khai Phong, tinh Ha Nam, Trung Qudc). Duong thdi, Thdi Hieu rat ndi tie'ng ; nay tho ciia dng chi cdn lai hon 40 bai. Trong do, Ldu Hodng Hoc dugc coi la mdt trong nhirng bai tho hay nhat thdi Dudng.

Ldu Hoang Hac ngay nay tai tinh Ho Bdc, Trung Qudc

158

Phiin dm Tich nhan di thtra hoang hac khii, Thii dia khdng du Hoang Hac lau. Hoang hac nha't khir bat phuc phan, Bach van thien tdi khdng du du. Tinh xuyen lich lich Han Duong thu, Phuang thao the the Anh Vfi chdu. Nhat md huong quan ha xii thi ? Yen ba giang thugng sii nhan sau.

Dich nghia Ngudi xua da cuoi hac vang bay di'^^ Noi day ehi edn tra lai lau Hoang Hac. Hac vang mdt khi da bay di, khdng bao gid trd lai. May trdng ngdn nam edn bay choi voi. Hang cay dat Han Duong'^) phan chie'u ro mdn mdt

tten ddng sdng tanh, Tren bai Anh Vu'^' cd thom mon mdn xanh tuoi. Chilu tdi [tu hdi] dau la que huong ? Khdi vd sdng tren sdng khien cho ngudi budn.

Dich tha

Ban dich thii nhd't:

Hqc vdng ai cudi di ddu, Md day Hodng Hqc riing ldu cdn tra.

Hqc vdng di mdt tU xua, Nghin ndm mdy trdng bdy gid cdn bay.

Hdn Duong sdng tanh cdy bdy, Bdi xaAnh Vu xanh ddy cd non.

Qui huang khudt bdng hodng hdn, Trin sdng khdi sdng cho budn long ai ?

TAN DA dich {ThaDudng, tap I, Sdd)

(1) Truyen thuyet ndi rdng, xua Phi Van Vi tir mdt mdm niii ben sdng Trudng Giang cudi hac vang len tien. Ngudi ddi sau gpi mdm nui nay la Hoang Hac Co va dung lau Hoang Hac de ki niem su tich ay.

(2) Hdn Duang: mdt dia diem ben sdng Trudng Giang. (3) Anh Vu : ten mpt cai cdn tren sdng Trudng Giang.

159

Ban dich thti hai:

Ai cudi hqc vdng di mdt hut,

Tro ldu Hodng Hqc chdn ndy thdi!

Hqc vdng mdt da di, di biit,

Mdy trdng ngdn ndm bay choi vai.

Sdng tqnh Hdn Duong cdy sdng Ung,

Cd therm Anh Vu bdi xanh ngdi.

Hodng hdn vi dd, qui ddu td ?

Khdi sdng trin sdng ndo dq ngudi.

KHUOWG H O U DIJNG dich {Tha Duong, tap l.skd)

HU^G DAN DOC THEM

1. Nhan d l bai tha Id Lau Hodng Hqc nhung ngodi su xac dinh vi tri ciia lau Hodng Hac d "noi day", toan bai khdng ndi gi vl "lau" ca. Vay thi dung y eua tdc gid la gi ?

2. Ta't cd canh diu dep, sao lai "khien ngudi budn" ?

3. Gd ngudi cho rdng ed the nit gpn bdi tha nay thdnh mdt cau "Tich nhan khii... su (kun) nhdn sau" (ngudi xua da di... khien ngudi (nay) budn). Lai cd ngudi eho rdng: "Bai tha 56 chfi thi 55 chfi trudc la budc chuan bi cho mdt chii "sau" dau xud'ng, ket dpng ttong tam". Anh (chi) nhat tri vdi y kien nao ? Vi sao ?

4. Hpc thudc bdi tha (phan phien dm vd dieh tha).

160

DOCTHEM l i O l OAN CUA N G U O I PHONG KHUi ' {Khue odn)

.DOC THEM.

liaJ VUOfNG XUOfNG LINH

TIEU DAN

Vuong Xuong Linh (698 ? - 757), tu la Thieu Ba, que d Trudng An (nay la thanh phd Tay An, tinh Thiem Tay, Trung Qudc). Ong la mpt ttong nhirng nha tho ndi tie'ng thdi Thinh Dudng. Tho Vuong Xuong Linh hien cdn 186 bai, ttong dd dac sdc nhat la tho that ngdn myet cii (tii tuyet).

Tho Vuong Xuong Linh thudng de cap de'n cupc sdng cua tudng si noi bien cuong, ndi oan hdn cua ngudi cung nii, ndi li sau bi$t han cua ngudi thieu phu khue cac, tinh bdng hiru chan thanh, trong sang..., ve de tai nao ciing cd nhiing kiet tac. Phong each tho Vuong Xuong Linh trong tteo, tinh te, thanh tan, dugc ngudi ddi rat ham md.

VAN BAN

Phiin dm

Dich nghia

Khue trung thieu phu bat tri sau,

Xudn nhat ngung trang thudng thuy ldu.

Hdt kien mach dau duong liiu sac,

Hdi giao phu te mich phong hau.

Ngudi dan bd tre noi phdng khue khdng biet budn,

Ngdy xuan trang diem ldng ldy, budc len ldu dep.

Chgt thay sdc [xudn] eiia cay duong hlu'^' dau dudng,

Hdi ban da de chdng di [tdng quan lap cdng, lam quan]

kiem tudc hau'^'!

(1) Phdng khue : phdng cua phu nir quy tdc ngay xua, cOng dting de chi phdng cua phu nir ndi chung.

(2) Mdu duang liiu : mau cua mua xuan va tudi tre, gpi len khat vpng hanh phuc. Xua d Trung Qudc, mdi khi chia tay, ngudi d l i be mdt canh duong lifiu tang cho ngudi ra di de bieu thi ndi niem luu luyen. Hinh anh "canh duong li6u", "mau duong liiu" hay ddng tac "be ligu"... vi the da trd thanh hinh inh udc le, tuong trung cho su li biet. 6 day, ngudi thieu phu thay mau duong lifiu ma nhd de'n ngudi chdng dang ra tran de "tim kiem tudc hau".

(3) Kiem tudc hdu : thdi phong kien, be tdi lap dupc cdng ldn (thudng la chien cdng) thi dupc vua phong tudc hau. O day, ngudi chdng di tim kiem tudc hau cd nghia la di ra Iran lap cdng de dupc phong tudc hau. Khue odn dupc sang tac vao thdi thinh vupng cua nha Dudng, cac cudc chien tranh phan ldn la de md mang bd cdi (chang han : ngudi linh trong bai Binh xa hdnh (Bai ca ice tran) cua Dd Phii da ndi: "Ngoai bien mau chdy thanh bien do - Md cdi nha vua y chua bd"...).

e.NGirvAN 10/1-A 161

Dich tha Ban dich thti nhd't

Tre trung ndng biet chi sdu, Ngdy xudn trang diem lin ldu ngdm gucmg.

Nhdc trdng ve liiu bin dudng, "Phong hdu", nghi dqi, xui chdng kiem chi I

TANDAdich, {Tha Duong, tap 1, Sdd)

Ban dich thii hai:

Thieu phu phdng khui chdng biet sdu, Ngdy xudn chdi chudt, budc lin ldu. Ddu dudng choi thdy mdu duang liiu, Hdi de chdng di kiem tudc hdu.

NGUYfiN KHAC PHI dich (Cd tiiam khio ban dich cua TRAN TRONG SAN,

ThaDudng, quyen I, Bdc Dau, Sai Gdn, 1966)

HUlOrNGDAN DOC THEM

1. Anh (ehi) cd nhan xet gi vl nghe thuat cau tii cua bai tha the hien qua qua trinh chuyen bien tam ttang cua ngudi khue phu ?

2. Vi sao khi thay "mdu ducmg Ulu" nang lai hdi han vi da de chong di kiem tudc hau ?

3. Vi sao chi vdi 28 chfi, bai Khui odn lai dugc coi la bai tha tieu bieu cho tinh than phan dd'i chien ttanh phi nghia ciia con ngudi thdi Dudng ?

4. Hgc thudc bai tha (phan phien dm va dich tha).

1 c p 6.NG0 VAN 10/1-B

jOpCTHEM KHE C H I M KEU VUPNG DUY

{Dieu minh gidn)

/OOCTHEM.

LCQj

TIEU D A N

Vuong Duy (701 - 761) tir la Ma Cat, que d da't Ki, Thai Nguyen (nay thudc tinh Son Tay, Tmng Qudc). Tuy sudt ddi lam quan nhung Vuong Duy thudng sd'ng nhu mdt an si. Ong siing tin dao Phat, tho mang dam y vi Thien nen ngudi ddi gpi dng la "Thi Phat".

Vuong Duy cung vdi Manh Hao Nhien la dai bieu ciia phai tho son thuy (tho lay thien nhien lam de tai) thdi Thinh Dudng. Tho Vuong Duy hien cdn hon 400 bai, vdi phong each tinh te, trang nha. Vuong Duy cdn la mdt nhac si, mdt nha thu phap, dac biet la mot hoa si ndi tieng. Nha thoTd Ddng Pha thdi Tdng ndi rdng: "Thudng thirc tho Ma Cat, thay trong tho cd hoa, xem hoa Ma Cat, thay trong hoa cd tho".

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Nhan nhan que hoa lae,

Da tinh xudn son khdng. Nguyet xuat kinh son dieu, Thdi minh tai gian trung.

Dich nghia Ngudi nhan, hoa que rung, Dem yen tInh, non xudn vang khdng. Trang len lam chim mil giat minh, Thinh thoang cat tieng keu trong khe sud'i.

163

Dich tha

Ban dieh thii nhd't;

Ban dich thii hai:

Ngudi nhdn hoa que nhe rai. Dim xudn ldng ngdt trdi doi vdng tanh.

Trdng lin, chim nui gidt minh, Tii'ng kiu thung thdng dua quanh khe doi.

NGO TAT TO dich {ThaDudng, tap I, Sdd)

Ngudi nhdn hoa que rung. Dim xudn nui vdng teo. Trdng lin chim nui hdi. Dual khe chdc chdc kiu.

TUONG NHU dich {ThaDuong, tap \, Sdd)

HU^G DAN Dpc THEM

1. Cay que cdnh la sum se nhung hoa rat nhd. Nhd tha cam nhan dugc hoa que roi. Chi tiet ay eho thay dilu gi vl canh dem xudn va tam hdn thi si ?

2. Md'i quan he giiia dpng va Unh, hinh vd dm duge the hien nhu the nao ttong bai tha?

164

CAC HiNH THVC KET CAU CUA VAN BAN THUYET MINH

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Ndm duge cac hinh thirc ki t eau eiia van ban thuyet minh.

• Xay dung dugc ket eau cho van ban phii hgp vai ddi tuang thuyet minh.

V

Van thuyet minh nhdm gidi thieu, trinh bdy chinh xde, khdch quan vl ca'u tao, tinh chat, quan he, gid tri,... cua mdt su vat, hien tugng, mdt van dl thudc tu nhien, xa hdi va con ngudi. Gd nhilu loai van ban thuyet minh. Gd loai chii yeu trinh bay, gidi thieu nhu thuyet minh mdt tac pham, mdt di tich lich sii, mdt phuang phap. Lai cd loai thien vl mieu ta su vat, hien tugng vdi nhiing hinh anh sinh ddng, giau tinh hinh tugng. Dudi day chii yeu ndi vl loai van ban thuye't minh thien vl trinh bay, gidi thieu.

I - KET CAU CUA VAN BAN THUYET MINH

Ket cau van bdn la su td chiic, sdp xep cac thdnh td ciia van ban thanh mdt don vi thdng nha't, hodn chinh, cd y nghia. Ngudi viet cd the chgn cac hinh thtic ket cau khac nhau nhung dti cdch nao cfing phai phu hpp vdi md'i lien he ben trong cua cdc ddi tugng, quan he giua dd'i tugng vdi mdi trudng xung quanh vd qua trinh nhan thiie eua con ngudi.

Dpc cdc van ban sau va thuc hien nhfing yeu cau neu d dudi.

165

HOI THOI COM THI 6 DONG VAN

6 xa Dong Thdp huyen Dan Phugng cd lang Dong Van ben ddng sdng Day. Nhan ddn sinh sd'ng bdng cay liia, ttdng mau va cd nghl dan lat ro ra. Hdng nam, cti den ngdy rdm thdng gieng, ldng Dong Van thudng md hdi rude nudc, hdt cheo vd thdi cam thi. Hdi thdi cam thi d day cd nhieu net ddc ddo vl quy trinh lay liia cfing nhu each nd'u, dam mdu sdc hai hudc dan gian.

Ngudi du thi dugc tuyen chgn ttr cac xdm trong lang. Bdt dau vao hdi thi, ttdng chieng diem ba hdi, cac ddi hinh du thi xep hang trang nghiem lam ll dang huong trudc cira dinh de tudng nhd vi thanh hodng lang ed cdng ciiu dan, dp qudc. Hdi thi bdt dau bdng viec lay liia tten ngpn cay chudi eao. Khi tieng ttdng hieu vtra diit, bdn thanh nien ciia bdn dpi nhanh thoan thodt leo len than cay chudi rat tton vi da bdi ma. Gd ngudi leo len, tut xudng, lai leo len,... Gd ngudi phai bd cudc, ngudi khdc lai leo len, quang canh het siie vui nhdn. Khi lay dugc nen hucmg mang xud'ng, ban td chue phdt cho ba que diem cham vao huong chdy thanh ngpn lua. Ngudi ttong dpi vdt mdnh tte gia thdnh nhiing dua bdng cham lua va dot vdo nhfing ngpn dude. Trong khi dd, ngudi ttong nhdm du thi nhanh tay gia thdc, gian sang thdnh gao, lay nudc va bdt dau thdi com. Nhfing ndi com nho nhd tteo dudi nhiing cdnh eong hinh cdnh cung dugc cdm rat kheo leo ttr day lung udn ve trudc mat. Tay cam can, tay cam dude dung dua cho dnh lira bap bfmg. Gde dpi thdi com dan xen nhau udn lugn tten san dinh ttong su cd vfi ndng nhiet cua ngudi xem hdi.

Khoang sau mdt gid ruoi, nhiing ndi com lan lupt dugc dem trinh trudc cua dinh. Ban gidm khao md ndi com cham theo ba tieu chuan : gao ttdng, com deo vd khdng cd com chay. Gac ndi com dugc danh sd iing vdi ngudi du thi de giii hi mat vdi ban gian;i khao. Cudc thi nao cfing hdi hop vd viec giat giai da trd thanh nilm tu hao khd cd gi sdnh ndi ddi vdi dan lang.

Hdi thdi com thi d Ddng Van la sinh boat van hod cd truyin dugc bdt ngudn ttr cdc cudc tray quan ddnh giac ctia ngudi Viet co ben ddng sdng Day xua. Hdi thi la dip trai trang trong lang dua tai khoe manh, thdng minh khi lay liia, la dip gai ldng the hien ban tay kheo leo de cd com deo tiep binh luomg. Hdi cdn vang len nhfing trdn cudi hdn nhien, sang khoai eiia ngudi ndng dan sau nhfing ngay lao ddng met nhpc. Vdi nhfing net dae sdc ciia minh, hdi thoi com thi Ddng Van da gdp phan gifi gin va phat huy nhfing net dep cd truyen trong sinh boat van hod hien dai hdm nay.

{Theo Minh Nhuong)

166

BUOI PHUC TRACH

Tren cdc miin hoa trai nudc ta, cd bdn loai budi ndi tieng : budi Doan Hung d Phii Thp, budi do Me Linh d Vinh Phiic, budi Long Thdnh d Ddng Nai vd budi Phiic Trach d Ha Tinh. Ngudi sanh nhin hinh dang qud da cd the biet dugc budi vung ndo. Neu dting la budi Phiic Trach thi qua khdng trdn, dinh qua khdng dd ra, ddng hoi det dau cudng vd dau num. Vd anh dnh mdu vdng min, khdng bi rd. Ndng tren ldng ban tay, vd tham vao da mdt cam giac mdt me va thoang thoang huong thom. Ghi dung ngdn tay trd an nhe vao vd, xung quanh noi an mau vd sdng len va h ti hien ra mdt ldp tinh dau ma hd thodng mui huong diu diu,...

Vd budi Phfic Trach mdng chfi khdng ddy nhu nhilu loai budi khdc. Gam con dao sdc, gpt nhe, mdu hdng ddo trdi len min mdng nhu ma cd gdi day thi. Gpt sdu vao mdt chut nfia, edi mdu hdng ddo ay cdng dam hon, cang ddm thdm hon. Cudi eung, dl mfii dao len dinh qua rach dpc xudng miii chia thanh nhilu phan diu dan, rdi dung tay bde,... Nhfing miii budi hien ra mdt mau hdng quyen ru. Tdch ra tiing mtii, tep budi chen chiic nhau mpng len day dp huong vi ha'p dan,... DI nhien la vi ciia nd khdng cay the, khdng chua nhung cfing khdng ngpt dam, md ngpt thanh. Gang an cang thich. An nhilu khdng chdn.

Chang may ai dung budi cho ngudi dm an, ma thudng ddng cam. Ay the ma d Ha Tinh, ngudi ta cd mua cho duge budi Phiic Trach khi trong nhd cd ngudi dm dau... Gia nua tuoi tdc, ngudi met mdi, mieng khd, dugc an mtii budi Phiic Trach cam thay tinh tao, d l chiu,... Trong khdng chiin chdng Phap vd chd'ng MI, thuong binh duge uu tien danh phan budi. Gd cd gai vugt mil hang chue ki-ld-met ehi edt mang cho dugc may qua budi den mdt tram qudn y. Gdc anh bd ddi qua lang, nghi chdn dudi gdc da, may ba me ganh nudc che xanh va mang budi ra tiep. Vi ngpt thanh ciia budi lam tieu tan ndi met nhpc tren dudng hdnh qudn.

Trude Gach mang thang Tdm, loai qua nay ed dem ban d Hdng Kdng va theo Viet kilu sang Pa-ri dugc ngudi Phdp ua thich. Nam 1938 trong mdt cudc thi "Hoa thom qua ngpt", budi Phiic Trach dugc tang dao sdc vd kem theo mdt sd tiln thudng. Ban gidm khao xep vdo hang "Qua ngon xir Ddng Duong".

(Vd van True, tap chi Tia sdng, sd Xuan 1998)

167

Yeu cau:

a) Xac dinh dd'i tugng va miic dich thuyet minh cua ttmg van ban.

b) Tim eae y chinh tao thanh ndi dung thuyet minh cua ttmg van bdn.

c) Phdn tieh cdch sdp xep cac y ttong ttmg van ban. Giai thich ca sd cua each sdp xep ay.

d) Neu cae hinh thiic ket cau chu yeu eua van ban thuyet minh.

GHI NHO . Khi viet bai van thuyet minh, ed the lua chgn nh i lu hinh thirc ket cau khac nhau :

- Theo trinh tu thdi gian : trinh bay su vat theo qua trinh hinh thanh, van ddng va phat t r i l n .

- Theo trinh tu khong gian : trinh bay su vat theo td chirc vdn cd ciia nd (ben tren ben dudi, ben trong ben ngoai hoac theo trinh tu quan sat).

- Theo trinh tu logic : trinh bay su vat theo eae mdi quan he khdc nhau (nguyen nhan - ket qua, chung - rigng, liet ke cac mat, cae phuang dien,...).

- Theo trinh tu hdn hgp : tnnh bay su vat vdi su ket hgp nh i l u trinh tu khac nhau.

ir-LUYEN TAP

1. Ne'u can thuyet minh bai Td long {Thudt hodi) ciia Pham Ngfi Lao, anh (ehi) dinh chgn hinh thiic ket ca'u nao ?

2. Neu phai thuyet minh mdt di tich, mdt thdng canh cua dat nudc thi anh (chi) se gidi thieu nhiing ndi dung nao ? Sdp xep chiing ra sao ?

168

LAP DAN Y BAI VAN THUYET MINH

KET QUA CAN OAT-

Van dung nhirng kien thirc da hpc v l van thuyet minh va kT nang lap dan y de lap dugc dan y cho mgt bai van thuyet minh cd de tai gan gui, quen thuge.

^

I - DAN Y BAI VAN THUYET MINH

1. Hay nhac lai bd cue ba phan eiia mdt bai ldm van vd nhiem vu eiia mdi phdn.

2. Bd cue ba phan cua mdt bdi ldm van ed phti hpp vdi dae diem eiia van thuyet minh khdng ? Vi sao ?

3. So vdi phan md bdi va phdn ket bdi ciia mdt bdi van tu su thi phdn md bdi vd phan ket bdi cua mdt bdi van thuyet minh cd nhiing diem tuong ddng vd khdc biet ndo ?

4. cac trinh tu sdp xep y (cho phdn than bai) ke dudi day cd phti hpp vdi yeu cau ctia mdt bdi van thuyet minh khdng ? Vi sao ?

- Trinh tu thdi gian (ttr trudc den nay,...).

- Trinh tu khdng gian (ttr gan de'n xa, ttr trong ra ngodi, ttr tren xudng dudi,...).

- Trinh tu nhan thtic eiia con ngudi (ttr quen den la, ttr d l tha'y den khd thay,...).

- Trinh tu chiing minh - phan bde (hoac phan bac - chiing minh).

II - LAP DAN Y BAI VAN THUYET M I N H

Anh (chi) duge giao viet mdt bai van thuyet minh de gidi thieu vol ngudi dgc ve mdt danh nhdn van hod, mdt tac gia van hpc hoac mdt nhd khoa hpc ma anh (chi) yeu thich va da tim hieu kl.

De ed the hodn thdnh td't nhiem vu dd, anh (ehi) hay lan lugt lam nhfing cdng viec sau day:

169

Xac djnh de tai

Anil (ehi) se viet bdi thuyet minh de gidi thieu vl ai nhdm dam bdo dugc cac yeu eau neu d dl bai:

- Dd la mdt danh nhan van hod.

- Dd Id ngudi ma anh (ehi) yeu thich va da tim hieu kl.

Chdng ban, cd the tim vd xdc dinh d l tai theo nhiing hudng sau :

- Nam 2005 la nam mang ten nhd bdc hpe Anh-xtanh. Cd the tim hieu de viet bdi vl nha khoa hpe vT dai nay.

- Anh (chi) da vi yeu thieh ma tun hieu ki vl eude ddi va su nghiep van chuang eua cac van nhan, hay vie't bdi gidi thieu mdt ttong nhiing van nhdn dd.

Lap ddn y

a) Md bai: Hay suy nghi xem, anh (chi) can lam gi de :

- Neu dugc de tdi bdi viet (gidi thieu vl danh nhan ndo, tde gia, hoac nhd khoa hge nao).

- Cho ngudi dgc nhan ra kieu van ban cua bai lam (thuyet minh ehii khdng phai mieu ta, tir su, bieu cam hay nghi luan).

- Thu hiit sir ehii y eua ngudi dpc dd'i vdi d l tai (thay dupc dd la mdt danh nhdn, mdt tdc gid, mdt nhd khoa hpe,... rat can duge tim hieu, rat can bietro).

b) Than bdi

- Tim y, chpn y : Can cung cap cho ngudi dpc nhfing tri thtic ndo ? Nhfing tri thtrc ay cd chuan xdc, khoa hpe vd dii de gidi thieu ro danh nhan hay tdc gia, nhd khoa hpe,... duge gidi thieu khdng ?

- Sdp xip y: Can bd tri cdc y da tim duge theo he thdng ndo de ed the gidi thieu duge ranh mach vd ttdi chdy ?

Chang han, anh (chi) da quyet dinh viet bai thuye't minh de gidi thieu danh nhan Chu Van An, mdt ngudi thay tai diic ven toan. Anh (ehi) thay cd the {hay khdng the) chpn each sdp xep y ndo ttong cac each dudi day:

- Cdch thU nhdt: Ldn lugt thuyet minh vl cudc ddi va su nghiep cua Chu Van An qua eae giai doan:

+ Thdi ki day hge d que nhd.

+ Thdi ki lam quan.

+ Thai ki ttr quan vl d an tai mil Phugng Son.

170

- Cdch thu hai : Lan lugt thuyet minh vl than the vd su nghiep eiia Ghu Van An:

+ Cudc ddi Ghu Van An ttr khi sinh ra cho tdi khi qua ddi.

+ Su nghiep eiia Ghu Van An : tam guong sang vl tdi nang vd due dp.

c) Ket bai: Anh (ehi) can ldm gi de :

- Trd lai dugc Ae tdi cua bdi thuyet minh.

- Lim lai nhiing suy nghi va cam xiic lau bin trong ldng ddc gia.

GHI NHO ,

Oe viec lap dan y eho bai van thuyet minh dat ket qua td't, can phai :

- Ndm virng eae kien thirc v l dan y va kT nang lap dan y.

- Cd day dii nhirng tri thirc can thiet va chuan xac ve de tai cdn thuyet minh.

- Tim duge each sdp xep nhirng tri thire dd thanh mdt he thdng hgp li, chat che.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

Lap dan y cho cac bai van thuyet minh sau:

1. Gidi thi^u mdt tdc gia van hpc.

2. Gidi thieu mdt tam guong hpe tdt.

3. Gidi thieu mdt phong ttao ciia trudng (hoac ctia ldp) minh.

4. Trinh bay mdt quy trinh san xuat (hoac cdc bude eiia mdt qua trinh hpc tap).

171

mOOC THEM

CHU VAN AN - NHA SU PHAM MAU MUC

[...] Ghu Van An ten chfi la Linh Triet, ten hieu'" la Tilu An, ngudi lang Van Thdn, xa Quang Liet, huyen Thanh Dam (nay la huyen Thanh Tri, Ha Npi), sinh nam Nham Thin (1292) vd mat nam Ganh Tud't (1370).

Ghu van An ttr hdi cdn tre da ndi tieng la mdt ngudi cuong true, sua minh trong sach, gifi tiet thao, khdng cau danh lpi, ehi d nhd dpc sach. Sau khi thi dd Thai hpc sinh, dng khdng ra lam quan, ma trd vl md trudng day hpc d que nha. Hpc trd nhilu noi tim den theo hpe rat ddng. Trong sd mdn de'^' ctia dng cd rat nhilu ngudi thanh dat, thi dd, lam quan to trong ttilu nhu Pham Su Manh, Le Qudt,... Tinh nghiem nghi, tu edeh thanh eao va hpe van sdu rdng lam cho danh tidng cua dng ngdy cdng lan xa, hpe trd den theo hpc ngay cang nhilu va cd du cac loai. Tuong truyin ttong so dd cd ca Than nudc theo hpc, sau giiip dan trtr ban ban.

Den ddi vua Tran Minh Tdng, dng dugc mdi vao lam tu nghiep'^^ d Qudc Tu Gidm de day thai tir hgc. Qng da cung vdi Mac Dinh Ghi, Pham Su Manh, Nguyin Trung Ngan tham gia vdo cdng viee cdng ed ttilu dinh liie dd dang di vao con dudng sUy thodi. Den ddi Du Tdng, chinh su cang thdi ndt, bgn gian than noi len khdp noi. Ghu Van An nhilu ldn can ngan Du Tdng khdng duge, ben dang sd xin chem bay ke ninh than diu la ngudi quyin the dugc vua yeu. Dd la Thdt trdm so ndi tieng trong lich su. Nha vua khdng nghe, dng ben tteo mfi bd quan vl d an tai mil Phugng Son thudc lang Kiet Ddc, huyen Chi Linh, tinh Hdi Duong, lay hieu la Tilu An (ngudi d an di hai cui). Sau dng mat tai dd.

Theo thu tieh cii thi Ghu Van An viet nhilu sach, dng da de lai cho ddi sau cac tde pham : Qudc ngu thi tap bdng chfi Ndm vd Tiiu An thi tap bang chfi Hdn. Qng cdn viet mdt cudn sdch gian udc vl TU thu nhan d l TU thu thuyet uoc. Theo mdt tdi Ueu nghien cfhi gan day thi Ghu Van An cdn la mdt nhd Ddng y da bien soan quyen Yhpc yeu gidn tap chU di biin gdm nhfing li ludn ca ban vl chfia tri b$nh bang Ddng y. Khi dng mat, vua Tran da danh cho dng mdt vinh du ldn bac nhat

(1) Ten hieu : ngudi cd hpc ngay xua ngoai ten thudng gpi cdn cd ten chir (tu) trang trpng hon ; lai cdn cd ten hieu, la each xung gpi (thudng la tu xung) de td ban tinh, thien hudng cua ngirdi mang ten. Hieu Tiiu An d day bay td chi hirdng.

(2) Mon de: hpc trd ciia mdt bac thay. (3) Tu nghiep: chiic quem day hpc.

172

dd'i vdi mdt tri thiie Id dugc thd d Van Mieu. Vua cdn ban tang ten thuy'" cho dng la Van Trinh. Ngo The Vinh, mdt van nhan ndi tieng the ki XDC trong bdi van bia d den Phugng Son da giai thich nghia hai chfi "Van Trinh" nhu sau : "Van, diic chi bieu da ; Trinh, diic ehi chinh ed da" {Vdn la bieu hien b l ngodi (thuan nha't) cua diic ; Trinh la su chinh ttue, kien dinh ctia diie). Ten thuy nhu vdy nhdm bieu duong mdt ngudi da ket hpp dugc hai mat cua dao dtrc : ben ngoai thuan nha, hien hod vdi ben trong chi'nh true, kien dinh. Trong lich sii giao due nude nha, dng ciing gianh dugc dia vi eao quy bdc nhat, xiing dang diing dau cdc nhd gido ttr xua tdi nay. Qng da vugt qua nguang ngudi ldm thdy gido gidi cua mpt ddi de dat tdi ngudi ldm thdy gido gidi cua mudn ddi nhu Phan Huy Chti da nggi ca dng : "Hgc nghiep thuan tuy, tiet thao'^' cuong thugng, lang nho nudc Viet trudc sau chi cd minh dng, cae dng khdc khdng the so sdnh dugc".

Ngdy nay, de tudng nhd tdi dao diic va su nghiep eda dng, nhdn dan Thii dd da lay ten dng de dat ten cho mdt dudng phd vd mdt trudng trung hpc ldn cua Ha Ndi. Dd la phd Chu Van An va Trudng Trung hpe phd thdng Chu Van An.

{Theo Dang Kim Ngpc, Vdn hod Viet Nam, NXB Van hoa Van nghe - Trung uong, Ha Ndi, 1959)

(1) T§n thuy: ten dat cho ngudi chei nhdm bieu thi tinh chai, hanh vi liic cdn sdng.

(2) Tiet thdo : khi tiei vimg vang, khdng chiu khuai phuc.

173

MUC LUC

Ldi ndi dau

Tuan Ten bai Trang

1 • Tdng quan van hpc Viet Nam 5 • Hoat ddng giao tiep bdng ngdn ngfi 14

2 • Khdi quat van hpe dan gian Viet Nam 16 • Hoat ddng giao tiep bdng ngdn ngii (tiep theo) 20 • Van bdn 23 • Viet bdi lam van sd 1 (bai lam d nha) 26

3 • Chii'n thdng Mtao Mxdy (trich Ddm Sdn - su thi Tay Nguyen) 30 • Van ban (tiep theo) 37

4 • Truyin An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy 39 • Lap dan y bai van tu su 44

5 • Uy-lit-xa trd vi (trich O-di-xi - su thi Hi Lap) 47 • Trd bdi lam van so 1 53

6 • Ra-ma bupc tpi (trich Ra-ma-ya-na - su thi An Dp) 55 • Chpn str viec, chi tiet tieu bieu ttong bdi van ttr su 61

7 • Tdm Cdm : 65 • Mieu ta va bieu cam ttong bdi van tu su 73

8 • Tam dqi con gd 78 • Nhung nd phdi bdng hai mdy 80 • Viet bdi lam van so 2 81

9 • Ca dao than than, yeu thuong tinh nghIa 82 • Dac diem ciia ngdn ngfi ndi va ngdn ngfi viet 86

10 • Ca dao hdi hudc 90 • Dpc them: Ldi tiin dqn (trich Tiin dqn nguai yiu - truyen tha

ddn tdc Thai) 93 • Luyen tap viet doan van tu su 97

11 • Qn tap van hpe dan gian Viet Nam 100 • Tra bai ldm van sd 2 103

174

MUC LUC

Tuan Ten bai Trang

12 • Khai qudt van hpc Viet Nam ttr the ki X den hit the ki XDC 104 • Phong cdch ngdn ngfi sinh boat 113

13 • Td ldng (Thudt hodi) 115

• Cdnh ngdy he (Bdo kinh cdnh gidi - bdi 43) 117

• Tdm tdt van ban tu su (dua theo nhan vat ehinh) 120

• Viet bdi lam van sd 3 (bdi lam d nhd) 123

14 • Phong each ngdn ngfi 5inh boat (tiep theo) 125

• Nhdn 128

• Dpc Tieu Thanh ki (Ddc Tieu Thanh ki) 131

15 • Thuc hdnh phep tu ttr an du vd hodn du 135 • Dpc them:

- Van nudc (Qud'c td) .?. 138 - Cdo binh, bdo mpi ngudi (Cdo tat thi chiing) 140 - HUng trd vi (Quy hiing) 142

• Tqi ldu Hodng Hqc tiin Mqnh Hqo Nhiin di Qudng Ldng 143 (Hodng Hac lau tdng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang Lang)

16 • Cdm xdc miia thu (Thu hiing) 145 • Trinh bay mdt van d l 148 • Tra bdi lam van so 3 151

17 • Lap ke hoach cd nhan 152

• Dpc them:

- Tha hai-cu eua Ba-sd 155

- Ldu Hodng Hqc (Hoang Hac lau) 158

- Ndi odn cua nguai phdng khue (Khue odn) 161

- Khe chim kiu (Dieu minh gian) 163

18 • Gde hinh thtic kit ed'u ciia van ban thuyet minh 165

• Lap ddn y bdi van thuyet minh 169

175

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